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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Field_(UMass)
Rudd Field (UMass)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 42°22′57″N 72°32′09″W / 42.3825°N 72.5359°W / 42.3825; -72.5359Rudd FieldLocationHadley, MassachusettsOwnerUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstOperatorUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstCapacity800SurfaceNatural GrassConstructionBroke groundMay 6, 2002OpenedSeptember 8, 2002Construction cost$900,000ArchitectClough, Harbour & AssociatesTenantsUMass Minutemen and Minutewomen (NCAA) (2002–present) Rudd Field is the home of the UMass men's and women's soccer teams. The facility opened September 8, 2002. The field includes a 120 by 75 yard sand-based natural turf playing surface. Funding for the field was made possible by a commitment from the Rudd Family Foundation. On May 6, 2002, ground was broken for the construction of Rudd Field. The field is named in honor of Jinny and Andrew Rudd, the parents of former UMass soccer player Alexandra Rudd. The Rudd Family Foundation contributed half a million dollars to construct the field. References ^ UMass Athletic Facilities Archived 2008-07-24 at the Wayback Machine at UMassAthletics.com, URL accessed March 17, 2013. ^ UMass Amherst (September 2002). "UMass Rudd Field dedication set" (PDF). UMass Women's Soccer Media Guide. p. 20. Retrieved March 17, 2013. ^ at UMassMagazine Online, URL accessed March 17, 2013. ^ at UMass Athletics, URL accessed May 19, 2023. vteSoccer stadiums of the Atlantic 10 Conference Baujan Field (Dayton) Rooney Field (Duquesne) Coffey Field (Fordham) George Mason Stadium (George Mason) Vernon Field (George Washington) McCarthy Stadium (La Salle) URI Soccer Complex (Rhode Island) Robins Stadium (Richmond) Finnesey Field (Saint Joseph's) Hermann Stadium (Saint Louis) Marra Athletics Complex (St. Bonaventure) Rudd Field (UMass) Sports Backers Stadium (VCU) Note: Richmond is the only A-10 member that sponsors soccer only for women. All other members sponsor soccer for both sexes. 42°22′57″N 72°32′09″W / 42.3825°N 72.5359°W / 42.3825; -72.5359
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H6N2
Influenza A virus subtype H6N2
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 References"]
Avian influenza virus Influenza A virus subtype H6N2 Virus classification (unranked): Virus Realm: Riboviria Kingdom: Orthornavirae Phylum: Negarnaviricota Class: Insthoviricetes Order: Articulavirales Family: Orthomyxoviridae Genus: Alphainfluenzavirus Species: Influenza A virus Serotype: Influenza A virus subtype H6N2 Influenza (flu) Types Avian A/H5N1 subtype Canine Equine Swine A/H1N1 subtype Vaccines 2009 pandemic Pandemrix Live attenuated Seasonal flu vaccine brands Treatment Amantadine Baloxavir marboxil Laninamivir Oseltamivir Peramivir Rimantadine Umifenovir Zanamivir Pandemics 1889-1890 Russian flu 1918 Spanish flu 1957-1958 Asian flu 1968 Hong Kong flu 1977 Russian flu 2009 swine flu Outbreaks 1976 swine flu 2006 H5N1 India 2007 Australian equine 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 2008 West Bengal 2015 United States H5N2 outbreak 2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak See also Flu season Influenza evolution Influenza research Influenza-like illness Vaccine reformulations vte H6N2 is an avian influenza virus with two forms: one has a low and the other a high pathogenicity. It can cause a serious problem for poultry, and also infects ducks as well. H6N2 subtype is considered to be a non-pathogenic chicken virus, the host still unknown, but could strain from feral animals, and/or aquatic bird reservoirs. H6N2 along with H6N6 are viruses that are found to replicate in mice without preadaptation, and some have acquired the ability to bind to human-like receptors. Genetic markers for H6N2 include 22-amino acid stalk deletion in neuraminidase (NA) protein gene, increased N-glycosylation, and a D144 mutation of the Haemagglutinin (HA) protein gene. Transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild aquatic birds to domestic birds usually cause subclinical infections, and occasionally, respiratory disease and drops in egg production. Some histological features presented in chicken infected with H6N2 are fibrinous yolk peritonitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, nephritis, along with swollen kidneys as well. Signs and symptoms sneezing and lacrimation prostration anorexia and fever sometimes swelling of the infraorbital sinuses with nasal mucous References ^ Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288. ^ Webby, Richard J.; Woolcock, Peter R.; Krauss, Scott L.; Webster, Robert G. (2002). "Reassortment and Interspecies Transmission of North American H6N2 Influenza Viruses". Virology. 295 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1341. PMID 12033764. ^ Wang, Guojun; Deng, Guohua; Shi, Jianzhong; Luo, Weiyu; Zhang, Guoquan; Zhang, Qianyi; Liu, Liling; Jiang, Yongping; Li, Chengjun; Sriwilaijaroen, Nongluk; Hiramatsu, Hiroaki; Suzuki, Yasuo; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; Chen, Hualan (15 April 2014). "H6 Influenza Viruses Pose a Potential Threat to Human Health". Journal of Virology. 88 (8): 3953–3964. doi:10.1128/JVI.03292-13. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 3993743. PMID 24501418. ^ Abolnik, C.; Bisschop, S.; Gerdes, T.; Olivier, A.; Horner, R. (2007). "Outbreaks of avian influenza H6N2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of H6N8 and H9N2 ostrich viruses". Virus Genes. 34 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6. hdl:2263/5894. PMID 16927114. S2CID 9028126. ^ Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. (2010). "Biologic characterization of chicken-derived H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens and ducks". Avian Dis. 54 (1): 120–125. doi:10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1. PMID 20408410. S2CID 6853288. ^ Kinde, Hailu; Read, Deryck H.; Daft, Barbara M.; Hammarlund, Marion; Moore, Janet; Uzal, Francisco; Mukai, Janee; Woolcock, Peter (September 2003). "he Occurrence of Avian Influenza A Subtype H6N2 in Commercial Layer Flocks in Southern California (2000–02): Clinicopathologic Findings". Avian Diseases. 47 (3): 1214–1218. doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1214. PMID 14575145. S2CID 34839151. ^ McFerran, J. B.; McNulty, M. S. (6 December 2012). Acute Virus Infections of Poultry: A Seminar in the CEC Agricultural Research Programme, held in Brussels, June 13–14, 1985. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400942875. vteInfluenzaGeneral topics Research Vaccine Treatment Genome sequencing Reassortment Superinfection Flu season Viruses Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Influenza D Influenza A virussubtypes H1N1 H1N2 H2N2 H2N3 H3N1 H3N2 H3N8 H5N1 H5N2 H5N3 H5N6 H5N8 H5N9 H6N1 H7N1 H7N2 H7N3 H7N4 H7N7 H7N9 H9N2 H10N3 H10N7 H10N8 H11N2 H11N9 H1N1Pandemics 1918 (Spanish flu) 1977 (Russian flu) 2009 (Swine flu) Science 2009 A/H1N1 H5N1Outbreaks Croatia (2005) India (2006) UK (2007) West Bengal (2008) 2020s outbreak Science Genetic structure Transmission and infection Global spread Vaccine clinical trials Human mortality Social impact Pandemic preparation H5N8Outbreaks 2020–2022 TreatmentsAntiviral drugs Adamantane derivatives Amantadine Rimantadine Neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir Laninamivir Peramivir Zanamivir Peramivir (experimental) Umifenovir Baloxavir marboxil Vaccines Live attenuated influenza vaccine Brands Pandemrix Audenz Pandemics andepidemicsPandemics Influenza pandemic (1510) Influenza pandemic (1557) Russian flu (1889–1890) Spanish flu (1918) Asian flu (1957-1958) Hong Kong flu (1968) 1977 Russian flu Swine flu (2009) Epidemics Fujian flu (H3N2) 1989–1990 UK outbreak Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) Non-humanMammals Canine Feline Equine 2007 Australian outbreak Swine Non-mammals Avian Fujian (H5N1) Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Related topics Influenza-like illness 2017–2018 United States flu season US influenza statistics by flu season This virus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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(2007). \"Outbreaks of avian influenza H6N2 viruses in chickens arose by a reassortment of H6N8 and H9N2 ostrich viruses\". Virus Genes. 34 (1): 37–45. doi:10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6. hdl:2263/5894. PMID 16927114. S2CID 9028126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11262-006-0007-6","url_text":"10.1007/s11262-006-0007-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F5894","url_text":"2263/5894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16927114","url_text":"16927114"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9028126","url_text":"9028126"}]},{"reference":"Jackwood, MW; Suarez, DL; Pantin-Jackwood, MJ; Spackman, E; Woolcock, P; Cardona, C. 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S2CID 6853288.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1637%2F8987-070909-resnote.1","url_text":"10.1637/8987-070909-resnote.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20408410","url_text":"20408410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6853288","url_text":"6853288"}]},{"reference":"Kinde, Hailu; Read, Deryck H.; Daft, Barbara M.; Hammarlund, Marion; Moore, Janet; Uzal, Francisco; Mukai, Janee; Woolcock, Peter (September 2003). \"he Occurrence of Avian Influenza A Subtype H6N2 in Commercial Layer Flocks in Southern California (2000–02): Clinicopathologic Findings\". Avian Diseases. 47 (3): 1214–1218. doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1214. PMID 14575145. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubenberg_(family)
Stubenberg family
["1 History","2 Notable members","2.1 Styrian governors"]
Austrian noble family Coat of arms, Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, c. 1450–80 The House of Stubenberg is the name of an old Austrian noble family from Pitten documented since about 1160, with its ancestral seat at Stubenberg, Styria. Members of the family held important posts in the Habsburg monarchy and had hereditary membership in the Hungarian House of Magnates. History Originally from Pitten in present-day Lower Austria, the family's ancestors took their residence at Stubenberg in the March of Styria about 1160. One Ulrich of Stubenberg is documented as a participant of the Fifth Crusade, killed at Damietta in 1218. The Stubenbergs established contacts to the rising House of Habsburg at an early stage and revolted against the rule of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who finally was defeated by his Habsburg rival King Rudolf I of Germany in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. Under Habsburg rule, the family members were able to restore their devastated estates; in the mid 14th century they had Neuhaus Castle (Burg Neuhaus) erected near Stubenberg and built Stubenberg Castle as their new residence. Oberkapfenberg However, about one hundred years later, the Stubenbergs fought against the Habsburg Emperor Frederick III side by side with the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. Once Frederick had prevailed, the Stubenberg possessions were seized and the dynasty retired to their estates in Gutenberg and at Oberkapfenberg in Upper Styria. From 1739 the Styrian branch of the family resided in the town of Kapfenberg. In 1548 one Wolfgang von Stubenberg acquired the estates of Nové Město nad Metují (Neustadt an der Mettau) in Bohemia from the heirs of late governor John III of Pernstein. The Stubenbergs had the local castle rebuilt in a lavish Renaissance style and became notable members of the Protestant Bohemian nobility. Upon the 1618 Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand II and the Battle of the White Mountain, the Nové Město estates were seized and ceded to Albrecht von Wallenstein. Likewise, when Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor since 1619, had the Protestant nobles expelled from the Habsburg hereditary lands, several members of the Styrian Stubenbergs went into exile in the Electorate of Saxony or in the imperial cities of Nuremberg and Regensburg. Notable members Wulfing von Stubenberg (1259–1318), Bishop of Lavant and Archbishop of Bamberg Joseph von Stubenberg (1740–1824), Bishop of Eichstätt and Archbishop of Bamberg Maria Anna Stubenberg (1821-1912), composer Styrian governors Jakob von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1418–1419 Hans von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1435–1450 Leutold von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1453–1470 Georg von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1687–1703 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stubenberg_Scheibler447ps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Austrian noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_nobility"},{"link_name":"Pitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitten"},{"link_name":"Stubenberg, Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stubenberg,_Styria"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"House of Magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Magnates"}],"text":"Coat of arms, Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, c. 1450–80The House of Stubenberg is the name of an old Austrian noble family from Pitten documented since about 1160, with its ancestral seat at Stubenberg, Styria. Members of the family held important posts in the Habsburg monarchy and had hereditary membership in the Hungarian House of Magnates.","title":"Stubenberg family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitten"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"March of Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Styria"},{"link_name":"Fifth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Damietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damietta"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Ottokar II of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Rudolf I of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Battle on the Marchfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld"},{"link_name":"Neuhaus Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Neuhaus_bei_Stubenberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapf2-nah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"Oberkapfenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Oberkapfenberg"},{"link_name":"Upper Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Styria"},{"link_name":"Kapfenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapfenberg"},{"link_name":"Nové Město nad Metují","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_nad_Metuj%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"John III of Pernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Pernstein"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Battle of the White Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_White_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Albrecht von Wallenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Electorate of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"imperial cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"}],"text":"Originally from Pitten in present-day Lower Austria, the family's ancestors took their residence at Stubenberg in the March of Styria about 1160. One Ulrich of Stubenberg is documented as a participant of the Fifth Crusade, killed at Damietta in 1218. The Stubenbergs established contacts to the rising House of Habsburg at an early stage and revolted against the rule of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who finally was defeated by his Habsburg rival King Rudolf I of Germany in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld. Under Habsburg rule, the family members were able to restore their devastated estates; in the mid 14th century they had Neuhaus Castle (Burg Neuhaus) erected near Stubenberg and built Stubenberg Castle as their new residence.OberkapfenbergHowever, about one hundred years later, the Stubenbergs fought against the Habsburg Emperor Frederick III side by side with the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. Once Frederick had prevailed, the Stubenberg possessions were seized and the dynasty retired to their estates in Gutenberg and at Oberkapfenberg in Upper Styria. From 1739 the Styrian branch of the family resided in the town of Kapfenberg.In 1548 one Wolfgang von Stubenberg acquired the estates of Nové Město nad Metují (Neustadt an der Mettau) in Bohemia from the heirs of late governor John III of Pernstein. The Stubenbergs had the local castle rebuilt in a lavish Renaissance style and became notable members of the Protestant Bohemian nobility. Upon the 1618 Bohemian Revolt against the Habsburg archduke Ferdinand II and the Battle of the White Mountain, the Nové Město estates were seized and ceded to Albrecht von Wallenstein. Likewise, when Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor since 1619, had the Protestant nobles expelled from the Habsburg hereditary lands, several members of the Styrian Stubenbergs went into exile in the Electorate of Saxony or in the imperial cities of Nuremberg and Regensburg.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lavant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Lavant"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Eichstätt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bishops_of_Eichst%C3%A4tt"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Bamberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bamberg"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna Stubenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_Stubenberg"}],"text":"Wulfing von Stubenberg (1259–1318), Bishop of Lavant and Archbishop of Bamberg\nJoseph von Stubenberg (1740–1824), Bishop of Eichstätt and Archbishop of Bamberg\nMaria Anna Stubenberg (1821-1912), composer","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landeshauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landeshauptmann"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q587212#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/37792258"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/12213706X"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0279144&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12213706X.html?language=en"}],"sub_title":"Styrian governors","text":"Jakob von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1418–1419\nHans von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1435–1450\nLeutold von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1453–1470\nGeorg von Stubenberg, Landeshauptmann 1687–1703Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nCzech Republic\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Notable members"}]
[{"image_text":"Coat of arms, Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, c. 1450–80","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stubenberg_Scheibler447ps.jpg/220px-Stubenberg_Scheibler447ps.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oberkapfenberg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kapf2-nah.jpg/220px-Kapf2-nah.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate_(album)
Frigate (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1994 studio album by April WineFrigateStudio album by April WineReleasedAugust 8, 1994 (1994-08-08)StudioA.R.P. Studios, St. Anne des Lacs, Quebec, CanadaGenreClassic Rock, AOR, Arena Rock, Hard RockLength49:30LabelFRE, MCAProducerMyles GoodwynApril Wine chronology Attitude(1993) Frigate(1994) Champions of Rock(1996) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Frigate is the fourteenth studio album by Canadian rock band April Wine, released in 1994. The album was re-released in 2007. The version of "Tonight Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love" featured on the album is a re-recording of the single from the band's 1975 album Stand Back. Frigate also features two cover songs: Willie Dixon's "I Just Want to Make Love to You", and Steve Winwood's "I'm a Man". The ship featured on the album cover is Royal Canadian Navy frigate HMCS Antigonish. Track listing All tracks written by Myles Goodwyn unless otherwise noted. "Look into the Sun" – 4:50 "I Just Wanna Make Love to You" (Willie Dixon) – 4:49 "If I Was a Stranger" (Walter Rathie, Edward Kevin Stevens, Tom Rathie) – 4:24 "Tonite Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love" – 4:02 "Nothin' but a Kiss" – 4:25 "I'm a Man" (Steve Winwood, Jimmy Miller) – 4:11 "Whatever It Takes" (Brian Greenway, Myles Goodwyn) – 4:27 "Drivin' with My Eyes Closed" – 4:23 "Hard to Believe" – 5:20 "Keep On Rockin'" – 3:58 "Mind Over Matter" – 4:41 Personnel April Wine Myles Goodwyn – lead vocals, guitars, producer Brian Greenway – guitars, backing vocals Steve Segal – guitars Jim Clench – bass, backing vocals Jerry Mercer – drums Additional personnel Jean St-Jacques — keyboards Walter Rathie — keyboards Peter Raivallo — keyboards References ^ a b "AllMusic – April Wine – Frigate – Overview". AllMusic.com. Retrieved September 13, 2009. ^ "CANOE -- JAM! Music – Pop Encyclopedia – April Wine". Jam.Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "April Wine – Discography – Frigate – 1994". AprilWine.ca. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2009. vteApril Wine Myles Goodwyn Brian Greenway Richard Lanthier Roy Nichol Steve Lang Carl Dixon Jim Clench Jerry Mercer Studio albums April Wine (1971) On Record (1972) Electric Jewels (1973) Stand Back (1975) The Whole World's Goin' Crazy (1976) Forever for Now (1977) First Glance (1978) Harder ... Faster (1979) The Nature of the Beast (1981) Power Play (1982) Animal Grace (1984) Walking Through Fire (1986) Attitude (1993) Frigate (1994) Back to the Mansion (2001) Roughly Speaking (2006) Live albums Live! (1974) Live at the El Mocambo (1977) Ladies Man (1980) One for the Road (1985) Greatest Hits Live 1997 (1997) I Like to Rock (2002) Greatest Hits Live 2003 (2003) Compilation albums Greatest Hits (1979) The Best of April Wine: Rock Ballads (1981) Review and Preview (1981) The Hits (1987) All the Rockers (1987) We Like to Rock (1988) The First Decade (1989) Oowatanite (1990) The April Wine Collection (1992) Champions of Rock (1996) Rock Champions (2000) Classic Masters (2002) Best of April Wine (2003) April Wine Rocks! (2006) Video and DVD Live in London (1981) From the Front Row ... Live! (2003) Singles "Fast Train" (1971) "You Could Have Been a Lady" (1972) "Tonite Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love" (1975) "Roller" (1978) "I Like to Rock" (1981) "Just Between You and Me" (1981) "Sign of the Gypsy Queen" (1981) "Enough Is Enough" (1982) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Wine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stand Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Back_(April_Wine_album)"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"I Just Want to Make Love to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Just_Want_to_Make_Love_to_You"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"I'm a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Man_(Spencer_Davis_Group_song)"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"HMCS Antigonish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Antigonish_(K661)"}],"text":"1994 studio album by April WineFrigate is the fourteenth studio album by Canadian rock band April Wine, released in 1994.[1][2][3]The album was re-released in 2007. The version of \"Tonight Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love\" featured on the album is a re-recording of the single from the band's 1975 album Stand Back. Frigate also features two cover songs: Willie Dixon's \"I Just Want to Make Love to You\", and Steve Winwood's \"I'm a Man\".The ship featured on the album cover is Royal Canadian Navy frigate HMCS Antigonish.","title":"Frigate (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myles Goodwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Goodwyn"},{"link_name":"I Just Wanna Make Love to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Just_Want_to_Make_Love_to_You"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Edward Kevin Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Kevin_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I'm a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_a_Man_(The_Spencer_Davis_Group_song)"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Miller"},{"link_name":"Brian Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greenway"}],"text":"All tracks written by Myles Goodwyn unless otherwise noted.\"Look into the Sun\" – 4:50\n\"I Just Wanna Make Love to You\" (Willie Dixon) – 4:49\n\"If I Was a Stranger\" (Walter Rathie, Edward Kevin Stevens, Tom Rathie) – 4:24\n\"Tonite Is a Wonderful Time to Fall in Love\" – 4:02\n\"Nothin' but a Kiss\" – 4:25\n\"I'm a Man\" (Steve Winwood, Jimmy Miller) – 4:11\n\"Whatever It Takes\" (Brian Greenway, Myles Goodwyn) – 4:27\n\"Drivin' with My Eyes Closed\" – 4:23\n\"Hard to Believe\" – 5:20\n\"Keep On Rockin'\" – 3:58\n\"Mind Over Matter\" – 4:41","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myles Goodwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Goodwyn"},{"link_name":"Brian Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Jim Clench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Clench"},{"link_name":"Jerry Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Jean St-Jacques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_St-Jacques&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"April WineMyles Goodwyn – lead vocals, guitars, producer\nBrian Greenway – guitars, backing vocals\nSteve Segal – guitars\nJim Clench – bass, backing vocals\nJerry Mercer – drumsAdditional personnelJean St-Jacques — keyboards\nWalter Rathie — keyboards\nPeter Raivallo — keyboards","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_World_Rally_Championship_season
1996 World Rally Championship
["1 Calendar","2 Teams and drivers","2.1 Major Entries","2.2 Privater Entries","3 Results and standings","3.1 Drivers' championship","3.2 Manufacturers' championship","3.3 Group N Cup","4 Events","5 FIA 2 Litre World Cup For Manufacturers","6 References","7 External links"]
24th season of the FIA World Rally Championship 1996 FIA World Rally Championship World Drivers' Champion:Tommi MäkinenWorld Manufacturers' Champion:Subaru Previous 1995 Next 1997 World RallyChampionship   Current season 2024 World Rally Championship 2024 WRC2 Championship 2024 WRC3 Championship 2024 Junior WRC Championship Support categories Current: WRC2 WRC3 Junior WRC Former: PWRC SWRC FIA 2-Litre Current car classes Rally1 Rally2 Rally3 Rally4 Rally5 Related lists Drivers Champions Female Numbers Co-drivers Champions Manufacturers Champions Seasons Event winners Fatal accidents People Rallies Records Special stage Power Stage Video games Official games vte The 1996 World Rally Championship was the 24th season of the FIA World Rally Championship. The season consisted of 9 rallies. As a result of their 1995 disqualification, Toyota Team Europe were not allowed to compete in this year's championship, so only three works teams contested the championship. The drivers' world championship was won by Tommi Mäkinen in a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo 3, ahead of Colin McRae and Carlos Sainz. The manufacturers' title was won by Subaru. Calendar Round Dates Race 1 9–11 February Swedish Rally 2 5–7 April Safari Rally 3 10–12 May Rally Indonesia 4 2–4 June Acropolis Rally 5 4–6 July Rally Argentina 6 23–26 August 1000 Lakes Rally 7 13–16 September Rally Australia 8 13–16 October Rallye Sanremo 9 4–6 November Rally Catalunya Sources: Teams and drivers Major Entries Registered works teams Team Manufacturer Car Tyre No Drivers Rounds 555 Subaru World Rally Team Subaru Impreza 555 P 1 Colin McRae All 2 Kenneth Eriksson All 3 Didier Auriol 1 Piero Liatti 2–9 10 Piero Liatti 1 Ford Motor Co Ltd Ford Escort RS Cosworth M 4 Carlos Sainz All 5 François Delecour 1 Stig Blomqvist 2 Gwyndaf Evans 3 Bruno Thiry 4–9 6 Stig Blomqvist 1 Dandy Rukmana 3 14 Ari Vatanen 1 16 Ari Mökkonen 4 28 Per Svan 1 Mitsubishi Ralliart Petronas/Winfield Mitsubishi Ralliart Mitsubishi Lancer Evo III M 7 Tommi Mäkinen All 8 Kenneth Bäcklund 1 Kenjiro Shinozuka 2 Richard Burns 3, 5, 7, 9 Uwe Nittel 4 Lasse Lampi 6 Didier Auriol 8 9 Uwe Nittel 1, 5, 8 Yoshihiro Kataoka 3 Pascal Smets 4 Jouko Puhakka 6 Ed Ordynski 7 18 Uwe Nittel 6–7, 9 29 Yoshihiro Kataoka 7 41 Pascal Smets 8 Privater Entries Major privateer entries Manufacturer Car Team Drivers Tyre Rounds Toyota Celica GT-Four ST205Celica Turbo 4WD ST185 Toyota Castrol Team Thomas Rådström M 1, 6, 9 Juha Kankkunen 1, 3, 6 Tomas Jansson 1 Marcus Grönholm 1, 6 Ian Duncan M 2 Reza Pribadli 3 Freddy Loix 4, 8–9 Teppo Leino 6 Neal Bates 7 Celica Turbo 4WD ST185 Toyotoshi Marco Galanti 1–2, 4 Tein Sport Yoshio Fujimoto 3, 7 Celica GT-Four ST205 H.F. Grifone Thomas Rådström 4 Rui Madeira 4–6, 8–9 Gilberto Pianezzola 4–5, 8 Andrea Dallavilla 6, 8 Jánoth Tóth 8 Matteo Luise 8 Ford Escort RS Cosworth Ford Team Finland Sebastian Lindholm M 1, 6 Ford Motorsport Indonesia Dolly Indra Nasution 3 Yacco RAS Ford Patrick Bernardini 4–5, 8–9 Blue Rose Team Jarmo Kytölehto 6, 8–9 Promoracing Finland Harri Rovanperä 6 Jolly Club Gianfranco Cunico 8 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo III Mitsubishi Ralliart Germany Richie Holfeld 1 Mitsubishi Ralliart Sweden Stig-Olov Walfridsson 1 Mitsubishi Ralliart Finland Mika Korhonen 1, 6 Minna Sillankorva 6 Race-Rent Motorsport Gustavo Trelles 3–9 Mitsubishi Ralliart Indonesia Bambang Hartono 3 Oky Harwanto 3 Arief Indiarto 3 Top Run SRL Jorge Recalde 4–9 Jolly Club Piergiorgio Bedini 6, 8 Audi Coupe S2 Stohl Racing Rudi Stohl 2, 4 Manfred Stohl 2, 9 Subaru Impreza Wagon Subaru Rally Team Japan Patrick Njiru 2 Hideaki Miyoshi 2 Impreza 555 Tanveer Alam 2 A.R.T. Engineering Angelo Medeghini 4–6, 8–9 Andrea Navarra 6, 8 F.Dor Rally Team Frédéic Dor 4, 6, 8 Renault Mégane Maxi Renault Team Sweden Jonas Kruse 6 Husky Team Diego Oldrati 8 Piero Longhi 8 Italian Promotor Sport Paolo Andreucci 8 Renault Sport España Oriol Gómez 9 Results and standings Drivers' championship Pos Driver SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP  Pts  1 Tommi Mäkinen 1 1 Ret 2 1 1 1 Ret 5 123 2 Colin McRae 3 4 Ret 1 Ret Ret 4 1 1 92 3 Carlos Sainz 2 Ret 1 3 2 Ret 3 2 Ret 89 4 Kenneth Eriksson 5 2 Ret 5 3 5 2 5 7 78 5 Piero Liatti 12 5 2 4 7 DNS 7 Ret 2 56 6 Bruno Thiry 6 5 11 6 3 3 44 7 Juha Kankkunen 4 3 2 37 8 Freddy Loix 7 4 4 24 9 Richard Burns Ret 4 5 Ret 18 10 Marcus Grönholm 7 4 14 11 Gilberto Pianezzola 8 6 7 13 12= Ian Duncan 3 12 12= Jarmo Kytölehto 3 Ret Ret 12 14 Yoshio Fujimoto 4 9 12 15 Thomas Rådström 6 Ret 6 Ret 12 16 Patrick Bernardini 9 9 10 6 11 17 Reza Pribadi 5 8 18 Stig Blomqvist 8 7 Ret 7 19 Rui Madeira Ret 8 9 Ret 9 7 20= Kenjiro Shinozuka 6 6 20= Michael Lieu 6 Ret 6 20= Franco Cunico 6 6 23= Shigeyuki Konishi 7 25 4 23= Sebastian Lindholm Ret 7 4 25 Didier Auriol 10 8 4 26 Angelo Medeghini Ret 12 10 9 10 4 27= Hideaki Miyoshi 8 29 3 27= Irvan Gading 8 3 27= Lasse Lampi 8 3 27= Peter 'Possum' Bourne 8 3 27= Oriol Gómez 8 3 32= Tomas Jansson 9 2 32= Patrick Njiru 9 2 32= Chandra Alim 9 2 35= Jonathan Toroitich 10 1 35= Bambang Hartono 10 1 35= Jean-Pierre Richelmi 10 1 35= Uwe Nittel 16 14 10 16 DSQ Ret 16 1 35= Ed Ordynski 10 1 Pos Driver SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP  Pts  Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Did not finish (Ret) Black Excluded (EX) Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Cancelled (C) Blank Withdrew entry fromthe event (WD) Manufacturers' championship Each works team had to nominate up to three drivers 30 days before each event; only two best placed nominated drivers were eligible to score points for the manufacturers' championship. Pos. Manufacturer No. SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP Points 1 Subaru 1 3 4 Ret 1 Ret Ret 4 1 1 401 2 5 2 Ret (5) 3 5 2 5 (7) 3 (10) (5) 2 4 7 (7) Ret 2 2 Mitsubishi 7 1 1 Ret 2 1 1 1 Ret 5 322 8 14 6 Ret 14 4 8 5 8 Ret 9 Ret (10) Ret (10) Ret 3 Ford 4 2 Ret 1 3 2 Ret 3 2 Ret 299 5 (11) 7 Ret 6 5 11 6 3 3 6 8 Ret Pos. Manufacturer No. SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP Points Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Did not finish (Ret) Black Excluded (EX) Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Cancelled (C) Blank Withdrew entry fromthe event (WD) Group N Cup Pos Driver SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP  Pts  1 Gustavo Trelles Ret Ret 2 2 4 5 1 1 55 2 Uwe Nittel 3 1 1 3 Ret Ret 2 50 3 Pascal Smets 3 2 17 4 Kenneth Bäcklund 1 13 Hideaki Miyoshi 1 14 13 Michael Lieu 1 Ret 13 Pasi Hagström 1 13 Ed Ordynski 1 13 9 Stig-Olov Walfridsson 2 10 Patrick Njiru 2 10 Shigeyuki Konishi 2 11 10 Olli Harkki 2 10 Yoshihiro Kataoka 2 10 14 Jorge Recalde Ret Ret 6 Ret Ret 4 8 15 Jim Heather-Hayes 3 7 Chandra Alim 3 7 Daniel Alejandro Preto 3 7 Karamjit Singh Ret 3 7 Giovanni Manfrinato 3 7 Jacques Andreani 3 7 Pos Driver SWE KEN INA GRE ARG FIN AUS ITA ESP  Pts  Key Colour Result Gold Winner Silver 2nd place Bronze 3rd place Green Points finish Blue Non-points finish Non-classified finish (NC) Purple Did not finish (Ret) Black Excluded (EX) Disqualified (DSQ) White Did not start (DNS) Cancelled (C) Blank Withdrew entry fromthe event (WD) Events 1996 World Rally Championship event map Black = Tarmac Brown = Gravel Blue = Snow/Ice Red = Mixed Surface Rally Name Start-End Date Podium Drivers (Finishing Time) Podium Cars Swedish Rally 9–11 February Tommi Mäkinen (4h:37m:10s) Carlos Sainz (4h:37m:33s) Colin McRae (4h:38m:15s) Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Ford Escort RS Cosworth Subaru Impreza 555 Safari Rally 5–7 April Tommi Mäkinen (12h:41m:24s) Kenneth Eriksson (12h:55m:40s) Ian Duncan (13h:23m:24s) Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Subaru Impreza 555 Toyota Celica GT-Four ST205 Rally Indonesia 10–12 May Carlos Sainz (5h:30m:00s) Piero Liatti (5h:30m:23s) Juha Kankkunen (5h:31m:02s) Ford Escort RS Cosworth Subaru Impreza 555 Toyota Celica GT-Four ST205 Acropolis Rally 2–4 June Colin McRae (5h:33m:12s) Tommi Mäkinen (5h:34m:02s) Carlos Sainz (5h:36m:33s) Subaru Impreza 555 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Ford Escort RS Cosworth Rally Argentina 4–6 July Tommi Mäkinen (5h:48m:42s) Carlos Sainz (5h:50m:17s) Kenneth Eriksson (5h:53m:21s) Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Ford Escort RS Cosworth Subaru Impreza 555 1000 Lakes Rally 23–26 August Tommi Mäkinen (4h:04m:13s) Juha Kankkunen (4h:04m:59s) Jarmo Kytölehto (4h:06m:50s) Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Toyota Celica GT-Four ST205 Ford Escort RS Cosworth Rally Australia 13–16 September Tommi Mäkinen (4h:08m:50s) Kenneth Eriksson (4h:10m:07s) Carlos Sainz (4h:10m:11s) Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution III Subaru Impreza 555 Ford Escort RS Cosworth Rallye Sanremo 13–16 October Colin McRae (4h:26m:57s) Carlos Sainz (4h:27m:19s) Bruno Thiry (4h:29m:06s) Subaru Impreza 555 Ford Escort RS Cosworth Ford Escort RS Cosworth Rally Catalunya 4–6 November Colin McRae (4h:14m:20s) Piero Liatti (4h:14m:27s) Bruno Thiry (4h:15m:38s) Subaru Impreza 555 Subaru Impreza 555 Ford Escort RS Cosworth FIA 2 Litre World Cup For Manufacturers Pos Manufacturer R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Pts 1 SEAT (25) 60 (13) 36 46 47 46 39 274 2 Renault 36 39 53 64 - - 48 25 265 3 Skoda 39 44 - 46 35 60 (16) 40 264 4 Peugeot 46 9 54 - 9 - 40 10 168 5 General Motors Europe 43 31 11 - - - 18 - 103 6 Suzuki - - - 16 36 - - - 52 = Hyundai - - - - 21 31 - - 52 8 Daihatsu - - - - 15 35 - - 50 9 Honda 9 6 - - 8 - - 20 43 10 Nissan - - - - - - - 42 42 11 Kia - - - - - 32 - - 32 = Toyota - 1 - - 31 - - - 32 13 Renault Argentina - - - 28 - - - - 28 14 Citroën 20 - - - - - 7 - 27 15 Daewoo - - - 26 - - - - 26 16 Toyota Australia - - - - - 21 - - 21 17 Volkswagen - - 3 - - - - 15 18 18 Ford - - - - - - 15 - 15 19 Mitsubishi - - - - 14 - - - 14 20 Fiat 10 - - - - - - - 10 () Denotes dropped score References ^ "FIA World Rally Championship Calendar 1996". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 9 April 2024. ^ "1996 WRC calendar". Jonkka's World Rally Archive. Retrieved 9 April 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1996 in World Rally Championship. FIA World Rally Championship 1996 at ewrc-results.com vteWorld Rally ChampionshipWRCseasonsGroup 4 ICM (1970–72) 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Group B 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Group A 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 World Rally Car (2.0 L) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 World Rally Car (1.6 L) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Group Rally1 2022 2023 2024 2025 SupportcategoriesWRC2 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 (WRC2 Pro) 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 WRC3 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Junior WRC 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 (WRC3 Junior) 2023 2024 Production WRC 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Defunct Super 2000 WRC 2010 2011 2012 Defunct 2-Litre Cup 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Defunct R-GT Cup 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Defunct
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karposh%27s_Rebellion
Karposh's rebellion
["1 Prelude","2 The uprising","3 Suppression","4 Aftermath","5 Legacy","6 Sources"]
"Karposh" redirects here. For other uses, see Karposh (disambiguation). This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series on the History ofNorth Macedonia Chronological Ottoman North Macedonia Karposh's Rebellion National awakening Ilinden Uprising and Kruševo Republic Tikveš and Ohrid Uprising World War I South Serbia and Vardar Banovina World War II Independent State (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) National Liberation Front Exodus from Northern Greece Socialist Republic 1963 Skopje earthquake Independent Republic 2001 Insurgency Prespa Agreement 2020 NATO accession Topical Military Demographics History of the ethnic Macedonian people Related Region of Macedonia Naming Dispute Public Holidays Lists and outlines Timeline of the history of North Macedonia North Macedonia portalvte Part of a series on the History of Bulgaria Odrysian kingdom 460 BC – 46 AD Roman times 46–681 Dark Ages c. 6th–7th cent. Old Great Bulgaria 7th cent., 632–668 First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018 Christianization Golden Age 896–927 Cometopuli dynasty 968–1018 Byzantine Bulgaria 1018–1185 Second Bulgarian Empire 1185–1396 Second Golden Age 1230–1241 Mongol invasion 1274–1300 Darman and Kudelin 1273–1291 Recovery and expansion 1300–1371 Fragmentation and fall 1371–1396 Vidin Dobruja Lovech Ottoman Bulgaria 1396–1878 Resistance after 1413 National Revival 1762–1878 Early Late Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 1870 April Uprising 1876 Liberation War 1877–1878 Third Bulgarian State 1878–present Serbo-Bulgarian War 1885 Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 1903 Balkan Wars 1912–1913 World War I 1915–1918 World War II 1941–1945 Communist era 1946–1990 Transition era since 1990 List of monarchs Military history Struggle for Macedonia 1893–1944 Main category Bulgaria portalvte Karposh’s rebellion or Karposh’s uprising (Macedonian: Карпошово востание, Karpošovo vostanie; Bulgarian: Карпошово въстание, Karposhovo vastanie) was a Christian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689. Karposh, the rebellion leader, was born in the Sanjak of Üsküp in the then Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire, modern North Macedonia, probably in the village of Vojnik (near Kumanovo, on today's Serbia-North Macedonia border), under the name Petar. At a very young age, he escaped to Wallachia, present-day Romania, where he worked as a miner. Later, Karposh moved to the Rhodope Mountains, where he settled in the Dospat valley (near today's Greek-Bulgarian border), becoming a notorious hajduk. After the army of the Holy Roman Empire advanced into the Ottoman Balkans, Karposh moved to the area of Znepole (near Tran, on today's Serbo-Bulgarian border), and began to organise anti-Ottoman resistance detachments here. Prelude Uprisings during the late 17th century In 1683, the Holy League of Austria, Poland, Venice, and (later) Russia was formed to oppose the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire suffered defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and was forced to withdraw rapidly from Central Europe. The defeat and the chaotic situation within the Ottoman Empire created widespread social disruption in the Central Balkans, particularly in the regions of Üsküp (Skopje) and Niş (Niš), where Karposh's rebellion originated. On 25 October 1689, the Austrian branch of the Holy League, led by General Piccolomini, reached the Plain of Üsküp and were met with rejoicing by the inhabitants of the villages there. The same day, Piccolomini began a withdrawal of his forces, and on 26 October, set fire to the city. Skopje burned for two whole days, through 26 and 27 October. Most of the city of Skopje was destroyed in the fire. Some accounts of these events state that Piccolomini razed Skopje due to an inability of his forces to occupy and govern a city so far from his headquarters, while other accounts state that it was perpetrated to prevent the spread of infectious disease. Further information: Fire of Skopje 1689 The uprising In October 1689, an uprising broke out in the region between Köstendil (Kyustendil), Şehirköy (Pirot), and Üsküp (Skopje). According to the Turkish historian Silahdar Findikli Mehmed Aga, its leader Karposh was initially a voivoda or haiduks in the vicinity of Dospat, in present-day Bulgaria. After in the Summer of 1689 hoping for help from the Austrian troops, haiduks, and voynuks led by Strahil vojvoda, rose in arms in the area of Northern Thrace between Filibe (Plovdiv) and Pazarcık (Pazardzhik), the Turks named him chief of Christian Auxiliary forces in the area between Sofya (Sofia), Köprülü (Veles), Doyran (Dojran), Köstendil (Kjustendil) and Nevrokop to resist against Strahil's rebels. However, he switched sides and attacked and captured Eğri Palanka (Kriva Palanka), an Ottoman stronghold, which he made the centre of his resistance. After securing Eğri Palanka, the rebels built and secured a new stronghold near Kumanova (Kumanovo). It is unclear whether the Austrians assisted the rebels. According to contemporary Ottoman chronicles and local legends, Karposh was known as the "King of Kumanovo", a title conferred upon him by Emperor Leopold I who sent him a beautiful busby as a gift and a sign of recognition. Suppression Order for killing Karposh The situation for the rebels did not turn out well due to military and political reversals which played a decisive role in the fate of the uprising. The first step taken by the Turkish Ottoman authorities in the region was to put down the rebellion and drive the Austrian army out of Ottoman territory. To do that the Ottomans employed the services of the Crimean Khan Selim I Giray. The council of war which met in Sofia on 14 November 1689 decided to attack the rebels through Kyustendil. But before they could do that they had to secure Kriva Palanka. Upon finding that they were about to be attacked, the rebels set fire to Kriva Palanka and concentrated their forces in the new fortress of Kumanovo. They just managed to make some preparations when the Ottoman and Tatar detachments arrived. The rebels were quickly overwhelmed by the numerically superior Ottoman force. A large number of rebels, including Karposh, were captured at the outset. This became known as the Second Battle of Kumanovo. When the battle was over, all rebels who resisted were slaughtered. Karposh and the others were taken prisoner. After subduing Kumanovo, the Ottomans left for Skopje where they executed Karposh and the others. It is believed that Karposh died on the historic Stone bridge in Skopje Ottoman Macedonia. Aftermath For the rebels who survived the battles there was no salvation from the Ottoman backlash except to leave the Balkans. Many fled north beyond the Sava and Danube Rivers. Legacy Memorial Plaque on the spot where Karposh was executed. Monument to Karpoš (Skopje 2014). Karpoš Municipality, one of the 10 municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, is named after Karposh. Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš, an Yugoslav Communist and Macedonian Partisan during World War II, took his pseudonym after Karposh. Karposh Square, a square across the Stone Bridge on the other side of Macedonia Square in Skopje is named after Karposh, where the leader of the uprising was executed by the Ottomans. A monument and a plaque commemorate the execution site near the bridge. Karposh Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Karposh. Sources ^ Карпошовото въстание (1689 г.) проф. д-р Петър Петров (Македонски Научен Институт - София, 1994) Македонска Библиотека No 25. ^ The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6, p. 698, at Google Books ^ İnalcık, Halil (1965). "Eyālet". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724. OCLC 495469475. ^ İnalcik, Halil (1995). "Rūmeli". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3. ^ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50. ISBN 9783920153568. ^ "Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо". ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 114. ^ a b Katardzhiev, Ivan (1979). A History of the Macedonian People. Translated by Graham W. Reid. Skopje: Macedonian Review. p. 96. ^ Mihailo Apostolski, Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje, Macedonia, 1969 p. 279 ^ "Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија". www.novamakedonija.com.mk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ War and Society in East Central Europe: East Central European Society and War in the Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century, Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, Brooklyn College Press, 1982, pp. 319-320. ^ Habsburgs and Ottomans between Vienna and Belgrade (1683-1739) Ivan Părvev p. 92 ^ Rozita Dimova, Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia, Berghahn Books, 2013, ISBN 1782380418, p. 97. ^ Α. Ε. Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 1354-1833; Translated by Peter Megann, (Institute for Balkan studies, Θεσσαλονικη, 1973) pp. 216-226. ^ Karposh Point. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica. vte Rebellions in the Ottoman EmpireRise (1299–1453) Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion (1416–20) Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin (1404–18) Skanderbeg's rebellion (1443–68) Buçuktepe rebellion (1446) Classical Age (1453–1550) Şahkulu Rebellion (1511) Nur Ali Halife rebellion (1512) Nasir al-Din rebellion (1518) Celali rebellions (1519) Expeditions against the Druze (1523–1524) Baba Zünnun Rebellion (1526) Kalender Çelebi rebellion (1527) Transformation (1550–1700) Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion (1564–65) Expedition against the Druze (1565) Revolts of 1565–1572 Expeditions against the Druze (1574–1576) Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt (1585) Expedition against the Druze (1585) Cairo Rebellion (1586) Beylerbeyi Event (1589) Celali rebellions (1590–1610) Uprising in Banat (1594) Himara Revolt (1596) Serb Uprising (1596–97) First Tarnovo Uprising (1598) Thessaly Rebellion (1600) Mamluk Rebellion (1609) Epirus revolt (1611) Druze rebellion (1623) Abaza rebellions (1624, 1627) Druze rebellion (1642) Atmeydanı Incident (1648) Çınar Incident (1656) Abaza Hasan Revolt (1658–1659) Druze power struggle (1658–1667) Second Tarnovo Uprising (1686) Chiprovtsi uprising (1688) Karposh's rebellion (1689) Old Regime (1700–1789) Edirne event (1703) Naousa uprising (1705) The Great Insurrection (1707–11) Karamanli revolt (1711) Uprising in Vučitrn (1717) Patrona Halil Rebellion (1730) Serb Uprising (1737–39) Orlov Revolt (1770) Koča's frontier rebellion (1788) Tripolitanian civil war (1793–1795) Decline (1789–1908) Dahije in Belgrade (1801–04) First Serbian Uprising (1804–13) Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion (1807) Jančić's Rebellion (1809) Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion (1814) Second Serbian Uprising (1815-17) Wallachian Uprising (1821) Niš Rebellion (1821) Greek War of Independence (1821–29) Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt (1830) Bosnian uprising (1831–33) Bilmez Rebellion (1832–33) Laz rebellion (1832–34) Shkodër Rebellion (1833) Priest Jovica's Rebellion (1834) Second Mašići Rebellion (1834) Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834-35) Tripolitanian revolt (1835–1858) Posavina Rebellion (1836) Livno Rebellion (1836) Pirot Rebellion (1836) Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836) Belogradchik Rebellion (1836) Vlora Rebellion (1836) Druze revolt (1838) Diber Rebellion (1838–39) Cretan Revolt (1841) Niš Rebellion (1841) Uprising of Dervish Cara (1843–44) Albanian Revolt (1845) Albanian Revolt (1847) Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) Epirus Revolt (1854) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854 (1854) Doljani Revolt (1858) Mount Lebanon civil conflict (1860) Cretan Revolt (1866–69) Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867 (1866–67) Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77) Bulgarian April uprising (1876) Razlovtsi insurrection (1876) Kumanovo Uprising (1878) 1878 Macedonian rebellion (1878) Cretan Revolt (1878) Kresna–Razlog Uprising (1878–79) Epirus Revolt (1878) Thessaly Revolt (1878) Ulcinj rebellion (1878) Brsjak Revolt (1880–81) Cretan Revolt (1896–97) 1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion (1896–97) Cretan Revolt (1897–98) Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (1903) Shoubak revolt (1905) Theriso revolt (1905) Mesopotamia uprising (1906) Bitlis uprising (1907) Dissolution (1908–1922) Young Turk Revolution (1908) Hamawand rebellion (1908–10) Al-Bejat Revolution (1909) 31 March Incident (1909) Hauran Druze Rebellion (1909) Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910) (1910) Karak revolt (1910) Albanian revolt of 1910 (1910) Malissori uprising (1911) Albanian revolt of 1912 (1912) Savior Officers (1912) Raid on the Sublime Porte (1913) Euphrates rebellion (1913) Bitlis uprising (1914) Kurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–18) Uprising in Karbala (1915) Arab Revolt (1916–18) Uprising in Hilla (1916) Koçgiri rebellion (1921) Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karposh (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karposh_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Üsküp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp"},{"link_name":"Rumelia Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-eyalet-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI2-Rumeli-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Provinzen50-5"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Vojnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Rhodope Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Dospat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dospat"},{"link_name":"hajduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajduk"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Znepole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Znepole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Karposh\" redirects here. For other uses, see Karposh (disambiguation).Karposh’s rebellion or Karposh’s uprising[1] (Macedonian: Карпошово востание, Karpošovo vostanie; Bulgarian: Карпошово въстание, Karposhovo vastanie) was a Christian anti-Ottoman uprising in the Central Balkans that took place in October 1689. Karposh, the rebellion leader, was born in the Sanjak of Üsküp in the then Rumelia Eyalet,[2][3][4][5] Ottoman Empire, modern North Macedonia, probably in the village of Vojnik (near Kumanovo, on today's Serbia-North Macedonia border), under the name Petar. At a very young age, he escaped to Wallachia, present-day Romania, where he worked as a miner. Later, Karposh moved to the Rhodope Mountains, where he settled in the Dospat valley (near today's Greek-Bulgarian border), becoming a notorious hajduk. After the army of the Holy Roman Empire advanced into the Ottoman Balkans, Karposh moved to the area of Znepole (near Tran, on today's Serbo-Bulgarian border), and began to organise anti-Ottoman resistance detachments here.[6][7]","title":"Karposh's rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarian_uprisings_17th_century.png"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Piccolomini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini_(general)"},{"link_name":"set fire to the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Skopje_1689"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fire of Skopje 1689","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_of_Skopje_1689"}],"text":"Uprisings during the late 17th centuryIn 1683, the Holy League of Austria, Poland, Venice, and (later) Russia was formed to oppose the Ottoman Empire.[8] The Ottoman Empire suffered defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 and was forced to withdraw rapidly from Central Europe. The defeat and the chaotic situation within the Ottoman Empire created widespread social disruption in the Central Balkans, particularly in the regions of Üsküp (Skopje) and Niş (Niš), where Karposh's rebellion originated.[9] On 25 October 1689, the Austrian branch of the Holy League, led by General Piccolomini, reached the Plain of Üsküp and were met with rejoicing by the inhabitants of the villages there. The same day, Piccolomini began a withdrawal of his forces, and on 26 October, set fire to the city. Skopje burned for two whole days, through 26 and 27 October. Most of the city of Skopje was destroyed in the fire. Some accounts of these events state that Piccolomini razed Skopje due to an inability of his forces to occupy and govern a city so far from his headquarters,[8] while other accounts state that it was perpetrated to prevent the spread of infectious disease.[10]Further information: Fire of Skopje 1689","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil"},{"link_name":"Pirot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot"},{"link_name":"Silahdar Findikli Mehmed Aga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silahdar_Findikli_Mehmed_Aga"},{"link_name":"voivoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivoda"},{"link_name":"haiduks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiduk"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"haiduks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiduks"},{"link_name":"voynuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voynuks"},{"link_name":"Strahil vojvoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strahil_vojvoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Pazardzhik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazardzhik"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(city)"},{"link_name":"Dojran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dojran"},{"link_name":"Kjustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjustendil"},{"link_name":"Nevrokop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevrokop"},{"link_name":"Kriva Palanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriva_Palanka"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo"},{"link_name":"Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Leopold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"busby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In October 1689, an uprising broke out in the region between Köstendil (Kyustendil), Şehirköy (Pirot), and Üsküp (Skopje). According to the Turkish historian Silahdar Findikli Mehmed Aga, its leader Karposh was initially a voivoda or haiduks in the vicinity of Dospat, in present-day Bulgaria. After in the Summer of 1689 hoping for help from the Austrian troops, haiduks, and voynuks led by Strahil vojvoda, rose in arms in the area of Northern Thrace between Filibe (Plovdiv) and Pazarcık (Pazardzhik),[11] the Turks named him chief of Christian Auxiliary forces in the area between Sofya (Sofia), Köprülü (Veles), Doyran (Dojran), Köstendil (Kjustendil) and Nevrokop to resist against Strahil's rebels. However, he switched sides and attacked and captured Eğri Palanka (Kriva Palanka), an Ottoman stronghold, which he made the centre of his resistance. After securing Eğri Palanka, the rebels built and secured a new stronghold near Kumanova (Kumanovo). It is unclear whether the Austrians assisted the rebels. According to contemporary Ottoman chronicles and local legends, Karposh was known as the \"King of Kumanovo\", a title conferred upon him by Emperor Leopold I who sent him a beautiful busby as a gift and a sign of recognition.[12]","title":"The uprising"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naredba_za_ubistvo_na_Karpos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crimean Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Selim I Giray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I_Giray"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Kyustendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyustendil"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Stone bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)"}],"text":"Order for killing KarposhThe situation for the rebels did not turn out well due to military and political reversals which played a decisive role in the fate of the uprising. The first step taken by the Turkish Ottoman authorities in the region was to put down the rebellion and drive the Austrian army out of Ottoman territory. To do that the Ottomans employed the services of the Crimean Khan Selim I Giray.The council of war which met in Sofia on 14 November 1689 decided to attack the rebels through Kyustendil. But before they could do that they had to secure Kriva Palanka. Upon finding that they were about to be attacked, the rebels set fire to Kriva Palanka and concentrated their forces in the new fortress of Kumanovo. They just managed to make some preparations when the Ottoman and Tatar detachments arrived. The rebels were quickly overwhelmed by the numerically superior Ottoman force. A large number of rebels, including Karposh, were captured at the outset. This became known as the Second Battle of Kumanovo.[13][14]When the battle was over, all rebels who resisted were slaughtered. Karposh and the others were taken prisoner. After subduing Kumanovo, the Ottomans left for Skopje where they executed Karposh and the others. It is believed that Karposh died on the historic Stone bridge in Skopje Ottoman Macedonia.","title":"Suppression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"}],"text":"For the rebels who survived the battles there was no salvation from the Ottoman backlash except to leave the Balkans. Many fled north beyond the Sava and Danube Rivers.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karposh_memory_table_Skopje.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spomenik_na_Karpo%C5%A1_vo_Skopje.JPG"},{"link_name":"Skopje 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_2014"},{"link_name":"Karpoš Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristijan_Todorovski_Karpo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Communist"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Partisan"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Karposh Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karposh_Point"},{"link_name":"Snow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Memorial Plaque on the spot where Karposh was executed.Monument to Karpoš (Skopje 2014).Karpoš Municipality, one of the 10 municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, is named after Karposh.Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš, an Yugoslav Communist and Macedonian Partisan during World War II, took his pseudonym after Karposh.Karposh Square, a square across the Stone Bridge on the other side of Macedonia Square in Skopje is named after Karposh, where the leader of the uprising was executed by the Ottomans. A monument and a plaque commemorate the execution site near the bridge.Karposh Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Karposh.[15]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Карпошовото въстание (1689 г.) проф. д-р Петър Петров (Македонски Научен Институт - София, 1994) Македонска Библиотека No 25.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kroraina.com/knigi/pp/pp_1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zSNUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA698"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2-eyalet_3-0"},{"link_name":"İnalcık, Halil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"\"Eyālet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EI2-Rumeli_4-0"},{"link_name":"İnalcik, Halil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"\"Rūmeli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/rumeli-COM_0940"},{"link_name":"Bosworth, C. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth"},{"link_name":"van Donzel, E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel"},{"link_name":"Heinrichs, W. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs"},{"link_name":"Lecomte, G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-09834-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Provinzen50_5-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783920153568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783920153568"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zapiski.info/1697/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%82-1689-%D0%B3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ilGfCIF4Ao4C&q=king++kumanovo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0810862956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810862956"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Mihailo Apostolski, Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje, Macedonia, 1969 p. 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EVoBAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141219224633/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Béla K. Király","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_K._Kir%C3%A1ly"},{"link_name":"Gunther Erich Rothenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs and Ottomans between Vienna and Belgrade (1683-1739) Ivan Părvev p. 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QaVnAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1782380418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1782380418"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Karposh Point.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134723"},{"link_name":"SCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research"},{"link_name":"Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Gazetteer_of_Antarctica"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg"},{"link_name":"Rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rise (1299–1453)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Buçuktepe rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%A7uktepe_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Classical Age (1453–1550)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Şahkulu Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Nur Ali Halife rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Ali_Halife_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Nasir al-Din rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celali rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celali_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Expeditions against the Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze"},{"link_name":"Baba Zünnun Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Z%C3%BCnnun_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Kalender Çelebi rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_%C3%87elebi_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Transformation (1550–1700)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariovo_and_Prilep_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Expedition against the Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze"},{"link_name":"Revolts of 1565–1572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ottoman_revolts_of_1565%E2%80%931572"},{"link_name":"Expeditions against the Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze"},{"link_name":"Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bua_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Expedition against the Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze"},{"link_name":"Cairo Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beylerbeyi Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Event"},{"link_name":"Celali rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celali_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat"},{"link_name":"Himara Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himara_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Serb Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%9397"},{"link_name":"First Tarnovo Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Thessaly Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly_Rebellion_(1600)"},{"link_name":"Mamluk Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Epirus revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_revolt_of_1611"},{"link_name":"Druze rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar"},{"link_name":"Abaza rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Druze rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Atmeydanı Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmeydan%C4%B1_Incident"},{"link_name":"Çınar Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1nar_Incident"},{"link_name":"Abaza Hasan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_Hasan_Pasha#Second_revolt"},{"link_name":"Druze power struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Second Tarnovo Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Chiprovtsi uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiprovtsi_uprising"},{"link_name":"Karposh's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Old Regime (1700–1789)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime"},{"link_name":"Edirne event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edirne_event"},{"link_name":"Naousa uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisis_Karademos"},{"link_name":"The Great Insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karamanli revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1711_Karamanli_coup"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Vučitrn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn"},{"link_name":"Patrona Halil Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrona_Halil_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Serb Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1737%E2%80%9339"},{"link_name":"Orlov Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_revolt"},{"link_name":"Koča's frontier rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_frontier_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Tripolitanian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitanian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"Decline (1789–1908)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dahije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahije"},{"link_name":"First Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Jančić's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Had%C5%BEi-Prodan%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Second Serbian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Wallachian Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821"},{"link_name":"Niš Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1821)"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%A7al%C4%B1_Kel_Mehmet_revolt"},{"link_name":"Bosnian uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)"},{"link_name":"Bilmez Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilmez_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laz rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laz_rebellion_(1832%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shkodër Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shkod%C3%ABr_Rebellion_(1833)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Priest Jovica's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Second Mašići Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Ma%C5%A1i%C4%87i_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syrian Peasant Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%9335)"},{"link_name":"Tripolitanian revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835%E2%80%931858_revolt_in_Ottoman_Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"Posavina Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posavina_Rebellion_(1836)"},{"link_name":"Livno Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livno_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pirot Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirot_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Berkovitsa Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkovitsa_Rebellion_(1836)"},{"link_name":"Belogradchik Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belogradchik_Rebellion_(1836)"},{"link_name":"Vlora Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vlora_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Druze revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt"},{"link_name":"Diber Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diber_Rebellion_(1838%E2%80%9339)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)"},{"link_name":"Niš Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1841)"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Dervish Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara"},{"link_name":"Albanian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845"},{"link_name":"Albanian Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1852%E2%80%9362)"},{"link_name":"Epirus Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854"},{"link_name":"Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Macedonian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Doljani Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecija%27s_First_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Mount Lebanon civil conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)"},{"link_name":"Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867_Macedonian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Herzegovina Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian April uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Razlovtsi insurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection"},{"link_name":"Kumanovo Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumanovo_Uprising"},{"link_name":"1878 Macedonian rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)"},{"link_name":"Kresna–Razlog Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Epirus Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878"},{"link_name":"Thessaly Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki"},{"link_name":"Ulcinj rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)"},{"link_name":"Brsjak Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brsjak_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Revolt_(1896%E2%80%931897)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896%E2%80%931897_Macedonian_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Cretan Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Shoubak revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoubak_revolt"},{"link_name":"Theriso revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriso_revolt"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising"},{"link_name":"Bitlis uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1907)"},{"link_name":"Dissolution (1908–1922)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Young Turk Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Hamawand rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamawand_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Al-Bejat Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Bejat_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"31 March Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_March_Incident"},{"link_name":"Hauran Druze Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaraniq_rebellion_(1909%E2%80%931910)"},{"link_name":"Karak revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak_revolt"},{"link_name":"Albanian revolt of 1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910"},{"link_name":"Malissori uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malissori_uprising"},{"link_name":"Albanian revolt of 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912"},{"link_name":"Savior Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Raid on the Sublime Porte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Euphrates rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Euphrates_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Bitlis uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions during World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala"},{"link_name":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Uprising in Hilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_uprising_in_Hilla"},{"link_name":"Koçgiri rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26709211#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539569405171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006664"}],"text":"^ Карпошовото въстание (1689 г.) проф. д-р Петър Петров (Македонски Научен Институт - София, 1994) Македонска Библиотека No 25.\n\n^ The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6, p. 698, at Google Books\n\n^ İnalcık, Halil (1965). \"Eyālet\". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724. OCLC 495469475.\n\n^ İnalcik, Halil (1995). \"Rūmeli\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.\n\n^ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50. ISBN 9783920153568.\n\n^ \"Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо\".\n\n^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 114.\n\n^ a b Katardzhiev, Ivan (1979). A History of the Macedonian People. Translated by Graham W. Reid. Skopje: Macedonian Review. p. 96.\n\n^ Mihailo Apostolski, Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje, Macedonia, 1969 p. 279\n\n^ \"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија\". www.novamakedonija.com.mk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015.\n\n^ War and Society in East Central Europe: East Central European Society and War in the Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century, Béla K. Király, Gunther Erich Rothenberg, Brooklyn College Press, 1982, pp. 319-320.\n\n^ Habsburgs and Ottomans between Vienna and Belgrade (1683-1739) Ivan Părvev p. 92\n\n^ Rozita Dimova, Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia, Berghahn Books, 2013, ISBN 1782380418, p. 97.\n\n^ Α. Ε. Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 1354-1833; Translated by Peter Megann, (Institute for Balkan studies, Θεσσαλονικη, 1973) pp. 216-226.\n\n^ Karposh Point. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.vte Rebellions in the Ottoman EmpireRise (1299–1453)\nSheikh Bedreddin rebellion (1416–20)\nUprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin (1404–18)\nSkanderbeg's rebellion (1443–68)\nBuçuktepe rebellion (1446)\nClassical Age (1453–1550)\nŞahkulu Rebellion (1511)\nNur Ali Halife rebellion (1512)\nNasir al-Din rebellion (1518)\nCelali rebellions (1519)\nExpeditions against the Druze (1523–1524)\nBaba Zünnun Rebellion (1526)\nKalender Çelebi rebellion (1527)\nTransformation (1550–1700)\nMariovo and Prilep Rebellion (1564–65)\nExpedition against the Druze (1565)\nRevolts of 1565–1572\nExpeditions against the Druze (1574–1576)\nTheodoros Boua Grivas revolt (1585)\nExpedition against the Druze (1585)\nCairo Rebellion (1586)\nBeylerbeyi Event (1589)\nCelali rebellions (1590–1610)\nUprising in Banat (1594)\nHimara Revolt (1596)\nSerb Uprising (1596–97)\nFirst Tarnovo Uprising (1598)\nThessaly Rebellion (1600)\nMamluk Rebellion (1609)\nEpirus revolt (1611)\nDruze rebellion (1623)\nAbaza rebellions (1624, 1627)\nDruze rebellion (1642)\nAtmeydanı Incident (1648)\nÇınar Incident (1656)\nAbaza Hasan Revolt (1658–1659)\nDruze power struggle (1658–1667)\nSecond Tarnovo Uprising (1686)\nChiprovtsi uprising (1688)\nKarposh's rebellion (1689)\nOld Regime (1700–1789)\nEdirne event (1703)\nNaousa uprising (1705)\nThe Great Insurrection (1707–11)\nKaramanli revolt (1711)\nUprising in Vučitrn (1717)\nPatrona Halil Rebellion (1730)\nSerb Uprising (1737–39)\nOrlov Revolt (1770)\nKoča's frontier rebellion (1788)\nTripolitanian civil war (1793–1795)\nDecline (1789–1908)\nDahije in Belgrade (1801–04)\nFirst Serbian Uprising (1804–13)\nKabakçı Mustafa rebellion (1807)\nJančić's Rebellion (1809)\nHadži-Prodan's Rebellion (1814)\nSecond Serbian Uprising (1815-17)\nWallachian Uprising (1821)\nNiš Rebellion (1821)\nGreek War of Independence (1821–29)\nAtçalı Kel Mehmet revolt (1830)\nBosnian uprising (1831–33)\nBilmez Rebellion (1832–33)\nLaz rebellion (1832–34)\nShkodër Rebellion (1833)\nPriest Jovica's Rebellion (1834)\nSecond Mašići Rebellion (1834)\nSyrian Peasant Revolt (1834-35)\nTripolitanian revolt (1835–1858)\nPosavina Rebellion (1836)\nLivno Rebellion (1836)\nPirot Rebellion (1836)\nBerkovitsa Rebellion (1836)\nBelogradchik Rebellion (1836)\nVlora Rebellion (1836)\nDruze revolt (1838)\nDiber Rebellion (1838–39)\nCretan Revolt (1841)\nNiš Rebellion (1841)\nUprising of Dervish Cara (1843–44)\nAlbanian Revolt (1845)\nAlbanian Revolt (1847)\nHerzegovina Uprising (1852–62)\nEpirus Revolt (1854)\nGreek Macedonian rebellion of 1854 (1854)\nDoljani Revolt (1858)\nMount Lebanon civil conflict (1860)\nCretan Revolt (1866–69)\nGreek Macedonian rebellion of 1867 (1866–67)\nHerzegovina Uprising (1875–77)\nBulgarian April uprising (1876)\nRazlovtsi insurrection (1876)\nKumanovo Uprising (1878)\n1878 Macedonian rebellion (1878)\nCretan Revolt (1878)\nKresna–Razlog Uprising (1878–79)\nEpirus Revolt (1878)\nThessaly Revolt (1878)\nUlcinj rebellion (1878)\nBrsjak Revolt (1880–81)\nCretan Revolt (1896–97)\n1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion (1896–97)\nCretan Revolt (1897–98)\nIlinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising (1903)\nShoubak revolt (1905)\nTheriso revolt (1905)\nMesopotamia uprising (1906)\nBitlis uprising (1907)\nDissolution (1908–1922)\nYoung Turk Revolution (1908)\nHamawand rebellion (1908–10)\nAl-Bejat Revolution (1909)\n31 March Incident (1909)\nHauran Druze Rebellion (1909)\nZaraniq rebellion (1909–1910) (1910)\nKarak revolt (1910)\nAlbanian revolt of 1910 (1910)\nMalissori uprising (1911)\nAlbanian revolt of 1912 (1912)\nSavior Officers (1912)\nRaid on the Sublime Porte (1913)\nEuphrates rebellion (1913)\nBitlis uprising (1914)\nKurdish rebellions during World War I (1914–18)\nUprising in Karbala (1915)\nArab Revolt (1916–18)\nUprising in Hilla (1916)\nKoçgiri rebellion (1921)Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Uprisings during the late 17th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bulgarian_uprisings_17th_century.png/220px-Bulgarian_uprisings_17th_century.png"},{"image_text":"Order for killing Karposh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Naredba_za_ubistvo_na_Karpos.jpg/220px-Naredba_za_ubistvo_na_Karpos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial Plaque on the spot where Karposh was executed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karposh_memory_table_Skopje.JPG/220px-Karposh_memory_table_Skopje.JPG"},{"image_text":"Monument to Karpoš (Skopje 2014).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Spomenik_na_Karpo%C5%A1_vo_Skopje.JPG/220px-Spomenik_na_Karpo%C5%A1_vo_Skopje.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"İnalcık, Halil (1965). \"Eyālet\". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724. OCLC 495469475.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k","url_text":"İnalcık, Halil"},{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216","url_text":"\"Eyālet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Schacht, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475","url_text":"495469475"}]},{"reference":"İnalcik, Halil (1995). \"Rūmeli\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k","url_text":"İnalcik, Halil"},{"url":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/rumeli-COM_0940","url_text":"\"Rūmeli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte","url_text":"Lecomte, G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3","url_text":"978-90-04-09834-3"}]},{"reference":"Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50. ISBN 9783920153568.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783920153568","url_text":"9783920153568"}]},{"reference":"\"Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zapiski.info/1697/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%82-1689-%D0%B3","url_text":"\"Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо\""}]},{"reference":"Katardzhiev, Ivan (1979). A History of the Macedonian People. Translated by Graham W. Reid. Skopje: Macedonian Review. p. 96.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија\". www.novamakedonija.com.mk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219224633/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819","url_text":"\"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија\""},{"url":"http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karposh%27s_rebellion&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/pp/pp_1.htm","external_links_name":"Карпошовото въстание (1689 г.) проф. д-р Петър Петров (Македонски Научен Институт - София, 1994) Македонска Библиотека No 25."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zSNUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA698","external_links_name":"The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6"},{"Link":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216","external_links_name":"\"Eyālet\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475","external_links_name":"495469475"},{"Link":"http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/rumeli-COM_0940","external_links_name":"\"Rūmeli\""},{"Link":"https://www.zapiski.info/1697/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%82-1689-%D0%B3","external_links_name":"\"Карпошово въстание от 1689 г. - Записки.инфо\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ilGfCIF4Ao4C&q=king++kumanovo","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EVoBAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Mihailo Apostolski, Istorija na makedonskiot narod, Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje, Macedonia, 1969 p. 279"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219224633/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819","external_links_name":"\"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак - Нова Македонија\""},{"Link":"http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QaVnAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Habsburgs and Ottomans between Vienna and Belgrade (1683-1739) Ivan Părvev p. 92"},{"Link":"http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=134723","external_links_name":"Karposh Point."},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539569405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006664","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bann_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency)
["1 Constituency profile","2 Boundaries","3 History","4 Members of Parliament","5 Elections","5.1 Elections in the 2020s","5.2 Elections in the 2010s","5.3 Elections in the 2000s","5.4 Elections in the 1990s","5.5 Elections in the 1980s","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°25′18″N 6°23′46″W / 54.42167°N 6.39611°W / 54.42167; -6.39611Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1983 onwards For other constituencies of the same name, see Upper Bann (disambiguation). Upper Banncounty constituencyfor the House of CommonsBoundary of Upper Bann in Northern IrelandDistricts of Northern IrelandArmagh, Banbridge and CraigavonElectorate77,905 (March 2011)Major settlementsLurgan, PortadownCurrent constituencyCreated1983Member of ParliamentCarla Lockhart (DUP)Seats1Created fromArmagh and South Down Upper Bann is a parliamentary constituency in Northern Ireland, which is represented in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Carla Lockhart of the DUP. Constituency profile Upper Bann includes the post-industrial towns of Portadown, Craigavon, and Lurgan. Boundaries Map of current boundaries 1983–1997: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Central, Edenderry, Gilford, Laurencetown, Loughbrickland, and Seapatrick. 1997–present: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Banbridge West, Edenderry, Fort, Gilford, Lawrencetown, Loughbrickland, Seapatrick, and The Cut. The seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from parts of Armagh and South Down. It was barely changed in further revisions in 1995 and covers the entirety of the district of Craigavon as well as part of Banbridge. In 2005, the Boundary Commission published provisional recommendations for modifying the boundaries of constituencies in Northern Ireland. It proposed transferring two small parts of Upper Bann to South Down and Lagan Valley. Following public consultation, the Commission revised its proposals which were finally passed through Parliament by means of the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order. History For the history of the equivalent constituencies prior to 1950 please see Armagh (UK Parliament constituency) and Down (UK Parliament constituency) and from 1950 until 1983, please see also South Down. The constituency has a unionist majority, though the combined votes for nationalist parties have reached around 35% in elections. The Ulster Unionist Party has traditionally been dominant though it has been supplanted by the Democratic Unionist Party in recent years. The constituency contains Portadown and Drumcree, key locations for the Orange Order and elections to both local councils and the Northern Ireland Assembly have seen independent candidates standing on issues related to Orange Order parades performing well. In 1990 the sitting MP, Harold McCusker, died and the subsequent by-election was noticeable as for the first time since the early 1970s two major UK political parties stood in a Northern Ireland parliamentary election, the Conservatives and the rump of the Social Democratic Party. However the result was disappointing for the Conservatives, whilst the SDP polled a mere 154 votes. In that by-election David Trimble was elected and five years later he became leader of the Ulster Unionist Party. Trimble's leadership came in for much criticism from the rival Democratic Unionist Party and they strongly targeted the area. In the 2001 general election there was a strong rumour that the DUP leader Ian Paisley would contest the seat himself, in the hope of unseating Trimble, but in the event he stayed in his North Antrim constituency and the DUP instead nominated David Simpson. The campaign was amongst the most bitter in the entire province, with Trimble coming in for fierce personal attacks. He benefitted, however, from the decision of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland not to contest the seat themselves but instead support them. When the results were counted Simpson was initially ahead and many believed he had won, but Trimble pulled ahead to hold the seat on a narrow majority of 2058. In the subsequent 2003 assembly election the DUP were only 386 votes behind the UUP. Then in the 2005 general election Trimble was defeated by Simpson. Simpson retained his seat in the 2010 general election, although the UUP vote has remained fairly static. The nationalist vote had continued to grow until the 2019 general election, which could have made this seat a possible battleground between nationalists and unionists. Members of Parliament The previous Member of Parliament, since the 2005 general election, was David Simpson of the Democratic Unionist Party. In that election he defeated David Trimble, then leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, who had held the seat since a 1990 by-election. Simpson stood down at the 2019 general election. He was succeeded by Carla Lockhart, also of the DUP. Election Member Party 1983 Harold McCusker Ulster Unionist 1990 by-election David Trimble 2005 David Simpson Democratic Unionist 2019 Carla Lockhart Elections Upper Bann Elections in the 2020s General election 2024: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP Kate Evans DUP Carla Lockhart Sinn Féin Catherine Nelson SDLP Malachy Quinn Alliance Eóin Tennyson Majority Turnout Registered electors Swing Elections in the 2010s General election 2019: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% DUP Carla Lockhart 20,501 41.0 ―2.5 Sinn Féin John O'Dowd 12,291 24.6 ―3.3 Alliance Eóin Tennyson 6,433 12.9 +8.4 UUP Doug Beattie 6,197 12.4 ―3.0 SDLP Dolores Kelly 4,623 9.2 +0.6 Majority 8,210 16.4 +0.8 Turnout 50,045 60.4 ―3.5 Registered electors 82,856 DUP hold Swing +0.5 General election 2017: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% DUP David Simpson 22,317 43.5 +10.8 Sinn Féin John O'Dowd 14,325 27.9 +3.3 UUP Doug Beattie 7,900 15.4 ―12.5 SDLP Declan McAlinden 4,397 8.6 ―0.4 Alliance Tara Doyle 2,319 4.5 +0.7 Majority 7,992 15.6 +11.8 Turnout 51,257 63.9 +4.9 Registered electors 80,168 DUP hold Swing +3.7 General election 2015: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% DUP David Simpson 15,430 32.7 ―1.1 UUP Jo-Anne Dobson 13,166 27.9 +2.2 Sinn Féin Catherine Seeley 11,593 24.6 ―0.1 SDLP Dolores Kelly 4,238 9.0 ―3.8 Alliance Peter Lavery 1,780 3.8 +0.8 CISTA Martin Kelly 460 1.0 New Workers' Party Damien Harte 351 0.7 New NI Conservatives Amandeep Singh Bhogal 201 0.4 New Majority 2,264 4.8 ―3.3 Turnout 47,219 59.0 +3.7 Registered electors 80,060 DUP hold Swing ―1.7 General election 2010: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% DUP David Simpson 14,000 33.8 ―3.8 UCU-NF Harry Hamilton 10,639 25.7 +0.2 Sinn Féin John O'Dowd 10,237 24.7 +3.7 SDLP Dolores Kelly 5,276 12.8 ―0.2 Alliance Brendan Heading 1,231 3.0 +0.8 Majority 3,361 8.1 ―4.0 Turnout 41,383 55.3 ―5.9 Registered electors 74,732 DUP hold Swing ―1.9 Elections in the 2000s General election 2005: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% DUP David Simpson 16,679 37.6 +8.1 UUP David Trimble 11,281 25.5 ―8.0 Sinn Féin John O'Dowd 9,305 21.0 ―0.1 SDLP Dolores Kelly 5,747 13.0 ―1.9 Alliance Alan Castle 955 2.2 New Workers' Party Tom French 355 0.8 ―0.2 Majority 5,398 12.1 N/A Turnout 44,322 61.2 ―9.1 Registered electors 71,645 DUP gain from UUP Swing +8.1 General election 2001: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP David Trimble 17,095 33.5 ―10.1 DUP David Simpson 15,037 29.5 +18.0 Sinn Féin Dara O'Hagan 10,771 21.1 +9.0 SDLP Dolores Kelly 7,607 14.9 ―9.3 Workers' Party Tom French 527 1.0 ―0.2 Majority 2,058 4.0 ―15.4 Turnout 51,037 70.3 +2.5 Registered electors 72,574 UUP hold Swing ―14.1 Elections in the 1990s General election 1997: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP David Trimble 20,836 43.6 ―15.4 SDLP Bríd Rodgers 11,584 24.2 +0.8 Sinn Féin Bernadette O'Hagan 5,773 12.1 +0.6 DUP Mervyn Carrick 5,482 11.5 New Alliance William Ramsay 3,017 6.3 +0.7 Workers' Party Tom French 554 1.2 ―1.3 NI Conservatives Brian Price 433 0.9 ―2.5 Natural Law Jack Lyons 108 0.2 New Majority 9,252 19.4 ―16.2 Turnout 47,787 67.8 +0.4 Registered electors 70,503 UUP hold Swing ―8.1 General election 1992: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP David Trimble 26,824 59.0 ―2.5 SDLP Bríd Rodgers 10,661 23.4 +2.9 Sinn Féin Brendan Curran 2,777 6.1 ―1.3 Alliance William Ramsay 2,541 5.6 ―0.3 NI Conservatives Collette Jones 1,556 3.4 N/A Workers' Party Tom French 1,120 2.5 ―2.2 Majority 16,163 35.6 ―5.4 Turnout 45,479 67.4 +1.4 Registered electors 67,446 UUP hold Swing 1990 Upper Bann by-election Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP David Trimble 20,547 58.0 ―3.5 SDLP Bríd Rodgers 6,698 18.9 ―1.6 Sinn Féin Sheena Campbell 2,033 5.7 ―1.7 Ulster Independence Hugh Ross 1,534 4.3 New Workers' Party Tom French 1,083 3.1 ―1.6 NI Conservatives Colette Jones 1,038 3.0 New Alliance William Ramsay 948 2.7 ―3.2 Ulster Democratic Gary McMichael 600 1.7 New Green Peter Doran 576 1.6 New Independent Labour Erskine Holmes 235 0.6 New SDP Alistair Dunn 154 0.4 New Majority 13,849 39.1 ―1.9 Turnout 35,446 53.4 ―12.6 Registered electors 66,377 UUP hold Swing Elections in the 1980s General election 1987: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP Harold McCusker 25,137 61.5 +4.6 SDLP Bríd Rodgers 8,676 20.5 +3.6 Sinn Féin Brendan Curran 3,126 7.4 ―2.0 Alliance Mary Cook 2,487 5.9 New Workers' Party Tom French 2,004 4.7 ―0.8 Majority 17,361 41.0 0.0 Turnout 41,430 66.0 ―6.0 Registered electors 64,540 UUP hold Swing By-election 1986: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP Harold McCusker 29,311 80.8 +23.9 Workers' Party Tom French 6,978 19.2 +13.7 Majority 22,333 61.6 +20.6 Turnout 36,861 57.2 ―14.8 Registered electors 63,484 UUP hold Swing General election 1983: Upper Bann Party Candidate Votes % ±% UUP Harold McCusker 24,888 56.9 SDLP James McDonald 7,807 17.9 DUP Jim Wells 4,547 10.4 Sinn Féin Brendan Curran 4,110 9.4 Workers' Party Tom French 2,392 5.5 Majority 17,081 41.0 Turnout 41,644 72.0 Registered electors 60,734 UUP win (new seat) See also List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland 2017 Election House Of Commons Library 2017 Election report A Vision Of Britain Through Time (Constituency elector numbers) Politics Resources References ^ "'Upper Bann', June 1983 up to May 1997". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Retrieved 14 March 2016. ^ The Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 Office of Public Sector Information ^ Keenan, Dan. "Constituency Profile: Upper Bann". The Irish Times. ^ "Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll". Electoral Office for Northern Ireland. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024. ^ "Upper Bann Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2019. ^ "Election of a Member of Parliament for the UPPER BANN Constituency - Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll". Electoral Office of Northern Ireland. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017. ^ "Election 2017 Results - Election Polling". www.electionpolling.co.uk. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI". www.eoni.org.uk. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ General Election 2010 – Upper Bann BBC News ^ a b c d Upper Bann ARK – Access Research Knowledge ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ Boothroyd, David. "Results of Byelections in the 1987-92 Parliament". United Kingdom Election Results. Retrieved 1 October 2015. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ Results of Byelections in the 1983-87 Parliament in the United Kingdom Election Results website maintained by David Boothroyd ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. External links BBC News, Election 2005 BBC News, Vote 2001 Guardian Unlimited Politics Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "U" Political Science Resources Election results from 1951 to the present vteCurrent Westminster constituencies in Northern Ireland (18)Democratic Unionist (7) Belfast East East Antrim East Londonderry North Antrim South Antrim Strangford Upper Bann Sinn Féin (7) Belfast North Belfast West Fermanagh and South Tyrone Mid Ulster Newry and Armagh South Down West Tyrone Social Democratic and Labour (2) Belfast South Foyle Alliance (1) North Down Independent Unionist (1) Lagan Valley East Midlands East of England London North East England North West England Northern Ireland Scotland South East England South West England Wales West Midlands Yorkshire and the Humber Party affiliations are based on the situation as of the dissolution of parliament on 30 May 2024. Technically all seats are now vacant until the general election on 4 July 2024. vteParliamentary constituencies in County ArmaghParliament of Irelandto 1800 County Armagh (???–1800) Armagh Borough (1613–1800) Charlemont (1613–1800) Newry (???–1800) Westminster 1801–presentHistoric Armagh (1801–85, 1922–83) Armagh City (1801–85) Newry (1801–1918) Mid Armagh (1885–1922) North Armagh (1885–1922) South Armagh (1885–1922) Current Newry & Armagh (1983—) Upper Bann (1983—) Dáil ÉireannRevolutionary era 1919–22First Dáil1919–21Seats taken(none)Seats not taken Mid Armagh North Armagh South Armagh Second Dáil1921–22One or more seats takenArmaghNo seats taken(none)Parliament of Northern Ireland 1921–72 Armagh (1921–29) Central Armagh (1929–72) Mid Armagh (1929–72) North Armagh (1929–72) South Armagh (1929–72) Northern Ireland AssembliesAssembly 1973–74Constitutional Convention 1975–76Assembly 1982–86 Armagh Northern Ireland Forum 1996–98Assembly (1998–present) Newry & Armagh Upper Bann European Parliament1979–2020 Northern Ireland Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Northern Ireland Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone vteParliamentary constituencies in County DownParliament of Irelandto 1800 County Down (????–1800) Bangor (1613–1800) Downpatrick (1586–1800) Hillsborough (1662–1800) Killyleagh (1613–1800) Newry (????–1800) Newtownards (????–1800) Westminster1801–presentHistoric Down (1801–85, 1922–50) East Down (1885–1922) Mid Down (1918–22) North Down (1885–1922, 1950–) South Down (1885–1922, 1950–) West Down (1885–1922) Downpatrick (1801–85) Newry (1801–1918) Current Lagan Valley (1983–) Newry & Armagh (1983–) Strangford (1983–) Dáil ÉireannRevolutionary era 1919–1922First Dáil1919–21Seats taken(none)Seats not taken East Down Mid Down North Down South Down West Down Second Dáil1921–22One or more seats takenDownNo seats taken(none)Parliament of Northern Ireland1921–72 Ards (1929–72) Bangor (1969–72) Down (1921–29) East Down (1929–72) Iveagh (1929–72) Lagan Valley (1969–72) Larkfield (1969–72) Mid Down (1929–72) Mourne (1929–72) North Down (1929–72) South Down (1929–72) West Down (1929–72) Northern Ireland AssembliesAssembly 1973–74Constitutional Convention 1975–76Assembly 1982–86 North Down South Down Northern Ireland Forum 1996–98Assembly (1998–present) North Down South Down Lagan Valley Newry & Armagh Strangford Upper Bann European Parliament1979–2020 Northern Ireland Constituencies in Ireland by countyRepublic of Ireland Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dublin Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Limerick Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo Tipperary Waterford Westmeath Wexford Wicklow Northern Ireland Antrim Armagh Down Fermanagh Londonderry Tyrone Authority control databases: People UK Parliament 54°25′18″N 6°23′46″W / 54.42167°N 6.39611°W / 54.42167; -6.39611
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Bann (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bann_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Carla Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"DUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"}],"text":"Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1983 onwardsFor other constituencies of the same name, see Upper Bann (disambiguation).Upper Bann is a parliamentary constituency in Northern Ireland, which is represented in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The current MP is Carla Lockhart of the DUP.","title":"Upper Bann (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portadown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portadown"},{"link_name":"Craigavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh"},{"link_name":"Lurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurgan"}],"text":"Upper Bann includes the post-industrial towns of Portadown, Craigavon, and Lurgan.","title":"Constituency profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Craigavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigavon_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Banbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbridge_(district)"},{"link_name":"Boundary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Commissions_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"South Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagan_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Map of current boundaries1983–1997: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Central, Edenderry, Gilford, Laurencetown, Loughbrickland, and Seapatrick.1997–present: The District of Craigavon, and the District of Banbridge wards of Ballydown, Banbridge West, Edenderry, Fort, Gilford, Lawrencetown, Loughbrickland, Seapatrick, and The Cut.The seat was created in boundary changes in 1983, as part of an expansion of Northern Ireland's constituencies from 12 to 17, and was predominantly made up from parts of Armagh and South Down. It was barely changed in further revisions in 1995 and covers the entirety of the district of Craigavon as well as part of Banbridge.In 2005, the Boundary Commission published provisional recommendations for modifying the boundaries of constituencies in Northern Ireland. It proposed transferring two small parts of Upper Bann to South Down and Lagan Valley. Following public consultation, the Commission revised its proposals which were finally passed through Parliament by means of the Northern Ireland Parliamentary Constituencies Order.[2]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armagh (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Down (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionists_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Portadown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portadown"},{"link_name":"Drumcree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumcree_(parish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Institution"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Harold McCusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McCusker"},{"link_name":"the subsequent by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Upper_Bann_by-election"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1988)"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"2001 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ian Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Paisley"},{"link_name":"North Antrim constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Antrim_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"David Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Simpson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Alliance Party of Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2003 assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the history of the equivalent constituencies prior to 1950 please see Armagh (UK Parliament constituency) and Down (UK Parliament constituency) and from 1950 until 1983, please see also South Down.The constituency has a unionist majority, though the combined votes for nationalist parties have reached around 35% in elections. The Ulster Unionist Party has traditionally been dominant though it has been supplanted by the Democratic Unionist Party in recent years. The constituency contains Portadown and Drumcree, key locations for the Orange Order and elections to both local councils and the Northern Ireland Assembly have seen independent candidates standing on issues related to Orange Order parades performing well.In 1990 the sitting MP, Harold McCusker, died and the subsequent by-election was noticeable as for the first time since the early 1970s two major UK political parties stood in a Northern Ireland parliamentary election, the Conservatives and the rump of the Social Democratic Party. However the result was disappointing for the Conservatives, whilst the SDP polled a mere 154 votes. In that by-election David Trimble was elected and five years later he became leader of the Ulster Unionist Party. Trimble's leadership came in for much criticism from the rival Democratic Unionist Party and they strongly targeted the area.In the 2001 general election there was a strong rumour that the DUP leader Ian Paisley would contest the seat himself, in the hope of unseating Trimble, but in the event he stayed in his North Antrim constituency and the DUP instead nominated David Simpson. The campaign was amongst the most bitter in the entire province, with Trimble coming in for fierce personal attacks. He benefitted, however, from the decision of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland not to contest the seat themselves but instead support them. When the results were counted Simpson was initially ahead and many believed he had won, but Trimble pulled ahead to hold the seat on a narrow majority of 2058.In the subsequent 2003 assembly election the DUP were only 386 votes behind the UUP. Then in the 2005 general election Trimble was defeated by Simpson. Simpson retained his seat in the 2010 general election, although the UUP vote has remained fairly static. The nationalist vote had continued to grow until the 2019 general election, which could have made this seat a possible battleground between nationalists and unionists.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"David Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Simpson_(Northern_Ireland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"David Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"1990 by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Upper_Bann_by-election"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Carla Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Lockhart"}],"text":"The previous Member of Parliament, since the 2005 general election, was David Simpson of the Democratic Unionist Party. In that election he defeated David Trimble, then leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, who had held the seat since a 1990 by-election. Simpson stood down at the 2019 general election. He was succeeded by Carla Lockhart, also of the DUP.","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Bahn.png"}],"text":"Upper Bann","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2020s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2010s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 2000s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1990s","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1980s","title":"Elections"}]
[{"image_text":"Upper Bann","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Upper_Bahn.png/793px-Upper_Bahn.png"}]
[{"title":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"2017 Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf"},{"title":"A Vision Of Britain Through Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.visionofbritain.org.uk/"},{"title":"Politics Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/edates.htm"}]
[{"reference":"\"'Upper Bann', June 1983 up to May 1997\". ElectionWeb Project. Cognitive Computing Limited. Retrieved 14 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://electionweb.co.uk/Bp/P83588.htm","url_text":"\"'Upper Bann', June 1983 up to May 1997\""}]},{"reference":"Keenan, Dan. \"Constituency Profile: Upper Bann\". The Irish Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/constituency-profile-upper-bann-1.561566","url_text":"\"Constituency Profile: Upper Bann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll\". Electoral Office for Northern Ireland. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eoni.org.uk/getmedia/320a604a-e3ab-4c4c-a010-9586aec24353/Statement-of-Persons-Nominated-combined-with-Notice-of-Poll","url_text":"\"Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Bann Parliamentary constituency\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 18 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/N06000017","url_text":"\"Upper Bann Parliamentary constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election of a Member of Parliament for the UPPER BANN Constituency - Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll\". Electoral Office of Northern Ireland. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoni.org.uk/getmedia/a7813a17-3da5-427a-b167-b2061af1d373/STATEMENT-OF-PERSONS-NOMINATED-AND-NOTICE-OF-POLL-UB","url_text":"\"Election of a Member of Parliament for the UPPER BANN Constituency - Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2017 Results - Election Polling\". www.electionpolling.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionpolling.co.uk/results/2017","url_text":"\"Election 2017 Results - Election Polling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2015\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017112223/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2015.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI\". www.eoni.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eoni.org.uk/Elections/Election-results-and-statistics/Election-results-and-statistics-2003-onwards/Elections-2015/UK-Parliamentary-Election-Results/UK-Parliamentary-Election-Result-Belfast-East-(16)","url_text":"\"The Electoral Office of Northern Ireland - EONI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2010\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130726162034/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2010.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1997\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054424/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1997\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1997.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1992\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054418/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1992ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boothroyd, David. \"Results of Byelections in the 1987-92 Parliament\". United Kingdom Election Results. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/by1987.html","url_text":"\"Results of Byelections in the 1987-92 Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1987\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054243/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1987\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1987.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 1983\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054231/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 1983\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_1983.txt","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_American_Racing_Series_season
1986 American Racing Series season
["1 Calendar","2 Race summaries","2.1 Phoenix race 1","2.2 Milwaukee race","2.3 Meadowlands race","2.4 Toronto race","2.5 Pocono race","2.6 Mid-Ohio race","2.7 Elkhart Lake race","2.8 Laguna Seca race","2.9 Phoenix race","2.10 Miami race","3 Final points standings","3.1 Driver","4 Complete Overview"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1986 American Racing Series season" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The 1986 American Racing Series Championship consisted of 10 races and was the inaugural season for the series. Fabrizio Barbazza won five races on his way to the championship. Calendar Race No Track State Date Laps Distance Time Speed Winner Pole Position Most Leading Laps Fastest Race Lap 1 Phoenix Arizona April 6, 1986 76 1.6093=122.3068 km 0'37:58.23 193.266 km/h Steve Millen Kim Campbell Kim Campbell ? 2 Milwaukee Wisconsin June 8, 1986 75 1.6607976=124.55982 km 0'38:56.19 191.943 km/h Mike Groff Jeff Andretti Mike Groff ? 3 Meadowlands New Jersey June 29, 1986 44 2.7229356=119.809166 km 0'51:44.117 136.515 km/h Fabrizio Barbazza Fabrizio Barbazza Fabrizio Barbazza ? 4 Toronto  Canada July 20, 1986 42 2.8709912=120.58163 km 0'47:54.656 151.007 km/h Fabrizio Barbazza Fabrizio Barbazza Fabrizio Barbazza ? 5 Pocono Pennsylvania August 16, 1986 40 4.02325=160.93 km 0'40:52.11 236.265 km/h Jeff Andretti Jeff Andretti Mike Groff ? 6 Lexington Ohio August 31, 1986 31 3.86232=119.73192 km 0'44:41.550 160.741 km/h Steve Millen Steve Millen Steve Millen ? 7 Elkhart Lake Wisconsin September 20, 1986 19 6.4372=122.3068 km 0'41:23.38 177.300 km/h Mike Groff Juan Manuel Fangio II Mike Groff ? 8 Monterey California October 12, 1986 40 3.05767=120.3068 km 0'41:17.328 174.827 km/h Fabrizio Barbazza Tommy Byrne Steve Millen ? 9 Phoenix Arizona October 19, 1986 75 1.6093=120.6975 km 0'37:11.24 194.740 km/h Fabrizio Barbazza Jeff Andretti Fabrizio Barbazza ? 10 Miami Florida November 9, 1986 22 2.8709912=63.1618064 km 0'25:54.98 146.229 km/h Fabrizio Barbazza Fabrizio Barbazza Juan Manuel Fangio II ? Race summaries Phoenix race 1 Held April 6 at Phoenix International Raceway. Kim Campbell won the pole. This was the first race for the series. Top Five Results 5- Steve Millen 3- Cary Bren 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 8- Billy Boat 85- Jeff Andretti Milwaukee race Held June 8 at The Milwaukee Mile. Jeff Andretti won the pole. Top Five Results 20- Mike Groff 1- Jerrill Rice 85- Jeff Andretti 5- Steve Millen 10- Stan Fox Meadowlands race Held June 29 at the Meadowlands Sports Complex. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole. Top Five Results 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 4- Tommy Byrne 2- Steve Bren 1- Jerrill Rice 14- Brad Murphey Toronto race Held July 20 at Exhibition Place. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole. Top Five Results 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 20- Mike Groff 3- Cary Bren 9- John Graham 8- Sammy Swindell Pocono race Held August 16 at Pocono Raceway. Jeff Andretti won the pole. Top Five Results 85- Jeff Andretti 20- Mike Groff 59- Nick Fornoro Jr. 4- Tommy Byrne 7- Sammy Swindell Mid-Ohio race Held August 31 at The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. Steve Millen won the pole. Top Five Results 10- Steve Millen 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 15- Ross Cheever 85- Jeff Andretti 8- Billy Boat Elkhart Lake race Held September 20 at Road America. Juan Manuel Fangio II won the pole. Top Five Results 20- Mike Groff 85- Jeff Andretti 9- Tommy Byrne 15- Ross Cheever 2- Gary Rubio Laguna Seca race Held October 12 at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. Tommy Byrne won the pole. Top Five Results 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 71- Steve Millen 3- Juan Manuel Fangio II 84- Albert Naon Jr. 6- Dave Simpson Phoenix race Held October 19 at Phoenix International Raceway. Jeff Andretti won the pole. Top Five Results 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 3- Juan Manuel Fangio II 8- Billy Boat 85- Jeff Andretti 4- Davy Jones Miami race Held November 9 at Tamiami Park. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole. Top Five Results 12- Fabrizio Barbazza 3- Juan Manuel Fangio II 85- Jeff Andretti 84- Albert Naon Jr. 71- Steve Millen Final points standings Driver For every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 16 for runner-up, 14 for third place, 12 for fourth place, 10 for fifth place, 8 for sixth place, 6 seventh place, winding down to 1 points for 12th place. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point). Place Name Country Team Total Points 1 Fabrizio Barbazza  Italy Arciero Racing 145 14 - 22 22 3 16 6 20 21 21 2 Jeff Andretti  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing 107 10 15 3 3 21 12 16 - 13 14 3 Mike Groff  United States Groff Motorsports 89 1 21 1 16 17 - 21 6 6 - 4 Steve Millen  New Zealand Truesports 85 20 12 4 - - ? 22 - Hemelgarn Racing 17 - 10 5 Juan Manuel Fangio II  Argentina Ralph Sanchez Racing 69 - - 2 6 6 ? 5 3 14 16 17 6 Billy Boat  United States Marsh Holt Racing 67 12 2 6 - 5 10 8 5 14 5 7 Tommy Byrne  Ireland Agapiou Racing 62 - 5 16 5 12 1 14 1 - 8 8 Sam Swindell  United States ? 40 6 - - 10 Cahill Brothers Racing 10 6 4 1 2 1 9 Cary Bren  United States ? 38 16 3 5 14 - - - - - - 10 Jerrill Rice  United States ? 37 5 16 12 4 - - - - - - Albert Naon Jr.  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing 37 - 6 - - 2 2 3 Duration Racing 12 - 12 12 Brad Murphey  United States Louis Motorsports 33 - - 10 8 4 4 - 3 4 - 13 Nick Fornoro Jr.  United States ? 30 - - - - 14 8 5 2 1 - 14 Ross Cheever  United States Brian Stewart Racing 26 - - - - - 14 Agapiou Racing 12 - - - 15 Stan Fox  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing 23 4 ? 10 - - Cahill Brothers Racing 1 - - - Agapiou Racing 8 - 16 Steve Bren  United States ? 17 - 1 14 2 - - - - - - Dave Simpson  United States Bill Simpson Racing 17 - - - - - - - 10 5 2 18 Kim Campbell  United States Motorsports Racing 12 4 8 - - - - - - - - Scott Wood  United States Agapiou Racing 12 - 4 8 - - - - - - - John Graham  Canada Agapiou Racing 12 - - - 12 - - - - - - 21 Jim Busby Jr.  United States ? 11 - - - - - - - 8 3 - 22 Gary Rubio  United States ? 10 - - - - - - 10 - - - Davy Jones  United States Agapiou Racing 10 - - - - - - - - 10 - 24 Desiré Wilson  South Africa ? 8 8 - - - - - - - - - Ian Ashley  United Kingdom Agapiou Racing 8 - - - 8 - - - - - - 26 Rich Rutherford  United States ? 7 3 - - - - - - - - Ian Gordon Racing 4 27 Guido Daccò  Italy Agapiou Racing 6 - - - - - - - - - 6 28 Jan Thoelke  West Germany Agapiou Racing 4 - - - - - - - 4 - - 29 Jack Miller  United States Agapiou Racing 3 - - - - - 3 - - - - Bobby Fix  United States ? 3 - - - - - - - - - 3 Note: Race 4 and 7 not all points were awarded (not enough competitors). Complete Overview first column of every race 10 = grid position second column of every race 10 = race result R10=retired, but classified Place Name Country Team 1 Fabrizio Barbazza  Italy Arciero Racing 2 3 - - 1 1 1 1 4 R10 5 2 3 R7 5 1 2 1 1 1 2 Jeff Andretti  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing 8 5 1 3 7 R10 2 R10 1 1 2 4 11 2 8 R14 1 4 6 3 3 Mike Groff  United States Groff Motorsports 9 R12 3 1 8 R12 6 2 2 2 3 R13 2 1 6 7 3 7 - - 4 Steve Millen  New Zealand Truesports 4 1 5 4 2 9 - - - - ? 1 1 - - Hemelgarn Racing 2 2 - - 4 5 5 Juan Manuel Fangio II  Argentina Ralph Sanchez Racing - - - - 3 R11 5 7 5 7 ? 4 8 1 R11 4 3 4 2 2 2 6 Billy Boat  United States Marsh Holt Racing 11 4 6 R11 12 7 - - 13 8 12 5 7 R6 12 8 8 3 10 8 7 Tommy Byrne  Ireland Agapiou Racing - - 10 8 4 2 4 R8 3 4 8 R12 6 3 1 R13 - - 5 6 8 Sam Swindell  United States ? 7 7 - - - - 10 5 Cahill Brothers Racing 10 5 10 7 8 R9 10 R12 7 R11 7 12 9 Cary Bren  United States ? 3 2 7 10 5 R8 8 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Jerrill Rice  United States ? 5 8 4 2 11 4 7 R9 7 R13 - - - - - - - - - - Albert Naon Jr.  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing - - 11 7 10 R14 - - 11 R11 7 R11 5 R10 Duration Racing 9 4 - - 3 4 12 Brad Murphey  United States Louis Motorsports - - - - 13 5 11 6 12 9 11 9 - - 14 10 12 9 - - 13 Nick Fornoro Jr.  United States ? - - - - - - - - 6 3 13 6 9 R8 15 11 11 R12 - - 14 Ross Cheever  United States Brian Stewart Racing - - - - - - - - - - 6 3 Agapiou Racing 4 4 3 R15 - - - - 15 Stan Fox  United States Ralph Sanchez Racing 6 9 ? 9 5 - - - - Cahill Brothers Racing 8 R12 - - - - - - Agapiou Racing 10 6 - - 16 Steve Bren  United States ? 13 R14 2 R12 5 3 3 R11 - - - - - - - - - - - - Dave Simpson  United States Bill Simpson Racing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 5 9 8 8 11 18 Kim Campbell  United States Motorsports Racing 1 R11 8 6 9 R13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Scott Wood  United States Agapiou Racing - - 12 9 14 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - John Graham  Canada Agapiou Racing - - - - - - 9 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Jim Busby Jr.  United States ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 6 6 R10 - - 22 Gary Rubio  United States ? - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 5 - - - - - - Davy Jones  United States Agapiou Racing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 5 - - 24 Desiré Wilson  South Africa ? 10 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ian Ashley  United Kingdom Agapiou Racing - - - - - - - - 9 6 - - - - - - - - - - 26 Rich Rutherford  United States ? 12 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ian Gordon Racing 11 9 27 Guido Daccò  Italy Agapiou Racing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 7 28 Jan Thoelke  West Germany Agapiou Racing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 9 - - - - 29 Jack Miller  United States Agapiou Racing - - - - - - - - - - 14 R10 - - - - - - - - Bobby Fix  United States ? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 10 - Wally Dallenbach Jr.  United States ? 14 R13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ken Johnson  United States ? - - - - - - - - - - 9 R14 - - - - - - - - vteIndy NXT seasonsUSAC Mini-Indy Series 1977 1978 1979 1980 CART American Racing Series 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 CART Firestone/Dayton Indy Lights 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 IRL Infiniti/Indy Pro Series 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Firestone Indy Lights Series 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Indy Lights Series presented by Cooper Tire 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Firestone Indy NXT Series 2023 2024
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Fabrizio Barbazza won five races on his way to the championship.","title":"1986 American Racing Series season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Kim Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Campbell_(racing_driver)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"Cary Bren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Bren"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"}],"sub_title":"Phoenix race 1","text":"Held April 6 at Phoenix International Raceway. Kim Campbell won the pole. This was the first race for the series.Top Five Results5- Steve Millen\n3- Cary Bren\n12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n8- Billy Boat\n85- Jeff Andretti","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Mile"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"Jerrill Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrill_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"Stan Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Fox"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee race","text":"Held June 8 at The Milwaukee Mile. Jeff Andretti won the pole.Top Five Results20- Mike Groff\n1- Jerrill Rice\n85- Jeff Andretti\n5- Steve Millen\n10- Stan Fox","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meadowlands Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Tommy Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Byrne_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"Steve Bren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bren"},{"link_name":"Jerrill Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerrill_Rice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brad Murphey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Murphey"}],"sub_title":"Meadowlands race","text":"Held June 29 at the Meadowlands Sports Complex. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole.Top Five Results12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n4- Tommy Byrne\n2- Steve Bren\n1- Jerrill Rice\n14- Brad Murphey","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exhibition Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_Place"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"Cary Bren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cary_Bren"},{"link_name":"John Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"}],"sub_title":"Toronto race","text":"Held July 20 at Exhibition Place. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole.Top Five Results12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n20- Mike Groff\n3- Cary Bren\n9- John Graham\n8- Sammy Swindell","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pocono Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"Nick Fornoro Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Fornoro_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tommy Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Byrne_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Swindell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Swindell"}],"sub_title":"Pocono race","text":"Held August 16 at Pocono Raceway. Jeff Andretti won the pole.Top Five Results85- Jeff Andretti\n20- Mike Groff\n59- Nick Fornoro Jr.\n4- Tommy Byrne\n7- Sammy Swindell","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Sports_Car_Course"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Ross Cheever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Cheever"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"}],"sub_title":"Mid-Ohio race","text":"Held August 31 at The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. Steve Millen won the pole.Top Five Results10- Steve Millen\n12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n15- Ross Cheever\n85- Jeff Andretti\n8- Billy Boat","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Road America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_America"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio_II"},{"link_name":"Mike Groff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Groff"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Tommy Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Byrne_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"Ross Cheever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Cheever"},{"link_name":"Gary Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Rubio&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Elkhart Lake race","text":"Held September 20 at Road America. Juan Manuel Fangio II won the pole.Top Five Results20- Mike Groff\n85- Jeff Andretti\n9- Tommy Byrne\n15- Ross Cheever\n2- Gary Rubio","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Raceway_Laguna_Seca"},{"link_name":"Tommy Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Byrne_(Formula_One)"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio_II"},{"link_name":"Albert Naon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Naon_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Simpson_(racing_driver)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Laguna Seca race","text":"Held October 12 at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. Tommy Byrne won the pole.Top Five Results12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n71- Steve Millen\n3- Juan Manuel Fangio II\n84- Albert Naon Jr.\n6- Dave Simpson","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix International Raceway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio_II"},{"link_name":"Billy Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Boat"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Davy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Jones_(driver)"}],"sub_title":"Phoenix race","text":"Held October 19 at Phoenix International Raceway. Jeff Andretti won the pole.Top Five Results12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n3- Juan Manuel Fangio II\n8- Billy Boat\n85- Jeff Andretti\n4- Davy Jones","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamiami Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiami_Park"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Barbazza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Barbazza"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel Fangio II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Fangio_II"},{"link_name":"Jeff Andretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Andretti"},{"link_name":"Albert Naon Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Naon_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Millen"}],"sub_title":"Miami race","text":"Held November 9 at Tamiami Park. Fabrizio Barbazza won the pole.Top Five Results12- Fabrizio Barbazza\n3- Juan Manuel Fangio II\n85- Jeff Andretti\n84- Albert Naon Jr.\n71- Steve Millen","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final points standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Driver","text":"For every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 16 for runner-up, 14 for third place, 12 for fourth place, 10 for fifth place, 8 for sixth place, 6 seventh place, winding down to 1 points for 12th place. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point).Note:Race 4 and 7 not all points were awarded (not enough competitors).","title":"Final points standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Firestone_Indy_Lights_Series"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Firestone_Indy_Lights_Series"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firestone_Indy_Lights_Series"},{"link_name":"Indy NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_NXT"},{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_USAC_Mini-Indy_Series_season"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_American_Racing_Series_season"},{"link_name":"CART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Indy_Lights_season"},{"link_name":"IRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Racing_League"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Infiniti_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Infiniti_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Infiniti_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Infiniti_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Indy_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Indy_Pro_Series"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Indy_Lights"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Indy_NXT"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indy_NXT"}],"text":"R10=retired, but classifiedvteIndy NXT seasonsUSAC Mini-Indy Series\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\nCART American Racing Series\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\nCART Firestone/Dayton Indy Lights\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\nIRL Infiniti/Indy Pro Series\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\nFirestone Indy Lights Series\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\nIndy Lights Series presented by Cooper Tire\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\nFirestone Indy NXT Series\n2023\n2024","title":"Complete Overview"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Brazil
Daylight saving time in Brazil
["1 List of DST observances","2 Starting and ending dates","3 Regional application","4 References","5 See also"]
Observation of daylight saving time in Brazil Brazil observed daylight saving time (DST) (called horário de verão – "summer time" – in Portuguese) in the years of 1931–1933, 1949–1953, 1963–1968 and 1985–2019. Initially it applied to the whole country, but from 1988 it applied only to part of the country, usually the southern regions, where DST is more useful due to a larger seasonal variation in daylight duration. The most recent DST rule specified advancing the time by one hour during the period from 00:00 on the first Sunday in November to 00:00 on the third Sunday in February (postponed by one week if the latter fell on carnival), applicable only to the South, Southeast and Central-West regions. Brazil abolished DST in 2019. List of DST observances year DST start DST end areas observing DST 1931–1932 3 October 1931 1 April 1932 all of Brazil 1932–1933 3 October 1932 1 April 1933 all of Brazil 1949–1950 1 December 1949 16 April 1950 all of Brazil 1950–1951 1 December 1950 1 April 1951 all of Brazil 1951–1952 1 December 1951 1 April 1952 all of Brazil 1952–1953 1 December 1952 1 March 1953 all of Brazil 1963–1964 23 October 1963 1 March 1964 Southeast 9 December 1963 all of Brazil 1964–1965 31 January 1965 1 April 1965 all of Brazil 1965–1966 1 December 1965 1 March 1966 all of Brazil 1966–1967 1 November 1966 1 March 1967 all of Brazil 1967–1968 1 November 1967 1 March 1968 all of Brazil 1985–1986 2 November 1985 15 March 1986 all of Brazil 1986–1987 25 October 1986 14 February 1987 all of Brazil 1987–1988 25 October 1987 7 February 1988 all of Brazil 1988–1989 16 October 1988 29 January 1989 South Southeast Central-West Northeast TO 1989–1990 15 October 1989 11 February 1990 South Southeast Central-West Northeast TO 1990–1991 21 October 1990 17 February 1991 South Southeast Central-West BA 1991–1992 20 October 1991 9 February 1992 South Southeast Central-West BA 1992–1993 25 October 1992 31 January 1993 South Southeast Central-West BA 1993–1994 17 October 1993 20 February 1994 South Southeast Central-West BA AM 1994–1995 16 October 1994 19 February 1995 South Southeast Central-West BA 1995–1996 15 October 1995 11 February 1996 South Southeast Central-West BA SE AL TO 1996–1997 6 October 1996 16 February 1997 South Southeast Central-West BA TO 1997–1998 6 October 1997 1 March 1998 South Southeast Central-West BA TO 1998–1999 11 October 1998 21 February 1999 South Southeast Central-West BA TO 1999–2000 3 October 1999 27 February 2000 South Southeast Central-West Northeast TO RR 2000–2001 8 October 2000 15 October 2000 South Southeast Central-West Northeast TO RR 22 October 2000 BA SE AL PB RN CE PI MA 18 February 2001 2001–2002 14 October 2001 17 February 2002 South Southeast Central-West Northeast TO 2002–2003 3 November 2002 16 February 2003 South Southeast Central-West BA TO 2003–2004 19 October 2003 15 February 2004 South Southeast DF GO MS 2004–2005 2 November 2004 20 February 2005 South Southeast Central-West 2005–2006 16 October 2005 19 February 2006 South Southeast Central-West 2006–2007 5 November 2006 25 February 2007 South Southeast Central-West 2007–2008 14 October 2007 17 February 2008 South Southeast Central-West 2008–2009 19 October 2008 15 February 2009 South Southeast Central-West 2009–2010 18 October 2009 21 February 2010 South Southeast Central-West 2010–2011 17 October 2010 20 February 2011 South Southeast Central-West 2011–2012 16 October 2011 26 February 2012 South Southeast Central-West BA 2012–2013 21 October 2012 17 February 2013 South Southeast Central-West TO 2013–2014 20 October 2013 16 February 2014 South Southeast Central-West 2014–2015 19 October 2014 22 February 2015 South Southeast Central-West 2015–2016 18 October 2015 21 February 2016 South Southeast Central-West 2016–2017 16 October 2016 19 February 2017 South Southeast Central-West 2017–2018 15 October 2017 18 February 2018 South Southeast Central-West 2018–2019 4 November 2018 17 February 2019 South Southeast Central-West states and federal district RS SC PR SP RJ ES MG DF GO MS MT BA SE AL PE PB RN CE PI MA TO PA AP AM RR RO AC regions South Southeast Central-West Northeast North Starting and ending dates DST starting and ending dates were variable and determined by decree, often set for only one year at a time. Until 1968, the starting date was usually the first day of November or December, and the ending date was usually the first day of March or April, without regard to the day of the week. In 1985–1987 the dates were Saturdays, and from 1987 they were usually Sundays, typically from October to February. The dates were sometimes adjusted to avoid conflicts with certain events. In 1997, the DST starting date was set to a Monday due to the Pope's mass on Sunday during his visit to Brazil. In 2002, 2004 and 2006, the starting date was postponed to the first Sunday or holiday in November due to elections in October and technical difficulties in adjusting the internal clocks of electronic voting machines. In 2007, the DST ending date was postponed to the Sunday after carnival due to the expected economic benefits of observing DST during that holiday. In 2008, a decree finally fixed the DST schedule for future years, starting on the third Sunday in October and ending on the third Sunday in February, with an exception for postponing the ending date to the following Sunday if the date would otherwise fall on carnival, which occurred in 2012 and 2015. In 2018, the starting date was changed to the first Sunday in November to avoid interfering with elections in October. This time there was no technical difficulty, but a desire to shorten the difference in poll closing times between regions with and without DST. Although it was a permanent change to the DST schedule, it was only observed that year as Brazil abolished DST altogether in 2019. Time changes were almost always done at midnight. The time was advanced from 00:00 to 01:00 on the DST starting date and reduced from 00:00 on the ending date to 23:00 of the previous day. Exceptions were the first DST starting time in 1931 (11:00) and the ending times in 1950 and 1966 (01:00). Regional application Historical observance of daylight saving time in Brazil by state (lighter shades mean more years) Until 1988, in every year that DST was observed it applied to whole country. In 1963 the Southeast region started DST earlier than the rest of the country. From 1988, DST was typically limited to the South, Southeast and Central-West regions, and was occasionally extended to some other states such as Bahia and Tocantins. In 2000, DST was extended to all states in the Northeast region but was quickly canceled in most of them due to strong local opposition. ^ a b States existing at that time which would correspond to the Southeast region defined in 1970. References ^ a b c d e f g h "Decrees on daylight saving time in Brazil" (in Portuguese). National Observatory of Brazil. Retrieved 2019-11-25. ^ Daylight saving time ends 15 February, Folha de S.Paulo, 27 August 1997. (in Portuguese) ^ Electoral calendar, Folha de S.Paulo, 17 September 2002. (in Portuguese) ^ Daylight saving time starts on the 2nd of November, Diário do Nordeste, 5 October 2004. (in Portuguese) ^ Elections postpone daylight saving time to November, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, 1 October 2006. (in Portuguese) ^ Daylight saving time starts at midnight of this Saturday, Syndicate of Retail Commerce of Fuels, Lubricants and Convenience Stores in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 3 November 2006. (in Portuguese) ^ Brazil confirms daylight saving from 2008 onwards, Time and Date, 29 August 2008. ^ Elections change the start of daylight saving time, Agência Brasil, 30 September 2018. (in Portuguese) ^ Decree removes the Northeast, except Bahia, from daylight saving time, Folha de S.Paulo, 17 October 2000. (in Portuguese) See also Time in Brazil Daylight saving time by country vteDaylight saving time in the Americas United States and Canada Latin America and the Caribbean Regions Latin America Hispanic North America Northern Caribbean Central America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"daylight saving time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Central-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"}],"text":"Brazil observed daylight saving time (DST) (called horário de verão – \"summer time\" – in Portuguese) in the years of 1931–1933, 1949–1953, 1963–1968 and 1985–2019. Initially it applied to the whole country, but from 1988 it applied only to part of the country, usually the southern regions, where DST is more useful due to a larger seasonal variation in daylight duration.[1]The most recent DST rule specified advancing the time by one hour during the period from 00:00 on the first Sunday in November to 00:00 on the third Sunday in February (postponed by one week if the latter fell on carnival), applicable only to the South, Southeast and Central-West regions. Brazil abolished DST in 2019.[1]","title":"Daylight saving time in Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of DST observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"his visit to Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elections-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"}],"text":"DST starting and ending dates were variable and determined by decree, often set for only one year at a time. Until 1968, the starting date was usually the first day of November or December, and the ending date was usually the first day of March or April, without regard to the day of the week. In 1985–1987 the dates were Saturdays, and from 1987 they were usually Sundays, typically from October to February.[1]The dates were sometimes adjusted to avoid conflicts with certain events. In 1997, the DST starting date was set to a Monday due to the Pope's mass on Sunday during his visit to Brazil.[2] In 2002, 2004 and 2006, the starting date was postponed to the first Sunday or holiday in November due to elections in October and technical difficulties in adjusting the internal clocks of electronic voting machines.[3][4][5] In 2007, the DST ending date was postponed to the Sunday after carnival due to the expected economic benefits of observing DST during that holiday.[6]In 2008, a decree finally fixed the DST schedule for future years, starting on the third Sunday in October and ending on the third Sunday in February, with an exception for postponing the ending date to the following Sunday if the date would otherwise fall on carnival, which occurred in 2012 and 2015.[1][7]In 2018, the starting date was changed to the first Sunday in November to avoid interfering with elections in October. This time there was no technical difficulty, but a desire to shorten the difference in poll closing times between regions with and without DST.[8] Although it was a permanent change to the DST schedule, it was only observed that year as Brazil abolished DST altogether in 2019.[1]Time changes were almost always done at midnight. The time was advanced from 00:00 to 01:00 on the DST starting date and reduced from 00:00 on the ending date to 23:00 of the previous day. Exceptions were the first DST starting time in 1931 (11:00) and the ending times in 1950 and 1966 (01:00).[1]","title":"Starting and ending dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazil_DST_observance.svg"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-southeast-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Central-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Tocantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decrees-1"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-southeast_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-southeast_2-1"}],"text":"Historical observance of daylight saving time in Brazil by state (lighter shades mean more years)Until 1988, in every year that DST was observed it applied to whole country. In 1963 the Southeast region[a] started DST earlier than the rest of the country.[1]From 1988, DST was typically limited to the South, Southeast and Central-West regions, and was occasionally extended to some other states such as Bahia and Tocantins.[1] In 2000, DST was extended to all states in the Northeast region but was quickly canceled in most of them due to strong local opposition.[9]^ a b States existing at that time which would correspond to the Southeast region defined in 1970.","title":"Regional application"}]
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[{"title":"Time in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Brazil"},{"title":"Daylight saving time by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_by_country"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Americas_topic"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic"},{"title":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"title":"United States and Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Northern_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Latin America and the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Latin_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Hispanic_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_North_America"},{"title":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Northern_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_South_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"title":"Sovereign states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"title":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Argentina"},{"title":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Bolivia"},{"title":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada"},{"title":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Chile"},{"title":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Colombia"},{"title":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Cuba"},{"title":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Ecuador"},{"title":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Guatemala"},{"title":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Paraguay"},{"title":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Uruguay"},{"title":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory"},{"title":"territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory"},{"title":"Anguilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Aruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Bonaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"British Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Falkland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Falkland_Islands"},{"title":"French Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time_in_Greenland"},{"title":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Barthélemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sint Eustatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Sint Maarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Turks and Caicos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"U.S. Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daylight_saving_time_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
[{"reference":"\"Decrees on daylight saving time in Brazil\" (in Portuguese). National Observatory of Brazil. Retrieved 2019-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html","url_text":"\"Decrees on daylight saving time in Brazil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Observatory_(Brazil)","url_text":"National Observatory of Brazil"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html","external_links_name":"\"Decrees on daylight saving time in Brazil\""},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/1997/8/27/cotidiano/40.html","external_links_name":"Daylight saving time ends 15 February"},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff1709200225.htm","external_links_name":"Electoral calendar"},{"Link":"https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/editorias/negocios/horario-de-verao-comeca-no-dia-2-de-novembro-1.444735","external_links_name":"Daylight saving time starts on the 2nd of November"},{"Link":"https://www.camara.leg.br/radio/programas/276017-eleicoes-adiam-horario-de-verao-para-novembro---02-16---","external_links_name":"Elections postpone daylight saving time to November"},{"Link":"http://www.sindestado.com.br/noticias/2006/11.%20novembro%20de%202006/03112006_horario_verao.htm","external_links_name":"Daylight saving time starts at midnight of this Saturday"},{"Link":"https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html","external_links_name":"Brazil confirms daylight saving from 2008 onwards"},{"Link":"http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-09/eleicoes-mudam-o-inicio-do-horario-de-verao","external_links_name":"Elections change the start of daylight saving time"},{"Link":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/cotidiano/ult95u12374.shtml","external_links_name":"Decree removes the Northeast, except Bahia, from daylight saving time"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungarehu
Pungarehu
["1 Marae","2 Pungarehu School","3 References"]
Coordinates: 39°16′42″S 173°48′26″E / 39.27833°S 173.80722°E / -39.27833; 173.80722 Place in Taranaki, New ZealandPungarehuPungarehuCoordinates: 39°16′42″S 173°48′26″E / 39.27833°S 173.80722°E / -39.27833; 173.80722CountryNew ZealandRegionTaranakiDistrictSouth Taranaki District Pungarehu is a small town located on Surf Highway 45 in Taranaki, New Zealand. Pungarehu is the home of the Cape Egmont Lighthouse, situated at Taranaki's westernmost point. The town centre is located almost 5 km from the coast line. Marae The Parihaka Pa is located in Pungarehu, hosting the regular Parihaka Peace Festival. The town also hosts some small stores for the local dairy farmers. Parāhuka Marae is a meeting place of the Taranaki hapū of Te Niho o Te Atiawa. In October 2020, the Government committed $478,243 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae, creating 6 jobs. Takitūtū Marae and Te Paepae o Te Raukura meeting place is a meeting place of the Taranaki Iwi. In October 2020, the Government committed $359,146 towards refurbishing the marae, creating 6 jobs. Pungarehu School Pungarehu School was a primary school in Pungarehu. It held a consistent roll of around 50 students, and catered for years 1–8. The school was forced to close in 2003, due to a review of the New Zealand school system by the Ministry of Education. The school buildings are still located on the corner of Cape Road and are yet to be used. Currently, the Pungarehu area is accessed by the bus routes of Coastal Taranaki School, Opunake Middle School and Rahotu Primary School. References ^ "Parāhuka Marae". taranaki.iwi. Taranaki Iwi. 10 January 2018. ^ a b "Marae Announcements" (Excel). growregions.govt.nz. Provincial Growth Fund. 9 October 2020. ^ "Takitūtū Marae". taranaki.iwi. Taranaki Iwi. 17 January 2018. vteSouth Taranaki District, New ZealandSeat: HāweraPopulated places Alton Auroa Eltham Hāwera Hurleyville Kakaramea Kaponga Kapuni Manaia Mangatoki Manutahi Matapu Mokoia Ngamatapouri Normanby Oaonui Ohangai Ohawe Okaiawa Ōpunake Parihaka Patea Pungarehu Rahotu Ramanui Rawhitiroa Waiinu Beach Waitōtara Warea Waverley Whenuakura Geographic features Cape Egmont Lake Dive Manawapou River Pātea River Lake Rotokare Lake Rotorangi South Taranaki Bight Tangahoe River Waiaua River Waingongoro River Waitōtara River Whenuakura River Facilities and attractions Aotea Utanganui – Museum of South Taranaki Bayly Park Cape Egmont Lighthouse Kupe field Hawera Observatory Pātea Dam Patea Freezing Works Pātea Hydro Electric Scheme Waipipi Wind Farm Government District Council Mayor Regional Council Organisations Hawera High School Opunake High School Waitotara School Waverley High School Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki History 1901 Patea by-elections 1921 Patea by-election 1954 Patea by-election This Taranaki geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggravation_(board_game)
Aggravation (board game)
["1 History and overview","1.1 Versions","2 Sequence of play","2.1 Shortcuts","2.2 Aggravating","3 Reviews","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Strategy board game, variant of Pachisi AggravationCover of a 1962 edition by CO-5Other namesMarble Out: The Fun GameDesignersBERL IndustriesPublishers Lakeside Industries Parker Brothers Hasbro Winning Games Publication1962; 62 years ago (1962)Years active1962–?GenresBoard gameLanguagesEnglishPlayers2–6Playing time45 minutesAge range6+SkillsStrategy, probability Aggravation is a board game for up to four players and later versions for up to six players, whose object is to be the first player to have all four playing pieces (usually represented by marbles) reach the player's home section of the board. The game's name comes from the action of capturing an opponent's piece by landing on its space, which is known as "aggravating". The name was coined by one of the creators, Louis Elaine, who did not always enjoy defeat. History and overview The name Aggravation was trademarked by BERL Industries, which filed its application on April 10, 1959. A contemporary patent filed by Howard P. Wilde, Sr. two months earlier, in February 1959, describes a game board "which may be played, with high interest, vexation and aggravation by two, three or four persons" but does not provide specific gameplay instructions for the cross-shaped track and central space. The 1959 Wilde patent, in turn, cites an earlier patent filed in 1921 by Isidor Paris for a child's racing game, also featuring a cross-shaped track and describing how players move their markers along the track by taking turns rolling a six-sided die. However, the first version of Aggravation, published in 1962, follows the design described by Harry W. First in a patent filed in 1962 and granted in 1965; that patent does not provide specific instructions for gameplay. Aggravation compared with earlier games InventorCharacteristic Paris (1921) Wilde (1959) First (1962) US Patent 1,406,484 3,116,928 3,166,325 Board Players 2–4 Pieces per player 5 4 Track length 72 52 Direction of play Clockwise Not described Central shortcut No Maybe "Aggravation" mechanic No Maybe BERL licensed the game for royalties of 1 penny per game sold. The license was previously held by Milton Bradley and Parker Bros. Today, it is manufactured by Hasbro. The children and grandchildren of the creators still hold rights to all game boards and sales. Its distinctive features are that the track accommodates from four to six players, unlike other Pachisi-like games which only allow four; that it is normally drilled to accept colored glass marbles as playing pieces; and that it incorporates "shortcuts". There are no "safe" holes where a player's marbles cannot be captured (or "aggravated", in the game's parlance) other than the player's own base and home sections. Versions The original edition of the game, as described by First in the 1965 patent, accommodated two to four players, using a four-armed track. A "deluxe party edition" was released in the early 1960s for two to six players, using a six-armed track. At about the same time, the "Joltz" variant for up to three players was added, using a three-armed track and faster gameplay with a reduced set of three marbles per player. In 1971, a "split-level" edition was released with essentially the same track as the "party" edition, except the track was split into two tiers of three arms each and tier rotation and movement mechanics were introduced. Later, the original edition was discontinued and the six-armed "party" edition became the standard game board. Older versions of the game usually feature a board which is perfectly symmetrical and identical in shape and size from all angles. However, modern versions of the game produced by Parker Brothers are made in an irregular pattern with a shape that varies for each player, though all players must travel an equal number of spaces in order to reach their respective home sections. Sequence of play Aggravation game board schematics "Joltz" 2–3 players "Original" 2–4 players "Party" 2–6 players All versions of the game board feature a starting base area outside the track and a home area within the track; both are marked as a line of colored cells. A player wins when they are able to move all (three or four, depending on the variant) of their marbles from the base onto the track via that player's colored starting point, then moves the marbles clockwise along the track to the home area safely without being captured by another player. The exact location of the starting point may vary according to the version, but it is usually placed so that each player's marble must traverse the entire length of the track, i.e., the player is allowed to enter the home area only from the space immediately anti-clockwise of the starting point. However, the center shortcut may be used to shorten this route under certain conditions. The game starts with each player placing four (or three) marbles in their "base". After the order of play is determined through the rolling of the die, each player rolls a single die on their turn to determine the number of spaces to move. All marbles remain in the base until either a 1 or 6 is rolled, which entitles the player to move a marble from the base to their "start". If the player already has one or more marbles on the track, when that player rolls a 1 or a 6, they have a choice of either moving another marble to the start, or moving a marble already on the track. The start cannot be occupied by more than one marble. That is, if there is already a marble on the starting space and the player rolls a 1 or a 6, they must move the marble from the start rather than moving another marble to the start. If the player rolls a 6 then they are entitled to take another turn. The winner is the first player whose pieces all reach home by exact count. If playing as paired partners, when the player has all their marbles in home, then they can roll to help get their partner's marbles home faster. Shortcuts The hole in the center of the four-armed board is known as the "shortcut". A player who is able to land a marble in this location by exact count has the possibility of taking a route even faster to home. The shortcut, though, has the drawback in that it may only be exited (to one of the four corner spaces nearest the center) by rolling a 1. For the six-armed board introduced with the deluxe party version, the center hole is known as the "super shortcut" and follows the same rules as the four-armed board, with an exact roll required to enter and a roll of 1 required to exit to one of the six closest corners. The six corner holes closest to the center hole are designated the "shortcut" holes for this version. A player landing exactly on one of those six holes may choose to move directly along those holes on their next turn. If a player is already on one of the six corner holes, the only way to enter the "super shortcut" center hole is by rolling a 1. Aggravating A player who lands a marble on a space occupied by an opponent's marble "aggravates" that opponent's piece which was landed on and sends it back to that opposing player's base. A player's piece may not be aggravated if it is on the player's home or base areas, as these are safe from aggravation. However, a player's start space is not specified as protected. Players are prohibited from landing on or passing their own marble. If it happens that they cannot move the full die roll, then they can not move. If a 6 is rolled, another roll can be taken. If playing teams, the player cannot land on or pass their partner. If, however, there are multiple marbles, the player cannot jump over or aggravate a marble in the middle or front. Reviews Games and Puzzles The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games Notes ^ BERL Industries was a group of four long-time friends; the name was derived from their first names. It consisted of: Bob (Robert C.) O'Kelley (1920–1984) (?), Emma (?), Rudy (Rudolph) Clement Malchar (1919–1970) (?), and Lois Elaine Hazel Thomas (1928–2006). ^ Full length of the track before entering the home area, assuming no shortcuts are taken References ^ a b "US Trademark, Reg. No. 0700458". United States Patent and Trademark Office. July 5, 1960. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Pottawatomie Co". The Shawnee News-Star. June 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ a b US Patent 3116928A, Howard P. Wilde, Sr., "Game board", published January 7, 1964  ^ a b US Patent 1406484A, Isidor Paris, "Child's racing game", published February 14, 1922  ^ a b c US Patent 3166325A, Harry W. First, "Game apparatus having playing board with marble receiving holes and dice receiving openings", published January 19, 1965, assigned to CO Co., Inc.  ^ "Aggravation Game Deluxe Party Edition - 1962 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition". Mandi's Attic Toys. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Joltz Aggravation Game - 1964 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition". Mandi's Attic Toys. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Split Level Aggravation". House of Games. Lakeside Industries. 1971. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Play SPLIT·LEVEL Aggravation: it's as easy as 1, 2, 3". Lakeside Industries. 1971. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ a b c d "Aggravation rules". CO-5 Company, Inc. 1962. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ a b c d e "Aggravation Rules" (PDF). Hasbro. Retrieved 12 September 2023. ^ "Aggravation (Party Game) rules". CO-5 Company, Inc. 1962. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Classic Aggravation rules" (PDF). Winning Moves Games. 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Games and Puzzles 1975-08: Iss 39". A H C Publications. August 1975. ^ Freeman, Jon; Jackson, John (August 10, 1979). "The Playboy winner's guide to board games". Chicago : Playboy Press – via Internet Archive. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aggravation (board game). Electric Short Circuit (1960) at BoardGameGeek Aggravation (1962) at BoardGameGeek Joltz (1964) at BoardGameGeek Split-Level Aggravation (1971) at BoardGameGeek Travel Aggravation (1980) at BoardGameGeek Super Aggravation (1984) at BoardGameGeek vteMilton Bradley CompanyProducts (list)Board games 13 Dead End Drive Aggravation1 Axis & Allies Battle Cry Battle Masters Battleship Broadsides and Boarding Parties Candyland The Checkered Game of Life Connect Four Conquest of the Empire Crossfire Dark Tower Don't Break the Ice1 Dragonmaster Easy Money Enchanted Palace Fireball Island Focus1 Fortress America Go to the Head of the Class1 Guess Who? Headache1 HeroQuest Hi Ho! Cherry-O1 Hotel Loopin' Louie Mall Madness Mouse Trap Mystery Date Mystery Mansion Operation Park and Shop Pass the Pigs1 Perfection1 Pirate and Traveler Power Barons Pretty Pretty Princess1 Rack-O Scattergories1 Scotland Yard1 Scrabble1 Shogun Snakes and ladders1 Square Mile Stratego1 Thunder Road Torpedo Run! Trump: The Game Upwords Voice of the Mummy Which Witch? Why Yahtzee Electronic games Big Trak Heads Up Action Soccer Merlin Milton Microvision OMNI Simon Star Bird Other games Ants in the Pants1 Buckaroo!1 Don't Spill the Beans1 Downfall Gator Golf Heroscape Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga1 KerPlunk1 Knock Out Twister Toys Barrel of Monkeys Mr. Bucket Buffalo Bill Gun Video games Abadox1 Cabal1 California Games1 Captain Skyhawk Digger T. Rock Jordan vs Bird: One on One1 Marble Madness Race America Time Lord World Games1 Consoles Vectrex People Milton Bradley Related topics Company building Gamemaster Series Related companies Hasbro McLoughlin Brothers Parker Brothers Playskool Category 1Licensed or not originally published by MB 2Only in the United States and Canada vteParker BrothersGames publishedBoard Aggravation Authors Cluedo Gambler Jack Strauss Mansion of Happiness Monopoly Ouija Pente Probe Risk Scrabble1 Sorry! Tiddlywinks Touring Trivial Pursuit Electronic Bop It Merlin Other creations Cabbage Patch Dreams Rom the Space Knight People George S. Parker Related companies General Mills Hasbro Tonka Milton Bradley Category 1 Only in United States and Canada vteHasbroIntellectualpropertiescurrentlymanagedby HasbroToys Action Man Alphie Army Ants Baby Alive Battle Trolls Beetleborgs Blythe Cubix DohVinci Easy-Bake Oven Furby G.I. Joe A Real American Hero Glo Worm GoBots Glitter Force Glitter Force Doki-Doki Hanazuki Inchworm Inhumanoids Jem Julius Jr. Kibaoh Klashers Koosh Kre-O Kota the triceratops Lincoln Logs Lite-Brite Littlest Pet Shop Lost Kitties Luna Petunia M.A.S.K. 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Cherry-O HeroQuest Heroscape Hungry Hungry Hippos Jenga Lazer Tag The Game of Life Mall Madness Merlin Microvision Milton Monopoly My Monopoly Mouse Trap Mystery Date Nerf Blaster Operation Ouija Parcheesi Pay Day Perfection Pictureka Pie Face Pit Risk Rook Pretty Pretty Princess Scattergories Scrabble1 (US and Canada) Simon Sorry! Subbuteo Stratego Taboo Trivial Pursuit Trouble Twister Upwords Yahtzee Other Alien TV Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom The Big Knights Cupcake & Dino Duel Masters Dungeons & Dragons Exodus Humf Kaijudo Kiya & the Kimoja Heroes The Magic Hockey Skates Magic: The Gathering Mighty Machines Ninja Express Odd-Paw Vet Pat & Stan Peppa Pig PJ Masks Ricky Zoom Tractor Tom Void Rivals Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding Dong Distributed worldwideby Hasbro Beyblade2 B-Daman2 CirKis3 FurReal Friends4 iDog4 Yo-kai Watch5 Zoids4 Subsidiariesand brands Avalon Hill Cranium, Inc. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_(toy)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Aggravation is a board game for up to four players and later versions for up to six players, whose object is to be the first player to have all four playing pieces (usually represented by marbles) reach the player's home section of the board. The game's name comes from the action of capturing an opponent's piece by landing on its space, which is known as \"aggravating\". The name was coined by one of the creators, Louis Elaine, who did not always enjoy defeat.[citation needed]","title":"Aggravation (board game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPTO-1960-1"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US3116928A-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US1406484A-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US3166325A-6"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Pachisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachisi"},{"link_name":"marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_(toy)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name Aggravation was trademarked by BERL Industries, which filed its application on April 10, 1959.[1] A contemporary patent filed by Howard P. Wilde, Sr. two months earlier, in February 1959, describes a game board \"which may be played, with high interest, vexation and aggravation by two, three or four persons\" but does not provide specific gameplay instructions for the cross-shaped track and central space.[3] The 1959 Wilde patent, in turn, cites an earlier patent filed in 1921 by Isidor Paris for a child's racing game, also featuring a cross-shaped track and describing how players move their markers along the track by taking turns rolling a six-sided die.[4] However, the first version of Aggravation, published in 1962, follows the design described by Harry W. First in a patent filed in 1962 and granted in 1965; that patent does not provide specific instructions for gameplay.[5]BERL licensed the game for royalties of 1 penny per game sold. The license was previously held by Milton Bradley and Parker Bros. Today, it is manufactured by Hasbro. The children and grandchildren of the creators still hold rights to all game boards and sales.Its distinctive features are that the track accommodates from four to six players, unlike other Pachisi-like games which only allow four; that it is normally drilled to accept colored glass marbles as playing pieces; and that it incorporates \"shortcuts\". There are no \"safe\" holes where a player's marbles cannot be captured (or \"aggravated\", in the game's parlance) other than the player's own base and home sections.[citation needed]","title":"History and overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US3166325A-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mandi-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"symmetrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Versions","text":"The original edition of the game, as described by First in the 1965 patent, accommodated two to four players, using a four-armed track.[5] A \"deluxe party edition\" was released in the early 1960s for two to six players, using a six-armed track.[6] At about the same time, the \"Joltz\" variant for up to three players was added, using a three-armed track and faster gameplay with a reduced set of three marbles per player.[7] In 1971, a \"split-level\" edition was released with essentially the same track as the \"party\" edition, except the track was split into two tiers of three arms each and tier rotation and movement mechanics were introduced.[8][9] Later, the original edition was discontinued and the six-armed \"party\" edition became the standard game board.Older versions of the game usually feature a board which is perfectly symmetrical and identical in shape and size from all angles. However, modern versions of the game produced by Parker Brothers are made in an irregular pattern with a shape that varies for each player, though all players must travel an equal number of spaces in order to reach their respective home sections.[citation needed]","title":"History and overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggravation-03.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggravation-04.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aggravation-06.svg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962-rules-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962-rules-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962-rules-12"}],"text":"Aggravation game board schematics\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Joltz\" 2–3 players\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Original\" 2–4 players\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Party\" 2–6 playersAll versions of the game board feature a starting base area outside the track and a home area within the track; both are marked as a line of colored cells. A player wins when they are able to move all (three or four, depending on the variant) of their marbles from the base onto the track via that player's colored starting point, then moves the marbles clockwise along the track to the home area safely without being captured by another player.[10] The exact location of the starting point may vary according to the version, but it is usually placed so that each player's marble must traverse the entire length of the track, i.e., the player is allowed to enter the home area only from the space immediately anti-clockwise of the starting point. However, the center shortcut may be used to shorten this route under certain conditions.The game starts with each player placing four (or three) marbles in their \"base\". After the order of play is determined through the rolling of the die, each player rolls a single die on their turn to determine the number of spaces to move.All marbles remain in the base until either a 1 or 6 is rolled, which entitles the player to move a marble from the base to their \"start\".[10][11]\nIf the player already has one or more marbles on the track, when that player rolls a 1 or a 6, they have a choice of either moving another marble to the start, or moving a marble already on the track.\nThe start cannot be occupied by more than one marble. That is, if there is already a marble on the starting space and the player rolls a 1 or a 6, they must move the marble from the start rather than moving another marble to the start.\nIf the player rolls a 6 then they are entitled to take another turn.[11]The winner is the first player whose pieces all reach home by exact count.[11] If playing as paired partners, when the player has all their marbles in home, then they can roll to help get their partner's marbles home faster.[10]","title":"Sequence of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962-rules-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Party62-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM-AggRules-15"}],"sub_title":"Shortcuts","text":"The hole in the center of the four-armed board is known as the \"shortcut\". A player who is able to land a marble in this location by exact count has the possibility of taking a route even faster to home. The shortcut, though, has the drawback in that it may only be exited (to one of the four corner spaces nearest the center) by rolling a 1.[10]For the six-armed board introduced with the deluxe party version, the center hole is known as the \"super shortcut\" and follows the same rules as the four-armed board, with an exact roll required to enter and a roll of 1 required to exit to one of the six closest corners.[11] The six corner holes closest to the center hole are designated the \"shortcut\" holes for this version. A player landing exactly on one of those six holes may choose to move directly along those holes on their next turn. If a player is already on one of the six corner holes, the only way to enter the \"super shortcut\" center hole is by rolling a 1.[12][13]","title":"Sequence of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"sub_title":"Aggravating","text":"A player who lands a marble on a space occupied by an opponent's marble \"aggravates\" that opponent's piece which was landed on and sends it back to that opposing player's base. A player's piece may not be aggravated if it is on the player's home or base areas, as these are safe from aggravation. However, a player's start space is not specified as protected.[11]Players are prohibited from landing on or passing their own marble. If it happens that they cannot move the full die roll, then they can not move. If a 6 is rolled, another roll can be taken. If playing teams, the player cannot land on or pass their partner. If, however, there are multiple marbles, the player cannot jump over or aggravate a marble in the middle or front.","title":"Sequence of play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Playboy_Winner%27s_Guide_to_Board_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Games and Puzzles[14]\nThe Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games[15]","title":"Reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ BERL Industries was a group of four long-time friends; the name was derived from their first names. It consisted of: Bob (Robert C.) O'Kelley (1920–1984) (?), Emma (?), Rudy (Rudolph) Clement Malchar (1919–1970) (?), and Lois Elaine Hazel Thomas (1928–2006).[2]\n\n^ Full length of the track before entering the home area, assuming no shortcuts are taken","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"US Trademark, Reg. No. 0700458\". United States Patent and Trademark Office. July 5, 1960. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kVkbAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA37","url_text":"\"US Trademark, Reg. No. 0700458\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pottawatomie Co\". The Shawnee News-Star. June 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.rootsweb.com/~okbits/sh_star2006jun2.html","url_text":"\"Pottawatomie Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aggravation Game Deluxe Party Edition - 1962 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition\". Mandi's Attic Toys. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandisattictoys.com/products/aggravation-game-deluxe-party-edition-1962-co-5-co-great-condition","url_text":"\"Aggravation Game Deluxe Party Edition - 1962 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joltz Aggravation Game - 1964 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition\". Mandi's Attic Toys. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandisattictoys.com/products/joltz-aggravation-game-1964-co-5-co-great-condition","url_text":"\"Joltz Aggravation Game - 1964 - CO-5 Co. - Great Condition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Split Level Aggravation\". House of Games. Lakeside Industries. 1971. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houseofgames.ca/Rules/Split_Level_Aggravation_Rules.html","url_text":"\"Split Level Aggravation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Play SPLIT·LEVEL Aggravation: it's as easy as 1, 2, 3\". Lakeside Industries. 1971. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandisattictoys.com/cdn/shop/products/IMG_1754_1024x1024.jpg","url_text":"\"Play SPLIT·LEVEL Aggravation: it's as easy as 1, 2, 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aggravation rules\". CO-5 Company, Inc. 1962. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandisattictoys.com/cdn/shop/products/IMG_5892_bbafe45f-325a-4c04-a3dd-ec55e96e2b04_1024x1024.jpg","url_text":"\"Aggravation rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aggravation Rules\" (PDF). Hasbro. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://instructions.hasbro.com/api/download/04058_en-us_aggravation-game.pdf","url_text":"\"Aggravation Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aggravation (Party Game) rules\". CO-5 Company, Inc. 1962. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mandisattictoys.com/cdn/shop/products/IMG_4720_1024x1024.jpg","url_text":"\"Aggravation (Party Game) rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Aggravation rules\" (PDF). Winning Moves Games. 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://winning-moves.com/images/Aggravation_Rules.pdf","url_text":"\"Classic Aggravation rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Games and Puzzles 1975-08: Iss 39\". A H C Publications. August 1975.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_games-and-puzzles_1975-08_39/page/26/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Games and Puzzles 1975-08: Iss 39\""}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Jon; Jackson, John (August 10, 1979). \"The Playboy winner's guide to board games\". Chicago : Playboy Press – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/playboywinnersgu00free","url_text":"\"The Playboy winner's guide to board games\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-spotted_puffer
White-spotted puffer
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of fish Not to be confused with Torquigener albomaculosus or white-spotted pufferfish. White-spotted puffer Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Tetraodontiformes Family: Tetraodontidae Genus: Arothron Species: A. hispidus Binomial name Arothron hispidus(Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Tetraodon implutus Jenyns, 1842 The white-spotted puffer fish (Arothron hispidus) is a medium to large-sized puffer fish, it can reach 50 cm length. It is light grey in color, or greyish or yellowish, and clearly covered with more or less regular white points, that become concentric contrasting white and dark grey lines that radiate around the eyes and pectoral fins. The ventral part is white. The "shoulder" (around the pectoral fins) is dark. It also has concentric contrasting white and dark grey lines that radiate around the eyes and pectoral fins. The white spotted puffer fish is poisonous. Its distribution extends through the Indo-Pacific area, Red Sea included, to the eastern Pacific Ocean. A confirmed record was reported recently from the eastern Mediterranean Sea off Cyprus. It can be found at depths of three to 35 metres. Its habitat types include reefs, lagoons, estuaries, and tidepools. Its diet includes calcareous or coralline algae, molluscs, tunicates, sponges, corals, zoanthids, crabs, polychaetes, starfish, urchins, krill, and silversides. The adult is nocturnal and solitary. It is territorial, becoming somewhat aggressive. References ^ Hardy, G.; Jing, L.; Leis, J.L.; Liu, M.; Matsuura, K.; Shao, K. (2014). "Arothron hispidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T193699A2262231. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193699A2262231.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ Kottelat, M. (2013). The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 2013, Supplement No. 27: 1–663. ^ "Arothron hispidus, White-spotted puffer : fisheries, aquarium". Fishbase.org. 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2013-09-03. ^ "Facts about White-spotted Puffer (Arothron hispidus) - Encyclopedia of Life". Eol.org. Retrieved 2013-09-03. ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Arothron hispidus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Arothron_hispidus.pdf External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arothron hispidus. Wikispecies has information related to Arothron hispidus. Photos of White-spotted puffer on Sealife Collection Taxon identifiersArothron hispidus Wikidata: Q954020 Wikispecies: Arothron hispidus ADW: Arothron_hispidus AFD: Arothron_hispidus BOLD: 10982 CoL: GTWL EoL: 46571011 FishBase: 5425 GBIF: 2407378 iNaturalist: 144017 IRMNG: 10576684 ITIS: 173309 IUCN: 193699 NCBI: 300221 Observation.org: 79574 OBIS: 219925 Open Tree of Life: 95349 uBio: 120742 WoRMS: 219925 This Tetraodontiformes article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Hardy, G.; Jing, L.; Leis, J.L.; Liu, M.; Matsuura, K.; Shao, K. (2014). \"Arothron hispidus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T193699A2262231. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193699A2262231.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/193699/2262231","url_text":"\"Arothron hispidus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193699A2262231.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T193699A2262231.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Arothron hispidus, White-spotted puffer : fisheries, aquarium\". Fishbase.org. 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2013-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/5425","url_text":"\"Arothron hispidus, White-spotted puffer : fisheries, aquarium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facts about White-spotted Puffer (Arothron hispidus) - Encyclopedia of Life\". Eol.org. Retrieved 2013-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://eol.org/pages/355822/details#distribution","url_text":"\"Facts about White-spotted Puffer (Arothron hispidus) - Encyclopedia of Life\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozine
Eurozine
["1 History","2 Partner journals","3 References","4 External links"]
Network of European cultural magazines Not to be confused with Eurozone. EurozineType of siteNetwork and online magazineAvailable inEnglish (French, German)OwnerEurozineCreated byEurozineURLwww.eurozine.comCommercialNoLaunched1983 (network), 1998 (magazine) Eurozine is a network of European cultural magazines based in Vienna, linking up more than 90 partner journals and just as many associated magazines and institutions from nearly all European countries. Eurozine is also an online magazine which publishes original articles and selected articles from its partner journals with additional translations into one of the major European languages. By providing a Europe-wide overview of current themes and discussions, Eurozine offers information for an international readership and facilitates communication and exchange between authors and intellectuals from Europe and worldwide. Eurozine is a non-profit institution, its office is based in Vienna and headed by managing director Filip Zielinski. Since November 2018 Réka Kinga Papp is Editor-in-chief. History Eurozine emerged from an informal network dating back to 1983. Since that time, editors of various European cultural magazines have met once a year in European cities to exchange ideas and experiences. In 1995, the meeting took place in Vienna. The success of this meeting, in which numerous eastern European magazines participated for the first time, and the rapid development of the Internet, encouraged the editors to reinforce the existing loose network with a virtual but more systematic one. Eurozine was established in 1998. Today, Eurozine hosts the "European Meeting of Cultural Journals" each year together with one or more of its partners. The magazines Kritika & Kontext (Bratislava), Mittelweg 36 (Hamburg), Ord&Bild (Gothenburg), Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais (Coimbra), Transit - Europäische Revue (Vienna), and Wespennest (Vienna) are Eurozine's founders. Partner journals (by countries, as of February 2016) Albania Mehr Licht! Poeteka Symbol Austria Dérive L'Homme Springerin Wespennest Transit Belarus Arche Dziejaslou pARTisan Belgium A Prior Magazine La Revue nouvelle Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Notebook Bulgaria Critique & Humanism Croatia Frakcija Nova Istra Czech Republic A2 Host Revolver Revue RozRazil Denmark Lettre Internationale (Denmark) Passage   Estonia Akadeemia Vikerkaar Finland Nuori Voima Ny Tid (Finland) France Esprit Multitudes Sens public Germany Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik Gegenworte Merkur Mittelweg 36 Osteuropa Polar Greece Intellectum Hungary 2000 Magyar Lettre Internationale Italy Il Mulino Lettera internazionale Reset Latvia Rigas Laiks Studija   Lithuania Kulturos barai North Macedonia Roots Norway Le Monde diplomatique (Oslo) Samtiden Syn og Segn Vagant Poland Krytyka Polityczna Kultura Liberalna New Eastern Europe Res Publica Nowa Portugal Artistas Unidos Revista Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais Romania Dilema veche Russia Neprikosnovennij Zapas (NZ) New Literary Observer Serbia Belgrade Journal of Media and Communications Beton Genero   Slovakia Kritika & Kontext Slovenia Dialogi Razpotja Sodobnost Spain L'Espill Letras Libres Sweden Arena Fronesis Glänta Ord och Bild Turkey Cogito (Turkey) Varlik K24 (magazine) Ukraine Krytyka Prostory Spilne United Kingdom Index on Censorship Mute New Humanist Soundings References ^ a b "Partner Journals". Eurozine. Retrieved 16 February 2016. ^ "Chronology". Eurozine. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festac
World Festival of Black Arts
["1 History","1.1 Dakar, 1966","1.2 Algiers 1969","1.3 Lagos, 1977","1.4 Dakar, 2010","1.5 Zanzibar, 2022","1.6 Arusha, 2023","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links","4.1 Video"]
Culture and arts festival For the housing estate in Lagos, Nigeria, see Festac Town. World Festival of Black ArtsFestival Mondial des Arts NègresWorld Festival of Black Arts (FESMAN)GenrePan-AfricanLocation(s)Dakar, Senegal; Lagos, Nigeria; Stone Town, Zanzibar; Arusha, TanzaniaYears active1966, 1977, 2009/2010, 2022, 2023Organised by1966: Leopold Senghor,1977: Olusegun Obasanjo,2010: Abdoulaye Wade,2022: Abioye Yinka and Grace Mumo,2023 Abioye Yinka, Grace Mumo and Lehlohonolo Peega The World Festival of Black Arts (French: Festival Mondial des Arts Noirs), also known as FESMAN or FMAN, is a month-long culture and arts festival that takes place in Africa. The festival features poetry, sculpture, painting, music, cinema, theatre, fashion, architecture, design and dance from artists and performers from around the African Diaspora. History The festivals were planned as Pan-African celebrations, and ranged in content from debate to performance — particularly dance and theatre. Dakar, 1966 The First World Festival of Black Arts (French: Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Noirs) or World Festival of Negro Arts (French: Festival mondial des arts nègres) was held in Dakar, Senegal, 1–24 April 1966, initiated by former President Leopold Senghor, under the auspices of UNESCO, with the participation of 45 African, European, Caribbean, and North and South American countries, and featuring black literature, music, theater, visual arts, film and dance. It was first state-sponsored festival to showcase the work of African and African diasporic artists, musicians and writers to a global audience. Participants included historian Cheikh Anta Diop; dancers Arthur Mitchell and Alvin Ailey; Mestre Pastinha, a Capoeira troupe from Bahia; Duke Ellington; Marion Williams; singers Julie Akofa Akoussah and Bella Bellow; calypsonian The Mighty Terror; writers Aimé Césaire, Langston Hughes, Wole Soyinka, Amiri Baraka, Sarah Webster Fabio, Rosa Guy, Margaret Danner, Lindsay Barrett, Ousmane Sembène, Keorapetse Kgositsile, and William Demby. The filmmaker William Greaves made a 40-minute documentary of the event entitled The First World Festival of Negro Arts (1968). Italian journalist Sergio Borelli produced Il Festival de Dakar (1966) a 50-minute documentary for RAI. Senegalese director Paulin Soumanou Vieyra also produced the documentary Le Sénégal au festival national des arts nègres (1966). Directors from the USSR Irina Venzher and Leonid Makhnach produced the Russian-language documentary Ритми Африки (Ritmi Afriki) about the festival. Congolese stamps for the Festival mondial des arts nègres, 1966of 90, 30 and 85 Congolese francs Algiers 1969 The Festival panafricain d'Alger 1969 was also in this sequence. Lagos, 1977 Main article: FESTAC 77 In 1977, from 15 January to 12 February, the Second World Festival of Black Arts or Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture — known as FESTAC '77 — took place in Lagos, Nigeria, under the patronage of President Olusegun Obasanjo. Attended by more than 17,000 participants from over 50 countries, it was the largest cultural event ever held on the African continent. Among artists who took part were Stevie Wonder, Ted Joans, the Sun Ra Arkestra, and Donald Byrd from the US, Tabu Ley and Franco from the Congo, Gilberto Gil from Brazil, Bembeya Jazz National from Guinea, and Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana, and Miriam Makeba from South Africa. Dakar, 2010 The Third World Festival of Black Arts took place 10–31 December 2010, and was initiated by Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade with the theme of African Renaissance. President Wade said in his 2009 address at the UN: "I call all Africans, all the sons and daughters of the Diaspora, all my fellow citizens, all the partners that are ready to walk by our side, all States, all international organizations, foundations, firms, etc. for a shining success for this Festival, and for the rise of a new Africa." The 2010 festival was curated by Kwame Kwei-Armah, and participants at the opening ceremony included Youssou N'Dour, Baaba Maal, Angélique Kidjo, Toumani Diabaté, Wyclef Jean, Euzhan Palcy, Carlinhos Brown and the Mahotella Queens. As well as music and cinema, the festival featured art exhibitions, theatre and dance performances, fashion shows, photography and other events, with the participation of artists and intellectuals from dozens of African and African diaspora countries, including the US, Brazil, Haiti, France and Cuba. Zanzibar, 2022 Twelve years later, Festac was held at Hotel Verde in Zanzibar, with high-profile names including H.E. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Professor Wole Soyinka, H.E. Dr Hussein Ali Mwinyi, and Dr Abdulrazak Gurnah. Arusha, 2023 Under a new festival director, Lehlohonolo Peega, "Festac Africa 2023, Destination Arusha, Tanzania" was held in the tourist city of Arusha, Tanzania, with the theme: Experience Africa in Seven days. This rendition of the festival opened on Sunday night (21 May 2023) by former Black Panther member Charlotte Hill O'Neal, with a benediction ceremony and hoisting of African flags, while the official opening (on Monday, 22 May 2023) featured Africa's leading speaker Professor P. L. O. Lumumba, who encouraged and commended the worked done by the festival under its chairperson Abioye Yinka and CEO Grace Mumo. In various interviews ranging from different global media houses, Prof Lumumba stressed the need for Festac. The week activities were followed by performances from the legendary East African band, Les Wanyika, Lord Eyez, Jamapara and many more with a three-day conference address climate change, women in business, cultural diplomacy, etc. References ^ "World Festival of Black Arts launched at UN Headquarters", People's Daily, 15 January 2009. ^ Banham, Martin (1994), Errol Hill, George Woodyard (eds), The Cambridge Guide to African & Caribbean Literature, Cambridge University Press, "FESTAC", p. 3. ^ "1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966; 1968". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018. ^ "First World Festival of Negro Arts. U.S. Committee Records", New York Public Library. ^ "World Festival of Negro Arts". tate.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2023. ^ "Dakar 1966 – 1er Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres". continuo.wordpress.com. November 25, 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2023. ^ "Writers Seen on the Festival Scene". Black World/Negro Digest. June 1966. pp. 50, 88. ^ "The First World Festival of Negro Arts", African Film Festival, New York. ^ Borelli, Caterina (10 August 2015). "'Festival mondial des arts nègres'- 'World Festival of Black Arts' by Sergio Borelli, 50 min". Retrieved 8 March 2018 – via Vimeo. ^ "African Presences I: Music in Africa » Pan-African Festivals". musc265.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2018. ^ a b "FESTAC '77 - 2nd World Black & African Festival of Arts - NaijaPositive.com". naijapositive.myfastforum.org. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2018. ^ "The History of the World Festival of Black Arts & Culture / FESTAC", Afropop Worldwide, 20 January 2011. ^ "Honoring Black Arts | Third World Festival of Black Arts: Dakar, 2010". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023. ^ Pool, Hannah (3 January 2011), "World Festival of Black Arts: a once in a decade event", The Guardian. ^ a b Felicia R. Lee, "World Festival of Black Arts Announces Lineup", ArtsBeat, The New York Times, 7 December 2010. ^ Karima Daoudi, "The World Festival of Black Arts and Cultures", Fulbright-mtvU Fellows, 21 March 2011. Further reading Murphy, David (2017). "Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016". African Arts. 50 (1): 80–82. doi:10.1162/AFAR_r_00333. hdl:1893/25142. ISSN 0001-9933 – via MIT Press Journals. External links "FESMAN 2009 - 3rd World Festival of Black Arts". facebook.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Facebook site for the 2009 festival. "Black World Festival: Festac' 77. Lagos, Nigeria". funnelme.wordpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Abdullahi, Idowu (March 29, 2023). "Les Wanyika, others to perform at FESTAC Africa festival". punchng.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Amos, Yasinta (May 25, 2023). "120 golfers brightens Arusha's Festac 2023". dailynews.co.tz. Arusha: Tanzania Standard Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Apolinari, Tairo (March 18, 2023). "FESTAC Africa 2023: Tanzania Hosts Africa's Biggest Festival". eturbonews.com. TravelNewsGroup, eTurboNews. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Video "Unesco Video and Sound Collections. Festac 77 - Lagos Festival". unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 19 October 2023. Festival of 1966. Featuring Senghor, Duke Ellington and Langston Hughes. Documentary video duration 26 min. “Festival mondial des arts nègres”- “World Festival of Black Arts” by Sergio Borelli, 50 min. on Vimeo Video duration 50m 28s. Uploader caterina borelli, 2015. "Arusha open your arms. Les Wanyika coming for FESTAC AFRICA after blankets and wine" on YouTube Video duration 17m 17s. Uploader Purplesam Kinuthia EntataineR, 2023. "FESTAC AFRICA 2023 Destination Arusha, Tanzania Episode 3" on YouTube Video duration 44m 45s. Uploader Clevenard Social Platform, 2023. "Tanzania set to host one of Africa's biggest festivals" on YouTube Video duration m s. Uploader Newzroom Afrika, 19 May 2023. Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festac Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festac_Town"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"African Diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Diaspora"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the housing estate in Lagos, Nigeria, see Festac Town.The World Festival of Black Arts (French: Festival Mondial des Arts Noirs), also known as FESMAN or FMAN, is a month-long culture and arts festival that takes place in Africa. The festival features poetry, sculpture, painting, music, cinema, theatre, fashion, architecture, design and dance from artists and performers from around the African Diaspora.[1]","title":"World Festival of Black Arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The festivals were planned as Pan-African celebrations, and ranged in content from debate to performance — particularly dance and theatre.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Leopold Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Senghor"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"African diasporic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cheikh Anta Diop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop"},{"link_name":"Arthur Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"Alvin Ailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Ailey"},{"link_name":"Capoeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Marion Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Williams"},{"link_name":"Bella Bellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Bellow"},{"link_name":"The Mighty Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mighty_Terror"},{"link_name":"Aimé Césaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire"},{"link_name":"Langston Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Wole Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"Amiri Baraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiri_Baraka"},{"link_name":"Sarah Webster Fabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Webster_Fabio"},{"link_name":"Rosa Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Guy"},{"link_name":"Margaret Danner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Danner"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Ousmane Sembène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ousmane_Semb%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Keorapetse Kgositsile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keorapetse_Kgositsile"},{"link_name":"William Demby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Demby"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Greaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Greaves"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sergio Borelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Borelli"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"Paulin Soumanou Vieyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulin_Soumanou_Vieyra"},{"link_name":"Congolese francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congolese_franc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Congo,_Republic_(Brazzaville)_-_1966_-_Colnect_674765_-_World_Festival_of_Negro_Arts.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Congo,_Republic_(Brazzaville)_-_1966_-_Colnect_674652_-_World_Festival_of_Negro_Arts.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Congo,_Republic_(Brazzaville)_-_1966_-_Colnect_674653_-_World_Festival_of_Negro_Arts.jpeg"}],"sub_title":"Dakar, 1966","text":"The First World Festival of Black Arts (French: Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Noirs) or World Festival of Negro Arts (French: Festival mondial des arts nègres) was held in Dakar, Senegal, 1–24 April 1966, initiated by former President Leopold Senghor, under the auspices of UNESCO,[3] with the participation of 45 African, European, Caribbean, and North and South American countries, and featuring black literature, music, theater, visual arts, film and dance.[4] It was first state-sponsored festival to showcase the work of African and African diasporic artists, musicians and writers to a global audience.[5]Participants included historian Cheikh Anta Diop; dancers Arthur Mitchell and Alvin Ailey; Mestre Pastinha, a Capoeira troupe from Bahia; Duke Ellington; Marion Williams; singers Julie Akofa Akoussah and Bella Bellow; calypsonian The Mighty Terror; writers Aimé Césaire, Langston Hughes, Wole Soyinka, Amiri Baraka, Sarah Webster Fabio, Rosa Guy, Margaret Danner, Lindsay Barrett, Ousmane Sembène, Keorapetse Kgositsile, and William Demby.[6][7] The filmmaker William Greaves made a 40-minute documentary of the event entitled The First World Festival of Negro Arts (1968).[8] Italian journalist Sergio Borelli produced Il Festival de Dakar (1966)[9][10] a 50-minute documentary for RAI. Senegalese director Paulin Soumanou Vieyra also produced the documentary Le Sénégal au festival national des arts nègres (1966). Directors from the USSR Irina Venzher and Leonid Makhnach produced the Russian-language documentary Ритми Африки (Ritmi Afriki) about the festival.Congolese stamps for the Festival mondial des arts nègres, 1966of 90, 30 and 85 Congolese francs","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festival panafricain d'Alger 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_panafricain_d%27Alger_1969"}],"sub_title":"Algiers 1969","text":"The Festival panafricain d'Alger 1969 was also in this sequence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World Festival of Black Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festac_%2777"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Festac77-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Festac77-11"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Ted Joans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Joans"},{"link_name":"Sun Ra Arkestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Ra_Arkestra"},{"link_name":"Donald Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Tabu Ley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu_Ley"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Luambo_Makiadi"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Gil"},{"link_name":"Bembeya Jazz National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bembeya_Jazz_National"},{"link_name":"Louis Moholo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Moholo"},{"link_name":"Dudu Pukwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudu_Pukwana"},{"link_name":"Miriam Makeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Makeba"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Lagos, 1977","text":"In 1977, from 15 January to 12 February, the Second World Festival of Black Arts or Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture — known as FESTAC '77 — took place in Lagos, Nigeria, under the patronage of President Olusegun Obasanjo.[11] Attended by more than 17,000 participants from over 50 countries, it was the largest cultural event ever held on the African continent.[11] Among artists who took part were Stevie Wonder, Ted Joans, the Sun Ra Arkestra, and Donald Byrd from the US, Tabu Ley and Franco from the Congo, Gilberto Gil from Brazil, Bembeya Jazz National from Guinea, and Louis Moholo, Dudu Pukwana, and Miriam Makeba from South Africa.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senegalese President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese_President"},{"link_name":"Abdoulaye Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade"},{"link_name":"African Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kwame Kwei-Armah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Kwei-Armah"},{"link_name":"Youssou N'Dour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour"},{"link_name":"Baaba Maal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaba_Maal"},{"link_name":"Angélique Kidjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo"},{"link_name":"Toumani Diabaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toumani_Diabat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"Euzhan Palcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy"},{"link_name":"Carlinhos Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlinhos_Brown"},{"link_name":"Mahotella Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahotella_Queens"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-15"}],"sub_title":"Dakar, 2010","text":"The Third World Festival of Black Arts took place 10–31 December 2010, and was initiated by Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade with the theme of African Renaissance. President Wade said in his 2009 address at the UN: \"I call all Africans, all the sons and daughters of the Diaspora, all my fellow citizens, all the partners that are ready to walk by our side, all States, all international organizations, foundations, firms, etc. for a shining success for this Festival, and for the rise of a new Africa.\"[13] The 2010 festival was curated by Kwame Kwei-Armah, and participants at the opening ceremony included Youssou N'Dour, Baaba Maal, Angélique Kidjo, Toumani Diabaté, Wyclef Jean, Euzhan Palcy, Carlinhos Brown and the Mahotella Queens.[14][15] As well as music and cinema, the festival featured art exhibitions, theatre and dance performances, fashion shows, photography and other events, with the participation of artists and intellectuals from dozens of African and African diaspora countries, including the US, Brazil, Haiti, France and Cuba.[16][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olusegun Obasanjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo"},{"link_name":"Wole Soyinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wole_Soyinka"},{"link_name":"Hussein Ali Mwinyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Ali_Mwinyi"},{"link_name":"Abdulrazak Gurnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah"}],"sub_title":"Zanzibar, 2022","text":"Twelve years later, Festac was held at Hotel Verde in Zanzibar, with high-profile names including H.E. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Professor Wole Soyinka, H.E. Dr Hussein Ali Mwinyi, and Dr Abdulrazak Gurnah.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lehlohonolo Peega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lehlohonolo_Peega&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hill O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hill_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"P. L. O. Lumumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._L._O._Lumumba"},{"link_name":"Abioye Yinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abioye_Yinka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grace Mumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Mumo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Les Wanyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Wanyika"}],"sub_title":"Arusha, 2023","text":"Under a new festival director, Lehlohonolo Peega, \"Festac Africa 2023, Destination Arusha, Tanzania\" was held in the tourist city of Arusha, Tanzania, with the theme: Experience Africa in Seven days.This rendition of the festival opened on Sunday night (21 May 2023) by former Black Panther member Charlotte Hill O'Neal, with a benediction ceremony and hoisting of African flags, while the official opening (on Monday, 22 May 2023) featured Africa's leading speaker Professor P. L. O. Lumumba, who encouraged and commended the worked done by the festival under its chairperson Abioye Yinka and CEO Grace Mumo.In various interviews ranging from different global media houses, Prof Lumumba stressed the need for Festac.The week activities were followed by performances from the legendary East African band, Les Wanyika, Lord Eyez, Jamapara and many more with a three-day conference address climate change, women in business, cultural diplomacy, etc.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/AFAR_r_00333"},{"link_name":"African Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Arts_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1162/AFAR_r_00333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1162%2FAFAR_r_00333"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1893/25142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1893%2F25142"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0001-9933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933"},{"link_name":"MIT Press Journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press"}],"text":"Murphy, David (2017). \"Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016\". African Arts. 50 (1): 80–82. doi:10.1162/AFAR_r_00333. hdl:1893/25142. ISSN 0001-9933 – via MIT Press Journals.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966; 1968\". unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=190260&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1","url_text":"\"1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966; 1968\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Festival of Negro Arts\". tate.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715155558/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/w/world-festival-of-negro-arts","url_text":"\"World Festival of Negro Arts\""},{"url":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/w/world-festival-of-negro-arts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dakar 1966 – 1er Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres\". continuo.wordpress.com. November 25, 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://continuo.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/dakar-1966-1er-festival-mondial-des-arts-negres/","url_text":"\"Dakar 1966 – 1er Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writers Seen on the Festival Scene\". Black World/Negro Digest. June 1966. pp. 50, 88.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3jkDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Lindsay+barrett%22+%22langston+hughes%22&pg=PA50","url_text":"\"Writers Seen on the Festival Scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Digest","url_text":"Negro Digest"}]},{"reference":"Borelli, Caterina (10 August 2015). \"'Festival mondial des arts nègres'- 'World Festival of Black Arts' by Sergio Borelli, 50 min\". Retrieved 8 March 2018 – via Vimeo.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/135843095","url_text":"\"'Festival mondial des arts nègres'- 'World Festival of Black Arts' by Sergio Borelli, 50 min\""}]},{"reference":"\"African Presences I: Music in Africa » Pan-African Festivals\". musc265.blogs.wesleyan.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://musc265.blogs.wesleyan.edu/postcolonial/pan-african-festivals/","url_text":"\"African Presences I: Music in Africa » Pan-African Festivals\""}]},{"reference":"\"FESTAC '77 - 2nd World Black & African Festival of Arts - NaijaPositive.com\". naijapositive.myfastforum.org. 25 May 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://naijapositive.myfastforum.org/archive/festac-77-2nd-world-black-and-african-festival-of-arts__o_t__t_21.html","url_text":"\"FESTAC '77 - 2nd World Black & African Festival of Arts - NaijaPositive.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honoring Black Arts | Third World Festival of Black Arts: Dakar, 2010\". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://digital.archives.unesco.org/en/web-exhibitions/detail/b7e8364a-f9a6-4f68-b599-ef2f673977c7","url_text":"\"Honoring Black Arts | Third World Festival of Black Arts: Dakar, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, David (2017). \"Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016\". African Arts. 50 (1): 80–82. doi:10.1162/AFAR_r_00333. hdl:1893/25142. ISSN 0001-9933 – via MIT Press Journals.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/AFAR_r_00333","url_text":"\"Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Arts_(journal)","url_text":"African Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FAFAR_r_00333","url_text":"10.1162/AFAR_r_00333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F25142","url_text":"1893/25142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","url_text":"0001-9933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press Journals"}]},{"reference":"\"FESMAN 2009 - 3rd World Festival of Black Arts\". facebook.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/FESMAN-2009-3rd-World-Festival-of-Black-Arts/139507010116","url_text":"\"FESMAN 2009 - 3rd World Festival of Black Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black World Festival: Festac' 77. Lagos, Nigeria\". funnelme.wordpress.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://funnelme.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/black-world-festival-festac-77/","url_text":"\"Black World Festival: Festac' 77. Lagos, Nigeria\""}]},{"reference":"Abdullahi, Idowu (March 29, 2023). \"Les Wanyika, others to perform at FESTAC Africa festival\". punchng.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/les-wanyika-others-to-perform-at-festac-africa-festival/","url_text":"\"Les Wanyika, others to perform at FESTAC Africa festival\""}]},{"reference":"Amos, Yasinta (May 25, 2023). \"120 golfers brightens Arusha's Festac 2023\". dailynews.co.tz. Arusha: Tanzania Standard Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailynews.co.tz/120-golfers-brightens-arushas-festac-2023/","url_text":"\"120 golfers brightens Arusha's Festac 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Apolinari, Tairo (March 18, 2023). \"FESTAC Africa 2023: Tanzania Hosts Africa's Biggest Festival\". eturbonews.com. TravelNewsGroup, eTurboNews. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eturbonews.com/festac-africa-2023-tanzania-hosts-africas-biggest-festival/","url_text":"\"FESTAC Africa 2023: Tanzania Hosts Africa's Biggest Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unesco Video and Sound Collections. Festac 77 - Lagos Festival\". unesco.org. UNESCO. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&pg=33&id=29","url_text":"\"Unesco Video and Sound Collections. Festac 77 - Lagos Festival\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90856/6574894.html","external_links_name":"\"World Festival of Black Arts launched at UN Headquarters\""},{"Link":"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/Ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=190260&gp=0&lin=1&ll=1","external_links_name":"\"1st World Festival of Negro Arts, Dakar, April 1-24, 1966: Colloquium: Function and Significance of African Negro Art in the Life of the People and for the People, March 30-April 8, 1966; 1968\""},{"Link":"http://www.nypl.org/archives/3636","external_links_name":"\"First World Festival of Negro Arts. U.S. Committee Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715155558/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/w/world-festival-of-negro-arts","external_links_name":"\"World Festival of Negro Arts\""},{"Link":"http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/w/world-festival-of-negro-arts","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://continuo.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/dakar-1966-1er-festival-mondial-des-arts-negres/","external_links_name":"\"Dakar 1966 – 1er Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3jkDAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Lindsay+barrett%22+%22langston+hughes%22&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"\"Writers Seen on the Festival Scene\""},{"Link":"http://www.africanfilmny.org/2012/the-first-world-festival-of-negro-arts/","external_links_name":"\"The First World Festival of Negro Arts\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/135843095","external_links_name":"\"'Festival mondial des arts nègres'- 'World Festival of Black Arts' by Sergio Borelli, 50 min\""},{"Link":"http://musc265.blogs.wesleyan.edu/postcolonial/pan-african-festivals/","external_links_name":"\"African Presences I: Music in Africa » Pan-African Festivals\""},{"Link":"http://naijapositive.myfastforum.org/archive/festac-77-2nd-world-black-and-african-festival-of-arts__o_t__t_21.html","external_links_name":"\"FESTAC '77 - 2nd World Black & African Festival of Arts - NaijaPositive.com\""},{"Link":"http://blog.afropop.org/2011/01/history-of-world-festival-of-black-arts.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of the World Festival of Black Arts & Culture / FESTAC\""},{"Link":"https://digital.archives.unesco.org/en/web-exhibitions/detail/b7e8364a-f9a6-4f68-b599-ef2f673977c7","external_links_name":"\"Honoring Black Arts | Third World Festival of Black Arts: Dakar, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/jan/03/world-festival-of-black-arts-kwei-armah","external_links_name":"\"World Festival of Black Arts: a once in a decade event\""},{"Link":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/world-festival-of-black-arts-announces-lineup/?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"World Festival of Black Arts Announces Lineup\""},{"Link":"http://fulbright.mtvu.com/karimadaoudi/2011/03/21/the-world-festival-of-black-arts-and-cultures/","external_links_name":"\"The World Festival of Black Arts and Cultures\""},{"Link":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/AFAR_r_00333","external_links_name":"\"Dakar 66: Chronicles of a Pan-African Festival – Musée du Quai Branly, Paris February 16–May 15, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2FAFAR_r_00333","external_links_name":"10.1162/AFAR_r_00333"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F25142","external_links_name":"1893/25142"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9933","external_links_name":"0001-9933"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/FESMAN-2009-3rd-World-Festival-of-Black-Arts/139507010116","external_links_name":"\"FESMAN 2009 - 3rd World Festival of Black Arts\""},{"Link":"http://funnelme.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/black-world-festival-festac-77/","external_links_name":"\"Black World Festival: Festac' 77. Lagos, Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/les-wanyika-others-to-perform-at-festac-africa-festival/","external_links_name":"\"Les Wanyika, others to perform at FESTAC Africa festival\""},{"Link":"https://dailynews.co.tz/120-golfers-brightens-arushas-festac-2023/","external_links_name":"\"120 golfers brightens Arusha's Festac 2023\""},{"Link":"https://eturbonews.com/festac-africa-2023-tanzania-hosts-africas-biggest-festival/","external_links_name":"\"FESTAC Africa 2023: Tanzania Hosts Africa's Biggest Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/?s=films_details&pg=33&id=29","external_links_name":"\"Unesco Video and Sound Collections. Festac 77 - Lagos Festival\""},{"Link":"https://vimeo.com/135843095","external_links_name":"“Festival mondial des arts nègres”- “World Festival of Black Arts” by Sergio Borelli, 50 min."},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HiIfnIk9Rw","external_links_name":"\"Arusha open your arms. Les Wanyika coming for FESTAC AFRICA after blankets and wine\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HyISxIQYyI","external_links_name":"\"FESTAC AFRICA 2023 Destination Arusha, Tanzania Episode 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5stZ4XqzQ2A","external_links_name":"\"Tanzania set to host one of Africa's biggest festivals\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141883511","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10144789n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10144789n","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election
1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election
["1 Results","2 References"]
1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election ← 1864 October 25, 1866 1868 →   Nominee Arthur I. Boreman Benjamin H. Smith Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 23,802 17,158 Percentage 58.11% 41.89% Governor before election Arthur I. Boreman Republican Elected Governor Arthur I. Boreman Republican Elections in West Virginia Federal government Presidential elections 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1863 1865 1871 1877 1877 sp 1882 1883 1887 1888 1889 1892 1893 1893 sp 1895 1899 1901 1905 1907 1911 1911 sp 1913 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1942 1942 sp 1946 1948 1952 1954 1956 sp 1958 1958 sp 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2010 sp 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1863 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1883 3rd sp 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1905 2nd sp 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 1st sp 1914 1916 2nd sp 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1933 3rd sp 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1951 5th sp 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 3rd sp 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government General elections 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1863 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2011 sp 2012 2016 2020 2024 Attorney General elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 Secretary of State elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 Auditor elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 Treasurer elections 2012 2016 2020 2024 Senate elections 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Delegates elections 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Local government Charleston (mayoral elections) 2022 Huntington (municipal elections) 2020 2024 Wheeling (municipal elections) 2020 2024 vte The 1866 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on October 25, 1866, to elect the governor of West Virginia. Results West Virginia gubernatorial election, 1866 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Arthur I. Boreman (incumbent) 23,802 58.11 Democratic Benjamin H. Smith 17,158 41.89 Total votes 40,960 100 Republican hold References ^ "Our Campaigns - WV Governor Race - Oct 25, 1866". Retrieved June 2, 2016. vte West Virginia gubernatorial elections 1863 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2011 (special) 2012 2016 2020 2024 vteReconstruction eraParticipantsFederal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans Moderate Republicans Conservative Republicans African-American senators African-American representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African Americans Free people of color Freedman Politicians Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwarts Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman's Savings Bank Women during the Reconstruction era ElectionsPresidential 1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democracy Party 1868 DNC RNC 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 U.S. Senate 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 U.S. House 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 Gubernatorial 1863 AL CA CT KY MA MN NH OH PA VA VT WI WV 1864 CT IL IN LA MD MA MI MO NH VT WV 1865 CT FL LA MA MN NJ OH SC VT WI 1866 CT DE MA ME MI NC OR PA TX VT WV 1867 CA CT MA MD ME MN OH VT WI 1868 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC NJ SC VT WV 1869 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH PA RI VA VT WI 1870 AL CT DE MA ME MI MO OR RI SC VT WV 1871 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN NJ OH RI WI 1872 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC PA RI SC VT WV 1873 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH TX VA WI 1874 AL CT DE KS MA ME MI MO NJ NV OR SC VT 1875 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN OH OH WI 1876 AL CO CT Apr. CT Nov. FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV U.S. elections 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 Key eventsPrelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address 1864 Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address 1865 13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections 1867 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address 1868 14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 elections 1868 State of the Union Address 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war Shoffner Act 1870 elections 1870 State of the Union Address 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Modoc War Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1872 elections 1872 State of the Union Address 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1873 State of the Union Address 1874 Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 elections 1874 State of the Union Address 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address 1876 Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement AspectsHistoriography Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001) Legacy Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier Other topics African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping Category This West Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josse_Ravesteyn
Josse Ravesteyn
["1 Biography","2 Writings","3 Sources"]
Flemish Roman Catholic theologian Josse Ravesteyn, also spelled Ravestein (ca. 1506–1570), was a Flemish Roman Catholic theologian. Biography Born about 1506, at Tielt, a small town in Flanders, hence often called Tiletanus (Jodacus)). He studied philosophy at the Collège du Lys, in the University of Leuven, and in 1525 graduated fourth. He was appointed to teach philosophy in the same college, where he continued his course of theology, under the professors, Ruard Tapper and Jan Hessels (also known as Jean Leonardi Hasselius). From 1540 to 1553 he was president of the College of Houterle, and associated with the Abbé de Ste-Gertrude as guardian of the privileges of the university. In 1546 he became ordinary professor in the theological faculty and canon of the first rank in the collegiate chapter of St-Pierre. He was then only a licentiate in theology, but received the doctorate on 5 October following. On the recommendation of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V he was sent to the Council of Trent (1551) and took an active part in the preparatory work of Sessions XIII-XVI. Arrived at Trent in September 1551, with his four colleagues from the University of Leuven, he presented in November a memorandum "super articulis de sacramentis poenitentiae at extremae unctionis". Later he drew up another on the two articles concerning the Mass. Called by Ferdinand I to the Conference of Worms in 1557, he accompanied Franciscus Sonnius and Martin Rythovius and there met three other theologians from the Low Countries: Jean Delphinus, Barthélemy Latomus, and Peter Canisius. About 1558 he was made provost of Walcourt, in Namur. In 1561, on the resumption of the work of the general council, he was proposed as a delegate, but failing health forced him to decline the honour. In 1559 he succeeded Ruard Tappert as director of the nuns in the hospital at Leuven, an office he filled till his death, 1570. Through personal merit Ravesteyn was selected as rector of the university in 1545 and 1550. He was a pious and learned priest, zealous in teaching purity of doctrine. Through his efforts the teachings of the innovator Michel Baius were censured by the Spanish Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, by the Faculty of Paris in 1560, and by Pius V in his Bull "Ex omnibus afflictionibus" of 1 October 1567. Writings Ravesteyn's works are: "Epistola Ven. Patri Laurentio Villavincentio", against Baianism; "Demonstratio religionis christianae ex verbo Dei"; "Confessionis, sive doctrinae, quae nuper edita est a ministris qui in ecclesiam Antverpiensem irrepserunt et Augustanae confessioni se assentiri profitentur succincta confutatio"; "Apologia Catholicae confutationis profanae illius et pestilentis confessionis, quam contra inanes cavillationes Matthaei Flacci Illyrici"; "De concordia gratiae et liberi arbitrii"; "Epistolae tres Michaeli de Bay"; "Apologia seu defensio decretorum concilii Tridentini de sacramentis adversus censuaras et examen Martini Kemnitii" in two parts. In this "Apology", which is his chief work, the author comments on, and brilliantly defends, the dogmatic decrees of Sessions IV-VI, the doctrine concerning the Canon of the Scriptures, original sin and justification, the sacraments in general, baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist as a sacrament and as a sacrifice. He died before writing a third part, in which he intended to treat of the other sacraments. Sources  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Josse Ravesteyn". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain Germany Belgium Sweden Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie
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He studied philosophy at the Collège du Lys, in the University of Leuven, and in 1525 graduated fourth. He was appointed to teach philosophy in the same college, where he continued his course of theology, under the professors, Ruard Tapper and Jan Hessels (also known as Jean Leonardi Hasselius). From 1540 to 1553 he was president of the College of Houterle, and associated with the Abbé de Ste-Gertrude as guardian of the privileges of the university. In 1546 he became ordinary professor in the theological faculty and canon of the first rank in the collegiate chapter of St-Pierre. He was then only a licentiate in theology, but received the doctorate on 5 October following.On the recommendation of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V he was sent to the Council of Trent (1551) and took an active part in the preparatory work of Sessions XIII-XVI. Arrived at Trent in September 1551, with his four colleagues from the University of Leuven, he presented in November a memorandum \"super articulis de sacramentis poenitentiae at extremae unctionis\". Later he drew up another on the two articles concerning the Mass. Called by Ferdinand I to the Conference of Worms in 1557, he accompanied Franciscus Sonnius and Martin Rythovius and there met three other theologians from the Low Countries: Jean Delphinus, Barthélemy Latomus, and Peter Canisius.About 1558 he was made provost of Walcourt, in Namur. In 1561, on the resumption of the work of the general council, he was proposed as a delegate, but failing health forced him to decline the honour. In 1559 he succeeded Ruard Tappert as director of the nuns in the hospital at Leuven, an office he filled till his death, 1570. Through personal merit Ravesteyn was selected as rector of the university in 1545 and 1550.He was a pious and learned priest, zealous in teaching purity of doctrine. Through his efforts the teachings of the innovator Michel Baius were censured by the Spanish Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, by the Faculty of Paris in 1560, and by Pius V in his Bull \"Ex omnibus afflictionibus\" of 1 October 1567.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baianism"}],"text":"Ravesteyn's works are: \"Epistola Ven. Patri Laurentio Villavincentio\", against Baianism; \"Demonstratio religionis christianae ex verbo Dei\"; \"Confessionis, sive doctrinae, quae nuper edita est a ministris qui in ecclesiam Antverpiensem irrepserunt et Augustanae confessioni se assentiri profitentur succincta confutatio\"; \"Apologia Catholicae confutationis profanae illius et pestilentis confessionis, quam contra inanes cavillationes Matthaei Flacci Illyrici\"; \"De concordia gratiae et liberi arbitrii\"; \"Epistolae tres Michaeli de Bay\"; \"Apologia seu defensio decretorum concilii Tridentini de sacramentis adversus censuaras et examen Martini Kemnitii\" in two parts. In this \"Apology\", which is his chief work, the author comments on, and brilliantly defends, the dogmatic decrees of Sessions IV-VI, the doctrine concerning the Canon of the Scriptures, original sin and justification, the sacraments in general, baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist as a sacrament and as a sacrifice. He died before writing a third part, in which he intended to treat of the other sacraments.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Josse Ravesteyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Josse_Ravesteyn"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/12667a.htm"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6291070#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083445793"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/71736607"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcWB3Wxh6QHd7py7t8cT3"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6028500"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1626361"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/136096352"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14927867"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/qn258ql821z33gk"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p089911180"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/245874"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136096352.html?language=en"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Josse Ravesteyn\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. [1]Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nGermany\nBelgium\nSweden\nNetherlands\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semangat_46
Parti Melayu Semangat 46
["1 Establishment","2 General election","3 Dissolution","4 General election results","5 State election results","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
Malaysian political party Spirit of 46 Malay Party Parti Melayu Semangat 46AbbreviationS46PresidentTengku Razaleigh HamzahSecretary-GeneralSuhaimi KamaruddinDeputy PresidentRais YatimYouth ChiefIbrahim Ali (1989-1991)Wanita ChiefRahmah OsmanFounded3 June 1989Dissolved8 October 1996Split fromUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO)Succeeded byUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO)HeadquartersKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaYouth wingPergerakan Pemuda S46Membership (1996)200,000IdeologyMalay nationalismIslamismConservatismPolitical positionRight-wingNational affiliationAngkatan Perpaduan Ummah (1990–1996)Gagasan Rakyat (1990–1996)ColoursYellow and greenParty flagPolitics of MalaysiaPolitical partiesElections This article is part of a series on thePolitics ofMalaysia Head of State Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Iskandar Conference of Rulers Legislature Parliament of Malaysia 15th Parliament Senate (Dewan Negara) President Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) Speaker Johari Abdul Leader of the Government Anwar Ibrahim Leader of the Opposition Hamzah Zainudin Executive Cabinet Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim Civil service (agencies) Chief Secretary Mohd. Zuki Ali Judiciary Federal Court Chief Justice Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat Court of Appeal President Abang Iskandar Abang Hashim High Court in Malaya ∙ High Court in Sabah and Sarawak Chief Judge of Malaya Mohamad Zabidin Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak Abdul Rahman Sebli Elections Election Commission of Malaysia General elections: 2022 Electoral districts Political parties BN PH PN GPS GRS List of political parties in Malaysia Federalism State governments Chief ministers of the states State legislatures (members) Local governments (list) Ideologies and concepts Anarchism Communism Conservatism Feminism Rukun Negara Malay nationalism Reformasi Islam Hadhari Asian values Race and politics Dayaks in politics Ketuanan Melayu Bumiputera Malaysian Malaysia Social contract Malaysia portal Politics portal Other countries vte The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46) was a Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's "Team B" faction of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), as a challenge to prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and UMNO. Establishment The idea of Semangat 46 first came about in 1985 or 1986 when Malaysia was experiencing an economic recession. In 1987, Razaleigh's "Team B" faction challenged Mahathir's "Team A" faction for control of UMNO. Mahathir won the party election with a slim 41 votes majority in the controversial 1987 UMNO leadership election, and removed all Team B members from the cabinet. Team B leaders claimed many party delegates were improperly elected, and filed suit to overturn the election. This led to UMNO being declared illegal on technical grounds in 1988. Mahathir immediately reconstituted UMNO, with only Team A members. Razaleigh and Team B formed their own party. They tried to register as "UMNO 46" (alluding to the party's founding in 1946. This was an attempt to invoke the nostalgic spirit of the old UMNO. "UMNO 46" was rejected as a duplicate name, so Razaleigh chose the name "Semangat 46". On 3 June 1989, Semangat 46 was officially registered with the electoral college. The first party's general meeting was held on 12 October 1989, officiated by Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj. Among notable leaders that joined Semangat 46 were Marina Yusoff, Ilyani Ishak, Rais Yatim, Harun Idris, Suhaimi Kamaruddin, Ahmad Shabery Cheek, Othman Saat, Salleh Abas, Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad, Tengku Azlan Sultan Abu Bakar, and Ibrahim Ali. General election In 1990, Semangat 46 formed two coalitions with other opposition parties to contest the 1990 Malaysian general election. The Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition was with the multi-racial Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM). The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) coalition was with the Muslim parties Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) and the newly formed Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA). Despite these alliances, Semangat 46 did poorly in the 1990 federal election, winning only 8 of 180 seats. However, the Angkatan alliance swept the state election in Razaleigh's home state, Kelantan, winning all 39 seats. Semangat 46 won 15, PAS won 24. For the first time in UMNO history, the party failed to win any seats in a state level. Over the next few years, Semangat 46 lost support; many of its members defected to UMNO, including the party's youth chief Ibrahim Ali. Others remained as members but withdrew from political activity. In February 1994, Semangat 46 decided to challenge UMNO on Malay communal issues. The party was renamed Parti Melayu Semangat 46, and thus renounced its multi-ethnic stance. In the mid-1990s, Semangat 46's relationship with DAP deteriorated, which eventually led to the breakup of the Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition, shortly before the 1995 Malaysian general election. At the same time, Semangat 46 had increasingly strained ties with PAS over power-sharing in Kelantan state, though they still managed to retain control of Kelantan and worked together in the 1995 election. By this time, the party's credibility was severely compromised by winning so few electoral victories and the loss of many key figures. The deputy president, Rais Yatim, lost his parliamentary seat in the 1995 election, though Tengku Razaleigh was re-elected. In the end, Semangat 46 won six parliamentary seats, with support coming mainly from Kelantan. Dissolution By May 1996, Semangat 46 was greatly reduced in size and influence. Razeleigh was finally worn out after spending millions of ringgit to upkeep the party. Razaleigh officially announced to the remaining 200,000 members that he would disband the party, which was done in October. Razaleigh rejoined UMNO with most of the party members. Some were denied re-admission to UMNO; they either left politics altogether or joined PAS. General election results Election Total seats won Seats contested Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader 1990 8 / 180 55 826,398 14.77% 8 seat; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)/(Gagasan Rakyat) Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah 1995 6 / 192 67 616,589 10.35% 2 seat; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah)/(Gagasan Rakyat) Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah State election results State election State Legislative Assembly Perlis Kedah Kelantan Terengganu Penang Perak Pahang Selangor Negeri Sembilan Malacca Johor Total won / Total contested 2/3 majority 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 1990 0 / 14 0 / 28 15 / 39 2 / 32 0 / 33 0 / 46 1 / 33 1 / 42 0 / 28 0 / 17 1 / 36 20 / 152 1995 0 / 15 0 / 36 12 / 43 0 / 32 0 / 33 0 / 52 0 / 38 0 / 48 0 / 32 0 / 25 0 / 40 12 / 130 See also 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis Gagasan Rakyat Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah References ^ a b c Hwang (2003), p. 224 ^ "Sokongan orang Melayu terhadap UMNO semakin terserlah - Keadilan sudah tidak relevan lagi". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008. ^ British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service (1996). Summary of World Broadcasts. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. The vote was taken during an extra ordinary general meeting of the party in Kuala Lumpur. Earlier in his speech, Semangat 46 president Tengku Razaleigh. ^ "Persaingan 3 penjuru -- Keputusan di Pengkalan Pasir bakal tentukan masa depan Kelantan". Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008. ^ a b c Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). "Splits in Umno and Opposition unity". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar. ^ a b c Yahaya(2003), p. 135 ^ a b Rodan (1996), p. 138 ^ Tan (1989), p. 38-40 ^ Hwang (2003), p. 182 ^ "The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Ditulis Oleh Moderator". 2008. ^ Hwang (2003), p. 184 ^ Francis Kok et al. (2002), p. 95 ^ Yahaya (2003), p. 5 ^ Hwang (2003), p. 260-1 ^ "The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator". 1 May 2008. ^ Stewart (2003), p. 28 ^ "S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library. Bibliography Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9. Hwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-185-2. Stewart, Ian (2003). The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, A Region at Risk. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-977-X. Garry Rodan, Asia Research Centre (1996). Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14865-0. Tan Seng Giaw (1989). First 60 Days: The 27th October ISA Arrests. Democratic Action Party. pp. 38–40. Yahaya Ismail (2003). UMNO POLITICS - Abdullah Badawi's DILEMA. Usaha Teguh Sdn Bhd]. ISBN 983-2236-03-7. vte Political parties in MalaysiaParties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State AssembliesPakatan Harapan (PH) Democratic Action Party (DAP) People's Justice Party (PKR) National Trust Party (AMANAH) United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO) Barisan Nasional (BN) United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS) Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB) Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN) United Sabah Party (PBS) Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) Love Sabah Party (PCS) Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS) Perikatan Nasional (PN) Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN) Other parties Heritage Party (WARISAN) Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA) Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM) Independent Parties without representation in the Parliament and State AssembliesFriends of Barisan Nasional Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP) Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA) Love Malaysia Party (PCM) All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF) Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP) Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM) Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)* Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA) Perikatan Nasional (PN) Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO) Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA) Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN) Other parties Malaysian Indian People’s Party Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI) Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) People's Alternative Party (PAP) Malaysian Hope Party (PHM) Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG) Socialist Alternative (SA)* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP) People's Welfare Party (KITA) Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA) Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN) Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS) Penang Front Party (PFP) Malaysian United Party (MUP) Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC) Sabah Nationality Party (PKS) Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN) Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN) Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS) Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS) Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU) Parti Damai Sabah (SPP) Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK) Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS) Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB) Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE) Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP) Malaysian National Party (PNM) Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM) Green Party of Malaysia (PHM) People First Party (URPARTI) Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA) Barisan Penyatuan Nasional Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI) Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS) Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR) Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S) Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA) Defunct parties and coalitionDefunct coalitions All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) Labour Front (LF) Socialist Front (SF) Alliance Party (AP) Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF) Barisan Sabah Kumpulan Maju (MAJU) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) Gagasan Rakyat (GR) Barisan Alternatif (BA) Pakatan Rakyat (PR) Defunct former parliamentary parties Malayan Party (MP) Sarawak National Party (SNAP) Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS) Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) National Party (Negara) Labour Party of Malaya (Lab) National Convention Party (NCP) Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS) Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP) Semangat 46 (S46) United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO) United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO) Sabah National Party (SANAP) Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA) People's Justice Front (AKAR) Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS) United Democratic Party (UDP) Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) Muslim League of Malaya (ML) National Association of Perak (NAP) Radical Party (RADICAL) Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO) Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP) Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA) Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA) Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA) Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) Sabah Indian Congress (SIC) United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK) Sabah Democratic Party (PDS) Other defunct parties Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist) Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM) North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) Selangor Labour Party (SLP) Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN) Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP) Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN) Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA) Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP) Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT) United People's Party (1976) (UPP) United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO) Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR) United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA) Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR) Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS) Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU) Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA) Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU) Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH) Sabah Chinese Party (PCS) Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN) Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS) Sabah People's Party (PRS) Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM) United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA) Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP) Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP) Community Coalition Congress (CCC) Sabah People's Front (SPF) Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM) Human Rights Party (HRP) Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM) Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB) * denotes non-registered parties Politics of Malaysia Politics portal List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Razaleigh_Hamzah"},{"link_name":"United Malays National Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Mahathir Mohamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-5"}],"text":"The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46) was a Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's \"Team B\" faction of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), as a challenge to prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and UMNO.[5]","title":"Parti Melayu Semangat 46"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-5"},{"link_name":"1987 UMNO leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Malays_National_Organisation_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahaya-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodan-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-split-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahaya-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marina Yusoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Yusoff"},{"link_name":"Ilyani Ishak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyani_Ishak"},{"link_name":"Rais Yatim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_Yatim"},{"link_name":"Harun Idris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Idris"},{"link_name":"Suhaimi Kamaruddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhaimi_Kamaruddin"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Shabery Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shabery_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Othman Saat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othman_Saat"},{"link_name":"Salleh Abas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salleh_Abas"},{"link_name":"Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd_Radzi_Sheikh_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Tengku Azlan Sultan Abu Bakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengku_Azlan_Sultan_Abu_Bakar"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Ali_(Malaysia)"}],"text":"The idea of Semangat 46 first came about in 1985 or 1986 when Malaysia was experiencing an economic recession. In 1987, Razaleigh's \"Team B\" faction challenged Mahathir's \"Team A\" faction for control of UMNO.[5] Mahathir won the party election with a slim 41 votes majority in the controversial 1987 UMNO leadership election,[6] and removed all Team B members from the cabinet. Team B leaders claimed many party delegates were improperly elected, and filed suit to overturn the election. This led to UMNO being declared illegal on technical grounds in 1988. Mahathir immediately reconstituted UMNO, with only Team A members.[7]Razaleigh and Team B formed their own party.[5] They tried to register as \"UMNO 46\" (alluding to the party's founding in 1946. This was an attempt to invoke the nostalgic spirit of the old UMNO.[6] \"UMNO 46\" was rejected as a duplicate name, so Razaleigh chose the name \"Semangat 46\".[8] On 3 June 1989, Semangat 46 was officially registered with the electoral college.[9] The first party's general meeting was held on 12 October 1989, officiated by Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj.[10] Among notable leaders that joined Semangat 46 were Marina Yusoff, Ilyani Ishak, Rais Yatim, Harun Idris, Suhaimi Kamaruddin, Ahmad Shabery Cheek, Othman Saat, Salleh Abas, Mohd Radzi Sheikh Ahmad, Tengku Azlan Sultan Abu Bakar, and Ibrahim Ali.","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 Malaysian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_1990"},{"link_name":"Gagasan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagasan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Democratic Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Parti Rakyat Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Perpaduan_Ummah"},{"link_name":"Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party"},{"link_name":"Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Front"},{"link_name":"Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Hizbul_Muslimin_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Muslim_Congress"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kelantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hwang224-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodan-7"},{"link_name":"Gagasan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagasan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"1995 Malaysian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_1995"},{"link_name":"Rais Yatim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_Yatim"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1990, Semangat 46 formed two coalitions with other opposition parties to contest the 1990 Malaysian general election. The Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition was with the multi-racial Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM). The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) coalition was with the Muslim parties Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) and the newly formed Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA).[11]Despite these alliances, Semangat 46 did poorly in the 1990 federal election, winning only 8 of 180 seats. However, the Angkatan alliance swept the state election in Razaleigh's home state, Kelantan, winning all 39 seats. Semangat 46 won 15, PAS won 24.[12] For the first time in UMNO history, the party failed to win any seats in a state level.[13]Over the next few years, Semangat 46 lost support; many of its members defected to UMNO, including the party's youth chief Ibrahim Ali. Others remained as members but withdrew from political activity.[1] In February 1994, Semangat 46 decided to challenge UMNO on Malay communal issues. The party was renamed Parti Melayu Semangat 46, and thus renounced its multi-ethnic stance.[7]In the mid-1990s, Semangat 46's relationship with DAP deteriorated, which eventually led to the breakup of the Gagasan Rakyat (GR) coalition, shortly before the 1995 Malaysian general election. At the same time, Semangat 46 had increasingly strained ties with PAS over power-sharing in Kelantan state, though they still managed to retain control of Kelantan and worked together in the 1995 election. By this time, the party's credibility was severely compromised by winning so few electoral victories and the loss of many key figures. The deputy president, Rais Yatim, lost his parliamentary seat in the 1995 election, though Tengku Razaleigh was re-elected. In the end, Semangat 46 won six parliamentary seats, with support coming mainly from Kelantan.[14]","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yahaya-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"By May 1996, Semangat 46 was greatly reduced in size and influence. Razeleigh was finally worn out after spending millions of ringgit to upkeep the party.[6] Razaleigh officially announced to the remaining 200,000 members that he would disband the party, which was done in October. Razaleigh rejoined UMNO with most of the party members.[15] Some were denied re-admission to UMNO; they either left politics altogether or joined PAS.[16][17]","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"State election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7007-1161-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1161-9"},{"link_name":"Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/personalizedpoli00inwo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"981-230-185-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-185-2"},{"link_name":"Allen & 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Assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Pakatan Harapan (PH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan"},{"link_name":"Democratic Action Party (DAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Justice Party (PKR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"National Trust Party (AMANAH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Kinabalu_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Barisan Nasional (BN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress"},{"link_name":"Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bersatu_Rakyat_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Gagasan_Rakyat_Sabah"},{"link_name":"United Sabah Party (PBS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"Love Sabah Party (PCS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Sabah_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_Hope_Party"},{"link_name":"Perikatan Nasional (PN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Indigenous_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party"},{"link_name":"Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Heritage Party (WARISAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Democratic_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bangsa_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Harmony_Party"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Makkal_Sakti_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Muslim_Congress"},{"link_name":"Love Malaysia Party (PCM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Malaysia_Party"},{"link_name":"All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Malaysian_Indian_Progressive_Front"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_United_Party"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Party_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Kuasa_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_Rights_Action_Party"},{"link_name":"Perikatan Nasional (PN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_People%E2%80%99s_Party"},{"link_name":"Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah"},{"link_name":"United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_National_Organisation_(New)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Tanah_Air"},{"link_name":"Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Front"},{"link_name":"Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bumiputera_Perkasa_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Indian_Muslim_Alliance_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian People’s Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_People%E2%80%99s_Party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Native_Co-operation_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_National_Alliance_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Alternative Party (PAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alternative_Party"},{"link_name":"Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Fighters%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Alternative (SA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_National_Alliance_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"People's Welfare Party (KITA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Welfare_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Advancement_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_Unity_Party"},{"link_name":"Penang Front Party (PFP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang_Front_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian United Party (MUP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_United_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Ceylonese_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sabah Nationality Party (PKS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Nationality_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_National_People%27s_Unity_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Kebenaran_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bersatu_Bugis_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Ekonomi_Rakyat_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Sejahtera_Angkatan_Perpaduan_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Parti Damai Sabah (SPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Peace_Party"},{"link_name":"Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bumi_Kenyalang"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Science_Aspiration_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Ekonomi_Rakyat_Sarawak_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Gabungan_Jaksa_Pendamai"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Keadilan_India_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysian National Party (PNM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Nasional_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Nasional_Penduduk_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Green Party of Malaysia (PHM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"People First Party (URPARTI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_First_Party_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Bahtera_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barisan Penyatuan Nasional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barisan_Penyatuan_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Aspirasi_Rakyat_Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Bansa_Dayak_Sarawak_Baru"},{"link_name":"Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Sedar_Rakyat_Sarawak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Malaya_Council_of_Joint_Action"},{"link_name":"Labour Front (LF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Front"},{"link_name":"Socialist Front (SF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis"},{"link_name":"Alliance Party (AP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Socialist_Front"},{"link_name":"Barisan Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabah_Front&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kumpulan Maju (MAJU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Ming_Court_Affair"},{"link_name":"Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Perpaduan_Ummah"},{"link_name":"Gagasan Rakyat (GR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagasan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Barisan Alternatif 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(NCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Perhimpunan_Kebangsaan"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_United_Front"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Social_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Semangat 46 (S46)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"United Sabah National Organisation (USNO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasok_Momogun_Organisation"},{"link_name":"United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasokmomogun_Kadazan_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Sabah National Party (SANAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah Chinese Association (SCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Chinese_Association"},{"link_name":"Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Chinese_Association"},{"link_name":"People's Justice Front (AKAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Front"},{"link_name":"Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_People%27s_Energy_Party"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Party (UDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_Progressive_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Muslim League of Malaya (ML)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_League_of_Malaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Association of Perak (NAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radical Party (RADICAL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radical_Party_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak_People%27s_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Chinese_Consolidated_Party"},{"link_name":"Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Pesaka_Bumiputera_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Sabah Indian Congress (SIC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabah_Indian_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Pasok_Nunukragang_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Independence of Malaya Party (IMP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Malaya_Party"},{"link_name":"Malayan Communist Party (MCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction"},{"link_name":"Marxist-Leninist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Marhaen_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Kalimantan_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Selangor Labour Party (SLP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_Masyarakat_Islam_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Sabah_People%27s_Front"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party (SDP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_Wellesley_Labor_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purtobohan_Bumi_Putera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_Insaf_Tanah_Air&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_People%27s_Progressive_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Umat_Sarawak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United People's Party (1976) (UPP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_People%27s_Party_(1976)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Sabah_People%27s_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabah_People%27s_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Sabah_Assembly_Party"},{"link_name":"Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Anak_Jati_Sarawak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak_People%27s_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak_United_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Nasionalis_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Bersatu_Rakyat_Bumiputera_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_Bertindak_Rakyat_abah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabah Chinese Party (PCS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_Chinese_Party"},{"link_name":"Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_National_Momogun_Party"},{"link_name":"Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarawak_United_Labour_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Party (PRS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Welfare_Party_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Democratic_Sabah_People%27s_Power_Party"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Malaysian_Indian_Party"},{"link_name":"Community Coalition Congress (CCC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Coalition_Congress"},{"link_name":"Sabah People's Front (SPF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_Front"},{"link_name":"Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Merdeka_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Party (HRP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Perpaduan_Masyarakat"},{"link_name":"Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Sarawak_Bersatu"},{"link_name":"Politics of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"link_name":"List of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_winning_political_parties_in_the_Malaysian_general_election_by_parliamentary_constituency"}],"text":"Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.\nHwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-185-2.\nStewart, Ian (2003). The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, A Region at Risk. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-977-X.\nGarry Rodan, Asia Research Centre (1996). Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14865-0.\nTan Seng Giaw (1989). First 60 Days: The 27th October ISA Arrests. Democratic Action Party. pp. 38–40.\nYahaya Ismail (2003). UMNO POLITICS - Abdullah Badawi's DILEMA. Usaha Teguh Sdn Bhd]. ISBN 983-2236-03-7.vte Political parties in MalaysiaParties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State AssembliesPakatan Harapan (PH)\nDemocratic Action Party (DAP)\nPeople's Justice Party (PKR)\nNational Trust Party (AMANAH)\nUnited Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)\nBarisan Nasional (BN)\nUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO)\nMalaysian Chinese Association (MCA)\nMalaysian Indian Congress (MIC)\nParti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)\nGabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)\nUnited Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB)\nSarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP)\nParti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS)\nProgressive Democratic Party (PDP)\nGabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)\nParti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN)\nUnited Sabah Party (PBS)\nHomeland Solidarity Party (STAR)\nLove Sabah Party (PCS)\nSabah Progressive Party (SAPP)\nSabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)\nPerikatan Nasional (PN)\nMalaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU)\nMalaysian Islamic Party (PAS)\nParti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)\nOther parties\nHeritage Party (WARISAN)\nMalaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA)\nParti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM)\nSocial Democratic Harmony Party (KDM)\nIndependent\nParties without representation in the Parliament and State AssembliesFriends of Barisan Nasional\nMalaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP)\nMalaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA)\nLove Malaysia Party (PCM)\nAll Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF)\nMalaysian Indian United Party (MIUP)\nPunjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM)\nParti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)*\nMinority Rights Action Party (MIRA)\nPerikatan Nasional (PN)\nMalaysian Indian People’s Party (MIPP)\nGabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)\nUnited Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO)\nLiberal Democratic Party (LDP)\nGerakan Tanah Air (GTA)\nPan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA)\nParti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA)\nParti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)\nOther parties\nMalaysian Indian People’s Party\nSocialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)\nSabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)\nMalaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)\nPeople's Alternative Party (PAP)\nMalaysian Hope Party (PHM)\nHomeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG)\nSocialist Alternative (SA)*\nParti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM)\nMalaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN)\nMalaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP)\nPeople's Welfare Party (KITA)\nMalaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA)\nMalaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN)\nSabah People's Unity Party (PPRS)\nPenang Front Party (PFP)\nMalaysian United Party (MUP)\nMalaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC)\nSabah Nationality Party (PKS)\nSabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN)\nSabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN)\nSabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS)\nSabah People's Economy Party (PERS)\nSabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU)\nParti Damai Sabah (SPP)\nLand of the Hornbills Party (PBK)\nMalaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS)\nEconomic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB)\nJustice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE)\nMalaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP)\nMalaysian National Party (PNM)\nMalaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM)\nGreen Party of Malaysia (PHM)\nPeople First Party (URPARTI)\nMalaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA)\nBarisan Penyatuan Nasional\nParti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI)\nParti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS)\nParti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR)\nSarawak for Sarawakian (S4S)\nSarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)\nDefunct parties and coalitionDefunct coalitions\nAll-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA)\nLabour Front (LF)\nSocialist Front (SF)\nAlliance Party (AP)\nMalayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF)\nBarisan Sabah\nKumpulan Maju (MAJU)\nAngkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU)\nGagasan Rakyat (GR)\nBarisan Alternatif (BA)\nPakatan Rakyat (PR)\nDefunct former parliamentary parties\nMalayan Party (MP)\nSarawak National Party (SNAP)\nSarawak Native People's Party (PBDS)\nSarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS)\nMuslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM)\nNational Party (Negara)\nLabour Party of Malaya (Lab)\n National Convention Party (NCP)\nSabah People's United Front (BERJAYA)\nMalaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS)\nMalaysian Democratic Party (MDP)\nSemangat 46 (S46)\nUnited Sabah National Organisation (USNO)\nUnited Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO)\nUnited Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO)\nSabah National Party (SANAP)\nSabah Chinese Association (SCA)\nSarawak Chinese Association (SCA)\nPeople's Justice Front (AKAR)\nSarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS)\nUnited Democratic Party (UDP)\nSarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP)\nMuslim League of Malaya (ML)\nNational Association of Perak (NAP)\nRadical Party (RADICAL)\nSarawak People's Organisation (SAPO)\nSabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)\nBarisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA)\nParti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA)\nParti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA)\nParti Negara Sarawak (PANAS)\nSabah Indian Congress (SIC)\nUnited Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK)\nSabah Democratic Party (PDS)\nOther defunct parties\nIndependence of Malaya Party (IMP)\nMalayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist)\nMalaysian Marhaen Party (PMM)\nNorth Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP)\nSelangor Labour Party (SLP)\nMuslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN)\nFederated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU)\nSocial Democratic Party (SDP)\nProvince Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP)\nPurtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN)\nKesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA)\nIndependent People's Progressive Party (IPPP)\nParti Umat Sarawak (UMAT)\nUnited People's Party (1976) (UPP)\nUnited Sabah People's Organisation (USPO)\nSabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR)\nUnited Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA)\nParti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR)\nSarawak People's National Party (PNRS)\nSarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU)\nParti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA)\nParti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU)\nParti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH)\nSabah Chinese Party (PCS)\nSabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN)\nSarawak United Labour Party (PLUS)\nSabah People's Party (PRS)\nAngkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM)\nUnited Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA)\nMalaysian Solidarity Party (MSP)\nDemocratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP)\nCommunity Coalition Congress (CCC)\nSabah People's Front (SPF)\nParti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM)\nHuman Rights Party (HRP)\nParti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)\nParti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB)\n* denotes non-registered parties\nPolitics of Malaysia\nPolitics portal\nList of the winning political parties in the Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Malaysian_constitutional_crisis"},{"title":"Gagasan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagasan_Rakyat"},{"title":"Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Perpaduan_Ummah"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sokongan orang Melayu terhadap UMNO semakin terserlah - Keadilan sudah tidak relevan lagi\". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230324/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2004&dt=0222&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_03.htm&arc=hive","url_text":"\"Sokongan orang Melayu terhadap UMNO semakin terserlah - Keadilan sudah tidak relevan lagi\""},{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2004&dt=0222&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Rencana&pg=re_03.htm&arc=hive","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring Service (1996). Summary of World Broadcasts. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. The vote was taken during an extra ordinary general meeting of the party in Kuala Lumpur. Earlier in his speech, Semangat 46 president Tengku Razaleigh.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"British Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Persaingan 3 penjuru -- Keputusan di Pengkalan Pasir bakal tentukan masa depan Kelantan\". Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715021147/http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005&dt=1128&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.htm","url_text":"\"Persaingan 3 penjuru -- Keputusan di Pengkalan Pasir bakal tentukan masa depan Kelantan\""},{"url":"https://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2005&dt=1128&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wong Chin Huat (17 August 2007). \"Splits in Umno and Opposition unity\". The Sun. Retrieved 29 September 2021 – via Malaysian Bar.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/article/news/legal-and-general-news/general-news/splits-in-umno-and-opposition-unity","url_text":"\"Splits in Umno and Opposition unity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Bar","url_text":"Malaysian Bar"}]},{"reference":"\"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Ditulis Oleh Moderator\". 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://theindiestory.blogspot.com/2008/05/parti-melayu-semangat-46-penghormatan.html","url_text":"\"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Ditulis Oleh Moderator\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator\". 1 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://theindiestory.blogspot.com/2008/05/parti-melayu-semangat-46-penghormatan.html","url_text":"\"The Indie Story: 'PARTI MELAYU SEMANGAT 46' (Penghormatan buat UMNO LAMA) Moderator\""}]},{"reference":"\"S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6\" (PDF). Bernama. 18 August 1996 – via Perdana Leadership Foundation Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://lib.perdana.org.my/PLF/Digital_Content/Prominent_Leaders/Mahathir/News_1968-2004/1996-1998/1996pz/parti%20melayu%20semangat%2046%20t.pdf","url_text":"\"S46-Dissolve: Parti Melayu Semangat '46 To Be Dissolved On Oct 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernama","url_text":"Bernama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdana_Leadership_Foundation#Library","url_text":"Perdana Leadership Foundation Library"}]},{"reference":"Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1161-9","url_text":"0-7007-1161-9"}]},{"reference":"Hwang, In-Won (2003). Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-185-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/personalizedpoli00inwo","url_text":"Personalized Politics: The Malaysian State Under Mahathir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-230-185-2","url_text":"981-230-185-2"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Ian (2003). The Mahathir Legacy: A Nation Divided, A Region at Risk. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-977-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-977-X","url_text":"1-86508-977-X"}]},{"reference":"Garry Rodan, Asia Research Centre (1996). Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14865-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/politicalopposit00garr","url_text":"Political Oppositions in Industrialising Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14865-0","url_text":"0-415-14865-0"}]},{"reference":"Tan Seng Giaw (1989). First 60 Days: The 27th October ISA Arrests. Democratic Action Party. pp. 38–40.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Seng_Giaw","url_text":"Tan Seng Giaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party","url_text":"Democratic Action Party"}]},{"reference":"Yahaya Ismail (2003). UMNO POLITICS - Abdullah Badawi's DILEMA. Usaha Teguh Sdn Bhd]. ISBN 983-2236-03-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-2236-03-7","url_text":"983-2236-03-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_duchy
District duchy
["1 Holy Roman Empire","1.1 Bavaria","1.2 Mecklenburg","1.3 Palatinate","1.4 Pomerania","1.5 Saxony and Thuringia","2 Poland","2.1 Original division","2.2 Greater Poland","2.3 Sandomierz","2.4 Masovia","2.5 Kuyavia","2.6 Silesia","3 Pomerelia","4 References"]
The district duchy, also known as the district principality, was a type of the state under the patrimonial system, such as duchy or principality, formed in the feudal system, as a result of land partition between the members of a royal family. It occurred in the Middle Ages and early modern period, notably in Europe, in states such as the Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Poland, and Kievan Rus'. Holy Roman Empire Bavaria Further information: Duchy of Bavaria Bavaria-Ingolstadt Bavaria-Landshut Bavaria-Munich Bavaria-Straubing Mecklenburg Main article: Partitions of Mecklenburg Further information: Duchy of Mecklenburg Mecklenburg-Güstrow Mecklenburg-Schwerin Mecklenburg-Stargard Mecklenburg-Strelitz Palatinate Further information: Electorate of Palatinate Palatinate-Birkenfeld Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken Palatinate-Kleeburg Palatinate-Landsberg Palatinate-Lautern Palatinate-Mosbach Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt Palatinate-Neuburg Palatinate-Neumarkt Palatinate-Simmern Palatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken Palatinate-Simmern-Kaiserslautern Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim Palatinate-Sulzbach Palatinate-Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein Palatinate-Zweibrücken Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein Pomerania Main article: Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania Further information: Duchy of Pomerania Pomerania-Demmin Pomerania-Stettin Pomerania-Schlawe Pomerania-Wolgast Pomerania-Stolp Pomerania-Neustettin Pomerania-Stargard Pomerania-Barth Pomerania-Rügenwalde Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp Saxony and Thuringia Main article: Saxon duchies Further information: House Wettin Saxe-Altenburg Saxe-Coburg Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Saxe-Eisenberg Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Saxe-Eisenach Saxe-Gotha Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Saxe-Hildburghausen Saxe-Jena Saxe-Marksuhl Saxe-Meiningen Saxe-Römhild Saxe-Saalfeld Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Poland Original division Main article: Duchy of Poland (1138–1227) Seniorate Province (later reformed into the Duchy of Kraków) Duchy of Greater Poland Duchy of Sandomierz Duchy of Masovia Duchy of Silesia Greater Poland Main article: Duchy of Greater Poland Duchy of Poznań Duchy of Gniezno Duchy of Kalisz Sandomierz Main article: Duchy of Sandomierz Duchy of Wiślica Masovia Main article: Duchy of Masovia Duchy of Czersk Duchy of Płock Duchy of Warsaw Duchy of Rawa Duchy of Belz Duchy of Wizna Kuyavia Main article: Duchy of Kuyavia Duchy of Łęczyca Duchy of Sieradz Duchy of Brześć Kujawski Duchy of Inowrocław Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród Duchy of Gniewkowo Duchy of Dobrzyń Silesia Main article: Duchies of Silesia Pomerelia Main article: Duchy of Pomerelia Duchy of Gdańsk Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo Duchy of Białogarda Duchy of Lubiszewo Duchy of Świecie References ^ a b "Rozbicie dzielnicowe". encyklopedia.pwn.pl (in Polish). ^ Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p. 30, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Historia Polski do roku 1505, pp. 104–111 ^ Tadeusz Manteuffel: Historia powszechna. Średniowiecze. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1990, p. 250. ISBN 83-01-08685-8. This European history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about geography terminology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"District duchy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Bavaria-Ingolstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Ingolstadt"},{"link_name":"Bavaria-Landshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut"},{"link_name":"Bavaria-Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Munich"},{"link_name":"Bavaria-Straubing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing"}],"sub_title":"Bavaria","text":"Further information: Duchy of BavariaBavaria-Ingolstadt\nBavaria-Landshut\nBavaria-Munich\nBavaria-Straubing","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Mecklenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Güstrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Stargard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Stargard"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg-Strelitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz"}],"sub_title":"Mecklenburg","text":"Further information: Duchy of MecklenburgMecklenburg-Güstrow\nMecklenburg-Schwerin\nMecklenburg-Stargard\nMecklenburg-Strelitz","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electorate of Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Birkenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Birkenfeld"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Kleeburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Kleeburg"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Landsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Landsberg"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Lautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Lautern"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Mosbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Mosbach"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Neumarkt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Neumarkt"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Simmern"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Simmern_and_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Simmern-Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Simmern-Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Sulzbach"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Birkenfeld"},{"link_name":"Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein"}],"sub_title":"Palatinate","text":"Further information: Electorate of PalatinatePalatinate-Birkenfeld\nPalatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler\nPalatinate-Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen\nPalatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken\nPalatinate-Kleeburg\nPalatinate-Landsberg\nPalatinate-Lautern\nPalatinate-Mosbach\nPalatinate-Mosbach-Neumarkt\nPalatinate-Neuburg\nPalatinate-Neumarkt\nPalatinate-Simmern\nPalatinate-Simmern and Zweibrücken\nPalatinate-Simmern-Kaiserslautern\nPalatinate-Simmern-Sponheim\nPalatinate-Sulzbach\nPalatinate-Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein\nPalatinate-Zweibrücken\nPalatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld\nPalatinate-Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Demmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Schlawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Wolgast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Neustettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Stargard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Barth"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Rügenwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde"},{"link_name":"Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp"}],"sub_title":"Pomerania","text":"Further information: Duchy of PomeraniaPomerania-Demmin\nPomerania-Stettin\nPomerania-Schlawe\nPomerania-Wolgast\nPomerania-Stolp\nPomerania-Neustettin\nPomerania-Stargard\nPomerania-Barth\nPomerania-Rügenwalde\nPomerania-Wolgast-Stolp","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House Wettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Wettin"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Eisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Coburg-Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Gotha"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Hildburghausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Jena"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Marksuhl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Marksuhl"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Meiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Römhild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-R%C3%B6mhild"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Saalfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Saalfeld"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach"}],"sub_title":"Saxony and Thuringia","text":"Further information: House WettinSaxe-Altenburg\nSaxe-Coburg\nSaxe-Coburg-Eisenach\nSaxe-Coburg-Saalfeld\nSaxe-Eisenberg\nSaxe-Coburg-Gotha\nSaxe-Eisenach\nSaxe-Gotha\nSaxe-Gotha-Altenburg\nSaxe-Hildburghausen\nSaxe-Jena\nSaxe-Marksuhl\nSaxe-Meiningen\nSaxe-Römhild\nSaxe-Saalfeld\nSaxe-Weimar\nSaxe-Weimar-Eisenach","title":"Holy Roman Empire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seniorate Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seniorate_Province"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Sandomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Sandomierz"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Masovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia"}],"sub_title":"Original division","text":"Seniorate Province (later reformed into the Duchy of Kraków)\nDuchy of Greater Poland\nDuchy of Sandomierz\nDuchy of Masovia\nDuchy of Silesia","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Gniezno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniezno"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Kalisz"}],"sub_title":"Greater Poland","text":"Duchy of Poznań\nDuchy of Gniezno\nDuchy of Kalisz","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Wiślica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Wi%C5%9Blica"}],"sub_title":"Sandomierz","text":"Duchy of Wiślica","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Czersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Czersk"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_P%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw_(Middle_Ages)"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Rawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Rawa"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Belz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Belz"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Wizna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Wizna"}],"sub_title":"Masovia","text":"Duchy of Czersk\nDuchy of Płock\nDuchy of Warsaw\nDuchy of Rawa\nDuchy of Belz\nDuchy of Wizna","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Łęczyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Sieradz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Sieradz"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Brześć Kujawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Inowrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Inowroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bydgoszcz_and_Wyszogr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Gniewkowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniewkowo"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Dobrzyń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Dobrzy%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Kuyavia","text":"Duchy of Łęczyca\nDuchy of Sieradz\nDuchy of Brześć Kujawski\nDuchy of Inowrocław\nDuchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród\nDuchy of Gniewkowo\nDuchy of Dobrzyń","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Silesia","title":"Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Białogarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Lubiszewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Świecie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie"}],"text":"Duchy of Gdańsk\nDuchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Białogarda\nDuchy of Lubiszewo\nDuchy of Świecie","title":"Pomerelia"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_Museum
Galatasaray Museum
["1 The building","2 Gallery"]
Culture&Art museum in Istanbul, TurkeyGalatasaray MuseumGalatasaray MüzesiEstablished1868LocationGalatasaray Square, Beyoğlu, Istanbul, TurkeyCoordinates41°02′02″N 28°58′39″E / 41.03376°N 28.97749°E / 41.03376; 28.97749TypeCulture&Art museumDirectorMünevver EminoğluWebsiteGalatasaray Website Galatasaray Museum (officially Galatasaray University Culture&Art Center; Turkish: Galatasaray Müzesi) is a cultural center in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in 1868 to inform the society of the traditions and history of Galatasaray. The building The museum initially opened at Kalamış Bay. Later in 1919, it was moved to Galatasaray High School. The museum building, formerly known as Galatasaray Post Office, was restored and remodelled to suit a museum. Galatasaray Museum was renovated and reopened in 2009 with a very successful and contemporary exhibition concept. Galatasaray opened its new museum in 2018. Most trophies and plaques have been moved to the new museum located in the Nef Stadium. The museum in Beyoğlu is still in use. However, most of the trophies are on display in the newly opened stadium museum. Gallery First floor – Lycee de Galatasaray & Galatasaray University section Galatasaray Museum Lycee de Galatasaray Galatasaray Museum Lycee de Galatasaray First floor of this museum is dedicated to Lycee de Galatasaray and Galatasaray University. Second floor – Galatasaray Sports Club section Galatasaray Museum Ceiling Galatasaray Museum Door Second floor of this museum is dedicated to Galatasaray Sports Club. vteBeyoğlu, IstanbulPreviously known as "Pera"Neighbourhoods Cihangir Piyalepaşa Sütlüce Quarters Ayaspaşa Çukurcuma Dolapdere Fındıklı Galata Galatasaray Hasköy Kabataş Karaköy Kasımpaşa Kuledibi Tophane Education Deutsche Schule Istanbul Galatasaray High School Liceo Italiano di Istanbul Lycée Français Pierre Loti d'Istanbul Beyoğlu campus St. George's Austrian High School Beykent University Taksim Campus Istanbul Commerce University Sütlüce Campus Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University Landmarks Arap Mosque Bankalar Caddesi Bereketzade Ali Efendi Mosque Camondo Stairs Church of St. Anthony of Padua Church of Saint Benoit Church of St. Mary Draperis Çiçek Pasajı Dolmabahçe Mosque Galata Tower Galataport Galatasaray Museum Karaköy Square Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex Narmanlı Han Nusretiye Clock Tower Nusretiye Mosque Rahmi M. Koç Museum Madame Tussauds Istanbul Molla Çelebi Mosque Neve Shalom Synagogue Pera Museum Suriye Pasajı Taksim Gezi Park Taksim Square Tophane Fountain Tophane Park Public art Akdeniz İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul Rainbow stairs Republic Monument Runner Statue of Peace Statue of Pope John XXIII Transit İstiklal Avenue Karaköy Pier Metro stations Kabataş Taksim Şişhane Haliç History Gezi Park protests (2013) Imperial School of Medicine Naum Theatre Business Güney Restaurant Turkey portal Category vteGalatasaray Spor Kulübü Founded October 30, 1905 Based in Istanbul The club History Presidents Galatasaray Marşı Football Men's Football Women's Football Reserves (defunct) Academy Basketball Men's basketball Women's basketball Wheelchair Basketball Voleyball Men's volleyball Women's volleyball Waterpolo Men's Waterpolo Women's Waterpolo Other departments Athletics Bridge Judo Rowing Sailing Swimming Esports Chess Equestrian Inactive departments Handball Superleague Formula Facilities Ali Sami Yen Sports Complex Nef Stadium Florya Metin Oktay Facilities Kemerburgaz Metin Oktay Facilities Sinan Erdem Dome Burhan Felek Sport Hall Galatasaray Islet Galatasaray Museum Beyoğlu Hasnun Galip Volleyball Academy Küçükçekmece Rowing Center Old Facilities Ali Sami Yen Stadium Abdi İpekçi Arena Ahmet Cömert Sport Hall Athletes Football (Men's) Football (Women's) Basketball (Men's) Basketball (Women's) Basketball (Wheelchair's) Volleyball (Men's) Volleyball (Women's) Water Polo (Men's) Water Polo (Women's) Coaches Football (Men's) Football (Women's) Basketball (Men's) Basketball (Women's) Basketball (Wheelchair's) Volleyball (Men's) Volleyball (Women's) Supporters ultrAslan Media and others Galatasaray TV Galatasaray Magazine Galatasaray Store GS Mobile GSBonus GSBilyoner GSYandex GSTRAVEL GSForex Education Galatasaray High School Galatasaray University Other institutions Galatasaray Community Rivalries The Intercontinental Derby (football) (Fenerbahçe) Beşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry (football) Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (football) The Intercontinental Derby (basketball) (Fenerbahçe) Beşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry (basketball) Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (basketball) Big Three vteMuseums in IstanbulArchaeology and history museums Istanbul Archaeology Museums Museum of the Ancient Orient Great Palace Mosaic Museum Castles Anadoluhisarı Rumelihisarı Yedikule Fortress Culture and art museums Ara Güler Museum Doğançay Museum Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum İstanbul Modern İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum Pera Museum Rezan Has Museum SantralIstanbul Sakıp Sabancı Museum Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum Sadberk Hanım Museum Elgiz Museum Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art Museum of World Costumes Madame Tussauds Istanbul Historic house museums Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul Aşiyan Museum Atatürk Museum Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion İsmet İnönü House Museum Literary museums Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum Orhan Kemal Literature Museum Piyer Loti Museum Sait Faik Abasıyanık Museum Military museums Aviation Museum Military Museum Naval Museum Palaces and pavilions Aynalıkavak Pavilion Beylerbeyi Palace Dolmabahçe Palace Ihlamur Pavilion Küçüksu Pavilion Maslak Pavilion Tiled Kiosk Topkapı Palace Yıldız Palace Religious museums Chora Church Galata Mevlevi House Museum  Hagia Sophia Jewish Museum of Turkey Pammakaristos Church Science and technology museums Camera Museum Hasanpaşa Gasworks Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam Kandilli Earthquake Museum Kandilli Earthquake Museum Rahmi M. Koç Museum SantralIstanbul Energy Museum Postal Museum Railway Museum Istanbul Zoology Museum ITU Science Center Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin Miscellaneous The Museum of Innocence Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum Fenerbahçe Museum Galatasaray Museum İstanbul Toy Museum Istanbul UFO Museum İşbank Museum MSA Gastronomy Museum Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances Museum of the Princes' Islands TGC Press Media Museum Women's Museum İstanbul This article related to a museum in Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"}],"text":"Galatasaray Museum (officially Galatasaray University Culture&Art Center; Turkish: Galatasaray Müzesi) is a cultural center in Istanbul, Turkey, founded in 1868 to inform the society of the traditions and history of Galatasaray.","title":"Galatasaray Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galatasaray High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School"},{"link_name":"Nef Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef_Stadium"}],"text":"The museum initially opened at Kalamış Bay. Later in 1919, it was moved to Galatasaray High School. The museum building, formerly known as Galatasaray Post Office, was restored and remodelled to suit a museum. Galatasaray Museum was renovated and reopened in 2009 with a very successful and contemporary exhibition concept. Galatasaray opened its new museum in 2018. Most trophies and plaques have been moved to the new museum located in the Nef Stadium. The museum in Beyoğlu is still in use. However, most of the trophies are on display in the newly opened stadium museum.","title":"The building"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GS_Lisesi_-_GS_Museum_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GS_Lisesi_-_GS_Museum_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galatasaray_M%C3%BCzesi_Tavan.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galatasaray_M%C3%BCzesi_Kap%C4%B1.JPG"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Beyoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Cihangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihangir"},{"link_name":"Piyalepaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyalepa%C5%9Fa,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Sütlüce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCtl%C3%BCce,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Ayaspaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaspa%C5%9Fa"},{"link_name":"Çukurcuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurcuma"},{"link_name":"Dolapdere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolapdere"},{"link_name":"Fındıklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Galata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Hasköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hask%C3%B6y,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Kabataş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabata%C5%9F,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Karaköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Kasımpaşa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C4%B1mpa%C5%9Fa,_Beyo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"Kuledibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuledibi"},{"link_name":"Tophane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Schule Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Schule_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_High_School"},{"link_name":"Liceo Italiano di Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceo_Italiano_di_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Lycée Français Pierre Loti d'Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_Pierre_Loti_d%27Istanbul"},{"link_name":"St. George's Austrian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Austrian_High_School"},{"link_name":"Beykent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beykent_University"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Commerce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Commerce_University"},{"link_name":"Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimar_Sinan_Fine_Arts_University"},{"link_name":"Arap Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Bankalar Caddesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankalar_Caddesi"},{"link_name":"Bereketzade Ali Efendi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereketzade_Ali_Efendi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Camondo Stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camondo_Stairs"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Anthony_of_Padua,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Benoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Benoit,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Mary Draperis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_Draperis,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Çiçek Pasajı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7ek_Pasaj%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Dolmabahçe Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Galata Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Tower"},{"link_name":"Galataport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galataport"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Karaköy Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y_Square"},{"link_name":"Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex"},{"link_name":"Narmanlı Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmanl%C4%B1_Han"},{"link_name":"Nusretiye Clock Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusretiye_Clock_Tower"},{"link_name":"Nusretiye Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusretiye_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Rahmi M. Koç Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum"},{"link_name":"Madame Tussauds Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Molla Çelebi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla_%C3%87elebi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Neve Shalom Synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue"},{"link_name":"Pera Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_Museum"},{"link_name":"Suriye Pasajı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriye_Pasaj%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Taksim Gezi Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Gezi_Park"},{"link_name":"Taksim Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square"},{"link_name":"Tophane Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Tophane Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophane_Park"},{"link_name":"Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdeniz_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"İsimlerin Şehri İstanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0simlerin_%C5%9Eehri_%C4%B0stanbul"},{"link_name":"Rainbow stairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_stairs"},{"link_name":"Republic Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Monument"},{"link_name":"Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runner_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Statue of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Peace,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Statue of Pope John XXIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Pope_John_XXIII"},{"link_name":"İstiklal Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Karaköy Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y_Pier"},{"link_name":"Kabataş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabata%C5%9F_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Taksim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Şişhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fhane_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Haliç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali%C3%A7_(Istanbul_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Gezi Park protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests"},{"link_name":"Imperial School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_School_of_Medicine_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Naum Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naum_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Güney Restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Restaurant"},{"link_name":"Turkey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Istanbul"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Galatasaray_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Galatasaray_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galatasaray_Sports_Club"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Spor Kulübü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_SK"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Galatasaray_S.K."},{"link_name":"Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galatasaray_S.K._presidents"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Marşı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_SK_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Men's 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(Women's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(women%27s_basketball)_players"},{"link_name":"Basketball (Wheelchair's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(wheelchair_basketball)_players"},{"link_name":"Volleyball (Men's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(men%27s_volleyball)_players"},{"link_name":"Volleyball (Women's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(women%27s_volleyball)_players"},{"link_name":"Water Polo (Men's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(men%27s_water_polo)_players"},{"link_name":"Water Polo (Women's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Galatasaray_S.K._(women%27s_water_polo)_players&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Football (Men's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Galatasaray_S.K._managers"},{"link_name":"Football 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(football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercontinental_Derby_(football)"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F%E2%80%93Galatasaray_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F%E2%80%93Fenerbah%C3%A7e_rivalry_(football)"},{"link_name":"The Intercontinental Derby (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intercontinental_Derby_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F%E2%80%93Galatasaray_rivalry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Beşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F%E2%80%93Fenerbah%C3%A7e_rivalry_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Big Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Museums_in_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Archaeology Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Ancient Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ancient_Orient"},{"link_name":"Great Palace Mosaic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_Mosaic_Museum"},{"link_name":"Anadoluhisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Rumelihisarı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Yedikule Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedikule_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Ara Güler Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_G%C3%BCler_Museum"},{"link_name":"Doğançay Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan%C3%A7ay_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Contemporary_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Modern"},{"link_name":"İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pera Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rezan Has 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Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Museum,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Aşiyan Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan_Museum"},{"link_name":"Atatürk Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum,_%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli"},{"link_name":"Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Marine_Mansion"},{"link_name":"İsmet İnönü House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Hamdi_Tanp%C4%B1nar_Literature_Museum_Library"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Rahmi_G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar_Museum"},{"link_name":"Orhan Kemal Literature Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Literature_Museum"},{"link_name":"Piyer Loti 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Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Museum,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Hasanpaşa Gasworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanpa%C5%9Fa_Gasworks"},{"link_name":"Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Museum_of_the_History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Kandilli Earthquake Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum"},{"link_name":"Kandilli Earthquake Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandilli_Earthquake_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rahmi M. Koç Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmi_M._Ko%C3%A7_Museum"},{"link_name":"SantralIstanbul Energy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silahtara%C4%9Fa_Power_Station#SantralIstanbul_Energy_Museum"},{"link_name":"Postal Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Postal_Museum"},{"link_name":"Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Zoology Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Zoology_Museum"},{"link_name":"ITU Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum of İhsan Ketin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_%C4%B0hsan_Ketin"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Innocence_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1rk%C3%B6y_Psychiatric_Hospital#Museum"},{"link_name":"Fenerbahçe Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenerbah%C3%A7e_S.K.#Fenerbah%C3%A7e_Museum"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Toy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Toy_Museum"},{"link_name":"Istanbul UFO Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_UFO_Museum"},{"link_name":"İşbank Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fbank_Museum"},{"link_name":"MSA Gastronomy Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutfak_Sanatlari_Akademisi#Museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Illumination_and_Heating_Appliances"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Princes' Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Princes%27_Islands"},{"link_name":"TGC Press Media Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGC_Press_Media_Museum"},{"link_name":"Women's Museum İstanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Museum_%C4%B0stanbul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_btn.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatasaray_Museum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Turkey-museum-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Turkey-museum-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkey-museum-stub"}],"text":"First floor – Lycee de Galatasaray & Galatasaray University sectionGalatasaray Museum Lycee de Galatasaray\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGalatasaray Museum Lycee de GalatasarayFirst floor of this museum is dedicated to Lycee de Galatasaray and Galatasaray University.Second floor – Galatasaray Sports Club sectionGalatasaray Museum Ceiling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGalatasaray Museum DoorSecond floor of this museum is dedicated to Galatasaray Sports Club.vteBeyoğlu, IstanbulPreviously known as \"Pera\"Neighbourhoods\nCihangir\nPiyalepaşa\nSütlüce\nQuarters\nAyaspaşa\nÇukurcuma\nDolapdere\nFındıklı\nGalata\nGalatasaray\nHasköy\nKabataş\nKaraköy\nKasımpaşa\nKuledibi\nTophane\nEducation\nDeutsche Schule Istanbul\nGalatasaray High School\nLiceo Italiano di Istanbul\nLycée Français Pierre Loti d'Istanbul Beyoğlu campus\nSt. George's Austrian High School\nBeykent University Taksim Campus\nIstanbul Commerce University Sütlüce Campus\nMimar Sinan Fine Arts University\nLandmarks\nArap Mosque\nBankalar Caddesi\nBereketzade Ali Efendi Mosque\nCamondo Stairs\nChurch of St. Anthony of Padua\nChurch of Saint Benoit\nChurch of St. Mary Draperis\nÇiçek Pasajı\nDolmabahçe Mosque\nGalata Tower\nGalataport\nGalatasaray Museum\nKaraköy Square\nKılıç Ali Pasha Complex\nNarmanlı Han\nNusretiye Clock Tower\nNusretiye Mosque\nRahmi M. Koç Museum\nMadame Tussauds Istanbul\nMolla Çelebi Mosque\nNeve Shalom Synagogue\nPera Museum\nSuriye Pasajı\nTaksim Gezi Park\nTaksim Square\nTophane Fountain\nTophane Park\nPublic art\nAkdeniz\nİsimlerin Şehri İstanbul\nRainbow stairs\nRepublic Monument\nRunner\nStatue of Peace\nStatue of Pope John XXIII\n\nTransit\nİstiklal Avenue\nKaraköy Pier\nMetro stations\nKabataş\nTaksim\nŞişhane\nHaliç\n\nHistory\nGezi Park protests (2013)\nImperial School of Medicine\nNaum Theatre\nBusiness\nGüney Restaurant\n\n Turkey portal\n CategoryvteGalatasaray Spor Kulübü\nFounded October 30, 1905\nBased in Istanbul\nThe club\nHistory\nPresidents\nGalatasaray Marşı\nFootball\nMen's Football\nWomen's Football\nReserves (defunct)\nAcademy\nBasketball\nMen's basketball\nWomen's basketball\nWheelchair Basketball\nVoleyball\nMen's volleyball\nWomen's volleyball\nWaterpolo\nMen's Waterpolo\nWomen's Waterpolo\nOther departments\nAthletics\nBridge\nJudo\nRowing\nSailing\nSwimming\nEsports\nChess\nEquestrian\nInactive departments\nHandball\nSuperleague Formula\nFacilities\nAli Sami Yen Sports Complex\nNef Stadium\nFlorya Metin Oktay Facilities\nKemerburgaz Metin Oktay Facilities\nSinan Erdem Dome\nBurhan Felek Sport Hall\nGalatasaray Islet\nGalatasaray Museum\nBeyoğlu Hasnun Galip Volleyball Academy\nKüçükçekmece Rowing Center\nOld Facilities\nAli Sami Yen Stadium\nAbdi İpekçi Arena\nAhmet Cömert Sport Hall\nAthletes\nFootball (Men's)\nFootball (Women's)\nBasketball (Men's)\nBasketball (Women's)\nBasketball (Wheelchair's)\nVolleyball (Men's)\nVolleyball (Women's)\nWater Polo (Men's)\nWater Polo (Women's)\nCoaches\nFootball (Men's)\nFootball (Women's)\nBasketball (Men's)\nBasketball (Women's)\nBasketball (Wheelchair's)\nVolleyball (Men's)\nVolleyball (Women's)\nSupporters\nultrAslan\nMedia and others\nGalatasaray TV\nGalatasaray Magazine\nGalatasaray Store\nGS Mobile\nGSBonus\nGSBilyoner\nGSYandex\nGSTRAVEL\nGSForex\nEducation\nGalatasaray High School\nGalatasaray University\nOther institutions\nGalatasaray Community\nRivalries\nThe Intercontinental Derby (football) (Fenerbahçe)\nBeşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry (football)\nBeşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (football)\nThe Intercontinental Derby (basketball) (Fenerbahçe)\nBeşiktaş–Galatasaray rivalry (basketball)\nBeşiktaş–Fenerbahçe rivalry (basketball)\nBig ThreevteMuseums in IstanbulArchaeology and history museums\nIstanbul Archaeology Museums\nMuseum of the Ancient Orient\nGreat Palace Mosaic Museum\nCastles\nAnadoluhisarı\nRumelihisarı\nYedikule Fortress\nCulture and art museums\nAra Güler Museum\nDoğançay Museum\nIstanbul Contemporary Art Museum\nİstanbul Modern\nİstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum\nPera Museum\nRezan Has Museum\nSantralIstanbul\nSakıp Sabancı Museum\nTurkish and Islamic Arts Museum\nSadberk Hanım Museum\nElgiz Museum\nMuseum of Turkish Calligraphy Art\nMuseum of World Costumes\nMadame Tussauds Istanbul\nHistoric house museums\nAdam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul\nAşiyan Museum\nAtatürk Museum\nFlorya Atatürk Marine Mansion\nİsmet İnönü House Museum\nLiterary museums\nAhmet Hamdi Tanpınar Literature Museum Library\nHüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar Museum\nOrhan Kemal Literature Museum\nPiyer Loti Museum\nSait Faik Abasıyanık Museum\nMilitary museums\nAviation Museum\nMilitary Museum\nNaval Museum\nPalaces and pavilions\nAynalıkavak Pavilion\nBeylerbeyi Palace\nDolmabahçe Palace\nIhlamur Pavilion\nKüçüksu Pavilion\nMaslak Pavilion\nTiled Kiosk\nTopkapı Palace\nYıldız Palace\nReligious museums\nChora Church\nGalata Mevlevi House Museum [tr]\nHagia Sophia\nJewish Museum of Turkey\nPammakaristos Church\nScience and technology museums\nCamera Museum\nHasanpaşa Gasworks\nMuseum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam\nKandilli Earthquake Museum\nKandilli Earthquake Museum\nRahmi M. Koç Museum\nSantralIstanbul Energy Museum\nPostal Museum\nRailway Museum\nIstanbul Zoology Museum\nITU Science Center\nNatural History Museum of İhsan Ketin\nMiscellaneous\nThe Museum of Innocence\nBakırköy Psychiatric Hospital Museum\nFenerbahçe Museum\nGalatasaray Museum\nİstanbul Toy Museum\nIstanbul UFO Museum\nİşbank Museum\nMSA Gastronomy Museum\nMuseum of Illumination and Heating Appliances\nMuseum of the Princes' Islands\nTGC Press Media Museum\nWomen's Museum İstanbulThis article related to a museum in Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%E2%80%99Connor
Flannery O'Connor
["1 Early life and education","1.1 Childhood","1.2 School","2 Career","3 Characteristics","4 Illness and death","5 Letters","6 Catholicism","7 Interest in birds","8 Legacy, awards, and tributes","9 Works","9.1 Novels","9.2 Short story collections","9.3 Other works","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Works cited","12 Further reading","12.1 General","12.2 Biographies","12.3 Criticism and cultural impact","12.4 Scholarly guides","13 External links","13.1 Library resources"]
American writer (1925–1964) Flannery O'ConnorIn 1947BornMary Flannery O'Connor(1925-03-25)March 25, 1925Savannah, Georgia, USDiedAugust 3, 1964(1964-08-03) (aged 39)Milledgeville, Georgia, USResting placeMemory Hill Cemetery, Milledgeville, GeorgiaOccupationNovelistshort story writeressayistPeriod1946–1964GenreSouthern GothicSubjectMoralityCatholicismgracetranscendenceLiterary movementChristian realismNotable worksWise BloodThe Violent Bear It AwayA Good Man Is Hard to Find Mary Flannery O'Connor (March 25, 1925 – August 3, 1964) was an American novelist, short story writer and essayist. She wrote two novels and 31 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries. She was a Southern writer who often wrote in a sardonic Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional settings and grotesque characters, often in violent situations. An unsentimental acceptance or rejection of the limitations, imperfections or differences of these characters (whether attributed to disability, race, crime, religion or sanity) typically underpins the drama. Her writing reflects her Roman Catholic faith and frequently examines questions of morality and ethics. Her posthumously compiled Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and has been the subject of enduring praise. Early life and education O'Connor's childhood home in Savannah, Georgia Childhood O'Connor was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of Edward Francis O'Connor, a real estate agent, and Regina Cline, both of Irish descent. As an adult, she remembered herself as a "pigeon-toed child with a receding chin and a you-leave-me-alone-or-I'll-bite-you complex". The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home museum is located at 207 E. Charlton Street on Lafayette Square. In 1940, O'Connor and her family moved to Milledgeville, Georgia, where they initially lived with her mother's family at the so-called 'Cline mansion', in town. In 1937, her father was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus; it led to his eventual death on February 1, 1941. O'Connor and her mother continued to live in Milledgeville. In 1951, they moved to Andalusia Farm, which is now a museum dedicated to O'Connor's work. School O'Connor attended Peabody High School, where she worked as the school newspaper's art editor and from which she graduated in 1942. She entered Georgia State College for Women (now Georgia College & State University) in an accelerated three-year program and graduated in June 1945 with a B.A. in sociology and English literature. While at Georgia College, she produced a significant amount of cartoon work for the student newspaper. Many critics have claimed that the idiosyncratic style and approach of these early cartoons shaped her later fiction in important ways. O'Connor with Arthur Koestler (left) and Robie Macauley on a visit to the Amana Colonies in 1947 In 1945, she was accepted into the prestigious Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa, where she first went to study journalism. While there, she got to know several important writers and critics who lectured or taught in the program, among them Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Robie Macauley, Austin Warren and Andrew Lytle. Lytle, for many years editor of the Sewanee Review, was one of the earliest admirers of her fiction. He later published several of her stories in the Sewanee Review, as well as critical essays on her work. Workshop director Paul Engle was the first to read and comment on the initial drafts of what would become Wise Blood. She received an M.F.A. from the University of Iowa in 1947. She remained at the Iowa Writers' Workshop for another year after completing her degree on a fellowship. During the summer of 1948, O'Connor continued to work on Wise Blood at Yaddo, an artists' community in Saratoga Springs, New York, where she also completed several short stories. In 1949 O'Connor met and eventually accepted an invitation to stay with Robert Fitzgerald (a well-known translator of the classics) and his wife, Sally, in Ridgefield, Connecticut. Career O'Connor is primarily known for her short stories. She published two books of short stories: A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) and Everything That Rises Must Converge (published posthumously in 1965). Many of O'Connor's short stories have been re-published in major anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories and Prize Stories. O'Connor's two novels are Wise Blood (1952) (made into a film by John Huston) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960). She also has had several books of her other writings published, and her enduring influence is attested by a growing body of scholarly studies of her work. Fragments exist of an unfinished novel tentatively titled Why Do the Heathen Rage? that draws from several of her short stories, including "Why Do the Heathen Rage?," "The Enduring Chill," and "The Partridge Festival". Her writing career can be divided into four five-year periods of increasing skill and ambition, 1945 to 1964: Postgraduate student: Iowa Writers' Workshop, first published stories, drafts of Wise Blood. Literary influences include Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry James. Early: Wise Blood completed and published. In this period, satirical elements dominate. Influences include Jacques Maritain. Middle: A Good Man Is Hard to Find published, The Violent Bear It Away written and published. Influences include Friedrich von Hügel. In this period, the mystical undercurrents begin to have primacy. Mature: Everything That Rises Must Converge written. Influences include Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Mary Anne Long (a childhood victim of facial tumors whose story Flannery edited for the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne). In this period, the notion of grotesque is expanded to include the good as grotesque, and the grotesque as good. 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Her fiction is usually set in the South and features morally flawed protagonists who frequently interact with characters with disabilities or are disabled themselves (as O'Connor was). The issue of race often appears. Most of her works feature disturbing elements, although she did not like to be characterized as cynical. "I am mighty tired of reading reviews that call A Good Man brutal and sarcastic", she wrote. "The stories are hard but they are hard because there is nothing harder or less sentimental than Christian realism ... When I see these stories described as horror stories I am always amused because the reviewer always has hold of the wrong horror." She felt deeply informed by the sacramental and by the Thomist notion that the created world is charged with God. Yet she did not write apologetic fiction of the kind prevalent in the Catholic literature of the time, explaining that a writer's meaning must be evident in his or her fiction without didacticism. She wrote ironic, subtly allegorical fiction about deceptively backward Southern characters, usually fundamentalist Protestants, who undergo transformations of character that, to her thinking, brought them closer to the Catholic mind. The transformation is often accomplished through pain, violence, and ludicrous behavior in the pursuit of the holy. However grotesque the setting, she tried to portray her characters as open to the touch of divine grace. This ruled out a sentimental understanding of the stories' violence, as of her own illness. She wrote: "Grace changes us and the change is painful." She had a deeply sardonic sense of humor, often based on the disparity between her characters' limited perceptions and the extraordinary fate awaiting them. Another frequent source of humor is the attempt of well-meaning liberals to cope with the rural South on their own terms. O'Connor used such characters' inability to come to terms with disability, race, poverty, and fundamentalism, other than in sentimental illusions, to illustrate her view that the secular world was failing in the twentieth century. In several stories, O'Connor explored a number of contemporary issues from the perspective of both her fundamentalist and liberal characters. She addressed the Holocaust in her story "The Displaced Person", racial integration in "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and intersexuality in "A Temple of the Holy Ghost". Her fiction often included references to the problem of race in the South; occasionally, racial issues come to the forefront, as in "The Artificial Nigger", "Everything that Rises Must Converge", and "Judgement Day", her last short story and a drastically rewritten version of her first published story, "The Geranium". Despite her secluded life, her writing reveals an uncanny grasp of the nuances of human behavior. O'Connor gave many lectures on faith and literature, traveling quite far despite her frail health. Politically, she maintained a broadly progressive outlook in connection with her faith, voting for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and outwardly supporting the work of Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement. Despite this, she made her personal stance on race and integration known throughout her life, such as in several letters to playwright Maryat Lee under the pseudonym "Mrs Turpin" saying, "You know, I'm an integrationist by principle & a segregationist by taste. i don't like negroes. They all give me a pain and the more of them I see, the less and less I like them. Particularly the new kind". According to O'Connor biographer, Brad Gooch, there are also "letters where she even talks about a friend that she makes in grad school at the University of Iowa who is Black and she defends this friendship to her own mother in letters. It's complicated to look at and I don't think that we can box her in." Illness and death Andalusia Farm, where O'Connor lived from 1952 until her 1964 death By the summer of 1952, O'Connor was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), as her father had been before her. She remained for the rest of her life on Andalusia. O'Connor lived for twelve years after her diagnosis, seven years longer than expected. Her daily routine was to attend Mass, write in the morning, then spend the rest of the day recuperating and reading. Despite the debilitating effects of the steroid drugs used to treat O'Connor's lupus, she nonetheless made over sixty appearances at lectures to read her works. In the PBS documentary Flannery, the writer Alice McDermott explains the impact lupus had on O'Connor's work, saying, "It was the illness, I think, which made her the writer she is." O'Connor completed more than two dozen short stories and two novels while living with lupus. She died on August 3, 1964, at the age of 39 in Baldwin County Hospital. Her death was caused by complications from a new attack of lupus following surgery for a uterine fibroid. She was buried in Milledgeville, Georgia, at Memory Hill Cemetery. Letters Throughout her life, O'Connor maintained a wide correspondence with writers that included Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, English professor Samuel Ashley Brown, and playwright Maryat Lee. After her death, a selection of her letters, edited by her friend Sally Fitzgerald, was published as The Habit of Being. Much of O'Connor's best-known writing on religion, writing, and the South is contained in these and other letters. In 1955, Betty Hester, an Atlanta file clerk, wrote O'Connor a letter expressing admiration for her work. Hester's letter drew O'Connor's attention, and they corresponded frequently. For The Habit of Being, Hester provided Fitzgerald with all the letters she received from O'Connor but requested that her identity be kept private; she was identified only as "A." The complete collection of the unedited letters between O'Connor and Hester was unveiled by Emory University in May 2007; the letters had been given to the university in 1987 with the stipulation that they not be released to the public for 20 years. Emory University also contains the more than 600 letters O'Connor wrote to her mother, Regina, nearly every day while she was pursuing her literary career in Iowa City, New York, and Massachusetts. Some of these describe "travel itineraries and plumbing mishaps, ripped stockings and roommates with loud radios," as well as her request for the homemade mayonnaise of her childhood. O'Connor lived with her mother for 34 of her 39 years of life. Catholicism O'Connor was a devout Catholic. From 1956 through 1964, she wrote more than one hundred book reviews for two Catholic diocesan newspapers in Georgia: The Bulletin and The Southern Cross. According to fellow reviewer Joey Zuber, the wide range of books she chose to review demonstrated that she was profoundly intellectual. Her reviews consistently confronted theological and ethical themes in books written by the most serious and demanding theologians of her time. Professor of English Carter Martin, an authority on O'Connor's writings, notes simply that her "book reviews are at one with her religious life". A prayer journal O'Connor had kept during her time at the University of Iowa was published in 2013. It included prayers and ruminations on faith, writing, and O'Connor's relationship with God. Interest in birds O'Connor frequently used bird imagery within her fiction. When she was six, O'Connor experienced her first brush with celebrity status. Pathé News filmed "Little Mary O'Connor" with her trained chicken and showed the film around the country. She said: "When I was six I had a chicken that walked backward and was in the Pathé News. I was in it too with the chicken. I was just there to assist the chicken but it was the high point in my life. Everything since has been an anticlimax." In high school, when the girls were required to sew Sunday dresses for themselves, O'Connor sewed a full outfit of underwear and clothes to fit her pet duck and brought the duck to school to model it. As an adult at Andalusia, she raised and nurtured some 100 peafowl. Fascinated by birds of all kinds, she raised ducks, ostriches, emus, toucans, and any sort of exotic bird she could obtain, while incorporating peacock imagery in her writing. She described her peacocks in an essay titled "The King of the Birds". Legacy, awards, and tributes O'Connor's Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and, in a 2009 online poll, was named the best book ever to have won the National Book Awards. In June 2015, the United States Postal Service honored O'Connor with a new postage stamp, the 30th issuance in the Literary Arts series. Some criticized the stamp as failing to reflect O'Connor's character and legacy. She was inducted into the Savannah Women of Vision investiture in 2016. The Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction, named in honor of O'Connor by the University of Georgia Press, is a prize given annually since 1983 to an outstanding collection of short stories. Killdozer published the song "Lupus", based on the disease that took O'Connor's life. Her name is mentioned many times in this song; it can be found on the 1989 album 12 Point Buck. The Flannery O'Connor Book Trail is a series of Little Free Libraries stretching between O'Connor's homes in Savannah and Milledgeville. The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home is a historic house museum in Savannah, Georgia, where O'Connor lived during her childhood. In addition to serving as a museum, the house hosts regular events and programs. Loyola University Maryland had a student dormitory named for O'Connor. In 2020, Flannery O'Connor Hall was renamed in honor of activist Sister Thea Bowman. The announcement also mentions, "This renaming comes after recent recognition of Flannery O’Connor, a 20th century Catholic American writer, and the racism present in some of her work." The film, Flannery: The Storied Life of the Writer from Georgia has been described as the story of a writer "who wrestled with the greater mysteries of existence." In 2023, the biographical film Wildcat was released. Co-written and directed by Ethan Hawke and starring his daughter as Flannery O'Connor, the film features a dramatization of O'Connor trying to publish Wise Blood, interspersed with scenes from her short fiction. In 2024, O'Connor's unfinished novel Why Do the Heathen Rage? was published by Brazos Press. Jessica Hooten Wilson assembled scenes from O'Connor's drafts and supplied her own critical commentary. Works Main article: Flannery O'Connor bibliography Novels Wise Blood (1952) The Violent Bear It Away (1960) Why Do The Heathen Rage (unfinished; published 2024) Short story collections A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories (1955) Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965) The Complete Stories (1971) Other works Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose (1969) The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor (1979) The Presence of Grace: and Other Book Reviews (1983) Flannery O'Connor: Collected Works (1988) Flannery O'Connor: The Cartoons (2012) A Prayer Journal (2013) See also Southern United States literature References Citations ^ "Flannery O'Connor Buried". The New York Times. August 5, 1964. ^ Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disabled Humanity. baylorpress.com. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 3; O'Connor 1979, p. 233: "My papa was a real-estate man" (letter to Elizabeth Fenwick Way, August 4, 1957); Gooch 2009, p. 29. ^ "Focus on Flannery O'Connor at Write by the Sea". independent. June 14, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020. ^ Gooch 2009, p. 30; Bailey, Blake, "Between the House and the Chicken Yard", Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2009): 202–205, archived from the original on June 2, 2016. ^ "Andalusia Farm – Home of Flannery O'Connor". Andalusia Farm. Retrieved March 4, 2016. ^ a b Giannone 2012, p. 23. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 3. ^ "Flannery O'Connor". Andalusia Farm. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016. ^ Gooch 2009, p. 76. ^ Wild, Peter (July 5, 2011). "A Fresh Look at Flannery O'Connor: You May know Her Prose, but Have You Seen Her Cartoons?". Books blog. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ Heintjes, Tom (June 27, 2014). "Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist". Hogan's Alley. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016. ^ Moser, Barry (July 6, 2012). "Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 12, 2019. ^ Gooch 2009. ^ a b c d e Gordon, Sarah (December 8, 2015) . "Flannery O'Connor". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ Fitzgerald 1965, p. xii. ^ "LitCity". ^ Gooch 2009, pp. 146–52. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 4. ^ Farmer, David (1981). Flannery O'Connor: A Descriptive Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing. ^ Terri Kelleher. "THE ABBESS OF ANDALUSIA: Flannery O'Connor's Spiritual Journey, Lorraine Murray 9781935302162". ^ O'Connor 1969, p. 40. ^ a b Enniss, Steve (May 12, 2007). "Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Jacki Lyden. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. ^ a b c O'Connor 1979, p. 90. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 307. ^ Spivey, Ted R. (1997). Flannery O'Connor: The Woman, the Thinker, the Visionary. Mercer University Press. p. 60. ^ Elie, Paul (June 15, 2020). "How racist was Flannery O'Connor?". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 10, 2023. ^ Smith, David (May 8, 2024). "'Acid humour was a big part': the life and legacy of Flannery O'Connor". The Guardian. Retrieved May 14, 2024. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 40 (letter to Sally Fitzgerald, undated, summer 1952) ^ American Masters | Flannery | Season 35, retrieved June 16, 2021 ^ Fitzgerald 1965, p. viii. ^ O'Connor 1979, pp. xii–xiv, xvi, xvii. ^ a b c O'Connor 1979 passim. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 193: "There are no other letters among Flannery's like those to Maryat Lee, none so playful and so often slambang." ^ a b c d Young, Alec T. (Autumn 2007). "Flannery's Friend: Emory Unseals Letters from O'Connor to Longtime Correspondent Betty Hester". Emory Magazine. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2016. ^ O'Connor 1979, p. 90: "You were very kind to write me and the measure of my appreciation must be to ask you to write me again. I would like to know who this is who understands my stories." ^ McCoy, Caroline (May 17, 2019). "Flannery O'Connor's Two Deepest Loves Were Mayonnaise and Her Mother". Literary Hub. ^ O'Connor 2008, p. 3. ^ Martin 1968. ^ a b O'Connor 2008, p. 4. ^ a b Robinson, Marilynne (November 15, 2013). "The Believer: Flannery O'Connor's 'Prayer Journal'". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Cep, Casey N. (November 12, 2013). "Inheritance and Invention: Flannery O'Connor's Prayer Journal". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ O'Connor, Flannery (September 16, 2013). "My Dear God: A Young Writer's Prayers". Journals. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ O'Connor, Flannery (1932). Do You Reverse? (Motion picture). Pathé. ^ O'Connor & Magee 1987, p. 38. ^ Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disabled Humanity. baylorpress.com. p. 9. ^ "National Book Awards – 1972". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (November 19, 2009). "Voters Choose Flannery O'Connor in National Book Award Poll". ArtsBeat (blog). The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2016. ^ "Stamp Announcement 15-28: Flannery O'Connor Stamp". United States Postal Service. May 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Downes, Lawrence (June 4, 2015). "A Good Stamp Is Hard to Find". Opinion. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015. ^ "A Stamp of Good Fortune: Redesigning the Flannery O'Connor Postage". Work in Progress. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. July 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. he soft focus portrait and oversized, decorative peacock feathers . . . do little to support the composition or speak to O'Connor as a literary force. And why do away with her signature cat-eye sunglasses? A 'soft focus' Flannery is at odds with her belief that, 'modern writers must often tell "perverse" stories to "shock" a morally blind world . . . It requires considerable courage not to turn away from the story-teller.' ^ "Complete List of Flannery O'Connor Award Winners". University of Georgia Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Lebos, Jessica Leign (December 31, 2014). "Southern Gothic: Flannery O'Connor Little Free Libraries". Community. Connect Savannah. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ a b "About". FlanneryOConnorHome.org. 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Quigley, Kaitlin (July 24, 2020). "Loyola Renames Flannery O'Connor Hall After Sister Thea Bowman". The Greyhound. Retrieved March 23, 2021. ^ Flannery: The Storied Life of the Writer from Georgia.Directed by Mark Bosco, SJ and Elizabeth Coffman. USA: Long Distance Productions in association with American Masters, 2020. ^ Moran, Daniel. Review of Flannery: The Storied Life of the Writer from Georgia dir. by Mark Bosco, SJ and Elizabeth Coffman. American Catholic Studies 132, no. 4 (2021): 47-50. ^ Hawke, Ethan (September 1, 2023), Wildcat (Biography, Drama), Laura Linney, Philip Ettinger, Rafael Casal, Good Country Pictures, Kingdom Story Company, Renovo Media Group, retrieved October 23, 2023 ^ Emerson, Bo (January 17, 2024). "Assembling the pieces of Flannery O'Connor's incomplete last novel". ArcaMax. Retrieved January 19, 2024. Works cited Fitzgerald, Robert (1965). Introduction. Everything That Rises Must Converge. By O'Connor, Flannery. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374504649. Giannone, Richard (2012). Flannery O'Connor, Hermit Novelist. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611172270. Gooch, Brad (2009). Flannery: A Life of Flannery O'Connor. Little, Brown, and Company. ISBN 9780316040655. Martin, Carter W. (1968). The True Country: Themes in the Fiction of Flannery O'Connor. Vanderbilt University Press. O'Connor, Flannery (1969). Fitzgerald, Sally; Fitzgerald, Robert (eds.). Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374508043. O'Connor, Flannery (1979). Fitzgerald, Sally (ed.). The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374521042. O'Connor, Flannery; Magee, Rosemary M. (1987). Conversations with Flannery O'Connor. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0878052658. O'Connor, Flannery (2008) . Zuber, Leo; Martin, Carter W. (eds.). The Presence of Grace, and Other Book Reviews. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820331393. Further reading General Enniss, Steve (May 12, 2007). "Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Jacki Lyden. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016. Marshall, Nancy (April 28, 2008). "Andalusia: Photographs of Flannery O'Connor's Farm". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7GG60. McCulloch, Christine (October 23, 2008). "Glimpsing Andalusia in the O'Connor–Hester Letters". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7BS43. Wood, Ralph (November 20, 2009). "Flannery O'Connor". Religion & Ethics Newsweekly (Interview). Interviewed by Rafael Pi Roman. PBS. Biographies Bloom, Harold, ed. (2009). Flannery O'Connor. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438128757. Cash, Jean W. (2003). Flannery O'Connor: A Life. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572333055. Murray, Lorraine V. (2009). The Abbess of Andalusia: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor. Saint Benedict Press. ISBN 9781935302162. Criticism and cultural impact Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disability Humanity. Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781602583993. Bruner, Michael Mears (2017). A Subversive Gospel: Flannery O'Connor and the Reimaging of Beauty, Goodness and Truth. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830850662. Westling, Louise (2008). Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820332024. Wood, Ralph (2004). Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802829993. Scholarly guides Scott, R. Neil (2002). Flannery O'Connor: An Annotated Reference Guide to Criticism. Timberlane Books. ISBN 9780971542808. Scott, R. Neil; Nye, Valerie (2002). Gordon, Sarah; Streight, Irwin Howard (eds.). Postmarked Milledgeville: A Guide to Flannery O'Connor's Correspondence in Libraries and Archives. Georgia College & State University. ISBN 9780971556706. External links Library resources about Flannery O'Connor Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Flannery O'Connor Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to Flannery O'Connor. The Flannery O'Connor Repository Works by Flannery O'Connor at Faded Page (Canada) Flannery O'Connor reads short story A Good Man is Hard to Find (audio) Flannery O'Connor introduction to lecture, on Southern Grotesque. Flanner O'Connor cartoons Library resources Postmarked Milledgeville, a guide to archival collections of O'Connor's letters Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Flannery O'Connor papers, 1832–2003 Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Flannery O'Connor collection, c. 1937–2003 Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Letters to Betty Hester, 1955–1964 vteFlannery O'Connor (works)Novels Wise Blood (1952) The Violent Bear It Away (1960) Why Do the Heathen Rage? (2024) Short story collectionsA Good Man Is Hard to Find(1955) "A Good Man is Hard to Find" "The River" "The Life You Save May Be Your Own" "A Stroke of Good Fortune" "A Temple of the Holy Ghost" "The Artificial Nigger" "A Circle in the Fire" "A Late Encounter with the Enemy" "Good Country People" "The Displaced Person" Everything That Rises Must Converge(1965) "Everything That Rises Must Converge" "Greenleaf" "A View of the Woods" "The Enduring Chill" "The Comforts of Home" "The Lame Shall Enter First" "Revelation" "Parker's Back" "Judgement Day" Previously unavailable storiesincluded in The Complete Stories(1971) "The Geranium" "The Barber" "Wildcat" "The Crop" "The Turkey" "The Train" "The Peeler" "The Heart of the Park" "Enoch and the Gorilla" "You Can't Be Any Poorer Than Dead" "The Partridge Festival" "Why Do the Heathen Rage?" Related Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home Andalusia (estate) Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction vteNational Book Award for Fiction (1950–1974) The Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren (1950) Collected Stories of William Faulkner by William Faulkner (1951) From Here to Eternity by James Jones (1952) Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1953) The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1954) A Fable by William Faulkner (1955) Ten North Frederick by John O'Hara (1956) The Field of Vision by Wright Morris (1957) The Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever (1958) The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud (1959) Goodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1960) The Waters of Kronos by Conrad Richter (1961) The Moviegoer by Walker Percy (1962) Morte d'Urban by J. F. Powers (1963) The Centaur by John Updike (1964) Herzog by Saul Bellow (1965) The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966) The Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967) The Eighth Day by Thornton Wilder (1968) Steps by Jerzy Kosiński (1969) them by Joyce Carol Oates (1970) Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow (1971) The Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor (1972) Chimera by John Barth (1973) Augustus by John Williams (1973) Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon (1974) A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (1974) Complete list (1950–1974) (1975–1999) (2000–2024) vteGeorgia Women of Achievement1990s1992 Martha Berry Lucy Craft Laney Juliette Gordon Low Flannery O'Connor 1993 Dicksie Bradley Bandy Mary Musgrove Cassandra Pickett Durham Viola Ross Napier Ma Rainey 1994 Julia Flisch Carson McCullers Margaret Mitchell Ruth Hartley Mosley Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman 1995 Selena Sloan Butler Anna Colquitt Hunter Hazel Jane Raines 1996 Susan Cobb Milton Atkinson Nellie Peters Black Ellen Craft Corra Harris Lugenia Burns Hope 1997 Rebecca Latimer Felton Mary Ann Harris Gay Nancy Hart Lucy Barrow McIntire 1998 Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Julia Collier Harris Rhoda Kaufman Carrie Steele Logan 1999 Moina Michael Lillian Smith 2000s2000 Sallie Ellis Davis Laura Askew Haygood Ellen Axson Wilson 2001 Julia L. Coleman Catherine Evans Whitener 2002 Wessie Gertrude Connell Lula Dobbs McEachern Alice Harrell Strickland 2003 Madeleine Kiker Anthony Helena Maud Brown Cobb Julia Lester Dillon Leila Ross Wilburn 2004 Mathilda Beasley Louise Frederick Hays Helen Dortch Longstreet Sarah McLendon Murphy Emily Barnelia Woodward 2005 Alice Woodby McKane Nina Anderson Pape Jeannette Rankin 2006 Eliza Frances Andrews Grace Towns Hamilton Sarah Porter Hillhouse 2007 Margaret O. Bynum Edith Lenora Foster Helen Douglas Mankin Sara Branham Matthews 2008 Elfrida De Renne Barrow Amilee Chastain Graves Susan Dowdell Myrick 2009 Caroline Pafford Miller Jane Hurt Yarn Harriet Powers 2010s2010 Mary Ann Lipscomb Celestine Sibley Madrid Williams 2011 Lillian Gordy Carter Mary Francis Hill Coley May duBignon Stiles Howard 2012 Sarah Randolph Bailey Beulah Rucker Oliver Ethel Harpst 2013 Lollie Belle Wylie Mary Gregory Jewett Henrietta Stanley Dull 2014 Rebecca Stiles Taylor Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas Bazoline Estelle Usher 2015 Allie Carroll Hart Frances Freeborn Pauley Nell Kendall Hodgson Woodruff 2016 Sarah Harper Heard Ellamae Ellis League Katie Hall Underwood 2017 Carolyn Mackenzie Carter Clermont Huger Lee Lucile Nix 2018 Ludie Clay Andrews Susie Baker King Taylor Mamie George S. Williams 2019 Leila Denmark Mary Dorothy Lyndon 2020s2020 Clarice Cross Bagwell Katharine DuPre Lumpkin Juanita Marsh Jean Elizabeth Geiger Wright 2021 Ruby M. Anderson Mary G. Bryan Laura Pope Forester Allie Murray Smith 2022 Lizzie Lurline Collier Josephine Fields Sanders Hedy West Josephine Wilkins 2023 Phyllis Jenkins Barrow Alice Coachman Luck Flanders Gambrell Dorothy Rogers Tilly 2024 Beatrice Hirsch Haas Adele Hunt Logan Valerie Murphey Elizabeth "Bessie" Tift Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC 2 IdRef
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An unsentimental acceptance or rejection of the limitations, imperfections or differences of these characters (whether attributed to disability, race, crime, religion or sanity) typically underpins the drama.[2]Her writing reflects her Roman Catholic faith and frequently examines questions of morality and ethics. Her posthumously compiled Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and has been the subject of enduring praise.","title":"Flannery O'Connor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flannery_oconnor_home.jpg"},{"link_name":"O'Connor's childhood home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor_Childhood_Home"}],"text":"O'Connor's childhood home in Savannah, Georgia","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor19793O'Connor1979233Gooch200929-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor_Childhood_Home"},{"link_name":"Milledgeville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiannone201223-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor19793-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Childhood","text":"O'Connor was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of Edward Francis O'Connor, a real estate agent, and Regina Cline, both of Irish descent.[3][4] As an adult, she remembered herself as a \"pigeon-toed child with a receding chin and a you-leave-me-alone-or-I'll-bite-you complex\".[5] The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home museum is located at 207 E. Charlton Street on Lafayette Square.In 1940, O'Connor and her family moved to Milledgeville, Georgia, where they initially lived with her mother's family at the so-called 'Cline mansion', in town.[6] In 1937, her father was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus; it led to his eventual death on February 1, 1941.[7] O'Connor and her mother continued to live in Milledgeville.[8] In 1951, they moved to Andalusia Farm,[9] which is now a museum dedicated to O'Connor's work.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch200976-10"},{"link_name":"Georgia College & State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_College_%26_State_University"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wild_(2011)-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heintjes_(2014)-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2009-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robie_with_Flannery_1947.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arthur Koestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Koestler"},{"link_name":"Robie Macauley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Macauley"},{"link_name":"Amana Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_Colonies"},{"link_name":"Iowa Writers' Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Writers%27_Workshop"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Robert Penn Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren"},{"link_name":"John Crowe Ransom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom"},{"link_name":"Robie Macauley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robie_Macauley"},{"link_name":"Austin Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Warren_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lytle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Nelson_Lytle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-15"},{"link_name":"Sewanee Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewanee_Review"},{"link_name":"Paul Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Engle"},{"link_name":"Wise Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Blood"},{"link_name":"M.F.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1965xii-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Yaddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaddo"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooch2009146%E2%80%9352-18"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Ridgefield, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgefield,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor19794-19"}],"sub_title":"School","text":"O'Connor attended Peabody High School, where she worked as the school newspaper's art editor and from which she graduated in 1942.[10] She entered Georgia State College for Women (now Georgia College & State University) in an accelerated three-year program and graduated in June 1945 with a B.A. in sociology and English literature. While at Georgia College, she produced a significant amount of cartoon work for the student newspaper.[11][12] Many critics have claimed that the idiosyncratic style and approach of these early cartoons shaped her later fiction in important ways.[13][14]O'Connor with Arthur Koestler (left) and Robie Macauley on a visit to the Amana Colonies in 1947In 1945, she was accepted into the prestigious Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa, where she first went to study journalism. While there, she got to know several important writers and critics who lectured or taught in the program, among them Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Robie Macauley, Austin Warren and Andrew Lytle.[15] Lytle, for many years editor of the Sewanee Review, was one of the earliest admirers of her fiction. He later published several of her stories in the Sewanee Review, as well as critical essays on her work. Workshop director Paul Engle was the first to read and comment on the initial drafts of what would become Wise Blood. She received an M.F.A. from the University of Iowa in 1947.[16] She remained at the Iowa Writers' Workshop for another year after completing her degree on a fellowship.[17] During the summer of 1948, O'Connor continued to work on Wise Blood at Yaddo, an artists' community in Saratoga Springs, New York, where she also completed several short stories.[18]In 1949 O'Connor met and eventually accepted an invitation to stay with Robert Fitzgerald (a well-known translator of the classics) and his wife, Sally, in Ridgefield, Connecticut.[19]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Good Man Is Hard to Find","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_and_Other_Stories"},{"link_name":"Everything That Rises Must Converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_That_Rises_Must_Converge"},{"link_name":"The Best American Short Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_American_Short_Stories"},{"link_name":"Prize Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_Stories:_The_O._Henry_Awards."},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wise Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Blood"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Blood_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Huston"},{"link_name":"The Violent Bear It Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violent_Bear_It_Away"},{"link_name":"The Partridge Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Partridge_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"Wise Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Blood"},{"link_name":"Jacques Maritain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain"},{"link_name":"A Good Man Is Hard to Find","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_and_Other_Stories"},{"link_name":"The Violent Bear It Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violent_Bear_It_Away"},{"link_name":"Friedrich von Hügel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel"},{"link_name":"Everything That Rises Must Converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_That_Rises_Must_Converge"},{"link_name":"Pierre Teilhard de Chardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin"},{"link_name":"Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Sisters_of_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"O'Connor is primarily known for her short stories. She published two books of short stories: A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) and Everything That Rises Must Converge (published posthumously in 1965). Many of O'Connor's short stories have been re-published in major anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories and Prize Stories.[20]O'Connor's two novels are Wise Blood (1952) (made into a film by John Huston) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960). She also has had several books of her other writings published, and her enduring influence is attested by a growing body of scholarly studies of her work.Fragments exist of an unfinished novel tentatively titled Why Do the Heathen Rage? that draws from several of her short stories, including \"Why Do the Heathen Rage?,\" \"The Enduring Chill,\" and \"The Partridge Festival\".[citation needed]Her writing career can be divided into four five-year periods of increasing skill and ambition, 1945 to 1964:[citation needed]Postgraduate student: Iowa Writers' Workshop, first published stories, drafts of Wise Blood. Literary influences include Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry James.\nEarly: Wise Blood completed and published. In this period, satirical elements dominate. Influences include Jacques Maritain.\nMiddle: A Good Man Is Hard to Find published, The Violent Bear It Away written and published. Influences include Friedrich von Hügel. In this period, the mystical undercurrents begin to have primacy.\nMature: Everything That Rises Must Converge written. Influences include Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Mary Anne Long (a childhood victim of facial tumors whose story Flannery edited for the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne[21]). In this period, the notion of grotesque is expanded to include the good as grotesque, and the grotesque as good.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor196940-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enniss_(2007)-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor197990-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor197990-24"},{"link_name":"Thomist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomist"},{"link_name":"apologetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologetic"},{"link_name":"didacticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didacticism"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"divine grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1979307-25"},{"link_name":"secular world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"The Displaced Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Displaced_Person"},{"link_name":"racial integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_integration"},{"link_name":"Everything That Rises Must Converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_That_Rises_Must_Converge_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"intersexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"A Temple of the Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Temple_of_the_Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"The Artificial Nigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artificial_Nigger"},{"link_name":"Judgement Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_Day_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Geranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geranium"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Maryat Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryat_Lee"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brad Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Gooch"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Regarding her emphasis of the grotesque, O'Connor said: \"[A]nything that comes out of the South is going to be called grotesque by the northern reader, unless it is grotesque, in which case it is going to be called realistic.\"[22] Her fiction is usually set in the South[23] and features morally flawed protagonists who frequently interact with characters with disabilities or are disabled themselves (as O'Connor was). The issue of race often appears. Most of her works feature disturbing elements, although she did not like to be characterized as cynical. \"I am mighty tired of reading reviews that call A Good Man brutal and sarcastic\", she wrote.[24] \"The stories are hard but they are hard because there is nothing harder or less sentimental than Christian realism ... When I see these stories described as horror stories I am always amused because the reviewer always has hold of the wrong horror.\"[24]She felt deeply informed by the sacramental and by the Thomist notion that the created world is charged with God. Yet she did not write apologetic fiction of the kind prevalent in the Catholic literature of the time, explaining that a writer's meaning must be evident in his or her fiction without didacticism. She wrote ironic, subtly allegorical fiction about deceptively backward Southern characters, usually fundamentalist Protestants, who undergo transformations of character that, to her thinking, brought them closer to the Catholic mind. The transformation is often accomplished through pain, violence, and ludicrous behavior in the pursuit of the holy. However grotesque the setting, she tried to portray her characters as open to the touch of divine grace. This ruled out a sentimental understanding of the stories' violence, as of her own illness. She wrote: \"Grace changes us and the change is painful.\"[25]She had a deeply sardonic sense of humor, often based on the disparity between her characters' limited perceptions and the extraordinary fate awaiting them. Another frequent source of humor is the attempt of well-meaning liberals to cope with the rural South on their own terms. O'Connor used such characters' inability to come to terms with disability, race, poverty, and fundamentalism, other than in sentimental illusions, to illustrate her view that the secular world was failing in the twentieth century.In several stories, O'Connor explored a number of contemporary issues from the perspective of both her fundamentalist and liberal characters. She addressed the Holocaust in her story \"The Displaced Person\", racial integration in \"Everything That Rises Must Converge\" and intersexuality in \"A Temple of the Holy Ghost\". Her fiction often included references to the problem of race in the South; occasionally, racial issues come to the forefront, as in \"The Artificial Nigger\", \"Everything that Rises Must Converge\", and \"Judgement Day\", her last short story and a drastically rewritten version of her first published story, \"The Geranium\".Despite her secluded life, her writing reveals an uncanny grasp of the nuances of human behavior. O'Connor gave many lectures on faith and literature, traveling quite far despite her frail health. Politically, she maintained a broadly progressive outlook in connection with her faith, voting for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and outwardly supporting the work of Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement.[26] Despite this, she made her personal stance on race and integration known throughout her life, such as in several letters to playwright Maryat Lee under the pseudonym \"Mrs Turpin\" saying, \"You know, I'm an integrationist by principle & a segregationist by taste. i don't like negroes. They all give me a pain and the more of them I see, the less and less I like them. Particularly the new kind\".[27] According to O'Connor biographer, Brad Gooch, there are also \"letters where she even talks about a friend that she makes in grad school at the University of Iowa who is Black and she defends this friendship to her own mother in letters. It's complicated to look at and I don't think that we can box her in.\"[28]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andalusia_(farmhouse);_Milledgeville,_Georgia;_January_29,_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor197940-29"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiannone201223-7"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia_(Milledgeville,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-15"},{"link_name":"Flannery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alice McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_McDermott"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-15"},{"link_name":"uterine fibroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_fibroid"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-15"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgerald1965viii-31"},{"link_name":"Memory Hill Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Hill_Cemetery"}],"text":"Andalusia Farm, where O'Connor lived from 1952 until her 1964 deathBy the summer of 1952, O'Connor was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus),[29] as her father had been before her.[7] She remained for the rest of her life on Andalusia.[15] O'Connor lived for twelve years after her diagnosis, seven years longer than expected.Her daily routine was to attend Mass, write in the morning, then spend the rest of the day recuperating and reading. Despite the debilitating effects of the steroid drugs used to treat O'Connor's lupus, she nonetheless made over sixty appearances at lectures to read her works.[15]In the PBS documentary Flannery, the writer Alice McDermott explains the impact lupus had on O'Connor's work, saying, \"It was the illness, I think, which made her the writer she is.\"[30]O'Connor completed more than two dozen short stories and two novels while living with lupus. She died on August 3, 1964, at the age of 39 in Baldwin County Hospital.[15] Her death was caused by complications from a new attack of lupus following surgery for a uterine fibroid.[15] She was buried in Milledgeville, Georgia,[31] at Memory Hill Cemetery.","title":"Illness and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1979''xii''%E2%80%93''xiv'',_''xvi'',_''xvii''-32"},{"link_name":"Robert Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lowell"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bishop"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1979-33"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ashley Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ashley_Brown"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1979-33"},{"link_name":"Maryat Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryat_Lee"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_(2007)-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1979-33"},{"link_name":"Betty Hester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Hester"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_(2007)-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_(2007)-35"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor197990-24"},{"link_name":"Emory University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_University"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young_(2007)-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enniss_(2007)-23"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Throughout her life, O'Connor maintained a wide correspondence[32] with writers that included Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop,[33] English professor Samuel Ashley Brown,[33] and playwright Maryat Lee.[34] After her death, a selection of her letters, edited by her friend Sally Fitzgerald, was published as The Habit of Being.[35][33] Much of O'Connor's best-known writing on religion, writing, and the South is contained in these and other letters.In 1955, Betty Hester, an Atlanta file clerk, wrote O'Connor a letter expressing admiration for her work.[35] Hester's letter drew O'Connor's attention,[36] and they corresponded frequently.[35] For The Habit of Being, Hester provided Fitzgerald with all the letters she received from O'Connor but requested that her identity be kept private; she was identified only as \"A.\"[24] The complete collection of the unedited letters between O'Connor and Hester was unveiled by Emory University in May 2007; the letters had been given to the university in 1987 with the stipulation that they not be released to the public for 20 years.[35][23]Emory University also contains the more than 600 letters O'Connor wrote to her mother, Regina, nearly every day while she was pursuing her literary career in Iowa City, New York, and Massachusetts. Some of these describe \"travel itineraries and plumbing mishaps, ripped stockings and roommates with loud radios,\" as well as her request for the homemade mayonnaise of her childhood.[37] O'Connor lived with her mother for 34 of her 39 years of life.","title":"Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor20083-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1968-39"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor20084-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor20084-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson_(2013)-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cep_(2013)-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson_(2013)-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Yorker_(2013)-43"}],"text":"O'Connor was a devout Catholic. From 1956 through 1964, she wrote more than one hundred book reviews for two Catholic diocesan newspapers in Georgia: The Bulletin and The Southern Cross.[38] According to fellow reviewer Joey Zuber, the wide range of books she chose to review demonstrated that she was profoundly intellectual.[39][page needed] Her reviews consistently confronted theological and ethical themes in books written by the most serious and demanding theologians of her time.[40] Professor of English Carter Martin, an authority on O'Connor's writings, notes simply that her \"book reviews are at one with her religious life\".[40]A prayer journal O'Connor had kept during her time at the University of Iowa was published in 2013.[41] It included prayers and ruminations on faith, writing, and O'Connor's relationship with God.[42][41][43]","title":"Catholicism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pathé News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorMagee198738-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"peafowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl"}],"text":"O'Connor frequently used bird imagery within her fiction.When she was six, O'Connor experienced her first brush with celebrity status. Pathé News filmed \"Little Mary O'Connor\" with her trained chicken[44] and showed the film around the country. She said: \"When I was six I had a chicken that walked backward and was in the Pathé News. I was in it too with the chicken. I was just there to assist the chicken but it was the high point in my life. Everything since has been an anticlimax.\"[45]In high school, when the girls were required to sew Sunday dresses for themselves, O'Connor sewed a full outfit of underwear and clothes to fit her pet duck and brought the duck to school to model it.[46]As an adult at Andalusia, she raised and nurtured some 100 peafowl. Fascinated by birds of all kinds, she raised ducks, ostriches, emus, toucans, and any sort of exotic bird she could obtain, while incorporating peacock imagery in her writing. She described her peacocks in an essay titled \"The King of the Birds\".","title":"Interest in birds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Book Award for Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Book_Awards_1972-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Itzkoff_(2009)-48"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USPS_(2015)-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Downes_(2015)-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FSG_(2015)-51"},{"link_name":"Savannah Women of Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_Women_of_Vision"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor_Award_for_Short_Fiction"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOA_Winners-52"},{"link_name":"Killdozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killdozer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Little Free Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Free_Libraries"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lebos_(2014)-53"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor_Childhood_Home"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Childhood_Home-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Childhood_Home-54"},{"link_name":"Loyola University Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_University_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Thea Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Bowman"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_(2023_film)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"O'Connor's Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction[47] and, in a 2009 online poll, was named the best book ever to have won the National Book Awards.[48]In June 2015, the United States Postal Service honored O'Connor with a new postage stamp, the 30th issuance in the Literary Arts series.[49] Some criticized the stamp as failing to reflect O'Connor's character and legacy.[50][51]She was inducted into the Savannah Women of Vision investiture in 2016.The Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction, named in honor of O'Connor by the University of Georgia Press, is a prize given annually since 1983 to an outstanding collection of short stories.[52]Killdozer published the song \"Lupus\", based on the disease that took O'Connor's life. Her name is mentioned many times in this song; it can be found on the 1989 album 12 Point Buck.The Flannery O'Connor Book Trail is a series of Little Free Libraries stretching between O'Connor's homes in Savannah and Milledgeville.[53]The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home is a historic house museum in Savannah, Georgia, where O'Connor lived during her childhood.[54] In addition to serving as a museum, the house hosts regular events and programs.[54]Loyola University Maryland had a student dormitory named for O'Connor. In 2020, Flannery O'Connor Hall was renamed in honor of activist Sister Thea Bowman. The announcement also mentions, \"This renaming comes after recent recognition of Flannery O’Connor, a 20th century Catholic American writer, and the racism present in some of her work.\"[55]The film, Flannery: The Storied Life of the Writer from Georgia[56] has been described as the story of a writer \"who wrestled with the greater mysteries of existence.\"[57]In 2023, the biographical film Wildcat was released. Co-written and directed by Ethan Hawke and starring his daughter as Flannery O'Connor, the film features a dramatization of O'Connor trying to publish Wise Blood, interspersed with scenes from her short fiction.[58]In 2024, O'Connor's unfinished novel Why Do the Heathen Rage? was published by Brazos Press. Jessica Hooten Wilson assembled scenes from O'Connor's drafts and supplied her own critical commentary.[59]","title":"Legacy, awards, and tributes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wise Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Blood"},{"link_name":"The Violent Bear It Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Violent_Bear_It_Away"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Wise Blood (1952)\nThe Violent Bear It Away (1960)\nWhy Do The Heathen Rage (unfinished; published 2024)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Man_Is_Hard_to_Find_and_Other_Stories"},{"link_name":"Everything That Rises Must Converge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_That_Rises_Must_Converge"},{"link_name":"The Complete Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_(O%27Connor)"}],"sub_title":"Short story collections","text":"A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories (1955)\nEverything That Rises Must Converge (1965)\nThe Complete Stories (1971)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other works","text":"Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose (1969)\nThe Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor (1979)\nThe Presence of Grace: and Other Book Reviews (1983)\nFlannery O'Connor: Collected Works (1988)\nFlannery O'Connor: The Cartoons (2012)\nA Prayer Journal (2013)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699"},{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"Jacki Lyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki_Lyden"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160509125121/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699"},{"link_name":"\"Andalusia: Photographs of Flannery O'Connor's Farm\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//southernspaces.org/2008/andalusia-photographs-flannery-oconnors-farm"},{"link_name":"Southern Spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Spaces"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.18737/M7GG60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18737%2FM7GG60"},{"link_name":"\"Glimpsing Andalusia in the O'Connor–Hester Letters\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//southernspaces.org/2008/glimpsing-andalusia-oconnor-hester-letters"},{"link_name":"Southern Spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Spaces"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.18737/M7BS43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.18737%2FM7BS43"},{"link_name":"\"Flannery O'Connor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/11/20/november-20-2009-flannery-oconnor/5043/"},{"link_name":"Religion & Ethics Newsweekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_%26_Ethics_Newsweekly"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Enniss, Steve (May 12, 2007). \"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Jacki Lyden. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.\nMarshall, Nancy (April 28, 2008). \"Andalusia: Photographs of Flannery O'Connor's Farm\". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7GG60.\nMcCulloch, Christine (October 23, 2008). \"Glimpsing Andalusia in the O'Connor–Hester Letters\". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7BS43.\nWood, Ralph (November 20, 2009). \"Flannery O'Connor\". Religion & Ethics Newsweekly (Interview). Interviewed by Rafael Pi Roman. PBS.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloom, Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5Y36FhTDgTkC"},{"link_name":"Infobase Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobase_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781438128757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438128757"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor: A Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/flanneryoconnorl00cash"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781572333055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572333055"},{"link_name":"Murray, Lorraine V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Murray"},{"link_name":"The Abbess of Andalusia: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aXCNQQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781935302162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935302162"}],"sub_title":"Biographies","text":"Bloom, Harold, ed. (2009). Flannery O'Connor. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438128757.\nCash, Jean W. (2003). Flannery O'Connor: A Life. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572333055.\nMurray, Lorraine V. (2009). The Abbess of Andalusia: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor. Saint Benedict Press. ISBN 9781935302162.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disability Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-gfGDAEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781602583993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602583993"},{"link_name":"A Subversive Gospel: Flannery O'Connor and the Reimaging of Beauty, Goodness and Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4D08MQAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"InterVarsity Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780830850662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830850662"},{"link_name":"Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oOKvHUha4jUC"},{"link_name":"University of Georgia Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780820332024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820332024"},{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=W8mdfufdz7EC"},{"link_name":"Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780802829993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802829993"}],"sub_title":"Criticism and cultural impact","text":"Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disability Humanity. Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781602583993.\nBruner, Michael Mears (2017). A Subversive Gospel: Flannery O'Connor and the Reimaging of Beauty, Goodness and Truth. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830850662.\nWestling, Louise (2008). Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820332024.\nWood, Ralph (2004). Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802829993.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flannery O'Connor: An Annotated Reference Guide to Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YdNF_8KqlV0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780971542808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971542808"},{"link_name":"Postmarked Milledgeville: A Guide to Flannery O'Connor's Correspondence in Libraries and Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y6DfAAAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780971556706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971556706"}],"sub_title":"Scholarly guides","text":"Scott, R. Neil (2002). Flannery O'Connor: An Annotated Reference Guide to Criticism. Timberlane Books. ISBN 9780971542808.\nScott, R. Neil; Nye, Valerie (2002). Gordon, Sarah; Streight, Irwin Howard (eds.). Postmarked Milledgeville: A Guide to Flannery O'Connor's Correspondence in Libraries and Archives. Georgia College & State University. ISBN 9780971556706.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"O'Connor's childhood home in Savannah, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flannery_oconnor_home.jpg/220px-Flannery_oconnor_home.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Connor with Arthur Koestler (left) and Robie Macauley on a visit to the Amana Colonies in 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Robie_with_Flannery_1947.jpg/220px-Robie_with_Flannery_1947.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andalusia Farm, where O'Connor lived from 1952 until her 1964 death","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Andalusia_%28farmhouse%29%3B_Milledgeville%2C_Georgia%3B_January_29%2C_2011.jpg/220px-Andalusia_%28farmhouse%29%3B_Milledgeville%2C_Georgia%3B_January_29%2C_2011.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Southern United States literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States_literature"}]
[{"reference":"\"Flannery O'Connor Buried\". The New York Times. August 5, 1964.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/05/archives/flannery-oconnor-buried.html","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor Buried\""}]},{"reference":"Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disabled Humanity. baylorpress.com.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Focus on Flannery O'Connor at Write by the Sea\". independent. June 14, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/out-about/focus-on-flannery-oconnor-at-write-by-the-sea-38201264.html","url_text":"\"Focus on Flannery O'Connor at Write by the Sea\""}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Blake, \"Between the House and the Chicken Yard\", Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2009): 202–205, archived from the original on June 2, 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vqronline.org/between-house-and-chicken-yard","url_text":"\"Between the House and the Chicken Yard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review","url_text":"Virginia Quarterly Review"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602052313/http://www.vqronline.org/between-house-and-chicken-yard","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Andalusia Farm – Home of Flannery O'Connor\". Andalusia Farm. Retrieved March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://andalusiafarm.org/","url_text":"\"Andalusia Farm – Home of Flannery O'Connor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flannery O'Connor\". Andalusia Farm. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160417201404/http://andalusiafarm.org/flannery-oconnor-2/","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor\""},{"url":"http://andalusiafarm.org/flannery-oconnor-2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wild, Peter (July 5, 2011). \"A Fresh Look at Flannery O'Connor: You May know Her Prose, but Have You Seen Her Cartoons?\". Books blog. The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/jul/05/fresh-look-flannery-o-connor-cartoons","url_text":"\"A Fresh Look at Flannery O'Connor: You May know Her Prose, but Have You Seen Her Cartoons?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315004431/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2011/jul/05/fresh-look-flannery-o-connor-cartoons","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heintjes, Tom (June 27, 2014). \"Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist\". Hogan's Alley. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cartoonician.com/flannery-oconnor-cartoonist/","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogan%27s_Alley_(magazine)","url_text":"Hogan's Alley"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160316111442/http://cartoonician.com/flannery-oconnor-cartoonist/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moser, Barry (July 6, 2012). \"Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist\". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/07/06/flannery-oconnor-cartoonist/","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor, Cartoonist\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Sarah (December 8, 2015) [Originally published July 10, 2002]. \"Flannery O'Connor\". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/flannery-oconnor-1925-1964","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New Georgia Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314114535/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/flannery-oconnor-1925-1964","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"LitCity\".","urls":[{"url":"http://litcity.lib.uiowa.edu/person/flannery-oconnor/","url_text":"\"LitCity\""}]},{"reference":"Farmer, David (1981). Flannery O'Connor: A Descriptive Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Terri Kelleher. \"THE ABBESS OF ANDALUSIA: Flannery O'Connor's Spiritual Journey, Lorraine Murray 9781935302162\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ad2000.com.au/articles/2010/jul2010p16_3327.html","url_text":"\"THE ABBESS OF ANDALUSIA: Flannery O'Connor's Spiritual Journey, Lorraine Murray 9781935302162\""}]},{"reference":"Enniss, Steve (May 12, 2007). \"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Jacki Lyden. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki_Lyden","url_text":"Jacki Lyden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509125121/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spivey, Ted R. (1997). Flannery O'Connor: The Woman, the Thinker, the Visionary. Mercer University Press. p. 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Elie, Paul (June 15, 2020). \"How racist was Flannery O'Connor?\". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/22/how-racist-was-flannery-oconnor","url_text":"\"How racist was Flannery O'Connor?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, David (May 8, 2024). \"'Acid humour was a big part': the life and legacy of Flannery O'Connor\". The Guardian. Retrieved May 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/may/08/flannery-oconnor-movie-maya-ethan-hawke","url_text":"\"'Acid humour was a big part': the life and legacy of Flannery O'Connor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"American Masters | Flannery | Season 35, retrieved June 16, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/video/flannery-mxhspu/","url_text":"American Masters | Flannery | Season 35"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alec T. (Autumn 2007). \"Flannery's Friend: Emory Unseals Letters from O'Connor to Longtime Correspondent Betty Hester\". Emory Magazine. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/2007/autumn/flannery.html","url_text":"\"Flannery's Friend: Emory Unseals Letters from O'Connor to Longtime Correspondent Betty Hester\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926090832/https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_MAGAZINE/2007/autumn/flannery.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCoy, Caroline (May 17, 2019). \"Flannery O'Connor's Two Deepest Loves Were Mayonnaise and Her Mother\". Literary Hub.","urls":[{"url":"https://lithub.com/flannery-oconnors-two-deepest-loves-were-mayonnaise-and-her-mother/","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor's Two Deepest Loves Were Mayonnaise and Her Mother\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Marilynne (November 15, 2013). \"The Believer: Flannery O'Connor's 'Prayer Journal'\". Sunday Book Review. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson","url_text":"Robinson, Marilynne"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/books/review/flannery-oconnors-prayer-journal.html","url_text":"\"The Believer: Flannery O'Connor's 'Prayer Journal'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150928223934/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/books/review/flannery-oconnors-prayer-journal.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cep, Casey N. (November 12, 2013). \"Inheritance and Invention: Flannery O'Connor's Prayer Journal\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/inheritance-and-invention-flannery-oconnors-prayer-journal","url_text":"\"Inheritance and Invention: Flannery O'Connor's Prayer Journal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160514101433/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/inheritance-and-invention-flannery-oconnors-prayer-journal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery (September 16, 2013). \"My Dear God: A Young Writer's Prayers\". Journals. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/16/my-dear-god","url_text":"\"My Dear God: A Young Writer's Prayers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151124133750/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/16/my-dear-god","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery (1932). Do You Reverse? (Motion picture). Pathé.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishpathe.com/video/do-you-reverse-1/","url_text":"Do You Reverse?"}]},{"reference":"Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disabled Humanity. baylorpress.com. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"National Book Awards – 1972\". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1972.html","url_text":"\"National Book Awards – 1972\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Foundation","url_text":"National Book Foundation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423224631/http://www.nationalbook.org/nba1972.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (November 19, 2009). \"Voters Choose Flannery O'Connor in National Book Award Poll\". ArtsBeat (blog). The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/voters-choose-flannery-oconnor-in-national-book-award-poll/","url_text":"\"Voters Choose Flannery O'Connor in National Book Award Poll\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906051408/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/voters-choose-flannery-oconnor-in-national-book-award-poll/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stamp Announcement 15-28: Flannery O'Connor Stamp\". United States Postal Service. May 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2015/pb22416/html/info_012.htm","url_text":"\"Stamp Announcement 15-28: Flannery O'Connor Stamp\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028215939/http://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2015/pb22416/html/info_012.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Downes, Lawrence (June 4, 2015). \"A Good Stamp Is Hard to Find\". Opinion. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/opinion/a-good-stamp-is-hard-to-find.html","url_text":"\"A Good Stamp Is Hard to Find\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107230551/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/opinion/a-good-stamp-is-hard-to-find.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Stamp of Good Fortune: Redesigning the Flannery O'Connor Postage\". Work in Progress. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. July 2015. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. [T]he soft focus portrait and oversized, decorative peacock feathers . . . do little to support the composition or speak to O'Connor as a literary force. And why do away with her signature cat-eye sunglasses? A 'soft focus' Flannery is at odds with her belief that, 'modern writers must often tell \"perverse\" stories to \"shock\" a morally blind world . . . It requires considerable courage not to turn away from the story-teller.'","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fsgworkinprogress.com/2015/07/a-stamp-of-good-fortune/","url_text":"\"A Stamp of Good Fortune: Redesigning the Flannery O'Connor Postage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160408200237/http://www.fsgworkinprogress.com/2015/07/a-stamp-of-good-fortune/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Complete List of Flannery O'Connor Award Winners\". University of Georgia Press. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811173128/http://www.ugapress.org/index.php/series/foc_winners","url_text":"\"Complete List of Flannery O'Connor Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"http://www.ugapress.org/index.php/series/foc_winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lebos, Jessica Leign (December 31, 2014). \"Southern Gothic: Flannery O'Connor Little Free Libraries\". Community. Connect Savannah. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/southern-gothic-oconnor-little-free-libraries/Content?oid=2515180","url_text":"\"Southern Gothic: Flannery O'Connor Little Free Libraries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect_Savannah","url_text":"Connect Savannah"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409112202/http://www.connectsavannah.com/savannah/southern-gothic-oconnor-little-free-libraries/Content?oid=2515180","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". FlanneryOConnorHome.org. 2015. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flanneryoconnorhome.org/#!about/c1p9k","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Quigley, Kaitlin (July 24, 2020). \"Loyola Renames Flannery O'Connor Hall After Sister Thea Bowman\". The Greyhound. Retrieved March 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegreyhound.org/site/2020/07/24/loyola-renames-flannery-oconnor-hall-after-sister-thea-bowman/","url_text":"\"Loyola Renames Flannery O'Connor Hall After Sister Thea Bowman\""}]},{"reference":"Hawke, Ethan (September 1, 2023), Wildcat (Biography, Drama), Laura Linney, Philip Ettinger, Rafael Casal, Good Country Pictures, Kingdom Story Company, Renovo Media Group, retrieved October 23, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26442871/?ref_=nm_flmg_c_1_dr","url_text":"Wildcat"}]},{"reference":"Emerson, Bo (January 17, 2024). \"Assembling the pieces of Flannery O'Connor's incomplete last novel\". ArcaMax. Retrieved January 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcamax.com/entertainment/entertainmenttoday/s-3066869","url_text":"\"Assembling the pieces of Flannery O'Connor's incomplete last novel\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzgerald, Robert (1965). Introduction. Everything That Rises Must Converge. By O'Connor, Flannery. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374504649.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald","url_text":"Fitzgerald, Robert"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/everythingthatri00ocon","url_text":"Everything That Rises Must Converge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374504649","url_text":"9780374504649"}]},{"reference":"Giannone, Richard (2012). Flannery O'Connor, Hermit Novelist. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611172270.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8zkMCAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor, Hermit Novelist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press","url_text":"University of South Carolina Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611172270","url_text":"9781611172270"}]},{"reference":"Gooch, Brad (2009). Flannery: A Life of Flannery O'Connor. Little, Brown, and Company. ISBN 9780316040655.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RWyOhevEnxgC","url_text":"Flannery: A Life of Flannery O'Connor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little,_Brown,_and_Company","url_text":"Little, Brown, and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316040655","url_text":"9780316040655"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Carter W. (1968). The True Country: Themes in the Fiction of Flannery O'Connor. Vanderbilt University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Press","url_text":"Vanderbilt University Press"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery (1969). Fitzgerald, Sally; Fitzgerald, Robert (eds.). Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374508043.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mysterymanners00flan","url_text":"Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374508043","url_text":"9780374508043"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery (1979). Fitzgerald, Sally (ed.). The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374521042.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zU9liqlCzmsC","url_text":"The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374521042","url_text":"9780374521042"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery; Magee, Rosemary M. (1987). Conversations with Flannery O'Connor. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0878052658.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=npIAEl9PfmEC","url_text":"Conversations with Flannery O'Connor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press","url_text":"University of Missouri Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878052658","url_text":"0878052658"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Flannery (2008) [1983]. Zuber, Leo; Martin, Carter W. (eds.). The Presence of Grace, and Other Book Reviews. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820331393.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6wDBOJKg9QAC","url_text":"The Presence of Grace, and Other Book Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820331393","url_text":"9780820331393"}]},{"reference":"Enniss, Steve (May 12, 2007). \"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\". National Public Radio (Interview). Interviewed by Jacki Lyden. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor's Private Life Revealed in Letters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio","url_text":"National Public Radio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki_Lyden","url_text":"Jacki Lyden"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509125121/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=10154699","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Nancy (April 28, 2008). \"Andalusia: Photographs of Flannery O'Connor's Farm\". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7GG60.","urls":[{"url":"http://southernspaces.org/2008/andalusia-photographs-flannery-oconnors-farm","url_text":"\"Andalusia: Photographs of Flannery O'Connor's Farm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Spaces","url_text":"Southern Spaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM7GG60","url_text":"10.18737/M7GG60"}]},{"reference":"McCulloch, Christine (October 23, 2008). \"Glimpsing Andalusia in the O'Connor–Hester Letters\". Southern Spaces. 2008. doi:10.18737/M7BS43.","urls":[{"url":"http://southernspaces.org/2008/glimpsing-andalusia-oconnor-hester-letters","url_text":"\"Glimpsing Andalusia in the O'Connor–Hester Letters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Spaces","url_text":"Southern Spaces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18737%2FM7BS43","url_text":"10.18737/M7BS43"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Ralph (November 20, 2009). \"Flannery O'Connor\". Religion & Ethics Newsweekly (Interview). Interviewed by Rafael Pi Roman. PBS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2009/11/20/november-20-2009-flannery-oconnor/5043/","url_text":"\"Flannery O'Connor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_%26_Ethics_Newsweekly","url_text":"Religion & Ethics Newsweekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS","url_text":"PBS"}]},{"reference":"Bloom, Harold, ed. (2009). Flannery O'Connor. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438128757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Bloom","url_text":"Bloom, Harold"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5Y36FhTDgTkC","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infobase_Publishing","url_text":"Infobase Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438128757","url_text":"9781438128757"}]},{"reference":"Cash, Jean W. (2003). Flannery O'Connor: A Life. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 9781572333055.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/flanneryoconnorl00cash","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press","url_text":"University of Tennessee Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572333055","url_text":"9781572333055"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Lorraine V. (2009). The Abbess of Andalusia: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor. Saint Benedict Press. ISBN 9781935302162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Murray","url_text":"Murray, Lorraine V."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXCNQQAACAAJ","url_text":"The Abbess of Andalusia: A Spiritual Biography of Flannery O'Connor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Press","url_text":"Saint Benedict Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935302162","url_text":"9781935302162"}]},{"reference":"Basselin, Timothy J. (2013). Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disability Humanity. Baylor University Press. ISBN 9781602583993.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-gfGDAEACAAJ","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor: Writing a Theology of Disability Humanity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602583993","url_text":"9781602583993"}]},{"reference":"Bruner, Michael Mears (2017). A Subversive Gospel: Flannery O'Connor and the Reimaging of Beauty, Goodness and Truth. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830850662.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4D08MQAACAAJ","url_text":"A Subversive Gospel: Flannery O'Connor and the Reimaging of Beauty, Goodness and Truth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Press","url_text":"InterVarsity Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830850662","url_text":"9780830850662"}]},{"reference":"Westling, Louise (2008). Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820332024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oOKvHUha4jUC","url_text":"Sacred Groves and Ravaged Gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820332024","url_text":"9780820332024"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Ralph (2004). Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802829993.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W8mdfufdz7EC","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor and the Christ-Haunted South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company","url_text":"Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802829993","url_text":"9780802829993"}]},{"reference":"Scott, R. Neil (2002). Flannery O'Connor: An Annotated Reference Guide to Criticism. Timberlane Books. ISBN 9780971542808.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YdNF_8KqlV0C","url_text":"Flannery O'Connor: An Annotated Reference Guide to Criticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971542808","url_text":"9780971542808"}]},{"reference":"Scott, R. Neil; Nye, Valerie (2002). Gordon, Sarah; Streight, Irwin Howard (eds.). Postmarked Milledgeville: A Guide to Flannery O'Connor's Correspondence in Libraries and Archives. Georgia College & State University. ISBN 9780971556706.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6DfAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Postmarked Milledgeville: A Guide to Flannery O'Connor's Correspondence in Libraries and Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971556706","url_text":"9780971556706"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%27erre_Bourne
Pi'erre Bourne
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Artistry","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Collaboration albums","4.3 Extended plays","4.4 Mixtapes","4.5 Singles","4.6 Other charted songs","5 Production discography","5.1 Charted singles","5.2 Other charted songs","6 References"]
American record producer from South Carolina Pi'erre BourneJenks performing in 2022Background informationBirth nameJordan Timothy JenksBorn (1993-09-19) September 19, 1993 (age 30)Fort Riley, Kansas, U.S.GenresHip hoptrapOccupation(s)Rappersingersongwriterbeatmakerrecord produceraudio engineerDiscographyProduction discographyYears active2010–presentLabelsSossHouseInterscopeWebsiteyopierre.comMusical artist Jordan Timothy Jenks (born September 19, 1993), known professionally as Pi'erre Bourne (pee-AIR BORN), is an American record producer and rapper from Columbia, South Carolina. He is best known for producing the 2017 singles "Magnolia" for Playboi Carti and "Gummo" for 6ix9ine, both of which entered the top 30 of the US Billboard Hot 100. After producing "Magnolia" and five other songs from Playboi Carti's self-titled debut commercial mixtape (2017), Bourne's producer tag—"Yo Pierre, you wanna come out here?" (a line sampled from Season 1, Episode 3 of The Jamie Foxx Show)—became an Internet meme and led him to further recognition. Since then, he has worked extensively with artists including Lil Uzi Vert, Lil Yachty, Young Thug, Juice Wrld, Young Nudy, Trippie Redd, Kanye West, Drake, Nav, Duwap Kaine, and 21 Savage. Early life Jenks was born in Fort Riley, Kansas, but was raised in Columbia, South Carolina. Growing up, he would spend his summers with his grandmother in Queens, New York, which led to his interest in East Coast hip hop artists such as Dipset and G-Unit. He is related to Mobile Malachi, a Belizean Kriol Reggae artist and musician. He is also a cousin of Papoose. Inspired by his uncle Dwight who was a rapper and graphic artist, Jenks first began making beats when he was in elementary school, using FL Studio on his uncle's computer. Career Jenks studied graphic design at Winthrop University for a year before dropping out. At 18, his uncle encouraged him to pursue his career in music and Jenks moved to Atlanta to study sound engineering at the SAE Institute. While in school, he met and began collaborating with DJ Burn One, who encouraged him to create his own instrumentals and not rely on samples. After graduating from school, the studio where the two worked hired him as a full-time engineer. In 2015, Jenks began working for Epic Records as a sound engineer, leaving a year later to focus on his own career. Jenks began producing for Young Nudy and Trippie Redd in 2016. He met Playboi Carti in February 2017, collaborating on the track "Woke Up Like This" and produced most tracks on his debut project. Their song "Magnolia" peaked at 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100. This kickstarted Jenks' producing career, producing songs for 21 Savage, Trippie Redd, Rich the Kid, Lil Yachty, Famous Dex, Nav, Duwap Kaine ,Young Thug and Lil Uzi Vert. Jenks has also released a series of mixtapes called The Life of Pi'erre and has his own imprint, SossHouse, at Interscope Records. He produced Travis Scott's single "Watch" which features Kanye West and Lil Uzi Vert. He also produced Playboi Carti's album Die Lit. He also helped produce Kanye West's albums Ye and Jesus Is King. On May 8, 2019, Pi'erre Bourne and close collaborator Young Nudy released their collaborative mixtape titled Sli'merre. The project, which consists of 12 songs, featured then-rising hip-hop stars DaBaby and Megan Thee Stallion, along with Nudy's cousin and multi-platinum rapper 21 Savage, as well as fellow multi-platinum recording artist Lil Uzi Vert. All songs on the mixtape were produced by Pi'erre, and hit number 1 on Apple Music's US All Genres chart, and debuted at number 167 on the Billboard 200, later peaking at number 63 in the following week. On March 25, 2020, Jenks debuted at No. 1 on Billboard's Hot 100 Producers chart, thanks to four production credits on the deluxe edition of Lil Uzi Vert's second album, Eternal Atake. On June 19, 2020, almost exactly a year after The Life of Pi'erre 4's release, a deluxe edition was released. Jenks also earned himself a placement on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes, producing the song "Pain 1993", featuring Jenks' frequent collaborator Playboi Carti. The song would debut and peak in the top ten (at number 7) on the Hot 100 on May 16, 2020. In March 2021, Jenks won his first Grammy Award for his production work on Kanye West's album, Jesus is King. On June 11, 2021, Jenks's second studio album, The Life of Pi'erre 5, was released by Interscope via Pi'erre's label imprint, SossHouse. The album is entirely produced by Jenks and includes features from Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, and Sharc. On January 14, 2022 Lil Wayne would re-release his Sorry 4 the Wait mixtape with four new songs, with the song "Cameras" with Allan Cubes produced by Jenks. On August 26, 2022, Jenks released a single called "Good Movie", and on September 2, 2022, he released his third studio album of the same name. The album was released by Interscope records and through SossHouse. The album features Don Toliver and frequent collaborator Young Nudy. On February 24, 2023, Jenks released his highly sought after song, "IG". Fans had heard snippets of this song previously on Jenks’ Instagram livestreams, where he often would tease music he had been working on. The track would serve as the lead single to his then yet to be revealed EP Grails, which would include highly sought after tracks from the past. The second and final single 'Honeyberry 2' would release on March 17, 2023. The entirety of the EP would release in full on April 14, 2023. Other tracks featured in the EP 'Chicken and Waffles', 'NY in June', and 'Lessons', among other tracks. His fourth studio album 'Made in Paris' is set to release in 2024. Artistry Jenks is influenced by Wiz Khalifa, Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, J Dilla, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland and Kanye West. Like West, Jenks wants to continue to work as a producer, while pursuing his own rap career. Alphonse Pierre of Pitchfork described Bourne's productions as "beats that pair airy video-game melodies with classic trap drums". His beats typically feature synth pads and flute sounds alternating between 2 or 3 chords. Discography Studio albums Title Details Peak chart positions US USR&B/HH USRap CAN The Life of Pi'erre 4 Released: June 21, 2019 Label: SossHouse, Interscope Format: Digital download, streaming 107 — — — The Life of Pi'erre 5 Released: June 11, 2021 Label: SossHouse, Interscope Format: LP, digital download, streaming 35 17 15 85 Good Movie Released: September 2, 2022 Label: SossHouse, Interscope Format: LP, digital download, streaming — — — — Collaboration albums Title Details Peak chart positions US USR&B/HH Pi'erre & Cardo's Wild Adventure(with Cardo) Released: December 25, 2018 Label: Self-released Format: Streaming — — Sli'merre(with Young Nudy) Released: May 8, 2019 Label: RCA Format: Streaming, digital download 63 35 The Wolf of Peachtree(with Jelly) Released: January 31, 2020 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — Chavo's World(with Chavo) Released: November 27, 2020 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — Frazier Trill(with Frazier Trill) Released: January 29, 2021 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — 47 Meters Down(with Sharc) Released: June 25, 2021 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — Chavo's World 2(with Chavo) Released: August 13, 2021 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — Yo!88(with TM88) Released: December 10, 2021 Label: Capitol, Interscope Format: Streaming, digital download — — Wolf of Peachtree 2(with Jelly) Released: May 27, 2022 Label: Sosshouse Format: Streaming, digital download — — Space Age Pimpin(with Juicy J) Released: June 24, 2022 Label: Trippy Music Format: Streaming, digital download — — Pi'erre & Cardo's Wild Adventure 2(with Cardo) Scheduled: TBA Label: SossHouse, Interscope Format: Streaming, digital download — — Extended plays King of the Hill, October 31, 2014, self-released SossGirl, February 15, 2016, self-released Beast Mode ++++(with Trippie Redd), October 19, 2016, TenThousand Projects Grails, April 14, 2023, SossHouse, Interscope Mixtapes The Bourne Identity, April 4, 2010, self-released The Bourne Ultimatum, June 4, 2010, self-released The Bourne Supremacy, August 19, 2010, self-released Heir To The Throne (Deluxe), January 27, 2012, self-released The Life of Pi'erre, September 19, 2016, self-released The Life of Pi'erre 2, November 25, 2016, self-released The Life of Pi'erre 3, December 26, 2016, self-released Singles List of singles as lead artist, with showing year released and album name Title Year Certifications Album "Yo Pi'erre!"(featuring Playboi Carti) 2017 Non-album singles "Honeyberry" 2018 "Hacked My Instagram" "Marie Curie" "4U" 2021 The Life of Pi'erre 5 "Groceries" "Sossboy 2" (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) "Drunk and Nasty" (featuring Sharc) RIAA: Gold "Block Boy" (with TM88) Yo!88 "IG" 2023 GRAILS "Honeyberry 2" Other charted songs Title Year Peak chart positions Album NZHot "Switching Lanes"(featuring Playboi Carti) 2021 37 The Life of Pi'erre 5 Production discography Charted singles Title Year Peak chart positions Album US USR&B/HH AUS CAN UK "Woke Up Like This"(Playboi Carti featuring Lil Uzi Vert) 2017 76 32 — — — Playboi Carti "Magnolia"(Playboi Carti) 29 11 — 51 — "Gummo"(6ix9ine) 12 5 — 32 — Day69 "Watch"(Travis Scott featuring Lil Uzi Vert and Kanye West) 2018 16 9 65 24 53 Non-album single "Bad Boy"(Juice WRLD and Young Thug) 2021 22 9 55 19 31 Non-album single Other charted songs Title Year Peak chart positions Album US USR&B/HH CAN IRE UK "X"(Lil Uzi Vert) 2017 81 39 — — — Luv Is Rage 2 "Light It Up"(Young Thug) 2019 82 33 — — — So Much Fun "Surf"(Young Thug featuring Gunna) 61 24 — — — "Lil Baby"(Young Thug) 84 35 — — — "On God"(Kanye West) 23 12 21 — — Jesus Is King "Use This Gospel"(Kanye West featuring Clipse and Kenny G) 37 20 34 — — "Bean (Kobe)"(Lil Uzi Vert featuring Chief Keef) 2020 19 10 60 — — Lil Uzi Vert vs. The World 2 "Yessirskiii"(Lil Uzi Vert featuring 21 Savage) 26 14 88 — — "Wassup"(Lil Uzi Vert featuring Future) 54 31 — — — "Money Spread"(Lil Uzi Vert featuring Young Nudy) 89 50 — — — "Pain 1993"(Drake and Playboi Carti) 7 6 7 15 17 Dark Lane Demo Tapes References ^ "BMI | Songview Search". ^ a b "Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' With Playboi Carti, Touring With Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2018. ^ a b c d "Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The "Magnolia" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut". ^ a b "Yo, Pi'erre Bourne Is Out of Here". August 8, 2017. ^ "This Is Where Pierre Bourne's Producer Tag Comes From – XXL". XXL Mag. May 4, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2018. ^ "Who is The Generational Sound Shaker Pi'erre Bourne". audiblwav. June 3, 2019. ^ "Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' with Playboi Carti, Touring with Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions". Billboard. ^ "Mobile Malachi". Channel5Belize. ^ a b "Vice Interview". Vice. August 7, 2017. ^ "The life of Pi'erre Bourne". The FADER. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ Schwartz, Danny (September 12, 2017). "Pi'erre Bourne And The Art Of Hustle". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved May 21, 2024. ^ "Mass Appeal". Mass Appeal. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018. ^ "Pi'erre Bourne Tops Hot 100 Producers Chart, Powered by Lil Uzi Vert's 'Eternal Atake'". Billboard. ^ @PierrrieBourne (June 18, 2020). "Africa got the album already what's it sounding like out there ??? #TLOP4 #DELUXE #ME" (Tweet). Retrieved June 19, 2020 – via Twitter. ^ "Drake – Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2021. ^ "Recording Academy 2021 Grammy Awards". Recording Academy Grammy Awards. ^ a b "The Life of Pi'erre 5 by Pi'erre Bourne". Genius. Retrieved June 18, 2021. ^ "Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The "Magnolia" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut'". FADER. ^ Pierre, Alphonse (April 27, 2020). "Pi'erre Bourne's 10 Best Beats". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 20, 2020. ^ a b "Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ a b "Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ "Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top Rap Albums". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ "Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Canadian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022. ^ "Stream Pi'erre Bourne and Cardo Got Wings's collab project Wild Adventure". December 23, 2018. ^ "Juicy J & Pi'erre Bourne - Space Age Pimpin". Apple Music. Retrieved June 24, 2022. ^ "American certifications – Pi'erre Bourne". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved September 21, 2023. ^ "Hot Singles Chart". The Official New Zealand Music Chart. Retrieved June 18, 2021. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pee-AIR BORN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_(Playboi_Carti_song)"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Gummo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummo_(song)"},{"link_name":"6ix9ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6ix9ine"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierre-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fader-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-4"},{"link_name":"producing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_(Playboi_Carti_song)"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut commercial mixtape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti_(mixtape)"},{"link_name":"producer tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer_tag"},{"link_name":"The Jamie Foxx Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Young Thug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Thug"},{"link_name":"Juice Wrld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Wrld"},{"link_name":"Young Nudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Nudy"},{"link_name":"Trippie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Duwap Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwap_Kaine"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"}],"text":"Musical artistJordan Timothy Jenks (born September 19, 1993), known professionally as Pi'erre Bourne (pee-AIR BORN), is an American record producer and rapper from Columbia, South Carolina.[1] He is best known for producing the 2017 singles \"Magnolia\" for Playboi Carti and \"Gummo\" for 6ix9ine, both of which entered the top 30 of the US Billboard Hot 100.[2][3][4]After producing \"Magnolia\" and five other songs from Playboi Carti's self-titled debut commercial mixtape (2017), Bourne's producer tag—\"Yo Pierre, you wanna come out here?\" (a line sampled from Season 1, Episode 3 of The Jamie Foxx Show)[5]—became an Internet meme and led him to further recognition. Since then, he has worked extensively with artists including Lil Uzi Vert, Lil Yachty, Young Thug, Juice Wrld, Young Nudy, Trippie Redd, Kanye West, Drake, Nav, Duwap Kaine, and 21 Savage.","title":"Pi'erre Bourne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Riley, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Riley,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Coast hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"Dipset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diplomats"},{"link_name":"G-Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Unit"},{"link_name":"Belizean Kriol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Creole"},{"link_name":"Reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fader-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Papoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papoose_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-9"},{"link_name":"FL Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL_Studio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pierre-2"}],"text":"Jenks was born in Fort Riley, Kansas,[6] but was raised in Columbia, South Carolina.[7] Growing up, he would spend his summers with his grandmother in Queens, New York, which led to his interest in East Coast hip hop artists such as Dipset and G-Unit. He is related to Mobile Malachi, a Belizean Kriol Reggae artist and musician.[3][8] He is also a cousin of Papoose.[9] Inspired by his uncle Dwight who was a rapper and graphic artist, Jenks first began making beats when he was in elementary school, using FL Studio on his uncle's computer.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winthrop University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winthrop_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"SAE Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAE_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fader-3"},{"link_name":"DJ Burn One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Burn_One"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Young Nudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Nudy"},{"link_name":"Trippie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-9"},{"link_name":"Woke Up Like This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke_Up_Like_This"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-4"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_(Playboi_Carti_song)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Trippie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"},{"link_name":"Rich the Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_the_Kid"},{"link_name":"Lil Yachty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Yachty"},{"link_name":"Famous Dex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Dex"},{"link_name":"Nav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Duwap Kaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwap_Kaine"},{"link_name":"Young Thug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Thug"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massappeal-12"},{"link_name":"Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_(Travis_Scott_song)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Die Lit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Lit"},{"link_name":"Ye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Is King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Is_King"},{"link_name":"Young Nudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Nudy"},{"link_name":"Sli'merre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sli%27merre"},{"link_name":"DaBaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaBaby"},{"link_name":"Megan Thee Stallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Eternal Atake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Atake"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-13"},{"link_name":"The Life of Pi'erre 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Pi%27erre_4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Dark Lane Demo Tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lane_Demo_Tapes"},{"link_name":"Pain 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_1993"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Jesus is King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Is_King"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Life of Pi'erre 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_Pi%27erre_5"},{"link_name":"Interscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interscope_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Sorry 4 the Wait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_4_the_Wait"},{"link_name":"Don Toliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Toliver"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"}],"text":"Jenks studied graphic design at Winthrop University for a year before dropping out.[10][11] At 18, his uncle encouraged him to pursue his career in music and Jenks moved to Atlanta to study sound engineering at the SAE Institute.[3] While in school, he met and began collaborating with DJ Burn One, who encouraged him to create his own instrumentals and not rely on samples. After graduating from school, the studio where the two worked hired him as a full-time engineer. In 2015, Jenks began working for Epic Records as a sound engineer, leaving a year later to focus on his own career.Jenks began producing for Young Nudy and Trippie Redd in 2016.[9] He met Playboi Carti in February 2017, collaborating on the track \"Woke Up Like This\" and produced most tracks on his debut project.[4] Their song \"Magnolia\" peaked at 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100. This kickstarted Jenks' producing career, producing songs for 21 Savage, Trippie Redd, Rich the Kid, Lil Yachty, Famous Dex, Nav, Duwap Kaine ,Young Thug and Lil Uzi Vert. Jenks has also released a series of mixtapes called The Life of Pi'erre and has his own imprint, SossHouse, at Interscope Records.[12]\nHe produced Travis Scott's single \"Watch\" which features Kanye West and Lil Uzi Vert. He also produced Playboi Carti's album Die Lit. He also helped produce Kanye West's albums Ye and Jesus Is King.On May 8, 2019, Pi'erre Bourne and close collaborator Young Nudy released their collaborative mixtape titled Sli'merre. The project, which consists of 12 songs, featured then-rising hip-hop stars DaBaby and Megan Thee Stallion, along with Nudy's cousin and multi-platinum rapper 21 Savage, as well as fellow multi-platinum recording artist Lil Uzi Vert. All songs on the mixtape were produced by Pi'erre, and hit number 1 on Apple Music's US All Genres chart, and debuted at number 167 on the Billboard 200, later peaking at number 63 in the following week. On March 25, 2020, Jenks debuted at No. 1 on Billboard's Hot 100 Producers chart, thanks to four production credits on the deluxe edition of Lil Uzi Vert's second album, Eternal Atake.[13]On June 19, 2020, almost exactly a year after The Life of Pi'erre 4's release, a deluxe edition was released.[14] Jenks also earned himself a placement on Drake's Dark Lane Demo Tapes, producing the song \"Pain 1993\", featuring Jenks' frequent collaborator Playboi Carti. The song would debut and peak in the top ten (at number 7) on the Hot 100 on May 16, 2020.[15]In March 2021, Jenks won his first Grammy Award for his production work on Kanye West's album, Jesus is King.[16] On June 11, 2021, Jenks's second studio album, The Life of Pi'erre 5, was released by Interscope via Pi'erre's label imprint, SossHouse.[17] The album is entirely produced by Jenks and includes features from Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, and Sharc.[17]On January 14, 2022 Lil Wayne would re-release his Sorry 4 the Wait mixtape with four new songs, with the song \"Cameras\" with Allan Cubes produced by Jenks.On August 26, 2022, Jenks released a single called \"Good Movie\", and on September 2, 2022, he released his third studio album of the same name. The album was released by Interscope records and through SossHouse. The album features Don Toliver and frequent collaborator Young Nudy.On February 24, 2023, Jenks released his highly sought after song, \"IG\". Fans had heard snippets of this song previously on Jenks’ Instagram livestreams, where he often would tease music he had been working on. The track would serve as the lead single to his then yet to be revealed EP Grails, which would include highly sought after tracks from the past. The second and final single 'Honeyberry 2' would release on March 17, 2023. The entirety of the EP would release in full on April 14, 2023. Other tracks featured in the EP 'Chicken and Waffles', 'NY in June', and 'Lessons', among other tracks.His fourth studio album 'Made in Paris' is set to release in 2024.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Young Jeezy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Jeezy"},{"link_name":"Gucci Mane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci_Mane"},{"link_name":"J Dilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_Dilla"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fader-3"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitch-19"},{"link_name":"synth pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth_pads"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"}],"text":"Jenks is influenced by Wiz Khalifa, Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, J Dilla, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland and Kanye West.[18] Like West, Jenks wants to continue to work as a producer, while pursuing his own rap career.[3] Alphonse Pierre of Pitchfork described Bourne's productions as \"beats that pair airy video-game melodies with classic trap drums\".[19] His beats typically feature synth pads and flute sounds alternating between 2 or 3 chords.","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collaboration albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trippie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"}],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"King of the Hill, October 31, 2014, self-released\nSossGirl, February 15, 2016, self-released\nBeast Mode ++++(with Trippie Redd), October 19, 2016, TenThousand Projects\nGrails, April 14, 2023, SossHouse, Interscope","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","text":"The Bourne Identity, April 4, 2010, self-released\nThe Bourne Ultimatum, June 4, 2010, self-released\nThe Bourne Supremacy, August 19, 2010, self-released\nHeir To The Throne (Deluxe), January 27, 2012, self-released\nThe Life of Pi'erre, September 19, 2016, self-released\nThe Life of Pi'erre 2, November 25, 2016, self-released\nThe Life of Pi'erre 3, December 26, 2016, self-released","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other charted songs","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charted singles","title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other charted songs","title":"Production discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"BMI | Songview Search\".","urls":[{"url":"https://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=550366281&subid=0","url_text":"\"BMI | Songview Search\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' With Playboi Carti, Touring With Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions\". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8046925/pierre-bourne-interview-playboi-carti-drake-kanye-west","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' With Playboi Carti, Touring With Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The \"Magnolia\" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2017/06/30/pierre-bourne-beat-construction-interview-magnolia","url_text":"\"Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The \"Magnolia\" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yo, Pi'erre Bourne Is Out of Here\". August 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/d37ajw/yo-pierre-bourne-is-out-of-here","url_text":"\"Yo, Pi'erre Bourne Is Out of Here\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Is Where Pierre Bourne's Producer Tag Comes From – XXL\". XXL Mag. May 4, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/05/pierre-bourne-producer-tag/","url_text":"\"This Is Where Pierre Bourne's Producer Tag Comes From – XXL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is The Generational Sound Shaker Pi'erre Bourne\". audiblwav. June 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://audiblwav.com/who-is-the-generational-sound-shaker-pierre-bourne/","url_text":"\"Who is The Generational Sound Shaker Pi'erre Bourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' with Playboi Carti, Touring with Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8046925/pierre-bourne-interview-playboi-carti-drake-kanye-west","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Talks Crafting 'Yo Pi'erre' with Playboi Carti, Touring with Drake & Metro Boomin' Studio Sessions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Mobile Malachi\". Channel5Belize.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/9437","url_text":"\"Mobile Malachi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vice Interview\". Vice. August 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d37ajw/yo-pierre-bourne-is-out-of-here","url_text":"\"Vice Interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"The life of Pi'erre Bourne\". The FADER. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2018/12/04/pierre-bourne-the-life-of-pierre-magnolia-interview","url_text":"\"The life of Pi'erre Bourne\""}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Danny (September 12, 2017). \"Pi'erre Bourne And The Art Of Hustle\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved May 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/74847-pierre-bourne-and-the-art-of-hustle-news","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne And The Art Of Hustle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mass Appeal\". Mass Appeal. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202829/https://massappeal.com/pierre-bourne-took-over-sound-2017-interview/","url_text":"\"Mass Appeal\""},{"url":"https://massappeal.com/pierre-bourne-took-over-sound-2017-interview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Tops Hot 100 Producers Chart, Powered by Lil Uzi Vert's 'Eternal Atake'\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9342872/pierre-bourne-tops-hot-100-producers-chart-lil-uzi-vert-eternal-atake","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Tops Hot 100 Producers Chart, Powered by Lil Uzi Vert's 'Eternal Atake'\""}]},{"reference":"@PierrrieBourne (June 18, 2020). \"Africa got the album already what's it sounding like out there ??? #TLOP4 #DELUXE #ME\" (Tweet). Retrieved June 19, 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/PierrrieBourne/status/1273744869656231937","url_text":"\"Africa got the album already what's it sounding like out there ??? #TLOP4 #DELUXE #ME\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Drake – Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/drake/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Drake – Chart History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recording Academy 2021 Grammy Awards\". Recording Academy Grammy Awards.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2021-grammys-complete-winners-nominees-list","url_text":"\"Recording Academy 2021 Grammy Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Life of Pi'erre 5 by Pi'erre Bourne\". Genius. Retrieved June 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://genius.com/albums/Pierre-bourne/The-life-of-pierre-5","url_text":"\"The Life of Pi'erre 5 by Pi'erre Bourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The \"Magnolia\" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut'\". FADER.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2017/06/30/pierre-bourne-beat-construction-interview-magnolia","url_text":"\"Meet Pi'erre Bourne, The \"Magnolia\" Producer Who Always Trusts His Gut'\""}]},{"reference":"Pierre, Alphonse (April 27, 2020). \"Pi'erre Bourne's 10 Best Beats\". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/pierre-bournes-10-best-beats/amp/","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne's 10 Best Beats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pierre-bourne-2/chart-history/tlp/","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Billboard 200\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pierre-bourne-2/chart-history/blp/","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top Rap Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pierre-bourne-2/chart-history/rlp/","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Top Rap Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Canadian Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/pierre-bourne-2/chart-history/cna/","url_text":"\"Pi'erre Bourne Chart History: Canadian Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stream Pi'erre Bourne and Cardo Got Wings's collab project Wild Adventure\". December 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2018/12/26/pierre-bourne-cardo-mixtape-wild-adventures","url_text":"\"Stream Pi'erre Bourne and Cardo Got Wings's collab project Wild Adventure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juicy J & Pi'erre Bourne - Space Age Pimpin\". Apple Music. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/space-age-pimpin/1630856840","url_text":"\"Juicy J & Pi'erre Bourne - Space Age Pimpin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – Pi'erre Bourne\". Recording Industry Association of America. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_Aquarium
Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium
["1 History","1.1 Highland Park Zoo","1.2 Expansion under the Works Progress Administration","1.3 Master plan","1.4 Present history and expansions","2 Exhibits","2.1 Kid's Kingdom","2.2 Aquarium","2.3 Forest Passage","2.4 Tropical Forest","2.5 African Savanna","2.6 Bears","2.7 Water's Edge","2.8 The Islands","2.9 Jungle Odyssey","3 Breeding","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°29′02″N 79°55′05″W / 40.484°N 79.918°W / 40.484; -79.918Zoo and aquarium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium40°29′02″N 79°55′05″W / 40.484°N 79.918°W / 40.484; -79.918Date openedJune 14, 1898LocationPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States (in Highland Park)Land area77 acres (31 ha)No. of animalsOver 4,000No. of species475Annual visitors1+ millionMajor exhibitsForest Passage, African Savanna, Tropical Forest, The Islands, Jungle Odyssey, Aquarium, Water's Edge, Kid's KingdomWebsitewww.pittsburghzoo.com The Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium is a zoo and aquarium in the United States, one of only six major zoo and aquarium hybrids in the United States. Located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Highland Park, the zoo sits on 77 acres (31 ha) of park land where it exhibits more than 4,000 animals representing 475 species, including 20 threatened or endangered species. First opened in 1898 as the Highland Park Zoo, the zoo evolved from a menagerie to a conservation-focused institution. Pittsburgh saw its zoo grow beginning in the late 1930s when the Works Progress Administration and donations from foundations spearheaded expansions, including then the second largest aquarium in the United States. The zoo was known as the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium from 2002 to 2022, incurred during a 20-year naming rights agreement with PPG Industries. The zoo's accredited membership of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) was dropped in 2015. History Highland Park Zoo Entrance to the Highland Park Zoo, c. 1900 The Pittsburgh Zoo opened on June 14, 1898, as Highland Park Zoo, after Christopher Lyman Magee donated $125,000 (about four million dollars when adjusted for inflation) for the construction of a zoological garden in Pittsburgh's Highland Park. Like most other zoos of the time, the Pittsburgh Zoo more closely resembled a menagerie than an actual zoo. However, as time progressed, the animal exhibits eventually became more naturalistic, and the zoo's goal became more focused on conservation. Expansion under the Works Progress Administration In 1937, the bear exhibits and the main building of the zoo were built under the Works Progress Administration. These exhibits were the zoo's first attempt at constructing more naturalistic exhibits instead of simply displaying animals in cages. In 1949, the Children's Zoo opened with a grant from the Sarah Mellon Scaife Foundation. The Children's Zoo contained interactive exhibits and play areas for children, including a simulated large chunk of cheese that was inhabited by dozens of live mice. In 1967, the AquaZoo, a large aquarium, opened to the public. At the time of its completion, the AquaZoo was the only aquarium in Pennsylvania and the second largest aquarium in the United States. Master plan In 1980, the zoo's Master Plan was put into effect. This plan called for extensive renovations and the construction of more naturalistic exhibits. The Asian Forest, which opened in 1983, was the first area of the zoo that utilized this new philosophy of naturalistic exhibits. The African Savanna was the next area to obtain naturalistic exhibits when it was completed in 1987. 1991 marked the opening of the Tropical Forest, a five-acre indoor rain forest showcasing about 16 species of primate and 150 tropical plant species. That same year, the Children's Zoo was renovated and renamed the Children's Farm. Three petting zoos were built in Children's Farm where children could pet kangaroos, deer, and domesticated animals such as sheep and goats. By 1996, the Children's Farm was replaced by a new exhibit, Kids Kingdom. In 1994, the Pittsburgh Zoo became a private nonprofit organization, still owned by the City of Pittsburgh, but managed and operated by the Zoological Society of Pittsburgh. That same year, the Education Complex was built. This new building contained five classrooms, a library, and a 300-seat lecture hall. The construction of this building was an important part of the zoo's history because it signified the zoo's dedication to conservation and education. Present history and expansions Two major construction prohectsIn 2000, the AquaZoo underwent a $17.4 million renovation, and was renamed the PPG Aquarium. This new aquarium is twice the size of the original AquaZoo. In 2002, the Education Complex was expanded to include a second story, providing more classrooms, teacher resource areas, and an animal holding area. This expansion was made possible by the Scaife Charitable Foundation and by donations from senator Rick Santorum. On November 19, 2002, elephant keeper Mike Gatti was killed by one of the zoo's elephants. Gatti, 46, was killed while attempting to encourage the elephant to move to a different part of her enclosure. She butted him with her head, crushing him against the ground and killing him instantly. This was the first instance of a human fatality at the zoo, although there had been injuries. In 2006, the Pittsburgh Zoo completed Water's Edge, a marine exhibit that allows guests to have close encounters with polar bears, sea otters, and sand tiger sharks. On November 4, 2012, a two-year-old boy, Maddox Derkosh, who had been sitting on the railing of the African wild dog exhibit, fell off the railing, bounced off protective netting, and fell into the enclosure, resulting in his death. The medical examiner subsequently determined that Maddox was killed by the 11 dogs that attacked him, not by the fall. Zookeepers immediately rushed to the area, firing darts to try and scare the dogs off, and police shot one particularly aggressive dog, which had refused to retreat from the exhibit when called. The other dogs were quarantined for thirty days but there were no plans to put them down. The prosecutor, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania District Attorney Stephen Zappala, calling the incident a "tragic accident", has stated he will not charge Maddox's mother, Elizabeth Derkosh, 34, who had lifted the visually impaired boy up on top of the railing to get a better view. He is still investigating whether the zoo is at fault due to any possible negligence. Since the incident, the zoo replaced the wild dogs with cheetahs. As a result of his death, Trucks for Maddox was created, to donate Maddox's toy trucks to children. It was also the second human fatality at the zoo. Exhibits The Pittsburgh Zoo is divided into eight sections, each of which focuses on a particular theme. Kid's Kingdom The sea lion exhibit in the Kids Kingdom section of the Pittsburgh Zoo Kid's Kingdom opened in 1949, when it was then simply called Children's Zoo. In 1994 a naming contest was implemented for a new name to the newly expanded area, the name was from winner Adam Mellinger from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. This section of the zoo is an interactive children's area, and contains a petting zoo stocked with domesticated animals; a reptile house; a playground; and several exhibits featuring wildlife from Pennsylvania, including white-tailed deer, North American beavers, river otters and barn owls as well as a California sea lion exhibit. Kid's Kingdom contains many interactive exhibits, such as the meerkat exhibit, which contains crawl-through tunnels that gives the viewer an idea of what it is like to be a meerkat or other burrowing animal as well as a walk-through red kangaroo pen. The animal yards and habitats in Kids Kingdom allow visitors to learn about animals' lives, behaviors, and points-of-view. Kid's Kingdom has been highly ranked by both Parent Magazine and America's Best Zoos Travel Guide. Aquarium The PPG Aquarium at the Pittsburgh Zoo Built in 1967 (then called AquaZoo) and renovated in 2000, the PPG Aquarium is a 45,000 square foot, two-story aquarium that presents several aquatic habitats. The aquarium's theme is the "Diversity of Water", and contains several exhibits that portray different marine ecosystems, including a tropical rainforest gallery; a Pennsylvania exhibit, which features fish and aquatic wildlife of the Allegheny River; a penguin exhibit, which is inhabited by kings, macaronis, and gentoos; a coral reef; and an open ocean exhibit. The aquarium used to contain Amazon river dolphins. When the AquaZoo opened in October 1967, it included a baby river dolphin named Pinky. However, Pinky died twelve days after its opening from an eye infection. In 1970, seven river dolphins arrived, but however in 1972, three dolphins died from emergency digestive surgery. One of the river dolphins who had arrived in 1970, Chuckles, survived. Chuckles became the longest-living river dolphin kept in captivity, and by the 1980s, became the only river dolphin kept in captivity at North America. He performed tricks, interacted with visitors, and his trainers would swim with him occasionally. When the aquarium was renovated in 2000, Chuckles was transferred to a customized pool five times the size of his previous home. He died at the elderly age of 34 years old on February 20, 2002. A portrait commemorating him can be found at the Aquarium. In 2002, PPG Industries announced its intention to sponsor the zoo and purchase the naming rights for 20 years, naming the facility the "Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium". Upon expiration of the naming rights in 2022, the zoo reverted its name to "Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium". Forest Passage Forest Passage (formerly Asian Forest) contains several species from Eastern and Southeast Asia, and simulates a journey from the Himalayas to Indonesia. This section features some of the most critically endangered big cats of Asia, including Siberian tigers and Amur leopards, as well as several other Asian animals, such as Komodo dragons and red pandas. This section, opened in 1983, is the result of the zoo's Master Plan of 1980, which was dedicated to create more naturalistic exhibits than what existed at the time. In January 2017, the Pittsburgh Zoo's only snow leopard, Chaney, died of cancer at 17. Since then, the zoo has displayed two Canada lynxes in the former snow leopard exhibit. In late 2018, several cubs were born to the pair, resulting in a larger family of Lynx. This change has prompted the zoo to rename Asian Forest to Forest Passage in light of the inclusion of a non-Asian animal. Tropical Forest Big Male Gorilla The Tropical Forest, which opened in 1991, is a 0.5-acre indoor rainforest. This building focuses mostly on primates, containing 16 species in total. Ring-tailed lemurs, black-and-white ruffed lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, tufted capuchins, white-faced sakis, black howler monkeys, northern white-cheeked gibbons, Angola colobuses, blue monkeys, and great apes, including western lowland gorillas and Bornean orangutans all live in this building. Some other rainforest animals are displayed here as well, such as Hoffmann's two-toed sloths. African Savanna African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the zoo Like the Asian Forest, the African Savanna is also a result of the zoo's Master Plan of 1980. Completed in 1987, this section of the zoo is modeled to give the viewer the impression that he or she is walking along a river in an African savanna. This section of the zoo contains lions, African bush elephants, Masai giraffes, Grant's zebras, eastern black rhinos, American flamingos, common ostriches, nyalas, dwarf crocodiles and Galápagos tortoises. Cheetah Valley is part of the African Savanna. It was originally housed a pack of African wild dogs, but they were removed because of the incident on November 4, 2012 in order to ensure the safety of the visitors. This exhibit now features cheetahs. Visitors can view them from a glass panel. The former observation platform was permanently replaced by tall protective welded fences and shrubbery. Bears The three bear exhibits were built in 1937 under the Works Progress Administration program, and are the oldest exhibits in the zoo. Three bear species were displayed here: American black bears, spectacled bears, and a Kodiak bear. In August 2010, the Pittsburgh Zoo announced that their 28-year-old Kodiak bear, Rocky, died. Rocky was suffering from severe arthritis in the joints between his vertebrae, causing severe pain and limited mobility. Although the veterinary staff attempted to alleviate Rocky's pain, his quality of life continued to rapidly decline, and he had to be humanely euthanized. As of August 2010, his exhibit is empty. The bear exhibits are currently empty. Plans exist to construct new bear exhibits, while the old ones are being used as part of zoo expansion and construction. The area around this area has been sealed off and a new path leading to the aquarium is now used in the old path is now staff only Water's Edge Polar bear taking a stroll at the zoo Completed in 2006, Water's Edge is a newer section of the zoo, and is located adjacent to the PPG aquarium. This section is constructed to resemble a coastal fishing village, and illustrates the ways that humans interact with marine wildlife in coastal areas. A long walk-through tunnel runs through three large water tanks containing polar bears, sea otters, two female northern elephant seals and sea lions. According to Barbara Baker, the elephant seal exhibit was originally intended for walruses, but walruses were difficult to obtain. Five sand tiger sharks were housed in the enclosure from until 2016 when they were moved to Neptune Park in Florida. A blind elephant seal, named Coolio was rescued by the Northcoast Marine Mammal Center and arrived at the zoo early in 2014. As of 2020, two rescued females named Ellie Mae and Nessie have also been brought in. Coolio died in December 2019 during a veterinary procedure. The sand tiger sharks were moved to Florida in the process. The Islands Opened in June 2015, The Islands exhibit is a 22,000 square foot exhibit featuring several endangered animals including tomistomas, Philippine crocodiles, Aldabra giant tortoises, Visayan warty pigs, clouded leopards and siamangs. The exhibit has scenery intended to provide the atmosphere of a tropical island, and includes a large area of sand with beach chairs and umbrellas. Jungle Odyssey Opened in June 2017, Jungle Odyssey is an expansion directly behind The Islands. The area displays rainforest animal species from rainforests around the world like Africa, Asia, and South America, featuring a mixed species exhibit housing capybaras and giant anteaters, as well as exhibits for ocelots, fossas and a pygmy hippopotamus. Breeding On September 12, 1999, one of the zoo's female African elephants, Moja, successfully gave birth to a female calf, later named Victoria. This was a major feat for the zoo, because Victoria was the first African elephant to be born and survive in North America since 1982. Also, she was the first to be born to a captive-born mother. A second calf, a male named Callee, was born to another female named Savannah almost exactly one year later on September 19, 2000. The father of both of these calves is a bull named Jackson, who is currently the only male African breeding naturally in North America. Both Moja and Savannah became pregnant again in 2006. On July 9, 2008, Savannah gave birth to a female calf named Angelina. Moja gave birth to a female as well on July 25, 2008. This calf has been named Zuri. Amur tiger at the zoo On August 8, 2006, the zoo's female Amur tiger, Toma, gave birth to a litter of three cubs. This is also a major accomplishment because Amurs are endangered, and every successful litter counts a great deal. Although one of the cubs died of a heart defect in September (a female named Nadya), the other two are healthy and doing well. The surviving cubs are a male named Petya and a female named Mara. Another Amur tiger cub was born to Toma on May 11, 2008. The male cub, Grom (name meaning Thunder for he was born during a thunderstorm), had been taken from his mother because Toma was not being very attentive to him. Handlers later determined that it is most likely because Toma is not producing enough milk, if any at all. On September 12, 2008, the baby cub was named after Billy Ray Cyrus, the country music and television star. Zoo representatives said the donors who paid to name the cub "Billy Ray" wanted to honor a late family member who was a big Cyrus fan. Billy Ray will likely grow up to be about 11 feet long and weigh 450 pounds, according to the zoo. On October 25, 2009, one of the zoo's African painted dogs, Vega, gave birth to a litter of nine live puppies, and one dead puppy. Vega died the next day, leaving her puppies orphaned. To help nurse and raise the dogs, the zoo found a domesticated dog, Honey, from a local shelter who had recently given birth and was still lactating. Honey immediately took to the puppies and fed them. At the same time, the zoo's vet staff hand-fed the puppies a liquid diet fortified with enzymes. Although, four of the remaining puppies died – the typical mortality rate for African painted dogs is 50 percent – the remaining five were healthy and doing well after a month. The painted dogs were involved in the death of a young boy in November 2012, during which one dog was shot, and the exhibit was closed due to safety concerns. The painted dogs left the zoo in 2013 and are moved to other zoos. References ^ "Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium reaches 1 million visitors". Cox Media Group. WPXI News. ^ "Pittsburgh zoo drops accreditation due to disagreement over elephant handling". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "The Highland Park Zoo". www.brooklineconnection.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ Halfhill,Tom (2011). "Tom's Inflation Calculator". Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "How the Works Progress Administration helped build Pittsburgh". 90.5 WESA. January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ a b McClain, James (August 25, 1965). "Children's Zoo". Historic Pittsburgh. ^ "About Us | Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium". Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ a b Waltz, Amanda. "Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium officially drops PPG from name". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ K, Karie (September 26, 2019). "Chuckles the River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds". Zoo Walks Through History. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ pittsburghbeautiful (August 20, 2023). "Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium: A Wildlife Wonderland". Pittsburgh Beautiful. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ "Where the Wild Things Are | Pennsylvania Center for the Book". pabook.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ a b c d Belser, Ann, and Marylynne Pitz. "Elephant kills keeper at Pittsburgh zoo", the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, published November 19, 2002, accessed December 26, 2007. ^ a b c d e f g Pittsburgh Zoo. "Zoo History". Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2011. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo says 2-year-old was killed by dogs, not fall, LA Times, Matt Pearce, November 5, 2012. “ . . The zoo passed recent inspections and "discouraged" visitors from putting children on such railings, Baker said, although she did not elaborate on whether there were specific policies or regulations in place. . ” ^ CBS News (November 4, 2012). "Child Mauled And Killed At Zoo". Retrieved November 5, 2012. ^ Zoo officials: Toddler's death in Pittsburgh shows no zoo is 100 percent safe, NBC News, Andrew Mach, November 7, 2012. ^ "News". Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "Kid's Kingdom". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Powell, Albrecht (2011). "Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium". About.com. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Smith, Pohla (April 11, 2009). "Pittsburgh Zoo Named 4th Best for Kids". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "PPG Aquarium". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "Chuckles The River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds". Zoo Walks Through History. September 26, 2019. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "Asian Forest". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "Tropical Forest". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "Cheetah now calls home the African painted dog exhibit at Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium | TribLIVE.com". archive.triblive.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "Bears". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo (August 10, 2010). "Saying Goodbye to Rocky". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo (2015). "Zoo Announces New Exhibit". Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015. ^ Pittsburgh Zoo. "Water's Edge". Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "Sand Tiger Sharks Move Into New Home at Pittsburgh Zoo". ThePittsburghChannel. October 6, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "Coolio the seal makes fantastic voyage to Pittsburgh zoo exhibit". WPXI Pittsburgh. July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2018. ^ "Five African Painted Dog Pups Doing Well at Zoo". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 23, 2009. ^ "Pittsburgh Zoo closes African painted dogs exhibit after boy's death". WTAE. May 8, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "Pittsburgh Zoo Giving Away Painted Dogs In Wake Of Tragedy". April 10, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2019. Further reading Colker, Rachel (April 19, 1998). The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Donning Co. ISBN 9781578640553. OCLC 39887139. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsburgh Zoo. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo"},{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_aquarium"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Highland Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_(Pittsburgh_neighborhood)"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"naming rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_rights"},{"link_name":"PPG Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries"},{"link_name":"Association of Zoos and Aquariums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zoo and aquarium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United StatesThe Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium is a zoo and aquarium in the United States, one of only six major zoo and aquarium hybrids in the United States. Located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Highland Park, the zoo sits on 77 acres (31 ha) of park land where it exhibits more than 4,000 animals representing 475 species, including 20 threatened or endangered species.First opened in 1898 as the Highland Park Zoo, the zoo evolved from a menagerie to a conservation-focused institution. Pittsburgh saw its zoo grow beginning in the late 1930s when the Works Progress Administration and donations from foundations spearheaded expansions, including then the second largest aquarium in the United States. The zoo was known as the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium from 2002 to 2022, incurred during a 20-year naming rights agreement with PPG Industries. The zoo's accredited membership of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) was dropped in 2015.[2]","title":"Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Zoo_in_Highland_Park,_Pittsburgh,_Pa._(det.4a09241).tif"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lyman Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Magee_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inflation-4"},{"link_name":"menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)"}],"sub_title":"Highland Park Zoo","text":"Entrance to the Highland Park Zoo, c. 1900The Pittsburgh Zoo opened on June 14, 1898, as Highland Park Zoo,[3] after Christopher Lyman Magee donated $125,000 (about four million dollars when adjusted for inflation)[4] for the construction of a zoological garden in Pittsburgh's Highland Park.Like most other zoos of the time, the Pittsburgh Zoo more closely resembled a menagerie than an actual zoo. However, as time progressed, the animal exhibits eventually became more naturalistic, and the zoo's goal became more focused on conservation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sarah Mellon Scaife Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Scaife_Foundation"},{"link_name":"cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Expansion under the Works Progress Administration","text":"In 1937, the bear exhibits and the main building of the zoo were built under the Works Progress Administration. These exhibits were the zoo's first attempt at constructing more naturalistic exhibits instead of simply displaying animals in cages.[5] In 1949, the Children's Zoo opened with a grant from the Sarah Mellon Scaife Foundation. The Children's Zoo contained interactive exhibits and play areas for children, including a simulated large chunk of cheese that was inhabited by dozens of live mice.[6] In 1967, the AquaZoo, a large aquarium, opened to the public. At the time of its completion, the AquaZoo was the only aquarium in Pennsylvania and the second largest aquarium in the United States.[7][8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"nonprofit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"classrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classroom"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"lecture hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture_hall"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Master plan","text":"In 1980, the zoo's Master Plan was put into effect. This plan called for extensive renovations and the construction of more naturalistic exhibits. The Asian Forest, which opened in 1983, was the first area of the zoo that utilized this new philosophy of naturalistic exhibits. The African Savanna was the next area to obtain naturalistic exhibits when it was completed in 1987. 1991 marked the opening of the Tropical Forest, a five-acre indoor rain forest showcasing about 16 species of primate and 150 tropical plant species. [10] That same year, the Children's Zoo was renovated and renamed the Children's Farm. Three petting zoos were built in Children's Farm where children could pet kangaroos, deer, and domesticated animals such as sheep and goats. By 1996, the Children's Farm was replaced by a new exhibit, Kids Kingdom.[6]In 1994, the Pittsburgh Zoo became a private nonprofit organization, still owned by the City of Pittsburgh, but managed and operated by the Zoological Society of Pittsburgh. That same year, the Education Complex was built. This new building contained five classrooms, a library, and a 300-seat lecture hall. The construction of this building was an important part of the zoo's history because it signified the zoo's dedication to conservation and education. [11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Santorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Santorum"},{"link_name":"elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belser-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belser-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belser-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belser-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"Maddox Derkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Maddox_Derkosh"},{"link_name":"African wild dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WildDogsEatBaby-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Allegheny County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Stephen Zappala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Zappala"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Present history and expansions","text":"Two major construction prohectsIn 2000, the AquaZoo underwent a $17.4 million renovation, and was renamed the PPG Aquarium. This new aquarium is twice the size of the original AquaZoo. In 2002, the Education Complex was expanded to include a second story, providing more classrooms, teacher resource areas, and an animal holding area. This expansion was made possible by the Scaife Charitable Foundation and by donations from senator Rick Santorum.On November 19, 2002, elephant keeper Mike Gatti was killed by one of the zoo's elephants.[12] Gatti, 46, was killed while attempting to encourage the elephant to move to a different part of her enclosure.[12] She butted him with her head, crushing him against the ground and killing him instantly.[12] This was the first instance of a human fatality at the zoo, although there had been injuries.[12]In 2006, the Pittsburgh Zoo completed Water's Edge, a marine exhibit that allows guests to have close encounters with polar bears, sea otters, and sand tiger sharks.[13]On November 4, 2012, a two-year-old boy, Maddox Derkosh, who had been sitting on the railing of the African wild dog exhibit, fell off the railing, bounced off protective netting, and fell into the enclosure, resulting in his death. The medical examiner subsequently determined that Maddox was killed by the 11 dogs that attacked him, not by the fall. Zookeepers immediately rushed to the area, firing darts to try and scare the dogs off, and police shot one particularly aggressive dog, which had refused to retreat from the exhibit when called. The other dogs were quarantined for thirty days but there were no plans to put them down.[14][15][16] The prosecutor, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania District Attorney Stephen Zappala, calling the incident a \"tragic accident\", has stated he will not charge Maddox's mother, Elizabeth Derkosh, 34, who had lifted the visually impaired boy up on top of the railing to get a better view. He is still investigating whether the zoo is at fault due to any possible negligence.[17] Since the incident, the zoo replaced the wild dogs with cheetahs. As a result of his death, Trucks for Maddox was created, to donate Maddox's toy trucks to children. It was also the second human fatality at the zoo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Pittsburgh Zoo is divided into eight sections, each of which focuses on a particular theme.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PGHZoo-sealions.JPG"},{"link_name":"interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactivity"},{"link_name":"petting zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petting_zoo"},{"link_name":"domesticated animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"playground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playground"},{"link_name":"wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"North American beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beaver"},{"link_name":"river otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_river_otter"},{"link_name":"barn owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barn_owl"},{"link_name":"California sea lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_sea_lion"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kid-18"},{"link_name":"meerkat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat"},{"link_name":"tunnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnels"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-19"},{"link_name":"red kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_kangaroo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-Gazette-20"}],"sub_title":"Kid's Kingdom","text":"The sea lion exhibit in the Kids Kingdom section of the Pittsburgh ZooKid's Kingdom opened in 1949, when it was then simply called Children's Zoo. In 1994 a naming contest was implemented for a new name to the newly expanded area, the name was from winner Adam Mellinger from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. This section of the zoo is an interactive children's area, and contains a petting zoo stocked with domesticated animals;[13] a reptile house; a playground; and several exhibits featuring wildlife from Pennsylvania, including white-tailed deer, North American beavers, river otters and barn owls as well as a California sea lion exhibit.[18]Kid's Kingdom contains many interactive exhibits, such as the meerkat exhibit, which contains crawl-through tunnels that gives the viewer an idea of what it is like to be a meerkat or other burrowing animal[19] as well as a walk-through red kangaroo pen. The animal yards and habitats in Kids Kingdom allow visitors to learn about animals' lives, behaviors, and points-of-view. Kid's Kingdom has been highly ranked by both Parent Magazine and America's Best Zoos Travel Guide.[20]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittsburgh_zoo_ppgaquarium.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aquatic"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_penguin"},{"link_name":"macaronis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_penguin"},{"link_name":"gentoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_penguin"},{"link_name":"coral reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef"},{"link_name":"open ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_ocean"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aquarium-21"},{"link_name":"Amazon river dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"PPG Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"sub_title":"Aquarium","text":"The PPG Aquarium at the Pittsburgh ZooBuilt in 1967 (then called AquaZoo) and renovated in 2000,[13] the PPG Aquarium is a 45,000 square foot, two-story aquarium that presents several aquatic habitats. The aquarium's theme is the \"Diversity of Water\", and contains several exhibits that portray different marine ecosystems, including a tropical rainforest gallery; a Pennsylvania exhibit, which features fish and aquatic wildlife of the Allegheny River; a penguin exhibit, which is inhabited by kings, macaronis, and gentoos; a coral reef; and an open ocean exhibit.[21]The aquarium used to contain Amazon river dolphins. When the AquaZoo opened in October 1967, it included a baby river dolphin named Pinky. However, Pinky died twelve days after its opening from an eye infection. In 1970, seven river dolphins arrived, but however in 1972, three dolphins died from emergency digestive surgery. One of the river dolphins who had arrived in 1970, Chuckles, survived. Chuckles became the longest-living river dolphin kept in captivity, and by the 1980s, became the only river dolphin kept in captivity at North America. He performed tricks, interacted with visitors, and his trainers would swim with him occasionally. When the aquarium was renovated in 2000, Chuckles was transferred to a customized pool five times the size of his previous home. He died at the elderly age of 34 years old on February 20, 2002. A portrait commemorating him can be found at the Aquarium.[22]In 2002, PPG Industries announced its intention to sponsor the zoo and purchase the naming rights for 20 years, naming the facility the \"Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium\". Upon expiration of the naming rights in 2022, the zoo reverted its name to \"Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium\".[8]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"critically endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critically_endangered"},{"link_name":"big cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_cat"},{"link_name":"Siberian tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tiger"},{"link_name":"Amur leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_leopard"},{"link_name":"Komodo dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_dragon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-23"},{"link_name":"red pandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_panda"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"snow leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_leopard"},{"link_name":"Canada lynxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx"}],"sub_title":"Forest Passage","text":"Forest Passage (formerly Asian Forest) contains several species from Eastern and Southeast Asia, and simulates a journey from the Himalayas to Indonesia. This section features some of the most critically endangered big cats of Asia, including Siberian tigers and Amur leopards, as well as several other Asian animals, such as Komodo dragons[23] and red pandas. This section, opened in 1983, is the result of the zoo's Master Plan of 1980, which was dedicated to create more naturalistic exhibits than what existed at the time.[13]In January 2017, the Pittsburgh Zoo's only snow leopard, Chaney, died of cancer at 17. Since then, the zoo has displayed two Canada lynxes in the former snow leopard exhibit. In late 2018, several cubs were born to the pair, resulting in a larger family of Lynx. This change has prompted the zoo to rename Asian Forest to Forest Passage in light of the inclusion of a non-Asian animal.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Male_Gorilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"Ring-tailed lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed_lemur"},{"link_name":"black-and-white ruffed lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_ruffed_lemur"},{"link_name":"red ruffed lemurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_ruffed_lemur"},{"link_name":"tufted capuchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufted_capuchin"},{"link_name":"white-faced sakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-faced_saki"},{"link_name":"black howler monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_howler_monkey"},{"link_name":"northern white-cheeked gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_white-cheeked_gibbon"},{"link_name":"Angola colobuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_colobus"},{"link_name":"blue monkeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_monkey"},{"link_name":"great apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae"},{"link_name":"western lowland gorillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla"},{"link_name":"Bornean orangutans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_orangutan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"Hoffmann's two-toed sloths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffmann%27s_two-toed_sloth"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jungle-24"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Forest","text":"Big Male GorillaThe Tropical Forest, which opened in 1991, is a 0.5-acre indoor rainforest. This building focuses mostly on primates, containing 16 species in total. Ring-tailed lemurs, black-and-white ruffed lemurs, red ruffed lemurs, tufted capuchins, white-faced sakis, black howler monkeys, northern white-cheeked gibbons, Angola colobuses, blue monkeys, and great apes, including western lowland gorillas and Bornean orangutans all live in this building.[13] Some other rainforest animals are displayed here as well, such as Hoffmann's two-toed sloths.[24]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Elephant_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"African bush elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"African bush elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"Masai giraffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masai_giraffe"},{"link_name":"Grant's zebras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s_zebra"},{"link_name":"eastern black rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_black_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"American flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_flamingo"},{"link_name":"common ostriches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ostrich"},{"link_name":"nyalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyala"},{"link_name":"dwarf crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_crocodile"},{"link_name":"Galápagos tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise"},{"link_name":"African wild dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog"},{"link_name":"cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"African Savanna","text":"African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the zooLike the Asian Forest, the African Savanna is also a result of the zoo's Master Plan of 1980.[13] Completed in 1987, this section of the zoo is modeled to give the viewer the impression that he or she is walking along a river in an African savanna. This section of the zoo contains lions, African bush elephants, Masai giraffes, Grant's zebras, eastern black rhinos, American flamingos, common ostriches, nyalas, dwarf crocodiles and Galápagos tortoises.Cheetah Valley is part of the African Savanna. It was originally housed a pack of African wild dogs, but they were removed because of the incident on November 4, 2012 in order to ensure the safety of the visitors. This exhibit now features cheetahs. Visitors can view them from a glass panel. The former observation platform was permanently replaced by tall protective welded fences and shrubbery.[25]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-13"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"American black bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"spectacled bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear"},{"link_name":"Kodiak bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_bear"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ursidae-26"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_column"},{"link_name":"euthanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocky-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expansion-28"}],"sub_title":"Bears","text":"The three bear exhibits were built in 1937 under the Works Progress Administration program, and are the oldest exhibits in the zoo.[13] Three bear species were displayed here: American black bears, spectacled bears, and a Kodiak bear.[26]In August 2010, the Pittsburgh Zoo announced that their 28-year-old Kodiak bear, Rocky, died. Rocky was suffering from severe arthritis in the joints between his vertebrae, causing severe pain and limited mobility. Although the veterinary staff attempted to alleviate Rocky's pain, his quality of life continued to rapidly decline, and he had to be humanely euthanized. As of August 2010, his exhibit is empty.[27]The bear exhibits are currently empty. Plans exist to construct new bear exhibits, while the old ones are being used as part of zoo expansion and construction. The area around this area has been sealed off and a new path leading to the aquarium is now used in the old path is now staff only [28]","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_bear_-_Pittsburgh_Zoo_-_DSC02722.JPG"},{"link_name":"fishing village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_village"},{"link_name":"polar bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"sea otters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_otter"},{"link_name":"northern elephant seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otters-29"},{"link_name":"walruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrus"},{"link_name":"sand tiger sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walrus-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elephant_Sea-31"}],"sub_title":"Water's Edge","text":"Polar bear taking a stroll at the zooCompleted in 2006, Water's Edge is a newer section of the zoo, and is located adjacent to the PPG aquarium. This section is constructed to resemble a coastal fishing village, and illustrates the ways that humans interact with marine wildlife in coastal areas. A long walk-through tunnel runs through three large water tanks containing polar bears, sea otters, two female northern elephant seals and sea lions.[29]According to Barbara Baker, the elephant seal exhibit was originally intended for walruses, but walruses were difficult to obtain. Five sand tiger sharks were housed in the enclosure from until 2016 when they were moved to Neptune Park in Florida. A blind elephant seal, named Coolio was rescued by the Northcoast Marine Mammal Center and arrived at the zoo early in 2014. As of 2020, two rescued females named Ellie Mae and Nessie have also been brought in. Coolio died in December 2019 during a veterinary procedure.[30][31] The sand tiger sharks were moved to Florida in the process.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tomistomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_gharial"},{"link_name":"Philippine crocodiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_crocodile"},{"link_name":"Aldabra giant tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldabra_giant_tortoise"},{"link_name":"Visayan warty pigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig"},{"link_name":"clouded leopards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouded_leopard"},{"link_name":"siamangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamang"}],"sub_title":"The Islands","text":"Opened in June 2015, The Islands exhibit is a 22,000 square foot exhibit featuring several endangered animals including tomistomas, Philippine crocodiles, Aldabra giant tortoises, Visayan warty pigs, clouded leopards and siamangs. The exhibit has scenery intended to provide the atmosphere of a tropical island, and includes a large area of sand with beach chairs and umbrellas.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capybaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capybara"},{"link_name":"giant anteaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_anteater"},{"link_name":"ocelots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocelot"},{"link_name":"fossas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa_(animal)"},{"link_name":"pygmy hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus"}],"sub_title":"Jungle Odyssey","text":"Opened in June 2017, Jungle Odyssey is an expansion directly behind The Islands. The area displays rainforest animal species from rainforests around the world like Africa, Asia, and South America, featuring a mixed species exhibit housing capybaras and giant anteaters, as well as exhibits for ocelots, fossas and a pygmy hippopotamus.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amur_Tiger_Panthera_tigris_altaica_Cub_2184px_adjusted.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amur tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tiger"},{"link_name":"Amur tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_tiger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pups-32"},{"link_name":"death of a young boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Maddox_Derkosh"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On September 12, 1999, one of the zoo's female African elephants, Moja, successfully gave birth to a female calf, later named Victoria. This was a major feat for the zoo, because Victoria was the first African elephant to be born and survive in North America since 1982. Also, she was the first to be born to a captive-born mother. A second calf, a male named Callee, was born to another female named Savannah almost exactly one year later on September 19, 2000. The father of both of these calves is a bull named Jackson, who is currently the only male African breeding naturally in North America. Both Moja and Savannah became pregnant again in 2006. On July 9, 2008, Savannah gave birth to a female calf named Angelina. Moja gave birth to a female as well on July 25, 2008. This calf has been named Zuri.[citation needed]Amur tiger at the zooOn August 8, 2006, the zoo's female Amur tiger, Toma, gave birth to a litter of three cubs. This is also a major accomplishment because Amurs are endangered, and every successful litter counts a great deal. Although one of the cubs died of a heart defect in September (a female named Nadya), the other two are healthy and doing well. The surviving cubs are a male named Petya and a female named Mara.[citation needed]Another Amur tiger cub was born to Toma on May 11, 2008. The male cub, Grom (name meaning Thunder for he was born during a thunderstorm), had been taken from his mother because Toma was not being very attentive to him. Handlers later determined that it is most likely because Toma is not producing enough milk, if any at all. On September 12, 2008, the baby cub was named after Billy Ray Cyrus, the country music and television star. Zoo representatives said the donors who paid to name the cub \"Billy Ray\" wanted to honor a late family member who was a big Cyrus fan. Billy Ray will likely grow up to be about 11 feet long and weigh 450 pounds, according to the zoo.[citation needed]On October 25, 2009, one of the zoo's African painted dogs, Vega, gave birth to a litter of nine live puppies, and one dead puppy. Vega died the next day, leaving her puppies orphaned. To help nurse and raise the dogs, the zoo found a domesticated dog, Honey, from a local shelter who had recently given birth and was still lactating. Honey immediately took to the puppies and fed them. At the same time, the zoo's vet staff hand-fed the puppies a liquid diet fortified with enzymes. Although, four of the remaining puppies died – the typical mortality rate for African painted dogs is 50 percent – the remaining five were healthy and doing well after a month.[32] The painted dogs were involved in the death of a young boy in November 2012, during which one dog was shot, and the exhibit was closed due to safety concerns.[33] The painted dogs left the zoo in 2013 and are moved to other zoos.[34]","title":"Breeding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781578640553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578640553"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39887139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/39887139"}],"text":"Colker, Rachel (April 19, 1998). The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Donning Co. ISBN 9781578640553. OCLC 39887139.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Entrance to the Highland Park Zoo, c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Zoo_in_Highland_Park%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_Pa._%28det.4a09241%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Zoo_in_Highland_Park%2C_Pittsburgh%2C_Pa._%28det.4a09241%29.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The sea lion exhibit in the Kids Kingdom section of the Pittsburgh Zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PGHZoo-sealions.JPG/220px-PGHZoo-sealions.JPG"},{"image_text":"The PPG Aquarium at the Pittsburgh Zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pittsburgh_zoo_ppgaquarium.jpg/220px-Pittsburgh_zoo_ppgaquarium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Male Gorilla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Big_Male_Gorilla.jpg/220px-Big_Male_Gorilla.jpg"},{"image_text":"African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/African_Elephant_8.jpg/220px-African_Elephant_8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polar bear taking a stroll at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Polar_bear_-_Pittsburgh_Zoo_-_DSC02722.JPG/220px-Polar_bear_-_Pittsburgh_Zoo_-_DSC02722.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amur tiger at the zoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Amur_Tiger_Panthera_tigris_altaica_Cub_2184px_adjusted.jpg/220px-Amur_Tiger_Panthera_tigris_altaica_Cub_2184px_adjusted.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium reaches 1 million visitors\". Cox Media Group. WPXI News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/pittsburgh-zoo-ppg-aquarium-reaches-1-million-visitors/663406919/","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium reaches 1 million visitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh zoo drops accreditation due to disagreement over elephant handling\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2015/08/17/Pittsburgh-Zoo-PPG-Aquarium-will-drop-membership-in-Association-of-Zoos-Aquariums-over-elephant-handling-policy/stories/201508170157","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh zoo drops accreditation due to disagreement over elephant handling\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Highland Park Zoo\". www.brooklineconnection.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklineconnection.com/history/Facts/Zoo.html","url_text":"\"The Highland Park Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"Halfhill,Tom (2011). \"Tom's Inflation Calculator\". Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.halfhill.com/inflation.html","url_text":"\"Tom's Inflation Calculator\""}]},{"reference":"\"How the Works Progress Administration helped build Pittsburgh\". 90.5 WESA. January 8, 2024. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wesa.fm/development-transportation/2024-01-08/works-progress-administration-pittsburgh","url_text":"\"How the Works Progress Administration helped build Pittsburgh\""}]},{"reference":"McClain, James (August 25, 1965). \"Children's Zoo\". Historic Pittsburgh.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:MSP285.B018.F21.I04","url_text":"\"Children's Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us | Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium\". Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pittsburghzoo.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Us | Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium\""}]},{"reference":"Waltz, Amanda. \"Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium officially drops PPG from name\". Pittsburgh City Paper. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pghcitypaper.com/arts-entertainment/pittsburgh-zoo-and-aquarium-officially-drops-ppg-from-name-23153580","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium officially drops PPG from name\""}]},{"reference":"K, Karie (September 26, 2019). \"Chuckles the River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds\". Zoo Walks Through History. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://zoohistories.com/2019/09/26/chuckles-the-river-dolphin-pittsburgh-treasure-defier-of-odds/","url_text":"\"Chuckles the River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds\""}]},{"reference":"pittsburghbeautiful (August 20, 2023). \"Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium: A Wildlife Wonderland\". Pittsburgh Beautiful. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pittsburghbeautiful.com/2023/08/19/pittsburgh-zoo-ppg-aquarium/","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium: A Wildlife Wonderland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where the Wild Things Are | Pennsylvania Center for the Book\". pabook.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved January 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/where-wild-things-are","url_text":"\"Where the Wild Things Are | Pennsylvania Center for the Book\""}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Zoo History\". Archived from the original on February 25, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150225195045/http://pittsburghzoo.com/AboutUs/ZooHistory","url_text":"\"Zoo History\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/AboutUs/ZooHistory","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"CBS News (November 4, 2012). \"Child Mauled And Killed At Zoo\". Retrieved November 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2012/11/04/child-falls-into-zoo-exhibit-dies/","url_text":"\"Child Mauled And Killed At Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Archived from the original on December 1, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121201151752/http://news.msn.com/us/mother-avoids-charges-after-dogs-kill-son-at-pittsburgh-zoo-1","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"https://news.msn.com/us/mother-avoids-charges-after-dogs-kill-son-at-pittsburgh-zoo-1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Kid's Kingdom\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927154507/http://pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=7","url_text":"\"Kid's Kingdom\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Powell, Albrecht (2011). \"Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium\". About.com. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pittsburgh.about.com/od/things_to_do/p/zoo.htm","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Pohla (April 11, 2009). \"Pittsburgh Zoo Named 4th Best for Kids\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09101/962131-53.stm","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo Named 4th Best for Kids\""}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"PPG Aquarium\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927171211/http://pittsburghzoo.com/ppgaquarium.aspx","url_text":"\"PPG Aquarium\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/ppgaquarium.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuckles The River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds\". Zoo Walks Through History. September 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://zoohistories.com/2019/09/26/chuckles-the-river-dolphin-pittsburgh-treasure-defier-of-odds/","url_text":"\"Chuckles The River Dolphin: Pittsburgh Treasure, Defier of Odds\""}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Asian Forest\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927162642/http://pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=1","url_text":"\"Asian Forest\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Tropical Forest\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927165634/http://pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=3","url_text":"\"Tropical Forest\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cheetah now calls home the African painted dog exhibit at Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium | TribLIVE.com\". archive.triblive.com. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/cheetah-now-calls-home-the-african-painted-dog-exhibit-at-pittsburgh-zoo-and-ppg-aquarium/","url_text":"\"Cheetah now calls home the African painted dog exhibit at Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium | TribLIVE.com\""}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Bears\". Archived from the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100927155902/http://pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=4","url_text":"\"Bears\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo (August 10, 2010). \"Saying Goodbye to Rocky\". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727175055/http://blog.pittsburghzoo.org/2010/saying-goodbye-to-rocky/","url_text":"\"Saying Goodbye to Rocky\""},{"url":"http://blog.pittsburghzoo.org/2010/saying-goodbye-to-rocky/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo (2015). \"Zoo Announces New Exhibit\". Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921150133/http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/PressRoom/PressReleases/Zooannouncesexhibit","url_text":"\"Zoo Announces New Exhibit\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/PressRoom/PressReleases/Zooannouncesexhibit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pittsburgh Zoo. \"Water's Edge\". Archived from the original on October 16, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016061247/http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=6","url_text":"\"Water's Edge\""},{"url":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/animallist.aspx?c=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sand Tiger Sharks Move Into New Home at Pittsburgh Zoo\". ThePittsburghChannel. October 6, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005173116/http://www.wtae.com/r/17636580/detail.html","url_text":"\"Sand Tiger Sharks Move Into New Home at Pittsburgh Zoo\""},{"url":"http://www.wtae.com/r/17636580/detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coolio the seal makes fantastic voyage to Pittsburgh zoo exhibit\". WPXI Pittsburgh. July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/coolio-the-seal-makes-fantastic-voyage-to-pittsburgh-zoo-exhibit/566126221","url_text":"\"Coolio the seal makes fantastic voyage to Pittsburgh zoo exhibit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Five African Painted Dog Pups Doing Well at Zoo\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. November 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09327/1015809-53.stm","url_text":"\"Five African Painted Dog Pups Doing Well at Zoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo closes African painted dogs exhibit after boy's death\". WTAE. May 8, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtae.com/article/pittsburgh-zoo-closes-african-painted-dogs-exhibit-after-boy-s-death/7461075","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo closes African painted dogs exhibit after boy's death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo Giving Away Painted Dogs In Wake Of Tragedy\". April 10, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2013/04/10/pittsburgh-zoo-giving-away-painted-dogs-in-wake-of-tragedy/","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo Giving Away Painted Dogs In Wake Of Tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"Colker, Rachel (April 19, 1998). The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Donning Co. ISBN 9781578640553. OCLC 39887139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578640553","url_text":"9781578640553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39887139","url_text":"39887139"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_Aquarium&params=40.484_N_79.918_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°29′02″N 79°55′05″W / 40.484°N 79.918°W / 40.484; -79.918"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pittsburgh_Zoo_%26_Aquarium&params=40.484_N_79.918_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"40°29′02″N 79°55′05″W / 40.484°N 79.918°W / 40.484; -79.918"},{"Link":"http://www.pittsburghzoo.com/","external_links_name":"www.pittsburghzoo.com"},{"Link":"https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/pittsburgh-zoo-ppg-aquarium-reaches-1-million-visitors/663406919/","external_links_name":"\"Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium reaches 1 million visitors\""},{"Link":"https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2015/08/17/Pittsburgh-Zoo-PPG-Aquarium-will-drop-membership-in-Association-of-Zoos-Aquariums-over-elephant-handling-policy/stories/201508170157","external_links_name":"\"Pittsburgh zoo drops accreditation due to disagreement over 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama:_The_Beast_with_a_Billion_Backs
Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Features","3.1 Opening","3.2 Guest stars","3.3 DVD","4 References","5 External links"]
2008 American filmFuturama: The Beast with a Billion BacksDVD coverDirected byPeter AvanzinoScreenplay byEric KaplanStory byEric KaplanDavid X. CohenProduced byLee SupercinskiClaudia KatzStarringBilly WestKatey SagalJohn DiMaggioTress MacNeilleMaurice LaMarchePhil LaMarrLauren TomDavid HermanDan CastellanetaDavid CrossStephen HawkingBrittany MurphyEdited byPaul D. CalderMusic byChristopher TyngProductioncompaniesThe Curiosity Company20th Century Fox TelevisionDistributed by20th Century Fox Home EntertainmentRelease date June 24, 2008 (2008-06-24) Running time89 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs is a 2008 American direct-to-video adult animated science-fiction comedy-adventure film based on the animated series Futurama, and the second of four straight-to-DVD films that make up the show's fifth season. The film was released in the United States and Canada on June 24, 2008, followed by a UK release on June 30, 2008 and an Australian release on August 6, 2008. The title refers to a euphemism for sexual intercourse—"the beast with two backs". Comedy Central aired the film as a "four-part epic" on October 19, 2008. The movie won an Annie Award for "Best Animated Home Entertainment Production". Plot A month after the universe was ripped open, people decide to go on with their lives. Amy and Kif get married. Fry starts dating a girl named Colleen, but breaks up with her when he discovers she has many other boyfriends. At a conference, Professor Farnsworth proposes an expedition to investigate the anomaly. When Bender explores the anomaly, his touch causes it to emit a shock wave that sends him and the ship flying. Farnsworth discovers that only living beings can pass through the anomaly; electrical objects are either repelled or destroyed. His plans for another expedition are rejected in favor of a military assault led by Zapp Brannigan, which results in Kif's death while Fry enters the anomaly. On the other side of the anomaly, Fry comes across a colossal, one-eyed, tentacled alien named "Yivo" which begins forcing its appendages through the anomaly. Yivo's tentacles touch everyone in the universe, and nothing can stop them since they are made of "electro-matter", which can only be harmed by other electro-matter. Fry returns to Earth with Yivo's tentacle attached to the back of his neck and tells everyone to "love the tentacle". Yivo's tentacles attach themselves to nearly everyone, causing their victims to fall in love with it, eventually leaving Leela as the only one unattached. Fry becomes the pope of a religion established to worship Yivo. Leela examines Yivo's tentacle fragment and discovers that they are actually reproductive organs, revealing this to everyone at a universal religious gathering. Yivo admits that mating with everyone in the universe was its original intention but claims that it is now truly in love with them. As a sign of good faith, Yivo resurrects Kif who is heartbroken to discover that while he was dead, Zapp capitalized on Amy's grief and slept with her. Yivo begins the relationship anew and removes its tentacles from everyone. Yivo takes everyone in the universe out on a date at the same time, which goes well. However, the universe's leaders feel that Yivo has made no commitment and send a delegation to break up with it. Before they can do so, Yivo proposes marriage and they accept. Bender becomes frustrated from being neglected by Fry and makes a deal with the Robot Devil for an army of robots to take over the world in exchange for his first-born son, with Robot Devil being genuinely shocked over how callous it was. His attack is made unnecessary when humanity leaves Earth willingly to live on Yivo, along with the other civilizations of the universe, leaving Bender lonely and stagnates the robot population, who are built to serve humans. The universe's residents promise Yivo that they will never contact other universes. Fry, however, cannot help writing a letter to Bender, which is sent without Yivo's knowledge. Bender receives Fry's letter, which is made out of electro-matter, and decides to rescue his friend from his relationship with Yivo. He and his army harpoon Yivo from the other side of the anomaly and tow it into their own universe. Fry convinces Bender to spare Yivo, but Yivo discovers that the robots' weapons are lined with the electro-matter from Fry's letter, allowing them to harm it. Since Fry broke his promise, Yivo breaks up with the universe and makes everyone leave. Yivo finds consolation with Colleen, and they begin a relationship as they return to the other universe and close the anomaly. Fry decides to find love elsewhere and tries to ask Leela out, but she rejects him, angered at him using her as a rebound from Colleen. Kif and Amy's relationship is strained due to Amy's affair with Zapp. Bender breaks up his friends' quarrel and assures them that what they experienced was not love, as love is a jealous, hard-to-obtain emotion that does not share itself with the world. Bender shares his own love with Fry and Leela by giving them a big hug, which chokes them. Cast Billy West as Philip J. Fry, Professor Farnsworth, Dr. Zoidberg, Zapp Brannigan, Additional voices Katey Sagal as Leela John DiMaggio as Bender, Additional voices Tress MacNeille as Additional voices Maurice LaMarche as Kif Kroker, Calculon, Hedonismbot, Additional voices Phil LaMarr as Hermes Conrad, Billionairebot, Additional voices Lauren Tom as Amy Wong, Additional voices David Herman as Dr. Wernstrom, Additional voices Dan Castellaneta as The Robot Devil David Cross as Yivo Stephen Hawking as Himself Brittany Murphy as Colleen O'Hallahan Features Opening Further information: Futurama § Opening sequence Futurama's common opening sequence and opening caption are present in the film as in all its episodes, though unlike the first film the opening sequence is not extended for a cast list. The opening subtitle reads "The proud result of prison labor" and the opening cartoon consists of a short black-and-white cartoon after the normal sequence. However, rather than immediately crash through the large television billboard, the Planet Express Ship is absorbed by it and is transformed into an appropriately animated black-and-white version of itself. The cartoon to which they're transported is a spoof of Steamboat Willie starring Zoidberg, Leela (in the Mickey role), Fry, and Bender. The Planet Express Ship then flies by the moon and zaps the Hydroponic Farmer from "The Series Has Landed" with the ship's ray gun. Following the cartoon, the Planet Express Ship crashes out from the television billboard. In the Comedy Central broadcast, the opening sequence is shortened to remove the entire scene where the Planet Express crew flies by the moon. In the opening sequence of the second part, the opening subtitle reads "It Makes a Nice Sandwich", and the third part's opening subtitle is "0100100001101001", which is the binary representation of the ASCII encoding of the word "Hi", and the fourth part's opening subtitle is "The Robots are Coming! The Robots are Coming!". The opening cartoon of the first part is the 1931 Flip the Frog cartoon The Soup Song, while the opening cartoons for the last three parts is the same one seen in "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings", that of Futurama's own opening sequence. Guest stars The film features voice talents from: Brittany Murphy as Colleen, Fry's new polyamorous girlfriend; David Cross as Yivo, the planet-sized tentacled omnipotent alien; Professor Stephen Hawking reprising himself, this time as his own head in a jar; and Dan Castellaneta reprising his role as the Robot Devil. Aside from her regular work on the animated series King of the Hill, this was Murphy's last voice-over role before her death on December 20, 2009. DVD The DVD features a commentary track, deleted scenes, and footage animated for the Futurama video game retitled Futurama: The Lost Adventure. The Lost Adventure also features its own commentary track. References ^ Vo, Alex (2007-07-30). "Comic-Con Premieres New Futurama Footage; Plus, We Interview Futurama's Rich Moore". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2007-08-01. ^ Lambert, David (2008-02-28). "Futurama — Release Date, Cost, Extras, & More for The Beast with a Billion Backs". Archived from the original on 2008-03-02. ^ "Friday Night Lights and Other Announced Releases". TV Guide. 2008-02-28. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. ^ "Futurama — The Beast With A Billion Backs @ EzyDVD". EzyDVD. 2008-05-13. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. ^ "Comedy Central Press - Press Release". Comedy Central. 2008-09-25. Archived from the original on 2012-10-03. Retrieved 2008-09-26. ^ "Can't Get Enough Futurama: Four New Futurama DVDs". Retrieved 2007-08-01. ^ Credited as "30th Century Fox Television". External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Beast with a Billion Backs. Official website Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs at IMDb Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs at AllMovie Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs at Rotten Tomatoes The Beast with a Billion Backs at the Infosphere. First review at www.screenjabber.com DVD Talk Review Reviewgraveyard.com Review vteFuturamaCharacters Fry Leela Bender Professor Farnsworth Dr. Zoidberg Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 Bender's Big Score The Beast with a Billion Backs Bender's Game Into the Wild Green Yonder 6 7 8 Games Futurama Animation Throwdown: The Quest for Cards Worlds of Tomorrow Themes Politics Religion Related Guest stars Comics "Simpsorama" Morbotron vteFuturama episodes Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Season 5 "Bender's Big Score" (Part 1–4) "The Beast with a Billion Backs" (Part 1–4) "Bender's Game" (Part 1–4) "Into the Wild Green Yonder" (Part 1–4) vteMatt Groening Awards and nominations TV series The Simpsons (1989–present) Futurama (1999–2003; 2008–2013; 2023–present) Disenchantment (2018–2023) Films The Simpsons Movie (2007) Futurama films Bender's Big Score The Beast with a Billion Backs Bender's Game Into the Wild Green Yonder (2007–09) The Longest Daycare (2012) Playdate with Destiny (2020) The Simpsons Disney+ shorts (2021–present) The Force Awakens from Its Nap (2021) The Good, the Bart, and the Loki (2021) Plusaversary (2021) When Billie Met Lisa (2022) Welcome to the Club (2022) The Simpsons Meet the Bocellis in "Feliz Navidad" (2022) Rogue Not Quite One (2023) The Simpsons | Balenciaga (2021) Te Deseo Lo Mejor (2021) Comics Life in Hell (1977–2012) The Simpsons comics (1993–2018) Futurama comics (2000–2018) Other The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show (1987–89) Olive, the Other Reindeer (1999) The Simpsons Ride (2008) See also Bongo Comics The ULULU Company Rock Bottom Remainders The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice! vteRough Draft StudiosFeature filmsTheatrical FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992) Beavis and Butt-Head Do America (1996) The Powerpuff Girls Movie (2002) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie (2004) The Simpsons Movie (2007) The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water (2015) Direct-to-DVD Stitch! The Movie (2003) Futurama: Bender's Big Score (2007) Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs (2008) Futurama: Bender's Game (2008) Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder (2009) Madea's Tough Love (2015) Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015) Television The Flintstones: On the Rocks (2001) Globehunters: An Around the World in 80 Days Adventure (2002) The Electric Piper (2003) Kim Possible Movie: So the Drama (2005) Steven Universe: The Movie (2019) We Bare Bears: The Movie (2020) Big City Greens the Movie: Spacecation (2024) Short films A Day in the Life of Ranger Smith Duck Dodgers - Attack of the Drones Inside the CIA MADtv's Spy vs. Spy The Whizzard of Ow TV series 3-South Adventure Time American Dragon: Jake Long Amphibia The Angry Beavers Baby Blues Beavis and Butt-Head Ben 10: Omniverse Benjamin Blümchen Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer Big City Greens The Brothers Grunt Camp Lazlo CatDog Catscratch ChalkZone Chibiverse Class of 3000 Clone High Codename: Kids Next Door Cow and Chicken Craig of the Creek The Critic Danny Phantom Daria Dexter's Laboratory Dilbert Disenchantment Drawn Together Dragon Tales Eek! Stravaganza Evil Con Carne Family Guy Full English Futurama Gravity Falls The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Grim & Evil Hailey's On It! Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Harold and the Purple Crayon Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law I Am Weasel Jackie Chan Adventures Jessica's Big Little World Johnny Bravo Jumanji Kim Possible King of the Hill Korgoth of Barbaria The Life and Times of Juniper Lee The Looney Tunes Show The Maxx My Life as a Teenage Robot The Nanny Napoleon Dynamite New Looney Tunes The Oblongs The Owl House Phineas and Ferb Pinky and the Brain The Patrick Star Show The Powerpuff Girls The Ren & Stimpy Show The Replacements Rocko's Modern Life Sammy Samurai Jack Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated Sheep in the Big City The Simpsons Sit Down, Shut Up SpongeBob SquarePants Squirrel Boy Summer Camp Island Star vs. the Forces of Evil Star Wars: Clone Wars Steven Universe Steven Universe Future Sym-Bionic Titan Tarantula Tig N' Seek Timon & Pumbaa Tom and Jerry Tales The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat Uncle Grandpa We Baby Bears We Bare Bears Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones? The X's People Gregg Vanzo Claudia Katz Peter Avanzino Dwayne Carey-Hill Rich Moore vte20th Century AnimationA subsidiary of 20th Century Studios.Feature filmsReleased The Simpsons Movie (2007) The Book of Life (2014) Ron's Gone Wrong (2021) The Bob's Burgers Movie (2022) Fox AnimationStudios Anastasia (1997) Titan A.E. (2000) Blue SkyStudios Ice Age (2002) Robots (2005) Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006) Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008) Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) Rio (2011) Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) Epic (2013) Rio 2 (2014) The Peanuts Movie (2015) Ice Age: Collision Course (2016) Ferdinand (2017) Spies in Disguise (2019) Walt DisneyPictures Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2021) The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild (2022) Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (2022) Night at the Museum: Kahmunrah Rises Again (2022) Diary of a Wimpy Kid Christmas: Cabin Fever (2023) Short films Gone Nutty (2002) No Time for Nuts (2006) Surviving Sid (2008) The Longest Daycare (2012) The Predator Holiday Special (2018) Playdate with Destiny (2020) The Force Awakens from Its Nap (2021) The Good, the Bart, and the Loki (2021) The Simpsons | Balenciaga (2021) Plusaversary (2021) Ice Age: Scrat Tales (2022, TV series) When Billie Met Lisa (2022) Welcome to the Club (2022) The Simpsons Meet the Bocellis in "Feliz Navidad" (2022) Rogue Not Quite One (2023) Television specials Olive, the Other Reindeer (1999) Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011) Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016) Associatedproductions FernGully: The Last Rainforest (1992) Once Upon a Forest (1993) The Pagemaster (1994) Monkeybone (2001) Garfield: The Movie (2004) Fat Albert (2004) Everyone's Hero (2006) Garfield: A Tale of Two Kitties (2006) Night at the Museum (2006) Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007) Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009) Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009) Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011) The Croods (2013) Turbo (2013) Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014) How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014) Penguins of Madagascar (2014) Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014) Home (2015) Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015) Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016) Trolls (2016) The Boss Baby (2017) Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017) Isle of Dogs (2018) Franchises The Simpsons Family Guy Ice Age Night at the Museum Alvin and the Chipmunks Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rio People Chris Wedge Carlos Saldanha Don Bluth Steve Martino Related 20th Television 20th Television Animation Terrytoons Fox Animation Studios Blue Sky Studios Animation on Fox Animation Domination Walt Disney Animation Studios List of 20th Century Studios theatrical animated feature films unproduced projects ^ Originally in-production at 20th Century Studios, but were switched over to Walt Disney Pictures before completion. vteAnnie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production The Gate to the Mind’s Eye (1995) The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving (1996) Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1997) Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1999) An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000) Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2001) Rolie Polie Olie: The Great Defender of Fun (2002) The Animatrix (2003) The Lion King 1½ (2004) Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005) Bambi II (2006) Futurama: Bender's Big Score (2007) Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs (2008)
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Comedy Central aired the film as a \"four-part epic\" on October 19, 2008.[5] The movie won an Annie Award for \"Best Animated Home Entertainment Production\".","title":"Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the universe was ripped open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama:_Bender%27s_Big_Score"},{"link_name":"many other boyfriends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamory"},{"link_name":"Professor Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"shock wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave"},{"link_name":"Zapp Brannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp_Brannigan"},{"link_name":"tentacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle"},{"link_name":"Robot Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Robot_Devil"},{"link_name":"harpoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon"}],"text":"A month after the universe was ripped open, people decide to go on with their lives. Amy and Kif get married. Fry starts dating a girl named Colleen, but breaks up with her when he discovers she has many other boyfriends.At a conference, Professor Farnsworth proposes an expedition to investigate the anomaly. When Bender explores the anomaly, his touch causes it to emit a shock wave that sends him and the ship flying. Farnsworth discovers that only living beings can pass through the anomaly; electrical objects are either repelled or destroyed. His plans for another expedition are rejected in favor of a military assault led by Zapp Brannigan, which results in Kif's death while Fry enters the anomaly. On the other side of the anomaly, Fry comes across a colossal, one-eyed, tentacled alien named \"Yivo\" which begins forcing its appendages through the anomaly. Yivo's tentacles touch everyone in the universe, and nothing can stop them since they are made of \"electro-matter\", which can only be harmed by other electro-matter.Fry returns to Earth with Yivo's tentacle attached to the back of his neck and tells everyone to \"love the tentacle\". Yivo's tentacles attach themselves to nearly everyone, causing their victims to fall in love with it, eventually leaving Leela as the only one unattached. Fry becomes the pope of a religion established to worship Yivo. Leela examines Yivo's tentacle fragment and discovers that they are actually reproductive organs, revealing this to everyone at a universal religious gathering. Yivo admits that mating with everyone in the universe was its original intention but claims that it is now truly in love with them. As a sign of good faith, Yivo resurrects Kif who is heartbroken to discover that while he was dead, Zapp capitalized on Amy's grief and slept with her. Yivo begins the relationship anew and removes its tentacles from everyone.Yivo takes everyone in the universe out on a date at the same time, which goes well. However, the universe's leaders feel that Yivo has made no commitment and send a delegation to break up with it. Before they can do so, Yivo proposes marriage and they accept. Bender becomes frustrated from being neglected by Fry and makes a deal with the Robot Devil for an army of robots to take over the world in exchange for his first-born son, with Robot Devil being genuinely shocked over how callous it was. His attack is made unnecessary when humanity leaves Earth willingly to live on Yivo, along with the other civilizations of the universe, leaving Bender lonely and stagnates the robot population, who are built to serve humans. The universe's residents promise Yivo that they will never contact other universes. Fry, however, cannot help writing a letter to Bender, which is sent without Yivo's knowledge.Bender receives Fry's letter, which is made out of electro-matter, and decides to rescue his friend from his relationship with Yivo. He and his army harpoon Yivo from the other side of the anomaly and tow it into their own universe. Fry convinces Bender to spare Yivo, but Yivo discovers that the robots' weapons are lined with the electro-matter from Fry's letter, allowing them to harm it. Since Fry broke his promise, Yivo breaks up with the universe and makes everyone leave. Yivo finds consolation with Colleen, and they begin a relationship as they return to the other universe and close the anomaly.Fry decides to find love elsewhere and tries to ask Leela out, but she rejects him, angered at him using her as a rebound from Colleen. Kif and Amy's relationship is strained due to Amy's affair with Zapp. Bender breaks up his friends' quarrel and assures them that what they experienced was not love, as love is a jealous, hard-to-obtain emotion that does not share itself with the world. Bender shares his own love with Fry and Leela by giving them a big hug, which chokes them.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_West"},{"link_name":"Philip J. Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_(Futurama)"},{"link_name":"Professor Farnsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Farnsworth"},{"link_name":"Dr. Zoidberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoidberg"},{"link_name":"Zapp Brannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp_Brannigan"},{"link_name":"Katey Sagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katey_Sagal"},{"link_name":"Leela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_(Futurama)"},{"link_name":"John DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DiMaggio"},{"link_name":"Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)"},{"link_name":"Tress MacNeille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tress_MacNeille"},{"link_name":"Maurice LaMarche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_LaMarche"},{"link_name":"Kif Kroker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kif_Kroker"},{"link_name":"Calculon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Futurama_characters#Calculon"},{"link_name":"Hedonismbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonismbot"},{"link_name":"Phil LaMarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_LaMarr"},{"link_name":"Hermes Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Billionairebot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Bender"},{"link_name":"Lauren Tom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Tom"},{"link_name":"Amy Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Wong"},{"link_name":"David Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Herman"},{"link_name":"Dr. Wernstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Futurama_characters#Dr._Ogden_Wernstrom"},{"link_name":"Dan Castellaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta"},{"link_name":"The Robot Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Futurama_characters#Robot_Devil"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"Brittany Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Murphy"}],"text":"Billy West as Philip J. Fry, Professor Farnsworth, Dr. Zoidberg, Zapp Brannigan, Additional voices\nKatey Sagal as Leela\nJohn DiMaggio as Bender, Additional voices\nTress MacNeille as Additional voices\nMaurice LaMarche as Kif Kroker, Calculon, Hedonismbot, Additional voices\nPhil LaMarr as Hermes Conrad, Billionairebot, Additional voices\nLauren Tom as Amy Wong, Additional voices\nDavid Herman as Dr. Wernstrom, Additional voices\nDan Castellaneta as The Robot Devil\nDavid Cross as Yivo\nStephen Hawking as Himself\nBrittany Murphy as Colleen O'Hallahan","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futurama § Opening sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama#Opening_sequence"},{"link_name":"Steamboat Willie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Willie"},{"link_name":"Mickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"The Series Has Landed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Series_Has_Landed"},{"link_name":"Comedy Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"The Robots are Coming! The Robots are Coming!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere"},{"link_name":"Flip the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Hands_Are_Idle_Playthings"}],"sub_title":"Opening","text":"Further information: Futurama § Opening sequenceFuturama's common opening sequence and opening caption are present in the film as in all its episodes, though unlike the first film the opening sequence is not extended for a cast list. The opening subtitle reads \"The proud result of prison labor\" and the opening cartoon consists of a short black-and-white cartoon after the normal sequence. However, rather than immediately crash through the large television billboard, the Planet Express Ship is absorbed by it and is transformed into an appropriately animated black-and-white version of itself. The cartoon to which they're transported is a spoof of Steamboat Willie starring Zoidberg, Leela (in the Mickey role), Fry, and Bender. The Planet Express Ship then flies by the moon and zaps the Hydroponic Farmer from \"The Series Has Landed\" with the ship's ray gun. Following the cartoon, the Planet Express Ship crashes out from the television billboard.In the Comedy Central broadcast, the opening sequence is shortened to remove the entire scene where the Planet Express crew flies by the moon. In the opening sequence of the second part, the opening subtitle reads \"It Makes a Nice Sandwich\", and the third part's opening subtitle is \"0100100001101001\", which is the binary representation of the ASCII encoding of the word \"Hi\", and the fourth part's opening subtitle is \"The Robots are Coming! The Robots are Coming!\". The opening cartoon of the first part is the 1931 Flip the Frog cartoon The Soup Song, while the opening cartoons for the last three parts is the same one seen in \"The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings\", that of Futurama's own opening sequence.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brittany Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Murphy"},{"link_name":"polyamorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamory"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"tentacled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle"},{"link_name":"Professor Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"Dan Castellaneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta"},{"link_name":"the Robot Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recurring_Futurama_characters#Robot_Devil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"King of the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Hill"}],"sub_title":"Guest stars","text":"The film features voice talents from: Brittany Murphy as Colleen, Fry's new polyamorous girlfriend; David Cross as Yivo, the planet-sized tentacled omnipotent alien; Professor Stephen Hawking reprising himself, this time as his own head in a jar; and Dan Castellaneta reprising his role as the Robot Devil.[6]\nAside from her regular work on the animated series King of the Hill, this was Murphy's last voice-over role before her death on December 20, 2009.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futurama video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Futurama: The Lost Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Futurama_episodes#Futurama:_The_Lost_Adventure"}],"sub_title":"DVD","text":"The DVD features a commentary track, deleted scenes, and footage animated for the Futurama video game retitled Futurama: The Lost Adventure. The Lost Adventure also features its own commentary track.","title":"Features"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Golden_Panthers
FIU Panthers
["1 History and introduction","1.1 Conference affiliations","2 Sports sponsored","2.1 Baseball","2.2 Men's basketball","2.3 Women's basketball","2.4 Cross country","2.5 Football","2.6 Men's soccer","2.7 Women's soccer","2.8 Softball","2.9 Swimming and diving","2.10 Track & Field","2.11 Volleyball","3 Notable non varsity sports","3.1 Rugby","4 Facilities","4.1 Riccardo Silva Stadium","4.2 Ocean Bank Convocation Center","4.3 Infinity Insurance Park","5 References","6 External links"]
Intercollegiate sports teams of Florida International University This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "FIU Panthers" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Athletic teams representing Florida International University FIU PanthersUniversityFlorida International UniversityConferenceConference USAThe American (men's soccer, swimming & diving)NCAADivision I (FBS)Athletic directorScott CarrLocationMiami, FloridaVarsity teams18 (6 men's, 10 women's)Football stadiumFIU StadiumBasketball arenaOcean Bank Convocation CenterBaseball stadiumFIU Baseball StadiumSoftball stadiumFelsberg Field at FIU Softball StadiumSoccer stadiumFIU Soccer StadiumTennis venueFIU Tennis CourtsMascotRoary the PantherNicknamePanthersFight songFIU Fight SongColorsBlue and gold   Websitefiusports.com Conference USA logo in FIU's colors The FIU Panthers are the athletic teams representing Florida International University, an American public university located in Miami, Florida. The Panthers currently compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletics as members of Conference USA. The men's soccer and swimming & diving teams compete in the American Athletic Conference. Until 2011, they were known as the FIU Golden Panthers. History and introduction FIU's colors are navy blue and gold, and their mascot is the Panther (taken from the Florida panther, an endangered species endemic to the nearby Everglades), which is embodied by a panther named Roary the Panther. The school's original nickname was the "Sunblazers", but it was changed in 1987 to the "Golden Panthers", with the word "Golden" officially dropped beginning with the 2010–11 school year. FIU is a member of the NCAA, participating in Division I, and is a member of Conference USA. FIU joined the Sun Belt Conference in 1998 having previously competed in the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC; now the Atlantic Sun Conference), from 1991 to 1998. They joined Conference USA in 2013. The FIU Athletic Department has produced scores of professional and Olympic athletes, including current players in Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and in the Women's National Basketball Association. FIU's current athletic director is Scott Carr, who was hired on November 30, 2021. He most recently worked as deputy AD with the UCF Knights, and also previously worked in executive athletic roles with the Auburn Tigers and Southern Miss Golden Eagles. Conference affiliations Division Years Conference affiliation NCAA Division II 1965–66 to 1987–88 Independent NCAA Division I 1988–89 to 1990–91 1991–92 to 1997–98 Trans America Athletic Conference(now Atlantic Sun Conference) 1998–99 to 2012–13 Sun Belt Conference 2013–14 to present Conference USA (East) Sports sponsored Men's sports Women's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Beach volleyball Cross country Cross country Football Golf Soccer Soccer Track and field† Softball Swimming and diving Tennis Track and field† Volleyball † – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor Baseball Panthers baseball players during the 2023 season FIU's baseball team began play in 1973 as a Division II member and is one of the most successful programs in the school's history. The team has reached the post-season 14 times in school history, including nine times as a Division I program. The other five appearances came as a Division II program and included a Division II College World Series appearance. Many players from past years have been drafted by Major League Baseball teams and have played in the majors. FIU's most notable baseball alumni is Mike Lowell, former third baseman of the New York Yankees, Florida Marlins, and Boston Red Sox. Lowell was the 2007 World Series MVP. Garrett Wittels finished the 2010 season with a 56-game hitting streak, two hits shy of the Division I record, set the FIU season record for hits, was nominated for the Best Male College Athlete ESPY Award for his 2010 performance, won Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year honors, and was named a NCBWA and Louisville Slugger/TPX Preseason All-American. Team honors NCAA Division I Super Regional Appearances (1): 2001 NCAA Division I Regional Appearances (11): 1991, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2011, 2015 NCAA Division II College World Series (1): 1980 NCAA Division II Regional Appearances (5): 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982 Conference USA tournament Champions (1): 2015 Sun Belt Conference tournament champions (2): 1999, 2010 Trans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (2): 1991, 1998 Men's basketball Main article: FIU Panthers men's basketball FIU at UCLA Pauley Pavilion, 2008 The current head coach of the FIU men's basketball team is Anthony Evans, who was hired on April 15, 2013. FIU men's basketball team had its lone NCAA tournament appearance in the 1995 tournament under then Head Coach Bob Weltlich. FIU won the TAAC Basketball Tournament and in doing so earned an automatic bid for the NCAA tournament. FIU was seeded #16 and played the #1 seeded UCLA Bruins in the first round of the West Regional, which was played at the Taco Bell Arena in Boise, Idaho. The Panthers lost the game to the Bruins by the score of 92–56, being the first tournament win in UCLA's successful run to the National Championship that year. FIU alumni who have played in the National Basketball Association include Carlos Arroyo and Raja Bell. Team honors NCAA tournament Appearances (1): 1995 Trans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (1): 1995 Trans America Athletic Conference regular season champions (1): 1992–93 Women's basketball Main article: FIU Panthers women's basketball The women's basketball team plays their home games on-campus at the Ocean Bank Convocation Center. The current head coach is Jesyka Burks-Wiley, who won the Coach of the Year honor in Conference USA in the 2020-21 season. Team honors NCAA Division I tournament Appearances (6): 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002 WNIT Appearances (7): 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2013 NCAA Division II tournament Appearances (3): 1983, 1986, 1987 Sun Belt Conference tournament champions (1): 2002 Sun Belt Conference regular season champions (1): 2001–02 Trans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (6): 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998 Trans America Athletic Conference regular season champions (7): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98 New South Women's Athletic Conference regular season champions (2): 1988–89, 1989–90 Cross country Men's team honors Trans America Athletic Conference Champions (4): 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Women's team honors Trans America Athletic Conference Champions (5): 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997 New South Women's Athletic Conference Champions (2): 1988, 1990 Men's individual honors NCAA Division I South All-Region (2): Gabriel Rodriguez, 1998, 1999 Women's individual honors NCAA Division I South All-Region (1): Ingrid Odermatt, 1997 Football Main article: FIU Panthers football The Panthers play at the on-campus Riccardo Silva Stadium. FIU fans at a football game at Riccardo Silva Stadium. The FIU Panthers football team competes in the NCAA FBS Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly known as Division I-A), the highest level in intercollegiate football, and is a member of Conference USA. They are led by head coach Butch Davis and play at Riccardo Silva Stadium on FIU's Westchester campus. The team began playing in 2002 as a member of NCAA Division I-AA, now known as the NCAA FCS Football Championship Subdivision. Three years later, the FIU Athletics Department decided to move the program up to Division I-A. FIU became the fastest school to make such a move from a program's inception. On August 29, 2002, the program played its first game at home against Saint Peter's College in front of a sold out crowd of 17,314. FIU defeated St. Peter's by the score of 27–3. The FIU football team's main rivals are the Florida Atlantic Owls and the University of Miami Hurricanes. Both FIU and Florida Atlantic play annually in a game known as the Shula Bowl. The game is named after former Miami Dolphins head coach and Football Hall of Fame inductee Don Shula. The Panthers and Hurricanes last played on November 23, 2019 at LoanDepot Park, with FIU defeating UM 30-24. Team honors Sun Belt Conference Champions (1): 2010 Bowl appearances (5): 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019 Men's soccer Main article: FIU Panthers men's soccer FIU has won two NCAA Division II national championships in men's soccer. In 1982, FIU beat Southern Connecticut State by the score of 2–1, to win the school's first national title in any sport. Two years later the Panthers won their second national title beating Seattle Pacific University 1–0. To date these are the only national titles the university has achieved in athletic competition. The men's soccer team competes in The American. The team previously played in the Atlantic Soccer Conference from 2000 to 2004 and the Trans America Athletic Conference (now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference) from 1991 to 1999. FIU has regularly qualified for the NCAA tournament in men's soccer, both as Division I and Division II program. In addition to the national championships achieved by the team as a Division II program, the team reached the Division I championship game in 1996, losing to St. John's University 4–1. Recently, two new soccer fields were finished in the summer of 2007 on the northwest side of campus. These fields will complement the other two, making four soccer fields for use by both the men and women's soccer teams, as well as practice fields for the football team. Team honors Division I national runner-up (1): 1996 NCAA Division I tournament Appearances (8): 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2015 Division II National Champions (2): 1982, 1984 Division II national runner-up (2): 1980, 1985 NCAA Division II tournament Appearances (8): 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985 Conference – USA Champions (1): 2015 Atlantic Soccer Conference Champions (4): 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004 Trans America Athletic Conference Champions (1): 1991 Women's soccer The women's soccer team competes in Conference USA after previously being unaffiliated from 1985 to 1999 and a member of the Sun Belt Conference from 2000 through 2012. Team honors NCAA tournament Appearances (2): 1993, 2011 Sun Belt Conference tournament champions (2): 2000, 2011Sun Belt Conference regular season champions (2): 2000, 2009 Softball FIU's softball team competes in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1998, Independent from 1999 to 2000, and of the Sun Belt Conference from 2001 through 2012. The team plays its home games at Felsberg Field at FIU Softball Stadium. Team honors NCAA tournament Appearances (3): 2003, 2010, 2017 Swimming and diving FIU's Swimming & Diving team competes in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Sun Belt Conference from 2003-2004 through 2012-2013. Team honors Conference – USA Conference Champions(6): 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20 Track & Field FIU's Track & Field teams compete in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1998. Individual honors NCAA D1 Individual National Champion - Sheri-Ann Brooks (2005 Women's Outdoor 200m Dash) FIU has had four Olympians, including three-time Olympic hurdler Ronald Forbes (Cayman Islands), Aubrey Smith (Canada), 2004 Gold Medalist Tayna Lawrence (Jamaica) and Ena Guevara-Mora (Peru). Volleyball FIU's indoor and sand volleyball teams are both under the helm of Rita Buck-Crockett. The indoor volleyball was established in 1974, while in 2013 the sand volleyball team is the newest sport for the athletic program. The indoor squad plays their matches at the Ocean Bank Convocation Center and the sand squad plays primarily on sand courts on FIU's main campus. Volleyball team honors NCAA tournament Appearances (3): 2001, 2008, 2009 Sun Belt Conference tournament champions(1): 2001 Sun Belt Conference regular season champions (3): 2006, 2008, 2009 New South Women's Athletic Conference tournament champions (1): 1990 Sand volleyball team honors AVCA national championships Appearances (2): 2014, 2015 Notable non varsity sports Rugby Founded in 1989, FIU Rugby competes in the South Independent Rugby Conference against in-state Florida rivals such as USF and UCF. FIU Rugby has improved since hiring Head Coach Ronny Suarez in late spring 2015, defeating two-time D1-AA national champions Central Florida in October 2015. Facilities FIU Recreation Center Ocean Bank Convocation Center, home of the Panther volleyball and basketball teams Mike Martinez batting for the Panthers at FIU Baseball Stadium, home of the Panther baseball team Riccardo Silva Stadium Main article: Riccardo Silva Stadium Riccardo Silva Stadium was originally opened in 1995 as a standard track and field athletics stadium, with mobile seats for the football end zones and an artificial turf infield. In 2007, the stadium was closed and converted into a dedicated football stadium, with the track removed, the original turf replaced with FieldTurf, and permanent stands providing 20,000 seats. It was re-opened in time for the 2008 college football season. Further improvements to FIU Stadium are ongoing, with a future capacity target of 45,000 seats. During Riccardo Silva Stadium's reconstruction, the Panthers football team played at the Miami Orange Bowl in the 2007 season, and actually won the final college football game played at the stadium before it was demolished to make way for the new Marlins Park. Ocean Bank Convocation Center Main article: Ocean Bank Convocation Center Ocean Bank Convocation Center (previously known as Sunblazer Arena, Golden Panther Arena, Pharmed Arena, U.S. Century Bank Arena, and FIU Arena), is a 6,000-seat multi-purpose arena that opened on February 1, 1986. The FIU Panthers' basketball and volleyball teams play there. It was originally named Sunblazer Arena but was renamed Golden Panther Arena when FIU's athletic teams changed their nickname from Sunblazers to Golden Panthers in 1987. It was eventually renamed on September 1, 2004 in honor of Pharmed Group after a $1 million USD donation was made to the FIU athletic department by Pharmed owners Jorge and Carlos de Cespedes. After Pharmed was liquidated in 2008 the arena name was briefly changed to FIU Arena. Later in 2008, the name was changed to U.S. Century Bank Arena when the local bank of that name acquired naming rights. The name reverted to the FIU Arena name in 2014, but was renamed the Ocean Bank Convocation Center in January 2018. Other events such as MTV's Campus Invasion, the Miss Universe Contest, National Political Rallys, music concerts, ceremonies and fairs are also held year-round at the arena. Infinity Insurance Park Main article: Infinity Insurance Park Infinity Insurance Park is a baseball stadium located in the Modesto A. Maidique Campus of Florida International University in Westchester, Florida. It is used as the home venue of the university's baseball team. The facility opened on January 26, 1996 with an FIU victory against Bethune–Cookman, 1–0. The baseball team played its 2000 season at the Homestead Sports Complex in Homestead, Florida while the facility underwent an expansion. In 2005, the facility also hosted the Sun Belt Conference Baseball Tournament. The stadium was renamed Infinity Insurance Park in 2018. References ^ a b "FIU selects Scott Carr as new athletic director". fiu.edu. November 30, 2021. ^ "FIU Style Guide" (PDF). Retrieved July 12, 2022. ^ "Regents Ok Fiu's Move To Division I – Sun Sentinel". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. 1987-01-30. Retrieved 2012-07-23. ^ Siobhan Morrissey (August 8, 2012). "Where have you gone, Garrett Wittels?; The shortstop's epic hitting streak once thrilled MLB, until his epic fall". ESPN. Retrieved March 19, 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Florida International's Garrett Wittels pulls within 2 of longest hit streak in FIU loss". ESPN. June 6, 2010. ^ Karen Crouse (June 2, 2010). "Hitting Streak Lifts Shadows Over a Campus". The New York Times. ^ Adam Beasley (February 16, 2011). "Garrett Wittels: FIU baseball player cleared to play despite rape charge". Sun Sentinel. ^ Club History. Accessed October 14, 2015. ^ "FIU Downs Rivals, Thinks Big", Goff Rugby Report, October 14, 2015. ^ "Mike Martinez Bio – FIU Athletics". Fiusports.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-23. External links Official website vteFlorida International UniversityLocated in: University Park, FloridaAcademics School of Architecture College of Arts and Sciences College of Business College of Education College of Engineering and Computing Honors College School of Hospitality & Tourism Management College of Law College of Medicine College of Nursing and Health Sciences School of Journalism and Mass Communication Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work Research and development Aquarius Reef Base National Hurricane Center Engineering Center Southern Cross Astronomical Society Wall of Wind People Alumni Alumni Association AthleticsTeams FIU Panthers Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Soccer Arenas and stadiums Infinity Insurance Park (Baseball) Ocean Bank Convocation Center (Basketball) FIU Stadium (Football) Culture and lore Conference USA FIU Fight Song Shula Bowl Culture and lore Greek Life Housing Order of the Torch South Beach Wine and Food Festival University Park University traditions Media FIU Student Media Gulf Stream Magazine Hospitality Review PantherNOW The Roar Campus Biscayne Bay Campus Mourning Senior High Engineering Center FIU Tianjin Center FIU Pines Center Frost Art Museum History of Florida International University Jewish Museum of Florida MAST @ FIU University Park Wertheim Performing Arts Center Wolfsonian-FIU Founded: 1965 Students: 58,787 Endowment: 216.3 million Links to related articles vteConference USAFull members FIU Panthers Jacksonville State Gamecocks Liberty Flames/Lady Flames Louisiana Tech Bulldogs/Lady Techsters Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders New Mexico State Aggies Sam Houston Bearkats UTEP Miners Western Kentucky Hilltoppers/Lady Toppers Future members Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens (joining in 2025) Kennesaw State Owls (joining in 2024) Missouri State Bears/Lady Bears (joining in 2025) Baseball affiliate members Dallas Baptist Patriots Beach volleyball affiliate members Florida Atlantic Owls Missouri State Beach Bears (becoming full member in 2025) Tarleton Texans TCU Horned Frogs (leaving in 2024) Tulane Green Wave UAB Blazers Bowling affiliate members Arkansas State Red Wolves Stephen F. 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associates FIU Panthers Women's swimming & diving associates FIU Panthers Championships and awards Conference champions Media American Digital Network See also 2010–2013 Big East Conference realignment 2021–2024 NCAA conference realignment vteSports teams based in the Miami metropolitan areaBaseball MLB Miami Marlins FSL Jupiter Hammerheads Palm Beach Cardinals FCL Astros Cardinals Marlins Nationals Basketball NBA Miami Heat CBL Miami Stars Palm Beach Titans Football NFL Miami Dolphins WFA Miami Fury Palm Beach Punishers Ice hockey NHL Florida Panthers Soccer MLS Inter Miami CF USLC Miami FC MLS Next Pro Inter Miami CF II USL2 FC Miami City Weston FC NPSL Boca Raton FC Miami Dutch Lions FC Miami United FC Storm FC UPSL Florida Soccer Soldiers Miami Dade FC Red Force FC WPSL Miami Kickers Palm Beach United Rugby union WTS Miami Sun College athletics NCAA Division I Florida Atlantic University Florida International University University of Miami NCAA Division II Barry University Lynn 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College Falcons (Mid-Florida Conference) Eastern Florida State College Titans (Southern Conference) Florida SouthWestern State College Buccaneers (Southern Conference) Florida State College at Jacksonville Blue Wave (Mid-Florida Conference) Gulf Coast State College Commodores (Panhandle Conference) Hillsborough Community College Hawks (Suncoast Conference) Indian River State College Pioneers (Southern Conference) Lake–Sumter State College Lakehawks (Mid-Florida Conference) Miami Dade College Sharks (Southern Conference) Northwest Florida State College Raiders (Panhandle Conference) Palm Beach State College Panthers (Southern Conference) Pasco–Hernando State College Conquistadors (Independent) Pensacola State College Pirates (Panhandle Conference) Polk State College Eagles (Suncoast Conference) Santa Fe College Saints (Mid-Florida Conference) St. Johns River State College Vikings (Mid-Florida Conference) St. Petersburg College Titans (Suncoast Conference) State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota Manatees (Suncoast Conference) Tallahassee Community College Eagles (Panhandle Conference)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CUSA_logo_in_FIU_Panthers_colors.svg"},{"link_name":"Florida International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"men's soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Panthers_men%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"American Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference"}],"text":"Athletic teams representing Florida International UniversityConference USA logo in FIU's colorsThe FIU Panthers are the athletic teams representing Florida International University, an American public university located in Miami, Florida. The Panthers currently compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletics as members of Conference USA. The men's soccer and swimming & diving teams compete in the American Athletic Conference. Until 2011, they were known as the FIU Golden Panthers.","title":"FIU Panthers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_panther"},{"link_name":"Everglades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades"},{"link_name":"panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_panther"},{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Trans America Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Women's National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"UCF Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCF_Knights"},{"link_name":"Auburn Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Southern Miss Golden Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Miss_Golden_Eagles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott_Carr_New_AD-1"}],"text":"FIU's colors are navy blue and gold, and their mascot is the Panther (taken from the Florida panther, an endangered species endemic to the nearby Everglades), which is embodied by a panther named Roary the Panther. The school's original nickname was the \"Sunblazers\", but it was changed in 1987 to the \"Golden Panthers\", with the word \"Golden\" officially dropped beginning with the 2010–11 school year.FIU is a member of the NCAA, participating in Division I, and is a member of Conference USA. FIU joined the Sun Belt Conference in 1998 having previously competed in the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC; now the Atlantic Sun Conference), from 1991 to 1998. They joined Conference USA in 2013.The FIU Athletic Department has produced scores of professional and Olympic athletes, including current players in Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and in the Women's National Basketball Association.FIU's current athletic director is Scott Carr, who was hired on November 30, 2021. He most recently worked as deputy AD with the UCF Knights, and also previously worked in executive athletic roles with the Auburn Tigers and Southern Miss Golden Eagles.[1]","title":"History and introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Conference affiliations","title":"History and introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rice_vs._FIU_Baseball_5-20-23_(66).jpg"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Mike Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lowell"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"World Series MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_MVP_Award"},{"link_name":"Garrett Wittels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Wittels"},{"link_name":"hitting streak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitting_streak"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Best Male College Athlete ESPY Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Male_College_Athlete_ESPY_Award"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCBWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCBWA"},{"link_name":"Louisville Slugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Slugger"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulls-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suns-7"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Super Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament#Los_Angeles_Super_Regional"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Conference USA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA_Baseball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Conference_USA_Baseball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Baseball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Trans America Athletic Conference tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference_Baseball_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"Baseball","text":"Panthers baseball players during the 2023 seasonFIU's baseball team began play in 1973 as a Division II member and is one of the most successful programs in the school's history. The team has reached the post-season 14 times in school history, including nine times as a Division I program. The other five appearances came as a Division II program and included a Division II College World Series appearance.Many players from past years have been drafted by Major League Baseball teams and have played in the majors. FIU's most notable baseball alumni is Mike Lowell, former third baseman of the New York Yankees, Florida Marlins, and Boston Red Sox. Lowell was the 2007 World Series MVP. Garrett Wittels finished the 2010 season with a 56-game hitting streak, two hits shy of the Division I record, set the FIU season record for hits, was nominated for the Best Male College Athlete ESPY Award for his 2010 performance, won Sun Belt Conference Player of the Year honors, and was named a NCBWA and Louisville Slugger/TPX Preseason All-American.[4][5][6][7]Team honorsNCAA Division I Super Regional Appearances (1): 2001\nNCAA Division I Regional Appearances (11): 1991, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2011, 2015\nNCAA Division II College World Series (1): 1980\nNCAA Division II Regional Appearances (5): 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982\nConference USA tournament Champions (1): 2015\nSun Belt Conference tournament champions (2): 1999, 2010\nTrans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (2): 1991, 1998","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UCLA_basketball_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pauley Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauley_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Anthony Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Evans_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1995 tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Bob Weltlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weltlich"},{"link_name":"UCLA Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Taco Bell Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Bell_Arena"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Carlos Arroyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arroyo"},{"link_name":"Raja Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bell"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Trans America Athletic Conference tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"Men's basketball","text":"FIU at UCLA Pauley Pavilion, 2008The current head coach of the FIU men's basketball team is Anthony Evans, who was hired on April 15, 2013.FIU men's basketball team had its lone NCAA tournament appearance in the 1995 tournament under then Head Coach Bob Weltlich. FIU won the TAAC Basketball Tournament and in doing so earned an automatic bid for the NCAA tournament. FIU was seeded #16 and played the #1 seeded UCLA Bruins in the first round of the West Regional, which was played at the Taco Bell Arena in Boise, Idaho. The Panthers lost the game to the Bruins by the score of 92–56, being the first tournament win in UCLA's successful run to the National Championship that year.FIU alumni who have played in the National Basketball Association include Carlos Arroyo and Raja Bell.Team honorsNCAA tournament Appearances (1): 1995\nTrans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (1): 1995\nTrans America Athletic Conference regular season champions (1): 1992–93","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Bank_Convocation_Center"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"WNIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Women%27s_National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_Women%27s_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Trans America Athletic Conference tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"Women's basketball","text":"The women's basketball team plays their home games on-campus at the Ocean Bank Convocation Center. The current head coach is Jesyka Burks-Wiley, who won the Coach of the Year honor in Conference USA in the 2020-21 season.Team honorsNCAA Division I tournament Appearances (6): 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2002\nWNIT Appearances (7): 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2013\nNCAA Division II tournament Appearances (3): 1983, 1986, 1987\nSun Belt Conference tournament champions (1): 2002\nSun Belt Conference regular season champions (1): 2001–02\nTrans America Athletic Conference tournament champions (6): 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998\nTrans America Athletic Conference regular season champions (7): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98\nNew South Women's Athletic Conference regular season champions (2): 1988–89, 1989–90","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cross country","text":"Men's team honorsTrans America Athletic Conference Champions (4): 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994Women's team honorsTrans America Athletic Conference Champions (5): 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997\nNew South Women's Athletic Conference Champions (2): 1988, 1990Men's individual honorsNCAA Division I South All-Region (2): Gabriel Rodriguez, 1998, 1999Women's individual honorsNCAA Division I South All-Region (1): Ingrid Odermatt, 1997","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIU_Stadium.JPG"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Silva Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Silva_Stadium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIU_Stadium2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Silva Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Silva_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Panthers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Panthers_football"},{"link_name":"Football Bowl Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Butch Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Davis"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Silva Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Silva_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Football Championship Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Saint Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_College,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Florida Atlantic Owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_Owls"},{"link_name":"University of Miami Hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes_football"},{"link_name":"Shula Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shula_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Don Shula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Shula"},{"link_name":"LoanDepot Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanDepot_Park"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIU_Panthers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"The Panthers play at the on-campus Riccardo Silva Stadium.FIU fans at a football game at Riccardo Silva Stadium.The FIU Panthers football team competes in the NCAA FBS Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly known as Division I-A), the highest level in intercollegiate football, and is a member of Conference USA. They are led by head coach Butch Davis and play at Riccardo Silva Stadium on FIU's Westchester campus. The team began playing in 2002 as a member of NCAA Division I-AA, now known as the NCAA FCS Football Championship Subdivision. Three years later, the FIU Athletics Department decided to move the program up to Division I-A. FIU became the fastest school to make such a move from a program's inception.On August 29, 2002, the program played its first game at home against Saint Peter's College in front of a sold out crowd of 17,314. FIU defeated St. Peter's by the score of 27–3.The FIU football team's main rivals are the Florida Atlantic Owls and the University of Miami Hurricanes. Both FIU and Florida Atlantic play annually in a game known as the Shula Bowl. The game is named after former Miami Dolphins head coach and Football Hall of Fame inductee Don Shula. The Panthers and Hurricanes last played on November 23, 2019 at LoanDepot Park, with FIU defeating UM 30-24.Team honorsSun Belt Conference Champions (1): 2010\nBowl appearances (5): 2010, 2011, 2017, 2018, 2019","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"Southern Connecticut State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University"},{"link_name":"Seattle Pacific University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Pacific_University"},{"link_name":"The American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Soccer Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Soccer_Conference"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Sun Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"St. John's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Red_Storm_men%27s_soccer"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division II tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NCAA_Division_II_Soccer_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Men's soccer","text":"FIU has won two NCAA Division II national championships in men's soccer. In 1982, FIU beat Southern Connecticut State by the score of 2–1, to win the school's first national title in any sport. Two years later the Panthers won their second national title beating Seattle Pacific University 1–0. To date these are the only national titles the university has achieved in athletic competition.The men's soccer team competes in The American. The team previously played in the Atlantic Soccer Conference from 2000 to 2004 and the Trans America Athletic Conference (now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference) from 1991 to 1999.FIU has regularly qualified for the NCAA tournament in men's soccer, both as Division I and Division II program. In addition to the national championships achieved by the team as a Division II program, the team reached the Division I championship game in 1996, losing to St. John's University 4–1.Recently, two new soccer fields were finished in the summer of 2007 on the northwest side of campus. These fields will complement the other two, making four soccer fields for use by both the men and women's soccer teams, as well as practice fields for the football team.Team honorsDivision I national runner-up (1): 1996\nNCAA Division I tournament Appearances (8): 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2015\nDivision II National Champions (2): 1982, 1984\nDivision II national runner-up (2): 1980, 1985\nNCAA Division II tournament Appearances (8): 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985\nConference – USA Champions (1): 2015\nAtlantic Soccer Conference Champions (4): 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004\nTrans America Athletic Conference Champions (1): 1991","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Tournament"}],"sub_title":"Women's soccer","text":"The women's soccer team competes in Conference USA after previously being unaffiliated from 1985 to 1999 and a member of the Sun Belt Conference from 2000 through 2012.Team honorsNCAA tournament Appearances (2): 1993, 2011\nSun Belt Conference tournament champions (2): 2000, 2011Sun Belt Conference regular season champions (2): 2000, 2009","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Sun Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Softball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_NCAA_Division_I_softball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NCAA_Division_I_softball_tournament"}],"sub_title":"Softball","text":"FIU's softball team competes in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1998, Independent from 1999 to 2000, and of the Sun Belt Conference from 2001 through 2012. The team plays its home games at Felsberg Field at FIU Softball Stadium.Team honorsNCAA tournament Appearances (3): 2003, 2010, 2017","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Swimming and diving","text":"FIU's Swimming & Diving team competes in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Sun Belt Conference from 2003-2004 through 2012-2013.Team honorsConference – USA Conference Champions(6): 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conference USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_USA"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Sun Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Sun_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Track & Field","text":"FIU's Track & Field teams compete in Conference USA after previously being a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference in 1998.Individual honorsNCAA D1 Individual National Champion - Sheri-Ann Brooks (2005 Women's Outdoor 200m Dash)\nFIU has had four Olympians, including three-time Olympic hurdler Ronald Forbes (Cayman Islands), Aubrey Smith (Canada), 2004 Gold Medalist Tayna Lawrence (Jamaica) and Ena Guevara-Mora (Peru).","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Bank_Convocation_Center"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_volleyball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_volleyball_tournament"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_volleyball_tournament"},{"link_name":"AVCA national championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Volleyball_Coaches_Association"}],"sub_title":"Volleyball","text":"FIU's indoor and sand volleyball teams are both under the helm of Rita Buck-Crockett. The indoor volleyball was established in 1974, while in 2013 the sand volleyball team is the newest sport for the athletic program. The indoor squad plays their matches at the Ocean Bank Convocation Center and the sand squad plays primarily on sand courts on FIU's main campus.Volleyball team honorsNCAA tournament Appearances (3): 2001, 2008, 2009\nSun Belt Conference tournament champions(1): 2001\nSun Belt Conference regular season champions (3): 2006, 2008, 2009\nNew South Women's Athletic Conference tournament champions (1): 1990Sand volleyball team honorsAVCA national championships Appearances (2): 2014, 2015","title":"Sports sponsored"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable non varsity sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"USF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Florida"},{"link_name":"UCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Rugby","text":"Founded in 1989,[8] FIU Rugby competes in the South Independent Rugby Conference against in-state Florida rivals such as USF and UCF. FIU Rugby has improved since hiring Head Coach Ronny Suarez in late spring 2015, defeating two-time D1-AA national champions Central Florida in October 2015.[9]","title":"Notable non varsity sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIU_Rec_Center.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-0811-FIU-Arena.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Bank_Convocation_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIUBaseballA.JPG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"FIU Baseball Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIU_Baseball_Stadium"}],"text":"FIU Recreation CenterOcean Bank Convocation Center, home of the Panther volleyball and basketball teamsMike Martinez[10] batting for the Panthers at FIU Baseball Stadium, home of the Panther baseball team","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"track and field athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"FieldTurf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FieldTurf"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Miami Orange Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Orange_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Marlins Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlins_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Riccardo Silva Stadium","text":"Riccardo Silva Stadium was originally opened in 1995 as a standard track and field athletics stadium, with mobile seats for the football end zones and an artificial turf infield. In 2007, the stadium was closed and converted into a dedicated football stadium, with the track removed, the original turf replaced with FieldTurf, and permanent stands providing 20,000 seats. It was re-opened in time for the 2008 college football season. Further improvements to FIU Stadium are ongoing, with a future capacity target of 45,000 seats.[citation needed]During Riccardo Silva Stadium's reconstruction, the Panthers football team played at the Miami Orange Bowl in the 2007 season, and actually won the final college football game played at the stadium before it was demolished to make way for the new Marlins Park.[citation needed]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the local bank of that name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Century_Bank"}],"sub_title":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center","text":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center (previously known as Sunblazer Arena, Golden Panther Arena, Pharmed Arena, U.S. Century Bank Arena, and FIU Arena), is a 6,000-seat multi-purpose arena that opened on February 1, 1986. The FIU Panthers' basketball and volleyball teams play there. It was originally named Sunblazer Arena but was renamed Golden Panther Arena when FIU's athletic teams changed their nickname from Sunblazers to Golden Panthers in 1987. It was eventually renamed on September 1, 2004 in honor of Pharmed Group after a $1 million USD donation was made to the FIU athletic department by Pharmed owners Jorge and Carlos de Cespedes. After Pharmed was liquidated in 2008 the arena name was briefly changed to FIU Arena. Later in 2008, the name was changed to U.S. Century Bank Arena when the local bank of that name acquired naming rights. The name reverted to the FIU Arena name in 2014, but was renamed the Ocean Bank Convocation Center in January 2018.Other events such as MTV's Campus Invasion, the Miss Universe Contest, National Political Rallys, music concerts, ceremonies and fairs are also held year-round at the arena.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Infinity Insurance Park","text":"Infinity Insurance Park is a baseball stadium located in the Modesto A. Maidique Campus of Florida International University in Westchester, Florida. It is used as the home venue of the university's baseball team. The facility opened on January 26, 1996 with an FIU victory against Bethune–Cookman, 1–0. The baseball team played its 2000 season at the Homestead Sports Complex in Homestead, Florida while the facility underwent an expansion.In 2005, the facility also hosted the Sun Belt Conference Baseball Tournament.[citation needed]The stadium was renamed Infinity Insurance Park in 2018.","title":"Facilities"}]
[{"image_text":"Conference USA logo in FIU's colors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CUSA_logo_in_FIU_Panthers_colors.svg/250px-CUSA_logo_in_FIU_Panthers_colors.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Panthers baseball players during the 2023 season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rice_vs._FIU_Baseball_5-20-23_%2866%29.jpg/220px-Rice_vs._FIU_Baseball_5-20-23_%2866%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"FIU at UCLA Pauley Pavilion, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UCLA_basketball_08.jpg/250px-UCLA_basketball_08.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Panthers play at the on-campus Riccardo Silva Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/FIU_Stadium.JPG/250px-FIU_Stadium.JPG"},{"image_text":"FIU fans at a football game at Riccardo Silva Stadium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/FIU_Stadium2.JPG/250px-FIU_Stadium2.JPG"},{"image_text":"FIU Recreation Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/FIU_Rec_Center.JPG/200px-FIU_Rec_Center.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ocean Bank Convocation Center, home of the Panther volleyball and basketball teams","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2013-0811-FIU-Arena.JPG/200px-2013-0811-FIU-Arena.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mike Martinez[10] batting for the Panthers at FIU Baseball Stadium, home of the Panther baseball team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/FIUBaseballA.JPG/200px-FIUBaseballA.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"FIU selects Scott Carr as new athletic director\". fiu.edu. November 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.fiu.edu/2021/fiu-hires-new-athletic-director","url_text":"\"FIU selects Scott Carr as new athletic director\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIU Style Guide\" (PDF). Retrieved July 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://brand.fiu.edu/_assets/downloads/fiu_styleguide.pdf","url_text":"\"FIU Style Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regents Ok Fiu's Move To Division I – Sun Sentinel\". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. 1987-01-30. Retrieved 2012-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-01-30/sports/8701070010_1_regents-florida-atlantic-division-i-athletics","url_text":"\"Regents Ok Fiu's Move To Division I – Sun Sentinel\""}]},{"reference":"Siobhan Morrissey (August 8, 2012). \"Where have you gone, Garrett Wittels?; The shortstop's epic hitting streak once thrilled MLB, until his epic fall\". ESPN. Retrieved March 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/7712963/garrett-wittels-epic-hitting-streak-epic-fall-espn-magazine","url_text":"\"Where have you gone, Garrett Wittels?; The shortstop's epic hitting streak once thrilled MLB, until his epic fall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Florida International's Garrett Wittels pulls within 2 of longest hit streak in FIU loss\". ESPN. June 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=5255104","url_text":"\"Florida International's Garrett Wittels pulls within 2 of longest hit streak in FIU loss\""}]},{"reference":"Karen Crouse (June 2, 2010). \"Hitting Streak Lifts Shadows Over a Campus\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/sports/baseball/03streak.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Hitting Streak Lifts Shadows Over a Campus\""}]},{"reference":"Adam Beasley (February 16, 2011). \"Garrett Wittels: FIU baseball player cleared to play despite rape charge\". Sun Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/sfl-garrett-wittels-cleared-to-play-pending-rape-charge-021611-story.html","url_text":"\"Garrett Wittels: FIU baseball player cleared to play despite rape charge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Martinez Bio – FIU Athletics\". Fiusports.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719083709/http://www.fiusports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=49061&SPID=4760&DB_OEM_ID=11700&ATCLID=1627006&Q_SEASON=2010","url_text":"\"Mike Martinez Bio – FIU Athletics\""},{"url":"http://www.fiusports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=49061&SPID=4760&DB_OEM_ID=11700&ATCLID=1627006&Q_SEASON=2010","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22FIU+Panthers%22","external_links_name":"\"FIU Panthers\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22FIU+Panthers%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22FIU+Panthers%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22FIU+Panthers%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22FIU+Panthers%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22FIU+Panthers%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://fiusports.com/","external_links_name":"fiusports.com"},{"Link":"https://news.fiu.edu/2021/fiu-hires-new-athletic-director","external_links_name":"\"FIU selects Scott Carr as new athletic director\""},{"Link":"https://brand.fiu.edu/_assets/downloads/fiu_styleguide.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIU Style Guide\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-01-30/sports/8701070010_1_regents-florida-atlantic-division-i-athletics","external_links_name":"\"Regents Ok Fiu's Move To Division I – Sun Sentinel\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/7712963/garrett-wittels-epic-hitting-streak-epic-fall-espn-magazine","external_links_name":"\"Where have you gone, Garrett Wittels?; The shortstop's epic hitting streak once thrilled MLB, until his epic fall\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=5255104","external_links_name":"\"Florida International's Garrett Wittels pulls within 2 of longest hit streak in FIU loss\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/sports/baseball/03streak.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Hitting Streak Lifts Shadows Over a Campus\""},{"Link":"http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/sfl-garrett-wittels-cleared-to-play-pending-rape-charge-021611-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Garrett Wittels: FIU baseball player cleared to play despite rape charge\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiurugby.com/index_files/Page1943.htm","external_links_name":"Club History"},{"Link":"http://www.goffrugbyreport.com/news/fiu-downs-rivals-thinks-big","external_links_name":"\"FIU Downs Rivals, Thinks Big\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120719083709/http://www.fiusports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=49061&SPID=4760&DB_OEM_ID=11700&ATCLID=1627006&Q_SEASON=2010","external_links_name":"\"Mike Martinez Bio – FIU Athletics\""},{"Link":"http://www.fiusports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=49061&SPID=4760&DB_OEM_ID=11700&ATCLID=1627006&Q_SEASON=2010","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fiusports.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Corr
Ida Corr
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","4 Awards and nominations","5 References"]
Gambian-Danish singer and songwriter This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ida CorrCorr in 2008Background informationBorn (1977-03-14) 14 March 1977 (age 47)Aarhus, DenmarkGenresPop, Soul, R&B, Dance-pop, HouseOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, musicianInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1991 – presentLabelsWarner Music, Lifted House, Kick MusicMusical artist Ida Corr (born 14 March 1977 in Aarhus, Denmark) is a Gambian-Danish singer, songwriter and music producer. Early life Ida Corr was born on 14 March 1977 to a Danish mother and a Gambian father in Aarhus, Denmark. Her father was a musician. She started drumming at the age of six, and by her ninth birthday she had formed a band, performing soul classics by James Brown and Aretha Franklin on the streets of her city. Career At the age of 14 Corr won the first Danish Children Songcontest (Børne Melodi Grand Prix "MGP"). As a young adult she started singing background on tours and in the studio for Danish artists such as Gnags, Sanne Salomonsen, Thomas Helmig and Rasmus Nøhr. In 2002 Corr became known to the Danish public as a member of the short-lived girlgroup Sha Li Mar, consisting of Christina Undhjem, Engelina and Corr herself. The group regularly performed on the prime time television show Venner for livet (literally "Friends for life"). They released a self-titled album in the same year. In 2004 Corr collaborated with house producer Morten Trust on "I Put My Faith in You", a moderately popular dance hit. Corr rose to fame in her native Denmark in 2005 with the release of her debut album Streetdiva and in 2006 with her follow-up album Robosoul. After creating a special song with Dutch DJ Fedde le Grand as part of the Live Earth set of international music concerts, her popularity began to spread outside of her homeland. The song, entitled "Mirror 07-07-07", was played at exactly seven minutes past the seventh hour of the seventh day of the seventh month of 2007. In 2007 Corr received exposure in the Netherlands due to her second collaboration with Fedde le Grand, and her most recent self-written single, remixed by Fedde le Grand, "Let Me Think About It", spread to wider Europe quickly. It is the best-selling single outside Denmark from a Danish singer since the Danish bands Aqua and Infernal. In 2008 Corr released the compilation album One in Scandinavia. The single "Let Me Think About It" continued its success and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay. Though the single peaked only at number 14 on the German Single Charts, it stayed for 40 weeks there in 2008, which resulted in being the track staying the longest in the German Top 100 in 2008. One was released in the United States on 26 August 2008 as the first release on the newly founded label Ministry of Sound America. A release in Russia and Germany followed quickly afterwards. Corr was also member of the band called SugaRush Beat Company that performed on Later... with Jools Holland in 2008, with a debut album being released in September 2008. Other members of the London-based group were Australian-born producer/multi-instrumentalist/songwriter Jarrad 'Jaz' Rogers and US soul singer-songwriter Rahsaan Patterson. In January 2009 Corr received an award for the best selling Danish artist selling music in Europe at the European Border Breakers Awards in Groningen In April 2009 Corr released a music video to "Ride My Tempo" simultaneously to a single release in Germany. A month later a new single for Scandinavia, called "Time", premiered on Danish radio, taken from her fourth album, Under The Sun. The leading single from the album became "I Want You". A musicvideo, however, was only shot for the "Jason Gault Mix". In December the title song, "Under The Sun", which features guest vocals by Jamaican singer Shaggy, was released as a single. On 16 December 2009, Corr participated at one of the Climate Change concerts in Copenhagen. Alongside Simon Mathew she performed their duet "Illusion", which was written for the World Wide Fund for Nature Climate campaign. In January 2011 Corr collaborated with Kato, Camille Jones and Johnson on the Danish-language dance single "Sjus". The song debuted at number 1 on the Danish Single charts. Corr was fascinated by the experience of singing in her native language, so she decided to release another Danish single. The result was her first Danish-language solo single, "Musen Efter Katten". At the same time Corr released the worldwide English-language single "What Goes Around Comes Around", with an accompanying musicvideo. In spring 2012 a new collaboration between British DJ-duo Bimbo Jones and Corr was published worldwide. "See You Later" was originally an instrumental track called "Questions". Another single called "Naughty Girl" was released, both in a Danish and English version. On 20 August 2012, it was announced that Corr would replace Pernille Rosendahl as a judge for the sixth season of the Danish version of X Factor alongside Thomas Blachman and fellow new judge Anne Linnet. In November 2012 "Tonight I'm Your DJ", featuring Fatman Scoop, was released as a worldwide single, an English version of "Musen Efter Katten". The single was taken off the compilation album Singled Out. For unknown reasons, Corr did not return for the seventh season and was replaced by Lina Rafn. Discography Main article: Ida Corr discography Streetdiva (2005) Robosoul (2006) Under the Sun (2009) Corr Values (2013) Awards and nominations Award Show Award Title Result 2006 Danish Music Awards Best Danish Urban Release Street Diva Nominated 2008 Danish Deejay Awards Danish Artist of the Year Herself Nominated Danish Deejay-Favourite "Let Me Think About It” Won Dancechart.dk Award Won P3 Guld Awards Listener's Favourite Hit Nominated Zulu Awards Best Danish Hit Nominated Best Danish Female singer Herself Nominated International Dance Music Awards Best Breaks/Electro Track "Let Me Think About It” Nominated 2009 European Border Breakers Awards Best Selling Danish Artist in Europe Herself Won African Achievement Awards Best African Artist Won 2012 Danish Deejay Awards The Voice Clubbing-Award "Sjus" (with Kato, Camille Jones & Johnson) Won DK-Award Won Dancechart.dk Award Won Danish Deejay-Favourite Nominated 2014 Scandipop Awards Best Female Album Corr Values Nominated References ^ "Ida Corr". ^ http://www.djz.dk/musik/artikler/4977/ Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine on DJz.dk. ^ on musiklinien.dk. ^ "Jahresende 2008". Germanchartblog.blogspot.de. Retrieved 2 December 2012. ^ "SugaRushBeat Company interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' March 2008". Bluesandsoul.com. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ ec.europa.eu "European Border Breakers Awards". ^ Track list Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine on Djshop. ^ "Danish Dancehit is back" on kpn.dk. ^ KATO FEAT. IDA CORR, CAMILLE JONES & JOHNSON – SJUS (SONG), on danishcharts.dk. ^ "Musen Efter Katten" Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine on mayavinagency.com. ^ "Die Tanze brennt!" Archived 21 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine on energy.de. ^ "Song Of The Day" on notabledance.com. ^ "Naughty Girl" on scandipop.co.uk. ^ "Ida Corr: Jeg bliver den søde dommer" on dr.dk. ^ "Tonight I'm Your DJ" on itunes.com. ^ "Singled Out" (with Tracklist) on houseblogger.de. ^ Af Ole Rosenstand Svidt. "Danish Music Awards – i aften går det løs – Nyhed". Gaffa.Dk. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ http://www.kick.dk/index.php?&s=artistnyhed&artistid=120&nyhedid=474 ^ Af John Fogde (28 November 2007). "P3 offentliggør P3 Guld-nomineringer – Nyhed". Gaffa.Dk. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ "Anders Fogh nomineret til Zulu Award – TV 2 Vip". Vip-dyn.tv2.dk. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ "23rd Annual International Dance Music Awards – Winners". Dancemusic.about.com. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ AF Astrid Søndberg (31 October 2011). "Ida Corr og Alphabeat får EUs musikpris". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 5 November 2011. ^ http://www.cultures.dk/cultures/2009/02/achievementawards.html ^ a b c "Komplet vinderliste fra DDJA 2012". ddja.dk. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ "DDJA nominerede". ddja.dk. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012. ^ https://www.scandipop.co.uk/the-2014-scandipop-awards-the-winners/ vteIda CorrStudio albums Under the Sun Compilation albums One Singles "Let Me Think About It" (vs. Fedde le Grand) "Ride My Tempo" Related articles Discography SugaRush Beat Company Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
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She started drumming at the age of six, and by her ninth birthday she had formed a band, performing soul classics by James Brown and Aretha Franklin on the streets of her city.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melodi Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.danskkulturarv.dk/find/mgp/fra-dr/"},{"link_name":"Gnags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnags"},{"link_name":"Sanne Salomonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanne_Salomonsen"},{"link_name":"Thomas Helmig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Helmig"},{"link_name":"Rasmus 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It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Think_About_It"},{"link_name":"Aqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(band)"},{"link_name":"Infernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infernal_(Danish_band)"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Ida_Corr_album)"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot Dance Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"SugaRush Beat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SugaRush_Beat_Company"},{"link_name":"Later... with Jools Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later..._with_Jools_Holland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"European Border Breakers Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Border_Breakers_Award"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ride My Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_My_Tempo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-djshop.de-7"},{"link_name":"Under The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sun_(Ida_Corr_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kpn.dk-8"},{"link_name":"Shaggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Simon Mathew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Mathew"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"Kato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kato_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Camille Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Jones"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danishcharts.dk-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayavinagency.com-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-energy.de-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notabledance.com-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scandipop.co.uk-13"},{"link_name":"Pernille Rosendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernille_Rosendahl"},{"link_name":"X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Factor_(Danish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Blachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blachman"},{"link_name":"Anne Linnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Linnet"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dr.dk-14"},{"link_name":"Fatman Scoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatman_Scoop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itunes.com-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houseblogger.de-16"},{"link_name":"seventh season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Factor_(Denmark_season_7)"},{"link_name":"Lina Rafn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina_Rafn"}],"text":"At the age of 14 Corr won the first Danish Children Songcontest (Børne Melodi Grand Prix \"MGP\").[1] As a young adult she started singing background on tours and in the studio for Danish artists such as Gnags, Sanne Salomonsen, Thomas Helmig and Rasmus Nøhr.[2]In 2002 Corr became known to the Danish public as a member of the short-lived girlgroup Sha Li Mar, consisting of Christina Undhjem, Engelina and Corr herself. The group regularly performed on the prime time television show Venner for livet (literally \"Friends for life\"). They released a self-titled album in the same year.[3] In 2004 Corr collaborated with house producer Morten Trust on \"I Put My Faith in You\", a moderately popular dance hit.Corr rose to fame in her native Denmark in 2005 with the release of her debut album Streetdiva and in 2006 with her follow-up album Robosoul.\nAfter creating a special song with Dutch DJ Fedde le Grand as part of the Live Earth set of international music concerts, her popularity began to spread outside of her homeland. The song, entitled \"Mirror 07-07-07\", was played at exactly seven minutes past the seventh hour of the seventh day of the seventh month of 2007.In 2007 Corr received exposure in the Netherlands due to her second collaboration with Fedde le Grand, and her most recent self-written single, remixed by Fedde le Grand, \"Let Me Think About It\", spread to wider Europe quickly. It is the best-selling single outside Denmark from a Danish singer since the Danish bands Aqua and Infernal.In 2008 Corr released the compilation album One in Scandinavia. The single \"Let Me Think About It\" continued its success and reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay. Though the single peaked only at number 14 on the German Single Charts, it stayed for 40 weeks there in 2008, which resulted in being the track staying the longest in the German Top 100 in 2008.[4] One was released in the United States on 26 August 2008 as the first release on the newly founded label Ministry of Sound America. A release in Russia and Germany followed quickly afterwards.Corr was also member of the band called SugaRush Beat Company that performed on Later... with Jools Holland in 2008, with a debut album being released in September 2008. Other members of the London-based group were Australian-born producer/multi-instrumentalist/songwriter Jarrad 'Jaz' Rogers and US soul singer-songwriter Rahsaan Patterson.[5]In January 2009 Corr received an award for the best selling Danish artist selling music in Europe at the European Border Breakers Awards in Groningen[6]\nIn April 2009 Corr released a music video to \"Ride My Tempo\" simultaneously to a single release in Germany.[7] A month later a new single for Scandinavia, called \"Time\", premiered on Danish radio, taken from her fourth album, Under The Sun.[8]\nThe leading single from the album became \"I Want You\". A musicvideo, however, was only shot for the \"Jason Gault Mix\". In December the title song, \"Under The Sun\", which features guest vocals by Jamaican singer Shaggy, was released as a single.On 16 December 2009, Corr participated at one of the Climate Change concerts in Copenhagen. Alongside Simon Mathew she performed their duet \"Illusion\", which was written for the World Wide Fund for Nature Climate campaign.In January 2011 Corr collaborated with Kato, Camille Jones and Johnson on the Danish-language dance single \"Sjus\". The song debuted at number 1 on the Danish Single charts.[9] Corr was fascinated by the experience of singing in her native language, so she decided to release another Danish single. The result was her first Danish-language solo single, \"Musen Efter Katten\".[10] At the same time Corr released the worldwide English-language single \"What Goes Around Comes Around\", with an accompanying musicvideo.[11]In spring 2012 a new collaboration between British DJ-duo Bimbo Jones and Corr was published worldwide. \"See You Later\" was originally an instrumental track called \"Questions\".[12] Another single called \"Naughty Girl\" was released, both in a Danish and English version.[13] On 20 August 2012, it was announced that Corr would replace Pernille Rosendahl as a judge for the sixth season of the Danish version of X Factor alongside Thomas Blachman and fellow new judge Anne Linnet.[14] In November 2012 \"Tonight I'm Your DJ\", featuring Fatman Scoop, was released as a worldwide single, an English version of \"Musen Efter Katten\".[15] The single was taken off the compilation album Singled Out.[16] For unknown reasons, Corr did not return for the seventh season and was replaced by Lina Rafn.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Under the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Sun_(Ida_Corr_album)"}],"text":"Streetdiva (2005)\nRobosoul (2006)\nUnder the Sun (2009)\nCorr Values (2013)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_%C3%81lvarez
César Rodríguez (footballer, born 1920)
["1 Club career","1.1 Barcelona","1.2 Later years / Management","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International goals","5 Honours","5.1 Player","5.2 Manager","5.3 Individual","6 References","7 External links"]
Spanish footballer and manager In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Álvarez. César Rodríguez Personal informationFull name César Rodríguez ÁlvarezDate of birth (1920-07-06)6 July 1920Place of birth León, SpainDate of death 1 March 1995(1995-03-01) (aged 74)Place of death Barcelona, SpainHeight 1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Position(s) ForwardYouth career SEU LeónSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1939–1955 Barcelona 287 (190)1940–1942 → Granada (loan) 24 (23)1955 → España Industrial (loan) 9 (8)1955–1956 Cultural Leonesa 15 (3)1956–1957 Perpignan 13 (4)1957–1960 Elche 80 (42)Total 428 (312)International career1943–1954 Catalan XI 10 (5)1945–1952 Spain 12 (6)Managerial career1959–1960 Elche1960–1963 Zaragoza1963–1964 Barcelona1965–1966 Mallorca1966–1967 Celta1967 Betis1968–1969 Zaragoza1969–1970 Hércules1971 Hércules (caretaker)1975–1976 San Andrés *Club domestic league appearances and goals César Rodríguez Álvarez (6 July 1920 – 1 March 1995), sometimes known as just César, was a Spanish football forward and manager. During his career, which spanned more than two decades, he played mainly for Barcelona, appearing in 351 official matches and scoring 232 goals (previously counted as 235), making him the highest goalscorer in the club's history for several decades, until he was passed by Lionel Messi. He won five La Liga championships with the team in a total of 13 major trophies, and was renowned for his ability to score from corners. César represented Spain at the 1950 World Cup. After retiring, he managed both Zaragoza and Barcelona amongst several other professional teams. Club career Barcelona Rodríguez was born in León, Castile and León, and joined FC Barcelona in 1939. However, military service saw him being relocated to Granada and Granada CF the following year, and he played two seasons on loan in Andalusia, helping the club promote to La Liga for the first time ever then adding 23 goals in only 24 games in the following season for a final tenth position – out of 14 teams, good enough for league status preservation; this included six in a 7–3 home win against CD Castellón, on 22 March 1942. He also scored the first ever Granada goal in La Liga on 28 September 1941 in a 1:1 draw. César returned to Barcelona in 1942, winning his first national championship in 1944–45, to which conquest he contributed with 15 goals in 24 matches. During his 13-year stint in Catalonia he scored in double digits in 11 seasons, surpassing the 20-goal mark in three. His early teammates included, among others, Antoni Ramallets, Juan Velasco, Josep Escolà, Joan Segarra, Estanislau Basora, José Gonzalvo and Mariano Gonzalvo; in 1949 he won his first and only Pichichi Trophy (28 goals) and, two years later, he scored twice in the 3–0 win over Real Sociedad in the Copa del Generalísimo final. Subsequently, Rodríguez was part of a legendary Barcelona forward line alongside Basora, László Kubala, Eduardo Manchón and Moreno that helped the club win five trophies during the 1951–52 season. He scored again in the domestic cup final, a 4–2 extra time win against Valencia CF, and netted the only goal in the Latin Cup triumph over OGC Nice of France. Later years / Management After leaving Barcelona at the age of 35, César had spells at Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa – his only top flight relegation, in 1956 – and Perpignan FC in France, returning to his country with Elche CF and helping the Valencians move from Tercera División to the top level in only two years, acting as their player-coach in his last season. He scored 33 from only 25 appearances in the third division campaign. Rodríguez retired from football in 1960 aged 40, with Spanish top division totals of 353 matches and 226 goals. In the competition's history, only three players – Telmo Zarra, Hugo Sánchez and Alfredo Di Stéfano – scored more. Afterwards, César coached nine seasons in the top tier, mainly with Real Zaragoza, guiding the Aragonese to the third position in 1961, the fourth in 1962 and the fifth in 1963 and also reaching the domestic cup final in the latter campaign, losing against his former team Barcelona. In the summer of 1963, César succeeded former teammate Josep Gonzalvo at the helm of Barça, being sacked only five games into the 1964–65 campaign. He suffered consecutive top flight relegations with RCD Mallorca and Real Betis, and his last professional job was with Zaragoza in 1968–69, leading the team to the 13th position, the first above the relegation zone. He died at the age of 74 in Barcelona, and his scoring record stood until 20 March 2012 (57 years) when Lionel Messi netted a hat-trick against Granada. International career César won 12 caps for Spain during seven years, scoring six goals. He netted on his debut in a 2–2 draw with Portugal on 11 March 1945, and was included in the squad for 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, being an unused member. Rodríguez also appeared for the Catalan XI during more than one decade. On 19 October 1947, at the Estadi de Sarrià, he scored twice in a 3–1 win over the Spanish national side. Personal life Rodríguez's older brother, Ricardo (known as Calo), was also a footballer. A defender, he played eight seasons in the top division in representation of three teams – including Barcelona, five years – appearing in 71 league matches. César scored the first goal ever in the first division for both Granada and Leonesa. Career statistics Club Club Season League Cup Europe Other Totals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Granada 1941–42 24 23 5 3 – – 29 26 Totals 24 23 5 3 – – 29 26 Barcelona 1942–43 23 13 8 3 – – 31 16 1943–44 26 12 4 1 – – 30 13 1944–45 24 15 4 6 – – 28 21 1945–46 26 12 2 0 – 1 2 29 14 1946–47 25 9 4 3 – – 29 12 1947–48 19 19 2 0 – – 21 19 1948–49 24 28 4 2 – 3 3 31 33 1949–50 23 17 2 3 – 0 0 25 20 1950–51 27 29 7 4 – – 34 33 1951–52 24 21 7 5 – 3 1 34 27 1952–53 27 13 5 4 – – 32 17 1953–54 15 2 7 5 – – 22 7 1954–55 4 0 1 0 – – 5 0 Totals 287 190 57 36 – 7 6 351 232 Cultural Leonesa 1955–56 15 3 – – – – 15 3 Totals 15 3 – – – – 15 3 Perpignan 1956–57 13 4 – – – – 13 4 Totals 13 4 – – – – 13 4 Elche 1957–58 25 33 – – – – 25 33 1958–59 28 4 4 2 – – 32 6 1959–60 27 5 9 6 – – 36 11 Totals 80 42 13 8 – – 93 50 Career totals 419 262 75 47 – 7 4 501 315 International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 11 March 1945 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon, Portugal  Portugal 2–2 Draw Friendly 2 6 May 1945 Riazor, A Coruña, Spain  Portugal 4–2 Win Friendly 3 21 March 1948 Nuevo Chamartín, Madrid, Spain  Portugal 2–0 Win Friendly 4 18 February 1951 Nuevo Chamartín, Madrid, Spain   Switzerland 6–3 Win Friendly 5 1 June 1952 Nuevo Chamartín, Madrid, Spain  Republic of Ireland 6–0 Win Friendly 6 28 December 1952 Nuevo Chamartín, Madrid, Spain  West Germany 2–2 Draw Friendly Honours Player Barcelona La Liga: 1944–45, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo: 1951, 1952, 1953 Copa Eva Duarte: 1948, 1952, 1953 Latin Cup: 1949, 1952 Granada Segunda División: 1940–41 Elche Segunda División: 1958–59 Tercera División: 1957–58 Manager Zaragoza Copa del Generalísimo: Runner-up 1962–63 Hércules Tercera División: 1969–70 Individual Pichichi Trophy: 1948–49 References ^ Spain – All-Time Topscorers; at RSSSF ^ a b Lionel Messi breaks Barcelona goalscoring record; BBC Sport, 20 March 2012 ^ a b c d e f g h César Rodríguez Alvárez, CÉSAR; Franjiverdes, 28 April 2009 (in Spanish) ^ "Temporada 1941-42 – 14 Abril 1931. Historia del Granada C.F." 14abril1931.tk. Retrieved 5 November 2019. ^ "Spain – List of Topscorers ("Pichichi") 1929–2015". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2018. ^ Calo: Ricardo Rodríguez Álvarez; at BDFutbol ^ César Rodríguez at BDFutbol ^ Counts for appearances and goals at the European Cup, Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. ^ Counts for appearances and goals at the Copa Eva Duarte and Latin Cup. ^ "César". European Football. Retrieved 7 October 2015. External links César Rodríguez at BDFutbol César Rodríguez manager profile at BDFutbol National team data (futbol.sportec.es) at the Wayback Machine (archived 8 March 2007) (in Spanish) César Rodríguez at National-Football-Teams.com Barcelona Profile vteSpain squad – 1950 FIFA World Cup fourth place GK Acuña GK I. Eizaguirre (c) GK Ramallets DF Alonso DF Antúnez DF Asensi DF Gonzalvo II DF Lesmes DF Parra DF Silva MF Gonzalvo III MF Molowny MF Nando MF Puchades FW Basora FW César FW Gaínza FW Hernández FW Igoa FW Juncosa FW Panizo FW Zarra Coach: G. Eizaguirre vteLa Liga top scorers 1929: Bienzobas 1930: Gorostiza 1931: Bata 1932: Bata 1933: Olivares 1934: Lángara 1935: Lángara 1936: Lángara 1940: Unamuno 1941: Pruden 1942: E. Suárez 1943: Martín 1944: E. Suárez 1945: Zarra 1946: Zarra 1947: Zarra 1948: Pahiño 1949: César 1950: Zarra 1951: Zarra 1952: Pahiño 1953: Zarra 1954: Di Stéfano 1955: Arza 1956: Di Stéfano 1957: Di Stéfano 1958: Badenes, Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959: Di Stéfano 1960: Puskás 1961: Puskás 1962: Seminario 1963: Puskás 1964: Puskás 1965: Ré 1966: Aragonés & Vavá 1967: Waldo 1968: Uriarte 1969: Amancio & Gárate 1970: Amancio, Aragonés & Gárate 1971: Gárate & Rexach 1972: Porta 1973: Marianín 1974: Quini 1975: Carlos 1976: Quini 1977: Kempes 1978: Kempes 1979: Krankl 1980: Quini 1981: Quini 1982: Quini 1983: Rincón 1984: Da Silva & Juanito 1985: Sánchez 1986: Sánchez 1987: Sánchez 1988: Sánchez 1989: Baltazar 1990: Sánchez 1991: Butragueño 1992: Manolo 1993: Bebeto 1994: Romário 1995: Zamorano 1996: Pizzi 1997: Ronaldo 1998: Vieri 1999: Raúl 2000: Salva 2001: Raúl 2002: Tristán 2003: Makaay 2004: Ronaldo 2005: Eto'o & Forlán 2006: Eto'o 2007: Van Nistelrooy 2008: Güiza 2009: Forlán 2010: Messi 2011: C. Ronaldo 2012: Messi 2013: Messi 2014: C. Ronaldo 2015: C. Ronaldo 2016: L. Suárez 2017: Messi 2018: Messi 2019: Messi 2020: Messi 2021: Messi 2022: Benzema 2023: Lewandowski 2024: Dovbyk César – Managerial positions vteElche CF – managers Hilario (1942–43) César (1959–60) Bertral (1960) Barrios (1960–61) Bertral (1961) Juan Ramón (1961–62) Bumbel (1962–63) Herrera (1963–64) R. Hernández (1964) Quirantc (1964) Torresc (1964) Francisco (1964–65) Bumbel (1965–67) Bernalc (1967) Di Stéfano (1967–68) Daučík (1968) Máspoli (1968–70) Bumbel (1970) Artigas (1970) Bumbel (1970–71) Díez (1971) Llopisc (1971) Olsen (1971–74) Rossi (1974–75) Domingo (1975–76) Mesones (1976–77) Olsen (1977–78) Lezcano (1978) Moruca (1978) Herrera (1978–79) Lezcanoc (1979) Arsenio (1979–80) Rial (1980) Carrió (1980–81) Mesones (1981–82) Carriega (1982–83) Ré (1983–84) Olsen (1984) Ruiz (1984) Bonet (1984–85) Olsen (1985–86) Bonet (1986) Álvarez (1986–87) Bonet (1987) Mesones (1987–88) Kubala (1988–89) Licoc (1989) Lezcano (1989) Costa (1989) Carrió (1989–90) Lico (1990) Silva (1990–91) Llompart (1991–92) Lico (1992–93) Crispi (1993) Esteban (1993–94) Rubio (1994) E. Hernández (1994–95) Lezcano (1995) Mesones (1995–96) Fabri (1996) Marcial (1996–97) Ciriaco (1997–98) Rielo (1998) Álvarez (1998) Plaza (1998–2000) Casimiroc (2000) D'Alessandro (2000) Mesones (2000) Marcialc (2000) D'Alessandro (2000–01) Marcial (2001) Rubio (2001–03) Casimiro (2003) Cantarero (2003) Licoc (2003) Ruggeri (2003–04) Lico (2004) Uribe (2004–06) Rubio (2006) Luís García (2006–07) Vidal (2007–08) Claudio (2008–09) Bordalás (2009–12) Ferrando (2012) Escribá (2012–15) Baraja (2015–16) Alcaraz (2016) Toril (2016–17) Parras (2017) Mir (2017) Acciaric (2017) Josico (2017–18) Pacheta (2018–20) Almirón (2020–21) Escribá (2021) Mantecónc (2021) Francisco (2021–22) Gallegoc (2022) Almirón (2022) Mantecónc (2022) Machín (2022–23) Beccacece (2023–24) (c) = caretaker manager vteReal Zaragoza – managers Sauca (1932) Dos Santos (1932–34) F. González (1934–35) Planas (1935) Olivares (1935–36) Arnanz (1939–41) Gamborena (1941) Uritarte & Ostalé (1941) Quincoces (1941–43) Caicedo (1943–45) Arnanz (1945) Juanito (1945–46) Olivares (1946–47) Sorribas (1947–48) Soladrero (1948) Macheda (1948) Bru (1948–49) Oceja (1949) Juanito (1949–50) Planas (1950) Urquiri (1950–51) Juanito (1951) Berkessy (1951–52) Balmanya (1952–53) Eguiluz (1953–54) Mundo (1954–56) Quincoces (1956–58) Casariego (1958) Ochoantesana (1958–59) Mundo (1959–60) Hernández (1960) César (1960–63) Ramallets (1963–64) Belló (1964) Olsen (1964–65) Hon (1965–66) Daučík (1966–67) Lerín (1967) Olsen (1967–68) César (1968–69) Rial (1969–70) Kalmár (1970) Balmanya (1970–71) García Traid (1971) Hernández (1971) Iriondo (1971–72) Carriega (1972–76) Muller (1976–77) Iglesias (1977–78) Boškov (1978–79) Villanova (1979–81) Costa (1981) Beenhakker (1981–84) Ferrari (1984–85) Costa (1985–87) Villanova (1987–88) Antić (1988–90) Maneiro (1990–91) Fernández (1991–96) Espárrago (1996–97) Costa (1997–98) Rojo (1998–2000) Lillo (2000) Costa (2000–01) Rojo (2001–02) Costa (2002) Alonso (2002) Flores (2002–04) Muñoz (2004–06) Fernández (2006–08) Garitano (2008) Irureta (2008) Villanova (2008) Marcelino (2008–09) Gay (2009–10) Aguirre (2010–11) Jiménez (2011–13) Herrera (2013–14) Muñoz (2014) Popović (2014–15) Carreras (2015–16) Milla (2016) Agné (2016–17) Láinez (2017) N. González (2017–18) Idiakez (2018) Alcaraz (2018) Fernández (2018–20) Baraja (2020) I. Martínez (2020) J.I. Martínez (2020–22) Carcedo (2022) Escribá (2022–23) Velázquez (2023–24) Fernández (2024–) vteFC Barcelona – managers Lambe (1912) Barron (1912) Alderson (1913) Greenwell (1913–23) Spouncer (1923–24) Poszony (1924) Kirby (1924–26) Domby (1926–27) Forns (1927–29) Bellamy (1929–31) Greenwell (1931–33) Domby (1933–34) Plattkó (1934–35) O'Connell (1935–40) Planas (1940–41) Guzmán (1941–42) Nogués (1942–44) Samitier (1944–47) Fernández (1947–50) Llorens (1950) Daučík (1950–54) Puppo (1954–55) Plattkó (1955–56) Balmanya (1956–58) Herrera (1958–60) Rabassa (1960) Broćić (1960–61) Orizaola (1961) Miró (1961) Kubala (1961–63) Gonzalvo (1963) Rodríguez (1963–64) Sasot (1964–65) Olsen (1965–67) Artigas (1967–69) Seguerc (1969) Buckingham (1969–71) Michels (1971–75) Weisweiler (1975–76) Ruizc (1976) Michels (1976–78) Muller (1978–79) Rifé (1979–80) Herrera (1980) Kubala (1980) Herrera (1980–81) Lattek (1981–83) Romeroc (1983) Menotti (1983–84) Venables (1984–87) Aragonés (1987–88) Cruijff (1988–91) Rexachc (1991) Cruijff (1991–96) Robson (1996–97) Van Gaal (1997–2000) Serra Ferrer (2000–01) Rexach (2001–02) Van Gaal (2002–03) De la Cruzc (2003) Antić (2003) Rijkaard (2003–08) Guardiola (2008–12) Vilanova (2012–13) Rourac (2012–13) Martino (2013–14) Luis Enrique (2014–17) Valverde (2017–20) Setién (2020) Koeman (2020–21) Barjuánc (2021) Xavi (2021–24) Flick (2024–) (c) = caretaker manager vteRCD Mallorca – managers Greenwell (1930–31) Pagaza (1939–41) Caicedo (1945–47) Teodoro Mauri (1948–49) Vidal (1954–55) Plattkó (1955–56) Quetglas (1956–57) Gual (1957–58) Lorenzo (1958–60) Saso (1961) Grech (1961–62) Saso (1962–63) Turró (1963) Llopis (1963–64) Juan Ramón (1964–65) Rodríguez (1965–66) Joseíto (1966–67) Dauder (1967–68) Lorenzo (1968) Turró (1968) Sasot (1968–69) Forneris (1969) Sergio Rodríguez (1969) Forneris (1969) Barinaga (1969–70) Saso (1970) Forneris (1970–71) Bumbel (1971–72) Saso (1972–73) Forneris (1973) Manolín (1973) Rodríguez (1973–75) Villaminde (1975) De la Torre (1975) Vera (1975) De la Torre (1975–76) Costa (1976–77) Alexanco (1977) Forneris (1977–78) Agustí (1978–79) Quetglas (1979) Oviedo (1979–81) Forneris (1981) Muller (1981–83) Aguirre (1983) Domingo (1983–84) Villanova (1984–85) Joanet (1985) Ferrer (1985–87) Muller (1987–88) Brzić (1988–89) Ferrer (1989–93) Bauzà (1993–94) Pons (1994–95) Irulegui (1995) Esnal (1995–96) Muñoz (1996–97) Llompart (1997) Cúper (1997–99) Gómez (1999) Vázquez (1999–2000) Aragonés (2000–01) Krauss (2001–02) Krešić (2002) Llompart (2002) Manzano (2002–03) Pacheco (2003) Aragonés (2003–04) Llompart (2004) Floro (2004) Cúper (2004–06) Manzano (2006–10) Laudrup (2010–11) Nadal (2011) Caparrós (2011–13) Manzano (2013) Oltra (2013–2014) Carreras (2014) Olaizola (2014) Soler (2014) Karpin (2014–15) Soler (2015) Ferrer (2015) Gálvez (2015–16) Vázquez (2016) Olaizola (2016–17) Sergi (2017) Moreno (2017–20) Luis García (2020–2022) Aguirre (2022–2024) Arrasate (2024–) vteRC Celta de Vigo – managers Cuggy (1923–26) Balsa (1926–27) Cowan (1927–28) Encinas (1928–31) Planas (1931–32) Peña (1932–35) Comesaña (1935–36) F. Plattkó (1938–39) Comesaña (1939–40) Cárdenes (1940–41) Albéniz (1941–1944) K. Plattkó (1944–46) Armando (1946) Zamora (1946–49) Pasarín (1949–51) Ozores (1951–52) Bravo (1952–53) Armando (1953) Iraragorri (1953) Zamora (1953–55) Urquiri (1955–56) Scopelli (1956–57) Pasarín (1957–59) Miró (1959) Lúpiz (1959) Albéniz (1959–60) Yayo (1960) Zamora (1960) Yayo (1960–61) Hon (1961) Aretio (1961–62) Eizaguirre (1962–63) Joseíto (1963–65) Rafa (1965–66) César (1966–67) Villar (1967) Eizaguirre (1967–69) Olsen (1969–70) Arza (1970–72) Dellacha (1972–73) Aretio (1973) Arza (1973–74) Moreno (1974–75) Villar (1975) Cedrún (1975–77) Cuervo (1977) Villar (1977) Maguregui (1977–78) Ruiz (1978–79) Pedrito (1979) Cedrún (1979–80) Arza (1980) Pavić (1980–83) Carriega (1983) F. Carnero (1984–85) García Traid (1985–86) Villar (1986) Addison (1986–87) Maguregui (1987–88) Villar (1988) Novoa (1988–89) Álvarez (1989–90) Maguregui (1990–91) Rojo (1991–94) Aimar (1994–95) Castro Santos (1995–97) Irureta (1997–98) Fernández (1998–2002) Lotina (2002–04) Antić (2004) R. Carnero (2004) Vázquez (2004–07) Stoichkov (2007) López Caro (2007–08) López Habas (2008) Menéndez (2008) Murcia (2008–09) Sacristán (2009–10) Herrera (2010–13) Resino (2013) Luis Enrique (2013–14) Berizzo (2014–17) Unzué (2017–18) Mohamed (2018) Cardoso (2018–19) Escribá (2019) García (2019–20) Coudet (2020–22) Carvalhal (2022–23) Benítez (2023–24) Giráldez (2024–) vteReal Betis – managers Asencio (1914–15) Jones (1916) Bryce (1917) Navarro (1918) B. Clemente (1918) Llinat (1920) Aranda (1922) Porlan y Merlo (1923) Álvarez (1924) Castañeda (1925) Kinké (1927–30) Sampere (1930–32) O'Connell (1932–36) Aranda (1939–40) O'Connell (1940–42) Baragaño (1942) Gómez (1943) Aranda (1943–44) Solè (1945–46) Aranda (194X–4X) O'Connell (194X–4X) Peral (194X–47) Quirante (1947–48) Peral (1948–49) Aranda (1949–52) Olivares (1952–53) Gómez (1953–55) Barinaga (1955) Valera (1955–56) Iturraspe (1956–57) Barrios (1957–5X) Seguer (195X–59) Fernández Viola (1959) Barinaga (1959–60) Daučík (1960–62) Pons (1962–63) Balmanya (1963–64) Hon (1964–65) Hernández (1965) Aranda (1965) Pons (1965) Francisco (1965) Pons (1965–66) Belló (1966–67) Valera (1967) Barrios (1967) César (1967) Valera (1967–68) Barinaga (1968) Daučík (1968–69) Areta (1969) Tejera (1969) González (1969) Barrios (1969–71) Areta (1971) Szusza (1971–76) Iriondo (1976–78) García Traid (1978–79) Lasa (1979) Carriega (1979–81) Aragonés (1981) Iriondo (1981–82) Buenaventura (1982) Dunai (1982) Domingo (1982–83) Alzate (1983–85) Carriega (1985–86) Del Sol (1986–87) Mortimore (1987–88) Buenaventura (1988) Ríos (1988) Buenaventura (1988) Ré (1988–89) Corbacho (1989–90) Cardeñosa (1990) Romero (1990–91) Esnaola (1991) Jarabinský (1991–92) Mesones (1992) D'Alessandro (1992–93) Esnaola (1993) Krešić (1993–94) Serra Ferrer (1994–97) Aragonés (1997–98) Oliveira (1998) Cantatore (1998) J. Clemente (1998–99) Griguol (1999–2000) Hiddink (2000) Hadžibegić (2000) Vázquez (2000–01) Del Sol (2001) Ramos (2001–02) V. Fernández (2002–04) Serra Ferrer (2004–06) Irureta (2006) Fernández (2006–07) Chaparro (2007) Cúper (2007) Chaparro (2007–09) Nogués (2009) Tapia (2009–10) V. Fernández (2010) Mel (2010–13) Garrido (2013–14) Calderón (2014) Velázquez (2014) Merino (2014) Mel (2014–16) Merino (2016) Poyet (2016) Víctor (2016–17) Trujillo (2017) Setién (2017–19) Rubi (2019–20) Trujillo (2020) Pellegrini (2020–) vteHércules CF – managers Finning (1931–32) Harris (1932) Hertzka (1932–34) Suárez (1934–36) Surroca (1939) Gamborena (1939) Quirante (1940) Olivares (1940–41) T. Mauri (1941–42) Urquiri (1942–43) Maciá (1943–44) Pagaza (1944–45) Urquiri (1945–47) Rubio (1947–50) Bonet (1950–51) Mundo (1951–52) La Riva, Corona & Pina (1952–53) Rubio (1953) Amadeo (1953–54) Caicedo (1954–55) S. Rodríguezc (1955) Iraragorri (1955–56) Amadeo (1956–57) S. Rodríguez (1957) Gallart (1957–58) S. Rodríguezc (1958) Ramonzueloc (1958) Echezarreta (1958) Ramonzueloc (1958–59) Sierra (1959) Álvaro (1959–60) Grech (1960–61) Lozano (1961) Iturraspe (1961–62) Ortegac (1962–63) Bermúdez (1963–65) Ortegac (1965) Millán (1965) Belló (1965–66) Dauder (1966–67) Ortegac (1967) Toba (1967) S. Rodríguez (1967–68) Ramallets (1968) Álvaro (1968) Ortega (1968–69) Manoletc (1969) Maneroc (1965) C. Rodríguez (1969–70) Berenguerc (1970) Miguel (1970–71) C. Rodríguezc (1971) Gutic (1971) Berenguerc (1971) Kocsis (1971) Eizaguirre (1971–72) Lovesc (1972) Valera (1972) Kálmár (1972–73) Iglesias (1973–77) Mesones (1977) Joanet (1977–79) Aguirre (1979–82) Paquito (1982) Humbertoc (1982) Pachín (1982–83) Humbertoc (1983) Jurado (1983–85) Humbertoc (1985) Torres (1985) Villanova (1985–86) Ormaetxea (1986) García Traid (1986) Rivera (1986–87) Joanet (1987–88) J. Martínez (1988) Humbertoc (1988–89) Domingo (1989) Moncho (1989–90) Carcelén (1990) José Víctor (1990) Campillo (1990–92) Humberto (1992) Hernández (1992–94) Mesones (1994–95) Humbertoc (1995) M. Jiménez (1995–96) Brzić (1996) Hernández (1996–97) Humbertoc (1997) Vidal (1997–98) Egea (1998) Humbertoc (1998) Alonso (1998–99) M. Jiménez (1999–00) Rastrojo & Russoc (2000) Corominas (2000) Carbonell (2001) Á. Pérez (2001–02) Medinac (2002) Miñambres (2002–03) Višnjić (2003) Granero (2003–04) Subiratsc (2004) Mandiá (2004–06) Bordalás (2006) Uribe (2006–07) Paquito E. (2007) Goikoetxea (2007–08) Mandiá (2008–09) Esteban (2009–11) Đukić (2011) Mandiá (2011–12) Hernández (2012–14) Jokanović (2014) Pacheta (2014–15) Herrero (2015–16) Mir (2016) Tevenet (2016–17) Luque (2017) Siviero (2017) Barragán (2017–18) Višnjić (2018) Planagumà (2018–19) Vegarc (2019) Muñoz (2019) Mir (2019–20) Moreno (2020) Cubillo (2020–21) Esteve (2021) Díaz (2021) Mora (2021–22) Á. Rodríguez (2022) Escobar (2022–23) Torrecilla (2023–) (c) = caretaker manager Authority control databases International VIAF National Catalonia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_kick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECORD-2"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1950 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Rodríguez and the second or maternal family name is Álvarez.César Rodríguez Álvarez (6 July 1920 – 1 March 1995[citation needed]), sometimes known as just César, was a Spanish football forward and manager.During his career, which spanned more than two decades, he played mainly for Barcelona, appearing in 351 official matches and scoring 232 goals (previously counted as 235), making him the highest goalscorer in the club's history for several decades,[1] until he was passed by Lionel Messi. He won five La Liga championships with the team in a total of 13 major trophies, and was renowned for his ability to score from corners.[2]César represented Spain at the 1950 World Cup. After retiring, he managed both Zaragoza and Barcelona amongst several other professional teams.","title":"César Rodríguez (footballer, born 1920)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Castile and León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Granada CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_CF"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"promote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%9341_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"the following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941%E2%80%9342_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"CD Castellón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Castell%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1944–45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944%E2%80%9345_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Antoni Ramallets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Ramallets"},{"link_name":"Juan Velasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Zambudio_Velasco"},{"link_name":"Josep Escolà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Escol%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Joan Segarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Segarra"},{"link_name":"Estanislau Basora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanislau_Basora"},{"link_name":"José Gonzalvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonzalvo"},{"link_name":"Mariano Gonzalvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Gonzalvo"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Pichichi Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichichi_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"László Kubala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kubala"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Manchón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Manch%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"1951–52 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"Latin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Cup"},{"link_name":"OGC Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGC_Nice"}],"sub_title":"Barcelona","text":"Rodríguez was born in León, Castile and León, and joined FC Barcelona in 1939. However, military service saw him being relocated to Granada and Granada CF the following year, and he played two seasons on loan in Andalusia, helping the club promote to La Liga for the first time ever then adding 23 goals in only 24 games in the following season for a final tenth position – out of 14 teams, good enough for league status preservation; this included six in a 7–3 home win against CD Castellón, on 22 March 1942.[3] He also scored the first ever Granada goal in La Liga on 28 September 1941 in a 1:1 draw.[4]César returned to Barcelona in 1942, winning his first national championship in 1944–45, to which conquest he contributed with 15 goals in 24 matches. During his 13-year stint in Catalonia he scored in double digits in 11 seasons, surpassing the 20-goal mark in three. His early teammates included, among others, Antoni Ramallets, Juan Velasco, Josep Escolà, Joan Segarra, Estanislau Basora, José Gonzalvo and Mariano Gonzalvo; in 1949 he won his first and only Pichichi Trophy (28 goals)[5] and, two years later, he scored twice in the 3–0 win over Real Sociedad in the Copa del Generalísimo final.[3]Subsequently, Rodríguez was part of a legendary Barcelona forward line alongside Basora, László Kubala, Eduardo Manchón and Moreno that helped the club win five trophies during the 1951–52 season. He scored again in the domestic cup final, a 4–2 extra time win against Valencia CF, and netted the only goal in the Latin Cup triumph over OGC Nice of France.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_y_Deportiva_Leonesa"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Perpignan FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpignan_Canet_FC"},{"link_name":"Elche CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elche_CF"},{"link_name":"Valencians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"player-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"his last season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"Telmo Zarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telmo_Zarra"},{"link_name":"Hugo Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Di Stéfano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"Real Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Aragonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"the third position in 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"the fourth in 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"the fifth in 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1964–65 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"RCD Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Real Betis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Betis"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Lionel Messi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"},{"link_name":"hat-trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RECORD-2"}],"sub_title":"Later years / Management","text":"After leaving Barcelona at the age of 35, César had spells at Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa – his only top flight relegation, in 1956 – and Perpignan FC in France, returning to his country with Elche CF and helping the Valencians move from Tercera División to the top level in only two years, acting as their player-coach in his last season. He scored 33 from only 25 appearances in the third division campaign.[3]Rodríguez retired from football in 1960 aged 40, with Spanish top division totals of 353 matches and 226 goals. In the competition's history, only three players – Telmo Zarra, Hugo Sánchez and Alfredo Di Stéfano – scored more.[3]Afterwards, César coached nine seasons in the top tier, mainly with Real Zaragoza, guiding the Aragonese to the third position in 1961, the fourth in 1962 and the fifth in 1963 and also reaching the domestic cup final in the latter campaign, losing against his former team Barcelona.In the summer of 1963, César succeeded former teammate Josep Gonzalvo at the helm of Barça, being sacked only five games into the 1964–65 campaign. He suffered consecutive top flight relegations with RCD Mallorca and Real Betis, and his last professional job was with Zaragoza in 1968–69, leading the team to the 13th position, the first above the relegation zone.[3] He died at the age of 74 in Barcelona, and his scoring record stood until 20 March 2012 (57 years) when Lionel Messi netted a hat-trick against Granada.[2]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1950 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"Catalan XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Estadi de Sarrià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadi_de_Sarri%C3%A0"}],"text":"César won 12 caps for Spain during seven years, scoring six goals. He netted on his debut in a 2–2 draw with Portugal on 11 March 1945, and was included in the squad for 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, being an unused member.[3]Rodríguez also appeared for the Catalan XI during more than one decade. On 19 October 1947, at the Estadi de Sarrià, he scored twice in a 3–1 win over the Spanish national side.","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELCHE-3"}],"text":"Rodríguez's older brother, Ricardo (known as Calo), was also a footballer. A defender, he played eight seasons in the top division in representation of three teams – including Barcelona, five years – appearing in 71 league matches.[3][6]César scored the first goal ever in the first division for both Granada and Leonesa.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"[7]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"[10]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Copa Eva Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte"},{"link_name":"Latin Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Cup"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Latin_Cup"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Latin_Cup"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"BarcelonaLa Liga: 1944–45, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1951–52, 1952–53\nCopa del Generalísimo: 1951, 1952, 1953\nCopa Eva Duarte: 1948, 1952, 1953\nLatin Cup: 1949, 1952GranadaSegunda División: 1940–41ElcheSegunda División: 1958–59\nTercera División: 1957–58","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa del Generalísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Tercera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"ZaragozaCopa del Generalísimo: Runner-up 1962–63HérculesTercera División: 1969–70","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pichichi Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichichi_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Pichichi Trophy: 1948–49","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Temporada 1941-42 – 14 Abril 1931. Historia del Granada C.F.\" 14abril1931.tk. Retrieved 5 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.14abril1931.tk/temporada-1941-42","url_text":"\"Temporada 1941-42 – 14 Abril 1931. Historia del Granada C.F.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spain – List of Topscorers (\"Pichichi\") 1929–2015\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 26 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spantops.html","url_text":"\"Spain – List of Topscorers (\"Pichichi\") 1929–2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"César\". European Football. Retrieved 7 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=3386","url_text":"\"César\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spantops-allt.html","external_links_name":"Spain – All-Time Topscorers"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17442840","external_links_name":"Lionel Messi breaks Barcelona goalscoring record"},{"Link":"http://franjiverdes.wordpress.com/2009/04/28/cesar-rodriguez-alvarez-cesar/","external_links_name":"César Rodríguez Alvárez, CÉSAR"},{"Link":"http://www.14abril1931.tk/temporada-1941-42","external_links_name":"\"Temporada 1941-42 – 14 Abril 1931. Historia del Granada C.F.\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/spantops.html","external_links_name":"\"Spain – List of Topscorers (\"Pichichi\") 1929–2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j9804.html","external_links_name":"Calo: Ricardo Rodríguez Álvarez"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j8390.html","external_links_name":"César Rodríguez"},{"Link":"http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=3386","external_links_name":"\"César\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j8390.html","external_links_name":"César Rodríguez"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/l/l8390.html?manager=1","external_links_name":"César Rodríguez manager profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070308063233/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=123&n=cesar%2Fcesar%2Frodriguez%2Falvarez","external_links_name":"National team data (futbol.sportec.es)"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/40931.html","external_links_name":"César Rodríguez"},{"Link":"https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/card/648274/cesar-rodriguez","external_links_name":"Barcelona Profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305991336","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509742206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zierliana
Vexillum (gastropod)
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Species","4 Taxa inquirenda","5 Synonyms","6 References","7 External links"]
Genus of gastropods Not to be confused with Vexilla (gastropod). Vexillum An apertural view of a shell of Vexillum taeniatum Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Turbinelloidea Family: Costellariidae Genus: VexillumRöding, 1798 Type species Vexillum plicatumRöding, 1798 Synonyms Arenimitra Iredale, 1929 Callithea Swainson, 1840 (invalid: junior homonym of Callithea Feisthamel, 1835; Pulchritima is a replacement name) Costellaria Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 Mitra (Harpaeformis) Lesson, 1842 Mitra (Tiara) Swainson, 1831 Mitra (Turricula) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Mitra (Uromitra) · Mitra (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824 Mitropifex Iredale, 1929 Pulchritima Iredale, 1929 Pusiolina Cossmann, 1921 Tiara Swainson, 1831 Tiara (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 (original rank) Tiara (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 Turricula Fabricius, 1823 non Schumacher, 1817 Turricula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Turricula (Callithea) Swainson, 1840 · Turricula (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 †Turricula (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1887 Turricula (Vulpecula) Blainville, 1824 Uromitra Bellardi, 1887 Vexillum (Costellaria) Swainson, 1840 †Vexillum (Uromitra) Bellardi, 1888 Vexillum (Vexillum) Röding, 1798 Vulpecula Blainville, 1824 Zierliana Gray, 1847 Vexillum is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Costellariidae. This genus is not monophyletic. The genus Vexillum contains about 80% of costellariid diversity. It is considered a "dumping ground" for an array of unrelated forms. Description The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated. Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, vexitoxins, related to conotoxins. Distribution This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (but also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific. Species Species within the genus Vexillum include: Vexillum accinctum (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907) Vexillum acromiale (Hedley, 1915) Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum acupictum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum adamsi (Dohrn, 1861) Vexillum adamsianum Cernohorsky, 1978 Vexillum adelense Marrow, 2019 Vexillum adornatum (Tomlin, 1920) Vexillum aemula (E. A. Smith, 1879) Vexillum aequatoriense Herrmann & Stossier, 2011 Vexillum aethiopicum (Jickeli, 1874) † Vexillum aizyense (Deshayes, 1865) Vexillum albocinctum (C. B. Adams, 1845) Vexillum albofulvum Herrmann, 2007 Vexillum alboglobulatum R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Vexillum albolineatum Cossignani & Cossignani, 2007 † Vexillum alfuricum (P. J. Fischer, 1927) Vexillum albotaeniatum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum altisuturatum Chino & Herrmann, 2014 Vexillum alvinobalani Guillot de Suduiraut, 1999 Vexillum amabile (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum amandum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum amentare S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum angulosum (Küster, 1839) Vexillum angustissimum (E.A. Smith, 1903) Vexillum anthracinum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum antonellii (Dhorn, 1860) Vexillum appelii (Jickeli, 1874) Vexillum approximatum (Pease, 1860) Vexillum arabicum Turner, 2008 Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum asperum Turner, 2008 † Vexillum atractoides (Tate, 1889) Vexillum aureolatum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum aureolineatum H. Turner, 1988 Vexillum baccheti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012 † Vexillum badense (R. Hoernes & Auinger, 1880) Vexillum baeri Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum balicasagense Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006 Vexillum balteolatum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum bancalanense (Bartsch, 1918) Vexillum bangertarum Herrmann, 2019 † Vexillum barbieri (Deshayes, 1865) Vexillum beitzi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2013 Vexillum bellum (Pease, 1860) Vexillum bergae T. Cossignani, 2020 Vexillum beverlyae Turner & Salisbury, 1999 † Vexillum bicatenatum (K. Martin, 1935) Vexillum bipartitum (E. A. Smith, 1884) Vexillum bizonale (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923) Vexillum blandulum Turner, 1997 † Vexillum boreocinctum (Kautsky, 1925) † Vexillum bouryi (Cossmann, 1889) Vexillum bouteti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012 † Vexillum boutillieri (Cossmann, 1889) † Vexillum brevior (Friedberg, 1911) Vexillum brunneolinea Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991 Vexillum burchorum R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum buriasense (Tomlin, 1920) Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum caelatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum caffrum (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum caliendrum (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Vexillum caligulum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 Vexillum callosum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum caloxestum (Melvill, 1888) Vexillum cancellarioides (Anton, 1838) Vexillum castaneostriatum Herrmann, 2012 Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872) Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836) † Vexillum caudatum (Marwick, 1931) Vexillum cavea (Reeve, 1844) † Vexillum cernohorskyi Ladd, 1977 Vexillum charlesi Turner & Callomon, 2001 Vexillum chelonia (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum chibaense (Salisbury & Rosenberg, 1999) Vexillum chickcharneorum Lyons & Kaicher, 1978 Vexillum chinoi Poppe, 2008 Vexillum chocotinctum Turner, 2008 Vexillum cingulatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum cithara (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum citrinum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum clarum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 Vexillum clathratum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum coccineum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum collinsoni (A. Adams, 1864) Vexillum coloreum S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961 Vexillum concentricum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum consanguineum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum cookorum Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum corbicula (Sowerby II, 1870) Vexillum coronatum (Helbling, 1779) Vexillum cosmani (Kay, 1979) Vexillum costatum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum creatum Marrow, 2019 Vexillum crispum (Garrett, 1872) Vexillum crocatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum croceorbis Dekkers, 2013 Vexillum croceostoma Marrow, 2015 Vexillum croceum (Reeve, 1845) † Vexillum ctenotum J. Gardner, 1937 Vexillum cubanum Aguayo & Rehder, 1936 Vexillum curviliratum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) Vexillum daedalum (Reeve, 1845) † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931) Vexillum dampierense Marrow, 2019 Vexillum daniellae Drivas & Jay, 1989 Vexillum darwini Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006 Vexillum decorum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum delicatum (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum dennisoni (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum depexum (Deshayes, 1834) Vexillum derkai Herrmann, 2012 Vexillum dermestinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum deshayesi (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum dhofarense Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum diaconalis (Melvill & Standen, 1903) Vexillum dilectissimum (Melvill & Sykes, 1899) Vexillum discolorium (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum diutenerum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum dohrni (A. Adams, 1864) Vexillum dorleti T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021 Vexillum echinatum (A. Adams, 1853) † Vexillum elatior (Finlay, 1924) Vexillum emiliae (Schmeltz, 1874) Vexillum emmanueli Buijse, Dekker & Verbinnen, 2009 Vexillum epigonus Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006 Vexillum epiphaneum (Rehder, 1943) † Vexillum escharoides (Tate, 1889) † Vexillum etremoides (Finlay, 1924) † Vexillum eusulcatum (Finlay, 1924) Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum exostium Marrow, 2019 Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873) † Vexillum extraneum (Deshayes, 1865) Vexillum festum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum ficulinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum fidicula (Gould, 1850) Vexillum filistriatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) Vexillum flaveoricum Herrmann & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2009 Vexillum flexicostatum (Garrett, 1880) Vexillum formosense (Sowerby III, 1889) Vexillum fortiplicatum (Pease, 1868) Vexillum fraudator Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum funereum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum fuscoapicatum (E. A. Smith, 1879) Vexillum fuscobandatum Bozzetti, 2007 Vexillum fuscotaeniatum (Thiele, 1925) Vexillum fuscovirgatum Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012 Vexillum gagei R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum garciai Salisbury & Wolff, 2009 † Vexillum gaudryi (de Raincourt, 1884) † Vexillum gembacanum (K. Martin, 1884) Vexillum germaineae Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2014 Vexillum geronimae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum giselae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 † Vexillum gliberti Anderson, 1964 Vexillum gloriae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum gorii Turner, 1997 Vexillum gotoense (E. A. Smith, 1879) Vexillum goubini (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum gouldi Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006 Vexillum gourgueti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012 Vexillum granosum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum gruneri (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum guidopoppei Thach, 2017 Vexillum hansturneri Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 † Vexillum harmati Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1954 † Vexillum hastatum (D.L.G. Karsten, 1849) Vexillum hawksbillense Marrow, 2019 Vexillum helena (Bartsch, 1915) † Vexillum hemigymnum (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901) Vexillum hendersoni (Dall, 1927) Vexillum herosae Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012 Vexillum hervieri (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923) Vexillum hilare (Kuroda, 1971) Vexillum histrio (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum hoaraui Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007 Vexillum honestum (Melvill & Standen, 1895) Vexillum houarti Thach, 2016 Vexillum huangorum Salisbury & Gori, 2012 Vexillum humile (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum hypatiae (Pallary, 1913) † Vexillum indistinctum (K. Martin, 1935) Vexillum inerme (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum innocens (Thiele, 1925) Vexillum innotabile (E. A. Smith, 1890) Vexillum intermedium (Kiener, 1838) † Vexillum intermittens (R. Hoernes & Auinger, 1880) Vexillum interruptum (Anton, 1838) Vexillum interstriatum (Sowerby II, 1870) Vexillum intertaeniatum (Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum iredalei (Powell, 1958) Vexillum ismene Turner, 2008 Vexillum iuppiterale S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum jacksoni R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum jackylenae Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006 Vexillum janae T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2020 Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864 Vexillum jasoni R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum jeanetteae R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum jeciliae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum johnsoni R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum johnwattsi Dekkers, 2011 Vexillum jonae S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum jukesii (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum kathiewayae R. Salisbury, Herrmann & Dekkers, 2012 Vexillum kawamotoae R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum kimiyum Turner, 2008 Vexillum klytios Turner, 2008 Vexillum kraussi (Dunker, 1861) Vexillum kuboi Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum kuiperi Turner, 2006 Vexillum lanulentum S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum leforti Turner & Salisbury, 1999 Vexillum lenhilli Kay, 1979 Vexillum leucaspis Herrmann & Stossier, 2011 Vexillum leucodesma (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum leucophryna Turner & Marrow, 2001 Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes in Laborde, 1834) Vexillum leyteensis Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum ligatum (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum lincolnense (Angas, 1878) Vexillum longispira (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum lotum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum lucens S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 Vexillum lucidum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum luculentum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum luigiraybaudii Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006 Vexillum lumilum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 Vexillum lyratum (Lamarck, 1822) Vexillum macandrewi (Sowerby II & Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum maduranum Dekkers, 2007 Vexillum malcolmense (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Vexillum malleopunctum (Cernohorsky, 1981) Vexillum marotiriense Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012 † Vexillum martini Schepman, 1907 Vexillum maxencei Cossignani, 2018 Vexillum mccauslandi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005 Vexillum mediomaculatum (Sowerby II, 1870) Vexillum melongena (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum menehune R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum meslivres S.-I Huang, 2023 Vexillum mica (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum michaelianum R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum michaui (Crosse & Fischer, 1864) † Vexillum michelottii (M. Hörnes, 1852) Vexillum micra (Pilsbry, 1921) Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum millecostatum (Broderip, 1836) † Vexillum minahassae (Schepman, 1907) Vexillum minghuii S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum mirabile (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum mirbatense Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum moelleri (Küster, 1840) Vexillum monalizae Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006 Vexillum moniliferum (C. B. Adams, 1850) Vexillum monscorallum Hoffman & Freiwald, 2019 Vexillum monsecourorum Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006 Vexillum multicostatum (Broderip, 1836) Vexillum multitriangulum Salisbury & Callomon, 1998 Vexillum mutabile (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum nakama (Dall, 1926) Vexillum nasinii T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021 † Vexillum nasongoense (Ladd, 1934) Vexillum nathani T. Cossignani, 2021 † Vexillum neozelanicum (Laws, 1939) † Vexillum neudorfense (Schaffer, 1897) Vexillum nicobaricum (Dunker, 1866) Vexillum nitidissimum (Melvill & Standen, 1895) † Vexillum nitidum (Schaffer, 1897) Vexillum nivale Herrmann & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2009 Vexillum nodai Turner & Salisbury, 1999 Vexillum noduliferum (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum obeliscus (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum obtusispinosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum ochraceum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum oleaceum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum oniscinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum oryzum Kay, 1979 Vexillum oteroi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2013 Vexillum pacificum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum pagodula (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum palauense R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Vexillum paligerum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) Vexillum pantherinum Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012 Vexillum pardale (Küster, 1840) Vexillum pasitheum (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Vexillum patulum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum pedroi Poppe & Tagaro, 2006 Vexillum pelaezi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum pellucidum (Tate, 1887) Vexillum percnodictya (Melvill, 1888) Vexillum perrieri (Dautzenberg, 1929) Vexillum philtwoi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum picardali Herrmann & Stossier, 2011 Vexillum piceum (Pease, 1860) Vexillum pilsbryi (Hedley, 1899) Vexillum pisolinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum plurinotatum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum polygonum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum poppei Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007 Vexillum potieri Drivas & Jay, 1989 Vexillum praefulguratum Poppe, 2008 Vexillum pristisinuosum Marrow, 2019 Vexillum pseudomonalizae Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 † Vexillum pseudoschafferi Biskupič, 2020 Vexillum puerile (Cooke, 1885) Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum purpuratum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum pyropus Turner & Marrow, 2001 Vexillum radius (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum radix (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) † Vexillum rajaensis (K. Martin, 1895) † Vexillum recticosta (Bellardi, 1850) Vexillum recurvirostris (Sowerby III, 1908) Vexillum regina (Sowerby I, 1828) Vexillum renatoi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum revelatum (Melvill, 1899) Vexillum rodgersi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005 Vexillum rolani Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum ronnyi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009 Vexillum roris S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020 Vexillum roseotinctum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum roseum (Broderip, 1836) Vexillum rubellum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Vexillum rubricatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum rubrocostatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966 Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum rusticum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum salisburyi Cernohorsky, 1976 Vexillum salmoneum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum sanctahelenae (E. A. Smith, 1890) Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758) † Vexillum schafferi (Meznerics, 1933) Vexillum scitulum (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum semicostatum (Anton, 1838) Vexillum semifasciatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum semisculptum (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Vexillum semiticum (Jickeli, 1874) Vexillum seroi T. Cossignani, 2022 Vexillum severnsi R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum sharkbayense Marrow, 2019 Vexillum siciliai R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019 Vexillum sigristi Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 Vexillum silviae Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum sinuosum Turner, 2008 Vexillum sitangkaianum J. M. Cate, 1968 Vexillum smithi (Sowerby III, 1889) Vexillum sneidari R. Salisbury, 2011 Vexillum speciosum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum spicatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum spiculum Bozzetti, 2013 Vexillum stainforthii (Reeve, 1842) Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) Vexillum stercopunctis Turner, 2008 Vexillum stossieri Turner & Marrow, 2001 † Vexillum strasfogeli Ladd, 1977 Vexillum strictecostatum (von Maltzan, 1884) Vexillum strnadi Poppe & Tagaro, 2010 Vexillum styria (Dall, 1889) Vexillum subdivisum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum subquadratum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) Vexillum subtruncatum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum suluense (Adams & Reeve, 1850) Vexillum sumatranum (Thiele, 1925) Vexillum superbiens (Melvill, 1895) † Vexillum svagrovskyi Biskupič, 2020 Vexillum sybillae (Melvill, 1888) Vexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925) † Vexillum taeniataeformis (K. Martin, 1884) Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum takakuwai Cernohorsky & Azuma, 1974 Vexillum tanguyae Guillot de Suduiraut & Boutet, 2007 Vexillum tankervillei (Melvill, 1888) Vexillum taylorianum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874) Vexillum tenebricosum Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019 † Vexillum terebelloides (d'Orbigny, 1850) † Vexillum terebellum (Lamarck, 1803) Vexillum terraqueum S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum thila Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum thorssoni Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006 Vexillum tiro S.-I Huang, 2023 Vexillum togianense Herrmann & Kurtz, 2013 Vexillum tokubeii (Sakura & Habe, 1964) Vexillum torotortum Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007 Vexillum torquatum Herrmann, 2012 Vexillum torricella Turner, 2008 Vexillum trilineatum Herrmann & Stossier, 2011 Vexillum troendlei Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012 Vexillum trophonium (Dall, 1889) Vexillum tulearense T. Cossignani, 2021 Vexillum tumidum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum turben (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum tusum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum umbrosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum unicolor Herrmann, 2012 Vexillum unifasciale (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum unifasciatum (Wood, 1828) Vexillum utravis (Melvill, 1925) Vexillum vandervlerki (Koperberg, 1931) Vexillum vangemerti Dekkers, 2014 Vexillum variatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum varicosum Turner, 2008 Vexillum venustulum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum verecundulum (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum vespula Turner & Marrow, 2001 Vexillum vezzarochristophei Cossignani, 2018 Vexillum vezzaroi T. Cossignani, 2021 Vexillum vezzaronellyae T. Cossignani, 2021 Vexillum vibex (A. Adams, 1853) Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842) Vexillum virgo (Linne, 1767) Vexillum volae Perugia, 2010 Vexillum voncoseli (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009) Vexillum vulpecula (Linne, 1758) Vexillum wandoense (Holmes, 1859) † Vexillum willcoxi (W.H. Dall, 1900) Vexillum woldemarii (Kiener, 1838) Vexillum wolfei Cernohorsky, 1978 Vexillum xenium Pilsbry, 1921 Vexillum yangi S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum yulini S.-I. Huang, 2017 Vexillum yvesfineti T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021 Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum zelotypum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum ziervogelii (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum zikkurat H. Turner, 2000 Taxa inquirenda Vexillum lanceolatum (Hervier, 1897) (possible synonym of V. costatum) Vexillum thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921 Vexillum tomlini (Melvill, 1925) Mitra (Turricula) rufofilosa E. A. Smith, 1876 † Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii (Dall, 1890) Mitra (Pusia) elizae Melvill, 1899 Mitra nigrofasciata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874 Synonyms Vexillum albatum Cernohorsky, 1988: synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872) Vexillum apicinctum (Verco, 1896): synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus (Verco, 1896) Vexillum arestum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum australe (Swainson, 1820): synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820) Vexillum balutense Herrmann, 2009: synonym of Pusia balutensis (Herrmann, 2009) (basionym) Vexillum bilineatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata bilineata (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901) Vexillum choslenae Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Pusia choslenae (Cernohorsky, 1982) Vexillum cinerium : synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833) Vexillum cophinum (Gould, 1850): synonym of Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum costellata J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827 : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822 Vexillum crassum (Simone, 1995): synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone, 1995) Vexillum cophinum A.A. Gould, 1850 : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (L.A. Reeve, 1845) Vexillum corallinum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata corallina (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum crebriliratum L.A. Reeve, 1844: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum crispata H.C. Koster, 1840: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula C. Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum cruentatum J.F. Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767) Vexillum cruzana G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of Vexillum cubanum C.G. Aguayo & H.A. Rehder, 1936 † Vexillum cupressinum (Brocchi 1814): synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina (Brocchi, 1814) Vexillum dautzenbergi Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006) Vexillum decipiens P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923: synonym of Vexillum hervieri (P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923) Vexillum diamesa R.P.J. Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Vexillum corbicula (G.B. II Sowerby, 1870) Vexillum duplex Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982) Vexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia ebenus (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum elegans J.H.F. Link, 1807: synonym of Vexillum citrinum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum elegantula H.C. Köster, 1839: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum elima C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS: synonym of Vexillum micra H.A. Pilsbry, 1921 Vexillum elliscrossi Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi (Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991) Vexillum evelynae Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana (S.-I. Huang, 2017) Vexillum exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845) Vexillum fasciata W.H. Dall, 1905: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum fidis G.B. III Sowerby, 1916: synonym of Vexillum patulum (L.A. Reeve, 1845) Vexillum filiareginae (J. Cate, 1961): synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961 Vexillum fulvosulcatum (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845) † Vexillum fusellinum (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † Conomitra fusellina (Lamarck, 1803) Vexillum gemmatum (Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum geoffreyanum (J.C. Melvill, 1910): synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910) Vexillum gervilli B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827: synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum glandiformis L.A. Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum gloriosum Noodt, 1819: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum granum (Forbes, 1844): synonym of Pusia granum (Forbes, 1844) Vexillum hadfieldi (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum haifensis F. Nordsieck, 198: synonym of Vexillum hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912) Vexillum hanleyi (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845) Vexillum hansenae Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia hansenae (Cernohorsky, 1973) Vexillum harpiferum J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767) Vexillum heleneae Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) (original combination) Vexillum hedleyi R. Murdoch, 1905 : synonym of Peculator hedleyi (R. Murdoch, 1905) Vexillum hirasei (Kira, 1962): synonym of Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864 Vexillum isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959) Vexillum joliveti Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Costapex joliveti (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006) (basionym) Vexillum kaicherae (Petuch, 1979): synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae (Petuch, 1979) Vexillum kremerae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae Petuch, 1987 Vexillum kurodai (Sakurai & Habe, 1964): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959) Vexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia lauta (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum leonardhilli (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli Petuch, 1987 Vexillum laterculatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874): synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) Vexillum lindae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria lindae Petuch, 1987 Vexillum loyaltyense (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis (Hervier, 1897) Vexillum lubens (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum macrospirum (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) (misspelling) Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia marrowi (Cernohorsky, 1973) (original combination) † Vexillum martini (Icke & K. Martin, 1907): synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931) Vexillum martinorum Cernohorsky, 1986: synonym of Costapex martinorum (Cernohorsky, 1986) Vexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi (Cernohorsky, 1980) Vexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum militaris (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) (incorrect gender ending) Vexillum nigritella (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) (synonym) Vexillum nodospiculum (Cernohorsky, 1970): synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula (Cernohorsky, 1970) Vexillum osiridis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis (Issel, 1869) Vexillum pailoloanum J. M. Cate, 1963 : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana (J. M. Cate, 1963) † Vexillum parki R. S. Allan, 1926 : synonym of † Proximitra parki (R. S. Allan, 1926) Vexillum patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum pharaonis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844) † Vexillum plicatellum P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923) Vexillum plicatum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum politum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum pratasense T.C. Lan, 2004: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982) Vexillum pseudomarginatum Suter, 1913: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa (F. W. Hutton, 1873) Vexillum puella (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux puella (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum pullatum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum pumilio May, 1916: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki (Angas, 1878) Vexillum puncturatum (Sowerby III, 1879): synonym of Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum rectilateralis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) Vexillum rhodarion Kilburn, 1972(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion (Kilburn, 1972) Vexillum rhodochroa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836) Vexillum rubrotaeniatum Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014 (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) Vexillum rubrum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836) Vexillum rufobalteatum (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845) † Vexillum rutidolomum Suter, 1917: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma (Suter, 1917) Vexillum sagamiense (Kuroda & Habe, 1971): synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872) Vexillum sanguisugum : misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum sauternesense Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis (E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997) Vexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826) Vexillum stephanucha (Melvill, 1897): synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) (incorrect gender ending) Vexillum suave (Sowerby, 1875): synonym of Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873) Vexillum superbum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym) † Vexillum suteri Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Proximitra enysi (Hutton, 1873) Vexillum takisaoi : synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi (Kuroda, 1959) (misspelling) Vexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum tuberosum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum turrigerum : misspelling of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845) Vexillum venustum (Sarasúa, 1978): synonym of Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844) Vexillum vicmanoui Turner & Marrow, 2001: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui (H. Turner & Marrow, 2001) Vexillum virginalis (Lesson, 1842): synonym of Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842) Vexillum vittatum (Swainson, 1821): synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum vulpeculum : synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) Vexillum waitei Suter, 1909: synonym of Egestas waitei (Suter, 1909) Vexillum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791) Vexillum xerampelinum (Melvill, 1895): synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina (Melvill, 1895) Vexillum zebrinum (d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839): synonym of Pusia zebrina (d'Orbigny, 1840) Vexillum zythochroa (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836) References ^ a b c Vexillum Röding, 1798. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 21 January 2011. ^ Fedosov, Alexander E., et al. "Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179.3 (2017): 541-626. ^ Cernohorsky WO. 1966. A study of mitrid radulae and a tentative generic arrangement of the family Mitridae. The Veliger 9: 101–126 ^ Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls ^ Kuznetsova, Ksenia G., Zvonareva, Sofia S., Ziganshin, Rustam, Mekhova, Elena S., Dgebuadze, Polina, Yen, Dinh T. H., Nguyen, Thanh H. T., Moshkovskii, Sergei A., Fedosov, Alexander E. - Vexitoxins: conotoxin-like venom peptides from predatory gastropods of the genus Vexillum; Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 8/10/2022, Vol. 289 Issue 1980, p1-10. 10p. ^ Salisbury R., Gori S. (2012). A new Costellarid species (Gastropoda: Costellariidae) from Taiwan. Visaya 3 (5): 57-60. ^ Marine Mollusks of Hawaii VIII-XIII. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 72: 296-328 Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii Turner H. (2001) Katalog der Familie Costellariidae Macdonald 1860 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia: Muricoidea). Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 100 pp. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vexillum. Röding, P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii + 419 pp. Blainville, H. M. D. de. (1824). Mollusques, Mollusca (Malacoz.), pp. 1-392. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (F. Cuvier, ed.), vol. 32. Levrault, Strasbourg et Paris, & Le Normant, Paris Iredale, T. (1929). Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 9(3): 261-297, pls 30-31 Bellardi, L. (1887). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte V. Mitridae (continuazione). Ermanno Loescher, Torino, 72 pp., 2 pl., Swainson, W. (1829-1833). Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals, selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged according to their apparent affinities. Second series. London: Baldwin & Cradock. Fedosov A.E., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Dgebuadze P. & Bouchet P. (2017). Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179(3): 541-626 marinelifephotography.com: images of miters of Hawaii Taxon identifiersVexillum Wikidata: Q3735310 ADW: Vexillum AFD: Vexillum BOLD: 84963 CoL: 7PKSD EoL: 50372 GBIF: 2302641 iNaturalist: 246734 IRMNG: 1257476 ITIS: 74489 NBN: NHMSYS0021191352 NCBI: 604251 NZOR: 8e6bf27c-0782-411c-9b21-a0da075f4b8d Open Tree of Life: 839621 Paleobiology Database: 11839 Plazi: BF18F633-A989-FF6F-2B9C-C6F2FDD5FF2C uBio: 5048645 WoRMS: 137846
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vexilla (gastropod)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexilla_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Costellariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costellariidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Vexilla (gastropod).Vexillum is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Costellariidae.[1]This genus is not monophyletic. The genus Vexillum contains about 80% of costellariid diversity.[2] It is considered a \"dumping ground\" for an array of unrelated forms.[3]","title":"Vexillum (gastropod)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"peptides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"conotoxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conotoxin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The shell is elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or plicate. The spire is acuminated. The aperture is narrow. The columella shows numerous plaits. The outer lip is internally striated.[4]Vexillum species produce complex venoms dominated by highly diversified short cysteine-rich peptides, vexitoxins, related to conotoxins.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bathyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyal"}],"text":"This genus is cosmopolitan and occurs in tropical and temperate seas, but primarily in shallow waters (but also at bathyal depths) of the tropical Indo-Pacific.","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Vexillum accinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_accinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum acromiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_acromiale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum acuminatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_acuminatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum acupictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_acupictum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum adamsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_adamsi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum adamsianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_adamsianum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum adelense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_adelense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum adornatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_adornatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aemula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aemula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aequatoriense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aequatoriense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aethiopicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aethiopicum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aizyense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aizyense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum albocinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_albocinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum albofulvum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_albofulvum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum alboglobulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_alboglobulatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum albolineatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_albolineatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum alfuricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_alfuricum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum albotaeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_albotaeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum altisuturatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_altisuturatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum alvinobalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_alvinobalani"},{"link_name":"Vexillum amabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_amabile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum amandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_amandum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum amentare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_amentare"},{"link_name":"Vexillum angulosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_angulosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum angustissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_angustissimum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum anthracinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_anthracinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum antonellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_antonellii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum appelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_appelii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum approximatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_approximatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum arabicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_arabicum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum articulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_articulatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum asperum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_asperum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum atractoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_atractoides"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aureolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aureolatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum aureolineatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_aureolineatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum baccheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_baccheti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum badense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_badense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum baeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_baeri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum balicasagense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_balicasagense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum balteolatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_balteolatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bancalanense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bancalanense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bangertarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bangertarum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum barbieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_barbieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum beitzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_beitzi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bellum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bergae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bergae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum beverlyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_beverlyae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bicatenatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bicatenatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bipartitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bipartitum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bizonale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bizonale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum blandulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_blandulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum boreocinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_boreocinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bouryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bouryi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum bouteti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_bouteti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum boutillieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_boutillieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum brevior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_brevior"},{"link_name":"Vexillum brunneolinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_brunneolinea"},{"link_name":"Vexillum burchorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_burchorum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum buriasense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_buriasense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cadaverosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cadaverosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caelatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caelatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caffrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caffrum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caliendrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caliendrum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caligulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caligulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum callosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_callosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caloxestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caloxestum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cancellarioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cancellarioides"},{"link_name":"Vexillum castaneostriatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_castaneostriatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum castum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_castum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum catenatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_catenatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum caudatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_caudatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cavea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cavea"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cernohorskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cernohorskyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum charlesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_charlesi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum chelonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_chelonia"},{"link_name":"Vexillum chibaense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_chibaense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum chickcharneorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_chickcharneorum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum chinoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_chinoi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum chocotinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_chocotinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cingulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cingulatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cithara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cithara"},{"link_name":"Vexillum citrinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_citrinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum clarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_clarum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum clathratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_clathratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum coccineum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_coccineum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum collinsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_collinsoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum coloreum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_coloreum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum coloscopulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_coloscopulus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum concentricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_concentricum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum consanguineum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_consanguineum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cookorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cookorum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum corbicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_corbicula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum coronatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_coronatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cosmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cosmani"},{"link_name":"Vexillum costatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_costatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum creatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_creatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum crispum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_crispum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum crocatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_crocatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum croceorbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_croceorbis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum croceostoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_croceostoma"},{"link_name":"Vexillum croceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_croceum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ctenotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ctenotum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cubanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cubanum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum curviliratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_curviliratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum daedalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_daedalum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dahanaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dahanaensis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dampierense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dampierense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum daniellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_daniellae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum darwini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_darwini"},{"link_name":"Vexillum decorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_decorum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum delicatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_delicatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dennisoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dennisoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum depexum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_depexum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum derkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_derkai"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dermestinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dermestinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum deshayesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_deshayesi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dhofarense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dhofarense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum diaconalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_diaconalis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dilectissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dilectissimum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum discolorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_discolorium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum diutenerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_diutenerum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dohrni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dohrni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dorleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dorleti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum echinatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_echinatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum elatior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_elatior"},{"link_name":"Vexillum emiliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_emiliae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum emmanueli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_emmanueli"},{"link_name":"Vexillum epigonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_epigonus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum epiphaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_epiphaneum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum escharoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_escharoides"},{"link_name":"Vexillum etremoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_etremoides"},{"link_name":"Vexillum eusulcatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_eusulcatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exaratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exaratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exasperatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exasperatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exostium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exostium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exquisitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exquisitum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum extraneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_extraneum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum festum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_festum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ficulinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ficulinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fidicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fidicula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum filistriatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_filistriatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum flaveoricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_flaveoricum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum flexicostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_flexicostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum formosense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_formosense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fortiplicatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fortiplicatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fraudator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fraudator"},{"link_name":"Vexillum funereum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_funereum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fuscoapicatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fuscoapicatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fuscobandatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fuscobandatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fuscotaeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fuscotaeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum fuscovirgatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_fuscovirgatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gagei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gagei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum garciai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_garciai"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gaudryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gaudryi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gembacanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gembacanum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum germaineae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_germaineae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum geronimae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_geronimae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum giselae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_giselae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gliberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gliberti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gloriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gloriae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gorii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gotoense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gotoense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum goubini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_goubini"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gouldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gouldi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gourgueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gourgueti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum granosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_granosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum gruneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_gruneri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum guidopoppei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_guidopoppei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hansturneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hansturneri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum harmati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_harmati"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hastatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hastatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hawksbillense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hawksbillense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_helena"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hemigymnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hemigymnum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hendersoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hendersoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum herosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_herosae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hervieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hervieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hilare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hilare"},{"link_name":"Vexillum histrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_histrio"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hoaraui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hoaraui"},{"link_name":"Vexillum honestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_honestum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum houarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_houarti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum huangorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_huangorum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huangorum-6"},{"link_name":"Vexillum humile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_humile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hypatiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hypatiae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum indistinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_indistinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum inerme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_inerme"},{"link_name":"Vexillum infaustum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_infaustum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum innocens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_innocens"},{"link_name":"Vexillum innotabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_innotabile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum intermedium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_intermedium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum intermittens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_intermittens"},{"link_name":"Vexillum interruptum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_interruptum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum interstriatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_interstriatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum intertaeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_intertaeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum iredalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_iredalei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ismene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ismene"},{"link_name":"Vexillum iuppiterale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_iuppiterale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jacksoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jacksoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jackylenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jackylenae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum janae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_janae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_japonicum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jasoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jasoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jeanetteae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jeanetteae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jeciliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jeciliae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum johnsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_johnsoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum johnwattsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_johnwattsi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jonae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jonae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum jukesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_jukesii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kathiewayae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kathiewayae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kawamotoae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kawamotoae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kimiyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kimiyum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum klytios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_klytios"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kraussi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kraussi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kuboi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kuboi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum kuiperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_kuiperi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lanulentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lanulentum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leforti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leforti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lenhilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lenhilli"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leucaspis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leucaspis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leucodesma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leucodesma"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leucophryna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leucophryna"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leucozonias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leucozonias"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leyteensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leyteensis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ligatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ligatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lincolnense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lincolnense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum longispira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_longispira"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lotum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lotum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lucens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lucens"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lucidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lucidum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum luculentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_luculentum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum luigiraybaudii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_luigiraybaudii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lumilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lumilum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum lyratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_lyratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum macandrewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_macandrewi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum macrospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_macrospira"},{"link_name":"Vexillum maduranum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_maduranum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum malcolmense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_malcolmense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum malleopunctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_malleopunctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum marotiriense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_marotiriense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_martini"},{"link_name":"Vexillum maxencei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_maxencei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mccauslandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mccauslandi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mediomaculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mediomaculatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum melongena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_melongena"},{"link_name":"Vexillum menehune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_menehune"},{"link_name":"Vexillum meslivres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_meslivres"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mica"},{"link_name":"Vexillum michaelianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_michaelianum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum michaui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_michaui"},{"link_name":"Vexillum michelottii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_michelottii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum micra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_micra"},{"link_name":"Vexillum militare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_militare"},{"link_name":"Vexillum millecostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_millecostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum minahassae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_minahassae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum minghuii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_minghuii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mirabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mirabile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mirbatense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mirbatense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum modestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_modestum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum moelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_moelleri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum monalizae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_monalizae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum moniliferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_moniliferum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum monscorallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_monscorallum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum monsecourorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_monsecourorum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum multicostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_multicostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum multitriangulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_multitriangulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum mutabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_mutabile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nakama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nakama"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nasinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nasinii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nasongoense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nasongoense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nathani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nathani"},{"link_name":"Vexillum neozelanicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_neozelanicum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum neudorfense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_neudorfense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nicobaricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nicobaricum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nitidissimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nitidissimum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nitidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nitidum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nivale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nivale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum nodai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_nodai"},{"link_name":"Vexillum noduliferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_noduliferum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum obeliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_obeliscus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum obtusispinosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_obtusispinosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ochraceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ochraceum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum oleaceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_oleaceum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum oniscinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_oniscinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum oryzum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_oryzum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum oteroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_oteroi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pacificum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pacificum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pagodula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pagodula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum palauense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_palauense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum paligerum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_paligerum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pantherinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pantherinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pardale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pardale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pasitheum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pasitheum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum patulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_patulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pedroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pedroi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pelaezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pelaezi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pellucidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pellucidum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum percnodictya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_percnodictya"},{"link_name":"Vexillum perrieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_perrieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum philtwoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_philtwoi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum picardali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_picardali"},{"link_name":"Vexillum piceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_piceum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pilsbryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pilsbryi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pisolinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pisolinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum plicarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_plicarium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum plurinotatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_plurinotatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum polygonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_polygonum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum poppei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_poppei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum potieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_potieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum praefulguratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_praefulguratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pristisinuosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pristisinuosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pseudomonalizae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pseudomonalizae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pseudoschafferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pseudoschafferi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum puerile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_puerile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pulchellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pulchellum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum purpuratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_purpuratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pyropus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pyropus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_radius"},{"link_name":"Vexillum radix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_radix"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rajaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rajaensis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum recticosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_recticosta"},{"link_name":"Vexillum recurvirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_recurvirostris"},{"link_name":"Vexillum regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_regina"},{"link_name":"Vexillum renatoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_renatoi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum revelatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_revelatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rodgersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rodgersi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rolani"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ronnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ronnyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum roris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_roris"},{"link_name":"Vexillum roseotinctum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_roseotinctum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum roseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_roseum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rubellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rubellum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rubricatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rubricatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rubrocostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rubrocostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rugosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rugosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rusticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rusticum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum salisburyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_salisburyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum salmoneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_salmoneum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sanctahelenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sanctahelenae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sanguisuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sanguisuga"},{"link_name":"Vexillum schafferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_schafferi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum scitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_scitulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sculptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sculptile"},{"link_name":"Vexillum semicostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_semicostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum semifasciatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_semifasciatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum semisculptum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_semisculptum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum semiticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_semiticum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum seroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_seroi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum severnsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_severnsi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sharkbayense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sharkbayense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum siciliai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_siciliai"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sigristi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sigristi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum silviae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_silviae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sinuosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sinuosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sitangkaianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sitangkaianum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum smithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_smithi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sneidari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sneidari"},{"link_name":"Vexillum speciosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_speciosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum spicatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_spicatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum spiculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_spiculum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum stainforthii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_stainforthii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum stephanuchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_stephanuchum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum stercopunctis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_stercopunctis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum stossieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_stossieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum strasfogeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_strasfogeli"},{"link_name":"Vexillum strictecostatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_strictecostatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum strnadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_strnadi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_styria"},{"link_name":"Vexillum subdivisum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_subdivisum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum subquadratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_subquadratum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum subtruncatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_subtruncatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum suluense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_suluense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sumatranum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sumatranum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum superbiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_superbiens"},{"link_name":"Vexillum svagrovskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_svagrovskyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sybillae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sybillae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sykesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sykesi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taeniataeformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taeniataeformis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum takakuwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_takakuwai"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tanguyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tanguyae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tankervillei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tankervillei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taylorianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taylorianum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tenebricosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tenebricosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum terebelloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_terebelloides"},{"link_name":"Vexillum terebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_terebellum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum terraqueum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_terraqueum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum thila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_thila"},{"link_name":"Vexillum thorssoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_thorssoni"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tiro"},{"link_name":"Vexillum togianense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_togianense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tokubeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tokubeii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum torotortum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_torotortum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum torquatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_torquatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum torricella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_torricella"},{"link_name":"Vexillum trilineatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_trilineatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum troendlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_troendlei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum trophonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_trophonium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tulearense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tulearense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tumidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tumidum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum turben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_turben"},{"link_name":"Vexillum turriger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_turriger"},{"link_name":"Vexillum tusum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_tusum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum umbrosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_umbrosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum unicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_unicolor"},{"link_name":"Vexillum unifasciale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_unifasciale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum unifasciatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_unifasciatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum utravis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_utravis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vandervlerki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vandervlerki"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vangemerti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vangemerti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum variatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_variatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum varicosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_varicosum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum venustulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_venustulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum verecundulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_verecundulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vespula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vespula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vezzarochristophei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vezzarochristophei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vezzaroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vezzaroi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vezzaronellyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vezzaronellyae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vibex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vibex"},{"link_name":"Vexillum virginale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_virginale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_virgo"},{"link_name":"Vexillum volae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_volae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum voncoseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_voncoseli"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vulpecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vulpecula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum wandoense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_wandoense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum willcoxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_willcoxi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum woldemarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_woldemarii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum wolfei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_wolfei"},{"link_name":"Vexillum xenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_xenium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum yangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_yangi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum yulini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_yulini"},{"link_name":"Vexillum yvesfineti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_yvesfineti"},{"link_name":"Vexillum zebuense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_zebuense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum zelotypum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_zelotypum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum ziervogelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_ziervogelii"},{"link_name":"Vexillum zikkurat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_zikkurat"}],"text":"Species within the genus Vexillum include:[1]Vexillum accinctum (G. B. Sowerby III, 1907)\nVexillum acromiale (Hedley, 1915)\nVexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum acupictum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum adamsi (Dohrn, 1861)\nVexillum adamsianum Cernohorsky, 1978\nVexillum adelense Marrow, 2019\nVexillum adornatum (Tomlin, 1920)\nVexillum aemula (E. A. Smith, 1879)\nVexillum aequatoriense Herrmann & Stossier, 2011\nVexillum aethiopicum (Jickeli, 1874)\n† Vexillum aizyense (Deshayes, 1865)\nVexillum albocinctum (C. B. Adams, 1845)\nVexillum albofulvum Herrmann, 2007\nVexillum alboglobulatum R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019\nVexillum albolineatum Cossignani & Cossignani, 2007\n† Vexillum alfuricum (P. J. Fischer, 1927)\nVexillum albotaeniatum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum altisuturatum Chino & Herrmann, 2014\nVexillum alvinobalani Guillot de Suduiraut, 1999\nVexillum amabile (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum amandum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum amentare S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum angulosum (Küster, 1839)\nVexillum angustissimum (E.A. Smith, 1903)\nVexillum anthracinum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum antonellii (Dhorn, 1860)\nVexillum appelii (Jickeli, 1874)\nVexillum approximatum (Pease, 1860)\nVexillum arabicum Turner, 2008\nVexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum asperum Turner, 2008\n† Vexillum atractoides (Tate, 1889)\nVexillum aureolatum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum aureolineatum H. Turner, 1988\nVexillum baccheti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012\n† Vexillum badense (R. Hoernes & Auinger, 1880)\nVexillum baeri Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum balicasagense Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006\nVexillum balteolatum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum bancalanense (Bartsch, 1918)\nVexillum bangertarum Herrmann, 2019\n† Vexillum barbieri (Deshayes, 1865)\nVexillum beitzi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2013\nVexillum bellum (Pease, 1860)\nVexillum bergae T. Cossignani, 2020\nVexillum beverlyae Turner & Salisbury, 1999\n† Vexillum bicatenatum (K. Martin, 1935)\nVexillum bipartitum (E. A. Smith, 1884)\nVexillum bizonale (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923)\nVexillum blandulum Turner, 1997\n† Vexillum boreocinctum (Kautsky, 1925)\n† Vexillum bouryi (Cossmann, 1889)\nVexillum bouteti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012\n† Vexillum boutillieri (Cossmann, 1889)\n† Vexillum brevior (Friedberg, 1911)\nVexillum brunneolinea Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991\nVexillum burchorum R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum buriasense (Tomlin, 1920)\nVexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum caelatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum caffrum (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum caliendrum (Melvill & Standen, 1901)\nVexillum caligulum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020\nVexillum callosum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum caloxestum (Melvill, 1888)\nVexillum cancellarioides (Anton, 1838)\nVexillum castaneostriatum Herrmann, 2012\nVexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)\nVexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836)\n† Vexillum caudatum (Marwick, 1931)\nVexillum cavea (Reeve, 1844)\n† Vexillum cernohorskyi Ladd, 1977\nVexillum charlesi Turner & Callomon, 2001\nVexillum chelonia (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum chibaense (Salisbury & Rosenberg, 1999)\nVexillum chickcharneorum Lyons & Kaicher, 1978\nVexillum chinoi Poppe, 2008\nVexillum chocotinctum Turner, 2008\nVexillum cingulatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum cithara (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum citrinum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum clarum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020\nVexillum clathratum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum coccineum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum collinsoni (A. Adams, 1864)\nVexillum coloreum S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961\nVexillum concentricum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum consanguineum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum cookorum Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum corbicula (Sowerby II, 1870)\nVexillum coronatum (Helbling, 1779)\nVexillum cosmani (Kay, 1979)\nVexillum costatum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum creatum Marrow, 2019\nVexillum crispum (Garrett, 1872)\nVexillum crocatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum croceorbis Dekkers, 2013\nVexillum croceostoma Marrow, 2015\nVexillum croceum (Reeve, 1845)\n† Vexillum ctenotum J. Gardner, 1937\nVexillum cubanum Aguayo & Rehder, 1936\nVexillum curviliratum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\nVexillum daedalum (Reeve, 1845)\n† Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931)\nVexillum dampierense Marrow, 2019\nVexillum daniellae Drivas & Jay, 1989\nVexillum darwini Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006\nVexillum decorum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum delicatum (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum dennisoni (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum depexum (Deshayes, 1834)\nVexillum derkai Herrmann, 2012\nVexillum dermestinum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum deshayesi (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum dhofarense Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum diaconalis (Melvill & Standen, 1903)\nVexillum dilectissimum (Melvill & Sykes, 1899)\nVexillum discolorium (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum diutenerum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum dohrni (A. Adams, 1864)\nVexillum dorleti T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021\nVexillum echinatum (A. Adams, 1853)\n† Vexillum elatior (Finlay, 1924)\nVexillum emiliae (Schmeltz, 1874)\nVexillum emmanueli Buijse, Dekker & Verbinnen, 2009\nVexillum epigonus Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006\nVexillum epiphaneum (Rehder, 1943)\n† Vexillum escharoides (Tate, 1889)\n† Vexillum etremoides (Finlay, 1924)\n† Vexillum eusulcatum (Finlay, 1924)\nVexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum exostium Marrow, 2019\nVexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873)\n† Vexillum extraneum (Deshayes, 1865)\nVexillum festum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum ficulinum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum fidicula (Gould, 1850)\nVexillum filistriatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\nVexillum flaveoricum Herrmann & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2009\nVexillum flexicostatum (Garrett, 1880)\nVexillum formosense (Sowerby III, 1889)\nVexillum fortiplicatum (Pease, 1868)\nVexillum fraudator Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum funereum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum fuscoapicatum (E. A. Smith, 1879)\n Vexillum fuscobandatum Bozzetti, 2007\nVexillum fuscotaeniatum (Thiele, 1925)\nVexillum fuscovirgatum Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012\nVexillum gagei R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum garciai Salisbury & Wolff, 2009\n† Vexillum gaudryi (de Raincourt, 1884)\n† Vexillum gembacanum (K. Martin, 1884)\nVexillum germaineae Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2014\nVexillum geronimae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum giselae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\n† Vexillum gliberti Anderson, 1964\nVexillum gloriae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum gorii Turner, 1997\nVexillum gotoense (E. A. Smith, 1879)\nVexillum goubini (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum gouldi Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006\nVexillum gourgueti R. Salisbury & Herrmann, 2012\nVexillum granosum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum gruneri (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum guidopoppei Thach, 2017\nVexillum hansturneri Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\n† Vexillum harmati Csepreghy-Meznerics, 1954\n† Vexillum hastatum (D.L.G. Karsten, 1849)\nVexillum hawksbillense Marrow, 2019\nVexillum helena (Bartsch, 1915)\n† Vexillum hemigymnum (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1901)\nVexillum hendersoni (Dall, 1927)\nVexillum herosae Herrmann & Salisbury, 2012\nVexillum hervieri (Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1923)\nVexillum hilare (Kuroda, 1971)\nVexillum histrio (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum hoaraui Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007\nVexillum honestum (Melvill & Standen, 1895)\nVexillum houarti Thach, 2016\nVexillum huangorum Salisbury & Gori, 2012[6]\nVexillum humile (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum hypatiae (Pallary, 1913)\n† Vexillum indistinctum (K. Martin, 1935)\nVexillum inerme (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum innocens (Thiele, 1925)\nVexillum innotabile (E. A. Smith, 1890)\nVexillum intermedium (Kiener, 1838)\n† Vexillum intermittens (R. Hoernes & Auinger, 1880)\nVexillum interruptum (Anton, 1838)\nVexillum interstriatum (Sowerby II, 1870)\nVexillum intertaeniatum (Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum iredalei (Powell, 1958)\nVexillum ismene Turner, 2008\nVexillum iuppiterale S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum jacksoni R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum jackylenae Salisbury & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2006\nVexillum janae T. Cossignani & Lorenz, 2020\nVexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864\nVexillum jasoni R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum jeanetteae R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum jeciliae Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum johnsoni R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum johnwattsi Dekkers, 2011\nVexillum jonae S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum jukesii (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum kathiewayae R. Salisbury, Herrmann & Dekkers, 2012\nVexillum kawamotoae R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum kimiyum Turner, 2008\nVexillum klytios Turner, 2008\nVexillum kraussi (Dunker, 1861)\nVexillum kuboi Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum kuiperi Turner, 2006\nVexillum lanulentum S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum leforti Turner & Salisbury, 1999\n Vexillum lenhilli Kay, 1979\nVexillum leucaspis Herrmann & Stossier, 2011\nVexillum leucodesma (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum leucophryna Turner & Marrow, 2001\nVexillum leucozonias (Deshayes in Laborde, 1834)\nVexillum leyteensis Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum ligatum (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum lincolnense (Angas, 1878)\nVexillum longispira (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum lotum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum lucens S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020\nVexillum lucidum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum luculentum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum luigiraybaudii Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006\nVexillum lumilum S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020\nVexillum lyratum (Lamarck, 1822)\nVexillum macandrewi (Sowerby II & Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum maduranum Dekkers, 2007\nVexillum malcolmense (Melvill & Standen, 1901)\nVexillum malleopunctum (Cernohorsky, 1981)\nVexillum marotiriense Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012\n† Vexillum martini Schepman, 1907\nVexillum maxencei Cossignani, 2018\nVexillum mccauslandi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005\nVexillum mediomaculatum (Sowerby II, 1870)\nVexillum melongena (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum menehune R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum meslivres S.-I Huang, 2023\nVexillum mica (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum michaelianum R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum michaui (Crosse & Fischer, 1864)\n† Vexillum michelottii (M. Hörnes, 1852)\nVexillum micra (Pilsbry, 1921)\nVexillum militare (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum millecostatum (Broderip, 1836)\n† Vexillum minahassae (Schepman, 1907)\nVexillum minghuii S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum mirabile (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum mirbatense Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum moelleri (Küster, 1840)\nVexillum monalizae Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006\nVexillum moniliferum (C. B. Adams, 1850)\nVexillum monscorallum Hoffman & Freiwald, 2019\nVexillum monsecourorum Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006\nVexillum multicostatum (Broderip, 1836)\nVexillum multitriangulum Salisbury & Callomon, 1998\nVexillum mutabile (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum nakama (Dall, 1926)\nVexillum nasinii T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021\n† Vexillum nasongoense (Ladd, 1934)\nVexillum nathani T. Cossignani, 2021\n† Vexillum neozelanicum (Laws, 1939)\n† Vexillum neudorfense (Schaffer, 1897)\nVexillum nicobaricum (Dunker, 1866)\nVexillum nitidissimum (Melvill & Standen, 1895)\n† Vexillum nitidum (Schaffer, 1897)\nVexillum nivale Herrmann & Guillot de Suduiraut, 2009\nVexillum nodai Turner & Salisbury, 1999\nVexillum noduliferum (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum obeliscus (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum obtusispinosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum ochraceum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum oleaceum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum oniscinum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum oryzum Kay, 1979\nVexillum oteroi R. Salisbury & Gori, 2013\nVexillum pacificum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum pagodula (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum palauense R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019\nVexillum paligerum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\nVexillum pantherinum Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012\nVexillum pardale (Küster, 1840)\nVexillum pasitheum (Melvill & Standen, 1901)\nVexillum patulum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum pedroi Poppe & Tagaro, 2006\nVexillum pelaezi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum pellucidum (Tate, 1887)\nVexillum percnodictya (Melvill, 1888)\nVexillum perrieri (Dautzenberg, 1929)\nVexillum philtwoi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum picardali Herrmann & Stossier, 2011\nVexillum piceum (Pease, 1860)\nVexillum pilsbryi (Hedley, 1899)\nVexillum pisolinum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum plurinotatum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum polygonum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum poppei Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007\nVexillum potieri Drivas & Jay, 1989\nVexillum praefulguratum Poppe, 2008\nVexillum pristisinuosum Marrow, 2019\nVexillum pseudomonalizae Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\n† Vexillum pseudoschafferi Biskupič, 2020\nVexillum puerile (Cooke, 1885)\nVexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum purpuratum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum pyropus Turner & Marrow, 2001\nVexillum radius (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum radix (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\n† Vexillum rajaensis (K. Martin, 1895)\n† Vexillum recticosta (Bellardi, 1850)\nVexillum recurvirostris (Sowerby III, 1908)\nVexillum regina (Sowerby I, 1828)\nVexillum renatoi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum revelatum (Melvill, 1899)\nVexillum rodgersi Salisbury & Wolff, 2005\nVexillum rolani Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum ronnyi Poppe, Tagaro & Salisbury, 2009\nVexillum roris S.-I Huang & M.-H. Lin, 2020\nVexillum roseotinctum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum roseum (Broderip, 1836)\nVexillum rubellum (Adams & Reeve, 1850)\nVexillum rubricatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum rubrocostatum Habe & Kosuge, 1966\nVexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum rusticum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum salisburyi Cernohorsky, 1976\nVexillum salmoneum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum sanctahelenae (E. A. Smith, 1890)\nVexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758)\n† Vexillum schafferi (Meznerics, 1933)\nVexillum scitulum (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum semicostatum (Anton, 1838)\nVexillum semifasciatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum semisculptum (Adams & Reeve, 1850)\nVexillum semiticum (Jickeli, 1874)\nVexillum seroi T. Cossignani, 2022\nVexillum severnsi R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum sharkbayense Marrow, 2019\nVexillum siciliai R. Salisbury & Gori, 2019\nVexillum sigristi Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\nVexillum silviae Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum sinuosum Turner, 2008\nVexillum sitangkaianum J. M. Cate, 1968\nVexillum smithi (Sowerby III, 1889)\nVexillum sneidari R. Salisbury, 2011\nVexillum speciosum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum spicatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum spiculum Bozzetti, 2013\nVexillum stainforthii (Reeve, 1842)\nVexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897)\nVexillum stercopunctis Turner, 2008\nVexillum stossieri Turner & Marrow, 2001\n† Vexillum strasfogeli Ladd, 1977\nVexillum strictecostatum (von Maltzan, 1884)\nVexillum strnadi Poppe & Tagaro, 2010\nVexillum styria (Dall, 1889)\nVexillum subdivisum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum subquadratum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\nVexillum subtruncatum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum suluense (Adams & Reeve, 1850)\nVexillum sumatranum (Thiele, 1925)\nVexillum superbiens (Melvill, 1895)\n† Vexillum svagrovskyi Biskupič, 2020\nVexillum sybillae (Melvill, 1888)\nVexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925)\n† Vexillum taeniataeformis (K. Martin, 1884)\nVexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum takakuwai Cernohorsky & Azuma, 1974\nVexillum tanguyae Guillot de Suduiraut & Boutet, 2007\nVexillum tankervillei (Melvill, 1888)\nVexillum taylorianum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874)\nVexillum tenebricosum Gori, Rosado & R. Salisbury, 2019\n† Vexillum terebelloides (d'Orbigny, 1850)\n† Vexillum terebellum (Lamarck, 1803)\nVexillum terraqueum S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum thila Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum thorssoni Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006\nVexillum tiro S.-I Huang, 2023\nVexillum togianense Herrmann & Kurtz, 2013\nVexillum tokubeii (Sakura & Habe, 1964)\nVexillum torotortum Turner, Gori & Salisbury, 2007\nVexillum torquatum Herrmann, 2012\nVexillum torricella Turner, 2008\nVexillum trilineatum Herrmann & Stossier, 2011\nVexillum troendlei Herrmann & R. Salisbury, 2012\nVexillum trophonium (Dall, 1889)\nVexillum tulearense T. Cossignani, 2021\nVexillum tumidum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum turben (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum tusum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum umbrosum (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum unicolor Herrmann, 2012\nVexillum unifasciale (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum unifasciatum (Wood, 1828)\nVexillum utravis (Melvill, 1925)\nVexillum vandervlerki (Koperberg, 1931)\nVexillum vangemerti Dekkers, 2014\nVexillum variatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum varicosum Turner, 2008\nVexillum venustulum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum verecundulum (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum vespula Turner & Marrow, 2001\nVexillum vezzarochristophei Cossignani, 2018\nVexillum vezzaroi T. Cossignani, 2021\nVexillum vezzaronellyae T. Cossignani, 2021\nVexillum vibex (A. Adams, 1853)\nVexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842)\nVexillum virgo (Linne, 1767)\nVexillum volae Perugia, 2010\nVexillum voncoseli (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009)\nVexillum vulpecula (Linne, 1758)\nVexillum wandoense (Holmes, 1859)\n† Vexillum willcoxi (W.H. Dall, 1900)\nVexillum woldemarii (Kiener, 1838)\nVexillum wolfei Cernohorsky, 1978\nVexillum xenium Pilsbry, 1921\nVexillum yangi S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum yulini S.-I. Huang, 2017\nVexillum yvesfineti T. Cossignani & V. Cossignani, 2021\nVexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum zelotypum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum ziervogelii (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum zikkurat H. Turner, 2000","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Vexillum lanceolatum (Hervier, 1897) (possible synonym of V. costatum)\nVexillum thaanumi Pilsbry, 1921 [7]\nVexillum tomlini (Melvill, 1925)\nMitra (Turricula) rufofilosa E. A. Smith, 1876\n† Vexillum (Uromitra) holmesii (Dall, 1890)\nMitra (Pusia) elizae Melvill, 1899\nMitra nigrofasciata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874","title":"Taxa inquirenda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vexillum castum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_castum"},{"link_name":"Turriplicifer apicitinctus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriplicifer_apicitinctus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum articulatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_articulatum"},{"link_name":"Turriplicifer australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriplicifer_australis"},{"link_name":"Pusia balutensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_balutensis"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata bilineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_bilineata"},{"link_name":"Volutomitra blanfordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volutomitra_blanfordi"},{"link_name":"Pusia choslenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_choslenae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum leucozonias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_leucozonias"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sculptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sculptile"},{"link_name":"Pusia ebenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_ebenus"},{"link_name":"Nodicostellaria crassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodicostellaria_crassa"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sculptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sculptile"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata corallina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_corallina"},{"link_name":"Pusia ebenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_ebenus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum acuminatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_acuminatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vulpecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vulpecula"},{"link_name":"Vexillum virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_virgo"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cubanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cubanum"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia cupressina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_cupressina"},{"link_name":"Pusia dautzenbergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_dautzenbergi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hervieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hervieri"},{"link_name":"Vexillum corbicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_corbicula"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_duplex"},{"link_name":"Pusia ebenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_ebenus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum citrinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_citrinum"},{"link_name":"Condylomitra tuberosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylomitra_tuberosa"},{"link_name":"Vexillum micra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_micra"},{"link_name":"Pusia elliscrossi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_elliscrossi"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia evelyniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_evelyniana"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux exigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_exigua"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum patulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_patulum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum coloscopulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_coloscopulus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum infaustum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_infaustum"},{"link_name":"Conomitra fusellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conomitra_fusellina"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux gemmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_gemmata"},{"link_name":"Volutomitra geoffreyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volutomitra_geoffreyana"},{"link_name":"Pusia ebenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_ebenus"},{"link_name":"Vexillum oniscinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_oniscinum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taeniatum"},{"link_name":"Pusia granum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_granum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exasperatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exasperatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum hypatiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_hypatiae"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux exigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_exigua"},{"link_name":"Pusia hansenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_hansenae"},{"link_name":"Vexillum virgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_virgo"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata heleneae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_heleneae"},{"link_name":"Peculator hedleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculator_hedleyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_japonicum"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia isaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_isaoi"},{"link_name":"Costapex joliveti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costapex_joliveti"},{"link_name":"Nodicostellaria kaicherae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodicostellaria_kaicherae"},{"link_name":"Nodicostellaria kremerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodicostellaria_kremerae"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia isaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_isaoi"},{"link_name":"Pusia lauta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_lauta"},{"link_name":"Turricostellaria leonardhilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turricostellaria_leonardhilli"},{"link_name":"Nodicostellaria laterculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodicostellaria_laterculata"},{"link_name":"Turricostellaria lindae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turricostellaria_lindae"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata loyaltyensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_loyaltyensis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum modestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_modestum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum macrospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_macrospira"},{"link_name":"Pusia marrowi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_marrowi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum dahanaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_dahanaensis"},{"link_name":"Costapex martinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costapex_martinorum"},{"link_name":"Thaluta maxmarrowi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaluta_maxmarrowi"},{"link_name":"Pusia microzonias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_microzonias"},{"link_name":"Vexillum militare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_militare"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exaratum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exaratum"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux nodospicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_nodospicula"},{"link_name":"Orphanopusia osiridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanopusia_osiridis"},{"link_name":"Volutomitra pailoloana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volutomitra_pailoloana"},{"link_name":"Proximitra parki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximitra_parki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orphanopusia patriarchalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanopusia_patriarchalis"},{"link_name":"Vexillum cadaverosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_cadaverosum"},{"link_name":"Peculator plicatellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peculator_plicatellus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vexillum plicarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_plicarium"},{"link_name":"Vexillum acuminatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_acuminatum"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_duplex"},{"link_name":"Austromitra rubiginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromitra_rubiginosa"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux puella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_puella"},{"link_name":"Vexillum plicarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_plicarium"},{"link_name":"Austromitra schomburgki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromitra_schomburgki"},{"link_name":"Vexillum zebuense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_zebuense"},{"link_name":"Vexillum suluense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_suluense"},{"link_name":"Austromitra rhodarion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromitra_rhodarion"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_rubra"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata rubrotaeniata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_rubrotaeniata"},{"link_name":"Atlantilux rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantilux_rubra"},{"link_name":"Vexillum turriger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_turriger"},{"link_name":"Proximitra rutidoloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximitra_rutidoloma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vexillum castum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_castum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum sanguisuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_sanguisuga"},{"link_name":"Tosapusia sauternesensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosapusia_sauternesensis"},{"link_name":"Pusia savignyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_savignyi"},{"link_name":"Vexillum stephanuchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_stephanuchum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum exquisitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_exquisitum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vulpecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vulpecula"},{"link_name":"Proximitra enysi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximitra_enysi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neocancilla takiisaoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocancilla_takiisaoi"},{"link_name":"Pusia tricolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_tricolor"},{"link_name":"Condylomitra tuberosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condylomitra_tuberosa"},{"link_name":"Vexillum turriger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_turriger"},{"link_name":"Vexillum pulchellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_pulchellum"},{"link_name":"Pusia vicmanoui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_vicmanoui"},{"link_name":"Vexillum virginale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_virginale"},{"link_name":"Vexillum taeniatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_taeniatum"},{"link_name":"Vexillum vulpecula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_vulpecula"},{"link_name":"Egestas waitei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egestas_waitei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vexillum rugosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_rugosum"},{"link_name":"Protoelongata xerampelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoelongata_xerampelina"},{"link_name":"Pusia zebrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusia_zebrina"},{"link_name":"Vexillum catenatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_catenatum"}],"text":"Vexillum albatum Cernohorsky, 1988: synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)\nVexillum apicinctum (Verco, 1896): synonym of Turriplicifer apicitinctus (Verco, 1896)\nVexillum arestum (Rehder, 1943): synonym of Vexillum articulatum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum australe (Swainson, 1820): synonym of Turriplicifer australis (Swainson, 1820)\nVexillum balutense Herrmann, 2009: synonym of Pusia balutensis (Herrmann, 2009) (basionym)\nVexillum bilineatum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata bilineata (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901): synonym of Volutomitra blanfordi (Melvill & Standen, 1901)\nVexillum choslenae Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Pusia choslenae (Cernohorsky, 1982)\nVexillum cinerium [sic]: synonym of Vexillum leucozonias (Deshayes, 1833)\nVexillum cophinum (Gould, 1850): synonym of Vexillum sculptile (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum costellata J.B.G.M. Bory De Saint-Vincent, 1827 : synonym of Vexillum subdivisum costellaris (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1822\nVexillum crassum (Simone, 1995): synonym of Nodicostellaria crassa (Simone, 1995)\nVexillum cophinum A.A. Gould, 1850 : synonym of Vexillum sculptile (L.A. Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum corallinum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Protoelongata corallina (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum cordierii C. Maravigna, 1840 : synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum crebriliratum L.A. Reeve, 1844: synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum crispata H.C. Koster, 1840: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula C. Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum cruentatum J.F. Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)\nVexillum cruzana G.W. Nowell-Usticke, 1959 : synonym of Vexillum cubanum C.G. Aguayo & H.A. Rehder, 1936\n† Vexillum cupressinum (Brocchi 1814): synonym of † Tosapusia cupressina (Brocchi, 1814)\nVexillum dautzenbergi Poppe, Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Pusia dautzenbergi (Poppe, E. Guillot de Suduiraut & Tagaro, 2006)\nVexillum decipiens P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923: synonym of Vexillum hervieri (P. Dautzenberg & J.L. Bouge, 1923)\nVexillum diamesa R.P.J. Hervier, 1897 : synonym of Vexillum corbicula (G.B. II Sowerby, 1870)\nVexillum duplex Cernohorsky, 1982: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)\nVexillum ebenus (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia ebenus (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum elegans J.H.F. Link, 1807: synonym of Vexillum citrinum (J.F. Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum elegantula H.C. Köster, 1839: synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum elima C.N. Cate, 1963 ex Dall MS: synonym of Vexillum micra H.A. Pilsbry, 1921\nVexillum elliscrossi Rosenberg & Salisbury, 1991: synonym of Pusia elliscrossi (Rosenberg & R. Salisbury, 1991)\nVexillum evelynae Guillot de Suduiraut, 2007: synonym of Tosapusia evelyniana (S.-I. Huang, 2017)\nVexillum exiguum (C. B. Adams, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)\nVexillum fasciata W.H. Dall, 1905: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum fidis G.B. III Sowerby, 1916: synonym of Vexillum patulum (L.A. Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum filiareginae (J. Cate, 1961): synonym of Vexillum coloscopulus J. M. Cate, 1961\nVexillum fulvosulcatum (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum infaustum (Reeve, 1845)\n† Vexillum fusellinum (Lamarck, 1803): synonym of † Conomitra fusellina (Lamarck, 1803)\nVexillum gemmatum (Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Atlantilux gemmata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum geoffreyanum (J.C. Melvill, 1910): synonym of Volutomitra geoffreyana (Melvill, 1910)\nVexillum gervilli B.C.M. Payraudeau, 1827: synonym of Pusia ebenus (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum glandiformis L.A. Reeve, 1845: synonym of Vexillum oniscinum (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum gloriosum Noodt, 1819: synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum granum (Forbes, 1844): synonym of Pusia granum (Forbes, 1844)\nVexillum hadfieldi (Melvill & Standen, 1895): synonym of Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum haifensis F. Nordsieck, 198: synonym of Vexillum hypatiae (P.M. Pallary, 1912)\nVexillum hanleyi (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of Atlantilux exigua (C. B. Adams, 1845)\nVexillum hansenae Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia hansenae (Cernohorsky, 1973)\nVexillum harpiferum J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1811: synonym of Vexillum virgo (C. Linnaeus, 1767)\nVexillum heleneae Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014: synonym of Protoelongata heleneae (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014) (original combination)\nVexillum hedleyi R. Murdoch, 1905 : synonym of Peculator hedleyi (R. Murdoch, 1905)\nVexillum hirasei (Kira, 1962): synonym of Vexillum japonicum A. Adams, 1864\nVexillum isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)\nVexillum joliveti Poppe & Tagaro, 2006: synonym of Costapex joliveti (Poppe & Tagaro, 2006) (basionym)\nVexillum kaicherae (Petuch, 1979): synonym of Nodicostellaria kaicherae (Petuch, 1979)\nVexillum kremerae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Nodicostellaria kremerae Petuch, 1987\nVexillum kurodai (Sakurai & Habe, 1964): synonym of Tosapusia isaoi (Kuroda & Sakurai, 1959)\nVexillum lautum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Pusia lauta (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum leonardhilli (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria leonardhilli Petuch, 1987\nVexillum laterculatum (Sowerby II & Sowerby III, 1874): synonym of Nodicostellaria laterculata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874)\nVexillum lindae (Petuch, 1987): synonym of Turricostellaria lindae Petuch, 1987\nVexillum loyaltyense (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Protoelongata loyaltyensis (Hervier, 1897)\nVexillum lubens (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum modestum (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum macrospirum (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Vexillum macrospira (A. Adams, 1853) (misspelling)\nVexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Pusia marrowi (Cernohorsky, 1973) (original combination)\n† Vexillum martini (Icke & K. Martin, 1907): synonym of † Vexillum dahanaensis (Vlerk, 1931)\nVexillum martinorum Cernohorsky, 1986: synonym of Costapex martinorum (Cernohorsky, 1986)\nVexillum marrowi Cernohorsky, 1973: synonym of Thaluta maxmarrowi (Cernohorsky, 1980)\nVexillum microzonias (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum militaris (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Vexillum militare (Reeve, 1845) (incorrect gender ending)\nVexillum nigritella (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum exaratum (A. Adams, 1853) (synonym)\nVexillum nodospiculum (Cernohorsky, 1970): synonym of Atlantilux nodospicula (Cernohorsky, 1970)\nVexillum osiridis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Orphanopusia osiridis (Issel, 1869)\nVexillum pailoloanum J. M. Cate, 1963 : synonym of Volutomitra pailoloana (J. M. Cate, 1963)\n† Vexillum parki R. S. Allan, 1926 : synonym of † Proximitra parki (R. S. Allan, 1926)\nVexillum patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Orphanopusia patriarchalis (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum pharaonis (Issel, 1869): synonym of Vexillum cadaverosum (Reeve, 1844)\n† Vexillum plicatellum P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923: synonym of † Peculator plicatellus (P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1923)\nVexillum plicatum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum politum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum acuminatum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum pratasense T.C. Lan, 2004: synonym of Tosapusia duplex (Cernohorsky, 1982)\nVexillum pseudomarginatum Suter, 1913: synonym of Austromitra rubiginosa (F. W. Hutton, 1873)\nVexillum puella (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Atlantilux puella (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum pullatum (Reeve, 1844): synonym of Vexillum plicarium (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum pumilio May, 1916: synonym of Austromitra schomburgki (Angas, 1878)\nVexillum puncturatum (Sowerby III, 1879): synonym of Vexillum zebuense (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum rectilateralis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874): synonym of Vexillum suluense (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850)\nVexillum rhodarion Kilburn, 1972(original combination): synonym of Austromitra rhodarion (Kilburn, 1972)\nVexillum rhodochroa (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)\nVexillum rubrotaeniatum Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014 (original combination): synonym of Protoelongata rubrotaeniata (Herrmann, Stossier & R. Salisbury, 2014)\nVexillum rubrum (Broderip, 1836): synonym of Atlantilux rubra (Broderip, 1836)\nVexillum rufobalteatum (Hervier, 1897): synonym of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)\n† Vexillum rutidolomum Suter, 1917: synonym of † Proximitra rutidoloma (Suter, 1917)\nVexillum sagamiense (Kuroda & Habe, 1971): synonym of Vexillum castum (H. Adams, 1872)\nVexillum sanguisugum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum sanguisuga (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum sauternesense Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997: synonym of Tosapusia sauternesensis (E. Guillot de Suduiraut, 1997)\nVexillum savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Pusia savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)\nVexillum stephanucha (Melvill, 1897): synonym of Vexillum stephanuchum (Melvill, 1897) (incorrect gender ending)\nVexillum suave (Sowerby, 1875): synonym of Vexillum exquisitum (Garrett, 1873)\nVexillum superbum Röding, 1798: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior subjective synonym)\n† Vexillum suteri Finlay, 1924: synonym of † Proximitra enysi (Hutton, 1873)\nVexillum takisaoi [sic]: synonym of Neocancilla takiisaoi (Kuroda, 1959) (misspelling)\nVexillum tricolor (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Pusia tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum tuberosum (Reeve, 1845): synonym of Condylomitra tuberosa (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum turrigerum [sic]: misspelling of Vexillum turriger (Reeve, 1845)\nVexillum venustum (Sarasúa, 1978): synonym of Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844)\nVexillum vicmanoui Turner & Marrow, 2001: synonym of Pusia vicmanoui (H. Turner & Marrow, 2001)\nVexillum virginalis (Lesson, 1842): synonym of Vexillum virginale (Lesson, 1842)\nVexillum vittatum (Swainson, 1821): synonym of Vexillum taeniatum (Lamarck, 1811)\nVexillum vulpeculum [sic]: synonym of Vexillum vulpecula (Linnaeus, 1758)\nVexillum waitei Suter, 1909: synonym of Egestas waitei (Suter, 1909)\nVexillum weberi (Bartsch, 1918): synonym of Vexillum rugosum (Gmelin, 1791)\nVexillum xerampelinum (Melvill, 1895): synonym of Protoelongata xerampelina (Melvill, 1895)\nVexillum zebrinum (d'Orbigny in Webb & Berthelot, 1839): synonym of Pusia zebrina (d'Orbigny, 1840)\nVexillum zythochroa (Melvill, 1888): synonym of Vexillum catenatum (Broderip, 1836)","title":"Synonyms"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137846","external_links_name":"Vexillum Röding, 1798"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philippe_Bouchet/publication/314238701_Phylogeny_systematics_and_evolution_of_the_family_Costellariidae_Gastropoda_Neogastropoda/links/5a0a5e1245851551b78d38cd/Phylogeny-systematics-and-evolution-of-the-family-Costellariidae-Gastropoda-Neogastropoda.pdf","external_links_name":"Fedosov, Alexander E., et al. \"Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda).\" Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179.3 (2017): 541-626."},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3782650","external_links_name":"Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105113056/http://www.conchbooks.de/contents/en-us/d33.html","external_links_name":"3 (5)"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16230659","external_links_name":"Röding, P. F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/33450","external_links_name":"Swainson, W. (1840). A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish. London, Longman. viii + 419 pp."},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25299230","external_links_name":"Blainville, H. M. D. de. (1824). Mollusques, Mollusca (Malacoz.), pp. 1-392. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (F. Cuvier, ed.), vol. 32. Levrault, Strasbourg et Paris, & Le Normant, Paris"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52430219","external_links_name":"Iredale, T. (1929). Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 9(3): 261-297, pls 30-31"},{"Link":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12589662","external_links_name":"Bellardi, L. (1887). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte V. Mitridae (continuazione). Ermanno Loescher, Torino, 72 pp., 2 pl."},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/42278","external_links_name":"Swainson, W. (1829-1833). Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals, selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged according to their apparent affinities. Second series. London: Baldwin & Cradock."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12431","external_links_name":"Fedosov A.E., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Dgebuadze P. & Bouchet P. (2017). Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179(3): 541-626"},{"Link":"https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/miters/miters.htm","external_links_name":"marinelifephotography.com: images of miters of Hawaii"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vexillum/","external_links_name":"Vexillum"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Vexillum","external_links_name":"Vexillum"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=84963","external_links_name":"84963"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7PKSD","external_links_name":"7PKSD"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/50372","external_links_name":"50372"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2302641","external_links_name":"2302641"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/246734","external_links_name":"246734"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1257476","external_links_name":"1257476"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=74489","external_links_name":"74489"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021191352","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0021191352"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=604251","external_links_name":"604251"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/8e6bf27c-0782-411c-9b21-a0da075f4b8d","external_links_name":"8e6bf27c-0782-411c-9b21-a0da075f4b8d"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=839621","external_links_name":"839621"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=11839","external_links_name":"11839"},{"Link":"https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF18F633-A989-FF6F-2B9C-C6F2FDD5FF2C","external_links_name":"BF18F633-A989-FF6F-2B9C-C6F2FDD5FF2C"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5048645","external_links_name":"5048645"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137846","external_links_name":"137846"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffos_Las
Ffos Las
["1 Future plans","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°43′52″N 4°14′24″W / 51.73112°N 4.23998°W / 51.73112; -4.23998Rural area of Carmarthenshire, Wales Ffos Las is a rural area between the villages of Carway and Trimsaran, north of the town of Llanelli in the Gwendraeth Valley in Carmarthenshire, Wales. Statue of ‘Yr Arwr’, at Coed Ffos Las. The Ffos Las area is named after a farm which had existed at the site before mining operations began. The English translation of ffos las is blue trench. Ffos Las was once the site of an open cast mining operation which operated between 1983 and 1997. At one time, it was the largest open cast mine in Europe and was 500 ft deep. Ffos Las is now best known for the Ffos Las racecourse which was completed in 2009 and is built on top of the in-filled open cast mine. The racecourse hosts a variety of events that range from equestrian sports to live performances by musical artists, the most notable being popular indie band, Kaiser Chiefs. The area is also renowned for the Coed Ffos Las, a young woodland planted on the slopes of the Gwendraeth Valley. The woodland was planted as a memorial to the lives lost during the First World War, and includes numerous information panels and sculptures commemorating this. One such example is ‘Yr Arwr’, a war horse sculpture. Coed Ffos Las is free to use for the public and includes marshland, grassland and broadleaved woodland and acts as a haven for local wildlife such as ground-nesting birds, owls and foxes. In addition, the Ffos Las area has seen house builders Persimmon build over 250 houses on a part of the racecourse development site. Future plans House builders Dandara are currently building approximately 141 houses as part of their "Golwg Gwendraeth" site, which is situated in a part of the racecourse development site. As of May 2024, construction is still ongoing, however some homes have now been completed and are available to buy. References ^ "About Us | Ffoslas Racecourse | Ffos Las Racecourse". www.ffoslas-racecourse.co.uk. ^ Wood, Greg (9 June 2009). "New Welsh racecourse Ffos Las not short on ambition, says Tim Long" – via The Guardian. ^ "Welsh Icons News | Ffos Las Racecourse". welshicons.org. ^ "Kaiser Chiefs to headline at Ffos Las Racecourse in Carmarthenshire". Swansea Bay News. 21 January 2022. ^ "Woodland Trust, Coed Ffos Las". ^ Trust, Woodland. "Coed Ffos Las - Visit Woods". Woodland Trust. ^ "The Bridles by Persimmon Homes in Llanelli". newhomesforsale.co.uk. ^ "140 new homes planned near Ffos Las racecourse". Swansea Bay News. 1 October 2022. ^ "Houses For Sale In Carway | Golwg Gwendraeth | Dandara". www.dandara.com. 51°43′52″N 4°14′24″W / 51.73112°N 4.23998°W / 51.73112; -4.23998
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakanavu_language
Kanakanavu language
["1 History","2 Phonology","2.1 Consonants","2.2 Vowels","3 Orthography","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (January 2013) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Chinese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 285 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|卡那卡那富語}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. KanakanavuNative toTaiwanRegionMaya Village, Namasia District, Kaohsiung CityEthnicity360 (2020)Native speakers4 (2012)Language familyAustronesian Tsouic ?Saaroa–KanakanabuKanakanavuLanguage codesISO 639-3xnbGlottologkana1286ELPKanakanavu Kanakanavu (also spelled Kanakanabu) is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Kanakanavu people, an indigenous people of Taiwan (see Taiwanese aborigines). It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family. The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung. The language is moribund, with only 4 speakers (2012 census). History The native Kanakanavu speakers were Taiwanese aboriginals living on the islands. Following the Dutch Colonial Period in the 17th century, Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups. Phonology There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate descriptions of liquid consonants become a challenge within Kanakanavu. It also contains 6 vowels plus diphthongs and triphthongs. Vowel length is often not clear if distinctive or not, as well as speakers pronouncing vowel phonemes with variance. As most Austronesian and Formosan languages, Kanakanavu has a CV syllable structure (where C = consonant, V = vowel). Very few, even simple words, contain less than three to four syllables. Consonants Kanakanavu consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ ⟨ng⟩ Plosive p t k ʔ ⟨'⟩ Affricate ts ⟨c⟩ Fricative voiceless f s h voiced v Rhotic ɾ ⟨r⟩ Approximant w l j ⟨y⟩ Sounds /ts, s/ are heard as when preceding /i/. Vowels Front Central Back Close i ɨ~ʉ u Mid e (ə) o Open a Orthography Kanakanavu is usually written with the Latin script. The following are often used to represent sounds in the language: A, C, E, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, R, S, T, U, Ʉ, V, ' /ʔ. C represents the phoneme /c/. L represents the phonemes /ɗ/ and /ɽ/. P represents both /ɓ/ and /p/. /ɫ/ is spelled as hl. References ^ a b Kanakanavu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Teng, Stacy F. (2016). "Reassessing the Position of Kanakanavu and Saaroa among the Formosan Languages" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 162–198. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0001. S2CID 148368774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw. ^ "Did You Know Kanakanabu is Critically Endangered?". endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016. ^ "Ethnographic Setting". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-09-15. ^ "Phonology". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-09-26. ^ Wild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu. Universität Erfurt. Further reading Adelaar, Alexander; Pawley, Andrew, eds. (2009). Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/34582. ISBN 978-0-85883-601-3. Dyen, Isidore (2005). "Some Notes on the Proto-Austronesian Words for 'Water'". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0019. JSTOR 3623228. S2CID 144863141. Li, Paul Jen-Kuei (2004). "Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects". Selected Papers on Formosan Languages (in English and Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 9789570184136. Pejros, I. (1994). "Some Problems of Austronesian Accent and *T ~ *C (Notes of an Outsider)". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 105–127. doi:10.2307/3623002. JSTOR 3623002. Ross, M. (2012). "In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (6): 1253–1330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14. Song, Limei 宋麗梅 (2018). Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論 (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5697-1 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw. Teng, Stacy F.; Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2016). "The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 134–161. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0015. S2CID 147806280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw. Tsuchida, Shigeru (1975). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Yale University. Tsuchida, Shigeru (1976). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa: Monograph Series, 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Tsuchida, Shigeru (2003). Kanakanavu Texts (Austronesian Formosan) (Thesis). Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series, A3-014. Osaka: ELPR. hdl:10108/77962. Wild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu (PhD thesis). Universität Erfurt. urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530. External links Kanakanavu language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator www.kanakanavu.info – language documentation project website Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 (in Chinese) – Kanakanavu search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation Endangered Languages Kanakanavu teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan (in Chinese) Kanakanavu translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people – published on the website of the presidential office vteLanguages of TaiwanAustronesianFormosanAtayalic Atayal Seediq Truku Rukaic Rukai Northern Babuza Favorlang Taokas Papora Hoanya Arikun Lloa Pazeh Kaxabu Kulon Saisiyat Thao East Amis Kavalan Ketagalan Basay Luilang Makatao Qauqaut Sakizaya Siraya Taivoan Southern Bunun Paiwan Puyuma Tsouic Kanakanavu Saaroa Tsou Malayo-PolynesianBatanic Yami Sino-TibetanSiniticMandarin Taiwanese Mandarin Junhua MinSouthern Taiwanese Hokkien Teochew dialect Eastern Fuzhounese Matsu dialect Pu-Xian Putian dialect (Wuqiu dialect) Hakka Taiwanese Hakka Sixian Hailu Dabu Raoping Zhao'an Japonic Sign Taiwan Sign Language Auxiliary Taiwanese Braille Other languages English Cantonese Wu Shanghainese Filipino Japanese Korean Malay Malaysian Indonesian Thai Vietnamese Yilan Creole Japanese vteFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa Northern FormosanAtayalic Atayal Seediq (Truku) Northwest Formosan Arikun † Babuza † Favorlang † Taokas Lloa † Papora † Kulon † Pazeh † Kaxabu Saisiyat Thao East FormosanKavalanic Kavalan Basay † Ketagalan † Ami Amis Sakizaya Sirayaic Siraya † Makatao † Taivoan † Southern Formosan Bunun Paiwan Puyuma Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsouic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsouic_language"},{"link_name":"Kanakanavu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanakanavu_people"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_people"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines"},{"link_name":"Formosan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_language"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Namasia District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namasia_District"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kanakanavu (also spelled Kanakanabu) is a Southern Tsouic language spoken by the Kanakanavu people, an indigenous people of Taiwan (see Taiwanese aborigines). It is a Formosan language of the Austronesian family.The Kanakanavu live in the two villages of Manga and Takanua in Namasia District (formerly Sanmin Township), Kaohsiung.[2]The language is moribund, with only 4 speakers (2012 census).[3]","title":"Kanakanavu language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwanese aboriginals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aboriginals"},{"link_name":"Dutch Colonial Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Formosa"},{"link_name":"Han-Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinese"},{"link_name":"Takanua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takanua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japanese rulers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The native Kanakanavu speakers were Taiwanese aboriginals living on the islands. Following the Dutch Colonial Period in the 17th century, Han-Chinese immigration began to dominate the islands population. The village of Takanua is a village assembled by Japanese rulers to relocate various aboriginal groups in order to establish easier dominion over these groups.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"triphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphthong"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Formosan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosan_languages"},{"link_name":"CV syllable structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable_structure"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"There are 14 different consonant phonemes, containing only voiceless plosives within Kanakanavu. Adequate descriptions of liquid consonants become a challenge within Kanakanavu. It also contains 6 vowels plus diphthongs and triphthongs. Vowel length is often not clear if distinctive or not, as well as speakers pronouncing vowel phonemes with variance. As most Austronesian and Formosan languages, Kanakanavu has a CV syllable structure (where C = consonant, V = vowel). Very few, even simple words, contain less than three to four syllables.[5]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Sounds /ts, s/ are heard as [tʃ, ʃ] when preceding /i/.[6]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"}],"text":"Kanakanavu is usually written with the Latin script. The following are often used to represent sounds in the language: A, C, E, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, R, S, T, U, Ʉ, V, ' /ʔ.C represents the phoneme /c/.L represents the phonemes /ɗ/ and /ɽ/.P represents both /ɓ/ and /p/./ɫ/ is spelled as hl.","title":"Orthography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1885/34582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1885%2F34582"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85883-601-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-601-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/ol.2005.0019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0019"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3623228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3623228"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144863141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144863141"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789570184136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789570184136"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3623002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3623002"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3623002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3623002"},{"link_name":"\"In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191214200532/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.6/j2012_6_06_1278.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.6/j2012_6_06_1278.pdf"},{"link_name":"Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alilin.apc.gov.tw/files/ebook/5949734115b6abe6caf971/HTML5/pc.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-986-05-5697-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5697-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210504133943/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.907961.970270.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/ol.2016.0015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2016.0015"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"147806280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147806280"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.907961.970270.pdf"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10108/77962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10108%2F77962"},{"link_name":"Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00035227"},{"link_name":"urn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de%3Agbv%3A547-201800530"}],"text":"Adelaar, Alexander; Pawley, Andrew, eds. (2009). Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/34582. ISBN 978-0-85883-601-3.\nDyen, Isidore (2005). \"Some Notes on the Proto-Austronesian Words for 'Water'\". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0019. JSTOR 3623228. S2CID 144863141.\nLi, Paul Jen-Kuei (2004). \"Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects\". Selected Papers on Formosan Languages (in English and Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 9789570184136.\nPejros, I. (1994). \"Some Problems of Austronesian Accent and *T ~ *C (Notes of an Outsider)\". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 105–127. doi:10.2307/3623002. JSTOR 3623002.\nRoss, M. (2012). \"In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)\" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (6): 1253–1330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14.\nSong, Limei 宋麗梅 (2018). Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論 [Introduction to Kanakanavu Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5697-1 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw.\nTeng, Stacy F.; Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2016). \"The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns\" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 134–161. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0015. S2CID 147806280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw.\nTsuchida, Shigeru (1975). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Yale University.\nTsuchida, Shigeru (1976). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa: Monograph Series, 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.\nTsuchida, Shigeru (2003). Kanakanavu Texts (Austronesian Formosan) (Thesis). Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series, A3-014. Osaka: ELPR. hdl:10108/77962.\nWild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu (PhD thesis). Universität Erfurt. urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Teng, Stacy F. (2016). \"Reassessing the Position of Kanakanavu and Saaroa among the Formosan Languages\" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 162–198. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0001. S2CID 148368774. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210504132905/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.460207.813531.pdf","url_text":"\"Reassessing the Position of Kanakanavu and Saaroa among the Formosan Languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2016.0001","url_text":"10.1353/ol.2016.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148368774","url_text":"148368774"},{"url":"http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.460207.813531.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Did You Know Kanakanabu is Critically Endangered?\". endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved April 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3236","url_text":"\"Did You Know Kanakanabu is Critically Endangered?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnographic Setting\". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-09-20. Retrieved 2016-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160920061449/https://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/Vgl_SW/kanakanavu/language-description/setting-of-language/ethnographic-situation.html","url_text":"\"Ethnographic Setting\""},{"url":"https://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/Vgl_SW/kanakanavu/language-description/setting-of-language/ethnographic-situation.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phonology\". Kanakanavu: An Aboriginal Language on Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2016-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005150901/https://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/Vgl_SW/kanakanavu/language-description/system-of-language/distinctive-system-2/phonology.html","url_text":"\"Phonology\""},{"url":"https://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/Vgl_SW/kanakanavu/language-description/system-of-language/distinctive-system-2/phonology.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu. Universität Erfurt.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adelaar, Alexander; Pawley, Andrew, eds. (2009). Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust. Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. hdl:1885/34582. ISBN 978-0-85883-601-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F34582","url_text":"1885/34582"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-601-3","url_text":"978-0-85883-601-3"}]},{"reference":"Dyen, Isidore (2005). \"Some Notes on the Proto-Austronesian Words for 'Water'\". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0019. JSTOR 3623228. S2CID 144863141.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0019","url_text":"10.1353/ol.2005.0019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623228","url_text":"3623228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144863141","url_text":"144863141"}]},{"reference":"Li, Paul Jen-Kuei (2004). \"Basic Vocabulary for Formosan Languages and Dialects\". Selected Papers on Formosan Languages (in English and Chinese). Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. ISBN 9789570184136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789570184136","url_text":"9789570184136"}]},{"reference":"Pejros, I. (1994). \"Some Problems of Austronesian Accent and *T ~ *C (Notes of an Outsider)\". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1): 105–127. doi:10.2307/3623002. JSTOR 3623002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623002","url_text":"10.2307/3623002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623002","url_text":"3623002"}]},{"reference":"Ross, M. (2012). \"In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)\" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (6): 1253–1330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214200532/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.6/j2012_6_06_1278.pdf","url_text":"\"In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic)\""},{"url":"http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.6/j2012_6_06_1278.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Song, Limei 宋麗梅 (2018). Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論 [Introduction to Kanakanavu Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei Shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui. ISBN 978-986-05-5697-1 – via alilin.apc.gov.tw.","urls":[{"url":"https://alilin.apc.gov.tw/files/ebook/5949734115b6abe6caf971/HTML5/pc.html","url_text":"Kǎnàkǎnàfùyǔ yǔfǎ gàilùn 卡那卡那富語 語法概論"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-05-5697-1","url_text":"978-986-05-5697-1"}]},{"reference":"Teng, Stacy F.; Zeitoun, Elizabeth (2016). \"The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns\" (PDF). Oceanic Linguistics. 55 (1): 134–161. doi:10.1353/ol.2016.0015. S2CID 147806280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-04 – via www.ling.sinica.edu.tw.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210504133943/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.907961.970270.pdf","url_text":"\"The Noun-Verb Distinction in Kanakanavu and Saaroa: Evidence from Pronouns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2016.0015","url_text":"10.1353/ol.2016.0015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147806280","url_text":"147806280"},{"url":"http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/eip/FILES/publish/2019.02.23.907961.970270.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tsuchida, Shigeru (1975). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology (Doctoral dissertation). Yale University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tsuchida, Shigeru (1976). Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology. Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa: Monograph Series, 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tsuchida, Shigeru (2003). Kanakanavu Texts (Austronesian Formosan) (Thesis). Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Publications Series, A3-014. Osaka: ELPR. hdl:10108/77962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10108%2F77962","url_text":"10108/77962"}]},{"reference":"Wild, Ilka (2018). Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu (PhD thesis). Universität Erfurt. urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00035227","url_text":"Voice and Transitivity in Kanakanavu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URN_(identifier)","url_text":"urn"},{"url":"https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de%3Agbv%3A547-201800530","url_text":"nbn:de:gbv:547-201800530"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Harvey_Miller
Keith Harvey Miller
["1 Early life","2 Early career and move to Alaska","3 Early political career","4 Governor of Alaska","5 Later career","6 Death","7 References","8 External links"]
Governor of Alaska from 1969 to 1970 For other people named Keith Miller, see Keith Miller (disambiguation). Keith Miller3rd Governor of AlaskaIn officeJanuary 29, 1969 – December 7, 1970LieutenantRobert WardPreceded byWally HickelSucceeded byWilliam EganSecretary of State of AlaskaIn officeDecember 5, 1966 – January 29, 1969GovernorWally HickelPreceded byHugh WadeSucceeded byRobert Ward Personal detailsBornKeith Harvey Miller(1925-03-01)March 1, 1925Seattle, Washington, U.S.DiedMarch 2, 2019(2019-03-02) (aged 94)Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationUniversity of Idaho, MoscowUniversity of Washington, Seattle (BS) Keith Harvey Miller (March 1, 1925 – March 2, 2019) was an American Republican politician from Alaska. Miller was the second secretary of state of Alaska under Walter Hickel. He became the third governor of Alaska after Hickel’s resignation to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Under his tenure, Alaska came into sudden wealth after an oil lease sale on the North Slope created a revenue of $900 million. Early life Keith Harvey Miller was born in Seattle, Washington on March 1, 1925, one of four sons of Hopkins Keith Miller (1901–1981) and Sarah Margaret (née Harvey) Miller (1903–1960). He grew up in the rural outskirts of Seattle before the family moved to the vicinity of Bothell, Washington in 1939. Miller attended and graduated from high school in Bothell. He briefly studied at the University of Idaho before joining the United States Army Air Forces, serving during the last two years of World War II. Early career and move to Alaska After leaving the military, Miller established a holly farm in Olympia, Washington in 1946. During this time, he spent portions of several summers working in the Territory of Alaska and also studied at the University of Washington, Seattle, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1952. Miller sold the holly farm in 1953, the same year he married Diana Mary Doyle in Seattle and established a collection agency there. He sold the agency in 1957 after being hired by the Internal Revenue Service, who stationed him in Anchorage, Alaska. Early political career Further information: 1966 Alaska gubernatorial election Miller began his political career in 1962 with his election to the Alaska House of Representatives., where he served one term. He served as Secretary of State of Alaska (now the Lieutenant Governor of Alaska) from 1966 until Hickel resigned to become United States Secretary of the Interior under President Richard M. Nixon, on January 29, 1969. He was promptly elevated to the position of Governor of Alaska. Governor of Alaska Further information: 1970 Alaska gubernatorial election and List of governors of Alaska Under Governor Miller, Alaska completed the sale of land leases in Prudhoe Bay, which brought a windfall of $900 million. The funds from the oil leases were seven times the state’s budget and seven years after he first proposed an investment fund for oil royalties, Governor Jay Hammond established the Alaska Permanent Fund. He lobbied extensively for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. He pushed the Congress to approve the pipeline over the objections of Federal Judge George Hart and the Alaska Legislature for funds to build a road to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. In 1970, seeking election to a full term, he saw his popularity diminish as his former running mate, Walter Hickel, delayed issuance of the permit to build the pipeline. He faced a primary election challenge from two-term Congressman Howard Wallace Pollock. He defeated Pollock, but faced William A. Egan, who was Alaska’s first governor, in the general election. Egan won the race, 52.4-46.1. Only after the 1973 oil crisis did Congress pass the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act that Miller sought. Later career Further information: 1974 Alaska gubernatorial election In 1972, Miller was elected to a four-year term in the Alaska Senate. That term was cut short due to a challenge of the redistricting plan drawn up by the Alaska Supreme Court in 1972, centered on the apportionment of Senate districts in Anchorage. The court drew up a new plan in 1974. Rather than run for reelection in the new, Democratic-leaning district, Miller made one more campaign for governor in the Republican primary. He faced Hickel and Jay Hammond, who became the party’s nominee. In 1977, Governor Hammond named Miller to a seat on the Alaska Transportation Commission to serve as its chair. Death Miller died from pancreatic cancer while at a hospice in Anchorage a day after his 94th birthday on March 2, 2019. His wife, Jean Cuffel Miller, preceded him in death. References ^ a b c "Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94". Seattle Times. March 6, 2019. ^ Miller, Keith Harvey; Maynard, Joseph Edward (1997). Prudhoe Bay Governor. Anchorage: Todd Communications. ISBN 1-878100-99-8. ^ a b c d e Atwood, Evangeline; DeArmond, Robert N. (1977). Who's Who in Alaskan Politics. Portland: Binford & Mort for the Alaska Historical Commission. p. 67. ISBN 0-8323-0287-2. ^ a b c d e "Keith Miller obituary". Anchorage Daily News. March 6, 2019. ^ Alaska Historical Collections: Gov. Keith H. Miller. 1925–. Alaska State Library. Retrieved on February 1, 2010. ^ Alaska Governor Keith H. Miller Archived February 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. American Governor's Association. Retrieved on February 1, 2010. ^ Claus M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick. Alaska: A History of the 49th State. University of Oklahoma Press, 1984. 292. ^ a b c d "Egan Regains Governor's Post in Alaska". New York Times. November 5, 1970. ^ "The PF and The D: A history of how we got here". Anchorage Press. October 11, 2017. ^ "Ranking Alaska's Governors". Anchorage Daily News. September 15, 2008. ^ a b "100 Alaskans Descend on Washington This Week to Lobby for Oil Pipeline Proposal". The New York Times. April 27, 1970. ^ "Alaska Governor Asks Road Funds". The New York Times. April 27, 1970. ^ a b "Alaska's Governor Wins Primary Race". The New York Times. August 27, 1970. ^ "Alaska Pipeline Flow Set to Start Tomorrow". The New York Times. June 19, 1977. ^ "Jay Hammond, 83; Former Alaska Gov. Championed Oil-Royalty Fund". Los Angeles Times. August 3, 2005. ^ "Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94". National Post. March 6, 2019. External links Keith Miller at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature Political offices Preceded byHugh Wade Lieutenant Governor of Alaska 1966–1969 Succeeded byRobert Ward Preceded byWally Hickel Governor of Alaska 1969–1970 Succeeded byWilliam Egan Party political offices Preceded byWally Hickel Republican nominee for Governor of Alaska 1970 Succeeded byJay Hammond vteGovernors of AlaskaDistrict (1884–1912) Kinkead Swineford Knapp Sheakley Brady Hoggatt Clark Territorial (1912–1959) Clark Strong Riggs Bone Parks Troy Gruening Heintzleman Hendrickson (acting) Stepovich Hendrickson (acting) State (since 1959) Egan Hickel Miller Egan Hammond Sheffield Cowper Hickel Knowles Murkowski Palin Parnell Walker Dunleavy vteRepublican Party nominees for Governor of Alaska Butrovich (1958) Stepovich (1962) Hickel (1966) Miller (1970) Hammond (1974, 1978) Fink (1982) Sturgulewski (1986, 1990) Campbell (1994) Lindauer (1998) Murkowski (2002) Palin (2006) Parnell (2010, 2014) Dunleavy (2018, 2022) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
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Miller was the second secretary of state of Alaska under Walter Hickel. He became the third governor of Alaska after Hickel’s resignation to become U.S. Secretary of the Interior. Under his tenure, Alaska came into sudden wealth after an oil lease sale on the North Slope created a revenue of $900 million.[1]","title":"Keith Harvey Miller"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Bothell, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothell,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBG-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-3"},{"link_name":"University of Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Idaho"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-3"}],"text":"Keith Harvey Miller was born in Seattle, Washington on March 1, 1925, one of four sons of Hopkins Keith Miller (1901–1981) and Sarah Margaret (née Harvey) Miller (1903–1960). He grew up in the rural outskirts of Seattle before the family moved to the vicinity of Bothell, Washington in 1939.[2] Miller attended and graduated from high school in Bothell.[1][3] He briefly studied at the University of Idaho before joining the United States Army Air Forces, serving during the last two years of World War II.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly"},{"link_name":"Olympia, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Territory of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"University of Washington, Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington,_Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-3"},{"link_name":"collection agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-3"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"Anchorage, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Who's_Who-3"}],"text":"After leaving the military, Miller established a holly farm in Olympia, Washington in 1946. During this time, he spent portions of several summers working in the Territory of Alaska and also studied at the University of Washington, Seattle, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1952.[4][1][3] Miller sold the holly farm in 1953, the same year he married Diana Mary Doyle in Seattle and established a collection agency there.[3] He sold the agency in 1957 after being hired by the Internal Revenue Service, who stationed him in Anchorage, Alaska.[3]","title":"Early career and move to Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1966 Alaska gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Alaska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Alaska House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-4"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Governor of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Further information: 1966 Alaska gubernatorial electionMiller began his political career in 1962 with his election to the Alaska House of Representatives.,[4] where he served one term. He served as Secretary of State of Alaska (now the Lieutenant Governor of Alaska) from 1966 until Hickel resigned to become United States Secretary of the Interior under President Richard M. Nixon, on January 29, 1969.[5][6] He was promptly elevated to the position of Governor of Alaska.[7]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1970 Alaska gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Alaska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"List of governors of Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Prudhoe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defeat-8"},{"link_name":"Jay Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hammond"},{"link_name":"Alaska Permanent Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fund-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rank-10"},{"link_name":"Trans-Alaska Pipeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington-11"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"George Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Luzerne_Hart_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alaska Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Prudhoe Bay Oil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Road-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defeat-8"},{"link_name":"Howard Wallace Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wallace_Pollock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary-13"},{"link_name":"William A. Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Egan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defeat-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defeat-8"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_Authorization_Act"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Act-14"}],"text":"Further information: 1970 Alaska gubernatorial election and List of governors of AlaskaUnder Governor Miller, Alaska completed the sale of land leases in Prudhoe Bay, which brought a windfall of $900 million.[8] The funds from the oil leases were seven times the state’s budget and seven years after he first proposed an investment fund for oil royalties, Governor Jay Hammond established the Alaska Permanent Fund.[9][10]He lobbied extensively for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.[11] He pushed the Congress to approve the pipeline over the objections of Federal Judge George Hart and the Alaska Legislature for funds to build a road to the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.[11][12]In 1970, seeking election to a full term, he saw his popularity diminish as his former running mate, Walter Hickel, delayed issuance of the permit to build the pipeline.[8] He faced a primary election challenge from two-term Congressman Howard Wallace Pollock.[13] He defeated Pollock, but faced William A. Egan, who was Alaska’s first governor, in the general election.[8][13] Egan won the race, 52.4-46.1.[8] Only after the 1973 oil crisis did Congress pass the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act that Miller sought.[14]","title":"Governor of Alaska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1974 Alaska gubernatorial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Alaska_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"Alaska Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Senate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-4"},{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"link_name":"Alaska Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Jay Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Hammond"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1974Race-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-4"}],"text":"Further information: 1974 Alaska gubernatorial electionIn 1972, Miller was elected to a four-year term in the Alaska Senate.[4] That term was cut short due to a challenge of the redistricting plan drawn up by the Alaska Supreme Court in 1972, centered on the apportionment of Senate districts in Anchorage. The court drew up a new plan in 1974. Rather than run for reelection in the new, Democratic-leaning district, Miller made one more campaign for governor in the Republican primary. He faced Hickel and Jay Hammond, who became the party’s nominee.[15] In 1977, Governor Hammond named Miller to a seat on the Alaska Transportation Commission to serve as its chair.[4]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"Anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-4"}],"text":"Miller died from pancreatic cancer while at a hospice in Anchorage a day after his 94th birthday on March 2, 2019.[16] His wife, Jean Cuffel Miller, preceded him in death.[4]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94\". Seattle Times. March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/northwest/keith-miller-alaskas-third-governor-dies-at-94/","url_text":"\"Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Keith Harvey; Maynard, Joseph Edward (1997). Prudhoe Bay Governor. Anchorage: Todd Communications. ISBN 1-878100-99-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska","url_text":"Anchorage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878100-99-8","url_text":"1-878100-99-8"}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Evangeline; DeArmond, Robert N. (1977). Who's Who in Alaskan Politics. Portland: Binford & Mort for the Alaska Historical Commission. p. 67. ISBN 0-8323-0287-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeline_Atwood","url_text":"Atwood, Evangeline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._N._DeArmond","url_text":"DeArmond, Robert N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon","url_text":"Portland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binford_%26_Mort","url_text":"Binford & Mort"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8323-0287-2","url_text":"0-8323-0287-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Miller obituary\". Anchorage Daily News. March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/adn/obituary.aspx?n=keith-h-miller&pid=191761263","url_text":"\"Keith Miller obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egan Regains Governor's Post in Alaska\". New York Times. November 5, 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/05/archives/egan-regains-governors-post-in-alaska.html","url_text":"\"Egan Regains Governor's Post in Alaska\""}]},{"reference":"\"The PF and The D: A history of how we got here\". Anchorage Press. October 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anchoragepress.com/news/the-pf-and-the-d-a-history-of-how-we/article_c3d42eb0-aea5-11e7-a8ab-ff3916eb5422.html","url_text":"\"The PF and The D: A history of how we got here\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Alaska's Governors\". Anchorage Daily News. September 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adn.com/politics/article/ranking-alaskas-governors/2008/09/15/","url_text":"\"Ranking Alaska's Governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"100 Alaskans Descend on Washington This Week to Lobby for Oil Pipeline Proposal\". The New York Times. April 27, 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/27/archives/100-alaskans-descend-on-washington-this-week-to-lobby-for-oil.html","url_text":"\"100 Alaskans Descend on Washington This Week to Lobby for Oil Pipeline Proposal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska Governor Asks Road Funds\". The New York Times. April 27, 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/29/archives/alaska-governor-asks-road-funds-legislature-will-be-urged-to.html","url_text":"\"Alaska Governor Asks Road Funds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska's Governor Wins Primary Race\". The New York Times. August 27, 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/08/27/archives/alaskas-governor-wins-primary-race.html","url_text":"\"Alaska's Governor Wins Primary Race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alaska Pipeline Flow Set to Start Tomorrow\". The New York Times. June 19, 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/19/archives/alaska-pipeline-flow-set-to-start-tomorrow-oil-set-to-start-flowing.html","url_text":"\"Alaska Pipeline Flow Set to Start Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Hammond, 83; Former Alaska Gov. Championed Oil-Royalty Fund\". Los Angeles Times. August 3, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/03/local/me-hammond3","url_text":"\"Jay Hammond, 83; Former Alaska Gov. Championed Oil-Royalty Fund\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94\". National Post. March 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/keith-miller-alaskas-third-governor-dies-at-94","url_text":"\"Keith Miller, Alaska's third governor, dies at 94\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Lake_Provincial_Park
Border Lake Provincial Park
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 56°21′15″N 130°42′50″W / 56.35417°N 130.71389°W / 56.35417; -130.71389 (Border Lake Provincial Park) Provincial park in British Columbia, Canada Border Lake Provincial ParkIUCN category II (national park)Map of British ColumbiaLocationCassiar Land District, British Columbia, CanadaNearest cityWrangell, AKCoordinates56°21′17″N 130°42′46″W / 56.35472°N 130.71278°W / 56.35472; -130.71278Area814 ha (8.14 km²)EstablishedJanuary 25, 2001Governing bodyBC Parks Border Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the right (west) bank of the Unuk River and extending from that river's crossing of the Canada–United States border upstream. External links "Border Lake Park". BC Geographical Names. 56°21′15″N 130°42′50″W / 56.35417°N 130.71389°W / 56.35417; -130.71389 (Border Lake Provincial Park) vteBoundary RangesRanges Adam Ashington Boundary Burniston Chechidla Cheja Dezadeash Florence Halleck Kakuhan Lincoln Longview Peabody Rousseau Sawtooth Seward Snowslide Mountains Chutine Cinder Devils Paw Devils Thumb Dipyramid Hoodoo Ibex Iskut Canyon Kates Needle King Creek Little Bear London Nesselrode Ratz Seconed Canyon Snippaker Creek The Volcano Passes Chilkoot White Icefields Cambria Juneau Salmon Stikine Parks Atlin Bear Glacier Border Lake Lava Forks Craig Headwaters Great Glacier Choquette Hot Springs Chilkoot Trail NHSC Misty Fjords Admiralty Island Klondike Gold Rush vteProtected areas of British Columbia CRHP Alberni-Clayoquot RD BC Coast Capital RD Kootenay RD Columbia-Shuswap RD Comox Valley RD Cowichan Valley RD East Kootenay RD Fraser Valley RD Kootenay Boundary RD Nanaimo RD New Westminster North Okanagan RD North Shore Northern/Central BC Interior Okanagan-Similkameen RD Squamish-Lillooet RD Strathcona RD Surrey Thompson-Nicola RD Vancouver Victoria International RecognitionWorld Heritage Sites Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs (proposed) Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek SGang Gwaay Stein Valley (proposed) Biosphere Reserves Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region National Parks and affiliated areasNational Parks Glacier Gulf Islands Reserve Gwaii Haanas Reserve Kootenay Mount Revelstoke Pacific Rim Reserve South Okanagan—Similkameen (proposed) Yoho Marine Conservation Areas Gwaii Haanas Reserve Southern Strait of Georgia Reserve (proposed) National Historic Sites Chilkoot Trail Fisgard Lighthouse Fort Langley Fort Rodd Hill Fort St. James Gitwangak Battle Hill Gulf of Georgia Cannery Kicking Horse Pass Kootanae House Nan Sdins Rogers Pass Stanley Park Twin Falls Tea House more... National Wildlife AreasNational Wildlife Areas Alaksen Columbia Qualicum Scott Islands Marine Vaseux-Bighorn Widgeon Valley Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Christie Islet Esquimalt Lagoon George C. Reifel Nechako River Shoal Harbour Vaseux Lake Victoria Harbour Marine Protected AreasMarine Protected Areas Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Refuges Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Offshore Pacific Seamounts and Vents Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound Glass Sponge Reef Provincial Parks & affiliated areasParksAlberni-Clayoquot RD Clayoquot Arm Clayoquot Plateau Dawley Passage Epper Passage Flores Island Fossli Gibson Marine Hesquiat Lake Hesquiat Peninsula Hitchie Creek Kennedy Lake Kennedy River Bog Maquinna Nitinat River Sproat Lake Stamp River Strathcona Sulphur Passage Sydney Inlet Taylor Arm Tranquil Creek Vargas Island Bulkley-Nechako RD Atna River Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Beaumont Burns Lake Call Lake Dead Man's Island Driftwood Canyon Entiako Ethel F. Wilson Memorial Finger-Tatuk François Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Morice Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Pope Mudzenchoot Nadina Mountain Nation Lakes Nenikëkh/Nanika-Kidprice Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Old Man Lake Omineca Paarens Beach Rainbow Alley Red Bluff Rubyrock Lake Stuart Lake Stuart Lake Marine Stuart River Sutherland River Takla Lake Marine Tazdli Wyiez Bin/Burnie-Shea Topley Landing Trembleur Lake Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Uncha Mountain Red Hills Wistaria Capital RD Beaver Point Bellhouse Bodega Ridge Burgoyne Bay Collinson Point Dionisio Point Discovery Island Marine French Beach Goldstream Gowland Tod ȽÁU,WELṈEW̱/John Dean Juan de Fuca Montague Harbour Mount Erskine Mount Maxwell Ruckle Sooke Mountain Sooke Potholes Wallace Island Cariboo RD Beaver Valley Big Creek Bowron Lake Bridge Lake Bull Canyon Canim Beach Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Nature Cariboo River Cedar Point Cottonwood River Donnely Lake Dragon Mountain Flat Lake Horsefly Lake Itcha Ilgachuz Junction Sheep Range Kluskoil Lake Lac La Hache Moose Valley Nazko Lake Nuntsi Pinnacles Puntchesakut Lake Punti Island Rainbow-Qiwentem Ruth Lake Schoolhouse Lake Ten Mile Lake Titetown Ts'il?os Wells Gray Wendle White Pelican Central Coast RD Codville Lagoon Marine Oliver Cove Marine Penrose Island Marine Sir Alexander Mackenzie Tweedsmuir South Central Kootenay RD Arrow Lakes Champion Lakes Cody Caves Drewry Point Erie Creek Gladstone Goat Range Grohman Narrows Kianuko Kokanee Creek Kokanee Glacier Kootenay Lake Lockhart Beach Lockhart Creek McDonald Creek Pilot Bay Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Rosebery Ryan Stagleap Summit Lake Syringa Valhalla West Arm Yahk Central Okanagan RD Bear Creek Browne Lake Fintry Graystokes Kalamalka Lake Myra-Bellevue Okanagan Mountain Trepanier Wrinkly Face Columbia-Shuswap RD Adams Lake Anstey-Hunakwa Arrow Lakes Blanket Creek Bugaboo Burges James Gadsden Cinnemousun Narrows Cummins Lakes English Lake Hamber Herald Kingfisher Creek Marl Creek Martha Creek Oregana Creek Pukeashun Shuswap Lake Marine Shuswap Lake Shuswap River Islands Silver Beach Skookumchuck Rapids Sunnybrae Tsútswecw Upper Seymour River Victor Lake White Lake Yard Creek Comox Valley RD Boyle Point Denman Island Fillongley Helliwell Jáji7em and Kw’ulh (Sandy Island) Marine Kin Beach Kitty Coleman Miracle Beach Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Rosewall Creek Strathcona Tribune Bay Cowichan Valley RD Bamberton Carmanah Walbran Chemainus River Cowichan River Eves Gordon Bay Koksilah River Memory Island Nitinat River Spectacle Lake Wakes Cove West Shawnigan Lake Whaleboat Island Marine East Kootenay RD Akamina-Kishinena Bugaboo Columbia Lake Crowsnest Dry Gulch Elk Lakes Elk Valley Gilnockie Height of the Rockies Inonoaklin James Chabot Jimsmith Lake Kikomun Creek Morrissey Mount Assiniboine Mount Fernie Moyie Lake Norbury Lake Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Premier Lake Ryan St. Mary's Alpine Thunder Hill Top of the World Wardner Wasa Lake Whiteswan Lake Windermere Lake Fraser-Fort George RD Ancient Forest/Chun T’oh Whudujut Arctic Pacific Lakes Bijoux Falls Bobtail Mountain Carp Lake Close-To-The-Edge Crooked River Dahl Lake Erg Mountain Eskers Evanoff Fort George Canyon Fraser River Heather-Dina Lakes Jackman Flats Kakwa Monkman Mount Robson Mount Terry Fox Pine Le Moray Ptarmigan Creek Purden Lake Rearguard Falls Slim Creek Small River Caves Sowchea Bay Sugarbowl-Grizzly Den Three Sisters Lakes Tudyah Lake West Lake West Twin Whiskers Point Fraser Valley RD Alexandra Bridge Bridal Veil Falls Chilliwack River Coquihalla Canyon Coquihalla River Cultus Lake Davis Lake E.C. Manning Emory Creek F.H. Barber Ferry Island Garibaldi Golden Ears Kilby Mehatl Creek Nahatlatch Nicolum River Rolley Lake Sasquatch Silver Lake Skagit Valley Sx̱ótsaqel/Chilliwack Lake Kitimat-Stikine RD Anderson Flats Bear Glacier Border Lake Boulder Creek Bulkley Junction Tazdli Wyiez Bin/Burnie-Shea Choquette Hot Springs Coste Rocks Dala-Kildala Rivers Estuaries Eagle Bay Exchamsiks River Foch-Gilttoyees Gitnadoiks River Great Glacier Green Inlet Marine Hai Lake–Mount Herman Iskut River Hot Springs Jackson Narrows Marine Kinaskan Lake Kitimat River Kitsumkalum Kitwanga Mountain Kleanza Creek Lakelse Lake Lakelse Lake Wetlands Lava Forks Lowe Inlet Marine Meziadin Lake Mount Edziza Nalbeelah Creek Wetlands Netalzul Meadows Ningunsaw Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Owyacumish River Ross Lake Seeley Lake Seven Sisters Protected Area Sleeping Beauty Mountain Stikine River Sue Channel Swan Lake Kispiox River Todagin South Slope Union Passage Marine Kootenay Boundary RD Beaver Creek Boothman's Oxbow Boundary Creek Champion Lakes Christina Lake Conkle Lake Gilpin Grasslands Gladstone Granby Jewel Lake Johnstone Creek King George VI Nancy Greene Metro Vancouver RD Apodaca Cypress Golden Ears Mount Seymour Peace Arch Pinecone Burke Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm) Mount Waddington RD Allison Harbour Marine Broughton Archipelago Marine Cape Scott Claud Elliott Lake Cormorant Channel Marine Echo Bay Marine God's Pocket Marine Lanz and Cox Islands Lawn Point Lower Nimpkish Lower Tsitika Marble River Mquqᵂin/Brooks Peninsula Nimpkish Lake Quatsino Raft Cove Schoen Lake Woss Lake Nanaimo RD Arbutus Grove Drumbeg Englishman River Falls Gabriola Sands Gerald Island Hemer Horne Lake Caves Little Qualicum River Falls MacMillan Morden Colliery Historic Petroglyph Pirates Cove Marine Rathtrevor Beach Roberts Memorial Sandwell Saysutshun (Newcastle Island) Spider Lake North Coast RD Diana Lake Khutzeymateen Kitson Island Marine Klewnuggit Inlet Marine Lower Skeena River Naikoon Prudhomme Lake Pure Lake North Okanagan RD Denison - Bonneau Echo Lake Ellison Enderby Cliffs Granby Graystokes Kalamalka Lake Kekuli Bay Kingfisher Creek Mabel Lake Mara Mara Meadows Monashee Mount Griffin Shuswap River Islands Silver Star Skookumchuck Rapids Upper Violet Creek Wap Creek Northern Rockies RM Andy Bailey Jackpine Remnant Kotcho Lake Village Liard River Corridor Liard River Hot Springs Maxhamish Lake Muncho Lake Northern Rocky Mountains Scatter River Old Growth Sikanni Old Growth Smith River Falls – Fort Halkett Stone Mountain Tetsa River Toad River Hot Springs Okanagan-Similkameen RD Allison Lake Bromley Rock Cathedral Darke Lake E.C. Manning Eneas Lakes Inkaneep Keremeos Columns Kickininee Nickel Plate Okanagan Lake Okanagan Mountain Otter Lake Skaha Bluffs Stemwinder Sun-Oka Beach sw̓iw̓s (Haynes Point) sx̌ʷəx̌ʷnitkʷ (Okanagan Falls) Vaseux Lake Peace River RD Bearhole Lake Beatton Beatton River Bocock Peak Buckinghorse River Wayside Butler Ridge Charlie Lake Chase East Pine Ed Bird – Estella Lakes Finlay-Russel Graham-Laurier Gwillim Lake Hole-in-the-Wall Kakwa Kiskatinaw Kwadacha Wilderness Milligan Hills Moberly Lake Monkman Muscovite Lakes Omineca One Island Lake Peace River Corridor Pine Le Moray Pine River Breaks Pink Mountain Prophet River Hotsprings Prophet River Wayside Redfern-Keily Sukunka Falls Swan Lake Tatlatui Taylor Landing Wapiti Lake qathet RD Anderson Bay Copeland Islands Marine Desolation Sound Marine Inland Lake Malaspina Okeover Arm Jedediah Island Marine Sabine Channel Marine Saltery Bay South Texada Island Squitty Bay Squamish-Lillooet RD Alice Lake Birkenhead Lake Blackcomb Glacier Brackendale Eagles Brandywine Falls Bridge River Delta Callaghan Lake Clendinning Duffey Lake Edge Hills Fred Antoine Garibaldi Gwyneth Lake Joffre Lakes Marble Canyon Murrin Nairn Falls Porteau Cove Seton Portage Historic Shannon Falls South Chilcotin Mountains Stawamus Chief Tantalus Upper Lillooet Yalakom Stikine Region Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i Dall River Old Growth Denetiah Dune Za Keyih Horneline Creek Hyland River Omineca Spatsizi Headwaters Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Stikine River Sustut Tā Ch’ilā (Boya Lake) Tarahne Tatshenshini-Alsek Tuya Mountains Strathcona RD Artlish Caves Big Bunsby Marine Bishop River Bligh Island Catala Island Marine Dixie Cove Marine Elk Falls Gold Muchalat Háthayim (Von Donop) Marine Homathko Estuary Loveland Bay Main Lake Mansons Landing Mitlenatch Island Nature Morton Lake Mquqᵂin/Brooks Peninsula Nuchatlitz Octopus Islands Marine Read Island Rebecca Spit Marine Rendezvous Island South Rock Bay Marine Roscoe Bay Rugged Point Marine Santa Gertrudis - Boca del Infierno Marine Small Inlet Marine Smelt Bay Strathcona Strathcona-Westmin Surge Narrows Tahsish-Kwois Teakerne Arm Thurston Bay Marine Walsh Cove Weymer Creek White Ridge White River Sunshine Coast RD Buccaneer Bay Francis Point Garden Bay Marine Halkett Bay Marine Hardy Island Marine Harmony Islands Marine Mount Elphinstone Mount Richardson Musket Island Marine Plumper Cove Marine Porpoise Bay Princess Louisa Marine Roberts Creek Sargeant Bay Sechelt Inlets Marine Simson Marine Skookumchuck Narrows Smuggler Cove Marine Spipiyus Tetrahedron Thompson-Nicola RD Arrowstone Banana Island Bedard Aspen Big Bar Lake Blue Earth Lake Blue River Black Spruce Blue River Pine Bonaparte Buse Lake Caligata Lake Castle Rock Hoodoos Chasm Chu Chua Cottonwood Churn Creek Coldwater River Copper Johnny Cornwall Hills Downing Dunn Peak Eakin Creek Canyon Eakin Creek Floodplain Edge Hills Elephant Hill Emar Lakes Epsom Finn Creek Flat Lake French Bar Creek Goldpan Green Lake Greenstone Mountain Harbour Dudgeon Lakes Harry Lake Aspen High Lakes Basin Juniper Beach Kentucky Alleyne Loon Lake Marble Canyon Marble Range McConnell Lake Momich Lakes Monck Monte Creek Monte Lake Mount Savona Mud Lake Delta Niskonlith Lake North Thompson Islands North Thompson Oxbows East North Thompson Oxbows Jensen Island North Thompson River Oregon Jack Painted Bluffs Paul Lake Pennask Creek Pennask Lake Pillar Porcupine Meadows Pritchard Pyramid Creek Falls Roche Lake Skihist Steelhead Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Taweel Tsintsunko Lakes Tunkwa Upper Adams River Walhachin Oxbows Walloper Lake Wells Gray Wire Cache Conservancies Alty Banks Nii Łuutiksm Bishop Bay – Monkey Beach Bishop Bay – Monkey Beach Corridor Broughton Archipelago Burdwood Group Calvert Island Cascade-Sutslem Cetan/Thurston Bay Crab Lake Daawuuxusda Heritage Dean River Duu Guusd Heritage Dzawadi/Upper Klinaklini River Ecstall Headwaters Ecstall-Sparkling Ecstall-Spokskuut Ellerslie-Roscoe Ethelda Bay – Tennant Island Europa Lake Fiordland Forward Harbour/ƛəx̌əᵂəyəm Gitxaala Nii Luutiksm/Kitkatla Gunboat Harbour Hakai Lúxvbálís Hanna-Tintina Hotsprings-No Name Creek Kamdis Huchsduwachsdu Nuyem Jees / Kitlope Heritage Hunwadi/Ahnuhati-Bald Indian Lake – Hitchcock Creek/Át Ch'îni Shà Jump Across Kennedy Island K'distsausk/Turtle Point Khtada Lake Khutzeymateen Inlet Khyex Kitasoo Spirit Bear K’lgaan/Klekane K’mooda/Lowe-Gamble K'nabiyaaxl/Ashdown Koeye K’ootz/Khutze Ksgaxl/Stephens Island Ksi X’anmaas Ksi xts'at'kw/Stagoo Ktisgaidz/MacDonald Bay Kts'mkta'ani/Union Lake Kun⨱alas Heritage K'uuna Gwaay Heritage K'waal Lady Douglas-Don Peninsula Lax ka’gaas/Campania Lax Kul Nii Luutiksm/Bonilla Lax Kwaxl/Dundas and Melville Islands Lax Kwil Dziidz/Fin Lockhart-Gordon Lucy Islands Mahpahkum-Ahkwuna/Deserters-Walker Maxtaktsm'aa/Union Passage Moksgm’ol/Chapple–Cornwall Monckton Nii Luutiksm Nakina – Inklin Rivers (Kuthai Area)/Yáwu Yaa Nakina – Inklin Rivers/Yáwu Yaa Namu Nang Xaldangaas Heritage Neʼāhʼ Outer Central Coast Islands Owikeno Pa-aat Polkinghorne Islands Q’altanaas/Aaltanhash Qudǝs/Gillard-Jimmy Judd Island Conservancy Qwiquallaaq/Boat Bay Shearwater Hot Springs Tenh Dẕetle Tlall Heritage Tsa-Latĺ/Smokehouse Tutshi Lake/T’ooch’ Áayi Ugʷiwa’/Cape Caution Upper Elaho Valley Upper Gladys River/Watsíx Deiyi Upper Kimsquit River Upper Rogers kóḻii7 Upper Soo Willison Creek – Nelson Lake/Sít’ Héeni Yaaguun Gandlaay Yaaguun Suu Ecological reserves Aleza Lake Ambrose Lake Anne Vallée (Triangle Island) Baeria Rocks Ballingall Islets Baynes Island Bednesti Lake Beresford Island Big Creek Big White Mountain Blackwater Creek Bowen Island Bowser Browne Lake Buck Hills Road Burnt Cabin Bog Byers-Conroy-Harvey-Sinnett Islands Canoe Islets Checleset Bay Claud Elliott Creek Columbia Lake Drizzle Lake Duke of Edinburgh (Pine/Storm/Tree Islets) Dewdney and Glide Islands East Redonda Island Gingietl Creek Gladys Lake Ilgachuz Range Klanawa River Misty Lake Mount Derby Mount Elliott Mount Tzouhalem Nitinat Lake Race Rocks Robson Bight Rose Spit San Juan River Estuary Sikanni Chief River Solander Island Tow Hill Trial Islands Tsitika Mountain Vladimir J. Krajina Protected areas Anarchist Brent Mountain Brim River Hot Springs Chukachida Churn Creek Craig Headwaters Damdochax Homathko River - Tatlayoko Klua Lakes Lac du Bois Grasslands Lucy Islands Nechako Canyon Pitman River Snowy South Okanagan Grasslands Thinahtea Thunderbird's Nest (T'iitsk'in Paawats) Upper Raush Vaseux White Lake Grasslands Recreation areas Coquihalla Summit Kettle River Mount Edziza (former) Wildlife Management Areas Bert Brink Boundary Bay Chilanko Marsh Cluxewe Columbia Wetlands Coquitlam River Cranberry Marsh/Starratt Dewdrop-Rosseau Creek East Side Columbia Lake Green Mountain Hamling Lakes Lhá:lt/Harrison-Chehalis Lazo Marsh-North East Comox McTaggart-Cowan/Nsək'łniw't Midge Creek Parksville-Qualicum Beach Pemberton Wetlands Pitt-Addington Marsh Quatse Estuary Roberts Bank S'amunu Serpentine Skwelwil'em Squamish Estuary South Arm Marshes South Okanagan Stellako River Sturgeon Bank Swan Lake Todagin Tofino Mudflats Tranquille Regional Parks Burnaby Lake Campbell Valley Capilano River Cascade Falls Derby Reach Elk/Beaver Lake Island View Beach Kanaka Creek Minnekhada Mount Arrowsmith Mount Douglas Pacific Spirit Sooke Potholes Surrey Bend təmtəmíxʷtən/Belcarra Other Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area Hidden Grove/Sechelt Heritage Forest Maplewood Flats Conservation Area Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Sacred Headwaters (proposed) Sea to Sea Green Blue Belt Swan Lake Nature Sanctuary Category BC Parks Commons This British Columbia protected areas related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_Riots
New York City draft riots
["1 Background","2 Riots","2.1 Monday","2.2 Tuesday","2.3 Wednesday","2.4 Thursday","3 Aftermath","4 Order of battle","4.1 New York Metropolitan Police Department","4.2 New York State Militia","4.3 Union Army","5 In popular culture","5.1 Fiction","5.2 Television, theatre and film","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 Further reading","10.1 Primary sources","11 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W / 40.717; -74.0001863 civil unrest protesting American Civil War conscription New York City Draft Riots of 1863Part of Opposition to the American Civil WarAn illustration in The Illustrated London News depicting armed rioters clashing with Union Army soldiers in New York CityDateJuly 13–16, 1863 (1863-07-13 – 1863-07-16)LocationManhattan, New York City, U.S.Caused byCivil War conscription; racism; competition for jobs between blacks and whites.Resulted inRiots ultimately suppressedParties Rioters New York Metropolitan Police DepartmentNew York National GuardUnion Army CasualtiesDeath(s)119–120Injuries2,000 vteNorthern Theater of the American Civil War Detroit Race Riot Battle of Portland Harbor New York City draft riots Philo Parsons Affair St. Albans Raid 1864 New York City arson attacks A recruiting poster in New York City in June 1863 for the Enrollment Act, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, which authorized the federal government to conscript troops for the Union Army The New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week, were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and most racially charged urban disturbance in American history. According to Toby Joyce, the riot represented a "civil war" within the city's Irish community, in that "mostly Irish American rioters confronted police, soldiers, and pro-war politicians ... were also to a considerable extent from the local Irish immigrant community." President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly Irish working-class men who did not want to fight in the Civil War and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft. At the time a typical laborer's wage was between $1.00 and $2.00 a day, and the fee was equivalent to $7,400 in 2023. Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into a race riot against African-Americans by Irish rioters. The Irish resented the fact that free blacks were paid more than them and did not need to fear being drafted, whereas the Irish could only avoid the draft by paying $300. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, said on July 16 that "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it." The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was burned to the ground. The area's demographics changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to Brooklyn. By 1865, the black population had fallen below 11,000 for the first time since 1820. Background New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822, nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments. In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to "declare the city's independence from Albany and from Washington"; he said it "would have the whole and united support of the Southern States." When the Union entered the war, New York City had many sympathizers with the South. The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants. Since the 1840s, most were from Ireland and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German-born, and many did not speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational accounts, directed at the white working class, dramatizing the evils of interracial socializing, relationships, and marriages. Reformers joined the effort. The Democratic Party's Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish. In March 1863, with the war continuing, Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time, as more troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes. New York political offices, including the mayor, were historically held by Democrats before the war, but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally. Newly elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots. The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks, with free blacks and immigrants competing for low-wage jobs in the city. In March 1863, white longshoremen refused to work with black laborers and rioted, attacking 200 black men. Riots Monday John Alexander Kennedy, NYC police superintendent from 1860 to 1870 There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other cities, but the first drawing of draft numbers—on July 11, 1863—occurred peaceably in Manhattan. The second drawing was held on Monday, July 13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10 am, a furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 (known as the "Black Joke"), attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal's office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where the draft was taking place. The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, burst through the doors, and set the building ablaze. When the fire department responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot, rioters cut telegraph lines. Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at Gettysburg, the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the only force on hand to try to suppress the riots. Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation. An Irish-American himself, Kennedy was a steadfast unionist. Although he was not in uniform, people in the mob recognized him and attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, his lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife. He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body. Physicians later counted over 70 knife wounds alone. He would never fully recover. Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered. The police were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots, but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square. Inhabitants of the "Bloody Sixth" Ward, around the South Street Seaport and Five Points areas, refrained from involvement in the rioting. The 19th Company/1st Battalion US Army Invalid Corps which was part of the Provost Guard tried to disperse the mob with a volley of gunfire but were overwhelmed and suffered over 14 injured with 1 soldier missing (believed killed). Bull's Head Hotel, depicted in 1830, was burned after it refused to serve alcohol to the rioters. Attack on the Tribune building The Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned. Rioters attacking a building on Lexington Avenue. The Bull's Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to the rioters, was burned. The mayor's residence on Fifth Avenue was spared by words of Judge George Gardner Barnard, and the crowd of about 500 turned to another location of pillage. The Eighth and Fifth District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond. Fire engine companies responded, but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because they had also been drafted on Saturday. The New York Tribune was attacked, being looted and burned; not until police arrived and extinguished the flames was the crowd dispersed. Later in the afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street. The mob beat, tortured and/or killed numerous black civilians, including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched, hanged from a tree and set alight. The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue, a "symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility" that provided shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 4 pm. A mob of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down. Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs attacked and killed numerous black civilians and destroyed their known homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States. Near the midtown docks, tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled over. As recently as March 1863, white employers had hired black longshoremen, with whom many White men refused to work. Rioters went into the streets in search of "all the negro porters, cartmen and laborers" to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to black people. Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses. Tuesday Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowds returned the next day. Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons, a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper. They also attacked white "amalgamationists", such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin, two white women who were married to black men, and Mary Burke, a white prostitute who catered to black men. Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool, commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor, West Point, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He ordered the militias to return to New York. Wednesday The situation improved July 15 when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining rioters. The rioting spread to Brooklyn and Staten Island. Thursday Order began to be restored on July 16. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck. The New York State Militia units were the first to arrive. There were several thousand militia and Federal troops in the city. A final confrontation occurred in the evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook, twelve people died on this last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the Army. The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore, as well as "Scuykill Rangers and other rowdies of Philadelphia", had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and "Mackerelvillers". The Times editorialized that "the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures, and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and secesh sympathizers." Aftermath The exact death toll during the New York draft riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120 people were killed. Although other estimates list the death toll as high as 1,200. Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area: West of Broadway, below Twenty-sixth, all was quiet at 9 o'clock last night. A crowd was at the corner of Seventh avenue and Twenty-seventh Street at that time. This was the scene of the hanging of a negro in the morning, and another at 6 o'clock in the evening. The body of the one hung in the morning presented a shocking appearance at the Station-House. His fingers and toes had been sliced off, and there was scarcely an inch of his flesh which was not gashed. Late in the afternoon, a negro was dragged out of his house in West Twenty-seventh street, beaten down on the sidewalk, pounded in a horrible manner, and then hanged to a tree. In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days. Among the murdered blacks was the seven-year-old nephew of Bermudian First Sergeant Robert John Simmons of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, whose account of fighting in South Carolina, written on the approach to Fort Wagner July 18, 1863, was to be published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863 (Simmons having died in August of wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner). The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher, at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded, a number that some dispute. Total property damage was about $1–5 million (equivalent to $19.4 million – $97.2 million in 2023). The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were "equivalent to a Confederate victory". Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, were burned to the ground. The orphans at the asylum were first put under siege, then the building was set on fire, before all those who attempted to escape were forced to walk through a "beating line" of white rioters holding clubs. To escape, they would need to run through the gauntlet as the rioters viciously attacked them. Many did not manage the escape. 4,000 federal troops had to be pulled out of the Gettysburg Campaign to suppress the riots, troops that could have aided in pursuing the battered Army of Northern Virginia as it retreated out of Union territory. During the riots, landlords, fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings, drove black residents from their homes. As a result of the violence against them, hundreds of black people left New York, including physician James McCune Smith and his family, moving to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, or New Jersey. The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the black population in the city had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest since 1820. The white working-class riots had changed the demographics of the city, and white residents exerted their control in the workplace; they became "unequivocally divided" from the black population. On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the white working class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only about 45,000 were sent into active duty. While the rioting mainly involved the white working class, middle and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it. Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, but they helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted. In December 1863, the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers, outfitted and trained them, honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864. A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession, which was led by police and members of the Union League Club. New York's support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state's industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more than 450,000 soldiers, sailors, and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most populous state at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war, more from disease than wounds, as was typical of most combatants. Order of battle New York Metropolitan Police Department See also: List of New York City Police Department officers: 1845–1865 New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.Commissioners Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots. Of the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries Precinct Commander Location Strength Notes 1st Precinct Captain Jacob B. Warlow 29 Broad Street 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 2nd Precinct Captain Nathaniel R. Mills 49 Beekman Street 4 Sergeants, 60 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 3rd Precinct Captain James Greer 160 Chambers Street 3 Sergeants, 64 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 4th Precinct Captain James Bryan 9 Oak Street 4 Sergeants, 70 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 5th Precinct Captain Jeremiah Petty 49 Leonard Street 4 Sergeants, 61 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 6th Precinct Captain John Jourdan 9 Franklin Street 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 7th Precinct Captain William Jamieson 247 Madison Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 8th Precinct Captain Morris DeCamp 126 Wooster Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 9th Precinct Captain Jacob L. Sebring 94 Charles Street 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 10th Precinct Captain Thaddeus C. Davis Essex Market 4 Sergeants, 62 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 11th Precinct Captain John I. Mount Union Market 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 12th Precinct Captain Theron R. Bennett 126th Street (near Third Avenue) 5 Sergeants, 41 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 13th Precinct Captain Thomas Steers Attorney Street (at corner of Delancey Street) 4 Sergeants, 63 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 14th Precinct Captain John J. Williamson 53 Spring Street 4 Sergeants, 58 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 15th Precinct Captain Charles W. Caffery 220 Mercer Street 4 Sergeants, 69 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 16th Precinct Captain Henry Hedden 156 West 20th Street 4 Sergeants, 50 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 17th Precinct Captain Samuel Brower First Avenue (at the corner of Fifth Street) 4 Sergeants, 56 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 18th Precinct Captain John Cameron 22nd Street (near Second Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 74 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 19th Precinct Captain Galen T. Porter 59th Street (near Third Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 49 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 20th Precinct Captain George W. Walling 212 West 35th Street 4 Sergeants, 59 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 21st Precinct Sergeant Cornelius Burdick (acting Captain) 120 East 31st Street 4 Sergeants, 51 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 22nd Precinct Captain Johannes C. Slott 47th Street (between Eighth and Ninth Avenues) 4 Sergeants, 54 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 23rd Precinct Captain Henry Hutchings 86th Street (near Fourth Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 42 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 24th Precinct Captain James Todd New York waterfront 2 Sergeants and 20 Patrolmen Headquartered on Police Steamboat No. 1 25th Precinct Captain Theron Copeland 300 Mulberry Street 1 Sergeant, 38 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen Headquarters of the Broadway Squad. 26th Precinct Captain Thomas W. Thorne City Hall 1 Sergeant, 66 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 27th Precinct Captain John C. Helme 117 Cedar Street 4 Sergeants, 52 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen 28th Precinct Captain John F. Dickson 550 Greenwich Street 4 Sergeants, 48 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 29th Precinct Captain Francis C. Speight 29th Street (near Fourth Avenue) 4 Sergeants, 82 Patrolmen, and 3 Doormen 30th Precinct Captain James Z. Bogart 86th Street and Bloomingdale Road 2 Sergeants, 19 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen 32nd Precinct Captain Alanson S. Wilson Tenth Avenue and 152nd Street 4 Sergeants, 35 Patrolmen, and 2 Doormen Mounted police New York State Militia 1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford Unit Commander Complement Officers Other Ranks 65th Regiment Colonel William F. Berens 401 74th Regiment Colonel Watson A. Fox 20th Independent Battery Captain B. Franklin Ryer Unorganized Militia: Unit Commander Complement Officers Remarks Veteran Corps of Artillery Guarded State Arsenal from rioters Union Army Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool headquartered in New York Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown, Brig. General Edward R. S. Canby Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment. Provost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft: Provost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry Provost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting on July 13, 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battalion) Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police Department. By the end of the riots, there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled area. Unit Commander Complement Officers Notes Invalid Corps 1st and 2nd Battalions; just over 9 companies. (15th and 19th Companies 1st Battalion VRC & 1st Company 21st VRC Regiment) Over 16 injured; 1 killed 1 missing 26th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Judson S. Farrar 5th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Cleveland Winslow 50 Returning to New York in May 1863, the original regiment was mustered out after its two-year enlistment period. However, after having subsequently reorganized the 5th New York Infantry as a veteran battalion on May 25, Winslow was recalled to New York City to suppress the New York City draft riots the following month. Winslow Commanded a small force consisting of 50 men from his regiment as well as 200 volunteers under a Major Robinson and two howitzers of Col. Jardine 7th New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Marshall Lefferts 800 Recalled back to New York; on the way, one Private drowned. On July 16, 1863, during a skirmish with rioters, the regimental casualties were one Private received a buckshot in the back of the hand and two Privates had their coats cut by bullets 8th New York National Guard Regiment Brigadier General Charles C. Dodge 150 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Edward E. Jardine (wounded) Regiment had been mustered out in May 1863 but 200 volunteered to serve again during the draft riots 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Henry O'Brien (killed) Original regiment mustered out on June 2, 1862. Colonel O'Brien was in the process of recruiting at the time of the draft riots. The regiment was never brought back to strength and enlisted members were transferred to 17th Veteran Infantry. 11th U.S. Regular Infantry Regiment Colonel Erasmus D. Keyes In the fall of 1863 the Regular infantry, with other commands from the Army of the Potomac, were sent to New York City to preserve order during the next draft. The 11th Infantry encamped on the East River, across the street and to the north of Jones' Wood garden. When the purpose for which the troops were sent to New York had been accomplished, they were ordered back to the front. 13th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Charles E. Davies Regiment suffered 2 fatalities during the riots. 14th New York Volunteer Cavalry Regiment Colonel Thaddeus P. Mott All cavalry regiments in New York City were eventually put under the command of General Judson Kilpatrick who volunteered his services on July 17 17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Major T. W. C. Grower Regimental losses during the Draft Riots totaled 4; they were 1 enlisted man killed and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded {recovered} 22nd New York National Guard Regiment Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall 47th New York State Militia/National Guard Regiment Colonel Jeremiah V. Messerole 152nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Colonel Alonso Ferguson 14th Indiana Infantry Regiment Colonel John Coons In popular culture Fiction Wilderness: A Tale of the Civil War (1961) by Robert Penn Warren The Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn My Notorious Life: A Novel (2014) by Kate Manning On Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes Paradise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker New York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd Grant Comes East (2004) by Newt Gingrich Last Descendants (2016) by Matthew J. Kirby Riot (2009) by Walter Dean Myers A Wish After Midnight (2008) by Zetta Elliott, speculative fiction set in Brooklyn alternating between the early 21st century and 1863. Libertie (2021) by Kaitlyn Greenidge Moon and the Mars (2021) by Kia Corthron Booth (2021) by Karen Joy Fowler Television, theatre and film The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum). Gangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots in its finale. Paradise Square (2018), a musical that had its Broadway debut in 2022, depicts events that led up to and included the New York Draft Riots. Copper (2012), a BBC America television series about the Five Points in New York City in 1864-1865, has flashbacks to the riots and the lynchings which took place in the area. See also American Civil War portal Fishing Creek Confederacy History of New York City (1855–1897) List of ethnic riots#United States List of expulsions of African Americans List of identities in The Gangs of New York § Draft riots List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States List of massacres in the United States Lynching in the United States Mass racial violence in the United States Opposition to the American Civil War Racism against Black Americans Racism in the United States Notes ^ Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and volunteered his services to General Wool. Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in whatever capacity needed. ^ Brown was relieved of duty on July 16 and Canby succeeded him in command of the military post of New York City on July 17 References ^ McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 360, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6 ^ "VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath". Vny.cuny.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ a b c Barnes, David M. (1863). The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot. Baker & Godwin. pp. 5–6, 12. ^ Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. The New American Nation. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-06-093716-5. (updated ed. 2014, ISBN 978-0062354518). ^ Toby Joyce, "The New York Draft Riots of 1863: An Irish Civil War?" History Ireland (March 2003) 11#2, pp 22–27. ^ "Prologue: Selected Articles". Archives.org. August 15, 1990. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "The Draft in the Civil War". United States History. Retrieved August 28, 2015. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ "The journal of political economy. v.13 1905". HathiTrust. 1892. Retrieved July 13, 2022. ^ Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor; Stewart, Estelle M. (Estelle May); Bowen, Jesse Chester (October 1, 1929). "History of Wages in the United States From Colonial Times to 1928 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 499". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b "Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots". Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War blogsite. Retrieved August 16, 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. University of Chicago Press. pp. 279–88. ISBN 0226317757. ^ "New York: Pro-Southern City: G1 King Cotton continued". New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War. New York Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ a b Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). "New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2014. ^ "New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit". New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War. New York Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2023. ^ a b c d "The Mob in New York". The New York Times. July 14, 1863. ^ a b Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 418. ^ a b c d e Rhodes, James Ford (1902). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Volume 4. New York: Macmillan. pp. 320–23. ^ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pp. 24–25. ^ a b "The Mob in New York" (PDF). The New York Times. July 14, 1863. ^ "On This Day: August 1, 1863". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2023. ^ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pp. 25–26 ^ a b "New York Draft Riots". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. April 16, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022. ^ Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863, The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-1298-5 ^ "Facts and Incidents of the Riot: The Murders of Colored People in Thompson and Sullivan Streets". The New York Times. July 16, 1863. p. 1. ^ Iver Bernstein, "The New York city Draft Riots" page 288 note 8. ^ "New York Draft Riots: 1863, Civil War & Causes". History TV. A&E Television Networks. October 27, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2023. ^ "The New York Riot: The Killing of Negroes". Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express. Buffalo, New York. July 18, 1863. ^ McPherson, James M. (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 399. ISBN 0077430352. ^ a b Asbury, Herbert (1928). The Gangs of New York. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 169. ^ Pete Hamill (December 15, 2002). "Trampling City's History 'Gangs' misses point of Five Points". Daily News. New York. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. ^ a b Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. p. 451. ISBN 0-451-62254-5. ^ Donald, David (2002). Civil War and Reconstruction. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 0393974278. ^ Bernstein, Iver (1990), pp. 43–44 ^ Jones, Thomas L. (2006). "The Union League Club and New York's First Black Regiments in the Civil War". New York History. 87 (3): 313–343. JSTOR 23183494. ^ For the context see Seraile, William (2001). New York's Black Regiments During the Civil War. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0815340287. ^ Costello, Augustine E. Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. New York: A.E. Costello, 1885, pp. 200–01. ^ "Patrolman Edward Dippel". Odmp.org. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sandford Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots". Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ a b "Maj. Gen. John Z. Wool Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots". Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "John Ellis Wool Biography". 19th Century Biographies. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. ^ Eicher, p. 146 ^ "US Military casualties in the 1863 Draft riots..." Civilwartalk.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ Swinton, William (August 1, 1870). History of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of New York, During the War of the Rebellion: With a Preliminary Chapter on the Origin and Early History of the Regiment, a Summary of Its History Since the War, and a Roll of Honor, Comprising Brief Sketches of the Services Rendered by Members of the Regiment in the Army and Navy of the United States. Fields, Osgood & Company. Retrieved August 1, 2017 – via Internet Archive. Draft Riots. ^ "Edward Jardine". localhistory.morrisville.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "The Eleventh Regiment of Infantry | The Army of the US Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief | U.S. Army Center of Military History". history.army.mil. Retrieved October 28, 2020. ^ "13th New York Cavalry – Battles and Casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center". dmna.ny.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2017. ^ "1863 New York City Draft Riots" Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, mrlincolnandnewyork.org. Retrieved April 26, 2014. ^ "17th NY Veteran Regiment of Infantry – battles and casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center". dmna.ny.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2017. Bibliography Bernstein, Iver (1990). The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198021712. Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813112985. Fry, James Barnet (1885). New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons. Headley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House McCabe, James Dabney (1868). The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. horatio seymour. McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6 Rumsey, David. "Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)" (1863 ed.). Matthew Dripps. Retrieved July 20, 2007. Schecter, Barnet (2005). The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 080271837X. Schecter, Barnet (2007). "The Civil War Draft Riots". North & South. 10 (1). Civil War Society: 72. Further reading Anbinder, Tyler. "Which Poor Man’s Fight?: Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863." Civil War History 52.4 (2006): 344–372. Barrett, Ross. "On Forgetting: Thomas Nast, the Middle Class, and the Visual Culture of the Draft Riots." Prospects 29 (2005): 25–55. online Cohen, Joanna (2022). "Reckoning with the Riots: Property, Belongings, and the Challenge to Value in Civil War America". Journal of American History. 109 (1): 68–98. Geary, James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: a historiographical review." Civil War History 32.3 (1986): 208–228. Hauptman, Laurence M. "John E. Wool and the New York City draft riots of 1863: a reassessment." Civil War History 49.4 (2003): 370–387. Joyce, Toby. "The New York draft riots of 1863: an Irish civil war?" History Ireland 11.2 (2003): 22–27. online Man Jr, Albon P. "Labor competition and the New York draft riots of 1863." Journal of Negro History 36.4 (1951): 375–405. On Black role. online Moss, Hilary. "All the World's New York, All New York’sa Stage: Drama, Draft Riots, and Democracy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century" Journal of Urban History (2009) 35#7 pp. 1067–1072; doi:10.1177/0096144209347095 Perri, Timothy J. “The Economics of US Civil War Conscription.” American Law and Economics Review 10#2 (2008), pp. 424–53. online Peterson, Carla L. "African Americans and the New York Draft Riots: Memory and Reconciliation in America’s Civil War." Nanzan review of American studies: a journal of Center for American Studies v27 (2005): 1–14. online Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt Quinn, Peter. 1995 Banished Children of Eve: A Novel of Civil War New York. New York: Fordham University Press (fictional account of Draft Riots) Rutkowski, Alice. "Gender, genre, race, and nation: The 1863 New York City draft riots." Studies in the Literary Imagination 40.2 (2007): 111+. Walkowitz, Daniel J. "‘The Gangs of New York’: The mean streets in history." History Workshop Journal 56#1 (2003) online. Wells, Jonathan Daniel. "Inventing White Supremacy: Race, Print Culture, and the Civil War Draft Riots." Civil War History 68.1 (2022): 42–80. Primary sources Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In JSTOR New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4. United States War and Navy Departments (1889). Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii. Walling, George W. (1887). Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6. online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draft Riots. "1863 New York City Draft Riots", mrlincolnandnewyork.org "New York Draft Riots", 2002, source Civil War Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website "New York Draft Riots", First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit, New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit) Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people, suffering from the late riots in the city of New York. New York: G. A. Whitehorne, 1863, African American Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress. vteLynching in the United StatesList of lynching victims in the United StatesBefore 1900 Francis McIntosh (1836) Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837) Josefa Segovia (1851) Pancho Daniel (1858) Joshua Boyd (1863) Henry Plummer (1864) Bill Sketoe (1864) Clubfoot George (1864) Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868) Wyatt Outlaw (1870) John W. 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Anderson (1913) Charles Fisher (1914) John Evans (1914) Leo Frank (1915) Name unknown (MS) (1915) Jesse Washington (1916) Anthony Crawford (1916) Jeff Brown (1916) Paulo Boleta (1916) Frank Little (1917) Charles Jones (1917) Ell Persons (1917) Robert Prager (1918) Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918) Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918) George Taylor (1918) Jim McIlherron (1918) Olli Kinkkonen (1918) Wallace Baynes (1919) Will Brown (1919) Wesley Everest (1919) John Hartfield (1919) Jay Lynch (1919) Berry Washington (1919) Willie Baird (1920) Roy Belton (1920) Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921) Henry Lowry (1921) James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922) Joe Pullen (1923) Samuel Smith (1924) L. Q. Ivy (1925) Raymond Byrd (1926) James Clark (1926) Fred N. 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Lee (1955) Emmett Till (1955) Judge Edward Aaron (1957) Willie Edwards (1957) Mack Charles Parker (1959) Louis Allen (1964) Lemuel Penn (1964) Frank Morris (1964) James Reeb (1965) Vernon Dahmer (1966) Wharlest Jackson (1967) Carol Jenkins (1968) Henry Marrow (1970) Marian Pyszko (1975) Betty Gardner (1978) Arthur McDuffie (1979) Michael Donald (1981) Yusef Hawkins (1989) James Byrd Jr. (1998) James Craig Anderson (2011) Ahmaud Arbery (2020) Multiple victims Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844) Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858) Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862) New York City draft riots (1863) Detroit race riot (1863) ? Lachenais and four others (1863) Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864) Plummer Gang (1864) Memphis massacre (1866) Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866) New Orleans massacre of 1866 Reno Brothers Gang (1868) Camilla, GA, massacre (1868) Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868) Pulaski, TN, riot (1868) Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868) Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868) Bear River City riot (1868) Chinese massacre of 1871 Meridian, MS, race riot (1871) Colfax, LA, massacre (1873) Election riot of 1874 (AL) Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874) Benjamin and Mollie French (1876) Ellenton, SC, riot (1876) Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876) Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878) Mart and Tom Horrell (1878) Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879) Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879) T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880) New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891) Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892) Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892) Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897) Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898) Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898) Julia and Frazier Baker (1898) Pana, IL, riot (1899) Watkinsville lynching (1905) 1906 Atlanta race massacre Kemper County, MS (1906) Walker family (1908) Springfield race riot of 1908 Slocum, TX, massacre (1910) Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911) Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912) Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916) East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917) Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918) Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919) Longview, TX, race riot (1919) Elaine, AR, race riot (1919) Omaha race riot of 1919 Knoxville riot of 1919 Red Summer (1919) Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920) Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920) Tulsa race massacre (1921) Perry, FL, race riot (1922) Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923) Jim and Mark Fox (1927) Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930) Tate County, MS (1932) Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. 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Wells Legislation Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill Costigan-Wagner Bill Justice for Victims of Lynching Act Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act Emmett Till Antilynching Act Defenders of lynching Theodore G. Bilbo Cole L. Blease Julian S. Carr Sidney Johnston Catts Thomas Dixon Jr. Rebecca Latimer Felton John Temple Graves John Trotwood Moore John T. Morgan James Rolph Goodloe Sutton Benjamin Tillman James K. Vardaman Thomas E. Watson Memory America's Black Holocaust Museum Civil Rights Memorial The Legacy Museum National Memorial for Peace and Justice National Museum of African American History and Culture Southern Poverty Law Center Related articles James Allen (collector) "And you are lynching Negroes" Attack on John Shillady Battle of Liberty Place The Birth of a Nation The Clansman Deaths in police custody Fury (1936 film) Hang 'Em High Lynching postcard Mississippi Burning Mississippi Cold Case Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965) The Ox-Bow Incident Parade (musical) Reconstruction era Red Summer Scottsboro Boys Silent Parade Stone Mountain Summer in Mississippi Sundown town They Won't Forget "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) United States v. Shipp Vendetta (1999 film) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Categories Lynching in the United States Lynching deaths in the United States vteNew York City Police DepartmentFacilities 1 Police Plaza 240 Centre Street New York City Police Academy New York City Police Museum NYPD 9th Precinct Real Time Crime Center Bureaus Counterterrorism Bureau Crime Control Strategies Bureau Detective Bureau Housing Bureau Intelligence Bureau Internal Affairs Bureau Legal Bureau Organized Crime Control Bureau Patrol Services Bureau Peresonnel Bureau Special Operations Bureau Transportation Bureau Training Bureau Transit Bureau Units/divisions Auxiliary Police Emergency Service Unit Highway Patrol Lower Manhattan Security Initiative School Safety Division Special Victims Division Strategic Response Group Street Crime Unit Organizations 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care Cricket League FDNY Racing Housing Authority Police New York City Police Foundation Shomrim Society Transit Police Police unions Detectives' Endowment Association Police Benevolent Association Sergeants Benevolent Association Events 1988 Tompkins Square Park riot 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity George Floyd protests in New York City Murder of Russel Timoshenko New York City draft riots Occupy Wall Street Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York Stonewall riots Police riots 1857 New York City Police riot 1992 Patrolmen's Benevolent Association Riot Corruption/misconduct A Battle For The Soul of New York Black Lives Matter protests in New York City Central Park Five Civilian Complaint Review Board Museum of Broken Windows Pappas v. Giuliani The Seven Five Investigations Lexow Committee (1894-1895) Hofstadter Committee (1931) Knapp Commision (1970) (see also: Frank Serpico) Mollen Commision (1992-1993) Dirty thirty (1993-1995) Floyd v. City of New York (2013) Surveillance Domain Awareness System Handschu agreement Moroccan Initiative X-ray vans of the NYPD Killings/shootings/beatings Beating and rape of Abner Louima Death of Michael Stewart Harlem riot of 1943 Harlem riot of 1964 Hollywood Stuntz gang assault Killing of Akai Gurley Killing of Amadou Diallo Killing of Eric Garner Prospect Park alleged police sodomy incident Murder of Brian Moore Killing of Clifford Glover Killing of Edmund Perry Killing of Eleanor Bumpurs Killing of Gidone Busch Killing of Ramarley Graham Killing of Sean Bell Killing of Timothy Stansbury Related 9-1-1 Tapping Protocol CompStat Fictional portrayals of NYPD Launch 5 List of officers Marino v. Ortiz Police Commissioner Police Athletic League of New York City Police vehicles Project Griffin The Shack Spring 3100 Stop-and-frisk vteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas-Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Origins of the American Civil War Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStatesCombatantsUnion Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks InvolvementStates andterritories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester LeadersConfederateMilitary R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens UnionMilitary Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles AftermathConstitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monumentsand memorialsUnion List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topicsMilitary Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Juneteenth Naming the war Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Gender issues Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal vteRiots and civil unrest in the history of the United States (1607–1865)Colonial era/1776–1789Massachusetts 1689 Boston revolt Boston bread riot (1710–1713) Knowles Riot (1747) Liberty affair (1768) Boston Massacre (1770) Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787) New York Leisler's Rebellion (1689–1691) New York Slave Revolt of 1712 New York Conspiracy of 1741 Battle of Golden Hill (1770) 1788 doctors' riot North Carolina Culpeper's Rebellion (1677) Cary's Rebellion (1711) War of the Regulation (1765–1771) Battle of Alamance (1771) Pennsylvania Philadelphia Election riot (1742) Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Virginia Gloucester County Conspiracy (1663) Bacon's Rebellion (1677) Chesapeake rebellion (1730) Others Protestant Revolution (Maryland) (1689) Stono Rebellion (1739) Gaspee affair (1772) Pine Tree Riot (1772) 1789–1849Iowa Honey War (1839) Bellevue War (1840) Massachusetts Ursuline Convent riots (1834) Abolition Riot of 1836 Broad Street Riot (1837) New York Eggnog riot (1826) New York anti-abolitionist riots (1834) Flour riot of 1837 Anti-Rent War (1839–1845) Astor Place Riot (1849) Ohio 1792 Cincinnati riot Cincinnati riots of 1829 Cincinnati riots of 1836 Cincinnati riots of 1841 Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794) Fries's Rebellion (1799–1800) Philadelphia race riot (1834) Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall (1838) Buckshot War (1838) Lombard Street riot (1842) Muncy Abolition riot of 1842 Philadelphia nativist riots (1844) Rhode Island 1824 Hard Scrabble race riot 1831 Snow Town race riot Dorr Rebellion (1841–1842) Others 1811 German Coast uprising Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) Blackburn Riots (1833) Baltimore bank riot (1835) Snow Riot (1835) 1849–1865California Squatters' riot (1850) San Francisco Vigilance Movement (1851–1856) Illinois Lager Beer Riot (1855) Charleston riot (1864) Kansas Bleeding Kansas (1854–1861) Wakarusa War (1855) Sacking of Lawrence (1856) Pottawatomie massacre (1856) Battle of Black Jack (1856) Battle of Fort Titus (1856) Battle of Osawatomie (1856) Battles of Franklin's Fort (1856) Marais des Cygnes massacre (1856) Battle of the Spurs (1859) Maine Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854 Portland Rum Riot (1855) Maryland Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 Baltimore riot of 1861 Michigan 1849 Detroit riot Detroit brothel riots (1855–1859) Detroit race riot of 1863 New York New York City Police riot (1857) Dead Rabbits riot (1857) Buffalo riot of 1862 New York City draft riots (1863) Ohio Cincinnati riot of 1853 Cincinnati riots of 1855 Battle of Fort Fizzle (1863) Others Erie Gauge War (1853–1854) Bloody Monday (1855) Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot (1857) New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot (1858) John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) Morrisite War (1862) Southern bread riots (1863) Related List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America Mass racial violence in the United States vteReconstruction eraParticipantsFederal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans Moderate Republicans Conservative Republicans African-American senators African-American representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African Americans Free people of color Freedman Politicians Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwarts Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman's Savings Bank Women during the Reconstruction era ElectionsPresidential 1864 DNC National Union Convention Radical Democracy Party 1868 DNC RNC 1872 DNC RNC Liberal Republican Party Straight-Out Democratic Party Victoria Woodhull 1876 DNC RNC Greenback Convention Prohibition Convention Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 U.S. Senate 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 U.S. House 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 Gubernatorial 1863 AL CA CT KY MA MN NH OH PA VA VT WI WV 1864 CT IL IN LA MD MA MI MO NH VT WV 1865 CT FL LA MA MN NJ OH SC VT WI 1866 CT DE MA ME MI NC OR PA TX VT WV 1867 CA CT MA MD ME MN OH VT WI 1868 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC NJ SC VT WV 1869 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH PA RI VA VT WI 1870 AL CT DE MA ME MI MO OR RI SC VT WV 1871 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN NJ OH RI WI 1872 AL CT FL IL IN LA MA ME MI MO NC PA RI SC VT WV 1873 CT IA MA ME MN MS OH TX VA WI 1874 AL CT DE KS MA ME MI MO NJ NV OR SC VT 1875 CA CT IA KY MA MD ME MN OH OH WI 1876 AL CO CT Apr. CT Nov. FL IL IN KS LA MA ME MI MO NC RI SC VT WV U.S. elections 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 Key eventsPrelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women (1838) Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1839) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act (1862) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction Ten percent plan National Bank Act Women's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1863 State of the Union Address 1864 Wade–Davis Bill 1864 elections 1864 State of the Union Address 1865 13th Amendment Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Address Black Codes Special Field Orders No. 15 Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis massacre of 1866 New Orleans Massacre of 1866 Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1866 elections 1867 Tenure of Office Act Command of Army Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction military districts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 1867 State of the Union Address 1868 14th Amendment Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Timeline Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson Impeachment managers investigation Articles of impeachment Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton 1868 elections 1868 State of the Union Address 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday (1869) Ex parte McCardle First transcontinental railroad 1869 State of the Union Address 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk–Holden war Shoffner Act 1870 elections 1870 State of the Union Address 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings Second Enforcement Act Ku Klux Klan Act Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1871 State of the Union Address 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier scandal Modoc War Star Route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1872 elections 1872 State of the Union Address 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter-House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1873 State of the Union Address 1874 Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Massacre of 1874 Vicksburg massacre Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1874 elections 1874 State of the Union Address 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1875 State of the Union Address 1876 Hamburg massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 Ellenton massacre Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1876 elections 1876 State of the Union Address 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act (1878) Civil Rights Cases (1883) United States v. Harris (1883) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Williams v. Mississippi (1898) Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Giles v. Harris (1903) Disenfranchisement AspectsHistoriography Bibliography of the Reconstruction era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State (1874) James Bryce The American Commonwealth (1888) Claude G. Bowers The Tragic Era (1929) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School William Archibald Dunning Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W. E. B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction in America (1935) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock The American Crisis (1963) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom (1947) After Slavery (1965) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long (1979) Eric Foner Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation Under Our Feet (2003) The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2019) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress (1876) Thomas Dixon Jr. The Leopard's Spots (1902) The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (1905) D. W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation (1915) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind (1939) David W. Blight Race and Reunion (2001) Legacy Women's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow era Civil rights movement American frontier Other topics African American founding fathers of the United States Forty acres and a mule Habeas corpus History of the United States (1865–1917) Paramilitary Race (human categorization) Reconstruction Treaties Suffrage Technological and industrial history of the United States White supremacy Whitecapping Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States 40°43′N 74°0′W / 40.717°N 74.000°W / 40.717; -74.000
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Actions_in_New_England_during_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Actions_in_New_England_during_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Actions_in_New_England_during_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Detroit Race Riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863"},{"link_name":"Battle of Portland Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Portland_Harbor"},{"link_name":"New York City draft riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Philo Parsons Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol#American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"St. Albans Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_Raid"},{"link_name":"1864 New York City arson attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_Manhattan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Enrollment Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrollment_Act"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"conscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"urban disturbance in American history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foner-4"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-US-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"Department of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wool-11"},{"link_name":"Colored Orphan Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Orphan_Asylum"},{"link_name":"burned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"}],"text":"1863 civil unrest protesting American Civil War conscriptionvteNorthern Theater of the American Civil War\nDetroit Race Riot\nBattle of Portland Harbor\nNew York City draft riots\nPhilo Parsons Affair\nSt. Albans Raid\n1864 New York City arson attacksA recruiting poster in New York City in June 1863 for the Enrollment Act, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, which authorized the federal government to conscript troops for the Union ArmyThe New York City draft riots (July 13–16, 1863), sometimes referred to as the Manhattan draft riots and known at the time as Draft Week,[3] were violent disturbances in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. The riots remain the largest civil and most racially charged urban disturbance in American history.[4] According to Toby Joyce, the riot represented a \"civil war\" within the city's Irish community, in that \"mostly Irish American rioters confronted police, [while] soldiers, and pro-war politicians ... were also to a considerable extent from the local Irish immigrant community.\"[5]President Abraham Lincoln diverted several regiments of militia and volunteer troops after the Battle of Gettysburg to control the city. The rioters were overwhelmingly Irish working-class men who did not want to fight in the Civil War and resented that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft.[6][7] At the time a typical laborer's wage was between $1.00 and $2.00 a day, and the fee was equivalent to $7,400 in 2023.[8][9][10]Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests turned into a race riot against African-Americans by Irish rioters. The Irish resented the fact that free blacks were paid more than them and did not need to fear being drafted, whereas the Irish could only avoid the draft by paying $300. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, said on July 16 that \"Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it.\"[11]The military did not reach the city until the second day of rioting, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was burned to the ground.[12] The area's demographics changed as a result of the riot. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to Brooklyn. By 1865, the black population had fallen below 11,000 for the first time since 1820.[12]","title":"New York City draft riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"textile mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_mill"},{"link_name":"Fernando Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Wood"},{"link_name":"Board of Aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-14"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divided-15"},{"link_name":"destination of immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"Enrollment Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrollment_Act"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"George Opdyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Opdyke"},{"link_name":"Emancipation Proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation"},{"link_name":"longshoremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevedore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"}],"text":"New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822, nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments.[13] In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to \"declare the city's independence from Albany and from Washington\"; he said it \"would have the whole and united support of the Southern States.\"[14] When the Union entered the war, New York City had many sympathizers with the South.[15]The city was also a continuing destination of immigrants. Since the 1840s, most were from Ireland and Germany. In 1860, nearly 25 percent of the New York City population was German-born, and many did not speak English. During the 1840s and 1850s, journalists had published sensational accounts, directed at the white working class, dramatizing the evils of interracial socializing, relationships, and marriages. Reformers joined the effort.[12]The Democratic Party's Tammany Hall political machine had been working to enroll immigrants as U.S. citizens so they could vote in local elections and had strongly recruited Irish. In March 1863, with the war continuing, Congress passed the Enrollment Act to establish a draft for the first time, as more troops were needed. In New York City and other locations, new citizens learned they were expected to register for the draft to fight for their new country. Black men were excluded from the draft as they were largely not considered citizens, and wealthier white men could pay for substitutes.[12]New York political offices, including the mayor, were historically held by Democrats before the war, but the election of Abraham Lincoln as president had demonstrated the rise in Republican political power nationally. Newly elected New York City Republican Mayor George Opdyke was mired in profiteering scandals in the months leading up to the riots. The Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863 alarmed much of the white working class in New York, who feared that freed slaves would migrate to the city and add further competition to the labor market. There had already been tensions between black and white workers since the 1850s, particularly at the docks, with free blacks and immigrants competing for low-wage jobs in the city. In March 1863, white longshoremen refused to work with black laborers and rioted, attacking 200 black men.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Alexander_Kennedy_by_Brady.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Alexander Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18630714-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schouler-p418-17"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18630714-16"},{"link_name":"New York State Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Guard"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"New York Metropolitan Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schouler-p418-17"},{"link_name":"John Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"revolvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-18"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Union Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Square_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnes-3"},{"link_name":"South Street Seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Street_Seaport"},{"link_name":"Five Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Points_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bullsheadhotelnyc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEADLEY(1882)_-p170_New_York_-_the_attack_on_the_Tribune_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEADLEY(1882)_-p080_New_York_-_the_Colored_Orphan_Asylum,_143rd_Street.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lexington Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"George Gardner Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_G._Barnard"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mob-20"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Gatling guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun"},{"link_name":"Henry Jarvis Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mob-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-18"},{"link_name":"Second Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18630714-16"},{"link_name":"lynched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-18630714-16"},{"link_name":"Colored Orphan Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_Orphan_Asylum"},{"link_name":"Fifth Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-18"},{"link_name":"James McCune Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCune_Smith"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"}],"sub_title":"Monday","text":"John Alexander Kennedy, NYC police superintendent from 1860 to 1870There were reports of rioting in Buffalo, New York, and certain other cities, but the first drawing of draft numbers—on July 11, 1863—occurred peaceably in Manhattan. The second drawing was held on Monday, July 13, 1863, ten days after the Union victory at Gettysburg. At 10 am, a furious crowd of around 500, led by the volunteer firemen of Engine Company 33 (known as the \"Black Joke\"), attacked the assistant Ninth District provost marshal's office, at Third Avenue and 47th Street, where the draft was taking place.[16]The crowd threw large paving stones through windows, burst through the doors, and set the building ablaze.[17] When the fire department responded, rioters broke up their vehicles. Others killed horses that were pulling streetcars and smashed the cars. To prevent other parts of the city being notified of the riot, rioters cut telegraph lines.[16]Since the New York State Militia had been sent to assist Union troops at Gettysburg, the local New York Metropolitan Police Department was the only force on hand to try to suppress the riots.[17] Police Superintendent John Kennedy arrived at the site on Monday to check on the situation. An Irish-American himself, Kennedy was a steadfast unionist. Although he was not in uniform, people in the mob recognized him and attacked him. Kennedy was left nearly unconscious, his face bruised and cut, his eye injured, his lips swollen, and his hand cut with a knife. He had been beaten to a mass of bruises and blood all over his body. Physicians later counted over 70 knife wounds alone. He would never fully recover. [3]Police drew their clubs and revolvers and charged the crowd but were overpowered.[18] The police were badly outnumbered and unable to quell the riots, but they kept the rioting out of Lower Manhattan below Union Square.[3] Inhabitants of the \"Bloody Sixth\" Ward, around the South Street Seaport and Five Points areas, refrained from involvement in the rioting.[19] The 19th Company/1st Battalion US Army Invalid Corps which was part of the Provost Guard tried to disperse the mob with a volley of gunfire but were overwhelmed and suffered over 14 injured with 1 soldier missing (believed killed).[citation needed]Bull's Head Hotel, depicted in 1830, was burned after it refused to serve alcohol to the rioters.Attack on the Tribune buildingThe Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned.Rioters attacking a building on Lexington Avenue.The Bull's Head hotel on 44th Street, which refused to provide alcohol to the rioters, was burned. The mayor's residence on Fifth Avenue was spared by words of Judge George Gardner Barnard, and the crowd of about 500 turned to another location of pillage.[20] The Eighth and Fifth District police stations, and other buildings were attacked and set on fire. Other targets included the office of the New York Times. The mob was turned back at the Times office by staff manning Gatling guns, including Times founder Henry Jarvis Raymond.[21] Fire engine companies responded, but some firefighters were sympathetic to the rioters because they had also been drafted on Saturday. The New York Tribune was attacked, being looted and burned; not until police arrived and extinguished the flames was the crowd dispersed.[20][18] Later in the afternoon, authorities shot and killed a man as a crowd attacked the armory at Second Avenue and 21st Street. The mob broke all the windows with paving stones ripped from the street.[16] The mob beat, tortured and/or killed numerous black civilians, including one man who was attacked by a crowd of 400 with clubs and paving stones, then lynched, hanged from a tree and set alight.[16]The Colored Orphan Asylum at 43rd Street and Fifth Avenue, a \"symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility\"[12] that provided shelter for 233 children, was attacked by a mob at around 4 pm. A mob of several thousand, including many women and children, looted the building of its food and supplies. However, the police were able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow the orphans to escape before the building burned down.[18] Throughout the areas of rioting, mobs attacked and killed numerous black civilians and destroyed their known homes and businesses, such as James McCune Smith's pharmacy at 93 West Broadway, believed to be the first owned by a black man in the United States.[12]Near the midtown docks, tensions brewing since the mid-1850s boiled over. As recently as March 1863, white employers had hired black longshoremen, with whom many White men refused to work. Rioters went into the streets in search of \"all the negro porters, cartmen and laborers\" to attempt to remove all evidence of a black and interracial social life from the area near the docks. White dockworkers attacked and destroyed brothels, dance halls, boarding houses, and tenements that catered to black people. Mobs stripped the clothing off the white owners of these businesses.[12]","title":"Riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abby Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Hopper_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hopper"},{"link_name":"amalgamationists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(race)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Horatio Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Seymour"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-18"}],"sub_title":"Tuesday","text":"Heavy rain fell on Monday night, helping to abate the fires and sending rioters home, but the crowds returned the next day. Rioters burned down the home of Abby Gibbons, a prison reformer and the daughter of abolitionist Isaac Hopper. They also attacked white \"amalgamationists\", such as Ann Derrickson and Ann Martin, two white women who were married to black men, and Mary Burke, a white prostitute who catered to black men.[12][22]Governor Horatio Seymour arrived on Tuesday and spoke at City Hall, where he attempted to assuage the crowd by proclaiming that the Conscription Act was unconstitutional. General John E. Wool, commander of the Eastern District, brought approximately 800 soldiers and Marines in from forts in New York Harbor, West Point, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. He ordered the militias to return to New York.[18]","title":"Riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nugent_(officer)"},{"link_name":"James Barnet Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet_Fry"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rhodes-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History.com-23"}],"sub_title":"Wednesday","text":"The situation improved July 15 when assistant provost-marshal-general Robert Nugent received word from his superior officer, Colonel James Barnet Fry, to postpone the draft. As this news appeared in newspapers, some rioters stayed home. But some of the militias began to return and used harsh measures against the remaining rioters.[18] The rioting spread to Brooklyn and Staten Island.[23]","title":"Riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Militia"},{"link_name":"152nd New York Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152nd_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"26th Michigan Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"27th Indiana Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Regiment_Indiana_Infantry"},{"link_name":"7th Regiment New York State Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Regiment_New_York_State_Militia"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Independent_Battery,_New_York_Volunteer_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Fort Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"Throggs Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throggs_Neck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wool-11"},{"link_name":"Gramercy Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramercy_Park"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Plug Uglies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_Uglies"},{"link_name":"Blood Tubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Tubs"},{"link_name":"Dead Rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rabbits"},{"link_name":"Copperheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times_7-16-63-25"}],"sub_title":"Thursday","text":"Order began to be restored on July 16. The New York State Militia and some federal troops were returned to New York, including the 152nd New York Volunteers, the 26th Michigan Volunteers, the 27th Indiana Volunteers and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia from Frederick, Maryland, after a forced march. In addition, the governor sent in the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York State Militia, which had not been in federal service, and a section of the 20th Independent Battery, New York Volunteer Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throggs Neck. The New York State Militia units were the first to arrive. There were several thousand militia and Federal troops in the city.[11]A final confrontation occurred in the evening near Gramercy Park. According to Adrian Cook, twelve people died on this last day of the riots in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the Army.[24]The New York Times reported on Thursday that Plug Uglies and Blood Tubs gang members from Baltimore, as well as \"Scuykill Rangers [sic] and other rowdies of Philadelphia\", had come to New York during the unrest to participate in the riots alongside the Dead Rabbits and \"Mackerelvillers\". The Times editorialized that \"the scoundrels cannot afford to miss this golden opportunity of indulging their brutal natures, and at the same time serving their colleagues the Copperheads and secesh [secessionist] sympathizers.\"[25]","title":"Riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James M. McPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson-29"},{"link_name":"Bermudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Robert John Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Simmons"},{"link_name":"54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Fort Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wagner"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Herbert Asbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Asbury"},{"link_name":"Gangs of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gangs_of_New_York_(book)"},{"link_name":"the 2002 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbury-estimates-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamill-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asbury-estimates-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-33"},{"link_name":"indemnified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Samuel Eliot Morison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oxford-33"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History.com-23"},{"link_name":"James McCune Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCune_Smith"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"Union League Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_League_Club"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donald-34"},{"link_name":"martial law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"unconstitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality"},{"link_name":"Tammany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harris-12"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roberts-14"}],"text":"The exact death toll during the New York draft riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson, 119 or 120 people were killed.[26] Although other estimates list the death toll as high as 1,200.[27] Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area:[12]West of Broadway, below Twenty-sixth, all was quiet at 9 o'clock last night. A crowd was at the corner of Seventh avenue and Twenty-seventh Street at that time. This was the scene of the hanging of a negro in the morning, and another at 6 o'clock in the evening. The body of the one hung in the morning presented a shocking appearance at the Station-House. His fingers and toes had been sliced off, and there was scarcely an inch of his flesh which was not gashed. Late in the afternoon, a negro was dragged out of his house in West Twenty-seventh street, beaten down on the sidewalk, pounded in a horrible manner, and then hanged to a tree.[28]In all, eleven black men were hanged over five days.[29] Among the murdered blacks was the seven-year-old nephew of Bermudian First Sergeant Robert John Simmons of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, whose account of fighting in South Carolina, written on the approach to Fort Wagner July 18, 1863, was to be published in the New York Tribune on December 23, 1863 (Simmons having died in August of wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner).[citation needed]The most reliable estimates indicate at least 2,000 people were injured. Herbert Asbury, the author of the 1928 book Gangs of New York, upon which the 2002 film was based, puts the figure much higher, at 2,000 killed and 8,000 wounded,[30] a number that some dispute.[31] Total property damage was about $1–5 million (equivalent to $19.4 million – $97.2 million in 2023[32]).[30][33] The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount.[citation needed]Historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that the riots were \"equivalent to a Confederate victory\".[33] Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches and the Colored Orphan Asylum, were burned to the ground. The orphans at the asylum were first put under siege, then the building was set on fire, before all those who attempted to escape were forced to walk through a \"beating line\" of white rioters holding clubs. To escape, they would need to run through the gauntlet as the rioters viciously attacked them. Many did not manage the escape. 4,000 federal troops had to be pulled out of the Gettysburg Campaign to suppress the riots, troops that could have aided in pursuing the battered Army of Northern Virginia as it retreated out of Union territory.[23] During the riots, landlords, fearing that the mob would destroy their buildings, drove black residents from their homes. As a result of the violence against them, hundreds of black people left New York, including physician James McCune Smith and his family, moving to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, or New Jersey.[12]The white elite in New York organized to provide relief to black riot victims, helping them find new work and homes. The Union League Club and the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People provided nearly $40,000 to 2,500 victims of the riots. By 1865 the black population in the city had dropped to under 10,000, the lowest since 1820. The white working-class riots had changed the demographics of the city, and white residents exerted their control in the workplace; they became \"unequivocally divided\" from the black population.[12]On August 19, the government resumed the draft in New York. It was completed within 10 days without further incident. Fewer men were drafted than had been feared by the white working class: of the 750,000 selected nationwide for conscription, only about 45,000 were sent into active duty.[34]While the rioting mainly involved the white working class, middle and upper-class New Yorkers had split sentiments on the draft and use of federal power or martial law to enforce it. Many wealthy Democratic businessmen sought to have the draft declared unconstitutional. Tammany Democrats did not seek to have the draft declared unconstitutional, but they helped pay the commutation fees for those who were drafted.[35]In December 1863, the Union League Club recruited more than 2,000 black soldiers, outfitted and trained them, honoring and sending men off with a parade through the city to the Hudson River docks in March 1864. A crowd of 100,000 watched the procession, which was led by police and members of the Union League Club.[12][36][37]New York's support for the Union cause continued, however grudgingly, and gradually Southern sympathies declined in the city. New York banks eventually financed the Civil War, and the state's industries were more productive than those of the entire Confederacy. By the end of the war, more than 450,000 soldiers, sailors, and militia had enlisted from New York State, which was the most populous state at the time. A total of 46,000 military men from New York State died during the war, more from disease than wounds, as was typical of most combatants.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of New York City Police Department officers: 1845–1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Police_Department_officers#Early_years:_1845%E2%80%931865"},{"link_name":"New York Metropolitan Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_superintendent"},{"link_name":"John A. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner#Commissioners"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"Thomas Coxon Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Coxon_Acton"},{"link_name":"John G. Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Bergen"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"New York Metropolitan Police Department","text":"See also: List of New York City Police Department officers: 1845–1865New York Metropolitan Police Department under the command of Superintendent John A. Kennedy.Commissioners[broken anchor] Thomas Coxon Acton and John G. Bergen took command when Kennedy was seriously injured by a mob during the early stages of the riots.[38]\nOf the NYPD Officers-there were four fatalities-1 killed and 3 died of injuries[39]","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles W. Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Sandford"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"New York State Militia","text":"1st Division: Major General Charles W. Sandford[40]Unorganized Militia:","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woolreport-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Harvey Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Brown_(US_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-woolreport-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Edward R. S. Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._S._Canby"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"James Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet_Fry"},{"link_name":"Robert Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nugent_(officer)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Edwin M. Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"Army of the Potomac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Union Army","text":"Department of the East: Major General John E. Wool[41] headquartered in New York[42]Defenses of New York City: Brevet Brigadier General Harvey Brown,[41][43][note 1] Brig. General Edward R. S. Canby[note 2]Artillery: Captain Henry F. Putnam, 12th United States Infantry Regiment.\nProvost marshals tasked with overseeing the initial enforcement of the draft:\nProvost Marshal General U.S.A.: Colonel James Fry\nProvost Marshal General New York City: Colonel Robert Nugent (During the first day of rioting on July 13, 1863, in command of the Invalid Corps: 1st Battalion)Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton authorized five regiments from Gettysburg, mostly federalized state militia and volunteer units from the Army of the Potomac, to reinforce the New York City Police Department. By the end of the riots, there were more than 4,000 soldiers garrisoned in the troubled area.[citation needed]","title":"Order of battle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Penn Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren"},{"link_name":"Peter Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kate Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Manning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Jakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jakes"},{"link_name":"Kevin Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Baker_(author)"},{"link_name":"Edward Rutherfurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rutherfurd"},{"link_name":"Grant Comes East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Comes_East"},{"link_name":"Newt Gingrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich"},{"link_name":"Matthew J. Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Kirby"},{"link_name":"Walter Dean Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dean_Myers"},{"link_name":"A Wish After Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wish_After_Midnight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zetta Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetta_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Kaitlyn Greenidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlyn_Greenidge"},{"link_name":"Kia Corthron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Corthron"},{"link_name":"Karen Joy Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Joy_Fowler"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Wilderness: A Tale of the Civil War (1961) by Robert Penn Warren\nThe Banished Children of Eve, A Novel of Civil War New York (1995) by Peter Quinn\nMy Notorious Life: A Novel (2014) by Kate Manning\nOn Secret Service (2000) by John Jakes\nParadise Alley (2003) by Kevin Baker\nNew York: the Novel (2009) by Edward Rutherfurd\nGrant Comes East (2004) by Newt Gingrich\nLast Descendants (2016) by Matthew J. Kirby\nRiot (2009) by Walter Dean Myers\nA Wish After Midnight (2008) by Zetta Elliott, speculative fiction set in Brooklyn alternating between the early 21st century and 1863.\nLibertie (2021) by Kaitlyn Greenidge\nMoon and the Mars (2021) by Kia Corthron\nBooth (2021) by Karen Joy Fowler","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Maggie Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Flynn"},{"link_name":"Gangs of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Paradise Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Square_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_America"}],"sub_title":"Television, theatre and film","text":"The short-lived 1968 Broadway musical Maggie Flynn was set in the Tobin Orphanage for black children (modeled on the Colored Orphan Asylum).\nGangs of New York (2002), a film directed by Martin Scorsese, includes a fictionalized portrayal of the New York Draft Riots in its finale.\nParadise Square (2018), a musical that had its Broadway debut in 2022, depicts events that led up to and included the New York Draft Riots.\nCopper (2012), a BBC America television series about the Five Points in New York City in 1864-1865, has flashbacks to the riots and the lynchings which took place in the area.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"}],"text":"^ Brown was in overall command of the military fortresses in New York city at the time and volunteered his services to General Wool. Wool instructed Brown to serve under the command of militia General Sandford to which Brown initially refused but eventually offered to serve in whatever capacity needed.\n\n^ Brown was relieved of duty on July 16 and Canby succeeded him in command of the military post of New York City on July 17","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?isbn=0198021712"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0198021712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198021712"},{"link_name":"The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xbsMAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813112985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813112985"},{"link_name":"Fry, James Barnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet_Fry"},{"link_name":"New York and the Conscription of 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ldpd_7039047_000"},{"link_name":"Headley, Joel Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Tyler_Headley"},{"link_name":"The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/greatriotsnewyo00headgoog/page/n248"},{"link_name":"stereotyped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotyped"},{"link_name":"The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifeandpublicse01mccagoog"},{"link_name":"McPherson, James M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson"},{"link_name":"Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/onsakharov00babe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-394-52469-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52469-6"},{"link_name":"\"Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.davidrumsey.com/maps3667.html"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?isbn=080271837X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"080271837X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080271837X"}],"text":"Bernstein, Iver (1990). The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198021712.\nCook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813112985.\nFry, James Barnet (1885). New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons.\nHeadley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House\nMcCabe, James Dabney (1868). The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. horatio seymour.\nMcPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6\nRumsey, David. \"Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)\" (1863 ed.). Matthew Dripps. Retrieved July 20, 2007.\nSchecter, Barnet (2005). The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 080271837X.\nSchecter, Barnet (2007). \"The Civil War Draft Riots\". North & South. 10 (1). Civil War Society: 72.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.joshbrownnyc.com/images/BarrettProspects.pdf"},{"link_name":"Reckoning with the Riots: Property, Belongings, and the Challenge to Value in Civil War America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaac118"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.com/stable/27725015"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307/2715371"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0096144209347095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0096144209347095"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/42705538"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nanzan-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=139&item_no=1&attribute_id=22&file_no=1"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Second-Founding-Reconstruction-American-Democracy-ebook/dp/B00XHLIA0G/"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.863.4479&rep=rep1&type=pdf"}],"text":"Anbinder, Tyler. \"Which Poor Man’s Fight?: Immigrants and the Federal Conscription of 1863.\" Civil War History 52.4 (2006): 344–372.Barrett, Ross. \"On Forgetting: Thomas Nast, the Middle Class, and the Visual Culture of the Draft Riots.\" Prospects 29 (2005): 25–55. onlineCohen, Joanna (2022). \"Reckoning with the Riots: Property, Belongings, and the Challenge to Value in Civil War America\". Journal of American History. 109 (1): 68–98.\nGeary, James W. \"Civil War Conscription in the North: a historiographical review.\" Civil War History 32.3 (1986): 208–228.\nHauptman, Laurence M. \"John E. Wool and the New York City draft riots of 1863: a reassessment.\" Civil War History 49.4 (2003): 370–387.\nJoyce, Toby. \"The New York draft riots of 1863: an Irish civil war?\" History Ireland 11.2 (2003): 22–27. online\nMan Jr, Albon P. \"Labor competition and the New York draft riots of 1863.\" Journal of Negro History 36.4 (1951): 375–405. On Black role. online\nMoss, Hilary. \"All the World's New York, All New York’sa Stage: Drama, Draft Riots, and Democracy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century\" Journal of Urban History (2009) 35#7 pp. 1067–1072; doi:10.1177/0096144209347095\nPerri, Timothy J. “The Economics of US Civil War Conscription.” American Law and Economics Review 10#2 (2008), pp. 424–53. online\nPeterson, Carla L. \"African Americans and the New York Draft Riots: Memory and Reconciliation in America’s Civil War.\" Nanzan review of American studies: a journal of Center for American Studies v27 (2005): 1–14. online\nQuigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt\nQuinn, Peter. 1995 Banished Children of Eve: A Novel of Civil War New York. New York: Fordham University Press (fictional account of Draft Riots)\nRutkowski, Alice. \"Gender, genre, race, and nation: The 1863 New York City draft riots.\" Studies in the Literary Imagination 40.2 (2007): 111+.\nWalkowitz, Daniel J. \"‘The Gangs of New York’: The mean streets in history.\" History Workshop Journal 56#1 (2003) online.\nWells, Jonathan Daniel. \"Inventing White Supremacy: Race, Print Culture, and the Civil War Draft Riots.\" Civil War History 68.1 (2022): 42–80.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1888878"},{"link_name":"Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/recollectionsan01wallgoog"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. \"An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863\", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In JSTOR\nNew York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4.\nUnited States War and Navy Departments (1889). Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii.\nWalling, George W. (1887). Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6. online","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A recruiting poster in New York City in June 1863 for the Enrollment Act, also known as the Civil War Military Draft Act, which authorized the federal government to conscript troops for the Union Army","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg/220px-New_York_enrollment_poster_june_23_1863.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Alexander Kennedy, NYC police superintendent from 1860 to 1870","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/John_Alexander_Kennedy_by_Brady.jpg/170px-John_Alexander_Kennedy_by_Brady.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bull's Head Hotel, depicted in 1830, was burned after it refused to serve alcohol to the rioters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bullsheadhotelnyc.jpg/220px-Bullsheadhotelnyc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Attack on the Tribune building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HEADLEY%281882%29_-p170_New_York_-_the_attack_on_the_Tribune_building.jpg/170px-HEADLEY%281882%29_-p170_New_York_-_the_attack_on_the_Tribune_building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HEADLEY%281882%29_-p080_New_York_-_the_Colored_Orphan_Asylum%2C_143rd_Street.jpg/220px-HEADLEY%281882%29_-p080_New_York_-_the_Colored_Orphan_Asylum%2C_143rd_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rioters attacking a building on Lexington Avenue.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg/170px-Anti_Civil_War_Draft_Rioters_in_Lexington_Avenue_New_York_1863.jpg"}]
[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Fishing Creek Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_Creek_Confederacy"},{"title":"History of New York City (1855–1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)"},{"title":"List of ethnic riots#United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots#United_States"},{"title":"List of expulsions of African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_expulsions_of_African_Americans"},{"title":"List of identities in The Gangs of New York § Draft riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_identities_in_The_Gangs_of_New_York_(book)#Draft_riots"},{"title":"List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of massacres in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Lynching in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Mass racial violence in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Opposition to the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Racism against Black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans"},{"title":"Racism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 360, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi0000mcph","url_text":"Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi0000mcph/page/360","url_text":"360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52469-6","url_text":"978-0-394-52469-6"}]},{"reference":"\"VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath\". Vny.cuny.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vny.cuny.edu/draftriots/Aftermath/aftermath_set.html","url_text":"\"VNY: Draft Riots Aftermath\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, David M. (1863). The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot. Baker & Godwin. pp. 5–6, 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog","url_text":"The Draft Riots in New York, July 1863: The Metropolitan Police, Their Services During Riot"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/draftriotsinnew01barngoog/page/n11","url_text":"5"}]},{"reference":"Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. The New American Nation. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0-06-093716-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foner","url_text":"Foner, Eric"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514","url_text":"Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514/page/32","url_text":"32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093716-5","url_text":"0-06-093716-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Prologue: Selected Articles\". Archives.org. August 15, 1990. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1994/winter/civil-war-draft-records.html","url_text":"\"Prologue: Selected Articles\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Draft in the Civil War\". United States History. Retrieved August 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h249.html","url_text":"\"The Draft in the Civil War\""}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"The journal of political economy. v.13 1905\". HathiTrust. 1892. Retrieved July 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059385339&view=1up&seq=373&skin=2021","url_text":"\"The journal of political economy. v.13 1905\""}]},{"reference":"Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor; Stewart, Estelle M. (Estelle May); Bowen, Jesse Chester (October 1, 1929). \"History of Wages in the United States From Colonial Times to 1928 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 499\".","urls":[{"url":"https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/history-wages-united-states-colonial-times-1928-4067?start_page=260","url_text":"\"History of Wages in the United States From Colonial Times to 1928 : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 499\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots\". Shotgun's Home of the American Civil War blogsite. Retrieved August 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/woolor.htm","url_text":"\"Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Leslie M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. University of Chicago Press. pp. 279–88. ISBN 0226317757.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html","url_text":"In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226317757","url_text":"0226317757"}]},{"reference":"\"New York: Pro-Southern City: G1 King Cotton continued\". New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War. New York Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/T1/G1/G1ReadMore.php","url_text":"\"New York: Pro-Southern City: G1 King Cotton continued\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). \"New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/26/new-york-doesnt-care-to-remember-the-civil-war/?ref=nyregion","url_text":"\"New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit\". New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War. New York Historical Society. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit","url_text":"\"New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mob in New York\". The New York Times. July 14, 1863.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schouler, James (1899). History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 418.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst03schogoog","url_text":"History of the United States of America, Under the Constitution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst03schogoog/page/n450","url_text":"418"}]},{"reference":"Rhodes, James Ford (1902). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Volume 4. New York: Macmillan. pp. 320–23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes","url_text":"Rhodes, James Ford"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds04rhod","url_text":"History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, Volume 4"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds04rhod/page/320","url_text":"320"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mob in New York\" (PDF). The New York Times. July 14, 1863.","urls":[{"url":"https://static01.nyt.com/packages/pdf/archives/draftriots_07-14-1863.pdf","url_text":"\"The Mob in New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"On This Day: August 1, 1863\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/harp/0801.html","url_text":"\"On This Day: August 1, 1863\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York Draft Riots\". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. April 16, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/draft-riots","url_text":"\"New York Draft Riots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)","url_text":"HISTORY"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Networks","url_text":"A&E Television Networks"}]},{"reference":"\"Facts and Incidents of the Riot: The Murders of Colored People in Thompson and Sullivan Streets\". The New York Times. July 16, 1863. p. 1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New York Draft Riots: 1863, Civil War & Causes\". History TV. A&E Television Networks. October 27, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/draft-riots","url_text":"\"New York Draft Riots: 1863, Civil War & Causes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)","url_text":"History TV"}]},{"reference":"\"The New York Riot: The Killing of Negroes\". Buffalo Morning Express and Illustrated Buffalo Express. Buffalo, New York. July 18, 1863.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 399. ISBN 0077430352.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0077430352","url_text":"Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0077430352","url_text":"0077430352"}]},{"reference":"Asbury, Herbert (1928). The Gangs of New York. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 169.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pete Hamill (December 15, 2002). \"Trampling City's History 'Gangs' misses point of Five Points\". Daily News. New York.","urls":[{"url":"http://knickerbockervillage.blogspot.com/2007/11/gangs-of-new-york-2.html","url_text":"\"Trampling City's History 'Gangs' misses point of Five Points\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). \"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/","url_text":"\"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. p. 451. ISBN 0-451-62254-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-62254-5","url_text":"0-451-62254-5"}]},{"reference":"Donald, David (2002). Civil War and Reconstruction. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 0393974278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393974278","url_text":"0393974278"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Thomas L. (2006). \"The Union League Club and New York's First Black Regiments in the Civil War\". New York History. 87 (3): 313–343. JSTOR 23183494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23183494","url_text":"23183494"}]},{"reference":"Seraile, William (2001). New York's Black Regiments During the Civil War. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0815340287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815340287","url_text":"978-0815340287"}]},{"reference":"\"Patrolman Edward Dippel\". Odmp.org. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odmp.org/officer/4116-patrolman-edward-dippel","url_text":"\"Patrolman Edward Dippel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sandford Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots\". Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/cwsandfordor.htm","url_text":"\"Maj. Gen. Charles W. Sandford Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maj. Gen. John Z. Wool Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots\". Civilwarhome.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarhome.com/woolor.htm","url_text":"\"Maj. Gen. John Z. Wool Official Report (OR) For The New York Draft Riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Ellis Wool Biography\". 19th Century Biographies. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130812015753/http://bio19c.com/-biography372_john_ellis_wool_(1784-1869)","url_text":"\"John Ellis Wool Biography\""},{"url":"http://bio19c.com/-biography372_john_ellis_wool_(1784-1869)","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Military casualties in the 1863 Draft riots...\" Civilwartalk.com. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://civilwartalk.com/threads/us-military-casualties-in-the-1863-draft-riots.130055/","url_text":"\"US Military casualties in the 1863 Draft riots...\""}]},{"reference":"Swinton, William (August 1, 1870). History of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of New York, During the War of the Rebellion: With a Preliminary Chapter on the Origin and Early History of the Regiment, a Summary of Its History Since the War, and a Roll of Honor, Comprising Brief Sketches of the Services Rendered by Members of the Regiment in the Army and Navy of the United States. Fields, Osgood & Company. Retrieved August 1, 2017 – via Internet Archive. Draft Riots.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyseventhr01nastgoog","url_text":"History of the Seventh Regiment, National Guard, State of New York, During the War of the Rebellion: With a Preliminary Chapter on the Origin and Early History of the Regiment, a Summary of Its History Since the War, and a Roll of Honor, Comprising Brief Sketches of the Services Rendered by Members of the Regiment in the Army and Navy of the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Edward Jardine\". localhistory.morrisville.edu. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://localhistory.morrisville.edu/sites/gar_post/jardine-edward-ny.html","url_text":"\"Edward Jardine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Eleventh Regiment of Infantry | The Army of the US Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief | U.S. Army Center of Military History\". history.army.mil. Retrieved October 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-11IN.htm","url_text":"\"The Eleventh Regiment of Infantry | The Army of the US Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief | U.S. Army Center of Military History\""}]},{"reference":"\"13th New York Cavalry – Battles and Casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center\". dmna.ny.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/reghist/civil/cavalry/13thCav/13thCavTable.htm","url_text":"\"13th New York Cavalry – Battles and Casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"17th NY Veteran Regiment of Infantry – battles and casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center\". dmna.ny.gov. Retrieved August 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://dmna.ny.gov/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/17thInfVet/17thInfVetTable.htm","url_text":"\"17th NY Veteran Regiment of Infantry – battles and casualties during the Civil War – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center\""}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Iver (1990). The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198021712.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0198021712","url_text":"The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198021712","url_text":"0198021712"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813112985.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xbsMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813112985","url_text":"9780813112985"}]},{"reference":"Fry, James Barnet (1885). New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barnet_Fry","url_text":"Fry, James Barnet"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7039047_000","url_text":"New York and the Conscription of 1863"}]},{"reference":"McCabe, James Dabney (1868). The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. horatio seymour.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeandpublicse01mccagoog","url_text":"The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, James M. (1982), Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._McPherson","url_text":"McPherson, James M."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onsakharov00babe","url_text":"Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52469-6","url_text":"978-0-394-52469-6"}]},{"reference":"Rumsey, David. \"Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)\" (1863 ed.). Matthew Dripps. Retrieved July 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps3667.html","url_text":"\"Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863)\""}]},{"reference":"Schecter, Barnet (2005). The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 080271837X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=080271837X","url_text":"The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/080271837X","url_text":"080271837X"}]},{"reference":"Schecter, Barnet (2007). \"The Civil War Draft Riots\". North & South. 10 (1). Civil War Society: 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"United States War and Navy Departments (1889). Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War","url_text":"Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii"}]},{"reference":"Walling, George W. (1887). Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_at_the_1996_Summer_Paralympics
Saudi Arabia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
["1 See also","2 References"]
Sporting event delegationSaudi Arabia at the1996 Summer ParalympicsIPC codeKSANPCParalympic Committee of Saudi Arabiain AtlantaCompetitors2Medals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Paralympics appearances (overview)19962000200420082012201620202024 Two male athletes from Saudi Arabia competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States. See also Saudi Arabia at the Paralympics Saudi Arabia at the 1996 Summer Olympics References ^ "Atlanta 1996 Paralympic Games: Saudi Arabia". paralympic.org. Retrieved 2012-08-27. vteNations at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United StatesAfrica Algeria Angola Burkina Faso Ivory Coast Egypt Kenya Libya Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe America Argentina Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Peru Puerto Rico United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain China Chinese Taipei Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Macao Malaysia Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Thailand United Arab Emirates Europe Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand This 1996 Summer Paralympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sport in Saudi Arabia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Olympics
Tennis at the Summer Olympics
["1 Summary","2 Surface","3 Events","4 Champions and venues","5 Participating nations","6 Medal tables","6.1 All years","6.2 Open Era","6.3 Amateur Era","6.4 Multiple medal winners (1896–2020)","7 Point distribution","7.1 2004","7.2 2008","7.3 2012","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
This section needs to be divided into subsections. Please help improve the section and read the Manual of Style for guidelines. (June 2024) Tennis at the Summer OlympicsIOC Discipline CodeTENGoverning bodyITFEvents5 (men: 2; women: 2; mixed: 1)Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Note: demonstration or exhibition sport years indicated in italics Medalists Tennis Grand Slam tournaments ATP Tour ATP Finals ATP Masters 1000 ATP 500 series ATP 250 series ATP Challenger ATP rankings Team competitions Davis Cup ATP Cup WTA Tour WTA Finals WTA 1000 WTA 500 WTA 250 WTA rankings Team competitions Billie Jean King Cup ITF Men's Circuit ITF Women's Circuit ITF Wheelchair's Circuit Wheelchair Tennis Masters Summer Olympics Summer Paralympics vte Tennis was part of the Summer Olympic Games program from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, but was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics due to disputes between the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the International Olympic Committee over how to define amateur players. After two appearances as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 (with a U-21 age limit), it returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics open for all players regardless of their age and status and has been played at every summer Games since then. In 1896, 1900, 1904, 1988, 1992, semifinal losers shared bronze medals. In all other years, a playoff match for the bronze medal was staged. The Olympic tournaments have increased in perceived importance since their reintroduction, with some players, critics and sports pundits considering winning gold at the Olympics just as prestigious as winning a major title and some considering it even more prestigious. Serena Williams and Venus Williams have each won a record four gold medals, three each as a doubles pairing, the only players to win the same Olympic event on three occasions. Venus Williams (four gold, one silver) and Kathleen McKane Godfree (one gold, two silvers, and two bronzes) are the all-time record holders for the most Olympic tennis medals, with five each. Andy Murray is the only player to have won two singles gold medals, and the only singles player to have retained the Olympic title. Nicolás Massú, Venus Williams, and Serena Williams are the only players in the Open Era to win both the singles and same-sex doubles tournaments at one Games, doing so in 2004, 2000, and 2012 respectively. A player who wins an Olympic or Paralympic gold medal and all four majors in the same year is said to have won a Golden Slam, while a player that has won all four Grand Slam titles and Olympic gold during their career has a 'career Golden Slam'. As of 2021, Steffi Graf is the only player to have won a single-year Golden Slam, in 1988. Serena Williams has won a career Golden Slam twice over, the only singles player to do so. In men's tennis, Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal have each won career Golden Slams. Multiple doubles players have achieved the feat, with Serena Williams the only player to complete the career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles. In 2021, wheelchair tennis players Diede de Groot and Dylan Alcott achieved the equivalent wheelchair tennis prize with Paralympic gold.2012 Women's Singles medalists, Serena Williams (center), Maria Sharapova (right) and Victoria Azarenka (left). Since 2021, the deciding set (third) has a 7-point tiebreaker game to decide the match at 6-all. Should the tiebreaker game be tied at 6-all, whoever scores two straight points wins it. Summary Year Events Best Nation 1896 2  Great Britain 1900 4  Great Britain 1904 2  United States 1908 6  Great Britain 1912 8  France 1920 5  Great Britain 1924 5  United States 1968 10  Mexico 1984 2  West Germany 1988 4  United States 1992 4  United States 1996 4  United States 2000 4  United States 2004 4  Chile 2008 4  Russia 2012 5  United States 2016 5  United States 2020 5  ROC Surface The playing surface of the court varies between Olympic Games. It has been on hard court for every game since 1984 except for the 1992 Olympics (which was on a clay court), the 2012 Olympics (which was played on a grass court) and the 2024 Olympics (which will be on a clay court). The changing playing surface gives certain players different advantages and disadvantages not seen in most other Olympic sports. Events (d) = demonstration event, (e) = exhibition event Event 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28–64 68 72–80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years Men's singles (indoor) • • 2 Men's doubles (indoor) • • 2 Women's singles (indoor) • • 2 Mixed doubles (indoor) • 1 Men's singles • • • • • • • (d, e) (d) • • • • • • • • • 16 Men's doubles • • • • • • • (d, e) • • • • • • • • • 16 Women's singles • • • • • (d, e) (d) • • • • • • • • • 14 Women's doubles • • (d, e) • • • • • • • • • 11 Mixed doubles • • • • (d, e) • • • 8 Total 2 4 2 6 8 5 5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 Surface 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28–64 68 72–80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years Indoor • • 2 Outdoor • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Carpet 0 Clay • • • • • • • 7 Grass • • • 3 Hard • • • • • • • • 8 Wood • • 2 Champions and venues For list of Olympic champions, see List of Olympic medalists in tennis. For list of Olympic tennis venues, see List of Olympic venues in tennis. List of gold medalists and venues where the Games took place listed below. ‡ Players who won two events at the same Games. Period Year Host city Venue Surface Men's singles Women's singles Men's doubles Women's doubles Mixed doubles Amateur Era (1896– 1924) 1896 Athens Athens Lawn Tennis Club Clay John Boland‡ Not held John Boland‡ Friedrich Traun Not held Not held 1900 Paris Cercle des Sports, Île de Puteaux Laurence Doherty‡ Charlotte Cooper‡ Laurence Doherty‡ Reginald Doherty‡ Charlotte Cooper‡ Reginald Doherty‡ 1904 St. Louis Francis Field Beals Wright‡ Not held Beals Wright‡ Edgar Leonard Not held 1908 London Queen's Club (indoor) Wood Arthur Gore‡ Gwendoline Eastlake-Smith Herbert Roper Barrett Arthur Gore‡ All England Club (outdoor) Grass Major Ritchie Dorothea Lambert Chambers Reginald Doherty (2) George Hillyard 1912 Stockholm Östermalm Tennis Pavilion (indoor) Wood André Gobert Edith Hannam‡ Maurice Germot André Gobert Edith Hannam‡ Charles Dixon Östermalm Tennis Pavilion (outdoor) Clay Charles Winslow‡ Marguerite Broquedis Harold Kitson Charles Winslow‡ Dorothea Köring Heinrich Schomburgk 1920 Antwerp Beerschot Tennis Club Grass Louis Raymond Suzanne Lenglen‡ Noel Turnbull Max Woosnam Kathleen McKane Winifred McNair Suzanne Lenglen‡ Max Decugis 1924 Paris Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir Clay Vincent Richards Helen Wills‡ Francis Hunter Vincent Richards Hazel Wightman Helen Wills‡ Hazel Wightman R. Norris Williams Open Era (1988–) 1988 Seoul Seoul Olympic Park Tennis Center Hard Miloslav Mečíř Steffi Graf Ken Flach Robert Seguso Pam Shriver Zina Garrison Not held 1992 Barcelona Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron Clay Marc Rosset Jennifer Capriati Boris Becker Michael Stich Gigi Fernández Mary Joe Fernández 1996 Atlanta Stone Mountain Tennis Center Hard Andre Agassi Lindsay Davenport Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde Gigi Fernández (2) Mary Joe Fernández (2) 2000 Sydney Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre Yevgeny Kafelnikov Venus Williams‡ Sébastien Lareau Daniel Nestor Serena Williams Venus Williams‡ 2004 Athens Athens Olympic Tennis Centre Nicolás Massú‡ Justine Henin-Hardenne Fernando González Nicolás Massú‡ Li Ting Sun Tiantian 2008 Beijing National Tennis Center Rafael Nadal Elena Dementieva Roger Federer Stanislas Wawrinka Serena Williams (2) Venus Williams (2) 2012 London All England Club Grass Andy Murray Serena Williams‡ Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Serena Williams‡ (3) Venus Williams (3) Victoria Azarenka Max Mirnyi 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Tennis Centre Hard Andy Murray (2) Monica Puig Marc López Rafael Nadal Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina Bethanie Mattek-Sands Jack Sock 2020 Tokyo Ariake Tennis Park Alexander Zverev Belinda Bencic Nikola Mektić Mate Pavić Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková  Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (ROC)  Andrey Rublev (ROC) 2024 Paris Stade Roland Garros Clay 2028 Los Angeles Dignity Health Sports Park Hard 2032 Brisbane Queensland Tennis Centre Participating nations Nation 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 28–64 68 72–80 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years  Algeria – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – 1 – – – – 2  Argentina – – – – – – 5 – 1 5 6 8 8 9 6 7 6 7 11  Armenia – – – – – – – – – – – 1 1 1 – – – – 3  Australasia – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1  Australia 1 2 – – – 1 2 – 3 6 7 7 10 7 8 6 10 10 14  Austria – – – 3 3 – – – 2 3 5 1 3 1 3 3 2 2 12  Bahamas – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 2 2 2 – – – 5  Barbados – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1  Belarus – – – – – – – – – – – 2 4 2 5 3 2 3 7  Belgium – – – – – 16 8 – – – 1 3 3 3 2 5 3 4 10  Benin – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – – 1  Bermuda – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – 1  Bohemia – 1 – 4 8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3  Bolivia – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – 1 2  Bosnia and Herzegovina – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – 2 – 2  Brazil – – – – – – – 1 1 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 7 7 11  Bulgaria – – – – – – – – – 2 3 2 – 1 1 2 2 – 7  Canada – – – 3 – – – – 2 7 5 6 4 2 3 5 4 4 11  Chile – – – – – – 2 – – – 1 2 2 2 2 – 2 1 8  China – – – – – – – – 1 2 5 4 3 4 8 4 5 5 10  Chinese Taipei – – – – – – – – 1 – – 3 2 1 3 3 5 5 8  Colombia – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 – 4 3 4 5  Costa Rica – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – – 1  Ivory Coast – – – – – – – – – 1 – 2 – – – – – – 2  Croatia – – – – – – – – – – 2 4 5 5 1 2 4 6 8  Cyprus – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1 – – 2  Czech Republic – – – – – – – – – – – 4 7 8 11 8 7 6 7  Czechoslovakia – – – – – 7 5 – – 5 5 – – – – – – – 4  Denmark – – – – 10 3 5 2 1 3 2 2 1 – 1 1 1 – 12  Dominican Republic – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – 1 – 2  Ecuador – – – – – – – 4 – – – 3 – – 1 – – – 3  Egypt – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 1  El Salvador – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – 1  Estonia – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 – – 1 3  Finland – – – – – – 4 – 1 – – – – 1 1 1 – – 5  France 1 14 – 1 6 10 10 2 4 5 7 4 7 9 8 7 9 10 17  Georgia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 1 1 3  Germany 1 – 1 5 7 – – – – – 6 3 5 4 2 7 8 9 12  Great Britain 2 6 – 22 11 8 10 – 3 5 6 5 6 1 2 8 7 6 16  Greece 7 – – – – 1 3 – 2 3 4 2 1 4 2 – – 2 11  Haiti – – – – – – – – 1 1 – 1 1 – – – – – 4  Hong Kong – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – 1  Hungary 1 – – 3 6 – 5 – – 2 1 5 5 4 2 2 2 – 12  India – – – – – – 6 – 1 3 2 2 4 2 4 7 4 3 11  Indonesia – – – – – – – – 1 3 5 2 2 2 – – – – 6  Ireland – – – – – – 4 – – 2 2 2 – – – – – – 4  Israel – – – – – – – – 1 4 1 – – 3 4 3 1 – 7  Italy – – – – – 4 8 3 4 5 8 8 6 6 8 7 7 6 13  Japan – – – – – 2 4 2 2 4 5 7 5 4 3 3 6 11 13  Kazakhstan – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 2 7 3  Latvia – – – – – – – – – – 2 – – – 1 – 1 2 4  Liechtenstein – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 1 – 2  Lithuania – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1  Luxembourg – – – – – – 1 – – – – 1 1 2 – 1 1 – 6  Madagascar – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 – 1 – – – – 3  Mexico – – – – – – 2 6 1 5 4 3 2 – – – 2 2 9  Moldova – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1  Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1  Morocco – – – – – – – – 1 – 2 1 1 2 – – – – 5  Netherlands – – – 2 1 – 5 – 1 1 5 5 3 – – 2 3 4 11  New Zealand – – – – – – – – – 3 – 1 – – 1 1 2 2 6  Nigeria – – – – – – – – 1 3 – 1 – – – – – – 3  Norway – – – – 7 3 4 – – – 2 1 1 – – – – – 6  Paraguay – – – – – – – – – 2 2 – 1 – – 1 1 1 6  Peru – – – – – – – – 3 – 2 – – 1 – – – 1 4  Philippines – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – – – – – – 1  Poland – – – – – – – – – 1 3 2 – 2 6 7 7 6 8  Portugal – – – – – – 1 – – – 2 2 2 – – – 2 2 6  Puerto Rico – – – – – – – 3 1 – 2 – – 1 – – 1 – 5  ROC – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 1  Romania – – – – – – 3 – – – 5 4 3 2 2 5 6 3 9  Russia – – – – 2 – – – – – – 4 5 9 9 10 8 – 7  Serbia and Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – 1  Serbia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4 6 6 5 4  Slovakia – – – – – – – – – – – 5 5 7 4 4 3 3 7  Slovenia – – – – – – – – – – 4 – 3 4 – 4 1 – 5  South Africa – – – 3 3 5 4 – – – 6 6 5 – 2 – – – 8  Soviet Union – – – – – – – 4 – 7 – – – – – – – – 2  South Korea – – – – – – – – 1 5 4 5 4 2 1 – – 1 8  Spain – – – – – 4 8 3 2 4 6 7 7 11 9 12 9 8 13  Sweden – – – 4 16 8 4 1 2 3 6 4 5 4 5 3 1 1 15  Switzerland – – – – – 3 4 – 2 2 4 3 3 4 5 2 2 2 12  Thailand – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 3 2 1 – 2 – 6  Togo – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – 1  Tunisia – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – 1 2 2 1 5  Turkey – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – 1  Ukraine – – – – – – – – – – – – 2 2 4 2 6 4 6  Unified Team – – – – – – – – – – 5 – – – – – – – 1  United States – 5 35 – 1 – 9 6 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 12 11 11 15  Uruguay – – – – – – – – – – – 1 – – – – 1 1 3  Uzbekistan – – – – – – – – – – – 2 1 – 1 1 1 – 5  Venezuela – – – – – – – – – – – 3 4 1 1 – – – 4  West Germany – – – – – – – 4 3 5 – – – – – – – – 3  Yugoslavia – – – – – – 1 – 2 3 – – – – – – – – 3  Zimbabwe – – – – – – – – 1 3 2 2 3 3 1 – – – 7 Nations 6 4 2 10 14 14 27 15 34 38 48 55 52 52 48 44 56 45 — Players 13 26 36 50 82 75 124 45 64 129 177 176 182 170 169 184 199 191 — Nation 96 00 04 08 12 20 24 68 84 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 20 Years Medal tables All years Sources: RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States (USA)21612392 Great Britain (GBR)171412433 France (FRA)568194 Germany (GER)362115 Russia (RUS)33286 Switzerland (SUI)33067 South Africa (RSA)32168 Spain (ESP)274139 Chile (CHI)211410 Czech Republic (CZE)134811 Mixed team (ZZX)123612 ROC120313 Australia (AUS)114614 Croatia (CRO)113515 Czechoslovakia (TCH)112416 Belarus (BLR)1012 Belgium (BEL)1012 China (CHN)1012 West Germany (FRG)101220 Canada (CAN)1001 Puerto Rico (PUR)100122 Sweden (SWE)035823 Argentina (ARG)023524 Greece (GRE)0213 Japan (JPN)021326 Netherlands (NED)011227 Austria (AUT)0101 Denmark (DEN)0101 Romania (ROM)010130 Unified Team (EUN)002231 Australasia (ANZ)0011 Bohemia (BOH)0011 Brazil (BRA)0011 Bulgaria (BUL)0011 Hungary (HUN)0011 India (IND)0011 Italy (ITA)0011 New Zealand (NZL)0011 Norway (NOR)0011 Serbia (SRB)0011 Ukraine (UKR)0011Totals (41 entries)717186228 Open Era RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States (USA)1437242 Germany (GER)34293 Russia (RUS)33284 Switzerland (SUI)33065 Spain (ESP)274136 Great Britain (GBR)22047 Chile (CHI)21148 Czech Republic (CZE)13489 ROC (ROC)120310 Australia (AUS)114611 Croatia (CRO)113512 Czechoslovakia (TCH)111313 Belarus (BLR)1012 Belgium (BEL)1012 China (CHN)101216 Canada (CAN)1001 Puerto Rico (PUR)100118 Argentina (ARG)023519 France (FRA)022420 Sweden (SWE)012321 Netherlands (NED)0101 Romania (ROM)0101 South Africa (RSA)010124 Unified Team (EUN)002225 Brazil (BRA)0011 Bulgaria (BUL)0011 India (IND)0011 Japan (JPN)0011 New Zealand (NZL)0011 Serbia (SRB)0011 Ukraine (UKR)0011Totals (31 entries)393947125 Amateur Era RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Great Britain (GBR)151212392 United States (USA)735153 France (FRA)546154 South Africa (RSA)31155 Mixed team (ZZX)12366 Germany (GER)12147 Sweden (SWE)02358 Greece (GRE)02139 Japan (JPN)020210 Austria (AUT)0101 Denmark (DEN)010112 Australasia (ANZ)0011 Bohemia (BOH)0011 Czechoslovakia (TCH)0011 Hungary (HUN)0011 Italy (ITA)0011 Netherlands (NED)0011 Norway (NOR)0011Totals (18 entries)323239103 Multiple medal winners (1896–2020) Total Name Gold Silver Bronze 5 Venus Williams 4 1 0 4 Serena Williams 4 0 0 4 Reginald Doherty 3 0 1 3 Vincent Richards 2 1 0 3 Andy Murray 2 1 0 3 Laurence Doherty 2 0 1 3 Mary Joe Fernández 2 0 1 3 Suzanne Lenglen 2 0 1 3 Charles Winslow 2 0 1 2 Rafael Nadal 2 0 0 2 John Pius Boland 2 0 0 2 Charlotte Cooper 2 0 0 2 Gigi Fernández 2 0 0 2 André Gobert 2 0 0 2 Arthur Gore 2 0 0 2 Edith Hannam 2 0 0 2 Nicolás Massú 2 0 0 2 Hazel Wightman 2 0 0 2 Helen Wills Moody 2 0 0 2 Beals Wright 2 0 0 5 Kathleen McKane Godfree 1 2 2 4 Charles Dixon 1 1 2 3 Max Décugis 1 1 1 3 Fernando González 1 1 1 3 Steffi Graf 1 1 1 3 Major Ritchie 1 1 1 2 Herbert Barrett 1 1 0 2 Belinda Bencic 1 1 0 2 Elena Dementieva 1 1 0 2 Roger Federer 1 1 0 2 Harold Kitson 1 1 0 2 Dorothea Köring 1 1 0 2 / Elena Vesnina 1 1 0 2 Todd Woodbridge 1 1 0 2 Mark Woodforde 1 1 0 2 Max Woosnam 1 1 0 3 Mike Bryan 1 0 2 2 Victoria Azarenka 1 0 1 2 Jack Sock 1 0 1 2 Marguerite Broquedis 1 0 1 2 Bob Bryan 1 0 1 2 Zina Garrison 1 0 1 2 Edgar Leonard 1 0 1 2 Miloš Mečíř 1 0 1 2 Jack Sock 1 0 1 4 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 0 2 2 3 Harold Mahony 0 2 1 3 Conchita Martínez 0 2 1 3 Jana Novotná 0 2 1 2 George Caridia 0 2 0 2 Henri Cochet 0 2 0 2 Dorothy Holman 0 2 0 2 Dionysios Kasdaglis 0 2 0 2 Ichiya Kumagae 0 2 0 2 Robert LeRoy 0 2 0 2 Yvonne Prévost 0 2 0 2 Virginia Ruano Pascual 0 2 0 2 Helena Suková 0 2 0 2 Alphonzo Bell 0 1 1 2 Sigrid Fick 0 1 1 2 Juan Martín del Potro 0 1 1 2 Lucie Hradecká 0 1 1 2 Albert Canet 0 0 2 2 Stefan Edberg 0 0 2 2 Goran Ivanišević 0 0 2 2 Marion Jones 0 0 2 2 Arthur Norris 0 0 2 2 Hedwiga Rosenbaumová 0 0 2 Point distribution From the 2004 until the 2012 Summer Olympics, the ATP and the WTA Tours awarded ranking points, for singles players only, who competed at the Summer Olympics. This was discontinued beginning with the 2016 Summer Olympics. 2004 See also: Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's singles § Ranking points The breakdown of ranking points towards the ATP rankings is shown below: ATP Entry Ranking points Gold medallist: 400 Silver medallist: 280 Bronze medallist: 205 Other semi-finalist: 155 Quarter-finalist: 100 Third round: 50 Second round: 25 First round: 5 ATP Champions Race points Gold medallist: 80 Silver medallist: 56 Bronze medallist: 41 Other semi-finalist: 31 Quarter-finalist: 20 Third round: 10 Second round: 5 First round: 1 2008 See also: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics § Ranking points Rankings points determine the position of a player in the ATP (men's) and WTA (women's) rankings, which are based on players' performances in the previous 52-weeks. For the Olympics, the men's player who won received 400 ranking points—put in perspective, this was 100 more than a win at the most prestigious International Series Gold tournaments, 100 less than a Masters Series win, and 600 less than a triumph at one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. Men's ATP ranking points Women's WTA ranking points Gold Medal 400 353 Silver Medal 280 245 Bronze Medal 205 175 Loser 3rd/4th 155 135 Quarterfinals 100 90 Round of 16 50 48 Round of 32 25 28 1st round 5 1 2012 See also: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics § Points distribution The points distribution for the Association of Tennis Professionals and the Women's Tennis Association tours, concerning only singles competition on the 2012 Olympic Games, is listed below. These points can be added to a player's world ranking for the 2012 season. Stage Gold medal Silver medal Bronze medal Fourth place Quarterfinals Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Men's singles 750 450 340 270 135 70 35 5 Women's singles 685 470 340 260 175 95 55 1 See also List of Olympic venues in tennis Tennis at the Youth Olympic Games Tennis at the Mediterranean Games Tennis at the Pan American Games List of Olympic medalists in tennis Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics References ^ Soltis, Greg (July 27, 2012). "Olympic Events Through History". LiveScience. Retrieved 2012-08-01. ^ Williams, Wythe (July 27, 1928). "SOCCER AND TENNIS BARRED IN OLYMPICS". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-01. ^ "Olympic Tennis Event – History: Overview". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 2012-08-01. ^ "2 More Olympic Games". The New York Times. October 2, 1981. Retrieved 2012-08-01. ^ "Olympics or Slams – What's More Important For Tennis Players?". Let, Second Serve. July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2015. ^ Paul Fein (September 20, 2012). "How Important Is an Olympic Gold Medal in Tennis?". World Tennis Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2013. ^ Tignor, Steve (30 July 2015). "1988: Steffi Graf wins the Golden Slam". Tennis.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017. ^ "Dylan Alcott achieves history-making 'golden slam' with US Open final victory". The Guardian. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021. ^ "Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries". olympanalyt.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024. ^ "ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ "Ranking Points". itftennis.com. Retrieved 16 September 2014. ^ "Ranking Points". International Tennis Federation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ "Ranking Points 2008 (Olympic Tennis Event)". ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ "The ATP 2008 Official Rulebook (p. 153)" (PDF). ATP. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ "ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ "Ranking Points". itftennis.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012. External links Olympic Tennis Event website – International Tennis Federation (archived 15 July 2012) vteTennis at the Summer Olympics 1896 1900 1904 1906 (Intercalated) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928–1964 1968 (demonstration) 1972–1980 1984 (demonstration) 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 List of medalists List of Olympic venues vteSports at the Olympic GamesSummer sports Aquatics Artistic swimming Diving Swimming Water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball 3x3 basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Artistic gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Bobsleigh Skeleton Curling Ice hockey Luge Skating Figure skating Short track speed skating Speed skating Skiing Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Freestyle skiing Nordic combined Ski jumping Snowboarding 2024 addition Breaking 2026 addition Ski mountaineering 2028 additions Baseball / Softball Cricket Flag football Lacrosse Squash Past sports Basque pelota Croquet Jeu de paume Karate Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union (15-a-side) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Budo Gliding Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Swedish gymnastics Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Aeronautics Alpinism Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Bowling Cannon shooting Chess Cycle polo Disabled skiing Fire fighting Gaelic football Glima Gotland sports Hurling Indian sports Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Military exercise Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Pistol dueling Wheelchair racing Wushu Paralympic sports Olympic Games portal vteTennis History Glossary Match types Players Rankings Statistics Umpires Stadiums BasicsGeneral Scoring system point Strategy grips serve-and-volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge Hawk-Eye Controversies Code violations Doping Match fixing Grunting Courts Hard Clay Grass Carpet Wood Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace double fault Smash Topspin Volley Grand SlamsEvents Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Statistics Champions Singles finals Records ProfessionaltoursMen ATP rankings ATP Tour ATP 1000 ATP Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men's Circuit Women WTA rankings WTA Tour WTA 1000 WTA Finals WTA 125 series ITF Women's Circuit Team tennistournamentsActive Davis Cup Billie Jean King Cup United Cup Laver Cup Hopman Cup Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League World TeamTennis ATP Cup Multi-sporteventsIntercontinental Olympics Paralympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental African Asian Southeast Asian Pacific Pan American South American Governing bodies Association of Tennis Professionals Women's Tennis Association International Tennis Federation Tennis portal Outline WikiCommons vteNational members of the International Tennis FederationAfrica (CAT)North Africa ALG EGY LBA MTN MAR TUN West Africa BEN BUR CPV CIV COM DJI GAM GHA GBS GUI LBR MLI NIG NGR SEN SLE TOG Central Africa CMR CAF CGO CHA COD GAB GEQ East Africa BDI COM ERI ETH KEN RWA SEY SOM SUD TAN UGA South Africa ANG BOT LES MAD MAW MRI MOZ NAM RSA SWZ ZAM ZIM Asia (ATF) AFG BRN BAN BHU BRU CAM CHN HKG IND INA IRI IRQ JPN JOR KAZ KGZ KOR KSA KUW LAO LIB MAC MAS MDV MGL MYA NEP OMA PAK PHI PLE PRK QAT SGP SRI SYR THA TJK TKM TPE UAE UZB VIE YEM Europe (TE) ALB AND ARM AUT AZE BLR BEL BIH BUL CRO CYP CZE DEN ESP EST FIN FRA GEO GBR GER GRE HUN ISL IRL ISR ITA KOS LAT LTU LUX LIE MKD MLT MDA MON MNE NED NOR POL POR ROU SMR SRB SVK SLO SWE SUI TUR UKR Central America (COTECC) AIA ANT ARU BAH BAR BIZ BER BES CAY CRC CUB CUW DOM DMA ESA GRN GUA GUY HAI HON JAM MEX NCA PAN PUR LCA VIN SUR TTO ISV IVB SKN TKS South America (COSAT) ARG BOL BRA COL CHI ECU PAR PER URU VEN Oceania (OTF) AUS NZL POC ASA COK FIJ GUM KIR MHL FSM NRU NFK NMI PLW PNG SAM SOL TAH TGA TUV VAN North America CAN USA Former members Yugoslav (YUG) Netherlands Antilles (AHO) Russian Empire (RU1) / Soviet Union (URS) Major events: Olympics Davis Cup Billie Jean King Cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"1896 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"International Lawn Tennis Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"demonstration sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"Kathleen McKane Godfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_McKane_Godfree"},{"link_name":"Andy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murray"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Massú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Open Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Paralympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Golden Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Golden_Slam"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"Andre Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Diede de Groot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diede_de_Groot"},{"link_name":"Dylan Alcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Alcott"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Azarenka,_Serena_Williams_and_Maria_Sharapova_with_medals_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"link_name":"tiebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiebreaker"}],"text":"Tennis was part of the Summer Olympic Games program from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics, but was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics due to disputes between the International Lawn Tennis Federation and the International Olympic Committee over how to define amateur players.[1][2] After two appearances as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 (with a U-21 age limit),[3] it returned as a full medal sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics open for all players regardless of their age and status and has been played at every summer Games since then.[4]In 1896, 1900, 1904, 1988, 1992, semifinal losers shared bronze medals. In all other years, a playoff match for the bronze medal was staged. The Olympic tournaments have increased in perceived importance since their reintroduction, with some players, critics and sports pundits considering winning gold at the Olympics just as prestigious as winning a major title and some considering it even more prestigious.[5][6] Serena Williams and Venus Williams have each won a record four gold medals, three each as a doubles pairing, the only players to win the same Olympic event on three occasions. Venus Williams (four gold, one silver) and Kathleen McKane Godfree (one gold, two silvers, and two bronzes) are the all-time record holders for the most Olympic tennis medals, with five each. Andy Murray is the only player to have won two singles gold medals, and the only singles player to have retained the Olympic title. Nicolás Massú, Venus Williams, and Serena Williams are the only players in the Open Era to win both the singles and same-sex doubles tournaments at one Games, doing so in 2004, 2000, and 2012 respectively. A player who wins an Olympic or Paralympic gold medal and all four majors in the same year is said to have won a Golden Slam, while a player that has won all four Grand Slam titles and Olympic gold during their career has a 'career Golden Slam'. As of 2021, Steffi Graf is the only player to have won a single-year Golden Slam, in 1988. Serena Williams has won a career Golden Slam twice over, the only singles player to do so. In men's tennis, Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal have each won career Golden Slams. Multiple doubles players have achieved the feat, with Serena Williams the only player to complete the career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles.[7] In 2021, wheelchair tennis players Diede de Groot and Dylan Alcott achieved the equivalent wheelchair tennis prize with Paralympic gold.[8]2012 Women's Singles medalists, Serena Williams (center), Maria Sharapova (right) and Victoria Azarenka (left).Since 2021, the deciding set (third) has a 7-point tiebreaker game to decide the match at 6-all. Should the tiebreaker game be tied at 6-all, whoever scores two straight points wins it.","title":"Tennis at the Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_court"},{"link_name":"1992 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"clay court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"grass court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"link_name":"clay court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"}],"text":"The playing surface of the court varies between Olympic Games. It has been on hard court for every game since 1984 except for the 1992 Olympics (which was on a clay court), the 2012 Olympics (which was played on a grass court) and the 2024 Olympics (which will be on a clay court). The changing playing surface gives certain players different advantages and disadvantages not seen in most other Olympic sports.","title":"Surface"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demonstration event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstration_sport"},{"link_name":"exhibition event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"}],"text":"(d) = demonstration event, (e) = exhibition event","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Olympic medalists in tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_tennis"},{"link_name":"List of Olympic venues in tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_tennis"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens Lawn Tennis Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Lawn_Tennis_Club"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boland_(Irish_nationalist_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"John Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boland_(Irish_nationalist_politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Traun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Traun"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Laurence Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Doherty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Laurence Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Doherty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reginald Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Doherty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cooper_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reginald Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Doherty"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Francis Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Field_(Missouri)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Beals Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beals_Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Beals Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beals_Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Edgar Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Leonard"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Queen's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Arthur Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gore_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gwendoline Eastlake-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendoline_Eastlake-Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Herbert Roper Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Roper_Barrett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Arthur Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gore_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"All England Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Club"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Major Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Ritchie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Lambert Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Lambert_Chambers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reginald Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Doherty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"George Hillyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hillyard"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Östermalm Tennis Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stermalms_IP"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"André Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gobert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edith Hannam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hannam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Maurice Germot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Germot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"André Gobert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gobert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Edith Hannam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hannam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charles Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_P._Dixon"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Charles Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Winslow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Broquedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Broquedis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Harold Kitson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Kitson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Charles Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Winslow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Köring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_K%C3%B6ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Schomburgk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schomburgk"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Beerschot Tennis Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerschot_Tennis_Club"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Louis Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Raymond_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Lenglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Noel Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Turnbull"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Max Woosnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Woosnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kathleen McKane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_McKane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Winifred McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_McNair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Lenglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Lenglen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Max Decugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Decugis"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Olympique_Yves-du-Manoir"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vincent Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Richards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Helen Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Wills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Francis Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Hunter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vincent Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Richards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hazel Wightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Wightman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Helen Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Wills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hazel Wightman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Wightman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"R. Norris Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Norris_Williams"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Seoul Olympic Park Tennis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Park_Tennis_Center"},{"link_name":"Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Miloslav Mečíř","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miloslav_Me%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Steffi Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steffi_Graf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ken Flach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Flach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Robert Seguso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Seguso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Pam Shriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Shriver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Zina Garrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina_Garrison"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Tennis de la Vall d'Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_de_la_Vall_d%27Hebron"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Marc Rosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Rosset"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Capriati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Capriati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Boris Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Becker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Michael Stich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gigi Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mary Joe Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Joe_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Stone Mountain Tennis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Tennis_Center"},{"link_name":"Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Andre Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Davenport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Todd Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Woodbridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Mark Woodforde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Woodforde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Gigi Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mary Joe Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Joe_Fern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Tennis_Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Kafelnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Kafelnikov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Lareau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Lareau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Daniel Nestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nestor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Athens Olympic Tennis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Olympic_Tennis_Centre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Massú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Justine Henin-Hardenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justine_Henin-Hardenne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Fernando González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Gonz%C3%A1lez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Massú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Mass%C3%BA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Li Ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ting_(tennis,_born_1980)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Sun Tiantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tiantian"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"National Tennis Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Tennis_Center,_Beijing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Elena Dementieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Dementieva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Roger Federer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Wawrinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Wawrinka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"All England Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_England_Club"},{"link_name":"Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Andy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bob Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bryan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mike Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bryan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Victoria Azarenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Max Mirnyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mirnyi"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Olympic Tennis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Tennis_Centre_(Rio_de_Janeiro)"},{"link_name":"Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Andy Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Monica Puig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Puig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Marc López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_L%C3%B3pez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Rafael Nadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Nadal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ekaterina Makarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekaterina_Makarova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Elena Vesnina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Vesnina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bethanie Mattek-Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethanie_Mattek-Sands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jack Sock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sock"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Ariake Tennis Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariake_Coliseum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Alexander Zverev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zverev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Belinda Bencic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Bencic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Nikola Mektić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Mekti%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Mate Pavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_Pavi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Barbora Krejčíková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbora_Krej%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kateřina Siniaková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Siniakov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Pavlyuchenkova"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Andrey Rublev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Rublev"},{"link_name":"ROC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Stade Roland Garros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Roland_Garros"},{"link_name":"Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"2028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Dignity Health Sports Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity_Health_Sports_Park"},{"link_name":"Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_court"},{"link_name":"2032","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland Tennis Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Tennis_Centre"}],"text":"For list of Olympic champions, see List of Olympic medalists in tennis.For list of Olympic tennis venues, see List of Olympic venues in tennis.List of gold medalists and venues where the Games took place listed below.‡ Players who won two events at the same Games.Period\n\nYear\n\nHost city\n\nVenue\n\nSurface\n\nMen's singles\n\nWomen's singles\n\nMen's doubles\n\nWomen's doubles\n\nMixed doubles\n\n\nAmateur\nEra\n(1896–\n1924)\n\n\n1896\n\n Athens\n\nAthens Lawn Tennis Club\n\nClay\n\n John Boland‡\n\nNot held\n\n John Boland‡ Friedrich Traun\n\nNot held\n\nNot held\n\n\n1900\n\n Paris\n\nCercle des Sports, Île de Puteaux\n\n Laurence Doherty‡\n\n Charlotte Cooper‡\n\n Laurence Doherty‡ Reginald Doherty‡\n\n Charlotte Cooper‡ Reginald Doherty‡\n\n\n1904\n\n St. Louis\n\nFrancis Field\n\n Beals Wright‡\n\nNot held\n\n Beals Wright‡ Edgar Leonard\n\nNot held\n\n\n1908\n\n London\n\nQueen's Club (indoor)\n\nWood\n\n Arthur Gore‡\n\n Gwendoline Eastlake-Smith\n\n Herbert Roper Barrett Arthur Gore‡\n\n\nAll England Club (outdoor)\n\nGrass\n\n Major Ritchie\n\n Dorothea Lambert Chambers\n\n Reginald Doherty (2) George Hillyard\n\n\n1912\n\n Stockholm\n\nÖstermalm Tennis Pavilion (indoor)\n\nWood\n\n André Gobert\n\n Edith Hannam‡\n\n Maurice Germot André Gobert\n\n Edith Hannam‡ Charles Dixon\n\n\nÖstermalm Tennis Pavilion (outdoor)\n\nClay\n\n Charles Winslow‡\n\n Marguerite Broquedis\n\n Harold Kitson Charles Winslow‡\n\n Dorothea Köring Heinrich Schomburgk\n\n\n1920\n\n Antwerp\n\nBeerschot Tennis Club\n\nGrass\n\n Louis Raymond\n\n Suzanne Lenglen‡\n\n Noel Turnbull Max Woosnam\n\n Kathleen McKane Winifred McNair\n\n Suzanne Lenglen‡ Max Decugis\n\n\n1924\n\n Paris\n\nStade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir\n\nClay\n\n Vincent Richards\n\n Helen Wills‡\n\n Francis Hunter Vincent Richards\n\n Hazel Wightman Helen Wills‡\n\n Hazel Wightman R. Norris Williams\n\n\nOpen Era (1988–)\n\n1988\n\n Seoul\n\nSeoul Olympic Park Tennis Center\n\nHard\n\n Miloslav Mečíř\n\n Steffi Graf\n\n Ken Flach Robert Seguso\n\n Pam Shriver Zina Garrison\n\nNot held\n\n\n1992\n\n Barcelona\n\nTennis de la Vall d'Hebron\n\nClay\n\n Marc Rosset\n\n Jennifer Capriati\n\n Boris Becker Michael Stich\n\n Gigi Fernández Mary Joe Fernández\n\n\n1996\n\n Atlanta\n\nStone Mountain Tennis Center\n\nHard\n\n Andre Agassi\n\n Lindsay Davenport\n\n Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde\n\n Gigi Fernández (2) Mary Joe Fernández (2)\n\n\n2000\n\n Sydney\n\nSydney Olympic Park Tennis Centre\n\n Yevgeny Kafelnikov\n\n Venus Williams‡\n\n Sébastien Lareau Daniel Nestor\n\n Serena Williams Venus Williams‡\n\n\n2004\n\n Athens\n\nAthens Olympic Tennis Centre\n\n Nicolás Massú‡\n\n Justine Henin-Hardenne\n\n Fernando González Nicolás Massú‡\n\n Li Ting Sun Tiantian\n\n\n2008\n\n Beijing\n\nNational Tennis Center\n\n Rafael Nadal\n\n Elena Dementieva\n\n Roger Federer Stanislas Wawrinka\n\n Serena Williams (2) Venus Williams (2)\n\n\n2012\n\n London\n\nAll England Club\n\nGrass\n\n Andy Murray\n\n Serena Williams‡\n\n Bob Bryan\n Mike Bryan\n\n\n Serena Williams‡ (3) Venus Williams (3)\n\n Victoria Azarenka Max Mirnyi\n\n\n2016\n\n Rio de Janeiro\n\nOlympic Tennis Centre\n\nHard\n\n Andy Murray (2)\n\n Monica Puig\n\n Marc López Rafael Nadal\n\n Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina\n\n Bethanie Mattek-Sands Jack Sock\n\n\n2020\n\n Tokyo\n\nAriake Tennis Park\n\n Alexander Zverev\n\n Belinda Bencic\n\n Nikola Mektić Mate Pavić\n\n Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková\n\n Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (ROC)  Andrey Rublev (ROC)\n\n\n2024\n\n Paris\n\nStade Roland Garros\n\nClay\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2028\n\n Los Angeles\n\nDignity Health Sports Park\n\nHard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2032\n\n Brisbane\n\nQueensland Tennis Centre","title":"Champions and venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hong 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(COSAT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America_Tennis_Confederation"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivian_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Tennis_Confederation"},{"link_name":"COL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"ECU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecuadorian_Federation_of_Tennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguayan_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Federation_of_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"URU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguayan_Association_of_Tennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oceania (OTF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Australia"},{"link_name":"NZL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"POC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Oceania"},{"link_name":"ASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Samoa_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"COK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cook_Islands_Tennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FIJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiji_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guam_National_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiribati_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micronesia_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NRU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nauru_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_Islands_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Mariana_Islands_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PLW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palau_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papua_New_Guinea_Lawn_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Islands_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Tahitienne_de_Tennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuvalu_Tennis_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu_Tennis_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Canada"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav (YUG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"Netherlands Antilles (AHO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire (RU1) / Soviet Union (URS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Tennis_Federation"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Davis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Cup"},{"link_name":"Billie Jean King Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup"}],"text":"Nation\n96\n00\n04\n08\n12\n20\n24\n28–64\n68\n72–80\n84\n88\n92\n96\n00\n04\n08\n12\n16\n20\nYears\n\n\n Algeria\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n\n\n–\n\n\n\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n\n\n Argentina\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n5\n\n–\n\n1\n5\n6\n8\n8\n9\n6\n7\n6\n7\n11\n\n\n Armenia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n1\n1\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Australasia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Australia\n\n1\n2\n–\n–\n–\n1\n2\n\n–\n\n3\n6\n7\n7\n10\n7\n8\n6\n10\n10\n14\n\n\n Austria\n\n–\n–\n–\n3\n3\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n2\n3\n5\n1\n3\n1\n3\n3\n2\n2\n12\n\n\n Bahamas\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n2\n2\n2\n2\n–\n–\n–\n5\n\n\n Barbados\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n\n\n Belarus\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n2\n4\n2\n5\n3\n2\n3\n7\n\n\n Belgium\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n16\n8\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n1\n3\n3\n3\n2\n5\n3\n4\n10\n\n\n Benin\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Bermuda\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Bohemia\n\n–\n1\n–\n4\n8\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Bolivia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n2\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n2\n–\n2\n\n\n Brazil\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n1\n\n1\n3\n4\n3\n4\n3\n4\n4\n7\n7\n11\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n2\n3\n2\n–\n1\n1\n2\n2\n–\n7\n\n\n Canada\n\n–\n–\n–\n3\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n2\n7\n5\n6\n4\n2\n3\n5\n4\n4\n11\n\n\n Chile\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n1\n2\n2\n2\n2\n–\n2\n1\n8\n\n\n China\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n2\n5\n4\n3\n4\n8\n4\n5\n5\n10\n\n\n Chinese Taipei\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n–\n–\n3\n2\n1\n3\n3\n5\n5\n8\n\n\n Colombia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n2\n–\n4\n3\n4\n5\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Ivory Coast\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n1\n–\n2\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n\n\n Croatia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n4\n5\n5\n1\n2\n4\n6\n8\n\n\n Cyprus\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n–\n–\n2\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n4\n7\n8\n11\n8\n7\n6\n7\n\n\n Czechoslovakia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n7\n5\n\n–\n\n–\n5\n5\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n\n Denmark\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n10\n3\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n3\n2\n2\n1\n–\n1\n1\n1\n–\n12\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n2\n\n\n Ecuador\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n4\n\n–\n–\n–\n3\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Egypt\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n2\n\n1\n\n\n El Salvador\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Estonia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n2\n–\n–\n1\n3\n\n\n Finland\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n–\n\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n1\n1\n–\n–\n5\n\n\n France\n\n1\n14\n–\n1\n6\n10\n10\n\n2\n\n4\n5\n7\n4\n7\n9\n8\n7\n9\n10\n17\n\n\n Georgia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Germany\n\n1\n–\n1\n5\n7\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n6\n3\n5\n4\n2\n7\n8\n9\n12\n\n\n Great Britain\n\n2\n6\n–\n22\n11\n8\n10\n\n–\n\n3\n5\n6\n5\n6\n1\n2\n8\n7\n6\n16\n\n\n Greece\n\n7\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n3\n\n–\n\n2\n3\n4\n2\n1\n4\n2\n–\n–\n2\n11\n\n\n Haiti\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n1\n–\n1\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Hungary\n\n1\n–\n–\n3\n6\n–\n5\n\n–\n\n–\n2\n1\n5\n5\n4\n2\n2\n2\n–\n12\n\n\n India\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n6\n\n–\n\n1\n3\n2\n2\n4\n2\n4\n7\n4\n3\n11\n\n\n Indonesia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n3\n5\n2\n2\n2\n–\n–\n–\n–\n6\n\n\n Ireland\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n–\n\n–\n2\n2\n2\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n\n Israel\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n4\n1\n–\n–\n3\n4\n3\n1\n–\n7\n\n\n Italy\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n8\n\n3\n\n4\n5\n8\n8\n6\n6\n8\n7\n7\n6\n13\n\n\n Japan\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n4\n\n2\n\n2\n4\n5\n7\n5\n4\n3\n3\n6\n11\n13\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n2\n7\n3\n\n\n Latvia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n2\n4\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n1\n–\n2\n\n\n Lithuania\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n\n\n Luxembourg\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n1\n1\n2\n–\n1\n1\n–\n6\n\n\n Madagascar\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n2\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Mexico\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n\n6\n\n1\n5\n4\n3\n2\n–\n–\n–\n2\n2\n9\n\n\n Moldova\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n\n\n Montenegro\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n\n\n Morocco\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n–\n2\n1\n1\n2\n–\n–\n–\n–\n5\n\n\n Netherlands\n\n–\n–\n–\n2\n1\n–\n5\n\n–\n\n1\n1\n5\n5\n3\n–\n–\n2\n3\n4\n11\n\n\n New Zealand\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n3\n–\n1\n–\n–\n1\n1\n2\n2\n6\n\n\n Nigeria\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n3\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Norway\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n7\n3\n4\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n1\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n6\n\n\n Paraguay\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n2\n2\n–\n1\n–\n–\n1\n1\n1\n6\n\n\n Peru\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n3\n–\n2\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n1\n4\n\n\n Philippines\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Poland\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n1\n3\n2\n–\n2\n6\n7\n7\n6\n8\n\n\n Portugal\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n2\n2\n–\n–\n–\n2\n2\n6\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n3\n\n1\n\n–\n\n2\n\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n\n–\n\n5\n\n\n ROC\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n8\n\n1\n\n\n Romania\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n5\n4\n3\n2\n2\n5\n6\n3\n9\n\n\n Russia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n4\n5\n9\n9\n10\n8\n–\n7\n\n\n Serbia and Montenegro\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Serbia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n6\n6\n5\n4\n\n\n Slovakia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n5\n5\n7\n4\n4\n3\n3\n7\n\n\n Slovenia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n4\n–\n3\n4\n–\n4\n1\n–\n5\n\n\n South Africa\n\n–\n–\n–\n3\n3\n5\n4\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n6\n6\n5\n–\n2\n–\n–\n–\n8\n\n\n Soviet Union\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n4\n\n–\n7\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n\n\n South Korea\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n5\n4\n5\n4\n2\n1\n–\n–\n1\n8\n\n\n Spain\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n4\n8\n\n3\n\n2\n4\n6\n7\n7\n11\n9\n12\n9\n8\n13\n\n\n Sweden\n\n–\n–\n–\n4\n16\n8\n4\n\n1\n\n2\n3\n6\n4\n5\n4\n5\n3\n1\n1\n15\n\n\n Switzerland\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n4\n\n–\n\n2\n2\n4\n3\n3\n4\n5\n2\n2\n2\n12\n\n\n Thailand\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n2\n2\n3\n2\n1\n–\n2\n–\n6\n\n\n Togo\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n Tunisia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n1\n2\n2\n1\n5\n\n\n Turkey\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n1\n\n\n Ukraine\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n2\n2\n4\n2\n6\n4\n6\n\n\n Unified Team\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n5\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n\n United States\n\n–\n5\n35\n–\n1\n–\n9\n\n6\n\n7\n7\n7\n7\n10\n10\n10\n12\n11\n11\n15\n\n\n Uruguay\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n1\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n1\n3\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n2\n1\n–\n1\n1\n1\n–\n5\n\n\n Venezuela\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n–\n–\n3\n4\n1\n1\n–\n–\n–\n4\n\n\n West Germany\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n4\n\n3\n5\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Yugoslavia\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n1\n\n–\n\n2\n3\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n3\n\n\n Zimbabwe\n\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n–\n\n–\n\n1\n3\n2\n2\n3\n3\n1\n–\n–\n–\n7\n\n\nNations\n6\n4\n2\n10\n14\n14\n27\n\n15\n\n34\n38\n48\n55\n52\n52\n48\n44\n56\n45\n—\n\n\nPlayers\n13\n26\n36\n50\n82\n75\n124\n\n45\n\n64\n129\n177\n176\n182\n170\n169\n184\n199\n191\n—\n\n\nNation\n96\n00\n04\n08\n12\n20\n24\n68\n84\n88\n92\n96\n00\n04\n08\n12\n16\n20\nYears\n\nMedal tables[edit]\nAll years[edit]\nSources:[9]\n\n\nRankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States (USA)21612392 Great Britain (GBR)171412433 France (FRA)568194 Germany (GER)362115 Russia (RUS)33286 Switzerland (SUI)33067 South Africa (RSA)32168 Spain (ESP)274139 Chile (CHI)211410 Czech Republic (CZE)134811 Mixed team (ZZX)123612 ROC120313 Australia (AUS)114614 Croatia (CRO)113515 Czechoslovakia (TCH)112416 Belarus (BLR)1012 Belgium (BEL)1012 China (CHN)1012 West Germany (FRG)101220 Canada (CAN)1001 Puerto Rico (PUR)100122 Sweden (SWE)035823 Argentina (ARG)023524 Greece (GRE)0213 Japan (JPN)021326 Netherlands (NED)011227 Austria (AUT)0101 Denmark (DEN)0101 Romania (ROM)010130 Unified Team (EUN)002231 Australasia (ANZ)0011 Bohemia (BOH)0011 Brazil (BRA)0011 Bulgaria (BUL)0011 Hungary (HUN)0011 India (IND)0011 Italy (ITA)0011 New Zealand (NZL)0011 Norway (NOR)0011 Serbia (SRB)0011 Ukraine (UKR)0011Totals (41 entries)717186228\nOpen Era[edit]\n\nRankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 United States (USA)1437242 Germany (GER)34293 Russia (RUS)33284 Switzerland (SUI)33065 Spain (ESP)274136 Great Britain (GBR)22047 Chile (CHI)21148 Czech Republic (CZE)13489 ROC (ROC)120310 Australia (AUS)114611 Croatia (CRO)113512 Czechoslovakia (TCH)111313 Belarus (BLR)1012 Belgium (BEL)1012 China (CHN)101216 Canada (CAN)1001 Puerto Rico (PUR)100118 Argentina (ARG)023519 France (FRA)022420 Sweden (SWE)012321 Netherlands (NED)0101 Romania (ROM)0101 South Africa (RSA)010124 Unified Team (EUN)002225 Brazil (BRA)0011 Bulgaria (BUL)0011 India (IND)0011 Japan (JPN)0011 New Zealand (NZL)0011 Serbia (SRB)0011 Ukraine (UKR)0011Totals (31 entries)393947125\nAmateur Era[edit]\nRankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Great Britain (GBR)151212392 United States (USA)735153 France (FRA)546154 South Africa (RSA)31155 Mixed team (ZZX)12366 Germany (GER)12147 Sweden (SWE)02358 Greece (GRE)02139 Japan (JPN)020210 Austria (AUT)0101 Denmark (DEN)010112 Australasia (ANZ)0011 Bohemia (BOH)0011 Czechoslovakia (TCH)0011 Hungary (HUN)0011 Italy (ITA)0011 Netherlands (NED)0011 Norway (NOR)0011Totals (18 entries)323239103\nMultiple medal winners (1896–2020)[edit]\n\n\n\n\nTotal\n\nName\nGold\nSilver\nBronze\n\n\n5\n\n Venus Williams\n4\n1\n0\n\n\n4\n\n Serena Williams\n4\n0\n0\n\n\n4\n\n Reginald Doherty\n3\n0\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Vincent Richards\n2\n1\n0\n\n\n3\n\n Andy Murray\n2\n1\n0\n\n\n3\n\n Laurence Doherty\n2\n0\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Mary Joe Fernández\n2\n0\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Suzanne Lenglen\n2\n0\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Charles Winslow\n2\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Rafael Nadal\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n John Pius Boland\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Charlotte Cooper\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Gigi Fernández\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n André Gobert\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Arthur Gore\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Edith Hannam\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Nicolás Massú\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Hazel Wightman\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Helen Wills Moody\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Beals Wright\n2\n0\n0\n\n\n5\n\n Kathleen McKane Godfree\n1\n2\n2\n\n\n4\n\n Charles Dixon\n1\n1\n2\n\n\n3\n\n Max Décugis\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Fernando González\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Steffi Graf\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Major Ritchie\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Herbert Barrett\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Belinda Bencic\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Elena Dementieva\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Roger Federer\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Harold Kitson\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Dorothea Köring\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n / Elena Vesnina\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Todd Woodbridge\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Mark Woodforde\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Max Woosnam\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n3\n\n Mike Bryan\n1\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Victoria Azarenka\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Jack Sock\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Marguerite Broquedis\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Bob Bryan\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Zina Garrison\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Edgar Leonard\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Miloš Mečíř\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Jack Sock\n1\n0\n1\n\n\n4\n\n Arantxa Sánchez Vicario\n0\n2\n2\n\n\n3\n\n Harold Mahony\n0\n2\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Conchita Martínez\n0\n2\n1\n\n\n3\n\n Jana Novotná\n0\n2\n1\n\n\n2\n\n George Caridia\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Henri Cochet\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Dorothy Holman\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Dionysios Kasdaglis\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Ichiya Kumagae\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Robert LeRoy\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Yvonne Prévost\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Virginia Ruano Pascual\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Helena Suková\n0\n2\n0\n\n\n2\n\n Alphonzo Bell\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Sigrid Fick\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Juan Martín del Potro\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Lucie Hradecká\n0\n1\n1\n\n\n2\n\n Albert Canet\n0\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Stefan Edberg\n0\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Goran Ivanišević\n0\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Marion Jones\n0\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Arthur Norris\n0\n0\n2\n\n\n2\n\n Hedwiga Rosenbaumová\n0\n0\n2\n\nPoint distribution[edit]\nFrom the 2004 until the 2012 Summer Olympics, the ATP and the WTA Tours awarded ranking points, for singles players only, who competed at the Summer Olympics. This was discontinued beginning with the 2016 Summer Olympics.[10][11]\n\n2004[edit]\nSee also: Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's singles § Ranking points\nThe breakdown of ranking points towards the ATP rankings is shown below:[12]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nATP Entry Ranking points\n\nGold medallist: 400\nSilver medallist: 280\nBronze medallist: 205\nOther semi-finalist: 155\nQuarter-finalist: 100\nThird round: 50\nSecond round: 25\nFirst round: 5\n\n\nATP Champions Race points\n\nGold medallist: 80\nSilver medallist: 56\nBronze medallist: 41\nOther semi-finalist: 31\nQuarter-finalist: 20\nThird round: 10\nSecond round: 5\nFirst round: 1\n \n\n\n2008[edit]\nSee also: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics § Ranking points\nRankings points determine the position of a player in the ATP (men's) and WTA (women's) rankings, which are based on players' performances in the previous 52-weeks. For the Olympics, the men's player who won received 400 ranking points[13]—put in perspective, this was 100 more than a win at the most prestigious International Series Gold tournaments, 100 less than a Masters Series win, and 600 less than a triumph at one of the four Grand Slam tournaments.[14]\n\n\n\n\n\nMen's ATP ranking points\nWomen's WTA ranking points\n\n\nGold Medal\n400\n353\n\n\nSilver Medal\n280\n245\n\n\nBronze Medal\n205\n175\n\n\nLoser 3rd/4th\n155\n135\n\n\nQuarterfinals\n100\n90\n\n\nRound of 16\n50\n48\n\n\nRound of 32\n25\n28\n\n\n1st round\n5\n1\n\n2012[edit]\nSee also: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics § Points distribution\nThe points distribution for the Association of Tennis Professionals and the Women's Tennis Association tours, concerning only singles competition on the 2012 Olympic Games, is listed below.[15][16] These points can be added to a player's world ranking for the 2012 season. \n\n\n\n\nStage\n\nGold medal\n\nSilver medal\n\nBronze medal\n\nFourth place\n\nQuarterfinals\n\nRound of 16\n\nRound of 32\n\nRound of 64\n\n\nMen's singles\n\n750\n\n450\n\n340\n\n270\n\n135\n\n70\n\n35\n\n5\n\n\nWomen's singles\n\n685\n\n470\n\n340\n\n260\n\n175\n\n95\n\n55\n\n1\n\nSee also[edit]\nList of Olympic venues in tennis\nTennis at the Youth Olympic Games\nTennis at the Mediterranean Games\nTennis at the Pan American Games\nList of Olympic medalists in tennis\nWheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics\nReferences[edit]\n\n\n^ Soltis, Greg (July 27, 2012). \"Olympic Events Through History\". LiveScience. Retrieved 2012-08-01.\n\n^ Williams, Wythe (July 27, 1928). \"SOCCER AND TENNIS BARRED IN OLYMPICS\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-01.\n\n^ \"Olympic Tennis Event – History: Overview\". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 2012-08-01.\n\n^ \"2 More Olympic Games\". The New York Times. October 2, 1981. Retrieved 2012-08-01.\n\n^ \"Olympics or Slams – What's More Important For Tennis Players?\". Let, Second Serve. July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2015.\n\n^ Paul Fein (September 20, 2012). \"How Important Is an Olympic Gold Medal in Tennis?\". World Tennis Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2013.\n\n^ Tignor, Steve (30 July 2015). \"1988: Steffi Graf wins the Golden Slam\". Tennis.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.\n\n^ \"Dylan Alcott achieves history-making 'golden slam' with US Open final victory\". The Guardian. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries\". olympanalyt.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.\n\n^ \"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.\n\n^ \"Ranking Points\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 16 September 2014.\n\n^ \"Ranking Points\". International Tennis Federation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2020.\n\n^ \"Ranking Points 2008 (Olympic Tennis Event)\". ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-13.\n\n^ \"The ATP 2008 Official Rulebook (p. 153)\" (PDF). ATP. Retrieved 2008-08-13. [dead link]\n\n^ \"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.\n\n^ \"Ranking Points\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012.\n\n\nExternal links[edit]\nOlympic Tennis Event website – International Tennis Federation (archived 15 July 2012)\nvteTennis at the Summer Olympics\n1896\n1900\n1904\n1906 (Intercalated)\n1908\n1912\n1920\n1924\n1928–1964\n1968 (demonstration)\n1972–1980\n1984 (demonstration)\n1988\n1992\n1996\n2000\n2004\n2008\n2012\n2016\n2020\n2024\n\nList of medalists\nList of Olympic venues\n\nvteSports at the Olympic GamesSummer sports\nAquatics\nArtistic swimming\nDiving\nSwimming\nWater polo\nArchery\nAthletics\nBadminton\nBasketball\n3x3 basketball\nBoxing\nCanoeing\nCycling\nEquestrian\nFencing\nField hockey\nFootball\nGolf\nGymnastics\nArtistic gymnastics\nHandball\nJudo\nModern pentathlon\nRowing\nRugby sevens\nSailing\nShooting\nSkateboarding\nSport climbing\nSurfing\nTable tennis\nTaekwondo\nTennis\nTriathlon\nVolleyball\nBeach volleyball\nWeightlifting\nWrestling\nWinter sports\nBiathlon\nBobsleigh\nBobsleigh\nSkeleton\nCurling\nIce hockey\nLuge\nSkating\nFigure skating\nShort track speed skating\nSpeed skating\nSkiing\nAlpine skiing\nCross-country skiing\nFreestyle skiing\nNordic combined\nSki jumping\nSnowboarding\n2024 addition\nBreaking\n2026 addition\nSki mountaineering\n2028 additions\nBaseball / Softball\nCricket\nFlag football\nLacrosse\nSquash\nPast sports\nBasque pelota\nCroquet\nJeu de paume\nKarate\nMilitary patrol\nPolo\nRackets\nRoque\nRugby union (15-a-side)\nTug of war\nWater motorsports\nDemonstration sports\nAmerican football\nAustralian football\nBandy\nBudo\nGliding\nIce stock sport\nKorfball\nLa canne\nPesäpallo\nRoller hockey\nSavate\nSkijoring\nSled dog racing\nSwedish gymnastics\nSpeed skiing\nWater skiing\nWinter pentathlon\nUnofficial sports\nAeronautics\nAlpinism\nAngling\nArt competitions\nBallooning\nBoules\nBowling\nCannon shooting\nChess\nCycle polo\nDisabled skiing\nFire fighting\nGaelic football\nGlima\nGotland sports\nHurling\nIndian sports\nKaatsen\nKite flying\nLife saving\nLongue paume\nMilitary exercise\nMotor racing\nMotorcycle racing\nPigeon racing\nPistol dueling\nWheelchair racing\nWushu\n\nParalympic sports\n Olympic Games portal\n\nvteTennis\nHistory\nGlossary\nMatch types\nPlayers\nRankings\nStatistics\nUmpires\nStadiums\nBasicsGeneral\nScoring system\npoint\nStrategy\ngrips\nserve-and-volley\nEquipment\nball\nracket\nstrings\nOfficial\nTechnology\nelectronic line judge\nHawk-Eye\nControversies\nCode violations\nDoping\nMatch fixing\nGrunting\nCourts\nHard\nClay\nGrass\nCarpet\nWood\nShots\nBackhand\nBackspin\nDrop shot\nFlat\nForehand\nGroundstroke\nHalf volley\nLob\nPassing shot\nServe\nace\ndouble fault\nSmash\nTopspin\nVolley\nGrand SlamsEvents\nAustralian Open\nFrench Open\nWimbledon\nUS Open\nStatistics\nChampions\nSingles finals\nRecords\nProfessionaltoursMen\nATP rankings\nATP Tour\nATP 1000\nATP Finals\nATP Challenger Tour\nITF Men's Circuit\nWomen\nWTA rankings\nWTA Tour\nWTA 1000\nWTA Finals\nWTA 125 series\nITF Women's Circuit\nTeam tennistournamentsActive\nDavis Cup\nBillie Jean King Cup\nUnited Cup\nLaver Cup\nHopman Cup\nDefunct\nWightman Cup\nWorld Team Cup\nChampions Tennis League\nInternational Premier Tennis League\nWorld TeamTennis\nATP Cup\nMulti-sporteventsIntercontinental\nOlympics\nParalympics\nYouth Olympics\nUniversiade\nCommonwealth\nIsland\nMediterranean\nContinental\nAfrican\nAsian\nSoutheast Asian\nPacific\nPan American\nSouth American\nGoverning bodies\nAssociation of Tennis Professionals\nWomen's Tennis Association\nInternational Tennis Federation\n\n Tennis portal\n Outline\n WikiCommons\n\nvteNational members of the International Tennis FederationAfrica (CAT)North Africa\nALG\nEGY\nLBA\nMTN\nMAR\nTUN\nWest Africa\nBEN\nBUR\nCPV\nCIV\nCOM\nDJI\nGAM\nGHA\nGBS\nGUI\nLBR\nMLI\nNIG\nNGR\nSEN\nSLE\nTOG\nCentral Africa\nCMR\nCAF\nCGO\nCHA\nCOD\nGAB\nGEQ\nEast Africa\nBDI\nCOM\nERI\nETH\nKEN\nRWA\nSEY\nSOM\nSUD\nTAN\nUGA\nSouth Africa\nANG\nBOT\nLES\nMAD\nMAW\nMRI\nMOZ\nNAM\nRSA\nSWZ\nZAM\nZIM\nAsia (ATF)\nAFG\nBRN\nBAN\nBHU\nBRU\nCAM\nCHN\nHKG\nIND\nINA\nIRI\nIRQ\nJPN\nJOR\nKAZ\nKGZ\nKOR\nKSA\nKUW\nLAO\nLIB\nMAC\nMAS\nMDV\nMGL\nMYA\nNEP\nOMA\nPAK\nPHI\nPLE\nPRK\nQAT\nSGP\nSRI\nSYR\nTHA\nTJK\nTKM\nTPE\nUAE\nUZB\nVIE\nYEM\nEurope (TE)\nALB\nAND\nARM\nAUT\nAZE\nBLR\nBEL\nBIH\nBUL\nCRO\nCYP\nCZE\nDEN\nESP\nEST\nFIN\nFRA\nGEO\nGBR\nGER\nGRE\nHUN\nISL\nIRL\nISR\nITA\nKOS\nLAT\nLTU\nLUX\nLIE\nMKD\nMLT\nMDA\nMON\nMNE\nNED\nNOR\nPOL\nPOR\nROU\nSMR\nSRB\nSVK\nSLO\nSWE\nSUI\nTUR\nUKR\nCentral America (COTECC)\nAIA\nANT\nARU\nBAH\nBAR\nBIZ\nBER\nBES\nCAY\nCRC\nCUB\nCUW\nDOM\nDMA\nESA\nGRN\nGUA\nGUY\nHAI\nHON\nJAM\nMEX\nNCA\nPAN\nPUR\nLCA\nVIN\nSUR\nTTO\nISV\nIVB\nSKN\nTKS\nSouth America (COSAT)\nARG\nBOL\nBRA\nCOL\nCHI\nECU\nPAR\nPER\nURU\nVEN\nOceania (OTF)\nAUS\nNZL\nPOC\nASA\nCOK\nFIJ\nGUM\nKIR\nMHL\nFSM\nNRU\nNFK\nNMI\nPLW\nPNG\nSAM\nSOL\nTAH\nTGA\nTUV\nVAN\nNorth America\nCAN\nUSA\nFormer members\nYugoslav (YUG)\nNetherlands Antilles (AHO)\nRussian Empire (RU1) / Soviet Union (URS)\n\nMajor events:\nOlympics\nDavis Cup\nBillie Jean King Cup","title":"Participating nations"}]
[{"image_text":"2012 Women's Singles medalists, Serena Williams (center), Maria Sharapova (right) and Victoria Azarenka (left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Victoria_Azarenka%2C_Serena_Williams_and_Maria_Sharapova_with_medals_2012.jpg/220px-Victoria_Azarenka%2C_Serena_Williams_and_Maria_Sharapova_with_medals_2012.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Soltis, Greg (July 27, 2012). \"Olympic Events Through History\". LiveScience. Retrieved 2012-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/2782-olympic-events-history.html","url_text":"\"Olympic Events Through History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveScience","url_text":"LiveScience"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Wythe (July 27, 1928). \"SOCCER AND TENNIS BARRED IN OLYMPICS\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/27/archives/soccer-and-tennis-barred-in-olympics-international-body-by-1614.html","url_text":"\"SOCCER AND TENNIS BARRED IN OLYMPICS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Tennis Event – History: Overview\". International Tennis Federation. Retrieved 2012-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/history/history/overview.aspx","url_text":"\"Olympic Tennis Event – History: Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation","url_text":"International Tennis Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"2 More Olympic Games\". The New York Times. October 2, 1981. Retrieved 2012-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/sports/2-more-olympic-games.html","url_text":"\"2 More Olympic Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics or Slams – What's More Important For Tennis Players?\". Let, Second Serve. July 12, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.letsecondserve.com/2012/07/olympics-or-slams-whats-more-important.html","url_text":"\"Olympics or Slams – What's More Important For Tennis Players?\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Fein (September 20, 2012). \"How Important Is an Olympic Gold Medal in Tennis?\". World Tennis Magazine. Retrieved October 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/8213","url_text":"\"How Important Is an Olympic Gold Medal in Tennis?\""}]},{"reference":"Tignor, Steve (30 July 2015). \"1988: Steffi Graf wins the Golden Slam\". Tennis.com. Retrieved 17 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/07/1988-steffi-graf-wins-golden-slam/55786/","url_text":"\"1988: Steffi Graf wins the Golden Slam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_(magazine)","url_text":"Tennis.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dylan Alcott achieves history-making 'golden slam' with US Open final victory\". The Guardian. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/sep/13/dylan-alcott-achieves-history-making-golden-slam-with-us-open-final-victory","url_text":"\"Dylan Alcott achieves history-making 'golden slam' with US Open final victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries\". olympanalyt.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByCountries&param_dbversion=&param_country=&param_games=ALL&param_sport=Tennis","url_text":"\"Olympic Analytics - Medals by Countries\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240605001141/http://olympanalyt.com/OlympAnalytics.php?param_pagetype=MedalsByCountries&param_dbversion=&param_country=&param_games=ALL&param_sport=Tennis","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/news/79975.aspx","url_text":"\"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Points\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 16 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nanjing.itftennis.com/olympics/players/ranking-points.aspx","url_text":"\"Ranking Points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Points\". International Tennis Federation. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040823165631/http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/event/points.asp","url_text":"\"Ranking Points\""},{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/event/points.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Points 2008 (Olympic Tennis Event)\". ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/event/ranking.asp","url_text":"\"Ranking Points 2008 (Olympic Tennis Event)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ATP 2008 Official Rulebook (p. 153)\" (PDF). ATP. Retrieved 2008-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atptennis.com/en/players/ATP_Rulebook2008.pdf","url_text":"\"The ATP 2008 Official Rulebook (p. 153)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itftennis.com/news/79975.aspx","url_text":"\"ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranking Points\". itftennis.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://itftennis.com/olympics/players/ranking-points.aspx","url_text":"\"Ranking Points\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_exchange_rate_system_in_Hong_Kong
Linked exchange rate system in Hong Kong
["1 History","1.1 Strengthening of Currency Board Arrangements","2 See also","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]
Currency Peg System in Hong Kong Foreign exchange Exchange rates Currency band Exchange rate Exchange rate regime Exchange-rate flexibility Dollarization Fixed exchange rate Floating exchange rate Linked exchange rate Managed float regime Dual exchange rate Markets Foreign exchange market Futures exchange Retail foreign exchange trading Assets Currency Currency future Currency forward Non-deliverable forward Foreign exchange swap Currency swap Foreign exchange option Historical agreements Bretton Woods Conference Smithsonian Agreement Plaza Accord Louvre Accord See also Bureau de change Hard currency Currency pair Foreign exchange fraud Currency intervention vte A linked exchange rate system is a type of exchange rate regime that pegs the exchange rate of one currency to another. It is the exchange rate system implemented in Hong Kong to stabilise the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar (HKD) and the United States dollar (USD). The Macao pataca (MOP) is similarly linked to the Hong Kong dollar. Unlike a fixed exchange rate system, the government or central bank does not actively interfere in the foreign exchange market by controlling supply and demand of the currency in order to influence the exchange rate. The exchange rate is instead stabilized by an exchange mechanism, whereby the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) authorises note-issuing banks to issue new banknotes provided that they deposit an equivalent value of US dollars with the HKMA. The Government, through the HKMA, authorises three commercial banks to issue banknotes: The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited; the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited; and the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited. Notes (HK$10 only) are also issued by the HKMA itself because of the continuing demand for small value notes among the public. History HKD/USD exchange rate since 1990 As a response to the Black Saturday crisis in 1983, the linked exchange rate system was adopted in Hong Kong on October 17, 1983 through the currency board system. The redemption of certificates of indebtedness (for backing the banknotes) were sent out by note-issuing banks to peg the domestic currency against the US dollar at an internal fixed rate of HK$7.80 = US$1. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), Hong Kong's de facto central bank, authorised note-issuing banks to issue banknotes. These banks are required to have the same amount of US dollars to issue banknotes. The HKMA guarantees to exchange US dollars into Hong Kong dollars, or vice versa, at the rate of 7.80. When the market rate is below 7.80, the banks will convert US dollars for Hong Kong dollars from the HKMA; Hong Kong dollar supply will increase, and the market rate will climb back to 7.80. The same mechanism also works when the market rate is above 7.80, and the banks will convert Hong Kong dollars for US dollars. The Hong Kong dollar is backed by one of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, which is over 7 times the amount of money supplied in circulation or about 48% of Hong Kong dollars M3 at the end of April 2016. Strengthening of Currency Board Arrangements Since 5 September 1998, the HKMA has provided an explicit convertibility undertaking to all licensed banks in Hong Kong to convert Hong Kong dollars in their clearing accounts into US dollars at the fixed exchange rate of HK$7.75 to US$1. Starting from 1 April 1999, the convertibility rate in respect of the Aggregate Balance moved from 7.75 by 1 pip (i.e. $0.0001) per calendar day. It converged with the convertibility rate applicable to the issuance and redemption of Certificates of Indebtedness at 7.80 on 12 August 2000. The HKMA announced three refinements on 18 May 2005 to remove uncertainty about the extent to which the exchange rate may strengthen under the Linked Exchange Rate System: the introduction of a strong-side Convertibility Undertaking by the HKMA to buy US dollars from licensed banks at 7.75; the shifting of the existing weak-side Convertibility Undertaking by the HKMA to sell US dollars to licensed banks from 7.80 to 7.85, so as to achieve symmetry around the Linked Rate of 7.80. This shift was achieved in a gradual manner over five weeks by moving the exchange rate of the weak-side Convertibility Undertaking by 100 pips on every Monday starting with 7.81 on 23 May 2005 until it reached 7.85 on 20 June 2005; within the zone defined by the levels of the Convertibility Undertakings (the "Convertibility Zone"), the HKMA may choose to conduct market operations consistent with Currency Board principles. These market operations shall be aimed at promoting the smooth functioning of the Linked Exchange Rate System, for example, by removing any market anomalies that may arise from time to time. See also Hong Kong dollar Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar Hong Kong Monetary Authority Currency board Notes and references ^ Jao YC. (2001). The Asian Financial Crisis and the Ordeal of Hong Kong. Quorum, Greenwood. ISBN 1-56720-447-3 ^ Linked Exchange Rate System at Hong Kong government website (3 Aug 2011) ^ "Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released". HKMA. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016. ^ "Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 5 September 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ Annual Report 2000 (PDF). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 26. ^ "Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2020. External links Linked Exchange Rate System at Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) , p. 22
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exchange rate regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate_regime"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"link_name":"United States dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Macao pataca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_pataca"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"link_name":"fixed exchange rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate"},{"link_name":"central bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority"},{"link_name":"The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongkong_and_Shanghai_Banking_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_(Hong_Kong)"}],"text":"A linked exchange rate system is a type of exchange rate regime that pegs the exchange rate of one currency to another. It is the exchange rate system implemented in Hong Kong to stabilise the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar (HKD) and the United States dollar (USD). The Macao pataca (MOP) is similarly linked to the Hong Kong dollar.Unlike a fixed exchange rate system, the government or central bank does not actively interfere in the foreign exchange market by controlling supply and demand of the currency in order to influence the exchange rate. The exchange rate is instead stabilized by an exchange mechanism, whereby the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) authorises note-issuing banks to issue new banknotes provided that they deposit an equivalent value of US dollars with the HKMA. The Government, through the HKMA, authorises three commercial banks to issue banknotes:The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited;\nthe Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited; and\nthe Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited.Notes (HK$10 only) are also issued by the HKMA itself because of the continuing demand for small value notes among the public.","title":"Linked exchange rate system in Hong Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HKD-USD_v2.svg"},{"link_name":"Black Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"currency board system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority#Currency_board_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"certificates of indebtedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Indebtedness"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes"},{"link_name":"HK$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"HKD/USD exchange rate since 1990As a response to the Black Saturday crisis in 1983, the linked exchange rate system was adopted in Hong Kong on October 17, 1983 through the currency board system.[1] The redemption of certificates of indebtedness (for backing the banknotes) were sent out by note-issuing banks to peg the domestic currency against the US dollar at an internal fixed rate of HK$7.80 = US$1.[2]The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), Hong Kong's de facto central bank, authorised note-issuing banks to issue banknotes. These banks are required to have the same amount of US dollars to issue banknotes. The HKMA guarantees to exchange US dollars into Hong Kong dollars, or vice versa, at the rate of 7.80. When the market rate is below 7.80, the banks will convert US dollars for Hong Kong dollars from the HKMA; Hong Kong dollar supply will increase, and the market rate will climb back to 7.80. The same mechanism also works when the market rate is above 7.80, and the banks will convert Hong Kong dollars for US dollars.The Hong Kong dollar is backed by one of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, which is over 7 times the amount of money supplied in circulation or about 48% of Hong Kong dollars M3 at the end of April 2016.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Strengthening of Currency Board Arrangements","text":"Since 5 September 1998, the HKMA has provided an explicit convertibility undertaking to all licensed banks in Hong Kong to convert Hong Kong dollars in their clearing accounts into US dollars at the fixed exchange rate of HK$7.75 to US$1.[4] Starting from 1 April 1999, the convertibility rate in respect of the Aggregate Balance moved from 7.75 by 1 pip (i.e. $0.0001) per calendar day. It converged with the convertibility rate applicable to the issuance and redemption of Certificates of Indebtedness at 7.80 on 12 August 2000.[5]The HKMA announced three refinements on 18 May 2005 to remove uncertainty about the extent to which the exchange rate may strengthen under the Linked Exchange Rate System:the introduction of a strong-side Convertibility Undertaking by the HKMA to buy US dollars from licensed banks at 7.75;\nthe shifting of the existing weak-side Convertibility Undertaking by the HKMA to sell US dollars to licensed banks from 7.80 to 7.85, so as to achieve symmetry around the Linked Rate of 7.80. This shift was achieved in a gradual manner over five weeks by moving the exchange rate of the weak-side Convertibility Undertaking by 100 pips on every Monday starting with 7.81 on 23 May 2005 until it reached 7.85 on 20 June 2005;\nwithin the zone defined by the levels of the Convertibility Undertakings (the \"Convertibility Zone\"), the HKMA may choose to conduct market operations consistent with Currency Board principles. These market operations shall be aimed at promoting the smooth functioning of the Linked Exchange Rate System, for example, by removing any market anomalies that may arise from time to time.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56720-447-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56720-447-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Linked Exchange Rate System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.info.gov.hk/hkma/eng/currency/link_ex/link_ex_b_main.htm#1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-information/press-releases/2016/20160506-3.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/1998/09/980905/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Annual Report 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/annual-report/2000/ch05-2.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2005/05/20050518-4/"}],"text":"^ Jao YC. [2001] (2001). The Asian Financial Crisis and the Ordeal of Hong Kong. Quorum, Greenwood. ISBN 1-56720-447-3\n\n^ Linked Exchange Rate System at Hong Kong government website (3 Aug 2011)\n\n^ \"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\". HKMA. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 5 September 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2020.\n\n^ Annual Report 2000 (PDF). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 26.\n\n^ \"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"HKD/USD exchange rate since 1990","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/HKD-USD_v2.svg/350px-HKD-USD_v2.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Hong Kong dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"title":"Banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Hong_Kong_dollar"},{"title":"Hong Kong Monetary Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Monetary_Authority"},{"title":"Currency board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_board"}]
[{"reference":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\". HKMA. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-information/press-releases/2016/20160506-3.shtml","url_text":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 5 September 1998. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/1998/09/980905/","url_text":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\""}]},{"reference":"Annual Report 2000 (PDF). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/annual-report/2000/ch05-2.pdf","url_text":"Annual Report 2000"}]},{"reference":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\" (Press release). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2005/05/20050518-4/","url_text":"\"Hong Kong's Latest Foreign Currency Reserve Assets Figures Released\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_Oil_Company
Jamuna Oil Company
["1 Organization and structure","2 References","3 External links"]
Jamuna Oil Company LTD (JOCL)Company typePublicTraded asDSE: JAMUNAOILIndustryPetroleumFounded1964HeadquartersChittagong, BangladeshArea servedNationalProductsOilPetrolOctaneDieselKeroseneRevenue BDT 489.4 million (2011)Operating income BDT 179.3 million (2011)Net income BDT 128.7 million (2011)Number of employees591 (2005)Websitejamunaoil.gov.bd Jamuna Oil Company Ltd (JOCL) (estd. as Pakistan National Oil in 1964; renamed as Bangladesh National Oil in 1972) (DSE:JOCL Archived 2020-01-18 at the Wayback Machine) is a subsidiary of the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation that nationally markets octane, petrol, diesel, kerosene, furnace oil, bitumen and lubricants in Bangladesh. In 1975, it was renamed Jamuna Oil Company (JOCL) after the river Jamuna. It is headquartered in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Organization and structure Jamuna Oil is managed by a Board of Directors, a team of 6 executives, all of them are nominated by the Government of Bangladesh. The board is responsible for over all decisions and top policy making body of the company. Managing Director, the Chief Executive of the company is appointed by Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation in addition to approval by the Government. The Chairman is the Joint Secretary of (Energy & Mineral Resources Division) at the Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resource of the Government of Bangladesh. The Managing Director is the top official and executive of Jamuna Oil Company, at Chittagong of the Government of Bangladesh. The First Director is a member of (Tax Admn. & Director National Board of Revenue, at Dhaka) of the Government of Bangladesh. The Second Director is the Joint Secretary of Ministry of Commerce, Dhaka, The Government of Bangladesh. The Third Director is the Joint Secretary of Ministry of Finance, Dhaka, The Government of Bangladesh. The Fourth Director is the Deputy Secretary of Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resource, Dhaka, The Government of Bangladesh. In recent times, the board has added 2 more directors who are all nominated by the National Government. References ^ "Energy Sector Description". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2011-02-06. ^ "Management". Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2011-02-06. External links Bangladesh portalEnergy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jamuna Bhaban. Official Website jamunaoil.gov.bd Organization History
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_relay
Relay
["1 History","2 Basic design and operation","3 Terminology","4 Types","4.1 Coaxial relay","4.2 Contactor","4.3 Force-guided contacts relay","4.4 Latching relay","4.5 Machine tool relay","4.6 Mercury relay","4.7 Mercury-wetted relay","4.8 Multi-voltage relays","4.9 Overload protection relay","4.10 Polarized relay","4.11 Reed relay","4.12 Safety relays","4.13 Solid-state contactor","4.14 Solid-state relay","4.15 Static relay","4.16 Time-delay relay","4.17 Vacuum relays","5 Applications","5.1 Protective relays","5.2 Railway signaling","5.3 Selection considerations","6 Safety and reliability","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Electrically-operated switch This article is about the electrical component. For other uses, see Relay (disambiguation). A relay Electromechanical relay principle Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. The traditional electromechanical form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but relays using other operating principles have also been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays or safety relays. Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling. History Electrical relays got their start in application to telegraphs. American scientist Joseph Henry is often cited to have invented a relay in 1835 in order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph, developed earlier in 1831. However, an official patent was not issued until 1840 to Samuel Morse for his telegraph, which is now called a relay. The mechanism described acted as a digital amplifier, repeating the telegraph signal, and thus allowing signals to be propagated as far as desired. The word relay appears in the context of electromagnetic operations from 1860 onwards. Basic design and operation Simple electromechanical relay Operation without flyback diode, arcing causes degradation of the switch contacts Operation with flyback diode, arcing in the control circuit is avoided A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core (a solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB. When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing. Operation of a 12 A relay When the coil is energized with direct current, a flyback diode or snubber resistor is often placed across the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field (back EMF) at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Such diodes were not widely used before the application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Resistors, while more durable than diodes, are less efficient at eliminating voltage spikes generated by relays and therefore not as commonly used. A small cradle relay often used in electronics. The "cradle" term refers to the shape of the relay's armature If the relay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar problem of surge currents around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubber circuit (a capacitor and resistor in series) across the contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single packaged component for this commonplace use. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of the core that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component, which holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the control voltage. Contact materials for relays vary by application. Materials with low contact resistance may be oxidized by the air, or may tend to "stick" instead of cleanly parting when opening. Contact material may be optimized for low electrical resistance, high strength to withstand repeated operations, or high capacity to withstand the heat of an arc. Where very low resistance is required, or low thermally-induced voltages are desired, gold-plated contacts may be used, along with palladium and other non-oxidizing, semi-precious metals. Silver or silver-plated contacts are used for signal switching. Mercury-wetted relays make and break circuits using a thin, self-renewing film of liquid mercury. For higher-power relays switching many amperes, such as motor circuit contactors, contacts are made with a mixtures of silver and cadmium oxide, providing low contact resistance and high resistance to the heat of arcing. Contacts used in circuits carrying scores or hundreds of amperes may include additional structures for heat dissipation and management of the arc produced when interrupting the circuit. Some relays have field-replaceable contacts, such as certain machine tool relays; these may be replaced when worn out, or changed between normally open and normally closed state, to allow for changes in the controlled circuit. Terminology Circuit symbols of relays (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.) Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil. Normally open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. Normally closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. All of the contact forms involve combinations of NO and NC connections. The National Association of Relay Manufacturers and its successor, the Relay and Switch Industry Association define 23 distinct electrical contact forms found in relays and switches. Of these, the following are commonly encountered: SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A or make contact. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. SPST-NC (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays have a single Form B or break contact. As with an SPST-NO relay, such a relay has four terminals in total. SPDT (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays have a single set of Form C, break before make or transfer contacts. That is, a common terminal connects to either of two others, never connecting to both at the same time. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total of five terminals. DPST – Double-Pole Single-Throw relays are equivalent to a pair of SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total of six terminals. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each; the designations NO and NC should be used to resolve the ambiguity). DPDT – Double-Pole Double-Throw relays have two sets of Form C contacts. These are equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil Form D – make before break Form E – combination of D and B The S (single) or D (double) designator for the pole count may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple contacts connected to a single actuator. For example, 4PDT indicates a four-pole double-throw relay that has 12 switching terminals. EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005-compliant SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO, and coil connections, respectively. DIN 72552 defines contact numbers in relays for automotive use: 85 = relay coil - 86 = relay coil + 87 = to load (normally open) 87a = to load (normally closed) 30 = battery + Types It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled List of relay types. (discuss) (September 2021) Coaxial relay Where radio transmitters and receivers share one antenna, often a coaxial relay is used as a TR (transmit-receive) relay, which switches the antenna from the receiver to the transmitter. This protects the receiver from the high power of the transmitter. Such relays are often used in transceivers which combine transmitter and receiver in one unit. The relay contacts are designed not to reflect any radio frequency power back toward the source, and to provide very high isolation between receiver and transmitter terminals. The characteristic impedance of the relay is matched to the transmission line impedance of the system, for example, 50 ohms. Contactor A contactor is a heavy-duty relay with higher current ratings, used for switching electric motors and lighting loads. Continuous current ratings for common contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps. High-current contacts are made with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes the contacts to oxidize; however, silver oxide is still a good conductor. Contactors with overload protection devices are often used to start motors. Force-guided contacts relay A force-guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that when the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If one set of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be able to move. The function of force-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check the status of the relay. Force-guided contacts are also known as "positive-guided contacts", "captive contacts", "locked contacts", "mechanically linked contacts", or "safety relays". These safety relays have to follow design rules and manufacturing rules that are defined in one main machinery standard EN 50205 : Relays with forcibly guided (mechanically linked) contacts. These rules for the safety design are the one defined in type B standards such as EN 13849-2 as Basic safety principles and Well-tried safety principles for machinery that applies to all machines. Force-guided contacts by themselves can not guarantee that all contacts are in the same state, however, they do guarantee, subject to no gross mechanical fault, that no contacts are in opposite states. Otherwise, a relay with several normally open (NO) contacts may stick when energized, with some contacts closed and others still slightly open, due to mechanical tolerances. Similarly, a relay with several normally closed (NC) contacts may stick to the unenergized position, so that when energized, the circuit through one set of contacts is broken, with a marginal gap, while the other remains closed. By introducing both NO and NC contacts, or more commonly, changeover contacts, on the same relay, it then becomes possible to guarantee that if any NC contact is closed, all NO contacts are open, and conversely, if any NO contact is closed, all NC contacts are open. It is not possible to reliably ensure that any particular contact is closed, except by potentially intrusive and safety-degrading sensing of its circuit conditions, however in safety systems it is usually the NO state that is most important, and as explained above, this is reliably verifiable by detecting the closure of a contact of opposite sense. Force-guided contact relays are made with different main contact sets, either NO, NC or changeover, and one or more auxiliary contact sets, often of reduced current or voltage rating, used for the monitoring system. Contacts may be all NO, all NC, changeover, or a mixture of these, for the monitoring contacts, so that the safety system designer can select the correct configuration for the particular application. Safety relays are used as part of an engineered safety system. Latching relay Latching relay with permanent magnet A latching relay, also called impulse, bistable, keep, or stay relay, or simply latch, maintains either contact position indefinitely without power applied to the coil. The advantage is that one coil consumes power only for an instant while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this setting across a power outage. A latching relay allows remote control of building lighting without the hum that may be produced from a continuously (AC) energized coil. In one mechanism, two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet hold the contacts in position after the coil is de-energized. A pulse to one coil turns the relay on, and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type is widely used where control is from simple switches or single-ended outputs of a control system, and such relays are found in avionics and numerous industrial applications. Another latching type has a remanent core that retains the contacts in the operated position by the remanent magnetism in the core. This type requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to release the contacts. A variation uses a permanent magnet that produces part of the force required to close the contact; the coil supplies sufficient force to move the contact open or closed by aiding or opposing the field of the permanent magnet. A polarity controlled relay needs changeover switches or an H-bridge drive circuit to control it. The relay may be less expensive than other types, but this is partly offset by the increased costs in the external circuit. In another type, a ratchet relay has a ratchet mechanism that holds the contacts closed after the coil is momentarily energized. A second impulse, in the same or a separate coil, releases the contacts. This type may be found in certain cars, for headlamp dipping and other functions where alternating operation on each switch actuation is needed. A stepping relay is a specialized kind of multi-way latching relay designed for early automatic telephone exchanges. An earth-leakage circuit breaker includes a specialized latching relay. Very early computers often stored bits in a magnetically latching relay, such as ferreed or the later remreed in the 1ESS switch. Some early computers used ordinary relays as a kind of latch—they store bits in ordinary wire-spring relays or reed relays by feeding an output wire back as an input, resulting in a feedback loop or sequential circuit. Such an electrically latching relay requires continuous power to maintain state, unlike magnetically latching relays or mechanically ratcheting relays. While (self-)holding circuits are often realized with relays they can also be implemented by other means. In computer memories, latching relays and other relays were replaced by delay-line memory, which in turn was replaced by a series of ever faster and ever smaller memory technologies. Machine tool relay A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally open to normally closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications. A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical equipment: for example, a timer circuit with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many years relays were the standard method of controlling industrial electronic systems. A number of relays could be used together to carry out complex functions (relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on relays which energize and de-energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of ladder logic, which is commonly used in programmable logic controllers. Mercury relay A mercury relay is a relay that uses mercury as the switching element. They are used where contact erosion would be a problem for conventional relay contacts. Owing to environmental considerations about significant amount of mercury used and modern alternatives, they are now comparatively uncommon. Mercury-wetted relay A mercury-wetted reed relay A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay that employs a mercury switch, in which the contacts are wetted with mercury. Mercury reduces the contact resistance and mitigates the associated voltage drop. Surface contamination may result in poor conductivity for low-current signals. For high-speed applications, the mercury eliminates contact bounce, and provides virtually instantaneous circuit closure. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted according to the manufacturer's specifications. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays have increasingly fallen into disuse. The high speed of switching action of the mercury-wetted relay is a notable advantage. The mercury globules on each contact coalesce, and the current rise time through the contacts is generally considered to be a few picoseconds. However, in a practical circuit it may be limited by the inductance of the contacts and wiring. It was quite common, before restrictions on the use of mercury, to use a mercury-wetted relay in the laboratory as a convenient means of generating fast rise time pulses, however although the rise time may be picoseconds, the exact timing of the event is, like all other types of relay, subject to considerable jitter, possibly milliseconds, due to mechanical variations. The same coalescence process causes another effect, which is a nuisance in some applications. The contact resistance is not stable immediately after contact closure, and drifts, mostly downwards, for several seconds after closure, the change perhaps being 0.5 ohm. Multi-voltage relays Multi-voltage relays are devices designed to work for wide voltage ranges such as 24 to 240 VAC and VDC and wide frequency ranges such as 0 to 300 Hz. They are indicated for use in installations that do not have stable supply voltages. Overload protection relay Electric motors need overcurrent protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings. The overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bimetallic strip, or where a solder pot melts, to operate auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts are in series with the motor's contactor coil, so they turn off the motor when it overheats. This thermal protection operates relatively slowly allowing the motor to draw higher starting currents before the protection relay will trip. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same ambient temperature as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided. The other common overload protection system uses an electromagnet coil in series with the motor circuit that directly operates contacts. This is similar to a control relay but requires a rather high fault current to operate the contacts. To prevent short over current spikes from causing nuisance triggering the armature movement is damped with a dashpot. The thermal and magnetic overload detections are typically used together in a motor protection relay. Electronic overload protection relays measure motor current and can estimate motor winding temperature using a "thermal model" of the motor armature system that can be set to provide more accurate motor protection. Some motor protection relays include temperature detector inputs for direct measurement from a thermocouple or resistance thermometer sensor embedded in the winding. Polarized relay A polarized relay places the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to detect faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion. Reed relay (from top) Single-pole reed switch, four-pole reed switch and single-pole reed relay. Scale in centimeters A reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside an evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube that protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the enclosing solenoid or an external magnet. Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays and require very little power from the control circuit. However, they have relatively low switching current and voltage ratings. Though rare, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which makes them stick "on", even when no current is present; changing the orientation of the reeds or degaussing the switch with respect to the solenoid's magnetic field can resolve this problem. Sealed contacts with mercury-wetted contacts have longer operating lives and less contact chatter than any other kind of relay. Safety relays Safety relays are devices which generally implement protection functions. In the event of a hazard, the task of such a safety function is to use appropriate measures to reduce the existing risk to an acceptable level. Solid-state contactor A solid-state contactor is a heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink, used where frequent on-off cycles are required, such as with electric heaters, small electric motors, and lighting loads. There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact bounce due to vibration. They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from programmable logic controllers (PLCs), PCs, transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or other microprocessor and microcontroller controls. Solid-state relay Solid-state relays have no moving parts. 25 A and 40 A solid state contactors A solid-state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a function similar to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability. A solid-state relay uses a thyristor, TRIAC or other solid-state switching device, activated by the control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and controlled circuits. Static relay A static relay consists of electronic circuitry to emulate all those characteristics which are achieved by moving parts in an electro-magnetic relay. Time-delay relay Timing relays are arranged for an intentional delay in operating their contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains a magnetic field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly; both air-filled and oil-filled dashpots are used. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed. Relays may be arranged for a fixed timing period, or may be field-adjustable, or remotely set from a control panel. Modern microprocessor-based timing relays provide precision timing over a great range. Some relays are constructed with a kind of "shock absorber" mechanism attached to the armature, which prevents immediate, full motion when the coil is either energized or de-energized. This addition gives the relay the property of time-delay actuation. Time-delay relays can be constructed to delay armature motion on coil energization, de-energization, or both. Time-delay relay contacts must be specified not only as either normally open or normally closed, but whether the delay operates in the direction of closing or in the direction of opening. The following is a description of the four basic types of time-delay relay contacts. First, we have the normally open, timed-closed (NOTC) contact. This type of contact is normally open when the coil is unpowered (de-energized). The contact is closed by the application of power to the relay coil, but only after the coil has been continuously powered for the specified amount of time. In other words, the direction of the contact's motion (either to close or to open) is identical to a regular NO contact, but there is a delay in closing direction. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally open, on-delay. Vacuum relays A vacuum relay is a sensitive relay having its contacts mounted in an evacuated glass housing, to permit handling radio-frequency voltages as high as 20,000 volts without flashover between contacts even though contact spacing is as low as a few hundredths of an inch when open. Applications A DPDT AC coil relay with "ice cube" packaging Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable. The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, whereas the weak signal received at an intermediate station could control a contact, regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches. Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low power devices such as microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads beyond their direct drive capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the high current of the cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts in the ignition key. Electromechanical switching systems including Strowger and crossbar telephone exchanges made extensive use of relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone Company also manufactured telephone exchanges based solely on relay switching techniques designed by Gotthilf Ansgarius Betulander. The first public relay based telephone exchange in the UK was installed in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in service until 1959. The use of relays for the logical control of complex switching systems like telephone exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the application of Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform the basic operations of Boolean combinatorial logic. For example, the Boolean AND function is realised by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a logical input can be done with a normally closed contact. Relays were used for control of automated systems for machine tools and production lines. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks. Early electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3 used relays for logic and working registers. However, electronic devices proved faster and easier to use. Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery. Electromechanical protective relays are used to detect overload and other faults on electrical lines by opening and closing circuit breakers. Protective relays Main article: protective relay For protection of electrical apparatus and transmission lines, electromechanical relays with accurate operating characteristics were used to detect overload, short-circuits, and other faults. While many such relays remain in use, digital protective relays now provide equivalent and more complex protective functions. Railway signaling Part of a relay interlocking using UK Q-style miniature plug-in relays Railway signalling relays are large considering the mostly small voltages (less than 120 V) and currents (perhaps 100 mA) that they switch. Contacts are widely spaced to prevent flashovers and short circuits over a lifetime that may exceed fifty years. Since rail signal circuits must be highly reliable, special techniques are used to detect and prevent failures in the relay system. To protect against false feeds, double switching relay contacts are often used on both the positive and negative side of a circuit, so that two false feeds are needed to cause a false signal. Not all relay circuits can be proved so there is reliance on construction features such as carbon to silver contacts to resist lightning induced contact welding and to provide AC immunity. Opto-isolators are also used in some instances with railway signalling, especially where only a single contact is to be switched. Selection considerations Several 30-contact relays in "Connector" circuits in mid-20th century 1XB switch and 5XB switch telephone exchanges; cover removed on one. Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires evaluation of many different factors: Number and type of contacts — normally open, normally closed, (double-throw) Contact sequence — "make before break" or "break before make". For example, the old style telephone exchanges required make-before-break so that the connection did not get dropped while dialing the number. Contact current rating — small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct current Contact voltage rating — typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15,000 V Operating lifetime, useful life — the number of times the relay can be expected to operate reliably. There is both a mechanical life and a contact life. The contact life is affected by the type of load switched. Breaking load current causes undesired arcing between the contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts that fail due to erosion by the arc. Coil voltage — machine-tool relays usually 24 VDC, 120 or 250 VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or 250 VDC coils, Coil current — Minimum current required for reliable operation and minimum holding current, as well as effects of power dissipation on coil temperature at various duty cycles. "Sensitive" relays operate on a few milliamperes. Package/enclosure — open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation between circuits, explosion proof, outdoor, oil and splash resistant, washable for printed circuit board assembly Operating environment — minimum and maximum operating temperature and other environmental considerations, such as effects of humidity and salt Assembly — Some relays feature a sticker that keeps the enclosure sealed to allow PCB post soldering cleaning, which is removed once assembly is complete. Mounting — sockets, plug board, rail mount, panel mount, through-panel mount, enclosure for mounting on walls or equipment Switching time — where high speed is required "Dry" contacts — when switching very low level signals, special contact materials may be needed such as gold-plated contacts Contact protection — suppress arcing in very inductive circuits Coil protection — suppress the surge voltage produced when switching the coil current Isolation between coil contacts Aerospace or radiation-resistant testing, special quality assurance Expected mechanical loads due to acceleration — some relays used in aerospace applications are designed to function in shock loads of 50 g, or more. Size — smaller relays often resist mechanical vibration and shock better than larger relays, because of the lower inertia of the moving parts and the higher natural frequencies of smaller parts. Larger relays often handle higher voltage and current than smaller relays. Accessories such as timers, auxiliary contacts, pilot lamps, and test buttons. Regulatory approvals. Stray magnetic linkage between coils of adjacent relays on a printed circuit board. There are many considerations involved in the correct selection of a control relay for a particular application, including factors such as speed of operation, sensitivity, and hysteresis. Although typical control relays operate in the 5 ms to 20 ms range, relays with switching speeds as fast as 100 μs are available. Reed relays which are actuated by low currents and switch fast are suitable for controlling small currents. As with any switch, the contact current (unrelated to the coil current) must not exceed a given value to avoid damage. In high-inductance circuits such as motors, other issues must be addressed. When an inductance is connected to a power source, an input surge current or electromotor starting current larger than the steady-state current exists. When the circuit is broken, the current cannot change instantaneously, which creates a potentially damaging arc across the separating contacts. Consequently, for relays used to control inductive loads, we must specify the maximum current that may flow through the relay contacts when it actuates, the make rating; the continuous rating; and the break rating. The make rating may be several times larger than the continuous rating, which is larger than the break rating. Safety and reliability Main article: Arc suppression Switching while "wet" (under load) causes undesired arcing between the contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts that fail due to a buildup of surface damage caused by the destructive arc energy. Inside the Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) crossbar switch and certain other high-reliability designs, the reed switches are always switched "dry" (without load) to avoid that problem, leading to much longer contact life. Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant and visible damage. Every time the relay contacts open or close under load, an electrical arc can occur between the contacts of the relay, either a break arc (when opening), or a make / bounce arc (when closing). In many situations, the break arc is more energetic and thus more destructive, in particular with inductive loads, but this can be mitigated by bridging the contacts with a snubber circuit. The inrush current of tungsten filament incandescent lamps is typically ten times the normal operating current. Thus, relays intended for tungsten loads may use special contact composition, or the relay may have lower contact ratings for tungsten loads than for purely resistive loads. An electrical arc across relay contacts can be very hot — thousands of degrees Fahrenheit — causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool, and migrate with the current. The extremely high temperature of the arc splits the surrounding gas molecules, creating ozone, carbon monoxide, and other compounds. Over time, the arc energy slowly destroys the contact metal, causing some material to escape into the air as fine particulate matter. This action causes the material in the contacts to degrade and coordination, resulting in device failure. This contact degradation drastically limits the overall life of a relay to a range of about 10,000 to 100,000 operations, a level far below the mechanical life of the device, which can be in excess of 20 million operations. See also Analogue switch Buchholz relay Dry contact Flyback diode Nanoelectromechanical relay Race condition Stepping switch Wire spring relay References ^ Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO. 2009. p. 153. ISBN 9780313347436. ^ "The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry". Georgi Dalakov. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-06-21. ^ Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity--From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. John Wiley & Sons. 2005-01-28. p. 311. ISBN 9780471660248. ^ Thomas Coulson (1950). Joseph Henry: His Life and Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ^ US 1647, Morse, Samuel E.B., "Improvement in the Mode of Communicating Information by Signals by the Application of Electromagnetism", published June 20, 1840  "Patent US1647 - IMPROVEMENT IN THE MODE OF COMMUNICATING INFORMATION BY SIGNALS BY THE - Google Patents". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Relay". EtymOnline.com. ^ "Understanding Relays & Wiring Diagrams". Swe-Check. Retrieved 16 December 2020. ^ Mason, C. R. "Art & Science of Protective Relaying, Chapter 2, GE Consumer & Electrical". Retrieved October 9, 2011. ^ Riba, J.R.; Espinosa, A.G.; Cusidó, J.; Ortega, J.A.; Romeral, L. (November 2008). Design of Shading Coils for Minimizing the Contact Bouncing of AC Contactors. Electrical Contacts. p. 130. Retrieved 2018-01-07. ^ Ian Sinclair, Passive Components for Circuit Design, Elsevier, 2000 ISBN 008051359X, pp. 161–164 ^ Fleckenstein, Joseph E. (2017). Three-Phase Electrical Power. CRC Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-1498737784. ^ Section 1.6, Engineers' Relay Handbook, 5th ed, Relay and Switch Industry Association, Arlington, VA; 3rd ed, National Association of Relay Manufacturers, Elkhart Ind., 1980; 2nd Ed. Hayden, New York, 1966; large parts of the 5th edition are on line here Archived 2017-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Alexandrovich, George. "The Audio Engineer's Handbook" (PDF). Db: The Sound Engineering Magazine. September 1968: 10. ^ EN 50005:1976 "Specification for low voltage switchgear and controlgear for industrial use. Terminal marking and distinctive number. General rules." (1976). In the UK published by BSI as BS 5472:1977. ^ Ian Sinclair, Passive Components for Circuit Design, Newnes, 2000 ISBN 008051359X, page 170 ^ Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford, eds. (1987). American Electricians' Handbook (Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 7-124. ISBN 978-0-07-013932-9. ^ Rexford, Kenneth B.; Giuliani, Peter R. (2002). Electrical control for machines (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7668-6198-5. ^ "Contactor or Motor Starter – What is the Difference?". EECOOnline.com. 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2018-04-19. ^ a b Sinclair, Ian R. (2001), Sensors and Transducers (3rd ed.), Elsevier, p. 262, ISBN 978-0-7506-4932-2 ^ Zocholl, Stan (2003). AC Motor Protection. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. ISBN 978-0972502610. ^ Edvard (2013-03-09). "Working Principle of Thermal Motor Protection Relay". Electrical-Engineering-Portal.com. Electrical Engineering Portal. Retrieved 2017-12-30. ^ "Coordinated Power Systems Protection". Department of the Army Technical Manual (811–814). United States Department of the Army: 3–1. 1991. ^ "Overload relay - Principle of operation, types, connection". www.electricalclassroom.com. 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2022-06-13. ^ a b Keller, A.C. (January 1964). "Recent Developments in Bell System Relays — Particularly Sealed Contact and Miniature Relays". The Bell System Technical Journal. 43 (1): 15–44. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1964.tb04057.x. Retrieved 2023-03-16. ^ "Safety Compendium, Chapter 4 Safe control technology" (PDF). p. 115. ^ "Optocoupler Tutorial". 16 September 2013. ^ "Relay Automatic Telephone Company". Retrieved October 6, 2014. ^ "British Telecom History 1912-1968". Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014. ^ a b "Arc Suppression to Protect Relays From Destructive Arc Energy". Retrieved December 6, 2013. ^ Varney, Al L. (1991). "Questions About The No. 1 ESS Switch". ^ "Lab Note #105: Contact Life — Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing". Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011. External links Media related to Relay at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Relay (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_Electronics_DPS-350FB_A_-_board_1_-_OEG_SDT-SS-112M_-_case_removed-3045.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_principle_horizontal_new.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kontakt.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay.jpg"},{"link_name":"electrically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric"},{"link_name":"switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch"},{"link_name":"contact forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact#Contact_form"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph"},{"link_name":"telephone exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange"},{"link_name":"electromechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical"},{"link_name":"electromagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"},{"link_name":"solid-state relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relay"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"moving parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_parts"},{"link_name":"protective relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relay"},{"link_name":"safety relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_relay"}],"text":"This article is about the electrical component. For other uses, see Relay (disambiguation).A relayElectromechanical relay principleElectromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contactsAn automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken offA relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.The traditional electromechanical form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but relays using other operating principles have also been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays or safety relays.Latching relays require only a single pulse of control power to operate the switch persistently. Another pulse applied to a second set of control terminals, or a pulse with opposite polarity, resets the switch, while repeated pulses of the same kind have no effects. Magnetic latching relays are useful in applications when interrupted power should not affect the circuits that the relay is controlling.","title":"Relay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telegraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Joseph Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry"},{"link_name":"electrical telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Samuel Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patent1647-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Electrical relays got their start in application to telegraphs. American scientist Joseph Henry is often cited to have invented a relay in 1835 in order to improve his version of the electrical telegraph, developed earlier in 1831.[1][2][3][4]However, an official patent was not issued until 1840 to Samuel Morse for his telegraph, which is now called a relay. The mechanism described acted as a digital amplifier, repeating the telegraph signal, and thus allowing signals to be propagated as far as desired.[5]The word relay appears in the context of electromagnetic operations from 1860 onwards.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_Parts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_animation_without_flyback_diode_.gif"},{"link_name":"flyback diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_animation_with_flyback_diode.gif"},{"link_name":"soft iron core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core"},{"link_name":"reluctance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance"},{"link_name":"armature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke"},{"link_name":"electric current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"arcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Undesired_arcing"},{"link_name":"direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"flyback diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode"},{"link_name":"snubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubber"},{"link_name":"resistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"back EMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_EMF"},{"link_name":"voltage spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_spike"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor"},{"link_name":"germanium transistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#Germanium_transistors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay2.jpg"},{"link_name":"reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Simple electromechanical relayOperation without flyback diode, arcing causes degradation of the switch contactsOperation with flyback diode, arcing in the control circuit is avoidedA simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core (a solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.Operation of a 12 A relayWhen the coil is energized with direct current, a flyback diode or snubber resistor is often placed across the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field (back EMF) at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Such diodes were not widely used before the application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Resistors, while more durable than diodes, are less efficient at eliminating voltage spikes generated by relays[7] and therefore not as commonly used.A small cradle relay often used in electronics. The \"cradle\" term refers to the shape of the relay's armatureIf the relay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar problem of surge currents around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubber circuit (a capacitor and resistor in series) across the contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single packaged component for this commonplace use.If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a small copper \"shading ring\" crimped around a portion of the core that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component,[8] which holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the control voltage.[9]Contact materials for relays vary by application. Materials with low contact resistance may be oxidized by the air, or may tend to \"stick\" instead of cleanly parting when opening. Contact material may be optimized for low electrical resistance, high strength to withstand repeated operations, or high capacity to withstand the heat of an arc. Where very low resistance is required, or low thermally-induced voltages are desired, gold-plated contacts may be used, along with palladium and other non-oxidizing, semi-precious metals. Silver or silver-plated contacts are used for signal switching. Mercury-wetted relays make and break circuits using a thin, self-renewing film of liquid mercury. For higher-power relays switching many amperes, such as motor circuit contactors, contacts are made with a mixtures of silver and cadmium oxide, providing low contact resistance and high resistance to the heat of arcing. Contacts used in circuits carrying scores or hundreds of amperes may include additional structures for heat dissipation and management of the arc produced when interrupting the circuit.[10] Some relays have field-replaceable contacts, such as certain machine tool relays; these may be replaced when worn out, or changed between normally open and normally closed state, to allow for changes in the controlled circuit.[11]","title":"Basic design and operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_symbols.svg"},{"link_name":"switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch"},{"link_name":"contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacts"},{"link_name":"electrical contact forms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact#Contact_form"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Form A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_A_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_B_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_C_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_A_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_B_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_C_(switches)"},{"link_name":"Form D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_D_(switches)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Form E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_E_(switches)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"actuator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"DIN 72552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_72552"}],"text":"Circuit symbols of relays (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays; a relay switches one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil. Normally open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. Normally closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. All of the contact forms involve combinations of NO and NC connections.The National Association of Relay Manufacturers and its successor, the Relay and Switch Industry Association define 23 distinct electrical contact forms found in relays and switches.[12] Of these, the following are commonly encountered:SPST-NO (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Open) relays have a single Form A or make contact. These have two terminals which can be connected or disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total.\nSPST-NC (Single-Pole Single-Throw, Normally-Closed) relays have a single Form B or break contact. As with an SPST-NO relay, such a relay has four terminals in total.\nSPDT (Single-Pole Double-Throw) relays have a single set of Form C, break before make or transfer contacts. That is, a common terminal connects to either of two others, never connecting to both at the same time. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total of five terminals.\nDPST – Double-Pole Single-Throw relays are equivalent to a pair of SPST switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Including two for the coil, such a relay has a total of six terminals. The poles may be Form A or Form B (or one of each; the designations NO and NC should be used to resolve the ambiguity).\nDPDT – Double-Pole Double-Throw relays have two sets of Form C contacts. These are equivalent to two SPDT switches or relays actuated by a single coil. Such a relay has eight terminals, including the coil\nForm D – make before break[13]\nForm E – combination of D and B[13]The S (single) or D (double) designator for the pole count may be replaced with a number, indicating multiple contacts connected to a single actuator. For example, 4PDT indicates a four-pole double-throw relay that has 12 switching terminals.EN 50005 are among applicable standards for relay terminal numbering; a typical EN 50005-compliant SPDT relay's terminals would be numbered 11, 12, 14, A1 and A2 for the C, NC, NO, and coil connections, respectively.[14]DIN 72552 defines contact numbers in relays for automotive use:85 = relay coil -\n86 = relay coil +\n87 = to load (normally open)\n87a = to load (normally closed)\n30 = battery +","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transceivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver"},{"link_name":"characteristic impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_impedance"},{"link_name":"transmission line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Coaxial relay","text":"Where radio transmitters and receivers share one antenna, often a coaxial relay is used as a TR (transmit-receive) relay, which switches the antenna from the receiver to the transmitter. This protects the receiver from the high power of the transmitter. Such relays are often used in transceivers which combine transmitter and receiver in one unit. The relay contacts are designed not to reflect any radio frequency power back toward the source, and to provide very high isolation between receiver and transmitter terminals. The characteristic impedance of the relay is matched to the transmission line impedance of the system, for example, 50 ohms.[15]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"silver oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_oxide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Contactor","text":"A contactor is a heavy-duty relay with higher current ratings,[16] used for switching electric motors and lighting loads. Continuous current ratings for common contactors range from 10 amps to several hundred amps. High-current contacts are made with alloys containing silver. The unavoidable arcing causes the contacts to oxidize; however, silver oxide is still a good conductor.[17] Contactors with overload protection devices are often used to start motors.[18]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Force-guided contacts relay","text":"A force-guided contacts relay has relay contacts that are mechanically linked together, so that when the relay coil is energized or de-energized, all of the linked contacts move together. If one set of contacts in the relay becomes immobilized, no other contact of the same relay will be able to move. The function of force-guided contacts is to enable the safety circuit to check the status of the relay. Force-guided contacts are also known as \"positive-guided contacts\", \"captive contacts\", \"locked contacts\", \"mechanically linked contacts\", or \"safety relays\".These safety relays have to follow design rules and manufacturing rules that are defined in one main machinery standard EN 50205 : Relays with forcibly guided (mechanically linked) contacts. These rules for the safety design are the one defined in type B standards such as EN 13849-2 as Basic safety principles and Well-tried safety principles for machinery that applies to all machines.Force-guided contacts by themselves can not guarantee that all contacts are in the same state, however, they do guarantee, subject to no gross mechanical fault, that no contacts are in opposite states. Otherwise, a relay with several normally open (NO) contacts may stick when energized, with some contacts closed and others still slightly open, due to mechanical tolerances. Similarly, a relay with several normally closed (NC) contacts may stick to the unenergized position, so that when energized, the circuit through one set of contacts is broken, with a marginal gap, while the other remains closed. By introducing both NO and NC contacts, or more commonly, changeover contacts, on the same relay, it then becomes possible to guarantee that if any NC contact is closed, all NO contacts are open, and conversely, if any NO contact is closed, all NC contacts are open. It is not possible to reliably ensure that any particular contact is closed, except by potentially intrusive and safety-degrading sensing of its circuit conditions, however in safety systems it is usually the NO state that is most important, and as explained above, this is reliably verifiable by detecting the closure of a contact of opposite sense.Force-guided contact relays are made with different main contact sets, either NO, NC or changeover, and one or more auxiliary contact sets, often of reduced current or voltage rating, used for the monitoring system. Contacts may be all NO, all NC, changeover, or a mixture of these, for the monitoring contacts, so that the safety system designer can select the correct configuration for the particular application. Safety relays are used as part of an engineered safety system.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latching_relay_bistable_permanent_magnet.jpg"},{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"remanent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remanence"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRS2001-19"},{"link_name":"H-bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRS2001-19"},{"link_name":"headlamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headlamp"},{"link_name":"stepping relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_switch"},{"link_name":"telephone exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange"},{"link_name":"earth-leakage circuit breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker"},{"link_name":"early computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_computer#Electro-mechanical_computers"},{"link_name":"ferreed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferreed"},{"link_name":"remreed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remreed"},{"link_name":"1ESS switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1ESS_switch"},{"link_name":"latch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latch_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"sequential circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_circuit"},{"link_name":"(self-)holding circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-holding_circuit"},{"link_name":"delay-line memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delay-line_memory"}],"sub_title":"Latching relay","text":"Latching relay with permanent magnetA latching relay, also called impulse, bistable, keep, or stay relay, or simply latch, maintains either contact position indefinitely without power applied to the coil. The advantage is that one coil consumes power only for an instant while the relay is being switched, and the relay contacts retain this setting across a power outage. A latching relay allows remote control of building lighting without the hum that may be produced from a continuously (AC) energized coil.In one mechanism, two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet hold the contacts in position after the coil is de-energized. A pulse to one coil turns the relay on, and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type is widely used where control is from simple switches or single-ended outputs of a control system, and such relays are found in avionics and numerous industrial applications.Another latching type has a remanent core that retains the contacts in the operated position by the remanent magnetism in the core. This type requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to release the contacts. A variation uses a permanent magnet that produces part of the force required to close the contact; the coil supplies sufficient force to move the contact open or closed by aiding or opposing the field of the permanent magnet.[19] A polarity controlled relay needs changeover switches or an H-bridge drive circuit to control it. The relay may be less expensive than other types, but this is partly offset by the increased costs in the external circuit.In another type, a ratchet relay has a ratchet mechanism that holds the contacts closed after the coil is momentarily energized. A second impulse, in the same or a separate coil, releases the contacts.[19] This type may be found in certain cars, for headlamp dipping and other functions where alternating operation on each switch actuation is needed.A stepping relay is a specialized kind of multi-way latching relay designed for early automatic telephone exchanges.An earth-leakage circuit breaker includes a specialized latching relay.Very early computers often stored bits in a magnetically latching relay, such as ferreed or the later remreed in the 1ESS switch.Some early computers used ordinary relays as a kind of latch—they store bits in ordinary wire-spring relays or reed relays by feeding an output wire back as an input, resulting in a feedback loop or sequential circuit. Such an electrically latching relay requires continuous power to maintain state, unlike magnetically latching relays or mechanically ratcheting relays. While (self-)holding circuits are often realized with relays they can also be implemented by other means.In computer memories, latching relays and other relays were replaced by delay-line memory, which in turn was replaced by a series of ever faster and ever smaller memory technologies.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"machine tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool"},{"link_name":"form factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"programmable logic controller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"relay logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logic"},{"link_name":"ladder logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic"},{"link_name":"programmable logic controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"}],"sub_title":"Machine tool relay","text":"A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally open to normally closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications.A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical equipment: for example, a timer circuit with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many years relays were the standard method of controlling industrial electronic systems. A number of relays could be used together to carry out complex functions (relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on relays which energize and de-energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of ladder logic, which is commonly used in programmable logic controllers.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mercury relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_relay"}],"sub_title":"Mercury relay","text":"A mercury relay is a relay that uses mercury as the switching element. They are used where contact erosion would be a problem for conventional relay contacts. Owing to environmental considerations about significant amount of mercury used and modern alternatives, they are now comparatively uncommon.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clare_HGRM-55211-P00_mercury-wetted_reed_relay.jpg"},{"link_name":"mercury switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_switch"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"coalesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescence_(physics)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mercury-wetted relay","text":"A mercury-wetted reed relayA mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay that employs a mercury switch, in which the contacts are wetted with mercury. Mercury reduces the contact resistance and mitigates the associated voltage drop. Surface contamination may result in poor conductivity for low-current signals. For high-speed applications, the mercury eliminates contact bounce, and provides virtually instantaneous circuit closure. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted according to the manufacturer's specifications. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays have increasingly fallen into disuse.The high speed of switching action of the mercury-wetted relay is a notable advantage. The mercury globules on each contact coalesce, and the current rise time through the contacts is generally considered to be a few picoseconds.[citation needed] However, in a practical circuit it may be limited by the inductance of the contacts and wiring. It was quite common, before restrictions on the use of mercury, to use a mercury-wetted relay in the laboratory as a convenient means of generating fast rise time pulses, however although the rise time may be picoseconds, the exact timing of the event is, like all other types of relay, subject to considerable jitter, possibly milliseconds, due to mechanical variations.The same coalescence process causes another effect, which is a nuisance in some applications. The contact resistance is not stable immediately after contact closure, and drifts, mostly downwards, for several seconds after closure, the change perhaps being 0.5 ohm.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multi-voltage relays","text":"Multi-voltage relays are devices designed to work for wide voltage ranges such as 24 to 240 VAC and VDC and wide frequency ranges such as 0 to 300 Hz. They are indicated for use in installations that do not have stable supply voltages.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overcurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrent"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"bimetallic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallic_strip"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"dashpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashpot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"thermocouple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple"},{"link_name":"resistance thermometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Overload protection relay","text":"Electric motors need overcurrent protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings.[20] The overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bimetallic strip, or where a solder pot melts, to operate auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts are in series with the motor's contactor coil, so they turn off the motor when it overheats.[21]This thermal protection operates relatively slowly allowing the motor to draw higher starting currents before the protection relay will trip. Where the overload relay is exposed to the same ambient temperature as the motor, a useful though crude compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided.[22]The other common overload protection system uses an electromagnet coil in series with the motor circuit that directly operates contacts. This is similar to a control relay but requires a rather high fault current to operate the contacts. To prevent short over current spikes from causing nuisance triggering the armature movement is damped with a dashpot. The thermal and magnetic overload detections are typically used together in a motor protection relay.[citation needed]Electronic overload protection relays measure motor current and can estimate motor winding temperature using a \"thermal model\" of the motor armature system that can be set to provide more accurate motor protection. Some motor protection relays include temperature detector inputs for direct measurement from a thermocouple or resistance thermometer sensor embedded in the winding.[23]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telephone exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switch"},{"link_name":"telegraphic distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion#Teletypewriter_or_modem_signaling"}],"sub_title":"Polarized relay","text":"A polarized relay places the armature between the poles of a permanent magnet to increase sensitivity. Polarized relays were used in middle 20th Century telephone exchanges to detect faint pulses and correct telegraphic distortion.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reedrelay.jpg"},{"link_name":"reed relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_relay"},{"link_name":"reed switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_switch"},{"link_name":"evacuated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum"},{"link_name":"inert gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert_gas"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"magnetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet"},{"link_name":"degaussing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degaussing"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keller-24"}],"sub_title":"Reed relay","text":"(from top) Single-pole reed switch, four-pole reed switch and single-pole reed relay. Scale in centimetersA reed relay is a reed switch enclosed in a solenoid. The switch has a set of contacts inside an evacuated or inert gas-filled glass tube that protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion; the contacts are made of magnetic material that makes them move under the influence of the field of the enclosing solenoid or an external magnet.Reed relays can switch faster than larger relays and require very little power from the control circuit. However, they have relatively low switching current and voltage ratings. Though rare, the reeds can become magnetized over time, which makes them stick \"on\", even when no current is present; changing the orientation of the reeds or degaussing the switch with respect to the solenoid's magnetic field can resolve this problem.Sealed contacts with mercury-wetted contacts have longer operating lives and less contact chatter than any other kind of relay.[24]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safety relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_relay"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Safety relays","text":"Safety relays are devices which generally implement protection functions. In the event of a hazard, the task of such a safety function is to use appropriate measures to reduce the existing risk to an acceptable level.[25]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"programmable logic controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"transistor-transistor logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic"}],"sub_title":"Solid-state contactor","text":"A solid-state contactor is a heavy-duty solid state relay, including the necessary heat sink, used where frequent on-off cycles are required, such as with electric heaters, small electric motors, and lighting loads. There are no moving parts to wear out and there is no contact bounce due to vibration. They are activated by AC control signals or DC control signals from programmable logic controllers (PLCs), PCs, transistor-transistor logic (TTL) sources, or other microprocessor and microcontroller controls.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solid_state_relay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Solid-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solid-state-contactor.jpg"},{"link_name":"solid-state relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relay"},{"link_name":"solid state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)"},{"link_name":"electromechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical"},{"link_name":"thyristor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor"},{"link_name":"TRIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIAC"},{"link_name":"optocoupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optocoupler"},{"link_name":"light-emitting diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"photo transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_transistor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Solid-state relay","text":"Solid-state relays have no moving parts.25 A and 40 A solid state contactorsA solid-state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a function similar to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability. A solid-state relay uses a thyristor, TRIAC or other solid-state switching device, activated by the control signal, to switch the controlled load, instead of a solenoid. An optocoupler (a light-emitting diode (LED) coupled with a photo transistor) can be used to isolate control and controlled circuits.[26]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"static relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_relay"}],"sub_title":"Static relay","text":"A static relay consists of electronic circuitry to emulate all those characteristics which are achieved by moving parts in an electro-magnetic relay.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Time-delay relay","text":"Timing relays are arranged for an intentional delay in operating their contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains a magnetic field for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly; both air-filled and oil-filled dashpots are used. The time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods, a mechanical clockwork timer is installed. Relays may be arranged for a fixed timing period, or may be field-adjustable, or remotely set from a control panel. Modern microprocessor-based timing relays provide precision timing over a great range.Some relays are constructed with a kind of \"shock absorber\" mechanism attached to the armature, which prevents immediate, full motion when the coil is either energized or de-energized. This addition gives the relay the property of time-delay actuation. Time-delay relays can be constructed to delay armature motion on coil energization, de-energization, or both.Time-delay relay contacts must be specified not only as either normally open or normally closed, but whether the delay operates in the direction of closing or in the direction of opening. The following is a description of the four basic types of time-delay relay contacts.First, we have the normally open, timed-closed (NOTC) contact. This type of contact is normally open when the coil is unpowered (de-energized). The contact is closed by the application of power to the relay coil, but only after the coil has been continuously powered for the specified amount of time. In other words, the direction of the contact's motion (either to close or to open) is identical to a regular NO contact, but there is a delay in closing direction. Because the delay occurs in the direction of coil energization, this type of contact is alternatively known as a normally open, on-delay.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Vacuum relays","text":"A vacuum relay is a sensitive relay having its contacts mounted in an evacuated glass housing, to permit handling radio-frequency voltages [clarification needed] as high as 20,000 volts without flashover between contacts even though contact spacing is as low as a few hundredths of an inch when open.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ACRelay.jpg"},{"link_name":"galvanic isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_isolation"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_telegraph"},{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Strowger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strowger_switch"},{"link_name":"crossbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switch"},{"link_name":"Gotthilf Ansgarius Betulander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthilf_Betulander"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graces_Guide-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Telecom_History-28"},{"link_name":"Claude Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Boolean algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra"},{"link_name":"A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Symbolic_Analysis_of_Relay_and_Switching_Circuits"},{"link_name":"Ladder programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_programming_language"},{"link_name":"relay logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_logic"},{"link_name":"electro-mechanical computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_computer#Electro-mechanical_computers"},{"link_name":"ARRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARRA_(computer)"},{"link_name":"Harvard Mark II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_II"},{"link_name":"Zuse Z2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuse_Z2"},{"link_name":"Zuse Z3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuse_Z3"},{"link_name":"protective relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relay"},{"link_name":"circuit breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker"}],"text":"A DPDT AC coil relay with \"ice cube\" packagingRelays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable. The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, whereas the weak signal received at an intermediate station could control a contact, regenerating the signal for further transmission. High-voltage or high-current devices can be controlled with small, low voltage wiring and pilots switches. Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low power devices such as microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads beyond their direct drive capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the high current of the cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts in the ignition key.Electromechanical switching systems including Strowger and crossbar telephone exchanges made extensive use of relays in ancillary control circuits. The Relay Automatic Telephone Company also manufactured telephone exchanges based solely on relay switching techniques designed by Gotthilf Ansgarius Betulander. The first public relay based telephone exchange in the UK was installed in Fleetwood on 15 July 1922 and remained in service until 1959.[27][28]The use of relays for the logical control of complex switching systems like telephone exchanges was studied by Claude Shannon, who formalized the application of Boolean algebra to relay circuit design in A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Relays can perform the basic operations of Boolean combinatorial logic. For example, the Boolean AND function is realised by connecting normally open relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting normally open contacts in parallel. Inversion of a logical input can be done with a normally closed contact. Relays were used for control of automated systems for machine tools and production lines. The Ladder programming language is often used for designing relay logic networks.Early electro-mechanical computers such as the ARRA, Harvard Mark II, Zuse Z2, and Zuse Z3 used relays for logic and working registers. However, electronic devices proved faster and easier to use.Because relays are much more resistant than semiconductors to nuclear radiation, they are widely used in safety-critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste-handling machinery. Electromechanical protective relays are used to detect overload and other faults on electrical lines by opening and closing circuit breakers.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital protective relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_protective_relay"}],"sub_title":"Protective relays","text":"For protection of electrical apparatus and transmission lines, electromechanical relays with accurate operating characteristics were used to detect overload, short-circuits, and other faults. While many such relays remain in use, digital protective relays now provide equivalent and more complex protective functions.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay_room.jpg"},{"link_name":"interlocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking"},{"link_name":"Railway signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"double switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_switching"},{"link_name":"Opto-isolators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolator"}],"sub_title":"Railway signaling","text":"Part of a relay interlocking using UK Q-style miniature plug-in relaysRailway signalling relays are large considering the mostly small voltages (less than 120 V) and currents (perhaps 100 mA) that they switch. Contacts are widely spaced to prevent flashovers and short circuits over a lifetime that may exceed fifty years.Since rail signal circuits must be highly reliable, special techniques are used to detect and prevent failures in the relay system. To protect against false feeds, double switching relay contacts are often used on both the positive and negative side of a circuit, so that two false feeds are needed to cause a false signal. Not all relay circuits can be proved so there is reliance on construction features such as carbon to silver contacts to resist lightning induced contact welding and to provide AC immunity.Opto-isolators are also used in some instances with railway signalling, especially where only a single contact is to be switched.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uy-multi1-hy.jpg"},{"link_name":"1XB switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_Crossbar_Switching_System"},{"link_name":"5XB switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Five_Crossbar_Switching_System"},{"link_name":"undesired arcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Undesired_arcing"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electronic-components.com.au-29"},{"link_name":"duty cycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_cycle"},{"link_name":"explosion proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_equipment_in_hazardous_areas"},{"link_name":"printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceleration"},{"link_name":"aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace"},{"link_name":"shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(mechanics)"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keller-24"},{"link_name":"hysteresis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis"},{"link_name":"ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"μs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsecond"},{"link_name":"Reed relays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_relay"},{"link_name":"inductance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductance"},{"link_name":"motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"input surge current or electromotor starting current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrush_current"}],"sub_title":"Selection considerations","text":"Several 30-contact relays in \"Connector\" circuits in mid-20th century 1XB switch and 5XB switch telephone exchanges; cover removed on one.Selection of an appropriate relay for a particular application requires evaluation of many different factors:Number and type of contacts — normally open, normally closed, (double-throw)\nContact sequence — \"make before break\" or \"break before make\". For example, the old style telephone exchanges required make-before-break so that the connection did not get dropped while dialing the number.\nContact current rating — small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct current\nContact voltage rating — typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15,000 V\nOperating lifetime, useful life — the number of times the relay can be expected to operate reliably. There is both a mechanical life and a contact life. The contact life is affected by the type of load switched. Breaking load current causes undesired arcing between the contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts that fail due to erosion by the arc.[29]\nCoil voltage — machine-tool relays usually 24 VDC, 120 or 250 VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or 250 VDC coils,\nCoil current — Minimum current required for reliable operation and minimum holding current, as well as effects of power dissipation on coil temperature at various duty cycles. \"Sensitive\" relays operate on a few milliamperes.\nPackage/enclosure — open, touch-safe, double-voltage for isolation between circuits, explosion proof, outdoor, oil and splash resistant, washable for printed circuit board assembly\nOperating environment — minimum and maximum operating temperature and other environmental considerations, such as effects of humidity and salt\nAssembly — Some relays feature a sticker that keeps the enclosure sealed to allow PCB post soldering cleaning, which is removed once assembly is complete.\nMounting — sockets, plug board, rail mount, panel mount, through-panel mount, enclosure for mounting on walls or equipment\nSwitching time — where high speed is required\n\"Dry\" contacts — when switching very low level signals, special contact materials may be needed such as gold-plated contacts\nContact protection — suppress arcing in very inductive circuits\nCoil protection — suppress the surge voltage produced when switching the coil current\nIsolation between coil contacts\nAerospace or radiation-resistant testing, special quality assurance\nExpected mechanical loads due to acceleration — some relays used in aerospace applications are designed to function in shock loads of 50 g, or more.\nSize — smaller relays often resist mechanical vibration and shock better than larger relays, because of the lower inertia of the moving parts and the higher natural frequencies of smaller parts.[24] Larger relays often handle higher voltage and current than smaller relays.\nAccessories such as timers, auxiliary contacts, pilot lamps, and test buttons.\nRegulatory approvals.\nStray magnetic linkage between coils of adjacent relays on a printed circuit board.There are many considerations involved in the correct selection of a control relay for a particular application, including factors such as speed of operation, sensitivity, and hysteresis. Although typical control relays operate in the 5 ms to 20 ms range, relays with switching speeds as fast as 100 μs are available. Reed relays which are actuated by low currents and switch fast are suitable for controlling small currents.As with any switch, the contact current (unrelated to the coil current) must not exceed a given value to avoid damage. In high-inductance circuits such as motors, other issues must be addressed. When an inductance is connected to a power source, an input surge current or electromotor starting current larger than the steady-state current exists. When the circuit is broken, the current cannot change instantaneously, which creates a potentially damaging arc across the separating contacts.Consequently, for relays used to control inductive loads, we must specify the maximum current that may flow through the relay contacts when it actuates, the make rating; the continuous rating; and the break rating. The make rating may be several times larger than the continuous rating, which is larger than the break rating.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electronic-components.com.au-29"},{"link_name":"Number One Electronic Switching System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_One_Electronic_Switching_System"},{"link_name":"crossbar switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbar_switch"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"contact protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_protection"},{"link_name":"electric current arcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc"},{"link_name":"bounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch#Contact_bounce"},{"link_name":"snubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubber"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Switching while \"wet\" (under load) causes undesired arcing between the contacts, eventually leading to contacts that weld shut or contacts that fail due to a buildup of surface damage caused by the destructive arc energy.[29]Inside the Number One Electronic Switching System (1ESS) crossbar switch and certain other high-reliability designs, the reed switches are always switched \"dry\" (without load) to avoid that problem, leading to much longer contact life.[30]Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant and visible damage. Every time the relay contacts open or close under load, an electrical arc can occur between the contacts of the relay, either a break arc (when opening), or a make / bounce arc (when closing). In many situations, the break arc is more energetic and thus more destructive, in particular with inductive loads, but this can be mitigated by bridging the contacts with a snubber circuit. The inrush current of tungsten filament incandescent lamps is typically ten times the normal operating current. Thus, relays intended for tungsten loads may use special contact composition, or the relay may have lower contact ratings for tungsten loads than for purely resistive loads.An electrical arc across relay contacts can be very hot — thousands of degrees Fahrenheit — causing the metal on the contact surfaces to melt, pool, and migrate with the current. The extremely high temperature of the arc splits the surrounding gas molecules, creating ozone, carbon monoxide, and other compounds. Over time, the arc energy slowly destroys the contact metal, causing some material to escape into the air as fine particulate matter. This action causes the material in the contacts to degrade and coordination, resulting in device failure. This contact degradation drastically limits the overall life of a relay to a range of about 10,000 to 100,000 operations, a level far below the mechanical life of the device, which can be in excess of 20 million operations.[31]","title":"Safety and reliability"}]
[{"image_text":"A relay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Delta_Electronics_DPS-350FB_A_-_board_1_-_OEG_SDT-SS-112M_-_case_removed-3045.jpg/220px-Delta_Electronics_DPS-350FB_A_-_board_1_-_OEG_SDT-SS-112M_-_case_removed-3045.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electromechanical relay principle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Relay_principle_horizontal_new.gif/220px-Relay_principle_horizontal_new.gif"},{"image_text":"Electromechanical relay schematic showing a control coil, four pairs of normally open and one pair of normally closed contacts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kontakt.svg/220px-Kontakt.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An automotive-style miniature relay with the dust cover taken off","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Relay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Simple electromechanical relay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Relay_Parts.jpg/220px-Relay_Parts.jpg"},{"image_text":"Operation without flyback diode, arcing causes degradation of the switch contacts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Relay_animation_without_flyback_diode_.gif/220px-Relay_animation_without_flyback_diode_.gif"},{"image_text":"Operation with flyback diode, arcing in the control circuit is avoided","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relay_animation_with_flyback_diode.gif/220px-Relay_animation_with_flyback_diode.gif"},{"image_text":"Operation of a 12 A relay"},{"image_text":"A small cradle relay often used in electronics. The \"cradle\" term refers to the shape of the relay's armature","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Relay2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Circuit symbols of relays (C denotes the common terminal in SPDT and DPDT types.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Relay_symbols.svg/220px-Relay_symbols.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Latching relay with permanent magnet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Latching_relay_bistable_permanent_magnet.jpg/220px-Latching_relay_bistable_permanent_magnet.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mercury-wetted reed relay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Clare_HGRM-55211-P00_mercury-wetted_reed_relay.jpg/220px-Clare_HGRM-55211-P00_mercury-wetted_reed_relay.jpg"},{"image_text":"(from top) Single-pole reed switch, four-pole reed switch and single-pole reed relay. Scale in centimeters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Reedrelay.jpg/220px-Reedrelay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Solid-state relays have no moving parts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Solid_state_relay.jpg/220px-Solid_state_relay.jpg"},{"image_text":"25 A and 40 A solid state contactors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Solid-state-contactor.jpg/220px-Solid-state-contactor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A DPDT AC coil relay with \"ice cube\" packaging","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ACRelay.jpg/170px-ACRelay.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of a relay interlocking using UK Q-style miniature plug-in relays","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Relay_room.jpg/220px-Relay_room.jpg"},{"image_text":"Several 30-contact relays in \"Connector\" circuits in mid-20th century 1XB switch and 5XB switch telephone exchanges; cover removed on one.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Uy-multi1-hy.jpg/220px-Uy-multi1-hy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Analogue switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_switch"},{"title":"Buchholz relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchholz_relay"},{"title":"Dry contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_contact"},{"title":"Flyback diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyback_diode"},{"title":"Nanoelectromechanical relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_relay"},{"title":"Race condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"},{"title":"Stepping switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_switch"},{"title":"Wire spring relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_spring_relay"}]
[{"reference":"Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO. 2009. p. 153. ISBN 9780313347436.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&q=Invention+of+the+relay&pg=PA153","url_text":"Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313347436","url_text":"9780313347436"}]},{"reference":"\"The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry\". Georgi Dalakov. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2012-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618121911/http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/relay.html","url_text":"\"The electromechanical relay of Joseph Henry\""},{"url":"http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/relay.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity--From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven. John Wiley & Sons. 2005-01-28. p. 311. ISBN 9780471660248.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&q=relay+Joseph+Henry+1835&pg=PA311","url_text":"Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity--From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471660248","url_text":"9780471660248"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Coulson (1950). Joseph Henry: His Life and Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/josephhenryhisli0000coul","url_text":"Joseph Henry: His Life and Work"}]},{"reference":"\"Patent US1647 - IMPROVEMENT IN THE MODE OF COMMUNICATING INFORMATION BY SIGNALS BY THE - Google Patents\". Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524081816/http://www.google.com/patents?id=Xx5AAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=1647","url_text":"\"Patent US1647 - IMPROVEMENT IN THE MODE OF COMMUNICATING INFORMATION BY SIGNALS BY THE - Google Patents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relay\". EtymOnline.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=relay&searchmode=none","url_text":"\"Relay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Understanding Relays & Wiring Diagrams\". Swe-Check. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swe-check.com.au/editorials/understanding_relays.php","url_text":"\"Understanding Relays & Wiring Diagrams\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, C. R. \"Art & Science of Protective Relaying, Chapter 2, GE Consumer & Electrical\". Retrieved October 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gedigitalenergy.com/multilin/notes/artsci/","url_text":"\"Art & Science of Protective Relaying, Chapter 2, GE Consumer & Electrical\""}]},{"reference":"Riba, J.R.; Espinosa, A.G.; Cusidó, J.; Ortega, J.A.; Romeral, L. (November 2008). Design of Shading Coils for Minimizing the Contact Bouncing of AC Contactors. Electrical Contacts. p. 130. Retrieved 2018-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224355001","url_text":"Design of Shading Coils for Minimizing the Contact Bouncing of AC Contactors"}]},{"reference":"Fleckenstein, Joseph E. (2017). Three-Phase Electrical Power. CRC Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-1498737784.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498737784","url_text":"978-1498737784"}]},{"reference":"Alexandrovich, George. \"The Audio Engineer's Handbook\" (PDF). Db: The Sound Engineering Magazine. September 1968: 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-DB-Magazine/60s/DB-1968-09.pdf","url_text":"\"The Audio Engineer's Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"Croft, Terrell; Summers, Wilford, eds. (1987). American Electricians' Handbook (Eleventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. p. 7-124. ISBN 978-0-07-013932-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-013932-9","url_text":"978-0-07-013932-9"}]},{"reference":"Rexford, Kenneth B.; Giuliani, Peter R. (2002). Electrical control for machines (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7668-6198-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5RkbwbYq1joC&pg=PA58","url_text":"Electrical control for machines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7668-6198-5","url_text":"978-0-7668-6198-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Contactor or Motor Starter – What is the Difference?\". EECOOnline.com. 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2018-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://eecoonline.com/contactor-or-motor-starter/","url_text":"\"Contactor or Motor Starter – What is the Difference?\""}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Ian R. (2001), Sensors and Transducers (3rd ed.), Elsevier, p. 262, ISBN 978-0-7506-4932-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-4932-2","url_text":"978-0-7506-4932-2"}]},{"reference":"Zocholl, Stan (2003). AC Motor Protection. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. ISBN 978-0972502610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0972502610","url_text":"978-0972502610"}]},{"reference":"Edvard (2013-03-09). \"Working Principle of Thermal Motor Protection Relay\". Electrical-Engineering-Portal.com. Electrical Engineering Portal. Retrieved 2017-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/working-principle-of-thermal-motor-protection-relay","url_text":"\"Working Principle of Thermal Motor Protection Relay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coordinated Power Systems Protection\". Department of the Army Technical Manual (811–814). United States Department of the Army: 3–1. 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army","url_text":"United States Department of the Army"}]},{"reference":"\"Overload relay - Principle of operation, types, connection\". www.electricalclassroom.com. 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2022-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electricalclassroom.com/overload-relay-principle-of-operation-types-connection/","url_text":"\"Overload relay - Principle of operation, types, connection\""}]},{"reference":"Keller, A.C. (January 1964). \"Recent Developments in Bell System Relays — Particularly Sealed Contact and Miniature Relays\". The Bell System Technical Journal. 43 (1): 15–44. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1964.tb04057.x. Retrieved 2023-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bstj43-1-15","url_text":"\"Recent Developments in Bell System Relays — Particularly Sealed Contact and Miniature Relays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1964.tb04057.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1538-7305.1964.tb04057.x"}]},{"reference":"\"Safety Compendium, Chapter 4 Safe control technology\" (PDF). p. 115.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilz.com/imperia/md/content/editors_mm/safety_compendium_en_2014_01.pdf","url_text":"\"Safety Compendium, Chapter 4 Safe control technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Optocoupler Tutorial\". 16 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/optocoupler.html","url_text":"\"Optocoupler Tutorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relay Automatic Telephone Company\". Retrieved October 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Relay_Automatic_Telephone_Co","url_text":"\"Relay Automatic Telephone Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Telecom History 1912-1968\". Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014015809/http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1912to1968/1922.htm","url_text":"\"British Telecom History 1912-1968\""},{"url":"http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1912to1968/1922.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arc Suppression to Protect Relays From Destructive Arc Energy\". Retrieved December 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electronic-components.com.au/products-services/arc-suppression/","url_text":"\"Arc Suppression to Protect Relays From Destructive Arc Energy\""}]},{"reference":"Varney, Al L. (1991). \"Questions About The No. 1 ESS Switch\".","urls":[{"url":"http://yarchive.net/phone/1ess.html","url_text":"\"Questions About The No. 1 ESS Switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lab Note #105: Contact Life — Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing\". Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arcsuppressiontechnologies.com/arc-suppression-facts/lab-app-notes/","url_text":"\"Lab Note #105: Contact Life — Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed Arcing\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Makei
Vladimir Makei
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Death","4.1 Allegations of unnatural death","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
Belarusian politician (1958–2022) Vladimir MakeiВладимир МакейУладзімір МакейMakei in 2014Minister of Foreign AffairsIn office20 August 2012 – 26 November 2022PresidentAlexander LukashenkoPrime MinisterMikhail MyasnikovichAndrei KobyakovSyarhey RumasRoman GolovchenkoPreceded bySergei MartynovSucceeded bySergei Aleinik Personal detailsBorn(1958-08-05)5 August 1958Grodno Region, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet UnionDied26 November 2022(2022-11-26) (aged 64)SpouseVera PolyakovaChildren2Alma materMinsk State Linguistic UniversityMilitary serviceAllegiance Soviet Union BelarusBranch/service Soviet Army Belarusian Armed ForcesRankColonel Vladimir Vladimirovich Makei (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Макей; Belarusian: Уладзі́мір Уладзі́міравіч Маке́й, romanized: Uladzimir Uladzimiravič Makiej; 5 August 1958 – 26 November 2022) was a Belarusian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus from 2012 until his death in 2022. Early life and education Vladimir Makei was born on 5 August 1958 in Grodno Region, Byelorussian SSR. He graduated from the Minsk State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages in 1980. He served in the Armed Forces of the USSR and in the Armed Forces of Belarus after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He retired in 1993 as a colonel. Career Makei served in the ministry as secretary of several departments: Information and Humanitarian Cooperation, Analysis and Forecast, Office of the Minister and State Protocol Service. From 1996 to 1999 he worked in the Belarusian embassy in Paris as a counselor. From 2008 to 2012 he was President Alexander Lukashenko's Chief of Staff. Since 20 August 2012 he had been Minister of Foreign Affairs. In January 2011, Makei was blacklisted by the European Union following the presidential election and the subsequent protests; however, the ban was lifted a year after Makei's ministerial appointment in order to ease diplomatic contacts with Belarus. During the 2020 Belarusian protests, Makei said at a meeting in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that everyone who disagrees with the state policy should leave the ministry. He also forbade the staff to participate in protest activities. Two employees who made a picket with blank sheets of paper were fired within a week (one of them told journalists that he was fired for "gross violation of his duties"). In February 2021, Makei accused diplomats of calling for unrest and posting "anti-state" information. On April 10, 2021, Makei threatened that civil society in Belarus “will cease to exist” in the case of tougher sanctions. During his tenure as a Chief of Staff, Makei oversaw the governmental cooperation with the British PR firm Bell Pottinger. Mikalai Khalezin, director of the Belarus Free Theatre, claimed that Makei was responsible for trying to discredit his theatre for Khalezin's anti-Lukashenko activities. About a week before the 2010 election, Makei accused the Belarusian opposition of preparing armed provocations. Pavel Latushko, former ambassador to France and Poland, claimed that Makei expressed anti-Russian views in front of European and American diplomats, but after the 2020 elections he made a volte-face. Valery Sakhashchyk, a former Belarusian military officer serving in the United Transitional Cabinet stated that Makei, though having been “deformed by years of service to Lukashenko”, was "undoubtedly some kind of bridge with the West". In June 2022, Makei was added to the Canadian sanctions list. Personal life Makei spoke Belarusian, Russian, German, and English. Death Makei died in office on 26 November 2022, at the age of 64. Makei was not known to have had a chronic illness, and Belarusian authorities did not state his cause of death. According to the Belarusian independent weekly newspaper Nasha Niva, he died of a heart attack. He was given a state funeral on 29 November 2022 which was attended by Lukashenko in the Central House of Officers; he was buried in Minsk's Eastern Cemetery. Allegations of unnatural death In February 2023, Nasha Niva presented evidence with a claim that Makei had taken his own life four days after returning from a Collective Security Treaty Organization summit in Armenia accompanying representatives of Vladimir Putin. The newspaper’s sources claimed that he had been denied attention from President Alexander Lukashenko, had realized that he was due to be replaced soon, and that “after his heights, he did not see himself anywhere else.” Furthermore, he was rumored to be having marital problems with his wife, Vera Polyakova. Further conspiracy theories persisted that Makei was poisoned by the Russian officials while attending the summit. Belarus has refused to disclose full details of Makei’s death, other than to suggest he suffered a heart attack. Awards Order of Honor (Belarus, 2006) Order of the Fatherland, 3rd class (Belarus, 2018) References ^ a b c "Belarusian foreign minister Vladimir Makei passes away — BelTA". TASS. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ "Биографии Юрия Жадобина, Вадима Зайцева и Владимира Макея". naviny.by. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ Гаджиев Мовсун (25 June 2013). "Приоткрытое окно в Европу для белорусского чиновника" (in Russian). The New Times. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ "Пикет на лестнице: два представителя МИД Беларуси поддержали протесты, несмотря на угрозу увольнения". www.eurointegration.com.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ Сотрудник МИД, который вышел на пикет, уволен по статье ^ "Сотрудника МИД, вышедшего на пикет, уволили по статье". Наша Ніва (in Russian). Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ "Макей: некоторые послы стран ЕС в Беларуси размещают посты конкретной антигосударственной направленности" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ "Purge of human rights organizations and other civic groups forces them to go underground or in exile". Front Line Defenders. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2022. ^ Kovalev, Alexey (30 August 2020). "Guys, get out. How British spin-doctors and Boris Berezovsky tried to help Alexander Lukashenko win over the West". Meduza. Retrieved 17 December 2022. ^ "Халезин: Макей — это тот человек, внутри которого борются две сущности, из которых неизменно побеждает худшая" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ "Белорусская оппозиция готовит "вооруженные провокации"". Obozrevatel (in Russian). 12 December 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ "Латушко: Неоднократно присутствовал на переговорах, когда Макей говорил об угрозах со стороны России" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (29 November 2022). "A 'Bridge to the West' Dies in Belarus, as Moscow Seeks More Help in Ukraine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 December 2022. ^ "Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Belarus) Regulations: SOR/2022-167". Canada Gazette. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023. ^ "Minister and Deputy Ministers". Retrieved 15 August 2020. ^ "Belarus foreign minister Makei dies". Reuters. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022. ^ Belarus' foreign minister, Vladimir Makei, dies aged 64 but cause of death unknown ABC News 27 November 2022 ^ Belarusian foreign minister Vladimir Makei ‘suddenly dies’ aged 64: No cause of death has yet been mentioned by Belarus state media Lamiat Sabin, The Independent, 26 November 2022 ^ Belarus' top diplomat, ally to president, dies at 64 Washington Post/Associated Press, November 26, 2022 ^ "V Bělorusku pohřbili ministra Makeje. Přišel Lukašenko, nepřišel syn - Novinky". ^ "Макей похоронен на Восточном кладбище в Минске". 29 November 2022. ^ "Імаверная прычына смерці Уладзіміра Макея — суіцыд". Nasha Niva (in Belarusian). 19 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report". MSN. Retrieved 22 February 2023. ^ Farberov, Snejana (21 February 2023). "Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report". nypost.com. New York Post. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ "УКАЗ ПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ1 сакавіка 2006 г. No 136" (PDF). pravo.by (in Belarusian). 1 March 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2022. ^ "УКАЗПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ26 лістапада 2018 г.No 462" (PDF). pravo.by (in Belarusian). 26 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2022. External links Media related to Uladzimir Makei at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded bySergei Martynov Minister of Foreign Affairs 2012–2022 Succeeded bySergei Aleinik Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Belarus)"}],"text":"Vladimir Vladimirovich Makei (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Макей; Belarusian: Уладзі́мір Уладзі́міравіч Маке́й, romanized: Uladzimir Uladzimiravič Makiej; 5 August 1958 – 26 November 2022) was a Belarusian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus from 2012 until his death in 2022.","title":"Vladimir Makei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grodno Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Region"},{"link_name":"Byelorussian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Minsk State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_State_Linguistic_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of the USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Vladimir Makei was born on 5 August 1958 in Grodno Region, Byelorussian SSR.[1] He graduated from the Minsk State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages in 1980.[2] He served in the Armed Forces of the USSR and in the Armed Forces of Belarus after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He retired in 1993 as a colonel.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_President_of_Belarus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"subsequent protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2020 Belarusian protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Belarusian_protests"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picketing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bell Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mikalai Khalezin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikalai_Khalezin"},{"link_name":"Belarus Free Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_Free_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pavel Latushko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Latushko"},{"link_name":"anti-Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Russian"},{"link_name":"volte-face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volte-face"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Valery Sakhashchyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Sakhashchyk"},{"link_name":"United Transitional Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Transitional_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Makei served in the ministry as secretary of several departments: Information and Humanitarian Cooperation, Analysis and Forecast, Office of the Minister and State Protocol Service. From 1996 to 1999 he worked in the Belarusian embassy in Paris as a counselor. From 2008 to 2012 he was President Alexander Lukashenko's Chief of Staff.[1] Since 20 August 2012 he had been Minister of Foreign Affairs.[1] In January 2011, Makei was blacklisted by the European Union following the presidential election and the subsequent protests; however, the ban was lifted a year after Makei's ministerial appointment in order to ease diplomatic contacts with Belarus.[3]During the 2020 Belarusian protests, Makei said at a meeting in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that everyone who disagrees with the state policy should leave the ministry. He also forbade the staff to participate in protest activities.[4][5] Two employees who made a picket with blank sheets of paper were fired within a week (one of them told journalists that he was fired for \"gross violation of his duties\").[6]\nIn February 2021, Makei accused diplomats of calling for unrest and posting \"anti-state\" information.[7] On April 10, 2021, Makei threatened that civil society in Belarus “will cease to exist” in the case of tougher sanctions.[8]During his tenure as a Chief of Staff, Makei oversaw the governmental cooperation with the British PR firm Bell Pottinger.[9] Mikalai Khalezin, director of the Belarus Free Theatre, claimed that Makei was responsible for trying to discredit his theatre for Khalezin's anti-Lukashenko activities.[10] About a week before the 2010 election, Makei accused the Belarusian opposition of preparing armed provocations.[11]\nPavel Latushko, former ambassador to France and Poland, claimed that Makei expressed anti-Russian views in front of European and American diplomats, but after the 2020 elections he made a volte-face.[12] Valery Sakhashchyk, a former Belarusian military officer serving in the United Transitional Cabinet stated that Makei, though having been “deformed by years of service to Lukashenko”, was \"undoubtedly some kind of bridge with the West\".[13]In June 2022, Makei was added to the Canadian sanctions list.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfa1-15"}],"text":"Makei spoke Belarusian, Russian, German, and English.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nasha Niva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasha_Niva"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral"},{"link_name":"Central House of Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_House_of_Officers_(Minsk)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Makei died in office on 26 November 2022, at the age of 64.[16] \nMakei was not known to have had a chronic illness, and Belarusian authorities did not state his cause of death.[17][18][19] According to the Belarusian independent weekly newspaper Nasha Niva, he died of a heart attack.[20] He was given a state funeral on 29 November 2022 which was attended by Lukashenko in the Central House of Officers; he was buried in Minsk's Eastern Cemetery.[21]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nasha Niva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasha_Niva"},{"link_name":"Collective Security Treaty Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nn-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lukashenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Allegations of unnatural death","text":"In February 2023, Nasha Niva presented evidence with a claim that Makei had taken his own life four days after returning from a Collective Security Treaty Organization summit in Armenia accompanying representatives of Vladimir Putin.[22][23] The newspaper’s sources claimed that he had been denied attention from President Alexander Lukashenko, had realized that he was due to be replaced soon, and that “after his heights, he did not see himself anywhere else.” Furthermore, he was rumored to be having marital problems with his wife, Vera Polyakova. Further conspiracy theories persisted that Makei was poisoned by the Russian officials while attending the summit. Belarus has refused to disclose full details of Makei’s death, other than to suggest he suffered a heart attack.[24]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:By-order_honor_rib.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Honor_(Belarus)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLR_Order_of_Fatherland_3rd_class_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Order of Honor (Belarus, 2006)[25]\n Order of the Fatherland, 3rd class (Belarus, 2018)[26]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Belarusian foreign minister Vladimir Makei passes away — BelTA\". TASS. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/world/1542251","url_text":"\"Belarusian foreign minister Vladimir Makei passes away — BelTA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS","url_text":"TASS"}]},{"reference":"\"Биографии Юрия Жадобина, Вадима Зайцева и Владимира Макея\". naviny.by. 15 July 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090409070702/http://naviny.by/rubrics/politic/2008/07/15/ic_news_112_293773/","url_text":"\"Биографии Юрия Жадобина, Вадима Зайцева и Владимира Макея\""},{"url":"https://naviny.by/rubrics/politic/2008/07/15/ic_news_112_293773","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Гаджиев Мовсун (25 June 2013). \"Приоткрытое окно в Европу для белорусского чиновника\" (in Russian). The New Times. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newtimes.ru/articles/detail/68455/","url_text":"\"Приоткрытое окно в Европу для белорусского чиновника\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Times_(magazine)","url_text":"The New Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Пикет на лестнице: два представителя МИД Беларуси поддержали протесты, несмотря на угрозу увольнения\". www.eurointegration.com.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/rus/news/2020/08/17/7113293/","url_text":"\"Пикет на лестнице: два представителя МИД Беларуси поддержали протесты, несмотря на угрозу увольнения\""}]},{"reference":"\"Сотрудника МИД, вышедшего на пикет, уволили по статье\". Наша Ніва (in Russian). Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nashaniva.com/?c=ar&i=257804&lang=ru","url_text":"\"Сотрудника МИД, вышедшего на пикет, уволили по статье\""}]},{"reference":"\"Макей: некоторые послы стран ЕС в Беларуси размещают посты конкретной антигосударственной направленности\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417011716/https://naviny.online/new/20210128/1611830866-makey-nekotorye-posly-stran-es-v-belarusi-razmeshchayut-posty-konkretnoy","url_text":"\"Макей: некоторые послы стран ЕС в Беларуси размещают посты конкретной антигосударственной направленности\""},{"url":"https://naviny.online/new/20210128/1611830866-makey-nekotorye-posly-stran-es-v-belarusi-razmeshchayut-posty-konkretnoy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Purge of human rights organizations and other civic groups forces them to go underground or in exile\". Front Line Defenders. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/statement-report/purge-human-rights-organizations-and-other-civic-groups-forces-them-go-underground","url_text":"\"Purge of human rights organizations and other civic groups forces them to go underground or in exile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders","url_text":"Front Line Defenders"}]},{"reference":"Kovalev, Alexey (30 August 2020). \"Guys, get out. How British spin-doctors and Boris Berezovsky tried to help Alexander Lukashenko win over the West\". Meduza. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Kovalev_(journalist)","url_text":"Kovalev, Alexey"},{"url":"https://meduza.io/feature/2020/08/30/kak-aleksandr-lukashenko-pytalsya-podruzhitsya-s-zapadom-pri-pomoschi-britanskogo-lorda-i-berezovskogo-i-pochemu-u-nego-nichego-ne-vyshlo","url_text":"\"Guys, get out. How British spin-doctors and Boris Berezovsky tried to help Alexander Lukashenko win over the West\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduza","url_text":"Meduza"}]},{"reference":"\"Халезин: Макей — это тот человек, внутри которого борются две сущности, из которых неизменно побеждает худшая\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ex-press.by/rubrics/politika/2021/02/12/xalezin-makej-eto-tot-chelovek-vnutri-kotorogo-boryutsya-dve-sushhnosti-iz-kotoryx-neizmenno-pobezhdaet-xudshaya","url_text":"\"Халезин: Макей — это тот человек, внутри которого борются две сущности, из которых неизменно побеждает худшая\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417011708/https://ex-press.by/rubrics/politika/2021/02/12/xalezin-makej-eto-tot-chelovek-vnutri-kotorogo-boryutsya-dve-sushhnosti-iz-kotoryx-neizmenno-pobezhdaet-xudshaya","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Белорусская оппозиция готовит \"вооруженные провокации\"\". Obozrevatel (in Russian). 12 December 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.obozrevatel.com/news/2010/12/11/409305.htm","url_text":"\"Белорусская оппозиция готовит \"вооруженные провокации\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obozrevatel","url_text":"Obozrevatel"}]},{"reference":"\"Латушко: Неоднократно присутствовал на переговорах, когда Макей говорил об угрозах со стороны России\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ex-press.by/rubrics/politika/2021/02/12/latushko-neodnokratno-prisutstvoval-na-peregovorax-kogda-makej-govoril-ob-ugrozax-so-storony-rossii","url_text":"\"Латушко: Неоднократно присутствовал на переговорах, когда Макей говорил об угрозах со стороны России\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417011711/https://ex-press.by/rubrics/politika/2021/02/12/latushko-neodnokratno-prisutstvoval-na-peregovorax-kogda-makej-govoril-ob-ugrozax-so-storony-rossii","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Higgins, Andrew; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (29 November 2022). \"A 'Bridge to the West' Dies in Belarus, as Moscow Seeks More Help in Ukraine\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/29/world/europe/vladimir-makei-belarus-dies.html","url_text":"\"A 'Bridge to the West' Dies in Belarus, as Moscow Seeks More Help in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Belarus) Regulations: SOR/2022-167\". Canada Gazette. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2022/2022-07-06/html/sor-dors167-eng.html","url_text":"\"Regulations Amending the Special Economic Measures (Belarus) Regulations: SOR/2022-167\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Gazette","url_text":"Canada Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister and Deputy Ministers\". Retrieved 15 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mfa.gov.by/en/ministry/staff/","url_text":"\"Minister and Deputy Ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belarus foreign minister Makei dies\". Reuters. 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/belarus-foreign-minister-makei-dies-belta-2022-11-26/","url_text":"\"Belarus foreign minister Makei dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"V Bělorusku pohřbili ministra Makeje. Přišel Lukašenko, nepřišel syn - Novinky\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/zahranicni-evropa-v-belorusku-pohrbili-ministra-zahranici-makeje-prisel-i-lukasenko-40415973","url_text":"\"V Bělorusku pohřbili ministra Makeje. Přišel Lukašenko, nepřišel syn - Novinky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Макей похоронен на Восточном кладбище в Минске\". 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belta.by/society/view/makej-pohoronen-na-vostochnom-kladbische-v-minske-537417-2022/","url_text":"\"Макей похоронен на Восточном кладбище в Минске\""}]},{"reference":"\"Імаверная прычына смерці Уладзіміра Макея — суіцыд\". Nasha Niva (in Belarusian). 19 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nashaniva.com/310567","url_text":"\"Імаверная прычына смерці Уладзіміра Макея — суіцыд\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasha_Niva","url_text":"Nasha Niva"}]},{"reference":"\"Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report\". MSN. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/belarusian-foreign-minister-died-by-suicide-after-meeting-putin-s-officials-report/ar-AA17LjCT","url_text":"\"Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report\""}]},{"reference":"Farberov, Snejana (21 February 2023). \"Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report\". nypost.com. New York Post. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2023/02/21/belarus-foreign-minister-killed-himself-after-meeting/","url_text":"\"Belarusian foreign minister died by suicide after meeting Putin's officials: report\""}]},{"reference":"\"УКАЗ ПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ1 сакавіка 2006 г. No 136\" (PDF). pravo.by (in Belarusian). 1 March 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pravo.by/pdf/2006-38/2006-38%28004-029%29.pdf","url_text":"\"УКАЗ ПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ1 сакавіка 2006 г. No 136\""}]},{"reference":"\"УКАЗПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ26 лістапада 2018 г.No 462\" (PDF). pravo.by (in Belarusian). 26 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/P31800462_1543438800.pdf","url_text":"\"УКАЗПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ26 лістапада 2018 г.No 462\""}]}]
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No 136\""},{"Link":"https://pravo.by/upload/docs/op/P31800462_1543438800.pdf","external_links_name":"\"УКАЗПРЭЗІДЭНТА РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ26 лістапада 2018 г.No 462\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8062147967374484200006","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1274945402","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810559211605606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Music
Peermusic
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
American independent music publisher Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc.Trade namepeermusicIndustryMusic publisherFoundedJanuary 31, 1928HeadquartersNew York City, United StatesKey peopleRalph Peer, II: Executive Chair and Mary Megan Peer: CEOSubsidiariesDigitalpressureWebsiteOfficial website Peermusic is a United States-based independent music publisher. History Ralph Peer, a field recording engineer and A&R representative for Victor Records, went on a scouting trip to Bristol, Tennessee. For two weeks, he recorded artists such as Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family in what later became famous as the Bristol sessions. With the success of these recordings, Peer incorporated Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc., on January 31, 1928, which changed its name in 1994 to Peermusic. The company became very successful and influential in the 1930s. It hit the big time through Peer's introducing Southern American music to the world. In 1940 there came another watershed when a dispute between ASCAP and US radio stations led to the inauguration of the rival Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). BMI supported music by blues, country and hillbilly artists, and Peer, through his Peer International Corporation, soon contributed a major part of BMI's catalogue. During and after World War II, Peer published songs such as "Deep in the Heart of Texas" and "You Are My Sunshine" (sung by Jimmie Davis, covered by Bing Crosby and many others), "Humpty Dumpty Heart" (Glenn Miller), "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" (Russ Morgan), "The Three Caballeros" (the Andrews Sisters), "Say a Prayer for the Boys Over There" (Deanna Durbin), and "I Should Care" and "The Coffee Song" (both Frank Sinatra). In 1945, he published Jean Villard's and Bert Reisfeld's composition "Les trois cloches" ("The Three Bells"), which was recorded by The Browns. In the 1950s Peer published "Mockingbird Hill", a million-seller for Patti Page; "Sway" (Dean Martin and Bobby Rydell); and the novelty "I Know an Old Lady" (Burl Ives). Then came rock 'n' roll, and Southern published hits by Buddy Holly, Little Richard, The Big Bopper and The Platters. After Ralph Peer's death in 1960, his wife Monique Peer became CEO and held the role for 20 years. She maintained relationships with artists her husband had recorded, and signed many others. In 2007, Peermusic announced the 50% acquisition of Malaco Music Group. Ralph Iverson Peer II (born 1944), the son of Ralph and Monique Peer, is the current Chairman and CEO of Peermusic. He became CEO in 1980. Peer II is also the vice president and director of the National Music Publishers Association and the Harry Fox Agency. He is also a director and past president of the Country Music Association, an editor/director of American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, and Chairman of the International Confederation of Music Publishers. At the 2008 MIDEM, he was honored as "Music Maker of the Year". In 2013, he received the inaugural International Confederation of Music Publishers (ICMP) award for "outstanding contribution to music publishing". Peermusic's catalogue includes the publishing rights to David Foster, George Clinton, Corey Hart, Poo Bear, Salaam Remi, De La Ghetto, Big Deal Music, Molotov, KillBeatz, and Russian publisher First Music Publishing. In October 2020, Peermusic announced its expansion into the neighboring rights with the acquisition of Canada-based Premier Muzik, France-based All Right Music, and Netherlands-based Global Master Rights. Mary Megan Peer assumed the role of CEO of Peermusic in January 2021. Her father, Ralph Peer II, transitioned to executive chair. In July 2022, Hipgnosis Songs Fund signed an international sub-publishing deal with Peermusic. In October 2023, it was announced Peermusic had acquired the Oslo-headquartered indie music publisher, Arctic Rights Management. References ^ "SOUTHERN MUSIC PUBLISHING CO., INC. :: New York (US) :: OpenCorporates". opencorporates.com. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ^ a b "peermusic - Company History". Retrieved July 15, 2009. ^ a b Barry, Mazor (September 2016). Ralph Peer and the making of popular roots music. Chicago. ISBN 9781613736531. OCLC 900525692.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Peermusic acquires 50% stake in Malaco Music". MusicWeek.com. July 19, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2009. ^ a b c "National Music Publishers' Association - Ralph Peer II". Retrieved September 2, 2009. ^ Jones, Rhian (June 18, 2013). "Ralph Peer II honoured with ICMP outstanding contribution award". Retrieved July 15, 2013. ^ "Peermusic Acquires David Foster Catalog". The Hollywood Reporter. January 11, 2011. ^ "George Clinton signs worldwide administrative agreement with Peermusic". www.musicweek.com. ^ "Songwriter Corey Hart signs exclusive global publishing admin deal with peermusic". Music Business Worldwide. January 25, 2019. ^ "Poo Bear Inks Global Publishing Pact With Peermusic". Billboard. ^ "Producer Salaam Remi Signs Worldwide Pact With Peermusic". Billboard. ^ "De La Ghetto Inks Global Publishing Deal With Peermusic". Billboard. ^ "Peermusic inks deal to sub-publish Big Deal Music in multiple territories". Music Business Worldwide. September 27, 2017. ^ "Mexican Rock Band Molotov Signs With peermusic for Global Publishing". Billboard. ^ "Peermusic signs Joseph 'Killbeatz' Addison to global deal". www.musicweek.com. ^ "PeerMusic signs deal to represent Russian music catalogue worldwide". Music Business Worldwide. September 21, 2015. ^ "Peermusic expands into neighbouring rights, acquiring Premier Muzik, All Right Music & Global Master Rights". Music Business Worldwide. October 7, 2020. ^ Variety Staff (December 12, 2020). "Mary Megan Peer Succeeds Her Father as CEO of Peermusic". ^ "Hipgnosis announces new partnerships with SACEM and Peermusic | Complete Music Update". ^ "Peermusic acquires Arctic Rights Management - one of the largest independent music publishers in Norway". Music Business Worldwide. 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25. External links Official website vteMember record labels and music distributors of the UPFI Because Music Delphine Records Naïve Records No Format! Outhere Panorama/AB Disques Peermusic PIAS Tôt ou tard Wagram Music Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)"}],"text":"Peermusic is a United States-based independent music publisher.","title":"Peermusic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Peer"},{"link_name":"A&R representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"Victor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Records"},{"link_name":"Bristol, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Rodgers_(country_singer)"},{"link_name":"The Carter Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carter_Family"},{"link_name":"Bristol sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_sessions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peermusic_-_Company_History-2"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCAP"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Music Incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated"},{"link_name":"hillbilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly"},{"link_name":"Deep in the Heart of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_in_the_Heart_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"You Are My Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_My_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Davis"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_record"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Humpty Dumpty Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty_Heart"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Nobody_till_Somebody_Loves_You"},{"link_name":"Russ Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Morgan"},{"link_name":"The Three Caballeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Caballeros"},{"link_name":"Andrews Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Deanna Durbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna_Durbin"},{"link_name":"The Coffee Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coffee_Song"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Jean Villard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Villard"},{"link_name":"Bert Reisfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Reisfeld"},{"link_name":"Les trois cloches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_trois_cloches"},{"link_name":"The Three Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Bells"},{"link_name":"The Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Browns"},{"link_name":"Mockingbird Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockingbird_Hill"},{"link_name":"Patti Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Page"},{"link_name":"Sway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sway_(Luis_Demetrio_song)"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Bobby Rydell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Rydell"},{"link_name":"Burl Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burl_Ives"},{"link_name":"rock 'n' roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll"},{"link_name":"Buddy Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"The Big Bopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bopper"},{"link_name":"The Platters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platters"},{"link_name":"Monique Peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monique_Peer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Malaco Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaco_Music_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peermusic_-_Company_History-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"National Music Publishers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Music_Publishers_Association"},{"link_name":"Harry Fox Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Fox_Agency"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMPA-5"},{"link_name":"Country Music Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"International Confederation of Music Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Confederation_of_Music_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMPA-5"},{"link_name":"MIDEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDEM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMPA-5"},{"link_name":"International Confederation of Music Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Confederation_of_Music_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-musicweek20130618-6"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"George Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Corey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Hart_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Poo Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poo_Bear"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Salaam Remi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Remi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"De La Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Big Deal Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Deal_Music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Molotov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_(band)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"KillBeatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KillBeatz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hipgnosis Songs Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipgnosis_Songs_Fund"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"indie music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Ralph Peer, a field recording engineer and A&R representative for Victor Records, went on a scouting trip to Bristol, Tennessee. For two weeks, he recorded artists such as Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family in what later became famous as the Bristol sessions. With the success of these recordings, Peer incorporated Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc., on January 31, 1928, which changed its name in 1994 to Peermusic.[2] The company became very successful and influential in the 1930s. It hit the big time through Peer's introducing Southern American music to the world. In 1940 there came another watershed when a dispute between ASCAP and US radio stations led to the inauguration of the rival Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). BMI supported music by blues, country and hillbilly artists, and Peer, through his Peer International Corporation, soon contributed a major part of BMI's catalogue.During and after World War II, Peer published songs such as \"Deep in the Heart of Texas\" and \"You Are My Sunshine\" (sung by Jimmie Davis, covered by Bing Crosby and many others), \"Humpty Dumpty Heart\" (Glenn Miller), \"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You\" (Russ Morgan), \"The Three Caballeros\" (the Andrews Sisters), \"Say a Prayer for the Boys Over There\" (Deanna Durbin), and \"I Should Care\" and \"The Coffee Song\" (both Frank Sinatra). In 1945, he published Jean Villard's and Bert Reisfeld's composition \"Les trois cloches\" (\"The Three Bells\"), which was recorded by The Browns.In the 1950s Peer published \"Mockingbird Hill\", a million-seller for Patti Page; \"Sway\" (Dean Martin and Bobby Rydell); and the novelty \"I Know an Old Lady\" (Burl Ives). Then came rock 'n' roll, and Southern published hits by Buddy Holly, Little Richard, The Big Bopper and The Platters.After Ralph Peer's death in 1960, his wife Monique Peer became CEO and held the role for 20 years. She maintained relationships with artists her husband had recorded, and signed many others.[3]In 2007, Peermusic announced the 50% acquisition of Malaco Music Group.[4]Ralph Iverson Peer II (born 1944), the son of Ralph and Monique Peer, is the current Chairman and CEO of Peermusic.[2] He became CEO in 1980.[3] Peer II is also the vice president and director of the National Music Publishers Association and the Harry Fox Agency.[5] He is also a director and past president of the Country Music Association, an editor/director of American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, and Chairman of the International Confederation of Music Publishers.[5] At the 2008 MIDEM, he was honored as \"Music Maker of the Year\".[5] In 2013, he received the inaugural International Confederation of Music Publishers (ICMP) award for \"outstanding contribution to music publishing\".[6]Peermusic's catalogue includes the publishing rights to David Foster,[7] George Clinton,[8] Corey Hart,[9] Poo Bear,[10] Salaam Remi,[11] De La Ghetto,[12] Big Deal Music,[13] Molotov,[14] KillBeatz,[15] and Russian publisher First Music Publishing.[16]In October 2020, Peermusic announced its expansion into the neighboring rights with the acquisition of Canada-based Premier Muzik, France-based All Right Music, and Netherlands-based Global Master Rights.[17]Mary Megan Peer assumed the role of CEO of Peermusic in January 2021. Her father, Ralph Peer II, transitioned to executive chair.[18]In July 2022, Hipgnosis Songs Fund signed an international sub-publishing deal with Peermusic.[19]In October 2023, it was announced Peermusic had acquired the Oslo-headquartered indie music publisher, Arctic Rights Management.[20]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"SOUTHERN MUSIC PUBLISHING CO., INC. :: New York (US) :: OpenCorporates\". opencorporates.com. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ny/24648","url_text":"\"SOUTHERN MUSIC PUBLISHING CO., INC. :: New York (US) :: OpenCorporates\""}]},{"reference":"\"peermusic - Company History\". Retrieved July 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peermusic.com/peermusic/index.cfm/about-us/","url_text":"\"peermusic - Company History\""}]},{"reference":"Barry, Mazor (September 2016). Ralph Peer and the making of popular roots music. Chicago. ISBN 9781613736531. OCLC 900525692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613736531","url_text":"9781613736531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900525692","url_text":"900525692"}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic acquires 50% stake in Malaco Music\". MusicWeek.com. July 19, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=30126","url_text":"\"Peermusic acquires 50% stake in Malaco Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Music Publishers' Association - Ralph Peer II\". Retrieved September 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmpa.org/aboutnmpa/peer.asp","url_text":"\"National Music Publishers' Association - Ralph Peer II\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Rhian (June 18, 2013). \"Ralph Peer II honoured with ICMP outstanding contribution award\". Retrieved July 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/ralph-peer-honoured-with-icmp-outstanding-contribution-award/055080","url_text":"\"Ralph Peer II honoured with ICMP outstanding contribution award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic Acquires David Foster Catalog\". The Hollywood Reporter. January 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/peermusic-acquires-david-foster-catalog-70246","url_text":"\"Peermusic Acquires David Foster Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Clinton signs worldwide administrative agreement with Peermusic\". www.musicweek.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/george-clinton-signs-worldwide-administrative-agreement-with-peermusic/071530","url_text":"\"George Clinton signs worldwide administrative agreement with Peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songwriter Corey Hart signs exclusive global publishing admin deal with peermusic\". Music Business Worldwide. January 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/songwriter-corey-hart-signs-exclusive-global-publishing-admin-deal-with-peermusic/","url_text":"\"Songwriter Corey Hart signs exclusive global publishing admin deal with peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poo Bear Inks Global Publishing Pact With Peermusic\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8550688/poo-bear-global-publishing-peermusic","url_text":"\"Poo Bear Inks Global Publishing Pact With Peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Producer Salaam Remi Signs Worldwide Pact With Peermusic\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7834153/producer-salaam-remi-worldwide-pact-peermusic","url_text":"\"Producer Salaam Remi Signs Worldwide Pact With Peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"De La Ghetto Inks Global Publishing Deal With Peermusic\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/publishing/8549634/de-la-ghetto-signs-global-publishing-deal-peermusic/","url_text":"\"De La Ghetto Inks Global Publishing Deal With Peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic inks deal to sub-publish Big Deal Music in multiple territories\". Music Business Worldwide. September 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/peermusic-inks-deal-sub-publish-big-deal-music-multiple-territories/","url_text":"\"Peermusic inks deal to sub-publish Big Deal Music in multiple territories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican Rock Band Molotov Signs With peermusic for Global Publishing\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8094799/molotov-band-peermusic-publishing-deal","url_text":"\"Mexican Rock Band Molotov Signs With peermusic for Global Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic signs Joseph 'Killbeatz' Addison to global deal\". www.musicweek.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/peermusic-signs-joseph-killbeatz-addison-to-global-deal/079424","url_text":"\"Peermusic signs Joseph 'Killbeatz' Addison to global deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"PeerMusic signs deal to represent Russian music catalogue worldwide\". Music Business Worldwide. September 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/peermusic-signs-deal-to-represent-russian-music-catalogue-worldwide/","url_text":"\"PeerMusic signs deal to represent Russian music catalogue worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic expands into neighbouring rights, acquiring Premier Muzik, All Right Music & Global Master Rights\". Music Business Worldwide. October 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/peermusic-expands-into-neighbouring-rights-acquiring-premier-muzik-all-right-music-global-master-rights/","url_text":"\"Peermusic expands into neighbouring rights, acquiring Premier Muzik, All Right Music & Global Master Rights\""}]},{"reference":"Variety Staff (December 12, 2020). \"Mary Megan Peer Succeeds Her Father as CEO of Peermusic\".","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/music/news/mary-megan-peer-ceo-peermusic-1234852234/","url_text":"\"Mary Megan Peer Succeeds Her Father as CEO of Peermusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hipgnosis announces new partnerships with SACEM and Peermusic | Complete Music Update\".","urls":[{"url":"https://completemusicupdate.com/article/hipgnosis-announces-new-partnerships-with-sacem-and-peermusic","url_text":"\"Hipgnosis announces new partnerships with SACEM and Peermusic | Complete Music Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic acquires Arctic Rights Management - one of the largest independent music publishers in Norway\". Music Business Worldwide. 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2023-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/peermusic-acquires-arctic-rights-management-one-of-the-largest-indie-music-publishers-in-norway/","url_text":"\"Peermusic acquires Arctic Rights Management - one of the largest independent music publishers in Norway\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_Atlantic_hurricane_season
1886 Atlantic hurricane season
["1 Seasonal summary","2 Systems","2.1 Hurricane One","2.2 Hurricane Two","2.3 Hurricane Three","2.4 Hurricane Four","2.5 Hurricane Five","2.6 Hurricane Six","2.7 Hurricane Seven","2.8 Hurricane Eight","2.9 Hurricane Nine","2.10 Hurricane Ten","2.11 Tropical Storm Eleven","2.12 Tropical Storm Twelve","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
1886 Atlantic hurricane seasonSeason summary mapSeasonal boundariesFirst system formedJune 13, 1886Last system dissipatedOctober 26, 1886Strongest stormName"Indianola" • Maximum winds150 mph (240 km/h)(1-minute sustained) • Lowest pressure925 mbar (hPa; 27.32 inHg) Seasonal statisticsTotal storms12Hurricanes10Major hurricanes(Cat. 3+)4Total fatalities200-225Total damage~ $2.25 million (1886 USD) Atlantic hurricane seasons1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888 The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was a very active year, with ten hurricanes, six of which struck the United States, an event that would not occur again until 1985 and 2020. Four hurricanes became major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellites and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. Of the known 1886 cyclones, Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms. Seasonal summary The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season commenced at 06:00 UTC on June 13. The season was approximately average, featuring 12 tropical storms compared to the 1981–2010 annual average of 12.1. The number of hurricanes, however, was well above average, with 10 forming compared to the annual average of 6.4. The number of major hurricanes—defined as Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale—was four, compared to an average of 2.7. Owing to deficiencies in surface weather observations at the time, the total number of tropical storms in 1886 was likely higher than 12. A 2008 study indicated that about three storms may have been missed by observational records due to scarce marine traffic over the open Atlantic Ocean. All but two of the storms in 1886 affected land at some point in the tropical stages of their life cycles. Of these, four hurricanes struck the island of Cuba, a record unsurpassed in any Atlantic hurricane season since then. According to the Cuban Meteorological Society, 1886 coincided with a highly active period, 1837–1910, in which one hurricane struck the island every 9.25 years. Additionally, seven hurricanes made landfall in the United States, establishing a record for the number of hurricane strikes in a single season. The years 1886–1887 featured 11 U.S. hurricane landfalls, setting a record for consecutive seasons until 2004–2005, when 12 such storms hit the country. Hurricane activity centered on the Gulf of Mexico: all seven landfalls in 1886 occurred on the U.S. Gulf Coast, with no hurricanes making landfall along the Atlantic Seaboard. Corpses in Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, following the October hurricane Although other storms may have gone undetected, tropical activity definitely began by the middle of June with the formation of the first named storm over the western Gulf of Mexico on June 13. Two other storms formed before the end of the month and also reached the Gulf of Mexico. The first three storms of the season each attained hurricane intensity and eventually made landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). A mid-July storm that formed over the western Caribbean moved northward and struck the west coast of Florida as a hurricane, after two earlier, stronger storms had already done so. Never before or since have so many hurricanes struck Florida in the same season before the month of August. Three storms, all of which attained major hurricane intensity, formed in close succession, over a span of eight days, in August. The first of these, the Indianola hurricane, was the strongest and most intense tropical cyclone of the season, striking multiple islands in the Greater Antilles before rapidly strengthening over the western Gulf of Mexico. It struck the U.S. state of Texas on August 20 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), making it one of the strongest hurricanes on record to hit the state. September was a less active month than August, featuring two hurricanes on and just after mid-month. The final hurricane of the year formed in early October and struck Louisiana with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). Two additional tropical storms occurred in October, with no further activity confirmed afterward. Systems Hurricane One Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJune 13 – June 15Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);<997 mbar (hPa) Early in June, unsettled weather prevailed over the western Caribbean Sea, causing heavy rain and strong winds over Jamaica as early as June 7–8. However, ship reports and data from weather stations first confirmed that a low-pressure area formed off the coast of South Texas. Based on the data, HURDAT analyzed that a tropical storm formed about 140 miles (230 km) east-southeast of La Pesca, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, on the morning of June 13. Moving generally northward at first, the cyclone quickly intensified through the day as it gradually turned to the north-northeast, paralleling the Texas coast. By 06:00 UTC on June 14, the cyclone already attained hurricane status, and its parabolic path increasingly bent to the northeast. Around 16:00 UTC, the cyclone attained its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h), equivalent to a modern-day Category 2 hurricane, and made landfall just east of High Island, Texas. The cyclone rapidly weakened as it headed inland to the east-northeast, crossing south-central Louisiana as a tropical storm on June 15. Reanalysis in the 1990s determined that it dissipated about 20 miles (32 km) east-southeast of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, by 18:00 UTC on June 15. As it passed just offshore, the hurricane produced strong winds from the east and northeast in Galveston, Texas, generating very high tides. Observers suggested that only the shifting of the winds prevented severe flooding, possibly the worst since a hurricane in 1875; even so, small boats sustained significant damage. Waterfront structures, a tramway, and a railroad were destroyed. Galveston recorded peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), and a barometer in town registered a minimum pressure of 29.43 inHg (997 mb); as these conditions were recorded outside the storm's radius of maximum wind, the cyclone was likely stronger. Upon making landfall, the hurricane brought a 7-to-8-foot (2.1 to 2.4 m) storm tide and major flooding to Sabine Pass and its environs. Numerous structures and wharves were destroyed by wind or water, and winds tore roofs from houses. Fruit trees in the area lost much of their fruit. Saltwater intrusion extended several miles inland, imperiling livestock for want of freshwater. Across the state border in adjourning Louisiana, widespread flooding occurred at Calcasieu Pass, where a barge stranded and schooners were wrecked. Half of the corn crop in southwest Louisiana was damaged. While losing intensity so rapidly after landfall that forecasters lost track of it, the storm generated prolific rainfall in its path across Southeast Texas and Louisiana, peaking at 21.4 inches (544 mm) in Alexandria, Louisiana. Hurricane Two Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJune 17 – June 24Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); Little more than a day after the dissipation of the previous hurricane, a broad area of low pressure over the western Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical storm while centered about 180 miles (290 km) east-southeast of Punta Allen, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Over the next two days, the storm meandered toward and through the Yucatán Channel, gradually intensifying as it proceeded to the north-northwest and north. Late on June 18, the system attained hurricane status off the western tip of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. The following day, the cyclone turned to the north-northeast, producing "severe gales" (47–54 mph, 76–87 km/h) over the waters off Cuba and Jamaica, as reported by ships. At 00:00 UTC on June 20, the storm reached its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h), and shortly afterward its forward speed accelerated. At 11:00 UTC on June 21, the cyclone made landfall a short distance east of St. Marks, Florida, as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm gradually decreased in intensity over the next day and a half as it crossed the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic states. By 18:00 UTC on June 23, the system passed about 70 miles (110 km) southeast of New York City and curved to the east before dissipating a day later. Over a six-day period, a long duration of heavy rainfall from the storm caused severe flooding over parts of western Cuba, killing an undetermined number of people in flash floods. Winds over the island were apparently modest, however, though the rain over Vuelta Abajo was the heaviest over a one-week span in 29 years. Several locations were underwater following the deluge. As it passed west of Key West, Florida, the cyclone produced strong southerly winds there. At Cedar Key, gusts of 75–90 mph (121–145 km/h) toppled trees, signage and communications wires, but caused little structural damage. Between there and Apalachicola, above-normal tides covered low-lying streets and pushed ships onshore. Heaviest damages were concentrated in and near Apalachicola and Tallahassee. The storm produced minimal effects in the Jacksonville area, as hurricane-force winds were confined to the west of the Gainesville–Lake City area. The strongest sustained winds measured in Florida were below hurricane force—only 68 mph (109 km/h) at Cedar Key—but "high tides" affected much of the coastline near the point of landfall. Outside Florida, heavy rains, peaking at 5.44 in (138 mm), inundated streets in Lynchburg, Virginia, producing the then-wettest June on record at that place. A daily record for the month, 4.16 in (106 mm), also occurred in Washington, D.C. In a 1949 report by meteorologist Grady Norton, the U.S. Weather Bureau—later the National Weather Service—considered the storm a "Great Hurricane", implying winds of at least 125 mph (201 km/h), though reassessments could find no evidence that the cyclone ever reached major hurricane status. Hurricane Three Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJune 27 – July 2Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);<999 mbar (hPa) Closely following the dissipation of the previous storm, yet another tropical storm developed about 90 miles (140 km) west of Negril, Jamaica, at 12:00 UTC on June 27. The system quickly strengthened as it headed north-northwest, acquiring hurricane intensity early the next day. Sharply turning to the west-northwest, the cyclone continued to intensify, reaching its first peak intensity of 90 mph (140 km/h) at 18:00 UTC on June 28. Maintaining force, it struck Pinar del Río Province, Cuba, later that day. On June 29, the cyclone weakened as it crossed western Cuba, but began restrengthening over the eastern Gulf of Mexico as its path turned northwestward. Early on June 30, the hurricane attained its second and strongest peak of 100 mph (160 km/h) as its path began curving to the north. Veering and accelerating to the northeast, the storm struck the Florida Panhandle near Indian Pass around 21:00 UTC that day. The cyclone weakened as it headed inland, losing its identity near Cedartown, Maryland, late on July 2. In Jamaica, "at least" 18 deaths were attributed to the effects of the storm, and a ship west of the island experienced hurricane-force winds. While described as being of only "moderate intensity", the hurricane caused considerable damage to western Cuba, where homes were destroyed or lost their roofs and trees were prostrated; flooding was reportedly severe as well. Damage was concentrated in and near Batabanó and across Pinar del Río Province. Trece de la Coloma reported a minimum pressure of 29.49 inHg (999 mb). Two drownings occurred when a ship capsized, and an unknown number of fatalities occurred on land in Cuba. In Florida, the eye of the cyclone passed over Apalachicola, which reported top winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Homes in town lost their roofs, frame buildings collapsed, and several craft in the bay sank, killing some people. At Cedar Key, high tides undermined roadways, and winds of 47–54 mph (76–87 km/h) removed a warehouse from its foundation. Winds gusting to 80 mph (130 km/h) uprooted large trees and moved railroad cars in Tallahassee; one person perished in Jefferson County. "Considerable" destruction of crops occurred in parts of North Florida and adjacent Georgia. Farther north, in North Carolina, winds of 42–44 mph (68–71 km/h) affected Kitty Hawk and Fort Macon, respectively. Copious rains affected southeast Virginia over a two-day span, destroying railroad trestles and embankments. The James River crested 10 feet (3.0 m) above flood stage, flooding waterfront structures in Richmond and prompting evacuations. Hurricane Four Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationJuly 14 – July 22Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);≤990 mbar (hPa) After nearly two quiet weeks, the fourth tropical storm of the season developed about 105 miles (169 km) west-southwest of George Town, Cayman Islands, at 06:00 UTC on July 14. For two more days, the system drifted west-northwest, gradually strengthening. On July 16, the cyclone began turning to the northeast and accelerated. It reached hurricane status at 12:00 UTC on July 17 and passed just west of Cuba later that day. Its path then bent to the north-northeast, and early the next day, the storm attained its first peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) as its eye neared the west coast of the Florida peninsula. Around 01:00 UTC on July 19, the hurricane made landfall near Ozello, Florida, at that intensity. The storm soon lost hurricane status as it swiftly turned to the east-northeast, briskly crossing North Florida en route to the Atlantic Ocean. At 00:00 UTC on July 20, the storm recovered hurricane status while centered about 140 miles (230 km) south-southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and six hours later attained its second and strongest peak of 85 mph (137 km/h). The storm acquired extratropical characteristics early on July 23, and after curving to the northeast over the far north Atlantic, it dissipated at 18:00 UTC on July 24. Although it bypassed the island to the west, the cyclone generated heavy rains over western Cuba throughout July 16–17, causing rivers to overflow their banks. An anemometer in Key West measured top winds of 52 mph (84 km/h) during the passage of the hurricane, with no damage to shipping in the harbor. A few schooners were forced to shelter in safe harbor overnight. Overall damage near the point of landfall in Florida was slight, as the area was thinly inhabited. Off the Atlantic coast of the Southeastern United States, the storm interrupted maritime traffic. Multiple ships in the path of the storm recorded hurricane-force winds; the lowest pressure reported dipped to 29.23 inHg (990 mb). Hurricane Five Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationAugust 12 – August 21Peak intensity150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min);925 mbar (hPa) The Indianola Hurricane of 1886 Main article: 1886 Indianola hurricane A tropical storm developed east of Trinidad and Tobago on August 12 and began moving northwestward. Originally it was thought the storm became a Category 1 hurricane the next day but re-analysis now shows it remained as a tropical storm until August 14. On the evening of August 15 it reached the island of Hispaniola. After crossing the south of that island as a Category 1 hurricane, it struck southeastern Cuba on August 16 as a Category 2 hurricane. The storm briefly weakened whilst over land and entered the Gulf of Mexico near Matanzas on August 18 as a Category 1 storm. As the hurricane crossed the Gulf of Mexico it strengthened further, first to a Category 2 then to a Category 3 cyclone. As it approached the coast of Texas, it had intensified to a 150 mph (240 km/h) Category 4 hurricane. On August 20, it made landfall as a category 4 hurricane at that strength with catastrophic results. At Indianola, Texas a storm surge of 15 feet overwhelmed the town. Every building in the town was either destroyed or left uninhabitable. When the Signal Office there was blown down, a fire started which took hold and destroyed several neighboring blocks. The village of Quintana, at the mouth of the Brazos River was also destroyed. At Houston the bayou rose between 5–6 feet on August 19. Bridges were overrun by flood water and trees blown over at Galveston. Offshore several ships were wrecked there. Since the town of Indianola was destroyed, it was abandoned and never rebuilt. After making landfall, the storm eventually dissipated on August 21 in the northwest corner of Texas. Hurricane Six Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationAugust 15 – August 27Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);≤977 mbar (hPa) The Cuba Hurricane of 1886 On August 15 a hurricane was seen 90 miles northeast of Barbados. On August 16 it passed over the island of Saint Vincent as Category 2 hurricane. The hurricane passed north of Grenada and continued westward towards the coast of Venezuela, bringing a heavy gale, and some damage, o Curaçao before curving north. Around midnight on August 19 it hit Jamaica, still at Category 2 intensity. The island experienced winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) throughout August 19 and 20th. The hurricane approached the south coast of Cuba as a major Category 3 hurricane on August 21. It crossed Cuba over the central province of Ciego de Ávila before exiting the island near Moron on the north coast. The hurricane then passed over Nassau on the night of August 22. It quickly moved northeastward, and travelled parallel to the east coast of the United States, still at Category 2 intensity, before it weakened and dissipated south of Newfoundland on the August 27. Damage was extensive at several of the locations impacted by the hurricane and some fatalities occurred on St. Vincent, Jamaica and possibly Cuba. Throughout the south of St Vincent, damage was extensive with many injuries and some fatalities reported. Thousands of trees were blown down and 300 homes destroyed on the island. At Jamaica crops and plantations were destroyed and some ships wrecked in Kingston harbour. In Cuba hundreds of homes were blown down, many trees were uprooted and some areas flooded. In the Bahamas, several sailing ships were blown ashore, both at Nassau and at Andros and at the Berry Islands. Hurricane Seven Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationAugust 20 – August 25Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);≤962 mbar (hPa) A tropical storm formed west of Bermuda on August 20. It passed about 175 miles to the south of the island before turning northwestward. As the storm travelled north on August 21, it intensified to a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane. It reached the area of Georges Bank at that intensity on August 22 and damaged several vessels there. On August 23 it weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and became an extratropical storm on August 24 near the Grand Banks. Hurricane Eight Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 16 – September 24Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);973 mbar (hPa) A tropical storm formed north of Puerto Rico on September 16. It travelled west, passing north of Hispaniola on September 17 and crossing Cuba in the Las Tunas region on September 18. The next day the storm passed just south of Isla de la Juventud and continued westward before curving north into the Gulf of Mexico. As the storm travelled north, parallel to the east coast of Mexico, it intensified to a 100 mph (160 km/h) Category 2 hurricane. The hurricane maintained this intensity until it made landfall just south of the Mexico–United States border early on September 23. After crossing into Texas, the system quickly weakened and dissipated the next day to the southeast of Austin. The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Tamaulipas as it moved slowly just offshore and inland, leading to flooding. In Matamoros, the hurricane destroyed approximately 300 homes and inundated about 30 streets. Floods also impacted rural areas surrounding Matamoros and left railroads inaccessible in and around Matamoros and Monterrey. Roughly 500 families were rendered homeless as a result of the storm. Similar, Texas recorded heavy rainfall, including about 26 in (660 mm) at Brownsville between September 21 and September 23. Two hundred houses were blown down there. Only five weeks after the devastation brought by Hurricane Five, Indianola was again flooded by rainwater and storm surge from Matagorda Bay. The remaining residents were evacuated. Following this storm the post office at Indianola was shut down, marking the official abandonment of the town. Hurricane Nine Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationSeptember 22 – September 30Peak intensity100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);≤990 mbar (hPa) A tropical storm formed in the western Atlantic on September 22. Within two days it had grown to a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm maintained this intensity for six days until September 30, when it weakened to first a Category 1 hurricane then to a tropical storm. The cyclone never made landfall but is known from several ship reports. Most notable are those from the bark Mary, which endured the storm from September 22 until the 28th, and that of the brigantine Pearl which, on the evening of September 25, recorded sightings of ball lighting and "St. Elmo's light at the yard-arms" during the storm. Hurricane Ten Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) DurationOctober 8 – October 13Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);955 mbar (hPa) The Texas–Louisiana Hurricane of 1886 A tropical storm was observed in the northwest Caribbean on October 8. It moved to the northwest, reaching major hurricane strength in the Gulf of Mexico on October 11. Late on October 12, the hurricane made landfall as a category 3 hurricane near the border between Louisiana and Texas. It caused between 126 and 150 deaths in the East Texas area. due to the heavy rainfall and storm surge, with $250,000 in damage occurring. Port Eads, Louisiana and parts of New Orleans were reported to be flooded. Sabine Pass, Texas was all but destroyed. On the afternoon of October 12 wind speeds there reached 100 mph (160 km/h) and waves from the Gulf were 20 feet high. Most buildings in the town were destroyed and ten miles of railroad track damaged. Numerous vessels were washed miles inshore and wrecked. At Johnson Bayou, Louisiana most buildings in the town were destroyed, and many residents drowned, by the impact of a seven-foot storm surge which extended twenty miles inland. At least 196 people died as a result of the storm. Tropical Storm Eleven Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationOctober 10 – October 15Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); A tropical storm existed in the western Atlantic between October 10 and October 15. It reached a peak wind speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) throughout October 13 and 14. It is thought that the existence of this storm may have been responsible for the westward deviation taken by Hurricane Ten in the Gulf of Mexico on October 10. Tropical Storm Twelve Tropical storm (SSHWS) DurationOctober 21 – October 26Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);≤992 mbar (hPa) Several ships reported a large, but weak, tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea, south of Haiti on October 22. It is thought the storm had actually formed the previous day. After crossing Haiti on October 22 the storm continued moving northeastward into the Atlantic. The storm maintained a peak wind speed of 70 mph (110 km/h) throughout October 23 and 24. It weakened on October 25 and dissipated on October 26 in the mid-Atlantic. See also Tropical cyclones portal Atlantic hurricane season Tropical cyclone observation Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project Notes ^ All dates denoting individual storms' life cycles are based on UTC unless otherwise noted. References ^ Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2007". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2008. ^ Landsea, C. W. (2004). "The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN 0-231-12388-4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Partagas, J.F. and H.F. Diaz, 1996a "A reconstruction of historical Tropical Cyclone frequency in the Atlantic from documentary and other historical sources Part III: 1881–1890" Climate Diagnostics Center, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Background Information: the North Atlantic Hurricane Season". National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Knutson, Thomas R. (July 2008). "On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity". Journal of Climate. 21 (14): 3588–3591. Bibcode:2008JCli...21.3580V. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1. ^ Pérez Suárez, R.; Vega, R.; Limia, M. (2000). Los ciclones tropicales de Cuba, su variabilidad y su posible vinculación con los Cambios Globales (Report) (in Spanish). Instituto de Meteorología. ^ "Los ciclones tropicales que han afectado a las provincias de Ciudad de la Habana y la Habana". Boletín de SOMETCUBA (in Spanish). 6 (1). Sociedad Meteorológica de Cuba. January 2000. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ Blake, Eric S.; Ethan J. Gibney (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (Technical report). National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center. pp. 16–17. NWS NHC-6. Retrieved 5 May 2016. ^ a b c Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ a b c d e Barnes, Jay (1998). Florida's Hurricane History (1st ed.). Chapel Hill: UNC Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-8078-4748-8. ^ a b c d e Partagás, J. F.; Díaz, H. F. (1996). "A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources, Part III: 1881–1890". Year 1886 (PDF) (Report). Climate Diagnostics Center. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ "Chart I. Tracks of Areas of Low Pressure. June, 1886" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (6): C1. June 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14Y...1.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)1462.0.CO;2. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h "Atmospheric Pressure" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (6): 149. June 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14R.147.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)142.0.CO;2. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ a b c d David M. Roth (13 January 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ a b c d e f g MWR 1886a, p. 150 ^ Al Sandrik & Chris Landsea (2003). "Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-02. ^ a b Partagás & Díaz 1996, p. 38 ^ a b Roth, David; Cobb, Hugh (16 July 2001). "Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes, 1851–1900". Virginia Hurricane History. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ^ Williams, John M.; Duedall, Iver W. (2002). Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–2001 (2nd ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 86. ISBN 0-8130-2494-3. ^ a b Rappaport, Edward N.; Fernández-Partagás, José (22 April 1997) . "Appendix 2: Cyclones that may have 25+ deaths". The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 (Technical report). National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center. NWS NHC 47. ^ Partagás & Díaz 1996, p. 39 ^ "Atmospheric Pressure" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (7): 176–177. July 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14R.175.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)142.0.CO;2. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ^ Partagás & Díaz 1996, p. 42 ^ a b MWR 1886b, p. 178 ^ "North Atlantic Storms During July, 1886" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (7): 181. July 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14..179.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)142.0.CO;2. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ^ a b Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ a b c David Roth (2010-02-04). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2011-06-22. ^ Escobar Ohmstede, Antonio (August 1, 2004). Desastres agrícolas en México: catálogo histórico (Volumen 2) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. p. 164. ISBN 9681671880. ^ Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-03-14. ^ W. T. Block (October 10, 1979). "October 12, 1886: The Night That Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana Died". The Beaumont Enterprise. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-22. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1886 Atlantic hurricane season. Unisys Data for 1886 Atlantic Hurricane Season: 1886 Hurricane/Tropical Data for Atlantic 1880–1889 Atlantic hurricane seasons Previous: 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Next: 1890 vteTropical cyclones in 1886Cyclones Australian region (1885–86 1886–87) North Indian Ocean South-West Indian Ocean (1885–86 1886–87) South Pacific (1885–86 1886–87) Hurricanes Atlantic Pacific Typhoons Pacific Non-seasonal lists Mediterranean South Atlantic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Atlantic basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_basin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chron-1"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"major hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_3_hurricane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"}],"text":"The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886. This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was a very active year, with ten hurricanes, six of which struck the United States,[1] an event that would not occur again until 1985 and 2020. Four hurricanes became major hurricanes (Category 3+). However, in the absence of modern satellites and other remote-sensing technologies, only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.[2] Of the known 1886 cyclones, Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz. They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms.[3]","title":"1886 Atlantic hurricane season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPCclimatology-6"},{"link_name":"Saffir–Simpson scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_hurricane_wind_scale"},{"link_name":"surface weather observations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_weather_observation"},{"link_name":"observational records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_observation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VecchiKnutson-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perez-8"},{"link_name":"1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOMET-9"},{"link_name":"landfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall"},{"link_name":"1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadliestCostliest-10"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_hurricanes-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnsonsBayou1886Leslies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johnson Bayou, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Bayou,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-12"},{"link_name":"Indianola hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_Indianola_hurricane"},{"link_name":"Greater Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Antilles"},{"link_name":"rapidly strengthening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_deepening"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_hurricanes-11"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"}],"text":"The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season commenced at 06:00 UTC on June 13.[4][nb 1] The season was approximately average, featuring 12 tropical storms compared to the 1981–2010 annual average of 12.1.[5] The number of hurricanes, however, was well above average, with 10 forming compared to the annual average of 6.4. The number of major hurricanes—defined as Category 3 or higher on the modern Saffir–Simpson scale—was four, compared to an average of 2.7. Owing to deficiencies in surface weather observations at the time, the total number of tropical storms in 1886 was likely higher than 12. A 2008 study indicated that about three storms may have been missed by observational records due to scarce marine traffic over the open Atlantic Ocean.[6] All but two of the storms in 1886 affected land at some point in the tropical stages of their life cycles.[4] Of these, four hurricanes struck the island of Cuba, a record unsurpassed in any Atlantic hurricane season since then.[7] According to the Cuban Meteorological Society, 1886 coincided with a highly active period, 1837–1910, in which one hurricane struck the island every 9.25 years.[8] Additionally, seven hurricanes made landfall in the United States, establishing a record for the number of hurricane strikes in a single season. The years 1886–1887 featured 11 U.S. hurricane landfalls, setting a record for consecutive seasons until 2004–2005, when 12 such storms hit the country.[9] Hurricane activity centered on the Gulf of Mexico: all seven landfalls in 1886 occurred on the U.S. Gulf Coast, with no hurricanes making landfall along the Atlantic Seaboard.[10]Corpses in Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, following the October hurricaneAlthough other storms may have gone undetected, tropical activity definitely began by the middle of June with the formation of the first named storm over the western Gulf of Mexico on June 13. Two other storms formed before the end of the month and also reached the Gulf of Mexico. The first three storms of the season each attained hurricane intensity and eventually made landfall on the U.S. Gulf Coast with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h).[4] A mid-July storm that formed over the western Caribbean moved northward and struck the west coast of Florida as a hurricane, after two earlier, stronger storms had already done so. Never before or since have so many hurricanes struck Florida in the same season before the month of August.[11] Three storms, all of which attained major hurricane intensity, formed in close succession, over a span of eight days, in August. The first of these, the Indianola hurricane, was the strongest and most intense tropical cyclone of the season, striking multiple islands in the Greater Antilles before rapidly strengthening over the western Gulf of Mexico. It struck the U.S. state of Texas on August 20 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), making it one of the strongest hurricanes on record to hit the state.[10] September was a less active month than August, featuring two hurricanes on and just after mid-month. The final hurricane of the year formed in early October and struck Louisiana with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). Two additional tropical storms occurred in October, with no further activity confirmed afterward.[4]","title":"Seasonal summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partagas-13"},{"link_name":"low-pressure area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pressure_area"},{"link_name":"South Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886map-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"HURDAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HURDAT"},{"link_name":"La Pesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pesca"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"High Island, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Island,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Reanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis_project"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partagas-13"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Three"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"radius of maximum wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_of_maximum_wind"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_hurricanes-11"},{"link_name":"storm tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_tide"},{"link_name":"Sabine Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Pass,_Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rola-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rola-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"Calcasieu Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcasieu_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rola-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"Southeast Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partagas-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"inches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rola-16"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane One","text":"Early in June, unsettled weather prevailed over the western Caribbean Sea, causing heavy rain and strong winds over Jamaica as early as June 7–8.[12] However, ship reports and data from weather stations first confirmed that a low-pressure area formed off the coast of South Texas.[13][14] Based on the data, HURDAT analyzed that a tropical storm formed about 140 miles (230 km) east-southeast of La Pesca, in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, on the morning of June 13.[4] Moving generally northward at first, the cyclone quickly intensified through the day as it gradually turned to the north-northeast, paralleling the Texas coast. By 06:00 UTC on June 14, the cyclone already attained hurricane status, and its parabolic path increasingly bent to the northeast. Around 16:00 UTC, the cyclone attained its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h), equivalent to a modern-day Category 2 hurricane, and made landfall just east of High Island, Texas. The cyclone rapidly weakened as it headed inland to the east-northeast, crossing south-central Louisiana as a tropical storm on June 15. Reanalysis in the 1990s determined that it dissipated about 20 miles (32 km) east-southeast of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, by 18:00 UTC on June 15.[4][12]As it passed just offshore, the hurricane produced strong winds from the east and northeast in Galveston, Texas, generating very high tides. Observers suggested that only the shifting of the winds prevented severe flooding, possibly the worst since a hurricane in 1875; even so, small boats sustained significant damage. Waterfront structures, a tramway, and a railroad were destroyed.[14] Galveston recorded peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), and a barometer in town registered a minimum pressure of 29.43 inHg (997 mb);[14] as these conditions were recorded outside the storm's radius of maximum wind, the cyclone was likely stronger.[10] Upon making landfall, the hurricane brought a 7-to-8-foot (2.1 to 2.4 m) storm tide and major flooding to Sabine Pass and its environs.[15] Numerous structures and wharves were destroyed by wind or water,[14] and winds tore roofs from houses. Fruit trees in the area lost much of their fruit.[15] Saltwater intrusion extended several miles inland, imperiling livestock for want of freshwater.[14] Across the state border in adjourning Louisiana, widespread flooding occurred at Calcasieu Pass, where a barge stranded and schooners were wrecked. Half of the corn crop in southwest Louisiana was damaged.[15] While losing intensity so rapidly after landfall that forecasters lost track of it,[14] the storm generated prolific rainfall in its path across Southeast Texas and Louisiana,[12][14] peaking at 21.4 inches (544 mm) in Alexandria, Louisiana.[15]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punta Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta_Allen"},{"link_name":"Quintana Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintana_Roo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partagas-13"},{"link_name":"Yucatán Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Channel"},{"link_name":"Pinar del Río Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo_Province"},{"link_name":"severe gales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale#Modern_scale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June1886lows-15"},{"link_name":"St. Marks, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marks,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Southeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Partagas-13"},{"link_name":"Vuelta Abajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_Abajo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cedar Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Key,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"Apalachicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-12"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoml-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Major-19"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virgin-20"},{"link_name":"Grady Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Norton"},{"link_name":"U.S. Weather Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service#History"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-12"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilliamsDuedall-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Major-19"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Two","text":"Little more than a day after the dissipation of the previous hurricane, a broad area of low pressure over the western Caribbean Sea developed into a tropical storm while centered about 180 miles (290 km) east-southeast of Punta Allen, Quintana Roo, Mexico.[4][12] Over the next two days, the storm meandered toward and through the Yucatán Channel, gradually intensifying as it proceeded to the north-northwest and north. Late on June 18, the system attained hurricane status off the western tip of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. The following day, the cyclone turned to the north-northeast, producing \"severe gales\" (47–54 mph, 76–87 km/h) over the waters off Cuba and Jamaica, as reported by ships.[14] At 00:00 UTC on June 20, the storm reached its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h), and shortly afterward its forward speed accelerated. At 11:00 UTC on June 21, the cyclone made landfall a short distance east of St. Marks, Florida, as a Category 2 hurricane.[4] The storm gradually decreased in intensity over the next day and a half as it crossed the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic states. By 18:00 UTC on June 23, the system passed about 70 miles (110 km) southeast of New York City and curved to the east before dissipating a day later.[4]Over a six-day period, a long duration of heavy rainfall from the storm caused severe flooding over parts of western Cuba, killing an undetermined number of people in flash floods. Winds over the island were apparently modest, however,[12] though the rain over Vuelta Abajo was the heaviest over a one-week span in 29 years. Several locations were underwater following the deluge.[16] As it passed west of Key West, Florida, the cyclone produced strong southerly winds there. At Cedar Key, gusts of 75–90 mph (121–145 km/h) toppled trees, signage and communications wires, but caused little structural damage.[16] Between there and Apalachicola, above-normal tides covered low-lying streets and pushed ships onshore. Heaviest damages were concentrated in and near Apalachicola and Tallahassee.[11] The storm produced minimal effects in the Jacksonville area, as hurricane-force winds were confined to the west of the Gainesville–Lake City area.[17] The strongest sustained winds measured in Florida were below hurricane force—only 68 mph (109 km/h) at Cedar Key[16]—but \"high tides\" affected much of the coastline near the point of landfall.[18] Outside Florida, heavy rains, peaking at 5.44 in (138 mm), inundated streets in Lynchburg, Virginia, producing the then-wettest June on record at that place. A daily record for the month, 4.16 in (106 mm), also occurred in Washington, D.C.[19]In a 1949 report by meteorologist Grady Norton, the U.S. Weather Bureau—later the National Weather Service—considered the storm a \"Great Hurricane\", implying winds of at least 125 mph (201 km/h),[11][20] though reassessments could find no evidence that the cyclone ever reached major hurricane status.[18]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negril"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Florida Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Indian Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pass,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cedartown, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedartown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lowtoll-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batabano-23"},{"link_name":"Batabanó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataban%C3%B3,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Trece de la Coloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Coloma_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lowtoll-22"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"Jefferson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-12"},{"link_name":"North Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VueltaAbajo-17"},{"link_name":"Kitty Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fort Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Macon_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FortMacon-24"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"feet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-virgin-20"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Three","text":"Closely following the dissipation of the previous storm, yet another tropical storm developed about 90 miles (140 km) west of Negril, Jamaica, at 12:00 UTC on June 27. The system quickly strengthened as it headed north-northwest, acquiring hurricane intensity early the next day. Sharply turning to the west-northwest, the cyclone continued to intensify, reaching its first peak intensity of 90 mph (140 km/h) at 18:00 UTC on June 28. Maintaining force, it struck Pinar del Río Province, Cuba, later that day.[4] On June 29, the cyclone weakened as it crossed western Cuba, but began restrengthening over the eastern Gulf of Mexico as its path turned northwestward. Early on June 30, the hurricane attained its second and strongest peak of 100 mph (160 km/h) as its path began curving to the north. Veering and accelerating to the northeast, the storm struck the Florida Panhandle near Indian Pass around 21:00 UTC that day. The cyclone weakened as it headed inland, losing its identity near Cedartown, Maryland, late on July 2.[4]In Jamaica, \"at least\" 18 deaths were attributed to the effects of the storm,[21] and a ship west of the island experienced hurricane-force winds.[16] While described as being of only \"moderate intensity\", the hurricane caused considerable damage to western Cuba, where homes were destroyed or lost their roofs and trees were prostrated; flooding was reportedly severe as well.[22] Damage was concentrated in and near Batabanó and across Pinar del Río Province. Trece de la Coloma reported a minimum pressure of 29.49 inHg (999 mb). Two drownings occurred when a ship capsized,[16] and an unknown number of fatalities occurred on land in Cuba.[21] In Florida, the eye of the cyclone passed over Apalachicola, which reported top winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). Homes in town lost their roofs, frame buildings collapsed, and several craft in the bay sank, killing some people.[16] At Cedar Key, high tides undermined roadways, and winds of 47–54 mph (76–87 km/h) removed a warehouse from its foundation. Winds gusting to 80 mph (130 km/h) uprooted large trees and moved railroad cars in Tallahassee; one person perished in Jefferson County.[11] \"Considerable\" destruction of crops occurred in parts of North Florida and adjacent Georgia.[16] Farther north, in North Carolina, winds of 42–44 mph (68–71 km/h) affected Kitty Hawk and Fort Macon, respectively.[23] Copious rains affected southeast Virginia over a two-day span, destroying railroad trestles and embankments. The James River crested 10 feet (3.0 m) above flood stage, flooding waterfront structures in Richmond and prompting evacuations.[19]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Town, Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Ozello, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozello,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Cape Lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Lookout_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"extratropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JulyCuba-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CubaRivers-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CubaRivers-26"},{"link_name":"Southeastern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnes-12"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JulyShips-27"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Four","text":"After nearly two quiet weeks, the fourth tropical storm of the season developed about 105 miles (169 km) west-southwest of George Town, Cayman Islands, at 06:00 UTC on July 14. For two more days, the system drifted west-northwest, gradually strengthening. On July 16, the cyclone began turning to the northeast and accelerated. It reached hurricane status at 12:00 UTC on July 17 and passed just west of Cuba later that day.[4] Its path then bent to the north-northeast, and early the next day, the storm attained its first peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) as its eye neared the west coast of the Florida peninsula. Around 01:00 UTC on July 19, the hurricane made landfall near Ozello, Florida, at that intensity. The storm soon lost hurricane status as it swiftly turned to the east-northeast, briskly crossing North Florida en route to the Atlantic Ocean. At 00:00 UTC on July 20, the storm recovered hurricane status while centered about 140 miles (230 km) south-southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, and six hours later attained its second and strongest peak of 85 mph (137 km/h). The storm acquired extratropical characteristics early on July 23, and after curving to the northeast over the far north Atlantic, it dissipated at 18:00 UTC on July 24.[4]Although it bypassed the island to the west, the cyclone generated heavy rains over western Cuba throughout July 16–17,[24] causing rivers to overflow their banks.[25] An anemometer in Key West measured top winds of 52 mph (84 km/h) during the passage of the hurricane, with no damage to shipping in the harbor. A few schooners were forced to shelter in safe harbor overnight.[25] Overall damage near the point of landfall in Florida was slight, as the area was thinly inhabited. Off the Atlantic coast of the Southeastern United States, the storm interrupted maritime traffic.[11] Multiple ships in the path of the storm recorded hurricane-force winds; the lowest pressure reported dipped to 29.23 inHg (990 mb).[26]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Category 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_1_hurricane"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-28"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meta-28"},{"link_name":"Matanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Indianola, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotx-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotx-29"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Five","text":"The Indianola Hurricane of 1886A tropical storm developed east of Trinidad and Tobago on August 12 and began moving northwestward. Originally it was thought the storm became a Category 1 hurricane the next day but re-analysis now shows it remained as a tropical storm until August 14.[27] On the evening of August 15 it reached the island of Hispaniola. After crossing the south of that island as a Category 1 hurricane, it struck southeastern Cuba on August 16 as a Category 2 hurricane.[27] The storm briefly weakened whilst over land and entered the Gulf of Mexico near Matanzas on August 18 as a Category 1 storm. As the hurricane crossed the Gulf of Mexico it strengthened further, first to a Category 2 then to a Category 3 cyclone. As it approached the coast of Texas, it had intensified to a 150 mph (240 km/h) Category 4 hurricane.On August 20, it made landfall as a category 4 hurricane at that strength with catastrophic results. At Indianola, Texas a storm surge of 15 feet overwhelmed the town. Every building in the town was either destroyed or left uninhabitable. When the Signal Office there was blown down, a fire started which took hold and destroyed several neighboring blocks. The village of Quintana, at the mouth of the Brazos River was also destroyed.[28] At Houston the bayou rose between 5–6 feet on August 19. Bridges were overrun by flood water and trees blown over at Galveston. Offshore several ships were wrecked there.[28] Since the town of Indianola was destroyed, it was abandoned and never rebuilt. After making landfall, the storm eventually dissipated on August 21 in the northwest corner of Texas.","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Curaçao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Ciego de Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciego_de_%C3%81vila_Province"},{"link_name":"Moron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%B3n,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Berry Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Six","text":"The Cuba Hurricane of 1886On August 15 a hurricane was seen 90 miles northeast of Barbados. On August 16 it passed over the island of Saint Vincent as Category 2 hurricane. The hurricane passed north of Grenada and continued westward towards the coast of Venezuela, bringing a heavy gale, and some damage, o Curaçao before curving north. Around midnight on August 19 it hit Jamaica, still at Category 2 intensity. The island experienced winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) throughout August 19 and 20th. The hurricane approached the south coast of Cuba as a major Category 3 hurricane on August 21. It crossed Cuba over the central province of Ciego de Ávila before exiting the island near Moron on the north coast. The hurricane then passed over Nassau on the night of August 22. It quickly moved northeastward, and travelled parallel to the east coast of the United States, still at Category 2 intensity, before it weakened and dissipated south of Newfoundland on the August 27.[3]\nDamage was extensive at several of the locations impacted by the hurricane and some fatalities occurred on St. Vincent, Jamaica and possibly Cuba. Throughout the south of St Vincent, damage was extensive with many injuries and some fatalities reported. Thousands of trees were blown down and 300 homes destroyed on the island. At Jamaica crops and plantations were destroyed and some ships wrecked in Kingston harbour. In Cuba hundreds of homes were blown down, many trees were uprooted and some areas flooded. In the Bahamas, several sailing ships were blown ashore, both at Nassau and at Andros and at the Berry Islands.[3]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Georges Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"},{"link_name":"Grand Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Seven","text":"A tropical storm formed west of Bermuda on August 20. It passed about 175 miles to the south of the island before turning northwestward. As the storm travelled north on August 21, it intensified to a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane. It reached the area of Georges Bank at that intensity on August 22 and damaged several vessels there.[3] On August 23 it weakened to a Category 1 hurricane and became an extratropical storm on August 24 near the Grand Banks.","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Hispaniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola"},{"link_name":"Las Tunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Tunas_Province"},{"link_name":"Isla de la Juventud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_la_Juventud"},{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HURDAT-4"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"Matamoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"},{"link_name":"Indianola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Matagorda Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagorda_Bay"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rotx-29"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Eight","text":"A tropical storm formed north of Puerto Rico on September 16. It travelled west, passing north of Hispaniola on September 17 and crossing Cuba in the Las Tunas region on September 18. The next day the storm passed just south of Isla de la Juventud and continued westward before curving north into the Gulf of Mexico. As the storm travelled north, parallel to the east coast of Mexico, it intensified to a 100 mph (160 km/h) Category 2 hurricane. The hurricane maintained this intensity until it made landfall just south of the Mexico–United States border early on September 23. After crossing into Texas, the system quickly weakened and dissipated the next day to the southeast of Austin.[4]The storm dropped heavy rainfall in Tamaulipas as it moved slowly just offshore and inland, leading to flooding. In Matamoros, the hurricane destroyed approximately 300 homes and inundated about 30 streets. Floods also impacted rural areas surrounding Matamoros and left railroads inaccessible in and around Matamoros and Monterrey. Roughly 500 families were rendered homeless as a result of the storm.[29] Similar, Texas recorded heavy rainfall, including about 26 in (660 mm) at Brownsville between September 21 and September 23. Two hundred houses were blown down there.[3] Only five weeks after the devastation brought by Hurricane Five, Indianola was again flooded by rainwater and storm surge from Matagorda Bay. The remaining residents were evacuated. Following this storm the post office at Indianola was shut down, marking the official abandonment of the town.[28]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Elmo's light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Nine","text":"A tropical storm formed in the western Atlantic on September 22. Within two days it had grown to a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The storm maintained this intensity for six days until September 30, when it weakened to first a Category 1 hurricane then to a tropical storm. The cyclone never made landfall but is known from several ship reports. Most notable are those from the bark Mary, which endured the storm from September 22 until the 28th, and that of the brigantine Pearl which, on the evening of September 25, recorded sightings of ball lighting and \"St. Elmo's light at the yard-arms\" during the storm.[3]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toll-31"},{"link_name":"Port Eads, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Eads,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"},{"link_name":"Sabine Pass, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_Pass,_Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Johnson Bayou, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Bayou,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-block-32"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Ten","text":"The Texas–Louisiana Hurricane of 1886A tropical storm was observed in the northwest Caribbean on October 8. It moved to the northwest, reaching major hurricane strength in the Gulf of Mexico on October 11. Late on October 12, the hurricane made landfall as a category 3 hurricane near the border between Louisiana and Texas. It caused between 126 and 150 deaths in the East Texas area.[30] due to the heavy rainfall and storm surge, with $250,000 in damage occurring. Port Eads, Louisiana and parts of New Orleans were reported to be flooded.[3] Sabine Pass, Texas was all but destroyed. On the afternoon of October 12 wind speeds there reached 100 mph (160 km/h) and waves from the Gulf were 20 feet high. Most buildings in the town were destroyed and ten miles of railroad track damaged. Numerous vessels were washed miles inshore and wrecked.\nAt Johnson Bayou, Louisiana most buildings in the town were destroyed, and many residents drowned, by the impact of a seven-foot storm surge which extended twenty miles inland. At least 196 people died as a result of the storm.[31]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Eleven","text":"A tropical storm existed in the western Atlantic between October 10 and October 15. It reached a peak wind speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) throughout October 13 and 14. It is thought that the existence of this storm may have been responsible for the westward deviation taken by Hurricane Ten in the Gulf of Mexico on October 10.[3]","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1996a-3"}],"sub_title":"Tropical Storm Twelve","text":"Several ships reported a large, but weak, tropical storm in the Caribbean Sea, south of Haiti on October 22.[3] It is thought the storm had actually formed the previous day. After crossing Haiti on October 22 the storm continued moving northeastward into the Atlantic. The storm maintained a peak wind speed of 70 mph (110 km/h) throughout October 23 and 24. It weakened on October 25 and dissipated on October 26 in the mid-Atlantic.","title":"Systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Time_5-0"}],"text":"^ All dates denoting individual storms' life cycles are based on UTC unless otherwise noted.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Corpses in Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, following the October hurricane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/JohnsonsBayou1886Leslies.jpg/220px-JohnsonsBayou1886Leslies.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Tropical cyclones portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones"},{"title":"Atlantic hurricane season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season"},{"title":"Tropical cyclone observation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_observation"},{"title":"Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis_project"}]
[{"reference":"Hurricane Research Division (2008). \"Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2007\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/ushurrlist18512007.txt","url_text":"\"Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2007\""}]},{"reference":"Landsea, C. W. (2004). \"The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project: Documentation for the 1851–1910 alterations and additions to the HURDAT database\". In Murname, R. J.; Liu, K.-B. (eds.). Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 177–221. ISBN 0-231-12388-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12388-4","url_text":"0-231-12388-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)\" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2022-050423.txt","url_text":"\"Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Background Information: the North Atlantic Hurricane Season\". National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml","url_text":"\"Background Information: the North Atlantic Hurricane Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service","url_text":"National Weather Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Climate Prediction Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"Vecchi, Gabriel A.; Knutson, Thomas R. (July 2008). \"On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity\". Journal of Climate. 21 (14): 3588–3591. Bibcode:2008JCli...21.3580V. doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JCLI2178.1","url_text":"\"On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Climate","url_text":"Journal of Climate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCli...21.3580V","url_text":"2008JCli...21.3580V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F2008JCLI2178.1","url_text":"10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1"}]},{"reference":"Pérez Suárez, R.; Vega, R.; Limia, M. (2000). Los ciclones tropicales de Cuba, su variabilidad y su posible vinculación con los Cambios Globales (Report) (in Spanish). Instituto de Meteorología.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Los ciclones tropicales que han afectado a las provincias de Ciudad de la Habana y la Habana\". Boletín de SOMETCUBA (in Spanish). 6 (1). Sociedad Meteorológica de Cuba. January 2000. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.met.inf.cu/sometcuba/boletin/v06_n01/espanol/art_552.htm","url_text":"\"Los ciclones tropicales que han afectado a las provincias de Ciudad de la Habana y la Habana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociedad_Meteorol%C3%B3gica_de_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sociedad Meteorológica de Cuba"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Eric S.; Ethan J. Gibney (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (Technical report). National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center. pp. 16–17. NWS NHC-6. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf","url_text":"The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service","url_text":"National Weather Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hurricane_Center","url_text":"National Hurricane Center"}]},{"reference":"Landsea, Chris; Anderson, Craig; Bredemeyer, William; et al. (January 2022). Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description). Re-Analysis Project (Report). Miami, Florida: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Landsea","url_text":"Landsea, Chris"},{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/UShurrs_detailed.html","url_text":"Continental United States Hurricanes (Detailed Description)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_reanalysis_project","url_text":"Re-Analysis Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami","url_text":"Miami"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida","url_text":"Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanographic_and_Meteorological_Laboratory","url_text":"Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Research_Division","url_text":"Hurricane Research Division"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Jay (1998). Florida's Hurricane History (1st ed.). Chapel Hill: UNC Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 0-8078-4748-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina","url_text":"Chapel Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_Press","url_text":"UNC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4748-8","url_text":"0-8078-4748-8"}]},{"reference":"Partagás, J. F.; Díaz, H. F. (1996). \"A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources, Part III: 1881–1890\". Year 1886 (PDF) (Report). Climate Diagnostics Center. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/part3.htm","url_text":"\"A Reconstruction of Historical Tropical Cyclone Frequency in the Atlantic from Documentary and other Historical Sources, Part III: 1881–1890\""},{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/1884-1886/1886a.pdf","url_text":"Year 1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Diagnostics_Center","url_text":"Climate Diagnostics Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart I. Tracks of Areas of Low Pressure. June, 1886\" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (6): C1. June 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14Y...1.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)146[c1:CITOAO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-06-c1.pdf","url_text":"\"Chart I. Tracks of Areas of Low Pressure. June, 1886\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Weather_Review","url_text":"Monthly Weather Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1886MWRv...14Y...1.","url_text":"1886MWRv...14Y...1."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281886%29146%5Bc1%3ACITOAO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1886)146[c1:CITOAO]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmospheric Pressure\" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (6): 149. June 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14R.147.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[147b:AP]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-06-0147b.pdf","url_text":"\"Atmospheric Pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1886MWRv...14R.147.","url_text":"1886MWRv...14R.147."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281886%2914%5B147b%3AAP%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[147b:AP]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"David M. Roth (13 January 2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF) (Report). National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/lch/tropical/lahurricanehistory.pdf","url_text":"Louisiana Hurricane History"}]},{"reference":"Al Sandrik & Chris Landsea (2003). \"Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899\". Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206073407/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html","url_text":"\"Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899\""},{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/history/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roth, David; Cobb, Hugh (16 July 2001). \"Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes, 1851–1900\". Virginia Hurricane History. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064635/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm","url_text":"\"Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes, 1851–1900\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center","url_text":"Hydrometeorological Prediction Center"},{"url":"http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/valate19hur.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, John M.; Duedall, Iver W. (2002). Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–2001 (2nd ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 86. ISBN 0-8130-2494-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/floridahurricane0000will_g8q6/page/86","url_text":"Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida","url_text":"University Press of Florida"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/floridahurricane0000will_g8q6/page/86","url_text":"86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2494-3","url_text":"0-8130-2494-3"}]},{"reference":"Rappaport, Edward N.; Fernández-Partagás, José (22 April 1997) [28 May 1995]. \"Appendix 2: Cyclones that may have 25+ deaths\". The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 (Technical report). National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center. NWS NHC 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rappaport","url_text":"Rappaport, Edward N."},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp2.shtml?","url_text":"\"Appendix 2: Cyclones that may have 25+ deaths\""},{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml?","url_text":"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996"}]},{"reference":"\"Atmospheric Pressure\" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (7): 176–177. July 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14R.175.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[175b:AP]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-07-0175b.pdf","url_text":"\"Atmospheric Pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1886MWRv...14R.175.","url_text":"1886MWRv...14R.175."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281886%2914%5B175b%3AAP%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[175b:AP]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"\"North Atlantic Storms During July, 1886\" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 14 (7): 181. July 1886. Bibcode:1886MWRv...14..179.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[179:NASDJ]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-07-0179.pdf","url_text":"\"North Atlantic Storms During July, 1886\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1886MWRv...14..179.","url_text":"1886MWRv...14..179."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281886%2914%5B179%3ANASDJ%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[179:NASDJ]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Hurricane Research Division (2008). \"Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1885_6","url_text":"\"Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT\""}]},{"reference":"David Roth (2010-02-04). \"Texas Hurricane History\" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2011-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/txhur.pdf","url_text":"\"Texas Hurricane History\""}]},{"reference":"Escobar Ohmstede, Antonio (August 1, 2004). Desastres agrícolas en México: catálogo histórico (Volumen 2) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. p. 164. ISBN 9681671880.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Desastres_agr%C3%ADcolas_en_M%C3%A9xico/CB5h4e_yQ7cC?hl=en&gbpv=0","url_text":"Desastres agrícolas en México: catálogo histórico (Volumen 2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9681671880","url_text":"9681671880"}]},{"reference":"Edward N. Rappaport & Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). \"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths\". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?","url_text":"\"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths\""}]},{"reference":"W. T. Block (October 10, 1979). \"October 12, 1886: The Night That Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana Died\". The Beaumont Enterprise. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717134139/http://www.wtblock.com/wtblockjr/johnsons.htm","url_text":"\"October 12, 1886: The Night That Johnson's Bayou, Louisiana Died\""},{"url":"http://www.wtblock.com/wtblockjr/johnsons.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yechiel_Granatstein
Yechiel Granatstein
["1 Life","2 Published works","3 References","4 External links"]
Polish-born Jewish author and writer Yechiel GranatsteinBorn(1913-06-06)June 6, 1913Lublin, PolandDiedFebruary 7, 2008(2008-02-07) (aged 94)IsraelOccupation Novelist biographer short story writer LanguageYiddish, HebrewCitizenshipIsraelNotable worksThe War of a Jewish Partisan; One Jew's Power, One Jew's Glory Yechiel Granatstein (Hebrew: יחיאל גראנאטשטיין; June 6, 1913 – February 7, 2008) was a Polish-born Jewish author and writer in Yiddish and Hebrew, as well as a partisan fighter in World War II and a Jewish refugee activist following the Holocaust. Life Yechiel Granatstein was born in Lublin, Poland on June 6, 1913. Even before World War II, he had developed his skills as a writer, writing for Dos Yiddish Tagblat and various Agudah periodicals. While still young and single, he was drafted into the Polish army for military training. He lived in Łódź from 1936 to 1939. Following the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland at the outbreak of World War II he escaped from the Germans to Slonim, which was on the Russian side of the Molotov–Ribbentrop line, eventually entrapped in the Słonim Ghetto after Operation Barbarossa. See also: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland In 1942 he escaped to the nearby forests and joined the partisans who were fighting the Nazis. He was accepted into the partisan unit because of his earlier training as a soldier and because he possessed an automatic machine gun. After the war he returned to Łódź where he assisted refugees in leaving Europe from his base at 66 Wschodnia Street and then continued his refugee rescue work in Paris from 1946 to 1950. It was in Paris in 1950 that he published an autobiography of his time fighting as a Jewish partisan under the title "I Wanted to Live" ("Ich hob gevolt lebn" in Yiddish), which detailed the dangers he faced not just from the German Nazis, but from his fellow Russian partisans as well. This book was translated into Hebrew and into English under the title "The War of a Jewish Partisan". He immigrated to Israel in the 1950s where he continued to write about pre-war Europe and the Holocaust. In Israel he wrote for "Shearim", "Hamodia", "HaTzofe" and other newspapers and journals. He also wrote a biography about his father-in-law's, the Radoschitzer Rebbe's, experiences in the ghettos and concentration camps. He died on February 7, 2008, in Israel. Published works איך האָב געוואָלט לעבן (I Want to Live) (א"ב צעראטא, Paris, 1950) Translated to Hebrew by Naftoli Ginton and published as יהודי ביער (A Jew in the Forest) (מורשת, Tel Aviv, 1955) Translated to Hebrew by the author as יהודי ביער: קורותיו של פרטיזן יהודי (A Jew in the Forest: The Experiences of a Jewish Partisan) (מאור, Tel Aviv, 1983) Translated to English by Charles Wengrov as The War of a Jewish Partisan: A Youth Imperiled by his Russian Comrades and Nazi Conquerors (Mesorah, Brooklyn, 1986, ISBN 0-89906-477-9) אורות מאופל (Blackened Lights) (קרית ספר, Jerusalem, 1958) לכסיקון הגבורה (with משה כהנוביץ) (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1965–1968) שמש בענן (Sun in the Cloud) (Mossad Harav Kook, Jerusalem, 1975) פרעמדע וועלדער - אייגענע ערד (Strange Forest - Familiar Land) (פארלאג י"ל פרץ, Tel Aviv, 1979) שלכת באביב: סיפורים קצרים (Autumn in the Spring: Short Stories) (סיפן, Jerusalem, 1980) תלמידי הבעל-שם-טוב בארץ ישראל: למעלה ממאתיים שנה לעליית תלמידיהם של הבעש"ט ושל המגיד ממזריץ לארץ ישראל (The Students of the Baal Shem Tov in Israel) (מאור, Tel Aviv, 1982) ארץ-ישראל של מעלה: עלייתם של גדולי ישראל לארץ ישראל (Heavenly Land of Israel: The Ascent of Sages of Israel to the Land of Israel) (פאר, Tel Aviv, 1985) השביל והדרך: על הצדיק רבי שמואל מקוריב, מהחבריא הקדושה של הרב ר' אלימלך מליזנסק וה"חוזה" מלובלין ועל תלמידיו (The Path and the Road: About the Tzadik Rabbi Shmuel from Koriv) (פאר, Bnei Brak, 1986) הוד וגבורה: האדמו״ר מראדושיץ בפיוטרקוב רבי יצחק שמואל אליהו פינקלר הי״ד, חייו וקורותיו בגיטו ובמחנותf (מכון זכר נפתלי, Jerusalem, 1987) Translated to English by Charles Wengrov as One Jew's Power One Jew's Glory: The Life of Rav Yitzchak Shmuel Eliyahu Finkler, the Rebbe of Radoschitz, in the Ghetto and Concentration Camps (Feldheim Publishers, 1991, ISBN 978-0873065597) הגבורה האחרת : היהודי הדתי במאבק גבורה ובמרי נגד גזירות הנאצים בשנות השואה (ירושלים : מכון זכר נפתלי, תשמ"ט 1989) חיים כפולים (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ"א 1991) מגע בנפש (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ"ד 1993) <רומן> הולכי נתיבות (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ"ה 1995) ימי בראשית : סיפורה המופלא של ההחייאה הרוחנית-אמונתית-דתית למחרת השואה ע"י קומץ ניצולים חרדיים (בני ברק, תשנ"ז 1996) שם נפשו בחיים (בני ברק : פאר, תשנ"ח 1998) References ^ Peter Longerich (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. OUP Oxford. pp. 198, 238, 347. ISBN 978-0192804365. External links Ikh hob geṿolṭ lebn at Yiddish Book Center Fremde ṿelder-eygene erd at Yiddish Book Center https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/00929.php. Dos Yiddishe Vort https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_50734_29.pdf Granatstein, Yechiel (1986), The War of a Jewish Partisan:A Youth Imperiled by his Russian Comrades and Nazi Conquerors, Mesorah Publications, ISBN 0-89906-477-9 (Mesorah, 1986, ISBN 0-89906-477-9) https://web.archive.org/web/20160604103809/https://www.chhange.org/ruth-rosenfeld.html http://www.ganzach.org.il/?CategoryID=211&ArticleID=612 vte  Jews and Judaism in Poland  HistoryBy era Early history 18th century 19th century 20th century 1989–present By city Adamów Beuthen Białystok Gdańsk (Danzig) Kalisz Kraków Łęczna Łódź Łuków Wieluń PeopleRabbis Akiva Eger Solomon Eger Shmuel Eidels (Maharsha) Meir Eisenstadt (Maharam Ash) Aryeh Tzvi Frumer Joshua Falk (Sma) Moses Isserles (Rema) Aaron Samuel Kaidanover (Maharshak) Yitzhak-Meir Levin Yaakov Lorberbaum (Nesivos) Meir Lublin (Maharam Lublin) Shalom Shachna of Lublin Solomon Luria (Maharashal) Moses ha-Levi Minz (Maharam Minz) Meir Dan Plotzky Jacob Pollak Moshe Rosenstain David HaLevi Segal (Taz) Joel Sirkis (Bach) Rebbes Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander Avraham Mordechai Alter (Imrei Emes) Yitzchak Meir Alter (Chidushei Harim) Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter (Sfas Emes) Avrohom Bornsztain (Avnei Nezer) Dovid Bornsztain Shmuel Bornsztain (Shem MiShmuel) Yaakov Aryeh Guterman (Saba Kadisha of Radzymin) Ben Zion Halberstam (Kedushas Zion) Menachem Mendel of Kotzk Gershon Henoch Leiner Mordechai Yosef Leiner Shmuel Shlomo Leiner Elimelech of Lizhensk Simcha Bunim of Peshischa Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa (Yid HaKadosh) Meir Shapiro Lawyers Emil Byk Herman Diamand Herman Lieberman Noach Pryłucki Politicians Jakub Berman Jerzy Borejsza Ludwik Dorn Paweł Finder Bronisław Geremek Apolinary Hartglas Maksymilian Horwitz Alfred Lampe Józef Lewartowski Hilary Minc Roza Pomerantz Noach Pryłucki Roman Romkowski Adam Daniel Rotfeld Abraham Silberschein Stefan Staszewski Roman Zambrowski Szmul Zygielbojm Jakub Wygodzki Writers Yechiel Granatstein Shmuel Yankev Imber Julian Kornhauser Louis Meyer Roman Polanski Yosef Rosenthal Artur Sandauer Julian Tuwim Jerzy Urban Lidia Zamenhof Synagogues Active Bielsko Bobov Bydgoszcz Chabad-Lubavitch Chachmei Lublin Danzig Ezras Israel Great Synagogue (Łódź) High Synagogue Inowrocław Izaak Jasło Końskie Kowea Itim le-Tora Kupa Łańcut Lesko Maharam New Synagogue (Ostrów) New Synagogue (Przemyśl) Nisko Nomer Tamid Nożyk Old Synagogue (Krakow) Old Synagogue (Przemyśl) Oświęcim Piaskower Piotrków Pińczów Przedbórz Radom Rema Sejny Stara Synagogue (Łódź) Stolp Szydłów Tykocin Warsaw White Stork Włodawa Wolf Popper Zamość Zasanie Massacresand Pogroms Alfonse Pogrom (1905) Białystok (1906) Cossack riots - Tach VeTat (1684) Częstochowa (1902) Kielce (1918) Naliboki (1943) Przytyk (1936) Warsaw (1881) The Holocaust Częstochowa Easter Pogrom Grossaktion Warsaw Jedwabne Kielce Cemetery Tykocin Dynów Operation Harvest Festival Radziłów Szczuczyn Valley of Death Wąsosz Post-World War II Kielce Kraków Organizations Central Committee of Polish Jews Council of Four Lands Jewish Community Centre of Krakow Judaica Foundation Union of Jewish Religious Communities Vaad Rosh Hashochtim Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva Lomza Yeshiva Novardok Yeshiva Cemeteries Białystok Bródno Chełm-Gdańsk Chrzanów Cieszyn Kielce Krakow Łódź Lublin Obrzycko Okopowa Street, Warsaw Ostrów Oświęcim Rema Tarnobrzeg Warsaw Wiślica Wrocław Wrzeszcz Publications Arbeiter Fragen Arbeiterstimme Chełmer Sztyme Der Arbeyter Der Beobachter an der Weichsel Folks-Sztyme Folkstsaytung Folkswort Forojs Głos Bundu Ha-Asif Ha-Tsfira Haynt In Kampf Kaliszer Woch Lubliner Sztyme Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung Lodzer Veker Midrasz The Jewish Word Włocławker Sztyme Wloclawker Weker Zibn teg Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Poland Other IdRef
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Even before World War II, he had developed his skills as a writer, writing for Dos Yiddish Tagblat and various Agudah periodicals. While still young and single, he was drafted into the Polish army for military training. He lived in Łódź from 1936 to 1939. Following the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland at the outbreak of World War II he escaped from the Germans to Slonim, which was on the Russian side of the Molotov–Ribbentrop line, eventually entrapped in the Słonim Ghetto after Operation Barbarossa.[1]See also: Jewish ghettos in German-occupied PolandIn 1942 he escaped to the nearby forests and joined the partisans who were fighting the Nazis. He was accepted into the partisan unit because of his earlier training as a soldier and because he possessed an automatic machine gun. After the war he returned to Łódź where he assisted refugees in leaving Europe from his base at 66 Wschodnia Street and then continued his refugee rescue work in Paris from 1946 to 1950. It was in Paris in 1950 that he published an autobiography of his time fighting as a Jewish partisan under the title \"I Wanted to Live\" (\"Ich hob gevolt lebn\" in Yiddish), which detailed the dangers he faced not just from the German Nazis, but from his fellow Russian partisans as well. This book was translated into Hebrew and into English under the title \"The War of a Jewish Partisan\". He immigrated to Israel in the 1950s where he continued to write about pre-war Europe and the Holocaust. In Israel he wrote for \"Shearim\", \"Hamodia\", \"HaTzofe\" and other newspapers and journals. He also wrote a biography about his father-in-law's, the Radoschitzer Rebbe's, experiences in the ghettos and concentration camps. He died on February 7, 2008, in Israel.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesorah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtScroll"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89906-477-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-477-9"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"Mossad Harav Kook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook"},{"link_name":"Baal Shem Tov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov"},{"link_name":"Tzadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadik"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0873065597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873065597"}],"text":"איך האָב געוואָלט לעבן (I Want to Live) (א\"ב צעראטא, Paris, 1950)\nTranslated to Hebrew by Naftoli Ginton and published as יהודי ביער (A Jew in the Forest) (מורשת, Tel Aviv, 1955)\nTranslated to Hebrew by the author as יהודי ביער: קורותיו של פרטיזן יהודי (A Jew in the Forest: The Experiences of a Jewish Partisan) (מאור, Tel Aviv, 1983)\nTranslated to English by Charles Wengrov as The War of a Jewish Partisan: A Youth Imperiled by his Russian Comrades and Nazi Conquerors (Mesorah, Brooklyn, 1986, ISBN 0-89906-477-9)\nאורות מאופל (Blackened Lights) (קרית ספר, Jerusalem, 1958)\nלכסיקון הגבורה (with משה כהנוביץ) (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, 1965–1968)\nשמש בענן (Sun in the Cloud) (Mossad Harav Kook, Jerusalem, 1975)\nפרעמדע וועלדער - אייגענע ערד (Strange Forest - Familiar Land) (פארלאג י\"ל פרץ, Tel Aviv, 1979)\nשלכת באביב: סיפורים קצרים (Autumn in the Spring: Short Stories) (סיפן, Jerusalem, 1980)\nתלמידי הבעל-שם-טוב בארץ ישראל: למעלה ממאתיים שנה לעליית תלמידיהם של הבעש\"ט ושל המגיד ממזריץ לארץ ישראל (The Students of the Baal Shem Tov in Israel) (מאור, Tel Aviv, 1982)\nארץ-ישראל של מעלה: עלייתם של גדולי ישראל לארץ ישראל (Heavenly Land of Israel: The Ascent of Sages of Israel to the Land of Israel) (פאר, Tel Aviv, 1985)\nהשביל והדרך: על הצדיק רבי שמואל מקוריב, מהחבריא הקדושה של הרב ר' אלימלך מליזנסק וה\"חוזה\" מלובלין ועל תלמידיו (The Path and the Road: About the Tzadik Rabbi Shmuel from Koriv) (פאר, Bnei Brak, 1986)\nהוד וגבורה: האדמו״ר מראדושיץ בפיוטרקוב רבי יצחק שמואל אליהו פינקלר הי״ד, חייו וקורותיו בגיטו ובמחנותf (מכון זכר נפתלי, Jerusalem, 1987)\nTranslated to English by Charles Wengrov as One Jew's Power One Jew's Glory: The Life of Rav Yitzchak Shmuel Eliyahu Finkler, the Rebbe of Radoschitz, in the Ghetto and Concentration Camps (Feldheim Publishers, 1991, ISBN 978-0873065597)\nהגבורה האחרת : היהודי הדתי במאבק גבורה ובמרי נגד גזירות הנאצים בשנות השואה (ירושלים : מכון זכר נפתלי, תשמ\"ט 1989)\nחיים כפולים (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ\"א 1991)\nמגע בנפש (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ\"ד 1993) <רומן>\nהולכי נתיבות (ירושלים : פאר, תשנ\"ה 1995)\nימי בראשית : סיפורה המופלא של ההחייאה הרוחנית-אמונתית-דתית למחרת השואה ע\"י קומץ ניצולים חרדיים (בני ברק, תשנ\"ז 1996)\nשם נפשו בחיים (בני ברק : פאר, תשנ\"ח 1998)","title":"Published works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Peter Longerich (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. OUP Oxford. pp. 198, 238, 347. ISBN 978-0192804365.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYqYIn73SgC&q=Slonim","url_text":"Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192804365","url_text":"978-0192804365"}]},{"reference":"Granatstein, Yechiel (1986), The War of a Jewish Partisan:A Youth Imperiled by his Russian Comrades and Nazi Conquerors, Mesorah Publications, ISBN 0-89906-477-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtScroll","url_text":"Mesorah Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-477-9","url_text":"0-89906-477-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYqYIn73SgC&q=Slonim","external_links_name":"Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews"},{"Link":"http://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc204236/granatstein-yechiel-ikh-hob-gevolt-lebn","external_links_name":"Ikh hob geṿolṭ lebn at Yiddish Book Center"},{"Link":"http://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc206821/granatstein-yechiel-fremde-velder-eygene-erd","external_links_name":"Fremde ṿelder-eygene erd at Yiddish Book Center"},{"Link":"https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/00929.php","external_links_name":"https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/00929.php"},{"Link":"https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_50734_29.pdf","external_links_name":"https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_50734_29.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604103809/https://www.chhange.org/ruth-rosenfeld.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604103809/https://www.chhange.org/ruth-rosenfeld.html"},{"Link":"http://www.ganzach.org.il/?CategoryID=211&ArticleID=612","external_links_name":"http://www.ganzach.org.il/?CategoryID=211&ArticleID=612"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/118240/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066684944","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/69345030","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJckQbkWq3mJGt8jRXfyVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275109705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83179054","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810680601405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/240527879","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana
1972 United States Senate election in Montana
["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Candidates","1.2 Results","2 Republican primary","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 General election","3.1 Results","4 See also","5 References"]
1972 United States Senate election in Montana ← 1966 November 7, 1972 1978 →   Nominee Lee Metcalf Hank Hibbard Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 163,609 151,316 Percentage 51.95% 48.05% County resultsMetcalf:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%Hibbard:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% U.S. senator before election Lee Metcalf Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Lee Metcalf Democratic Elections in Montana Federal government Presidential elections 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2016 2020 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1890 1895 1895 sp 1899 1901 1901 sp 1905 1907 1911 1913 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1934 sp 1936 1940 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1958 1960 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1945 2nd sp 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1969 2nd sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017 AL sp 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government General elections 2010 2016 2018 2020 2022 Gubernatorial elections 1889 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Secretary of State elections 2020 2024 Attorney General elections 2020 2024 State Auditor elections 2024 Senate elections 2016 2018 2020 2022 House of Representatives elections 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Ballot measures 1894 Capital referendum 2004 Initiative 96 2012 Referendum 121 2016 Initiative 182 2020 Initiative 190 vte The 1972 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 7, 1972. Incumbent United States Senator Lee Metcalf, who was first elected to the Senate in 1960 and was re-elected in 1966, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he moved on to the general election, where he faced Hank Hibbard, a State Senator and the Republican nominee. Following a close campaign, Metcalf managed to narrowly win re-election to his third term in the Senate over Hibbard. Montana was one of fifteen states alongside Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, South Dakota and West Virginia that were won by Republican President Richard Nixon in 1972 that elected Democrats to the United States Senate. Democratic primary Candidates Lee Metcalf, incumbent United States Senator Jerome Peters Results Democratic Party primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Lee Metcalf (incumbent) 106,491 86.42% Democratic Jerome Peters 16,729 13.58% Total votes 123,220 100.00% Republican primary Candidates Hank Hibbard, State Senator Harold E. Wallace, 1970 Republican nominee for the Senate Norman C. Wheeler Merrill K. Riddick Results Republican Primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Hank Hibbard 43,028 49.70% Republican Harold E. Wallace 26,463 30.57% Republican Norman C. Wheeler 13,826 15.97% Republican Merrill K. Riddick 3,259 3.76% Total votes 86,576 100.00% General election Results United States Senate election in Montana, 1972 Party Candidate Votes % ±% Democratic Lee Metcalf (incumbent) 163,609 51.95% -1.22% Republican Hank Hibbard 151,316 48.05% +1.22% Majority 12,293 3.90% -2.43% Turnout 314,925 Democratic hold Swing See also United States Senate elections, 1972 References ^ a b "Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana and of the Vote Cast at the Separate Election for Ratification or Rejection of the Proposed Constitution, June 6, 1972" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 2, 2014. vte(1970 ←)   1972 United States elections   (→ 1974)President 1972 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware Georgia Georgia (special) Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont (special) Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Arkansas Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Rhode Island South Dakota Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia State legislatures Arizona Arizona House Arizona Senate Iowa Senate
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana,_1960"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana,_1966"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Senate"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"}],"text":"The 1972 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 7, 1972. Incumbent United States Senator Lee Metcalf, who was first elected to the Senate in 1960 and was re-elected in 1966, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he moved on to the general election, where he faced Hank Hibbard, a State Senator and the Republican nominee. Following a close campaign, Metcalf managed to narrowly win re-election to his third term in the Senate over Hibbard. Montana was one of fifteen states alongside Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, South Dakota and West Virginia that were won by Republican President Richard Nixon in 1972 that elected Democrats to the United States Senate.","title":"1972 United States Senate election in Montana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"United States Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Lee Metcalf, incumbent United States Senator\nJerome Peters","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Senate"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana,_1970"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"Hank Hibbard, State Senator\nHarold E. Wallace, 1970 Republican nominee for the Senate\nNorman C. Wheeler\nMerrill K. Riddick","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Republican primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}]
[]
[{"title":"United States Senate elections, 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_1972"}]
[{"reference":"\"Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana and of the Vote Cast at the Separate Election for Ratification or Rejection of the Proposed Constitution, June 6, 1972\" (PDF). Montana Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 15, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130615084751/http://sos.mt.gov/Elections/archives/1970s/1972/1972_Primary_Statewide.pdf","url_text":"\"Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana and of the Vote Cast at the Separate Election for Ratification or Rejection of the Proposed Constitution, June 6, 1972\""},{"url":"http://sos.mt.gov/Elections/archives/1970s/1972/1972_Primary_Statewide.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972\" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1972election.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1972\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Encapsulation_over_ATM
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM
["1 See also","2 External links"]
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM is specified in RFC 2684. It defines two mechanisms for identifying the protocol carried in ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5) frames. It replaces RFC 1483, a standard data link access protocol supported by DSL modems. RFC 2684 describes two encapsulation mechanisms for network traffic: Virtual Circuit Multiplexing and LLC Encapsulation. Either mechanism carries either routed or bridged protocol data units, and DSL modems often include a setting for RFC 1483 bridging. This is distinct from other "bridge modes" commonly found in combined DSL modems and routers, which turn off the router portion of the DSL modem. In VC Multiplexing (VC-MUX), the hosts agree on the high-level protocol for a given circuit. It has the advantage of not requiring additional information in a packet, which minimises the overhead. For example, if the hosts agree to transfer IP, a sender can pass each datagram directly to AAL5 to transfer; nothing needs to be sent besides the datagram and the AAL5 trailer. The chief disadvantage of such a scheme lies in duplication of virtual circuits: a host must create a separate virtual circuit for each high-level protocol if more than one protocol is used. Because most carriers charge for each virtual circuit, customers try to avoid using multiple circuits because it adds unnecessary cost. In LLC Encapsulation the hosts use a single virtual circuit for multiple protocols. This has the advantage of allowing all traffic over the same circuit, but the disadvantage of requiring each packet to contain octets that identify the protocol type, which adds overhead. The scheme also has the disadvantage that packets from all protocols travel with the same delay and priority. RFC 2684 specifies that hosts can choose between the two methods of using AAL5. Both the sender and receiver must agree on how the circuit will be used, and the agreement may involve manual configuration. Furthermore, the standards suggest that when hosts choose to include type information in the packet, they should use a standard IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) header if necessary. The AAL5 trailer does not include a type field. Thus, an AAL5 frame is not self-identifying. This means that either the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that the circuit will be used for one specific protocol (e.g., the circuit will only be used to send IP datagrams), or the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that some octets of the data area will be reserved for use as a type field to distinguish packets containing one protocol's data from packets containing another protocol's data. See also Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA) Broadband Remote Access Server External links ATM Forum Understanding IPoEoATM and RFC 1483 bridging Cisco Systems
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"encapsulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(networking)"},{"link_name":"routed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing"},{"link_name":"bridged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking)"},{"link_name":"protocol data units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_data_units"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"VC Multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Circuit_Multiplexing"},{"link_name":"hosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(network)"},{"link_name":"circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuit"},{"link_name":"packet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"},{"link_name":"datagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagram"},{"link_name":"virtual circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_circuit"},{"link_name":"octets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(computing)"},{"link_name":"IEEE 802.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.2"},{"link_name":"Logical Link Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Link_Control"},{"link_name":"Subnetwork Access Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork_Access_Protocol"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)"}],"text":"RFC 2684 describes two encapsulation mechanisms for network traffic: Virtual Circuit Multiplexing and LLC Encapsulation. Either mechanism carries either routed or bridged protocol data units, and DSL modems often include a setting for RFC 1483 bridging. This is distinct from other \"bridge modes\" commonly found in combined DSL modems and routers, which turn off the router portion of the DSL modem.In VC Multiplexing (VC-MUX), the hosts agree on the high-level protocol for a given circuit. It has the advantage of not requiring additional information in a packet, which minimises the overhead. For example, if the hosts agree to transfer IP, a sender can pass each datagram directly to AAL5 to transfer; nothing needs to be sent besides the datagram and the AAL5 trailer. The chief disadvantage of such a scheme lies in duplication of virtual circuits: a host must create a separate virtual circuit for each high-level protocol if more than one protocol is used. Because most carriers charge for each virtual circuit, customers try to avoid using multiple circuits because it adds unnecessary cost.In LLC Encapsulation the hosts use a single virtual circuit for multiple protocols. This has the advantage of allowing all traffic over the same circuit, but the disadvantage of requiring each packet to contain octets that identify the protocol type, which adds overhead. The scheme also has the disadvantage that packets from all protocols travel with the same delay and priority.RFC 2684 specifies that hosts can choose between the two methods of using AAL5. Both the sender and receiver must agree on how the circuit will be used, and the agreement may involve manual configuration. Furthermore, the standards suggest that when hosts choose to include type information in the packet, they should use a standard IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) header, followed by a Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) header if necessary.The AAL5 trailer does not include a type field. Thus, an AAL5 frame is not self-identifying. This means that either the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that the circuit will be used for one specific protocol (e.g., the circuit will only be used to send IP datagrams), or the two hosts at the ends of a virtual circuit must agree a priori that some octets of the data area will be reserved for use as a type field to distinguish packets containing one protocol's data from packets containing another protocol's data.","title":"Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM"}]
[]
[{"title":"Asynchronous Transfer Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode"},{"title":"Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_ATM"},{"title":"Broadband Remote Access Server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Remote_Access_Server"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050701081559/http://www.atmforum.com/","external_links_name":"ATM Forum"},{"Link":"http://www.farside.org.uk/200903/ipoeoatm","external_links_name":"Understanding IPoEoATM and RFC 1483 bridging"},{"Link":"http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk175/tk818/tsd_technology_support_protocol_home.html","external_links_name":"Cisco Systems"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipf-Oberfrick
Gipf-Oberfrick
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Coat of arms","4 Demographics","5 Heritage sites of national significance","6 Economy","7 Religion","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 47°30′N 8°0′E / 47.500°N 8.000°E / 47.500; 8.000 Municipality in Aargau, SwitzerlandGipf-OberfrickMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of Gipf-Oberfrick Gipf-OberfrickShow map of SwitzerlandGipf-OberfrickShow map of Canton of AargauCoordinates: 47°30′N 8°0′E / 47.500°N 8.000°E / 47.500; 8.000CountrySwitzerlandCantonAargauDistrictLaufenburgArea • Total10.17 km2 (3.93 sq mi)Elevation369 m (1,211 ft)Population (31 December 2018) • Total3,542 • Density350/km2 (900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)5073SFOS number4165ISO 3166 codeCH-AGSurrounded byFrick, Herznach, Schupfart, Ueken, Wegenstetten, Wittnau, WölflinswilWebsitegipf-oberfrick.ch SFSO statistics Gipf-Oberfrick is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. Aerial view (1950) History Discoveries in the area that would become Gipf-Oberfrick indicated that there were several earlier settlements. These finds include; several Bronze Age items, La Tène culture graves and Roman era buildings and a farm house from the 1st to 4th Centuries. The modern village of Gipf is first mentioned in 1259 as Cubibe. In 1276 it was mentioned as Gipff, and in 1278 as Guffpha. In 1288 Oberfrick was mentioned as Obiren Vrieche. At one time the castle of Alt-Thierstein was above the village on the Tiersteinberg. The castle is now a ruin. Before 1232 the village was owned by the count of Homberg-Thierstein. After 1232 it came under the authority of the lords of Frick, a Habsburg vassal. In 1406 the Lords of Eptingen acquired the village and then later it came to the city of Basel. In 1534 the rights to the village fell back to Austria and it became part of the district of Fricktal. It remained under Habsburgs until 1797. Frick, Oberfrick and Gipf formed a municipal court (bailiwick). This court had the authority over Zwing und Bann within the three villages, making the bailiwick self-governing on minor issues. The area suffered great destruction in the Thirty Years War. After the Act of Mediation in 1803, the Confederation of Fricktal joined the Swiss Confederation. At that time, the former bailiwick was divided into the municipalities of Frick and Gipf-Oberfrick. Gipf and Frick were united in one parish, until 1953, when an independent Gipf-Oberfrick parish was created. St. Wendelin's chapel was built in 1708, and a parish church was built in 1968–70. Geography Gipf-Oberfrick has an area, as of 2009, of 10.18 square kilometers (3.93 sq mi). Of this area, 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) or 49.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.14 km2 (1.60 sq mi) or 40.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.03 km2 (0.40 sq mi) or 10.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 (7.4 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.7%. 38.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 24.8% is used for growing crops and 18.9% is pastures, while 5.5% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams. The municipality is located in the Laufenburg district, in the upper Fricktal (Frick river valley). It consists of the villages of Gipf and Oberfrick. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Doe Gules statant on Coupeaux Vert Demographics Municipal building of Gipf-Oberfrick Gipf-Oberfrick has a population (as of December 2020) of 3,731. As of June 2009, 10.6% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 21.8%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (93.9%), with Albanian being second most common ( 1.1%) and Italian being third ( 0.9%). The age distribution, as of 2008, in Gipf-Oberfrick is; 340 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 420 teenagers or 13.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 412 people or 12.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 415 people or 13.0% are between 30 and 39, 603 people or 18.9% are between 40 and 49, and 438 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 320 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 151 people or 4.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 77 people or 2.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 12 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older. As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.57 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 63% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). As of 2000, there were 79 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 459 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 497 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. As of 2000, there were 1,074 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. In 2008 there were 590 single family homes (or 45.1% of the total) out of a total of 1,308 homes and apartments. There were a total of 73 empty apartments for a 5.6% vacancy rate. As of 2007, the construction rate of new housing units was 5.1 new units per 1000 residents. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (21.1%), the CVP (17.9%) and the FDP (10.3%). The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Gipf-Oberfrick about 82.1% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year), there are 262 students attending primary school, there are 164 students attending secondary school in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following table: Historical populationYearPop.±% 1768 588—     1850 1,050+78.6% 1900 851−19.0% 1950 954+12.1% 2000 2,808+194.3% 2018 3,542+26.1% Heritage sites of national significance The ruins of Alt-Thierstein castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Economy As of  2007, Gipf-Oberfrick had an unemployment rate of 1.83%. As of 2005, there were 129 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 38 businesses involved in this sector. 141 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 18 businesses in this sector. 341 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 74 businesses in this sector. In 2000 there were 1,498 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,204 or about 80.4% of the residents worked outside Gipf-Oberfrick while 251 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 545 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 20% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.8% used a private car. Religion Church of Gipf-Oberfrick From the 2000 census, 1,528 or 54.4% were Roman Catholic, while 823 or 29.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 15 individuals (or about 0.53% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith. References ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019. ^ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ a b Gipf-Oberfrick in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2009 data (in German) accessed 25 March 2010 ^ Flags of the World.com accessed 6 May 2010 ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bereich 01 -Bevölkerung Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine accessed 6 May 2010 ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau -Bevölkerungsdaten für den Kanton Aargau und die Gemeinden (Archiv) Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ Eurostat. "Housing (SA1)". Urban Audit Glossary (PDF). 2007. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010. ^ Urban Audit Glossary pg 17 ^ a b c Statistical Department of Canton Aargau – Aargauer Zahlen 2009 Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ a b Statistical Department of Canton Aargau Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 20 January 2010 ^ Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine 21.11.2008 version, (in German) accessed 6 May 2010 ^ Statistical Department of Canton Aargau-Bereich 11 Verkehr und Nachrichtenwesen Archived 22 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in German) accessed 21 January 2010 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gipf-Oberfrick. Gipf-Oberfrick in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. vteMunicipalities in the district of Laufenburg, Switzerland Böztal Eiken Frick Gansingen Gipf-Oberfrick Herznach-Ueken Kaisten Laufenburg Mettauertal Münchwilen Oberhof Oeschgen Schwaderloch Sisseln Wittnau Wölflinswil Zeihen Aargau Districts of Canton Aargau Municipalities of the canton of Aargau Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Laufenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufenburg_(district)"},{"link_name":"canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Aargau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aargau"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Oberfrick-LBS_H1-013827.tif"}],"text":"Municipality in Aargau, SwitzerlandGipf-Oberfrick is a municipality in the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.Aerial view (1950)","title":"Gipf-Oberfrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"La Tène culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture"},{"link_name":"Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"},{"link_name":"castle of Alt-Thierstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alt-Thierstein_castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Eptingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptingen"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"bailiwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick"},{"link_name":"Zwing und Bann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zwing_und_Bann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Act of Mediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Mediation"},{"link_name":"Swiss Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Confederation_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frick,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"}],"text":"Discoveries in the area that would become Gipf-Oberfrick indicated that there were several earlier settlements. These finds include; several Bronze Age items, La Tène culture graves and Roman era buildings and a farm house from the 1st to 4th Centuries. The modern village of Gipf is first mentioned in 1259 as Cubibe. In 1276 it was mentioned as Gipff, and in 1278 as Guffpha. In 1288 Oberfrick was mentioned as Obiren Vrieche.[3] At one time the castle of Alt-Thierstein was above the village on the Tiersteinberg. The castle is now a ruin. Before 1232 the village was owned by the count of Homberg-Thierstein. After 1232 it came under the authority of the lords of Frick, a Habsburg vassal. In 1406 the Lords of Eptingen acquired the village and then later it came to the city of Basel. In 1534 the rights to the village fell back to Austria and it became part of the district of Fricktal. It remained under Habsburgs until 1797. Frick, Oberfrick and Gipf formed a municipal court (bailiwick). This court had the authority over Zwing und Bann within the three villages, making the bailiwick self-governing on minor issues. The area suffered great destruction in the Thirty Years War. After the Act of Mediation in 1803, the Confederation of Fricktal joined the Swiss Confederation. At that time, the former bailiwick was divided into the municipalities of Frick and Gipf-Oberfrick.Gipf and Frick were united in one parish, until 1953, when an independent Gipf-Oberfrick parish was created. St. Wendelin's chapel was built in 1708, and a parish church was built in 1968–70.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS_land-4"},{"link_name":"Fricktal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricktal"}],"text":"Gipf-Oberfrick has an area, as of 2009[update], of 10.18 square kilometers (3.93 sq mi). Of this area, 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) or 49.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.14 km2 (1.60 sq mi) or 40.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.03 km2 (0.40 sq mi) or 10.1% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.03 km2 (7.4 acres) or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes.[4]Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.7%. 38.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 24.8% is used for growing crops and 18.9% is pastures, while 5.5% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.[4]The municipality is located in the Laufenburg district, in the upper Fricktal (Frick river valley). It consists of the villages of Gipf and Oberfrick.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazon"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Doe Gules statant on Coupeaux Vert[5]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gipf-Oberfrick-Komunuma_administrejo_720.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stat2020_AG-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG_pop-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-structure-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan"},{"link_name":"rent-to-own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent-to-own"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-12"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG_data-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG_data-13"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"2007 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"SP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"CVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Primary"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-3"}],"text":"Municipal building of Gipf-OberfrickGipf-Oberfrick has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 3,731.[6] As of June 2009[update], 10.6% of the population are foreign nationals.[7] Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 21.8%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (93.9%), with Albanian being second most common ( 1.1%) and Italian being third ( 0.9%).[8]The age distribution, as of 2008[update], in Gipf-Oberfrick is; 340 children or 10.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 420 teenagers or 13.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 412 people or 12.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 415 people or 13.0% are between 30 and 39, 603 people or 18.9% are between 40 and 49, and 438 people or 13.7% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 320 people or 10.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 151 people or 4.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 77 people or 2.4% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 12 people or 0.4% who are 90 and older.[9]As of 2000[update] the average number of residents per living room was 0.57 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.[10] About 63% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).[11]As of 2000[update], there were 79 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 459 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 497 homes with 5 or more persons in the household.[12] As of 2000[update], there were 1,074 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household.[8] In 2008[update] there were 590 single family homes (or 45.1% of the total) out of a total of 1,308 homes and apartments.[13] There were a total of 73 empty apartments for a 5.6% vacancy rate.[13] As of 2007[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 5.1 new units per 1000 residents.[8]In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (21.1%), the CVP (17.9%) and the FDP (10.3%).[8]The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Gipf-Oberfrick about 82.1% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).[8] Of the school age population (in the 2008/2009 school year[update]), there are 262 students attending primary school, there are 164 students attending secondary school in the municipality.[12]The historical population is given in the following table:[3]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heritage site of national significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The ruins of Alt-Thierstein castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.[14]","title":"Heritage sites of national significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-8"}],"text":"As of  2007[update], Gipf-Oberfrick had an unemployment rate of 1.83%. As of 2005[update], there were 129 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 38 businesses involved in this sector. 141 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 18 businesses in this sector. 341 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 74 businesses in this sector.[8]In 2000[update] there were 1,498 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 1,204 or about 80.4% of the residents worked outside Gipf-Oberfrick while 251 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 545 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality.[15] Of the working population, 20% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.8% used a private car.[8]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gipf-Oberfrick-Preghejo_717.jpg"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gipf-Oberfrick&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Swiss Reformed Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church"},{"link_name":"Christian Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Catholic_Church_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zahlen-12"}],"text":"Church of Gipf-OberfrickFrom the 2000 census[update], 1,528 or 54.4% were Roman Catholic, while 823 or 29.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 15 individuals (or about 0.53% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.[12]","title":"Religion"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raum-umwelt/bodennutzung-bedeckung/gesamtspektrum-regionalen-stufen/gemeinden.html","url_text":"\"Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\". Federal Statistical Office. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung.assetdetail.7966022.html","url_text":"\"Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeitskategorie Geschlecht und Gemeinde; Provisorische Jahresergebnisse; 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/de/px-x-0102020000_201","url_text":"\"Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit\""}]},{"reference":"Eurostat. \"Housing (SA1)\". Urban Audit Glossary (PDF). 2007. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091114023016/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/international/22/lexi.Document.116365.pdf","url_text":"Urban Audit Glossary"},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/international/22/lexi.Document.116365.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdalsheiene
Setesdalsheiene
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 59°6′N 7°34′E / 59.100°N 7.567°E / 59.100; 7.567Mountain range in Norway SetesdalsheieneFrom the Setesdal Vesthei - Ryfyklkeheiane Landscape Protection AreaHighest pointPeakSæbyggjenutenElevation1,507 m (4,944 ft)GeographySetesdalsheiene CountryNorwayCountyAgder Setesdalsheiene (Urban East Norwegian: ) is the collective term for the mountains to the west and east of the Setesdalen valley in Agder county in Southern Norway. The river Otra flows through the valley between the mountains. This area is primarily located in the municipalities of Bykle, Valle, Bygland, Evje og Hornnes, Sirdal, Kvinesdal, and Åseral. The vast Hardangervidda plateau lies to the north and the Ryfylkeheiene mountains lie to the west. The Setesdal Vesthei - Ryfylkeheiane Landscape Protection Area (The Norwegian version of a Zakaznik) covers 6,155 square kilometres (2,376 sq mi) which includes the western parts of Setesdalsheiene. The 1,507-metre (4,944 ft) tall mountain Sæbyggjenuten is the highest point in the Setesdalsheiene area, but few peaks are more than 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). The landscape is mostly rugged with moorland and exposed bedrock with many lakes surrounded by alpine flora. There are wild reindeer herds living in Setesdalsheiene. References ^ Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969). Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 131, 281. ISBN 9788257300890. ^ Store norske leksikon. "Setesdal" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-04-15. 59°6′N 7°34′E / 59.100°N 7.567°E / 59.100; 7.567 This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak in Agder is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈsêːtəsdɑːɫsˌhæɪənə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Setesdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdal"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"Southern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Otra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otra"},{"link_name":"Bykle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bykle"},{"link_name":"Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Bygland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygland"},{"link_name":"Evje og Hornnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evje_og_Hornnes"},{"link_name":"Sirdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirdal"},{"link_name":"Kvinesdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinesdal"},{"link_name":"Åseral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85seral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hardangervidda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangervidda"},{"link_name":"Ryfylkeheiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryfylkeheiene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Setesdal Vesthei - Ryfylkeheiane Landscape Protection Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdal_Vesthei_Ryfylkeheiane"},{"link_name":"Zakaznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakaznik"},{"link_name":"Sæbyggjenuten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6byggjenuten"},{"link_name":"moorland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"}],"text":"Mountain range in NorwaySetesdalsheiene (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsêːtəsdɑːɫsˌhæɪənə])[1] is the collective term for the mountains to the west and east of the Setesdalen valley in Agder county in Southern Norway. The river Otra flows through the valley between the mountains. This area is primarily located in the municipalities of Bykle, Valle, Bygland, Evje og Hornnes, Sirdal, Kvinesdal, and Åseral.[2] The vast Hardangervidda plateau lies to the north and the Ryfylkeheiene mountains lie to the west.The Setesdal Vesthei - Ryfylkeheiane Landscape Protection Area (The Norwegian version of a Zakaznik) covers 6,155 square kilometres (2,376 sq mi) which includes the western parts of Setesdalsheiene. The 1,507-metre (4,944 ft) tall mountain Sæbyggjenuten is the highest point in the Setesdalsheiene area, but few peaks are more than 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). The landscape is mostly rugged with moorland and exposed bedrock with many lakes surrounded by alpine flora. There are wild reindeer herds living in Setesdalsheiene.","title":"Setesdalsheiene"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969). Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 131, 281. ISBN 9788257300890.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Berulfsen","url_text":"Berulfsen, Bjarne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschehoug","url_text":"Aschehoug"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788257300890","url_text":"9788257300890"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Setesdal\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Setesdal","url_text":"\"Setesdal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_(disambiguation)
Hovhannes
["1 People with the given name","1.1 Hovannes","1.2 Hovhannes","2 See also"]
Hovhannes (Armenian: Հովհաննես (reformed); Յովհաննէս (classical)), also spelled Hovhanes, Hovannes or Hovanes is an Armenian name equivalent to English John. (Compare with Ioannes in Greek or Johannes in Latin.) People with the given name Hovannes Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), Soviet Armenian engineer Hovannes Amreyan (born 1975), Armenian weightlifter Hovannes "Ivan" Gevorkian (1907–1989), Armenian surgeon and scientist Hovhannes Hovhannes Abelian (1865–1936), Armenian actor Hovhannes Aivazovsky, Russian Romantic painter Hovhannes Avetisyan (1939–2000), Armenian painter Hovhannes Avoyan (born 1965), serial entrepreneur, investor, and scholar Hovhannes Avtandilyan (born 1978), Armenian diver Hovhannes Azoyan (born 1967), Armenian actor and presenter Hovhannes Babakhanyan (born 1968), Armenian-American actor and singer Hovhannes Bachkov (born 1992), Armenian boxer Hovhannes Badalyan (1924–2001), Armenian singer and professor Hovhannes Bagramyan (1897–1982), Soviet Armenian military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union Hovhannes Barseghyan (born 1970), Armenian retired weightlifter Hovhannes Chekijyan (born 1928), Armenian conductor and art director Hovhannes Danielyan (born 1987), Armenian light flyweight amateur boxer Hovhannes Davtyan (actor) (born 1985), Armenian actor Hovhannes Davtyan (born 1983), Armenian judoka Hovhannes Demirchyan (born 1975), Armenian football player Hovhannes Erznkatsi (c. 1250–1326), Armenian scholar Hovhannes Gabuzyan (born 1995), Armenian chess Grandmaster Hovhannes Galstyan (born 1969), Armenian film director, writer, and producer Hovhannes Goharyan (born 1988), Armenian footballer and manager Hovhannes Hakhverdyan (1873–1931), first Minister of Defence of the First Republic of Armenia Hovhannes Hambardzumyan (born 1990), Armenian football player Hovhannes Harutyunyan (born 1999), Armenian footballer Hovhannes Hintliyan (1866–1950), Armenian teacher, pedagogue, publisher, and educator Hovhannes Hisarian (1827–1916), Ottoman Armenian writer, novelist, archeologist, editor, and educator Hovhannes Hovhannisyan (1864–1929), Armenian poet, translator and educator Hovhannes I of Ani, King of Ani (1020–1040) Hovhannes Imastaser, a medieval Armenian multi-disciplinary scholar Hovhannes Kasparian, Armenian Catholic Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia Hovhannes Katchaznouni (1868–1938), the first Prime Minister of the First Republic of Armenia Hovhannes Mamikonean, 10th-century Armenian noble Hovhannes Masehyan (1864–1931), Iranian Armenian translator and diplomat Hovhannes Sargsyan (born 1987), Armenian cross-country skier Hovhannes Setian (1853–1930), Armenian short story writer, poet, and teacher Hovhannes Shiraz (1915–1984), Armenian poet Hovhannes Tahmazyan (born 1970), Armenian footballer Hovhannes Tcholakian (1919–2016), Turkish-Armenian Archbishop of the Armenian Catholic Church Hovhannes Ter-Mikaelyan, an Armenian politician Hovhannes Tertsakian (1924–2002), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States Hovhannes Tlkurantsi, Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869–1923), Armenian poet and writer Hovhannes Vahanian (1832–1891), Ottoman politician, minister, social activist, writer, and reformer Hovhannes Varderesyan (born 1989), Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler Hovhannes XII Arsharuni (1854–1929), Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople Hovhannes Zanazanyan, Soviet football player and coach Hovhannes Zardaryan (1918–1992), Armenian painter Hovhannes, Catholicos of Armenia or John V the Historian, Catholicos of Armenia from 897 to 925 See also Alan Hovhaness (1911–2000), American composer Hovhannisyan (surname) List of Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia Adapa#As Oannes (Hovhannes Հովհաննես in Armenian) Ohannes Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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Avoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Avoyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Avtandilyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Avtandilyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Azoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Azoyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Bachkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Bachkov"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Badalyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Badalyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Bagramyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Bagramyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Barseghyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Barseghyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Chekijyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Chekijyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Danielyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Danielyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Davtyan (actor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Davtyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Davtyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Davtyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Demirchyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Demirchyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Erznkatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Erznkatsi"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Gabuzyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Gabuzyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Galstyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Galstyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Goharyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Goharyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Hakhverdyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Hakhverdyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Hambardzumyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Hambardzumyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Harutyunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Harutyunyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Hintliyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Hintliyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Hisarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Hisarian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Hovhannisyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Hovhannisyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes I of Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_I_of_Ani"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Imastaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Imastaser"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Kasparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Kasparian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Katchaznouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Mamikonean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Mamikonean"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Masehyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Masehyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Sargsyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Sargsyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Setian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Setian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Tahmazyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Tahmazyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Tcholakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Tcholakian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Ter-Mikaelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Ter-Mikaelyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Tertsakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Tertsakian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Tlkurantsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Tlkurantsi"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Tumanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Tumanyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Vahanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Vahanian"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Varderesyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Varderesyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes XII Arsharuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_XII_Arsharuni"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Zanazanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Zanazanyan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Zardaryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Zardaryan"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes, Catholicos of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes,_Catholicos_of_Armenia"}],"sub_title":"Hovhannes","text":"Hovhannes Abelian (1865–1936), Armenian actor\nHovhannes Aivazovsky, Russian Romantic painter\nHovhannes Avetisyan (1939–2000), Armenian painter\nHovhannes Avoyan (born 1965), serial entrepreneur, investor, and scholar\nHovhannes Avtandilyan (born 1978), Armenian diver\nHovhannes Azoyan (born 1967), Armenian actor and presenter\nHovhannes Babakhanyan (born 1968), Armenian-American actor and singer\nHovhannes Bachkov (born 1992), Armenian boxer\nHovhannes Badalyan (1924–2001), Armenian singer and professor\nHovhannes Bagramyan (1897–1982), Soviet Armenian military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union\nHovhannes Barseghyan (born 1970), Armenian retired weightlifter\nHovhannes Chekijyan (born 1928), Armenian conductor and art director\nHovhannes Danielyan (born 1987), Armenian light flyweight amateur boxer\nHovhannes Davtyan (actor) (born 1985), Armenian actor\nHovhannes Davtyan (born 1983), Armenian judoka\nHovhannes Demirchyan (born 1975), Armenian football player\nHovhannes Erznkatsi (c. 1250–1326), Armenian scholar\nHovhannes Gabuzyan (born 1995), Armenian chess Grandmaster\nHovhannes Galstyan (born 1969), Armenian film director, writer, and producer\nHovhannes Goharyan (born 1988), Armenian footballer and manager\nHovhannes Hakhverdyan (1873–1931), first Minister of Defence of the First Republic of Armenia\nHovhannes Hambardzumyan (born 1990), Armenian football player\nHovhannes Harutyunyan (born 1999), Armenian footballer\nHovhannes Hintliyan (1866–1950), Armenian teacher, pedagogue, publisher, and educator\nHovhannes Hisarian (1827–1916), Ottoman Armenian writer, novelist, archeologist, editor, and educator\nHovhannes Hovhannisyan (1864–1929), Armenian poet, translator and educator\nHovhannes I of Ani, King of Ani (1020–1040)\nHovhannes Imastaser, a medieval Armenian multi-disciplinary scholar\nHovhannes Kasparian, Armenian Catholic Catholicos-Patriarch of Cilicia\nHovhannes Katchaznouni (1868–1938), the first Prime Minister of the First Republic of Armenia\nHovhannes Mamikonean, 10th-century Armenian noble\nHovhannes Masehyan (1864–1931), Iranian Armenian translator and diplomat\nHovhannes Sargsyan (born 1987), Armenian cross-country skier\nHovhannes Setian (1853–1930), Armenian short story writer, poet, and teacher\nHovhannes Shiraz (1915–1984), Armenian poet\nHovhannes Tahmazyan (born 1970), Armenian footballer\nHovhannes Tcholakian (1919–2016), Turkish-Armenian Archbishop of the Armenian Catholic Church\nHovhannes Ter-Mikaelyan, an Armenian politician\nHovhannes Tertsakian (1924–2002), bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States\nHovhannes Tlkurantsi, Armenian poet\nHovhannes Tumanyan (1869–1923), Armenian poet and writer\nHovhannes Vahanian (1832–1891), Ottoman politician, minister, social activist, writer, and reformer\nHovhannes Varderesyan (born 1989), Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler\nHovhannes XII Arsharuni (1854–1929), Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople\nHovhannes Zanazanyan, Soviet football player and coach\nHovhannes Zardaryan (1918–1992), Armenian painter\nHovhannes, Catholicos of Armenia or John V the Historian, Catholicos of Armenia from 897 to 925","title":"People with the given name"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusasa
Wusasa
["1 History of Wusasa","2 Notable people","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 11°4′31.71″N 7°41′8.26″E / 11.0754750°N 7.6856278°E / 11.0754750; 7.6856278Town in Kaduna State, NigeriaSime -UrbanWusasaSime -UrbanWusasa in Zaria Wusasa is a town just outside the major city of Zaria in Kaduna State in Northern Nigeria. History of Wusasa Activities of the colonial missionaries in the ancient city of Zaria forced the royal dynasty of Zaria to request them to move outside the city's ancient walls. The missionaries were given the liberty to select any place of their choice for the continuation of their activities. One of the reasons which informed the decision of the royal family to move the activities of the missionaries outside the city was the conversion of many residents of the Zaria city, including some members of the ruling class, to Christianity. The rulers, then, who were earlier reluctant in relocating the missionaries, found their activities intolerable when some members of the royal family began to accept Christ as their redeemer. This was why Dr. Miller, the head of the missionaries’ team, was asked to go anywhere outside Zaria city to find a convenient place to relocate his school. The missionaries had already built a school and a hospital in the city. Dr. Miller's school was becoming popular with each passing day. The need for space for the expansion of the Miller's school was another reason which forced the movement. When colonial explorers came to Zaria, they first settled in Babban Dodo inside the ancient city. Dr. Miller, who was given the liberty to choose a new settlement, opted for the present Wusasa and the Emir did not hesitate to give him the land to use on loan for 60 years. Before Dr. Miller found Wusasa area, which was then known as Wusa-Wusa, he had visited many places. The head of the missionaries was attracted by the Wusa-Wusa rock. He was said to have met some Wusa-Wusa indigenous hunters who took him round the land. After Dr. Miller had found the area suitable for his activities, the white man, who couldn't pronounce the name Wusa-Wusa, changed the name to his convenience, which is Wusasa. After his royal highness, the then emir of Zazzau Kwasau, and later Sarki Ibrahim, had given them the permission to relocate to Wusasa, the missionaries with some of the Hausa-Fulani early Christians, settled in the area and continued with their evangelism. They built a Church, hospital and school in 1929. The Church is still in the shape the missionary built it in 1929. It is only the roofing that was modified to zinc instead of its original thatch and mud. Some parts of St. Luke's Anglican Hospital, the second prominent hospital in Zaria after ABUTH, are still maintaining their original shape as built in 1929 by the missionaries. The first clay building of the hospital, which consists of three rooms, had however collapsed. The hospital management had continued to retain the relics of the building despite the various expansion and development which took place in the hospital. The coming of Christianity to Zaria and the subsequent founding of Wusasa had its root when in the year 1899; a group of Christian missionaries from Britain came to the Hausaland of Nigeria to establish Christianity. The group of five; Bishop Jugwell, the leader, Dr. Miller, Mr. Burgin, Rev. Dudley Rider and Rev. Richardson came to Nigeria after learning the Hausa language at Tripoli, capital city of Libya, from the Nigerian Hausa pilgrims who usually had a stop-over amidst their foot journey to Mecca. The team of missionaries journeyed from Lagos to Kano. In Kano, the missionaries were turned back by the then authorities. In 1902, the emir of Zazzau Aliyu Kwasau allowed the missionaries to settle in Zaria city. He assigned two locations to them within the city; one was at Durumin Mai-Garke - Babban Dodo - and the other at Kofar Kuyanbana. Dr. Miller became the ordained reverend Minister of the Church. He was ordained in 1922. Dr Miller in conjunction with J.T Umar and P.A Yusufu translated the Holy Bible to Hausa for the benefit of their evangelism of Hausaland and the Zaria area in particular. This historic trend made Wusasa the way it is now where in the same household one can find Muslims and Christians living together as brothers and sisters. Wusasa residents don't discriminate. Apart from attending their different Churches and Mosques, they almost do everything together, celebrate each other's festivities like Sallah and Christmas, attend to each other's naming or wedding ceremonies and mourn together in the event of death or any tragedy. Sometimes a Muslim even marries from a Christian family. The resistance of some original indigenes of Wusasa to accept Christianity is the reason behind the presence of Muslims in Wusasa today, any Christian there that is not Hausa-Fulani came from outside to settle there. The original people, apart from the indigenes, who settled here along with the missionaries, were Hausa-Fulani. All the Chiefs of Wusasa are reporting to the emir of Zazzau. Wusasa has produced many intelligent elites that gave the northern part of the country its place of pride. The first Northern Nigerian medical doctor, I. B. Dikko, was trained in Wusasa. Late Professor Ishaya Audu, Malam Zakari, late Malam John Tafida, Rhoda Mohammed, the first woman Nigeria's ambassador to United Nations, General Yakubu Gowon, former head of state and quite a number of other prominent Nigerians have their roots at Wusasa. Apart from technocrats, Wusasa had produced veteran journalists like the late James Audu, musicians like the late Bala Miller and academicians like Professor Adamu Biki. Notable people R. A. B. Dikko Darius Ishaku References "Wusasa: Where Muslims, Christians unite for good". Daily Trust Newspaper. May 21, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2017. External links Maplandia map (via Google maps) The Church at Wusasa (via KTravula.com) 11°4′31.71″N 7°41′8.26″E / 11.0754750°N 7.6856278°E / 11.0754750; 7.6856278
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaria"},{"link_name":"Kaduna State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"}],"text":"Town in Kaduna State, NigeriaSime -UrbanWusasa is a town just outside the major city of Zaria in Kaduna State in Northern Nigeria.","title":"Wusasa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yakubu Gowon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon"},{"link_name":"Bala Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala_Miller"}],"text":"Activities of the colonial missionaries in the ancient city of Zaria forced the royal dynasty of Zaria to request them to move outside the city's ancient walls. The missionaries were given the liberty to select any place of their choice for the continuation of their activities. \nOne of the reasons which informed the decision of the royal family to move the activities of the missionaries outside the city was the conversion of many residents of the Zaria city, including some members of the ruling class, to Christianity. The rulers, then, who were earlier reluctant in relocating the missionaries, found their activities intolerable when some members of the royal family began to accept Christ as their redeemer.\nThis was why Dr. Miller, the head of the missionaries’ team, was asked to go anywhere outside Zaria city to find a convenient place to relocate his school. The missionaries had already built a school and a hospital in the city. Dr. Miller's school was becoming popular with each passing day. \nThe need for space for the expansion of the Miller's school was another reason which forced the movement. \nWhen colonial explorers came to Zaria, they first settled in Babban Dodo inside the ancient city. Dr. Miller, who was given the liberty to choose a new settlement, opted for the present Wusasa and the Emir did not hesitate to give him the land to use on loan for 60 years.Before Dr. Miller found Wusasa area, which was then known as Wusa-Wusa, he had visited many places. The head of the missionaries was attracted by the Wusa-Wusa rock. He was said to have met some Wusa-Wusa indigenous hunters who took him round the land. After Dr. Miller had found the area suitable for his activities, the white man, who couldn't pronounce the name Wusa-Wusa, changed the name to his convenience, which is Wusasa. After his royal highness, the then emir of Zazzau Kwasau, and later Sarki Ibrahim, had given them the permission to relocate to Wusasa, the missionaries with some of the Hausa-Fulani early Christians, settled in the area and continued with their evangelism. They built a Church, hospital and school in 1929. The Church is still in the shape the missionary built it in 1929. It is only the roofing that was modified to zinc instead of its original thatch and mud.Some parts of St. Luke's Anglican Hospital, the second prominent hospital in Zaria after ABUTH, are still maintaining their original shape as built in 1929 by the missionaries. The first clay building of the hospital, which consists of three rooms, had however collapsed. The hospital management had continued to retain the relics of the building despite the various expansion and development which took place in the hospital.The coming of Christianity to Zaria and the subsequent founding of Wusasa had its root when in the year 1899; a group of Christian missionaries from Britain came to the Hausaland of Nigeria to establish Christianity. The group of five; Bishop Jugwell, the leader, Dr. Miller, Mr. Burgin, Rev. Dudley Rider and Rev. Richardson came to Nigeria after learning the Hausa language at Tripoli, capital city of Libya, from the Nigerian Hausa pilgrims who usually had a stop-over amidst their foot journey to Mecca.The team of missionaries journeyed from Lagos to Kano. In Kano, the missionaries were turned back by the then authorities. In 1902, the emir of Zazzau Aliyu Kwasau allowed the missionaries to settle in Zaria city. He assigned two locations to them within the city; one was at Durumin Mai-Garke - Babban Dodo - and the other at Kofar Kuyanbana.Dr. Miller became the ordained reverend Minister of the Church. He was ordained in 1922. Dr Miller in conjunction with J.T Umar and P.A Yusufu translated the Holy Bible to Hausa for the benefit of their evangelism of Hausaland and the Zaria area in particular. This historic trend made Wusasa the way it is now where in the same household one can find Muslims and Christians living together as brothers and sisters. \nWusasa residents don't discriminate. Apart from attending their different Churches and Mosques, they almost do everything together, celebrate each other's festivities like Sallah and Christmas, attend to each other's naming or wedding ceremonies and mourn together in the event of death or any tragedy. Sometimes a Muslim even marries from a Christian family.The resistance of some original indigenes of Wusasa to accept Christianity is the reason behind the presence of Muslims in Wusasa today, any Christian there that is not Hausa-Fulani came from outside to settle there. The original people, apart from the indigenes, who settled here along with the missionaries, were Hausa-Fulani.All the Chiefs of Wusasa are reporting to the emir of Zazzau. \nWusasa has produced many intelligent elites that gave the northern part of the country its place of pride.The first Northern Nigerian medical doctor, I. B. Dikko, was trained in Wusasa. Late Professor Ishaya Audu, Malam Zakari, late Malam John Tafida, Rhoda Mohammed, the first woman Nigeria's ambassador to United Nations, General Yakubu Gowon, former head of state and quite a number of other prominent Nigerians have their roots at Wusasa. Apart from technocrats, Wusasa had produced veteran journalists like the late James Audu, musicians like the late Bala Miller and academicians like Professor Adamu Biki.","title":"History of Wusasa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R. A. B. Dikko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._B._Dikko"},{"link_name":"Darius Ishaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Ishaku"}],"text":"R. A. B. Dikko\nDarius Ishaku","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Wusasa: Where Muslims, Christians unite for good\". Daily Trust Newspaper. May 21, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/features/10629-wusasa-where-muslims-christians-unite-for-good","url_text":"\"Wusasa: Where Muslims, Christians unite for good\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(series)
Donkey Kong
["1 History","1.1 1981–1982: Conception and first game","1.2 1982–1994: Sequels and first hiatus","1.3 1994–1996: Rare and Donkey Kong Country","1.4 1995–2002: Franchise expansion","1.5 2002–2010: After Rare","1.6 2010–present: Retro Studios and second hiatus","2 Story and characters","3 Gameplay","3.1 Original series","3.2 Donkey Kong Country","3.3 Other games","4 Music","5 Other media","5.1 Crossovers","5.2 Animated series","5.3 Printed media","5.4 Film","5.5 Theme parks","5.6 Merchandise","6 Legacy","6.1 Sales","6.2 Effect on the industry","6.3 Cultural impact","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Works cited","9 External links"]
Video game franchise This article is about the video game franchise. For the original game, see Donkey Kong (1981 video game). For the character, see Donkey Kong (character). For other uses, see Donkey Kong (disambiguation). Donkey KongLogo since 2024Created byShigeru MiyamotoOriginal workDonkey Kong (1981)OwnerNintendoYears1981–presentFilms and televisionFilm(s)The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)Animated seriesSaturday SupercadeCaptain N: The Game MasterDonkey Kong CountryGamesVideo game(s)List of gamesAudioOriginal music"Aquatic Ambience""DK Rap"MiscellaneousTheme park attraction(s)Super Nintendo WorldRelated franchise(s)MarioBanjo-KazooieConker Donkey Kong is a video game series and media franchise created by the Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto for Nintendo. The franchise follows the adventures of Donkey Kong, a large, powerful gorilla. Donkey Kong games include the original arcade game trilogy by Nintendo R&D1; the Donkey Kong Country series by Rare and Retro Studios; and the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series by Nintendo Software Technology. Various studios have developed spin-offs in genres such as edutainment, puzzle, racing, and rhythm. The franchise also incorporates animation, printed media, theme parks, and merchandise. Miyamoto designed the original 1981 Donkey Kong to salvage unsold arcade cabinets following the failure of Radar Scope (1980). It was a major success and was followed by the sequels Donkey Kong Jr. (1982) and Donkey Kong 3 (1983). The franchise went on a hiatus as Nintendo shifted its focus to the spin-off Mario franchise. Rare's 1994 reboot, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) game Donkey Kong Country, reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise. Rare developed Donkey Kong games for the SNES, Game Boy, and Nintendo 64 until they were acquired by Microsoft in 2002; subsequent games have been developed by Nintendo, Retro Studios, Namco and Paon. The most recent major game was Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze in 2014. The main Donkey Kong games are platformers in which the player must reach the end of a level. Donkey Kong was initially the antagonist, but became the protagonist starting with Country. The original games featured a small cast of characters, including Donkey Kong, Mario, Pauline, and Donkey Kong Jr. Rare's games expanded the cast with friendly Kongs, such as Diddy, Cranky, Funky and Dixie, and the Kremlings, an army of antagonistic crocodiles led by Donkey Kong's nemesis King K. Rool. Mario, the protagonist of the 1981 game, became Nintendo's mascot and the star of the Mario franchise, and Donkey Kong characters appear in Mario games such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Mario Tennis. Donkey Kong has also crossed over with other franchises in games such as Mario & Sonic and Super Smash Bros. Outside of video games, the franchise includes the animated series Donkey Kong Country (1997–1999), a themed area in Super Nintendo World at Universal Studios, soundtrack albums, and Lego construction toys. Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises, with more than 65 million units sold by 2021. The original game was Nintendo's first major international success and established it as a prominent force in the video game industry. The franchise has pioneered or popularized concepts such as in-game storytelling and pre-rendered graphics, inspired other games (including clones), and influenced popular culture. History See also: List of Donkey Kong video games 1981–1982: Conception and first game Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto in 2013 In the late 1970s, the Japanese company Nintendo shifted its focus from producing toys and playing cards to arcade games. This followed the 1973 oil crisis having increased the cost of manufacturing toys and the success of Taito's Space Invaders (1978). In 1980, Nintendo released Radar Scope, a Space Invaders-style shoot 'em up. It was a commercial failure and put the newly established subsidiary Nintendo of America in a financial crisis. Its founder, Minoru Arakawa, asked his father in-law, the Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi, to provide a new game that could salvage the unsold Radar Scope cabinets. Most of Nintendo's top developers were preoccupied, so the task went to Shigeru Miyamoto, a first-time game designer. Supervised by Gunpei Yokoi, Miyamoto settled on a love triangle with the characters Bluto, Popeye, and Olive Oyl from the Popeye franchise, but Nintendo was unable to obtain the license. Bluto evolved into a gorilla, an animal Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or repulsive". He named the character Donkey Kong—donkey to convey stubborn and kong to imply gorilla. Popeye became Mario, the new protagonist, while Olive Oyl became Pauline, the damsel in distress. Miyamoto named "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences. As he lacked programming expertise, he consulted technicians on whether his concepts were possible. Four programmers from Ikegami Tsushinki spent three months turning Miyamoto's concept into a finished game. Donkey Kong was one of the earliest platform games, following Mario as he ascends a construction site to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong. It was released in July 1981 and became Nintendo's first major international success. The windfall of $280 million rescued Nintendo of America from its financial crisis and established it as a prominent brand in America. Donkey Kong achieved further success in 1982, when Nintendo released a Game & Watch version and licensed it to Coleco for ports to home consoles. It grossed $4.4 billion across various formats, making it one of the highest-grossing games of all time. In 1982, Universal City Studios filed a lawsuit alleging Donkey Kong violated its trademark of King Kong. The lawsuit failed when Nintendo's lawyer, Howard Lincoln, discovered that Universal had won a lawsuit years prior by declaring that King Kong was actually in the public domain. The victory cemented Nintendo as a major force in the video game industry. 1982–1994: Sequels and first hiatus Miyamoto and his team used game mechanics and levels that could not be included in Donkey Kong as the basis for a sequel. Miyamoto wanted to make Donkey Kong the protagonist, but the sprite was too big to easily maneuver, so he created a new character, Donkey Kong Jr. The team still wanted Donkey Kong on top of the screen, so they conceived a plot in which Mario had caged him and Donkey Kong Jr. had to save him. To develop Donkey Kong Jr. (1982), Nintendo reverse-engineered Ikegami's Donkey Kong code, making it the first game that Nintendo developed without outside help. Following Donkey Kong Jr.'s release, Ikegami sued Nintendo for copyright infringement. In 1990, the Tokyo High Court ruled in favor of Ikegami, and the companies reached a settlement. Donkey Kong 3, released in 1983, features shooter gameplay that departs from its predecessors. Instead of Mario, the player controls Stanley, an exterminator from the Game & Watch game Green House (1982) who must fend off Donkey Kong and a swarm of bees. Donkey Kong 3 was unsuccessful, as was an edutainment game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), Donkey Kong Jr. Math (1983). Sega obtained the license to develop a Donkey Kong game, but the game—which featured a playable Donkey Kong as a parking attendant—was canceled after Sega's David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama arranged a management buyout from Gulf and Western Industries in 1984. The franchise went on an extended hiatus, while the spin-off Mario franchise found success on the NES, cementing Mario as Nintendo's mascot. Donkey Kong's appearances in the years following Donkey Kong 3 were limited to cameos in unrelated games. The 1987 Official Nintendo Player's Guide advertised a Donkey Kong revival for the NES, Return of Donkey Kong, which was never released. In 1994, the first original Donkey Kong game in more than 10 years, Donkey Kong (often referred to as Donkey Kong '94), was released for the Game Boy. It begins as a remake of the 1981 game before introducing over 100 puzzle-platforming levels that incorporate elements from Donkey Kong Jr. and Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988). In the early 1990s, Philips obtained the license to use five Nintendo characters in games for their CD-i console, resulting in Hotel Mario (1993) and three The Legend of Zelda games (1993–1994). Donkey Kong was among the five characters, and Riedel Software Productions worked on a CD-i Donkey Kong game between 1992 and 1993. The project was canceled, and developers who worked on it do not remember many details beyond its basic game engine. The Nintendo data leak included a prototype for Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (1995) featuring a protagonist who resembles Stanley. Its title, Super Donkey, suggested that Yoshi's Island began as a Donkey Kong game before it was altered to star the Mario character Yoshi. 1994–1996: Rare and Donkey Kong Country Rare founders Tim and Chris Stamper (left) directed the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (right) game Donkey Kong Country (1994), which reestablished Donkey Kong as a major franchise. Around 1992, Rare, a British developer founded by the brothers Tim and Chris Stamper, purchased Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) Challenge workstations with Alias rendering software to render 3D models. At the time, Nintendo was embroiled in a console war with Sega, whose Genesis competed with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). Nintendo wanted a game to compete with Sega's Aladdin (1993), which featured graphics by Disney animators, when Lincoln learned of Rare's SGI experiments during a trip to Europe. After impressing Nintendo with a demonstration, Tim Stamper—inspired by Mortal Kombat's use of digitized footage in place of hand-drawn art—suggested developing a platform game that used pre-rendered 3D graphics. Nintendo granted the Stampers permission to use the Donkey Kong intellectual property; some sources indicate that the Stampers obtained the license after Nintendo offered them its catalog of characters and they chose Donkey Kong, though the designer Gregg Mayles recalled that it was Nintendo that requested a Donkey Kong game. Nintendo figured licensing Donkey Kong posed minimal risk due to the franchise's dormancy. Rare's reboot, Donkey Kong Country, featured side-scrolling gameplay that Mayles based on the Super Mario series. It was the first Donkey Kong game neither directed nor produced by Miyamoto, though he provided support and contributed design ideas. Donkey Kong Country was one of the first games for a mainstream home video game console to use pre-rendered graphics, achieved through a compression technique that allowed Rare to convert 3D models into SNES sprites with little loss of detail. Because Donkey Kong did not have much of an established universe, Rare was free to expand it, introducing Donkey Kong's sidekick Diddy Kong (who replaced Donkey Kong Jr.) and the antagonistic Kremlings. After 18 months of development, Donkey Kong Country was released in November 1994 to acclaim, with critics hailing its visuals as groundbreaking. It was a major success, selling 9.3 million copies and becoming the third-bestselling SNES game. It reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise and heralded Donkey Kong's transition from villain to hero. Following the success, Nintendo purchased a large minority stake in Rare. Rare began developing concepts for a Donkey Kong Country sequel during production, and Nintendo green-lit the project immediately after the success. Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest, released in 1995, features Diddy rescuing a kidnapped Donkey Kong and introduces Diddy's girlfriend Dixie Kong. Diddy's Kong Quest was designed to be less linear and more challenging, with a theme reflecting Mayles' fascination with pirates. Like its predecessor, Diddy's Kong Quest was a major critical and commercial success, and is the sixth-bestselling SNES game. Following Diddy's Kong Quest, the Donkey Kong Country team split in two, with one half working on Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! (1996). Featuring Dixie and a new character, Kiddy Kong, as protagonists, the Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! team sought to incorporate 3D-esque gameplay and Zelda-inspired role-playing elements. Although it was released late in the SNES's lifespan and after the launch of the Nintendo 64, Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! sold well. 1995–2002: Franchise expansion Separate Rare teams developed the Game Boy games Donkey Kong Land (1995), Donkey Kong Land 2 (1996), and Donkey Kong Land III (1997), which condensed the Country series' gameplay for the handheld game console. Rare's Game Boy programmer, Paul Machacek, chose to develop Land as an original game rather than as a port of Country after convincing Tim Stamper it would be a better use of resources. A port of Country was eventually released for the Game Boy Color in 2000. Rare also developed a tech demo for a Virtual Boy Donkey Kong game, but it never progressed due to the system's commercial failure. Rare developed further Donkey Kong games for the Game Boy (left) and Nintendo 64 (right) throughout the late 1990s. The first Donkey Kong game for the Nintendo 64, Diddy Kong Racing, was released as Nintendo's major 1997 Christmas shopping season product. Rare originally developed it as a sequel to its NES game R.C. Pro-Am (1988), but added Diddy Kong to increase its marketability. Diddy Kong Racing received favorable reviews and sold 4.5 million copies. Two of Diddy Kong Racing's playable characters, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, would go on to star in the Banjo-Kazooie and Conker franchises. Rare began working on Donkey Kong 64, the first Donkey Kong game to feature 3D gameplay, in 1997. They conceived it as a linear game similar to the Country series, but switched to a more open-ended design using the game engine from their 1998 game Banjo-Kazooie after 18 months. Donkey Kong 64 was released in November 1999, accompanied by a US$22 million marketing campaign. It was Nintendo's bestselling game during the 1999 Christmas season and received positive reviews, though critics felt it did not match the revolutionary impact of Donkey Kong Country. At E3 2001, Nintendo and Rare announced three Donkey Kong projects: the GameCube game Donkey Kong Racing and the Game Boy Advance (GBA) games Donkey Kong Coconut Crackers and Diddy Kong Pilot. However, development costs were increasing and Nintendo opted not to acquire Rare. In September 2002, Microsoft acquired Rare for $375 million, making Rare a first-party developer for Xbox. Nintendo retained the rights to Donkey Kong under the terms of the acquisition. Donkey Kong Racing was canceled, and Rare reworked Donkey Kong Coconut Crackers and Diddy Kong Pilot into It's Mr. Pants (2004) and Banjo-Pilot (2005). 2002–2010: After Rare The Donkey Kong games released for the GameCube were designed to use the DK Bongos peripheral. After Microsoft acquired Rare, Nintendo relegated Donkey Kong to spin-offs and guest appearances in other franchises, such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Super Smash Bros. In 2003, Nintendo and Namco released Donkey Konga (2003), a spin-off rhythm game. It was designed for the DK Bongos, a GameCube peripheral that resembles bongo drums. Nintendo of America executive Reggie Fils-Aimé opposed releasing Donkey Konga, concerned it would damage the Donkey Kong brand, but it sold well and received positive reviews. It was followed by Donkey Konga 2 (2004) and the Japan exclusive Donkey Konga 3 (2005). Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, the first main Donkey Kong game since Donkey Kong 64, was released for the GameCube in 2004. It returned to the Donkey Kong Country style of platforming, controlled using the DK Bongos. It was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi as the debut project of Nintendo EAD Tokyo. Koizumi sought to create an accessible game with a simple control scheme to contrast with more complex contemporary games. It received positive reviews, but was a commercial disappointment. A Wii version, featuring revised Wii Remote and Nunchuk controls, was released in 2008 as part of the New Play Control! line. A racing game that used the DK Bongos, Donkey Kong Barrel Blast, was developed by Paon for the GameCube, but was moved to the Wii with support for the peripheral dropped. It was released in 2007 to negative reviews, with criticism for its controls. Despite the acquisition, Rare continued to develop games for Nintendo's handheld consoles since Microsoft did not have a competing handheld. It developed ports of the Country games for the GBA and Diddy Kong Racing for the Nintendo DS with additional content, released between 2003 and 2007. Meanwhile, Paon also developed DK: King of Swing (2005) for the GBA and DK: Jungle Climber (2007) for the DS, which blend Country elements with puzzle gameplay inspired by Clu Clu Land (1984). Mario vs. Donkey Kong, a spin-off series that acts as a spiritual successor to the Game Boy Donkey Kong, was developed by Nintendo Software Technology. It began with a 2004 GBA game and continued with the DS sequels March of the Minis (2006), Minis March Again! (2009), and Mini-Land Mayhem! (2010). In contrast to other post-Country games, Mario vs. Donkey Kong restored Donkey Kong's villainous role. 2010–present: Retro Studios and second hiatus In 2008, Miyamoto expressed interest in a Donkey Kong Country revival. Producer Kensuke Tanabe suggested that Retro Studios, which had developed the Metroid Prime series, would be suitable. With Donkey Kong Country Returns, Retro sought to retain classic Country elements while refining them to create a new experience and introducing new game mechanics such as surface-clinging and simultaneous multiplayer. Returns, the first original Country game since Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, was released for the Wii in 2010. It sold 4.21 million copies in under a month and received positive reviews, with critics considering it a return to form for the franchise. Monster Games developed a Nintendo 3DS version in 2013. Retro developed a sequel, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, for the Wii U. The Wii U's greater processing power allowed for visual elements that the team had been unable to accomplish on the Wii, such as lighting and translucency effects and dynamic camera movement. Tropical Freeze was released in 2014 to favorable reviews, but it sold poorly in comparison to Returns. It achieved greater success when it was ported to the Nintendo Switch in 2018, outselling the Wii U version within a week of release. Following Tropical Freeze, the Donkey Kong franchise went on another hiatus, outside of Mario vs. Donkey Kong games: Tipping Stars (2015) and Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge (2016) for the Wii U and 3DS, and a remake of the first Mario vs. Donkey Kong (2024) with new levels and cooperative gameplay for the Switch. Nintendo and Vicarious Visions, with consultation from Miyamoto, worked on a Donkey Kong game for the Switch for six months. Codenamed Freedom, the project was an open-world 3D platformer that emphasized traversal, with grinding on vines as a core mechanic. It was canceled in 2016 after Activision Blizzard, Vicarious Visions' parent company, redirected its developers' focus to the Call of Duty franchise. Nintendo Life reported in 2021 that Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development was working on a Switch Donkey Kong game. A remaster of the Wii version of Donkey Kong Country Returns featuring the 3DS version's additional content is scheduled to be released for the Switch in 2025. Story and characters Main article: List of Donkey Kong characters See also: Characters of the Mario franchise Artwork for Donkey Kong (1994) and Donkey Kong 64 (1999), depicting the casts created by Nintendo and Rare The original Donkey Kong features three characters: Donkey Kong, a large, antagonistic gorilla; Mario, the overall-wearing protagonist; and Pauline, Mario's girlfriend. Donkey Kong follows Mario as he ascends a construction site to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong, his escaped pet ape. In the sequel, Donkey Kong Jr., Mario imprisons Donkey Kong in a cage. The game introduces Donkey Kong's son, the diaper-wearing Donkey Kong Jr. Mario, Pauline, Donkey Kong, and Jr. return in the 1994 Game Boy Donkey Kong, in which Mario again must rescue Pauline from the Kongs. The Game Boy game was the first Donkey Kong game to depict Donkey Kong wearing a red necktie bearing his initials, "DK". Beginning with Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong's role shifted from the antagonist to the protagonist. Rare's Kevin Bayliss redesigned him; alongside the red tie from the Game Boy game, he was given what GamesRadar+ described as "menacing, sunken eyes and beak-like muzzle", and Bayliss designed him as blocky and muscular to make animating him easier. Rare's games characterize him as the descendant of the Donkey Kong character from the arcade games, who appears as the elderly Cranky Kong. Cranky Kong provides scathing, fourth wall-breaking humor in which he unfavorably compares current games to older ones like the original Donkey Kong. Donkey Kong Jr. was retired, and Nintendo's stance on whether Rare's Donkey Kong is a grown-up Donkey Kong Jr. or a separate character has been inconsistent. Rare's games moved the franchise's primary setting from a city to Donkey Kong Island, an idyllic isle. Because Donkey Kong did not have much of an established universe, Rare was free to expand it with new characters. Donkey Kong Country introduced Diddy Kong, Donkey Kong's sidekick and nephew. Diddy's design was based on a spider monkey; he was created as a redesign of Donkey Kong Jr. but retooled into a separate character at Nintendo's request. Other supporting Kong characters that Rare introduced include Funky Kong, a surfer; Candy Kong, Donkey Kong's girlfriend; Dixie Kong, Diddy's girlfriend; Kiddy Kong, a large toddler; Tiny Kong, Dixie's sister; and Lanky Kong, a buffoonish orangutan. The franchise's main antagonist is King K. Rool, an anthropomorphic reptilian introduced in Donkey Kong Country. K. Rool leads the Kremlings, an army of crocodiles who seek to steal Donkey Kong's hoard of bananas. Polygon summarized K. Rool as an archetypal game villain who "often wears disguises and invents strange gadgets for his elaborately evil schemes", such as dressing as a pirate captain in Donkey Kong Country 2. Other villains include the Tiki Tak Tribe, a race of floating masks that play music to hypnotize animals into stealing the banana hoard, and the Snowmads, Viking invaders who summon a dragon to take over Donkey Kong Island. Mario, the protagonist of the 1981 game, went on to headline the Mario franchise. Although the franchises largely remain separate, they take place in the same fictional universe, and Donkey Kong and other Donkey Kong characters frequently appear as playable characters in Mario spin-offs such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Mario Tennis. Two Rare characters, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, were introduced in Diddy Kong Racing ahead of starring in their own games, Banjo-Kazooie and Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001). Gameplay Original series Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. are early examples of the platform game genre. In both games, the player must guide the playable character (Mario in the first game, Donkey Kong Jr. in the second) to scale four levels while avoiding obstacles. The player jumps to dodge incoming obstacles (such as barrels) or cross gaps and climbs ladders or vines to reach the top of the level. In the first game, Mario can destroy obstacles by obtaining a hammer power-up, while in the second, Donkey Kong Jr. can do so by knocking pieces of fruit down from vines. Points are awarded for dodging or destroying obstacles, collecting items, and completing stages quickly. The player begins each game with three lives, which they lose if they touch an obstacle or fall from a distance. Donkey Kong 3 departs from this gameplay: it is a shooter game in which the player controls Stanley, an exterminator who must prevent Donkey Kong from stirring up insects in his greenhouse. The player fires bug spray at Donkey Kong and enemy insects that attempt to steal Stanley's flowers. They complete levels by spraying Donkey Kong enough to force him to the top of the screen or by killing all the insects. The 1994 Game Boy game begins with the four stages from the original Donkey Kong, but after completing the fourth, the player is presented with over 100 additional stages that introduce puzzle-platform gameplay in which Mario must scout each level within a time limit to locate a key. Mario can pick up and throw objects and enemies, similar to Super Mario Bros. 2, and perform acrobatics to reach otherwise inaccessible areas of the levels. This gameplay would serve as the basis for Mario vs. Donkey Kong, which introduces stages in which Mario must guide six Mini-Mario toys to a toy box while protecting them from hazards. Mario vs. Donkey Kong's sequels make guiding the Mini-Mario toys the focus, with each stage requiring the player to do so with touchscreen controls. This gameplay has been frequently compared to the strategy video game Lemmings (1991). Donkey Kong Country The Donkey Kong Country logo used until 2005 The Donkey Kong Country series features platforming gameplay in which players complete side-scrolling levels to progress, reminiscent of Nintendo's Super Mario series. The player begins in a world map that tracks their progress and provides access to the themed worlds and their levels. They traverse the environment, jump between platforms, and avoid enemy and inanimate obstacles. Each world ends with a boss fight with a large enemy. The Country series is known for its high difficulty level and emphasis on momentum, requiring players to react to oncoming obstacles quickly to maintain flow. Players control one of the various playable Kongs, depending on the game: Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, Kiddy Kong, Cranky Kong, and Funky Kong. The Rare games each feature two protagonists, with one protagonist carrying over to the sequel while another is introduced. The Retro Studios games star Donkey Kong with other characters as his sidekicks. Players primarily control one Kong, with the second increasing their health. In the Retro Studios games, other characters ride on Donkey Kong's back to provide special abilities; for instance, Diddy's jetpack allows him to temporarily hover. Country's game mechanics include blasting out of barrel cannons, vehicle sequences with minecarts and barrel-themed rockets, levels in which the characters and foreground environments appear as silhouettes, and swinging vines. Barrels return from the original series and can be used as weapons or broken to uncover power-ups. One barrel variant releases a partner Kong when thrown. Each level contains collectibles such as bananas, letters that spell out K–O–N–G, balloons, and puzzle pieces. These items can be found within the main level or by discovering hidden bonus stages, where they are earned via completing a challenge. In certain levels, the player can free an animal that provides the Kongs with special abilities, similar to the Super Mario series' Yoshi. Recurring animal friends include Rambi, a rhino that can charge into enemies and find hidden entrances; Enguarde, a swordfish that can defeat enemies underwater; and Squawks, a parrot who carries the Kongs or assists in finding collectibles. Outside the main gameplay, the Rare games' world map contains areas where players can converse with non-player characters, such as Cranky, who provide advice, collectibles, and save points. The Retro Studios games feature shops (run by Cranky in Returns and Funky in Tropical Freeze) where the player can purchase items like power-ups and lives. Other games Some games without the Country branding contain similar gameplay. The Donkey Kong Land trilogy condenses the SNES Country gameplay for the Game Boy, with different level design that accounts for the system's low-quality display. Donkey Kong 64 blends Country elements with "collect-a-thon" gameplay reminiscent of Super Mario 64 (1996) and Banjo-Kazooie (1998), while Jungle Beat's score attack emphasis challenges players to complete levels with as many points as possible. DK: King of Swing and DK: Jungle Climber are aesthetically similar to the Country games, but require players to use the shoulder buttons to grab and climb pegboards to reach the end of a level. Diddy Kong Racing and Donkey Kong Barrel Blast are kart racing games that play similarly to the Mario Kart series, though Diddy Kong Racing features an adventure mode with boss fights and Barrel Blast has the player shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk alternatively to accelerate. The Donkey Konga trilogy was developed by the Taiko no Tatsujin developers and features the same gameplay: the player must hit scrolling notes to the beat of the music with accurate timing, with stylized notes corresponding to different buttons. Players build combos by hitting two or more notes; the combo ends when they miss a beat. Music See also: Aquatic Ambience and DK Rap The music for Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. was composed by Yukio Kaneoka, one of Nintendo's earliest audio engineers. Kaneoka wanted to take players on an adventure with a "pretty melody", which he compared to those in Walt Disney Productions films. He faced resistance from the designers, who wanted comical music to reflect the games' tone. Hirokazu Tanaka, a sound engineer who later garnered recognition for his work on Nintendo's Metroid and Pokémon franchises, also contributed. The Donkey Kong Country series features atmospheric music that mixes natural environmental sounds with melodic and percussive accompaniments. It was primarily composed by David Wise, who worked at Rare from 1985 to 2009. After Wise moved with a portion of the Diddy's Kong Quest team to work on Project Dream, Eveline Novakovic—who composed a portion of the first Country—handled the majority of Dixie Kong's Double Trouble. Wise composed a replacement soundtrack for the 2005 GBA port of Dixie Kong's Double Trouble after Rare had problems converting Novakovic's score. Wise drew inspiration from Koji Kondo's Super Mario and Legend of Zelda music, Tim and Geoff Follin's Plok! (1993) soundtrack, and 1980s synthesizer-heavy rock music, dance music and film soundtracks. He aimed to imitate the sound of the Korg Wavestation synthesizer. Novakovic attempted to give levels a sense of purpose and drew inspiration from film composers such as Alan Silvestri and Klaus Doldinger. Graeme Norgate and Grant Kirkhope adapted Wise's Country soundtracks for the first two Donkey Kong Land games, while Novakovic adapted the Dixie Kong's Double Trouble soundtrack for Donkey Kong Land III. Novakovic was set to compose music for Donkey Kong 64, but shifted to working on sound effects. She was replaced by Kirkhope, who composed alongside the Banjo-Kazooie games and Perfect Dark (2000). Nintendo Life described Kirkhope's Donkey Kong 64 score as closer in spirit to his work on Banjo-Kazooie than Wise's Country music. Donkey Kong 64's introduction features the "DK Rap", a comedy rap song which introduces the Kong characters. It was written by Donkey Kong 64's director, George Andreas, scored and recorded by Kirkhope, and performed by Andreas and Chris Sutherland, with other Rare staff joining on the chorus. Wise was unavailable during the development of Donkey Kong Country Returns, so Kenji Yamamoto took over. At the request of Miyamoto and Iwata, the Returns soundtrack mostly comprises rearrangements of tracks from the original Donkey Kong Country, plus some new material by Yamamoto. He focused on what Tanabe felt made Donkey Kong Country's music iconic, such as piano arrangements and the bassline. Wise left Rare during Returns' development and collaborated with Yamamoto on the Tropical Freeze soundtrack. Technological advances allowed Wise to achieve a "1940s big band jazz" sound that he had been unable to produce on the SNES. Beyond the Country series, Wise composed the Diddy Kong Racing soundtrack. Other composers who have contributed to Donkey Kong games include Mahito Yokota, who composed for Jungle Beat, and Lawrence Schwedler, who composed for Mario vs. Donkey Kong. Other media Crossovers Donkey Kong is represented in every game in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. series of crossover fighting games. Donkey Kong debuted in the original Super Smash Bros. (1999) as the only heavyweight fighter, with slow but powerful attacks. Diddy Kong was added as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008), while King K. Rool was added in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018). Smash games also feature Donkey Kong stages and music. Donkey Kong appears in Mario & Sonic, an Olympic Games-themed crossover between Mario and Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, as a playable character; in the Wii version of Punch-Out!! (2009) as the final boss; and in Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle (2017), a crossover between Mario and Ubisoft's Raving Rabbids franchise, as the protagonist of an expansion pack. Activision's toys-to-life game Skylanders: SuperChargers (2015) includes Donkey Kong as a playable character in the versions released on Nintendo platforms. Animated series Further information: Saturday Supercade, Captain N: The Game Master, and Donkey Kong Country (TV series) A Donkey Kong cartoon aired as part of CBS's hour-long Saturday Supercade programming block in 1983. The cartoon follows Mario and Pauline as they attempt to capture Donkey Kong after he escapes from a circus. Game Informer described the series as "abysmal... filled with bad puns and ridiculous situations". Soupy Sales voiced Donkey Kong, while Peter Cullen and Frank Welker (who later garnered recognition for voicing Optimus Prime and Megatron in the Transformers franchise) voiced Mario and Donkey Kong Jr. Donkey Kong was also a recurring character in Captain N: The Game Master, a DIC Entertainment series that ran on NBC for 34 episodes between 1989 and 1991. Donkey Kong Country, a television series produced by the French-Canadian company Medialab Technology, ran for 40 episodes between 1997 and 1999, bridging the gap between Dixie Kong's Double Trouble and Donkey Kong 64. Reflecting the games' pre-rendered 3D graphics, Donkey Kong Country was produced using computer animation, accomplished with motion capture technology. The series adopts a sitcom approach and follows Donkey Kong as he attempts to protect a magical artifact, the Crystal Coconut, from King K. Rool. Donkey Kong Country was produced with little input from Nintendo, and was the final Western series that Nintendo licensed before it shifted to producing and importing anime. The series was popular in France and Japan, though less so in the United States. Retrospectively, Hardcore Gaming 101 criticized the series for lacking the adventure of the Country games, while GameSpot called its aged animation "nightmare fuel" and "visually disturbing". Printed media The first issue of Blip, a short-lived American comic book published by Marvel Comics in 1983, features a story in which a foolish news reporter attempts to interview Mario during the events of the original Donkey Kong. The story characterizes Donkey Kong as the result of a failed experiment to breed construction-worker gorillas. Blip marked Mario's first appearance in a comic book, years before Valiant Comics' Nintendo Comics System series in the 1990s. The British comics publisher Fleetway Publications published a promotional Donkey Kong Country comic in the UK in 1995, while Michael Teitelbaum wrote children's book adaptations of Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land and Donkey Kong Country 2. Film Main article: The Super Mario Bros. Movie Seth Rogen voices Donkey Kong in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023). Elements from the Donkey Kong franchise feature prominently in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023), an animated film produced by Nintendo, Illumination, and Universal Pictures. Mario (Chris Pratt) and Princess Peach (Anya Taylor-Joy) seek the Kongs' help to stop Bowser (Jack Black) from invading the Mushroom Kingdom. Seth Rogen and Fred Armisen voice Donkey Kong and Cranky Kong, while other Kongs make cameo appearances and the "DK Rap" plays during Donkey Kong's introduction. Donkey Kong was redesigned for the first time since Donkey Kong Country, combining elements of Rare's design and his original arcade-era design. The Super Mario Bros. Movie received mixed reviews, and Rogen received criticism for voicing Donkey Kong in his regular speaking voice. The film earned over $1 billion, making it the highest-grossing film based on a video game. In November 2021, prior to The Super Mario Bros. Movie's release, reports emerged that Illumination was developing a Donkey Kong film with Rogen set to reprise his role. In April 2023, Rogen said he saw "a lot of opportunity" in the prospect. Eurogamer wrote that Diddy and Dixie's brief cameo in The Super Mario Bros. Movie was obvious setup for a Donkey Kong film. Theme parks Main article: Super Nintendo World In September 2021, Nintendo and Universal Destinations & Experiences announced a Donkey Kong-themed expansion of the Super Nintendo World themed area at Universal Studios Japan and Universal Epic Universe. The area, Donkey Kong Country, is set to open at Universal Studios Japan in 2024 and at Universal Epic Universe in 2025, and will expand the size of Super Nintendo World by 70%. It was designed with consultation from Miyamoto and will include a roller coaster, Donkey Kong's Crazy Cart, based on the Tiki Tong boss fight from Donkey Kong Country Returns. The area will also feature a K–O–N–G letter collection game and offer Donkey Kong merchandise and food. Merchandise See also: Lego Super Mario Donkey Kong merchandise includes clothing, toys such as plushes and Amiibo figures, breakfast cereal and soundtrack albums. The Lego Group began producing Donkey Kong Lego construction toys in 2023 as a subseries within its Lego Super Mario product line. The initial four sets, based on the Donkey Kong Country games, were released in August 2023. Legacy Sales Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises, with sales reaching 65 million units by March 2021. Five Donkey Kong games (Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land, Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, Donkey Kong 64, and Donkey Kong Country Returns) have shipped over a million copies in Japan alone, and several have been added to Nintendo's Player's Choice and Nintendo Selects bestseller lines. Excluding rereleases and arcade games, the SNES version of Donkey Kong Country is the franchise's bestselling game, with 9.3 million copies sold worldwide, while DK: King of Swing is the worst-selling, with 280,000 copies sold worldwide. Year Game Platform(s) Sales 1981 Donkey Kong Arcade, ColecoVision, Game & Watch, Nintendo Entertainment System 15.73 million 1982 Donkey Kong Jr. Arcade, Nintendo Entertainment System 1.14 million 1983 Donkey Kong 3 Arcade 5,000 1988 Donkey Kong Classics Nintendo Entertainment System 1.56 million 1994 Donkey Kong Country Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance 13.31 million 1995 Donkey Kong Land Game Boy 3.91 million Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest Super Nintendo Entertainment System 5.15 million 1996 Donkey Kong Land 2 Game Boy 2.35 million Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! Super Nintendo Entertainment System 3.51 million 1997 Donkey Kong Land III Game Boy, Game Boy Color 1.03 million Diddy Kong Racing Nintendo 64, Nintendo DS 6.47 million 1999 Donkey Kong 64 Nintendo 64 5.27 million 2003 Donkey Konga GameCube 1.18 million 2004 Mario vs. Donkey Kong Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Switch 2.49 million 2005 DK: King of Swing Game Boy Advance 280,000 2006 Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis Nintendo DS 1.52 million 2010 Donkey Kong Country Returns Wii, Nintendo 3DS 9.44 million Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem! Nintendo DS 2.98 million 2014 Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze Wii U, Nintendo Switch 4.1 million Effect on the industry If you can't imagine a world without Super Mario Brothers, without the NES, and maybe even without Nintendo at all, then you can't imagine a world without Donkey Kong. Both as a remarkable piece of game design and a commercial breakthrough for the single most important gaming company in Japan, Donkey Kong changed the world, and 30 years later we're still feeling its effects. Game Developer The original Donkey Kong is regarded as one of the most important video games of all time. Its success established Nintendo as one of the video game industry's leaders and helped it avoid the video game crash of 1983. Computer and Video Games called Donkey Kong "the most momentous" game of 1981, as it "introduced three important names" to the industry: Nintendo, Shigeru Miyamoto, and Mario. Donkey Kong also paved the way for the NES, which rejuvenated the crashed Western game industry and shifted the home console market's dominance from the US to Japan. The NES was largely based on the Donkey Kong arcade hardware; Nintendo took a Donkey Kong arcade cabinet to the semiconductor chip manufacturer Ricoh for analysis, which led to Ricoh producing the NES's Picture Processing Unit. Donkey Kong inspired many games, including clones such as Crazy Kong (1981) and Hard Hat Mack (1983), that featured a mix of running, jumping, and vertical traversal. These were initially referred to as "Donkey Kong-type" or "Kong-style" games, but eventually came to be known as platformers. While Donkey Kong was not the first platform game, VG247 wrote "it was the first to matter" by establishing the genre's template. Furthermore, Donkey Kong's spirited graphics, humor, and contextualization of the gameplay with a story distinguished it from contemporary arcade games. Although text-based adventure games and computer role-playing video games preceded it, Donkey Kong is regarded as the first game to use graphics to tell a story, which GamesRadar+ said provided an unprecedented level of narrative depth. Donkey Kong Country's pre-rendered graphics featured a level of detail unprecedented in console games at the time, and inspired many imitators. It inspired games such as BlueSky Software's Vectorman (1995), Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot (1996), HAL Laboratory's Kirby Super Star (1996), and Traveller's Tales and Sonic Team's Sonic 3D Blast (1996). Country's influence has carried into more modern games such as Mekazoo (2016) and Kaze and the Wild Masks (2021); the Australian Broadcasting Corporation credited it for demonstrating 2D games could remain relevant after the introduction of 3D. Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair (2019)—developed by Playtonic Games, whose staff includes Rare alumni that worked on Country—was noted for its gameplay similarities to Country, though Playtonic declined to label it a spiritual successor. The Country games established Rare as a leading video game developer and set the standard for its work. Country originated conventions characteristic of Rare's later output, including an emphasis on collecting items, irreverent humor, visual appeal, and tech demo-like design. Conversely, Donkey Kong 64 has been blamed for precipitating 3D platforming's decline in popularity for its excessive emphasis on collecting items. Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that whereas Super Mario 64 had "breathed life into the 3D platforming genre", Donkey Kong 64 had "sucked it all out". Jonas Kaerlev, who developed the 3D platformer A Hat in Time (2017), said Donkey Kong 64 gave the genre a reputation for tedium that contributed to a decline in interest. Cultural impact See also: Donkey Kong high score competition Donkey Kong is one of the most iconic video game characters, and journalists have described him as a mascot for both Nintendo and the video game industry. In 2007, the Monster Jam racing series obtained the license to use Donkey Kong's appearance for a monster truck. The truck debuted in a December 2007 show in Minneapolis and toured with Monster Jam throughout 2008. Donkey Kong appears as an antagonist in the film Pixels (2015), which pays homage to classic arcade games, while the film War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) features treacherous apes nicknamed "donkeys", which director Matt Reeves confirmed was a reference to Donkey Kong. Donkey Kong high score competitors Steve Wiebe (left) and Billy Mitchell (right) feature in the documentary The King of Kong (2007). The original Donkey Kong is a popular competitive video game. The Daily Telegraph called it "the most fiercely contested video game of all time", while Polygon wrote that achieving the highest score "is probably the most coveted arcade game world record". The King of Kong (2007), a documentary film directed by Seth Gordon, brought Donkey Kong's competitive culture to prominence. It follows two players, Steve Wiebe and Billy Mitchell, in their respective attempts to obtain and maintain the world record. The Telegraph described Donkey Kong competition as bitter and said the heated rivalries between players contribute to the game's lasting appeal. The Donkey Kong Country games are also popular in the video game speedrunning community. IGN said that Donkey Kong Country's soundtrack contributed to an increased appreciation for video game music as an art form, and musicians such as Trent Reznor and Donald Glover have praised it. Glover sampled "Aquatic Ambience" in his 2012 song "Eat Your Vegetables", to which Wise expressed approval. OverClocked ReMix has released Donkey Kong remix albums including contributions from Wise, Beanland, and Kirkhope. Curse of the Crystal Coconut, a 2020 pirate metal album by the Scottish heavy metal band Alestorm, contains numerous references to the Donkey Kong franchise, including its title; those who pre-ordered the album had a chance to win an Alestorm-branded Nintendo 64 with a copy of Donkey Kong 64. Donkey Kong has been noted for its active fandom. Nintendo Life described one fansite, DK Vine, as "highly respected". The franchise's lack of storytelling has led fans to theorize its fictional chronology. Kotaku described one theory, which postulates that Donkey Kong Jr. was killed in a violent, off-screen conflict to explain his absence in the Country series, as "a fascinating example of how fandoms can run away with the smallest bits of narrative available" to rationalize inconsistencies. A team of fans led by animator Alex Henderson released DKC: Curse of the Crystal Coconut, an animated tribute short film, in 2021 to commemorate the franchise's 40th anniversary and the Donkey Kong Country television series' 25th anniversary. Several voice actors from the Country television series reprised their roles for DKC: Return to Krocodile Isle, a follow-up animation released in 2023. In the years following the original Donkey Kong's release, the phrase "it's on like Donkey Kong" entered pop culture vernacular. The phrase has been used in television series, films, music, and news headlines; it is typically used to say something is "going down". It was popularized by the rapper Ice Cube, who used the phrase in his song "Now I Gotta Wet'cha" (1992), though it is unclear if he coined it. Nintendo filed a trademark request for the phrase with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in November 2010 as part of its marketing push for Donkey Kong Country Returns. 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GamePro. Vol. 6, no. 12. Needham: International Data Group. pp. 54–55. ISSN 1042-8658. Ziesak, Jörg (2009). Wii Innovate – How Nintendo Created a New Market Through Strategic Innovation. Munich: GRIN Verlag. p. 2029. ISBN 978-3-640-49774-4. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2011. Zuniga, Todd (December 1999). "Show Me the Monkey! Donkey Kong 64". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 125. Lombard: Ziff Davis. pp. 219–224. ISSN 1058-918X. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donkey Kong. Look up donkey kong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Official website vteDonkey KongList of video gamesMain seriesOriginal series Donkey Kong (1981) Donkey Kong Jr. Donkey Kong 3 Donkey KongCountry series Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! Returns Tropical Freeze Other Donkey Kong (1994) Land Land 2 Land III 64 Jungle Beat Spin-offsMario vs. Donkey Kong Mario vs. Donkey Kong March of the Minis Minis March Again! Mini-Land Mayhem! Minis on the Move Tipping Stars Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge Racing Diddy Kong Racing Barrel Blast Other LCD games Jr. Math Donkey Konga DK: King of Swing Donkey Kong: Jungle Climber Characters Donkey Kong Mario Pauline Music "Aquatic Ambience" "DK Rap" Television and film Saturday Supercade Captain N: The Game Master Donkey Kong Country episodes The Super Mario Bros. Movie RelatedVideo games Crazy Kong Mario Kart Party Tennis Popeye Banjo-Kazooie Super Smash Bros. Conker NES Remix Nintendo Land Nintendo World Championships: NES Edition Yooka-Laylee Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair Developers Nintendo Shigeru Miyamoto Yoshiaki Koizumi Rare Stamper brothers Gregg Mayles David Wise Namco Paon Retro Studios Kensuke Tanabe Kenji Yamamoto Other Universal City Studios v. Nintendo Donkey Kong high score competition The King of Kong Pixels Curse of the Crystal Coconut Category vteMario Nintendo Game seriesMain Super Mario Mario Kart Mario Party By genre Educational games Puzzle games Mario vs. Donkey Kong Role-playing games Paper Mario Mario & Luigi Sports games racing games Connected series Donkey Kong Luigi Wario Yoshi Other games LCD games Mario's Cement Factory Mario Bros. Pinball Mario Paint Mario Clash Mario Artist Mario Pinball Land Super Princess Peach Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker Princess Peach: Showtime! Cancelled games Super Mario's Wacky Worlds Super Mario 128 UniverseCharacters Mario Luigi Princess Peach Princess Daisy Bowser Donkey Kong Pauline Wario Waluigi Rosalina Toad Yoshi Birdo Geno Paper Mario characters Vivian Bobby Rabbid Peach Other Goomba Koopa Troopa Piranha Plant World 1-1 Minus World Rainbow Road Blue shell Other mediaFilm 1986 anime film 1993 live-action film 2023 computer-animated film Television Saturday Supercade The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! King Koopa's Kool Kartoons The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 Super Mario World Music Super Mario Bros. theme "Supermarioland" "Almost Unreal" The Super Mario Bros. Movie soundtrack "Peaches" Literature Gamebooks Nintendo Comics System Super Mario Adventures Unofficial media Year of Luigi 35th Anniversary Lego Super Mario People Charles Martinet Kevin Afghani Koji Kondo Mahito Yokota Satoru Iwata Shigeru Miyamoto Takashi Tezuka Kensuke Tanabe Yasuhisa Yamamura Yōichi Kotabe Yoshiaki Koizumi RelatedVideo games List of video games featuring Mario Donkey Kong Donkey Kong Jr. Super Smash Bros. Nintendo Land NES Remix Skylanders: SuperChargers Other The Wizard Mario Marathon Team 0% Super Nintendo World Waluigi effect Category vteNintendo franchisesMario Super Mario Mario Kart Mario Party Mario Golf Mario Tennis Dr. Mario Mario vs. Donkey Kong Paper Mario Mario & Luigi Donkey Kong Yoshi Luigi Wario Other Animal Crossing Art Academy Art Style Big Brain Academy Bit Generations BoxBoy! Brain Age Chibi-Robo! Cruis'n Custom Robo F-Zero Fire Emblem Fossil Fighters Golden Sun Kid Icarus Kirby The Legendary Starfy The Legend of Zelda Metroid Mother Pikmin Pilotwings Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Punch-Out!! Puzzle League Rhythm Heaven Splatoon Star Fox Super Smash Bros. Touch! Generations Wars Wii Xenoblade Chronicles Category vteRareList of gamesSeries Jetpac Sabreman Wizards & Warriors R.C. Pro-Am Snake Rattle 'n' Roll Battletoads Donkey Kong Killer Instinct Banjo-Kazooie Conker Perfect Dark Viva Piñata Kinect Sports Other games1980s Slalom Anticipation WWF WrestleMania John Elway's Quarterback Taboo: The Sixth Sense Cobra Triangle Who Framed Roger Rabbit 1990s WWF WrestleMania Challenge Pin Bot Captain Skyhawk The Amazing Spider-Man Time Lord A Nightmare on Elm Street Super Glove Ball Double Dare Battletoads/Double Dragon Digger T. Rock Diddy Kong Racing Beetlejuice High Speed Monster Max Ken Griffey Jr.'s Winning Run Blast Corps GoldenEye 007 Jet Force Gemini Mickey's Racing Adventure 2000s Mickey's Speedway USA Star Fox Adventures Grabbed by the Ghoulies It's Mr. Pants Kameo 2010s Rare Replay Sea of Thieves Upcoming Everwild Unreleased Project Dream People Robin Beanland Duncan Botwood Steve Burke David Doak Eveline Fischer Martin Hollis Grant Kirkhope Leigh Loveday Gregg Mayles Graeme Norgate Stamper brothers David Wise Category Portals: 1980s Video games Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donkey Kong (1981 video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong (character)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Shigeru Miyamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donkey_Kong_video_games"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo R&D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_R%26D1"},{"link_name":"Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)"},{"link_name":"Retro Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Studios"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Software Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology"},{"link_name":"spin-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"edutainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edutainment"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_game"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(arcade_game)"},{"link_name":"arcade cabinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Radar Scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_Scope"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr."},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_3"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Namco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco"},{"link_name":"Paon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paon_DP"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country:_Tropical_Freeze"},{"link_name":"platformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platformer"},{"link_name":"level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"protagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protagonist"},{"link_name":"Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario"},{"link_name":"Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_(Nintendo)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr._(character)"},{"link_name":"Diddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddy_Kong"},{"link_name":"Cranky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranky_Kong"},{"link_name":"Funky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Kong"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Kong"},{"link_name":"Kremlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlings"},{"link_name":"King K. Rool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_K._Rool"},{"link_name":"mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donkey_Kong_characters"},{"link_name":"Mario Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart"},{"link_name":"Mario Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Party"},{"link_name":"Mario Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tennis"},{"link_name":"crossed over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"Mario & Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_%26_Sonic"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros."},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_World"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Destinations_%26_Experiences"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"pre-rendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-rendering"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_clone"}],"text":"This article is about the video game franchise. For the original game, see Donkey Kong (1981 video game). For the character, see Donkey Kong (character). For other uses, see Donkey Kong (disambiguation).Donkey Kong[a] is a video game series and media franchise created by the Japanese game designer Shigeru Miyamoto for Nintendo. The franchise follows the adventures of Donkey Kong, a large, powerful gorilla. Donkey Kong games include the original arcade game trilogy by Nintendo R&D1; the Donkey Kong Country series by Rare and Retro Studios; and the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series by Nintendo Software Technology. Various studios have developed spin-offs in genres such as edutainment, puzzle, racing, and rhythm. The franchise also incorporates animation, printed media, theme parks, and merchandise.Miyamoto designed the original 1981 Donkey Kong to salvage unsold arcade cabinets following the failure of Radar Scope (1980). It was a major success and was followed by the sequels Donkey Kong Jr. (1982) and Donkey Kong 3 (1983). The franchise went on a hiatus as Nintendo shifted its focus to the spin-off Mario franchise. Rare's 1994 reboot, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) game Donkey Kong Country, reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise. Rare developed Donkey Kong games for the SNES, Game Boy, and Nintendo 64 until they were acquired by Microsoft in 2002; subsequent games have been developed by Nintendo, Retro Studios, Namco and Paon. The most recent major game was Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze in 2014.The main Donkey Kong games are platformers in which the player must reach the end of a level. Donkey Kong was initially the antagonist, but became the protagonist starting with Country. The original games featured a small cast of characters, including Donkey Kong, Mario, Pauline, and Donkey Kong Jr. Rare's games expanded the cast with friendly Kongs, such as Diddy, Cranky, Funky and Dixie, and the Kremlings, an army of antagonistic crocodiles led by Donkey Kong's nemesis King K. Rool. Mario, the protagonist of the 1981 game, became Nintendo's mascot and the star of the Mario franchise, and Donkey Kong characters appear in Mario games such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Mario Tennis. Donkey Kong has also crossed over with other franchises in games such as Mario & Sonic and Super Smash Bros.Outside of video games, the franchise includes the animated series Donkey Kong Country (1997–1999), a themed area in Super Nintendo World at Universal Studios, soundtrack albums, and Lego construction toys. Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises, with more than 65 million units sold by 2021. The original game was Nintendo's first major international success and established it as a prominent force in the video game industry. The franchise has pioneered or popularized concepts such as in-game storytelling and pre-rendered graphics, inspired other games (including clones), and influenced popular culture.","title":"Donkey Kong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Donkey Kong video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Donkey_Kong_video_games"}],"text":"See also: List of Donkey Kong video games","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shigeru_Miyamoto_at_E3_2013_1_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Shigeru Miyamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"arcade games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"Taito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito"},{"link_name":"Space 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Tsushinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikegami_Tsushinki"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeIkegami-9"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)"},{"link_name":"platform games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkerMiyamoto-12"},{"link_name":"windfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windfall_gain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiesak20092029-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994111-14"},{"link_name":"Game & Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_%26_Watch"},{"link_name":"Coleco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleco"},{"link_name":"ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting"},{"link_name":"home consoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_consoles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2019196-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Universal City Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_City_Studios"},{"link_name":"a lawsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Howard Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"video game industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994127-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"1981–1982: Conception and first game","text":"Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto in 2013In the late 1970s, the Japanese company Nintendo shifted its focus from producing toys and playing cards to arcade games. This followed the 1973 oil crisis having increased the cost of manufacturing toys and the success of Taito's Space Invaders (1978). In 1980, Nintendo released Radar Scope, a Space Invaders-style shoot 'em up.[1] It was a commercial failure and put the newly established subsidiary Nintendo of America in a financial crisis. Its founder, Minoru Arakawa, asked his father in-law, the Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi, to provide a new game that could salvage the unsold Radar Scope cabinets.[2] Most of Nintendo's top developers were preoccupied, so the task went to Shigeru Miyamoto, a first-time game designer.[3][4]Supervised by Gunpei Yokoi,[3] Miyamoto settled on a love triangle with the characters Bluto, Popeye, and Olive Oyl from the Popeye franchise, but Nintendo was unable to obtain the license.[4] Bluto evolved into a gorilla, an animal Miyamoto said was \"nothing too evil or repulsive\".[5] He named the character Donkey Kong—donkey to convey stubborn and kong to imply gorilla.[6] Popeye became Mario, the new protagonist, while Olive Oyl became Pauline, the damsel in distress.[4] Miyamoto named \"Beauty and the Beast\" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences.[5] As he lacked programming expertise, he consulted technicians on whether his concepts were possible.[7] Four programmers from Ikegami Tsushinki spent three months turning Miyamoto's concept into a finished game.[8]Donkey Kong was one of the earliest platform games,[b] following Mario as he ascends a construction site to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong.[10] It was released in July 1981 and became Nintendo's first major international success. The windfall of $280 million rescued Nintendo of America from its financial crisis and established it as a prominent brand in America.[11][12] Donkey Kong achieved further success in 1982, when Nintendo released a Game & Watch version and licensed it to Coleco for ports to home consoles.[13][14] It grossed $4.4 billion across various formats, making it one of the highest-grossing games of all time.[15] In 1982, Universal City Studios filed a lawsuit alleging Donkey Kong violated its trademark of King Kong. The lawsuit failed when Nintendo's lawyer, Howard Lincoln, discovered that Universal had won a lawsuit years prior by declaring that King Kong was actually in the public domain. The victory cemented Nintendo as a major force in the video game industry.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanics"},{"link_name":"levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"sprite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr._(character)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz202090%E2%80%9391-20"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr."},{"link_name":"reverse-engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"Tokyo High 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Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr._Math"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_Rank-23"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"parking attendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_attendant"},{"link_name":"David Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rosen_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Hayao Nakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Nakayama"},{"link_name":"management buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buyout"},{"link_name":"Gulf and Western 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Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1994_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remake"},{"link_name":"puzzle-platforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle-platform"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Bros. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247DK94-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_DK94-28"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"CD-i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-i"},{"link_name":"Hotel Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Mario"},{"link_name":"three The Legend of Zelda games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_CD-i_games"},{"link_name":"Riedel Software Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedel_Software_Productions"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Nintendo data leak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_data_leak"},{"link_name":"Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_World_2:_Yoshi%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Yoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"1982–1994: Sequels and first hiatus","text":"Miyamoto and his team used game mechanics and levels that could not be included in Donkey Kong as the basis for a sequel. Miyamoto wanted to make Donkey Kong the protagonist, but the sprite was too big to easily maneuver, so he created a new character, Donkey Kong Jr. The team still wanted Donkey Kong on top of the screen, so they conceived a plot in which Mario had caged him and Donkey Kong Jr. had to save him.[18] To develop Donkey Kong Jr. (1982), Nintendo reverse-engineered Ikegami's Donkey Kong code, making it the first game that Nintendo developed without outside help. Following Donkey Kong Jr.'s release, Ikegami sued Nintendo for copyright infringement. In 1990, the Tokyo High Court ruled in favor of Ikegami, and the companies reached a settlement.[8]Donkey Kong 3, released in 1983, features shooter gameplay that departs from its predecessors. Instead of Mario, the player controls Stanley, an exterminator from the Game & Watch game Green House (1982) who must fend off Donkey Kong and a swarm of bees.[19] Donkey Kong 3 was unsuccessful,[20] as was an edutainment game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), Donkey Kong Jr. Math (1983).[21] Sega obtained the license to develop a Donkey Kong game, but the game—which featured a playable Donkey Kong as a parking attendant—was canceled after Sega's David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama arranged a management buyout from Gulf and Western Industries in 1984.[22][23]The franchise went on an extended hiatus,[20] while the spin-off Mario franchise found success on the NES, cementing Mario as Nintendo's mascot.[4] Donkey Kong's appearances in the years following Donkey Kong 3 were limited to cameos in unrelated games.[24] The 1987 Official Nintendo Player's Guide advertised a Donkey Kong revival for the NES, Return of Donkey Kong, which was never released.[20] In 1994, the first original Donkey Kong game in more than 10 years, Donkey Kong (often referred to as Donkey Kong '94), was released for the Game Boy. It begins as a remake of the 1981 game before introducing over 100 puzzle-platforming levels that incorporate elements from Donkey Kong Jr. and Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988).[25][26]In the early 1990s, Philips obtained the license to use five Nintendo characters in games for their CD-i console, resulting in Hotel Mario (1993) and three The Legend of Zelda games (1993–1994). Donkey Kong was among the five characters, and Riedel Software Productions worked on a CD-i Donkey Kong game between 1992 and 1993. The project was canceled, and developers who worked on it do not remember many details beyond its basic game engine.[27] The Nintendo data leak included a prototype for Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (1995) featuring a protagonist who resembles Stanley.[28] Its title, Super Donkey, suggested that Yoshi's Island began as a Donkey Kong game before it was altered to star the Mario character Yoshi.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_and_Chris_Stamper_outside_the_FortuneFish_offices.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_SNES_PAL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_(company)"},{"link_name":"Tim and Chris Stamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_and_Chris_Stamper"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong 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Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Kong"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Feature_Creature199641-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne201866-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne201866-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_3:_Dixie_Kong%27s_Double_Trouble!"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FanByte:_Novakovic-51"},{"link_name":"Kiddy Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddy_Kong"},{"link_name":"Zelda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne202223-52"}],"sub_title":"1994–1996: Rare and Donkey Kong Country","text":"Rare founders Tim and Chris Stamper (left) directed the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (right) game Donkey Kong Country (1994), which reestablished Donkey Kong as a major franchise.Around 1992, Rare, a British developer founded by the brothers Tim and Chris Stamper, purchased Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) Challenge workstations with Alias rendering software to render 3D models.[30][31] At the time, Nintendo was embroiled in a console war with Sega, whose Genesis competed with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES).[32] Nintendo wanted a game to compete with Sega's Aladdin (1993), which featured graphics by Disney animators,[33][34] when Lincoln learned of Rare's SGI experiments during a trip to Europe.[35] After impressing Nintendo with a demonstration,[32] Tim Stamper—inspired by Mortal Kombat's use of digitized footage in place of hand-drawn art—suggested developing a platform game that used pre-rendered 3D graphics.[31][36]Nintendo granted the Stampers permission to use the Donkey Kong intellectual property;[36] some sources indicate that the Stampers obtained the license after Nintendo offered them its catalog of characters and they chose Donkey Kong,[30][32] though the designer Gregg Mayles recalled that it was Nintendo that requested a Donkey Kong game.[33] Nintendo figured licensing Donkey Kong posed minimal risk due to the franchise's dormancy.[36] Rare's reboot, Donkey Kong Country, featured side-scrolling gameplay that Mayles based on the Super Mario series.[33] It was the first Donkey Kong game neither directed nor produced by Miyamoto,[37] though he provided support and contributed design ideas.[33]Donkey Kong Country was one of the first games for a mainstream home video game console to use pre-rendered graphics,[32] achieved through a compression technique that allowed Rare to convert 3D models into SNES sprites with little loss of detail.[33] Because Donkey Kong did not have much of an established universe, Rare was free to expand it, introducing Donkey Kong's sidekick Diddy Kong (who replaced Donkey Kong Jr.) and the antagonistic Kremlings.[33][38] After 18 months of development,[32] Donkey Kong Country was released in November 1994 to acclaim, with critics hailing its visuals as groundbreaking.[39][40][41][42] It was a major success,[35] selling 9.3 million copies and becoming the third-bestselling SNES game.[34][43] It reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise and heralded Donkey Kong's transition from villain to hero.[44] Following the success, Nintendo purchased a large minority stake in Rare.[35]Rare began developing concepts for a Donkey Kong Country sequel during production,[45] and Nintendo green-lit the project immediately after the success.[44] Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest, released in 1995, features Diddy rescuing a kidnapped Donkey Kong and introduces Diddy's girlfriend Dixie Kong. Diddy's Kong Quest was designed to be less linear and more challenging,[46][47] with a theme reflecting Mayles' fascination with pirates.[47] Like its predecessor, Diddy's Kong Quest was a major critical and commercial success, and is the sixth-bestselling SNES game.[48] Following Diddy's Kong Quest, the Donkey Kong Country team split in two, with one half working on Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! (1996).[49] Featuring Dixie and a new character, Kiddy Kong, as protagonists, the Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! team sought to incorporate 3D-esque gameplay and Zelda-inspired role-playing elements. Although it was released late in the SNES's lifespan and after the launch of the Nintendo 64, Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! sold well.[50]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Land"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Land 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Land_2"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Land III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Land_III"},{"link_name":"handheld game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DF_Retro-36"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_TooHard-53"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Color"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC-54"},{"link_name":"tech demo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_demo"},{"link_name":"Virtual Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Boy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DF_Retro-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N64-Console-Set.jpg"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"Diddy Kong Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diddy_Kong_Racing"},{"link_name":"Christmas shopping season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EGM''_staff199726-55"},{"link_name":"R.C. 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Pro-Am (1988), but added Diddy Kong to increase its marketability.[54] Diddy Kong Racing received favorable reviews and sold 4.5 million copies.[54][55] Two of Diddy Kong Racing's playable characters, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, would go on to star in the Banjo-Kazooie and Conker franchises.[56]Rare began working on Donkey Kong 64, the first Donkey Kong game to feature 3D gameplay, in 1997.[57] They conceived it as a linear game similar to the Country series, but switched to a more open-ended design using the game engine from their 1998 game Banjo-Kazooie after 18 months.[34][58] Donkey Kong 64 was released in November 1999, accompanied by a US$22 million marketing campaign.[59] It was Nintendo's bestselling game during the 1999 Christmas season and received positive reviews,[60][61] though critics felt it did not match the revolutionary impact of Donkey Kong Country.[62][63][64]At E3 2001, Nintendo and Rare announced three Donkey Kong projects: the GameCube game Donkey Kong Racing and the Game Boy Advance (GBA) games Donkey Kong Coconut Crackers and Diddy Kong Pilot.[65][66][67] However, development costs were increasing and Nintendo opted not to acquire Rare.[68] In September 2002, Microsoft acquired Rare for $375 million,[69] making Rare a first-party developer for Xbox.[30] Nintendo retained the rights to Donkey Kong under the terms of the acquisition.[70] Donkey Kong Racing was canceled,[65] and Rare reworked Donkey Kong Coconut Crackers and Diddy Kong Pilot into It's Mr. Pants (2004) and Banjo-Pilot (2005).[71][72]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DK-Bongos.JPG"},{"link_name":"GameCube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameCube"},{"link_name":"DK Bongos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_Bongos"},{"link_name":"Mario Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Kart"},{"link_name":"Mario Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Party"},{"link_name":"Super Smash 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3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Konga_3"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_FaveDK-76"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Jungle Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jungle_Beat"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_FaveDK-76"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_Review-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101JB-81"},{"link_name":"Yoshiaki Koizumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiaki_Koizumi"},{"link_name":"Nintendo EAD Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_EAD_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNJungleBeat-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNJungleBeat-83"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_FaveDK-76"},{"link_name":"Wii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii"},{"link_name":"Wii Remote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_Remote"},{"link_name":"Nunchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunchuk"},{"link_name":"New Play Control!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Play_Control!"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Barrel Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Barrel_Blast"},{"link_name":"Paon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paon_DP"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_History-32"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"DK: King of Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_King_of_Swing"},{"link_name":"DK: Jungle Climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_Jungle_Climber"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"Clu Clu Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clu_Clu_Land"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"spiritual successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Software Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology"},{"link_name":"2004 GBA game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong"},{"link_name":"March of the Minis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong_2:_March_of_the_Minis"},{"link_name":"Minis March Again!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong:_Minis_March_Again!"},{"link_name":"Mini-Land Mayhem!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong:_Mini-Land_Mayhem!"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_MarioVsDK-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"2002–2010: After Rare","text":"The Donkey Kong games released for the GameCube were designed to use the DK Bongos peripheral.After Microsoft acquired Rare, Nintendo relegated Donkey Kong to spin-offs and guest appearances in other franchises, such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Super Smash Bros.[73][74] In 2003, Nintendo and Namco released Donkey Konga (2003), a spin-off rhythm game. It was designed for the DK Bongos, a GameCube peripheral that resembles bongo drums.[75] Nintendo of America executive Reggie Fils-Aimé opposed releasing Donkey Konga, concerned it would damage the Donkey Kong brand, but it sold well and received positive reviews.[76][77] It was followed by Donkey Konga 2 (2004) and the Japan exclusive Donkey Konga 3 (2005).[74]Donkey Kong Jungle Beat, the first main Donkey Kong game since Donkey Kong 64,[74] was released for the GameCube in 2004.[78] It returned to the Donkey Kong Country style of platforming, controlled using the DK Bongos.[79] It was directed by Yoshiaki Koizumi as the debut project of Nintendo EAD Tokyo.[80][81] Koizumi sought to create an accessible game with a simple control scheme to contrast with more complex contemporary games.[81] It received positive reviews, but was a commercial disappointment.[74] A Wii version, featuring revised Wii Remote and Nunchuk controls, was released in 2008 as part of the New Play Control! line.[82] A racing game that used the DK Bongos, Donkey Kong Barrel Blast, was developed by Paon for the GameCube, but was moved to the Wii with support for the peripheral dropped.[83] It was released in 2007 to negative reviews,[84] with criticism for its controls.[85][86]Despite the acquisition, Rare continued to develop games for Nintendo's handheld consoles since Microsoft did not have a competing handheld.[30] It developed ports of the Country games for the GBA and Diddy Kong Racing for the Nintendo DS with additional content, released between 2003 and 2007.[87][88][89][90] Meanwhile, Paon also developed DK: King of Swing (2005) for the GBA and DK: Jungle Climber (2007) for the DS, which blend Country elements with puzzle gameplay inspired by Clu Clu Land (1984).[91] Mario vs. Donkey Kong, a spin-off series that acts as a spiritual successor to the Game Boy Donkey Kong, was developed by Nintendo Software Technology. It began with a 2004 GBA game and continued with the DS sequels March of the Minis (2006), Minis March Again! (2009), and Mini-Land Mayhem! (2010).[92] In contrast to other post-Country games, Mario vs. Donkey Kong restored Donkey Kong's villainous role.[93]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kensuke Tanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensuke_Tanabe"},{"link_name":"Retro Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Studios"},{"link_name":"Metroid Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid_Prime"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iwata:_Fate-96"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_Returns"},{"link_name":"multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_Tanabe-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne202224-98"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_Years-46"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Monster Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Games"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country:_Tropical_Freeze"},{"link_name":"Wii U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii_U"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI:_Burning-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeOdysseyTeam-110"},{"link_name":"Tipping Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_vs._Donkey_Kong:_Tipping_Stars"},{"link_name":"Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Mario_%26_Friends:_Amiibo_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"cooperative gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Vicarious Visions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_Visions"},{"link_name":"open-world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-world"},{"link_name":"Activision Blizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision_Blizzard"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeOdysseyTeam-110"},{"link_name":"remaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"2010–present: Retro Studios and second hiatus","text":"In 2008, Miyamoto expressed interest in a Donkey Kong Country revival. Producer Kensuke Tanabe suggested that Retro Studios, which had developed the Metroid Prime series, would be suitable.[94] With Donkey Kong Country Returns, Retro sought to retain classic Country elements while refining them to create a new experience and introducing new game mechanics such as surface-clinging and simultaneous multiplayer.[95][96] Returns, the first original Country game since Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, was released for the Wii in 2010.[44] It sold 4.21 million copies in under a month and received positive reviews,[97][98] with critics considering it a return to form for the franchise.[99][100][101] Monster Games developed a Nintendo 3DS version in 2013.[102]Retro developed a sequel, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, for the Wii U. The Wii U's greater processing power allowed for visual elements that the team had been unable to accomplish on the Wii, such as lighting and translucency effects and dynamic camera movement.[103][104] Tropical Freeze was released in 2014 to favorable reviews,[105] but it sold poorly in comparison to Returns.[106] It achieved greater success when it was ported to the Nintendo Switch in 2018, outselling the Wii U version within a week of release.[107] Following Tropical Freeze, the Donkey Kong franchise went on another hiatus,[108] outside of Mario vs. Donkey Kong games: Tipping Stars (2015) and Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge (2016) for the Wii U and 3DS,[109][110] and a remake of the first Mario vs. Donkey Kong (2024) with new levels and cooperative gameplay for the Switch.[111]Nintendo and Vicarious Visions, with consultation from Miyamoto, worked on a Donkey Kong game for the Switch for six months. Codenamed Freedom, the project was an open-world 3D platformer that emphasized traversal, with grinding on vines as a core mechanic. It was canceled in 2016 after Activision Blizzard, Vicarious Visions' parent company, redirected its developers' focus to the Call of Duty franchise.[112][113] Nintendo Life reported in 2021 that Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development was working on a Switch Donkey Kong game.[108] A remaster of the Wii version of Donkey Kong Country Returns featuring the 3DS version's additional content is scheduled to be released for the Switch in 2025.[114]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Characters of the Mario franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_the_Mario_franchise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donkey_Kong_94_and_64_characters.png"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1994_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_64"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkerMiyamoto-12"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_DKJr-117"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_DK94-28"},{"link_name":"necktie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necktie"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_DKDesign-120"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_Years-46"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Bayliss-121"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_DKDesign-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Bayliss-121"},{"link_name":"Cranky Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranky_Kong"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadarHistory-122"},{"link_name":"fourth wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Trivia-123"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadarHistory-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KotakuTimeline-125"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gspot:_DK64-64"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG:_MakingOf-35"},{"link_name":"spider monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_monkey"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne202218%E2%80%9320-126"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG:_MakingOf-35"},{"link_name":"Funky Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funky_Kong"},{"link_name":"surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer"},{"link_name":"Candy Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Kong"},{"link_name":"Kiddy Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddy_Kong"},{"link_name":"Tiny Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Kong"},{"link_name":"Lanky Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanky_Kong"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"King K. Rool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_K._Rool"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Kremlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlings"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC-54"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_KRool-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GInd.biz:_Why-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI:_Burning-106"},{"link_name":"fictional universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"Mario Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tennis"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_DKRDS-58"},{"link_name":"Conker's Bad Fur Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conker%27s_Bad_Fur_Day"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_DKRDS-58"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"text":"See also: Characters of the Mario franchiseArtwork for Donkey Kong (1994) and Donkey Kong 64 (1999), depicting the casts created by Nintendo and RareThe original Donkey Kong features three characters: Donkey Kong, a large, antagonistic gorilla; Mario, the overall-wearing protagonist; and Pauline, Mario's girlfriend. Donkey Kong follows Mario as he ascends a construction site to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong, his escaped pet ape.[10] In the sequel, Donkey Kong Jr., Mario imprisons Donkey Kong in a cage. The game introduces Donkey Kong's son, the diaper-wearing Donkey Kong Jr.[115][116] Mario, Pauline, Donkey Kong, and Jr. return in the 1994 Game Boy Donkey Kong,[117] in which Mario again must rescue Pauline from the Kongs.[26] The Game Boy game was the first Donkey Kong game to depict Donkey Kong wearing a red necktie bearing his initials, \"DK\".[118]Beginning with Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong's role shifted from the antagonist to the protagonist.[44] Rare's Kevin Bayliss redesigned him;[119] alongside the red tie from the Game Boy game, he was given what GamesRadar+ described as \"menacing, sunken eyes and [a] beak-like muzzle\",[118] and Bayliss designed him as blocky and muscular to make animating him easier.[119] Rare's games characterize him as the descendant of the Donkey Kong character from the arcade games, who appears as the elderly Cranky Kong.[120] Cranky Kong provides scathing, fourth wall-breaking humor in which he unfavorably compares current games to older ones like the original Donkey Kong.[121][122] Donkey Kong Jr. was retired, and Nintendo's stance on whether Rare's Donkey Kong is a grown-up Donkey Kong Jr. or a separate character has been inconsistent.[120]Rare's games moved the franchise's primary setting from a city to Donkey Kong Island,[123] an idyllic isle.[62] Because Donkey Kong did not have much of an established universe, Rare was free to expand it with new characters.[33] Donkey Kong Country introduced Diddy Kong, Donkey Kong's sidekick and nephew. Diddy's design was based on a spider monkey;[124] he was created as a redesign of Donkey Kong Jr. but retooled into a separate character at Nintendo's request.[33] Other supporting Kong characters that Rare introduced include Funky Kong, a surfer; Candy Kong, Donkey Kong's girlfriend; Dixie Kong, Diddy's girlfriend; Kiddy Kong, a large toddler; Tiny Kong, Dixie's sister; and Lanky Kong, a buffoonish orangutan.[125]The franchise's main antagonist is King K. Rool, an anthropomorphic reptilian introduced in Donkey Kong Country.[126] K. Rool leads the Kremlings, an army of crocodiles who seek to steal Donkey Kong's hoard of bananas.[52] Polygon summarized K. Rool as an archetypal game villain who \"often wears disguises and invents strange gadgets for his elaborately evil schemes\",[127] such as dressing as a pirate captain in Donkey Kong Country 2.[128] Other villains include the Tiki Tak Tribe, a race of floating masks that play music to hypnotize animals into stealing the banana hoard,[129][130] and the Snowmads, Viking invaders who summon a dragon to take over Donkey Kong Island.[104]Mario, the protagonist of the 1981 game, went on to headline the Mario franchise. Although the franchises largely remain separate, they take place in the same fictional universe, and Donkey Kong and other Donkey Kong characters frequently appear as playable characters in Mario spin-offs such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Mario Tennis.[131][132][133] Two Rare characters, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, were introduced in Diddy Kong Racing ahead of starring in their own games,[56] Banjo-Kazooie and Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001).[56][134]","title":"Story and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_DK81-137"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_DKJr-117"},{"link_name":"power-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_DK81-138"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_DKJr-117"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(game)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_DK81-138"},{"link_name":"lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_DKJr-117"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_DK81-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_DK94-140"},{"link_name":"acrobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG247DK94-27"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_DK94-140"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"strategy video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_video_game"},{"link_name":"Lemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemmings_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"Original series","text":"Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. are early examples of the platform game genre. In both games, the player must guide the playable character (Mario in the first game, Donkey Kong Jr. in the second) to scale four levels while avoiding obstacles. The player jumps to dodge incoming obstacles (such as barrels) or cross gaps and climbs ladders or vines to reach the top of the level.[135][115] In the first game, Mario can destroy obstacles by obtaining a hammer power-up,[136] while in the second, Donkey Kong Jr. can do so by knocking pieces of fruit down from vines.[115] Points are awarded for dodging or destroying obstacles, collecting items, and completing stages quickly.[136] The player begins each game with three lives,[115] which they lose if they touch an obstacle or fall from a distance.[136]Donkey Kong 3 departs from this gameplay: it is a shooter game in which the player controls Stanley, an exterminator who must prevent Donkey Kong from stirring up insects in his greenhouse. The player fires bug spray at Donkey Kong and enemy insects that attempt to steal Stanley's flowers. They complete levels by spraying Donkey Kong enough to force him to the top of the screen or by killing all the insects.[137]The 1994 Game Boy game begins with the four stages from the original Donkey Kong, but after completing the fourth, the player is presented with over 100 additional stages that introduce puzzle-platform gameplay in which Mario must scout each level within a time limit to locate a key.[138] Mario can pick up and throw objects and enemies, similar to Super Mario Bros. 2, and perform acrobatics to reach otherwise inaccessible areas of the levels.[25] This gameplay would serve as the basis for Mario vs. Donkey Kong,[138] which introduces stages in which Mario must guide six Mini-Mario toys to a toy box while protecting them from hazards.[139] Mario vs. Donkey Kong's sequels make guiding the Mini-Mario toys the focus, with each stage requiring the player to do so with touchscreen controls.[140] This gameplay has been frequently compared to the strategy video game Lemmings (1991).[141]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donkey_Kong_Country_Logo.webp"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RG:_MakingOf-35"},{"link_name":"world map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworld#Platform_games"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Nintendo_Power''_staff19948%E2%80%9317-144"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScary_Larry199451-145"},{"link_name":"difficulty level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difficulty_level"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iwata:_Action-147"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC-54"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC3-149"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_TFSwitch-150"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_Years-46"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_TFReview-151"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_TFReview-152"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_TFSwitch-150"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_TFSwitch-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku:_DKCSecret-153"},{"link_name":"minecarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecart"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VB:_TFSwitch-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku:_DKCSecret-153"},{"link_name":"silhouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot:_DKCRHandsOn-154"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku:_DKCSecret-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne202218-155"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScary_Larry199451-145"},{"link_name":"bonus stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_stage"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_TFReview-151"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USG:_RetroReview-156"},{"link_name":"Yoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshi"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_DKC-157"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC-54"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_TFReview-158"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_characters"},{"link_name":"save points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC2-159"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_TFReview-151"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Donkey Kong Country","text":"The Donkey Kong Country logo used until 2005The Donkey Kong Country series features platforming gameplay in which players complete side-scrolling levels to progress, reminiscent of Nintendo's Super Mario series.[33] The player begins in a world map that tracks their progress and provides access to the themed worlds and their levels. They traverse the environment, jump between platforms, and avoid enemy and inanimate obstacles.[142] Each world ends with a boss fight with a large enemy.[143] The Country series is known for its high difficulty level and emphasis on momentum, requiring players to react to oncoming obstacles quickly to maintain flow.[144][145][146]Players control one of the various playable Kongs, depending on the game: Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, Kiddy Kong, Cranky Kong, and Funky Kong.[52][147][148] The Rare games each feature two protagonists, with one protagonist carrying over to the sequel while another is introduced.[44] The Retro Studios games star Donkey Kong with other characters as his sidekicks.[149][150] Players primarily control one Kong, with the second increasing their health.[148] In the Retro Studios games, other characters ride on Donkey Kong's back to provide special abilities; for instance, Diddy's jetpack allows him to temporarily hover.[148]Country's game mechanics include blasting out of barrel cannons,[151] vehicle sequences with minecarts and barrel-themed rockets,[148][151] levels in which the characters and foreground environments appear as silhouettes,[152] and swinging vines.[151] Barrels return from the original series and can be used as weapons or broken to uncover power-ups.[153] One barrel variant releases a partner Kong when thrown.[143] Each level contains collectibles such as bananas, letters that spell out K–O–N–G, balloons, and puzzle pieces. These items can be found within the main level or by discovering hidden bonus stages, where they are earned via completing a challenge.[149][154]In certain levels, the player can free an animal that provides the Kongs with special abilities, similar to the Super Mario series' Yoshi.[155] Recurring animal friends include Rambi, a rhino that can charge into enemies and find hidden entrances; Enguarde, a swordfish that can defeat enemies underwater; and Squawks, a parrot who carries the Kongs or assists in finding collectibles.[52][156] Outside the main gameplay, the Rare games' world map contains areas where players can converse with non-player characters, such as Cranky, who provide advice, collectibles, and save points.[157] The Retro Studios games feature shops (run by Cranky in Returns and Funky in Tropical Freeze) where the player can purchase items like power-ups and lives.[149][158]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayhoe202265%E2%80%9367-161"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RVG:_Machacek-162"},{"link_name":"Super Mario 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_64"},{"link_name":"Banjo-Kazooie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gspot:_DK64-64"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR:_DK64-163"},{"link_name":"score attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Score_(game)"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"shoulder buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_button"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"kart racing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart_racing_game"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_DKRDS-58"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Taiko no Tatsujin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko_no_Tatsujin"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"}],"sub_title":"Other games","text":"Some games without the Country branding contain similar gameplay. The Donkey Kong Land trilogy condenses the SNES Country gameplay for the Game Boy, with different level design that accounts for the system's low-quality display.[159][160] Donkey Kong 64 blends Country elements with \"collect-a-thon\" gameplay reminiscent of Super Mario 64 (1996) and Banjo-Kazooie (1998),[62][161] while Jungle Beat's score attack emphasis challenges players to complete levels with as many points as possible.[162] DK: King of Swing and DK: Jungle Climber are aesthetically similar to the Country games, but require players to use the shoulder buttons to grab and climb pegboards to reach the end of a level.[163]Diddy Kong Racing and Donkey Kong Barrel Blast are kart racing games that play similarly to the Mario Kart series, though Diddy Kong Racing features an adventure mode with boss fights and Barrel Blast has the player shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk alternatively to accelerate.[56][164] The Donkey Konga trilogy was developed by the Taiko no Tatsujin developers and features the same gameplay:[165][166] the player must hit scrolling notes to the beat of the music with accurate timing, with stylized notes corresponding to different buttons. Players build combos by hitting two or more notes; the combo ends when they miss a beat.[167]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aquatic Ambience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Ambience"},{"link_name":"DK Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_Rap"},{"link_name":"audio engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Hirokazu Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirokazu_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"melodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RareWise-172"},{"link_name":"David Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEMO:_Wise-173"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_Remaking-174"},{"link_name":"Project Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Dream"},{"link_name":"Eveline Novakovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveline_Novakovic"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FanByte:_Novakovic-51"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Koji Kondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koji_Kondo"},{"link_name":"Legend of Zelda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Zelda"},{"link_name":"Tim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Follin"},{"link_name":"Plok!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plok!"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEMO:_Wise-173"},{"link_name":"Korg Wavestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg_Wavestation"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RareWise-172"},{"link_name":"Alan Silvestri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Silvestri"},{"link_name":"Klaus Doldinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Doldinger"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FanByte:_Novakovic-51"},{"link_name":"Graeme Norgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Norgate"},{"link_name":"Grant Kirkhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Kirkhope"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FanByte:_Novakovic-51"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkhope:_Website-178"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FanByte:_Novakovic-51"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirkhope:_Website-178"},{"link_name":"Perfect Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Dark"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR:_DK64-163"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"DK Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DK_Rap"},{"link_name":"comedy rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_rap"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rare_Breed-180"},{"link_name":"Kenji Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Yamamoto_(composer,_born_1964)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR:_Years-46"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iwata:_Action-147"},{"link_name":"bassline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_Tanabe-97"},{"link_name":"big band jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band_jazz"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_Remaking-174"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Mahito Yokota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahito_Yokota"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"}],"text":"See also: Aquatic Ambience and DK RapThe music for Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. was composed by Yukio Kaneoka, one of Nintendo's earliest audio engineers. Kaneoka wanted to take players on an adventure with a \"pretty melody\", which he compared to those in Walt Disney Productions films. He faced resistance from the designers, who wanted comical music to reflect the games' tone.[168] Hirokazu Tanaka, a sound engineer who later garnered recognition for his work on Nintendo's Metroid and Pokémon franchises, also contributed.[169]The Donkey Kong Country series features atmospheric music that mixes natural environmental sounds with melodic and percussive accompaniments.[170] It was primarily composed by David Wise, who worked at Rare from 1985 to 2009.[171][172] After Wise moved with a portion of the Diddy's Kong Quest team to work on Project Dream, Eveline Novakovic—who composed a portion of the first Country—handled the majority of Dixie Kong's Double Trouble.[49] Wise composed a replacement soundtrack for the 2005 GBA port of Dixie Kong's Double Trouble after Rare had problems converting Novakovic's score.[173] Wise drew inspiration from Koji Kondo's Super Mario and Legend of Zelda music, Tim and Geoff Follin's Plok! (1993) soundtrack, and 1980s synthesizer-heavy rock music, dance music and film soundtracks.[171] He aimed to imitate the sound of the Korg Wavestation synthesizer.[170] Novakovic attempted to give levels a sense of purpose and drew inspiration from film composers such as Alan Silvestri and Klaus Doldinger.[49]Graeme Norgate and Grant Kirkhope adapted Wise's Country soundtracks for the first two Donkey Kong Land games,[174][175] while Novakovic adapted the Dixie Kong's Double Trouble soundtrack for Donkey Kong Land III.[49] Novakovic was set to compose music for Donkey Kong 64,[176] but shifted to working on sound effects.[49] She was replaced by Kirkhope,[176] who composed alongside the Banjo-Kazooie games and Perfect Dark (2000).[161] Nintendo Life described Kirkhope's Donkey Kong 64 score as closer in spirit to his work on Banjo-Kazooie than Wise's Country music.[177] Donkey Kong 64's introduction features the \"DK Rap\", a comedy rap song which introduces the Kong characters. It was written by Donkey Kong 64's director, George Andreas, scored and recorded by Kirkhope, and performed by Andreas and Chris Sutherland, with other Rare staff joining on the chorus.[178]Wise was unavailable during the development of Donkey Kong Country Returns, so Kenji Yamamoto took over.[44] At the request of Miyamoto and Iwata, the Returns soundtrack mostly comprises rearrangements of tracks from the original Donkey Kong Country,[145] plus some new material by Yamamoto. He focused on what Tanabe felt made Donkey Kong Country's music iconic, such as piano arrangements and the bassline.[95] Wise left Rare during Returns' development and collaborated with Yamamoto on the Tropical Freeze soundtrack. Technological advances allowed Wise to achieve a \"1940s big band jazz\" sound that he had been unable to produce on the SNES.[172] Beyond the Country series, Wise composed the Diddy Kong Racing soundtrack.[179] Other composers who have contributed to Donkey Kong games include Mahito Yokota, who composed for Jungle Beat,[180] and Lawrence Schwedler, who composed for Mario vs. Donkey Kong.[181]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros."},{"link_name":"crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._(video_game)"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Brawl"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Super Smash Bros. Ultimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_KRool-129"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Mario & Sonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_%26_Sonic"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Punch-Out!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch-Out!!_(Wii)"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_%2B_Rabbids_Kingdom_Battle"},{"link_name":"Ubisoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisoft"},{"link_name":"Raving Rabbids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raving_Rabbids"},{"link_name":"expansion pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Activision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activision"},{"link_name":"toys-to-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys-to-life"},{"link_name":"Skylanders: SuperChargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylanders:_SuperChargers"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"sub_title":"Crossovers","text":"Donkey Kong is represented in every game in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. series of crossover fighting games. Donkey Kong debuted in the original Super Smash Bros. (1999) as the only heavyweight fighter, with slow but powerful attacks.[182] Diddy Kong was added as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008),[183] while King K. Rool was added in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018).[127] Smash games also feature Donkey Kong stages and music.[184][185]Donkey Kong appears in Mario & Sonic, an Olympic Games-themed crossover between Mario and Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog franchise, as a playable character;[186] in the Wii version of Punch-Out!! (2009) as the final boss;[187] and in Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle (2017), a crossover between Mario and Ubisoft's Raving Rabbids franchise, as the protagonist of an expansion pack.[188] Activision's toys-to-life game Skylanders: SuperChargers (2015) includes Donkey Kong as a playable character in the versions released on Nintendo platforms.[189]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturday Supercade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Supercade"},{"link_name":"Captain N: The Game Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_N:_The_Game_Master"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country (TV series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Saturday Supercade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Supercade"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI:_SS-192"},{"link_name":"Soupy Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soupy_Sales"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Peter Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cullen"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Optimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_Prime"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI:_SS-192"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Captain N: The Game Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_N:_The_Game_Master"},{"link_name":"DIC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Medialab Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medialab_Technology"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_TVShow-197"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_TVShow-198"},{"link_name":"computer animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_TVShow-198"},{"link_name":"motion capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_TVShow-198"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot:_TVShow-200"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_TVShow-197"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_TVShow-198"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Gaming 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_Gaming_101"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_TVShow-198"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpot:_TVShow-200"}],"sub_title":"Animated series","text":"Further information: Saturday Supercade, Captain N: The Game Master, and Donkey Kong Country (TV series)A Donkey Kong cartoon aired as part of CBS's hour-long Saturday Supercade programming block in 1983. The cartoon follows Mario and Pauline as they attempt to capture Donkey Kong after he escapes from a circus. Game Informer described the series as \"abysmal... filled with bad puns and ridiculous situations\".[190] Soupy Sales voiced Donkey Kong,[191] while Peter Cullen and Frank Welker (who later garnered recognition for voicing Optimus Prime and Megatron in the Transformers franchise) voiced Mario and Donkey Kong Jr.[190][192] Donkey Kong was also a recurring character in Captain N: The Game Master, a DIC Entertainment series that ran on NBC for 34 episodes between 1989 and 1991.[193][194]Donkey Kong Country, a television series produced by the French-Canadian company Medialab Technology, ran for 40 episodes between 1997 and 1999, bridging the gap between Dixie Kong's Double Trouble and Donkey Kong 64.[195][196] Reflecting the games' pre-rendered 3D graphics, Donkey Kong Country was produced using computer animation,[196] accomplished with motion capture technology.[197] The series adopts a sitcom approach and follows Donkey Kong as he attempts to protect a magical artifact, the Crystal Coconut, from King K. Rool.[196][198] Donkey Kong Country was produced with little input from Nintendo, and was the final Western series that Nintendo licensed before it shifted to producing and importing anime.[195] The series was popular in France and Japan, though less so in the United States.[196] Retrospectively, Hardcore Gaming 101 criticized the series for lacking the adventure of the Country games,[196] while GameSpot called its aged animation \"nightmare fuel\" and \"visually disturbing\".[198]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Valiant Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiant_Comics"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Comics System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Comics_System"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"British comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_comics"},{"link_name":"Fleetway Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetway_Publications"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"children's book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_book"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_Land-204"}],"sub_title":"Printed media","text":"The first issue of Blip, a short-lived American comic book published by Marvel Comics in 1983, features a story in which a foolish news reporter attempts to interview Mario during the events of the original Donkey Kong. The story characterizes Donkey Kong as the result of a failed experiment to breed construction-worker gorillas.[199] Blip marked Mario's first appearance in a comic book, years before Valiant Comics' Nintendo Comics System series in the 1990s.[200] The British comics publisher Fleetway Publications published a promotional Donkey Kong Country comic in the UK in 1995,[201] while Michael Teitelbaum wrote children's book adaptations of Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land and Donkey Kong Country 2.[202]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seth_Rogen_at_Collision_2019_-_SM0_1823_(47106936404)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Seth Rogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen"},{"link_name":"The Super Mario Bros. Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie"},{"link_name":"The Super Mario Bros. Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_Movie-205"},{"link_name":"Illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination_(company)"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety:_1bil-206"},{"link_name":"Chris Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Princess Peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Peach"},{"link_name":"Anya Taylor-Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Taylor-Joy"},{"link_name":"Bowser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowser"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"Mushroom Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Seth Rogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Rogen"},{"link_name":"Fred Armisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Armisen"},{"link_name":"cameo appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing film based on a video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_based_on_video_games"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety:_1bil-206"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro:_Movie-205"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Seth Rogen voices Donkey Kong in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023).Elements from the Donkey Kong franchise feature prominently in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023),[203] an animated film produced by Nintendo, Illumination, and Universal Pictures.[204] Mario (Chris Pratt) and Princess Peach (Anya Taylor-Joy) seek the Kongs' help to stop Bowser (Jack Black) from invading the Mushroom Kingdom. Seth Rogen and Fred Armisen voice Donkey Kong and Cranky Kong, while other Kongs make cameo appearances and the \"DK Rap\" plays during Donkey Kong's introduction.[205] Donkey Kong was redesigned for the first time since Donkey Kong Country, combining elements of Rare's design and his original arcade-era design.[206][207] The Super Mario Bros. Movie received mixed reviews,[208] and Rogen received criticism for voicing Donkey Kong in his regular speaking voice.[209] The film earned over $1 billion, making it the highest-grossing film based on a video game.[204]In November 2021, prior to The Super Mario Bros. Movie's release, reports emerged that Illumination was developing a Donkey Kong film with Rogen set to reprise his role.[210] In April 2023, Rogen said he saw \"a lot of opportunity\" in the prospect.[211] Eurogamer wrote that Diddy and Dixie's brief cameo in The Super Mario Bros. Movie was obvious setup for a Donkey Kong film.[203]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Destinations & Experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Destinations_%26_Experiences"},{"link_name":"Super Nintendo World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_World"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan"},{"link_name":"Universal Epic Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Epic_Universe"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"roller coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_coaster"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"}],"sub_title":"Theme parks","text":"In September 2021, Nintendo and Universal Destinations & Experiences announced a Donkey Kong-themed expansion of the Super Nintendo World themed area at Universal Studios Japan and Universal Epic Universe. The area, Donkey Kong Country, is set to open at Universal Studios Japan in 2024 and at Universal Epic Universe in 2025, and will expand the size of Super Nintendo World by 70%.[212][213] It was designed with consultation from Miyamoto and will include a roller coaster, Donkey Kong's Crazy Cart, based on the Tiki Tong boss fight from Donkey Kong Country Returns. The area will also feature a K–O–N–G letter collection game and offer Donkey Kong merchandise and food.[214][215]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego Super Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Super_Mario"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Amiibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiibo"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"breakfast cereal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_cereal"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI:_SS-192"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"Lego Super Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Super_Mario"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"See also: Lego Super MarioDonkey Kong merchandise includes clothing,[216] toys such as plushes and Amiibo figures,[217][218] breakfast cereal[190] and soundtrack albums.[219][220] The Lego Group began producing Donkey Kong Lego construction toys in 2023 as a subseries within its Lego Super Mario product line.[221] The initial four sets, based on the Donkey Kong Country games, were released in August 2023.[222]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021155%E2%80%93160-227"},{"link_name":"Player's Choice and Nintendo Selects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Selects"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_BestAndWorst-45"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises,[223] with sales reaching 65 million units by March 2021.[224] Five Donkey Kong games (Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land, Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, Donkey Kong 64, and Donkey Kong Country Returns) have shipped over a million copies in Japan alone,[225] and several have been added to Nintendo's Player's Choice and Nintendo Selects bestseller lines.[226][227] Excluding rereleases and arcade games, the SNES version of Donkey Kong Country is the franchise's bestselling game, with 9.3 million copies sold worldwide, while DK: King of Swing is the worst-selling, with 280,000 copies sold worldwide.[43]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Mario Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros."},{"link_name":"Game Developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDev:_Secret-252"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Important-253"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time:_Changed-254"},{"link_name":"video game crash of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Important-253"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time:_Changed-254"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlancey199615%E2%80%9316-255"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei6-256"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei6-256"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Ricoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricoh"},{"link_name":"Picture Processing Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Processing_Unit"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei7-258"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_clone"},{"link_name":"Crazy Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hard Hat Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Hat_Mack"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltice201553%E2%80%9380-260"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltice201553%E2%80%9380-260"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''CVG''198340%E2%80%9341-261"},{"link_name":"VG247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkerMiyamoto-12"},{"link_name":"text-based adventure games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-based_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"role-playing video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Important-253"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku:_25Yrs-264"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USG:_Bluff-26"},{"link_name":"BlueSky Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueSky_Software"},{"link_name":"Vectorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorman"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Naughty Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_Dog"},{"link_name":"Crash Bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"HAL Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Kirby Super Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_Super_Star"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Traveller's Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveller%27s_Tales"},{"link_name":"Sonic Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Team"},{"link_name":"Sonic 3D Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_3D_Blast"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Mean_Machines_Sega''_staff199625-269"},{"link_name":"Mekazoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mekazoo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaze and the Wild Masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaze_and_the_Wild_Masks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC:_Reboot-272"},{"link_name":"Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yooka-Laylee_and_the_Impossible_Lair"},{"link_name":"Playtonic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playtonic_Games"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"spiritual successor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_successor"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_History-32"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice:_Terrible-275"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HG101:_DKC-54"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRadar:_Trivia-123"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice:_Terrible-275"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon:_Hat-277"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EGM''_staff200550-278"},{"link_name":"A Hat in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hat_in_Time"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polygon:_Hat-277"}],"sub_title":"Effect on the industry","text":"If you can't imagine a world without Super Mario Brothers, without the NES, and maybe even without Nintendo at all, then you can't imagine a world without Donkey Kong. Both as a remarkable piece of game design and a commercial breakthrough for the single most important gaming company in Japan, Donkey Kong changed the world, and 30 years later we're still feeling its effects.\n\n\nGame Developer[243]The original Donkey Kong is regarded as one of the most important video games of all time.[244][245] Its success established Nintendo as one of the video game industry's leaders and helped it avoid the video game crash of 1983.[244][245] Computer and Video Games called Donkey Kong \"the most momentous\" game of 1981, as it \"introduced three important names\" to the industry: Nintendo, Shigeru Miyamoto, and Mario.[246] Donkey Kong also paved the way for the NES,[247] which rejuvenated the crashed Western game industry and shifted the home console market's dominance from the US to Japan.[248] The NES was largely based on the Donkey Kong arcade hardware;[247] Nintendo took a Donkey Kong arcade cabinet to the semiconductor chip manufacturer Ricoh for analysis, which led to Ricoh producing the NES's Picture Processing Unit.[249]Donkey Kong inspired many games, including clones such as Crazy Kong (1981) and Hard Hat Mack (1983),[250] that featured a mix of running, jumping, and vertical traversal.[251] These were initially referred to as \"Donkey Kong-type\" or \"Kong-style\" games, but eventually came to be known as platformers.[251][252] While Donkey Kong was not the first platform game, VG247 wrote \"it was the first to matter\" by establishing the genre's template.[253] Furthermore, Donkey Kong's spirited graphics, humor, and contextualization of the gameplay with a story distinguished it from contemporary arcade games.[10] Although text-based adventure games and computer role-playing video games preceded it, Donkey Kong is regarded as the first game to use graphics to tell a story,[254] which GamesRadar+ said provided an unprecedented level of narrative depth.[244]Donkey Kong Country's pre-rendered graphics featured a level of detail unprecedented in console games at the time,[255][256] and inspired many imitators.[24] It inspired games such as BlueSky Software's Vectorman (1995),[257] Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot (1996),[258] HAL Laboratory's Kirby Super Star (1996),[259] and Traveller's Tales and Sonic Team's Sonic 3D Blast (1996).[260] Country's influence has carried into more modern games such as Mekazoo (2016) and Kaze and the Wild Masks (2021);[261][262] the Australian Broadcasting Corporation credited it for demonstrating 2D games could remain relevant after the introduction of 3D.[263] Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair (2019)—developed by Playtonic Games, whose staff includes Rare alumni that worked on Country—was noted for its gameplay similarities to Country,[264] though Playtonic declined to label it a spiritual successor.[265]The Country games established Rare as a leading video game developer and set the standard for its work.[30][266] Country originated conventions characteristic of Rare's later output, including an emphasis on collecting items,[52] irreverent humor,[121] visual appeal, and tech demo-like design.[266] Conversely, Donkey Kong 64 has been blamed for precipitating 3D platforming's decline in popularity for its excessive emphasis on collecting items.[267][268] Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that whereas Super Mario 64 had \"breathed life into the 3D platforming genre\", Donkey Kong 64 had \"sucked it all out\".[269] Jonas Kaerlev, who developed the 3D platformer A Hat in Time (2017), said Donkey Kong 64 gave the genre a reputation for tedium that contributed to a decline in interest.[268]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donkey Kong high score competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_high_score_competition"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"Monster Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Jam"},{"link_name":"monster truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_truck"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"Pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixels_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"War for the Planet of the Apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes"},{"link_name":"Matt Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Reeves"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_Weibe.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Mitchell_and_Pac-Man_CROPPED.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steve Wiebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wiebe"},{"link_name":"Billy Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(gamer)"},{"link_name":"The King of Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Kong"},{"link_name":"competitive video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_video_game"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph:_Competition-288"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_Competition-289"},{"link_name":"The King of Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Kong"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Seth Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS:_KoK-290"},{"link_name":"Donkey Kong's competitive culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_Kong_high_score_competition"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poly:_Competition-289"},{"link_name":"Steve Wiebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Wiebe"},{"link_name":"Billy Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(gamer)"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS:_KoK-290"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph:_Competition-288"},{"link_name":"speedrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedrunning"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"video game music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_music"},{"link_name":"Trent Reznor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Reznor"},{"link_name":"Donald Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Glover"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_AquaticAmbience-292"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"OverClocked ReMix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverClocked_ReMix"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Curse of the Crystal Coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Crystal_Coconut"},{"link_name":"pirate metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_metal"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Alestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alestorm"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KotakuTimeline-125"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"fansite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fansite"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeOdysseyTeam-110"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KotakuTimeline-125"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WiredTrademark-300"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCW:_On-302"},{"link_name":"Ice Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cube"},{"link_name":"Now I Gotta Wet'cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_I_Gotta_Wet%E2%80%99cha"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCW:_On-302"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"U.S. Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WiredTrademark-300"}],"sub_title":"Cultural impact","text":"See also: Donkey Kong high score competitionDonkey Kong is one of the most iconic video game characters,[270][271] and journalists have described him as a mascot for both Nintendo and the video game industry.[272][273][274][275] In 2007, the Monster Jam racing series obtained the license to use Donkey Kong's appearance for a monster truck. The truck debuted in a December 2007 show in Minneapolis and toured with Monster Jam throughout 2008.[276] Donkey Kong appears as an antagonist in the film Pixels (2015), which pays homage to classic arcade games,[277] while the film War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) features treacherous apes nicknamed \"donkeys\", which director Matt Reeves confirmed was a reference to Donkey Kong.[278]Donkey Kong high score competitors Steve Wiebe (left) and Billy Mitchell (right) feature in the documentary The King of Kong (2007).The original Donkey Kong is a popular competitive video game. The Daily Telegraph called it \"the most fiercely contested video game of all time\",[279] while Polygon wrote that achieving the highest score \"is probably the most coveted arcade game world record\".[280] The King of Kong (2007), a documentary film directed by Seth Gordon,[281] brought Donkey Kong's competitive culture to prominence.[280] It follows two players, Steve Wiebe and Billy Mitchell, in their respective attempts to obtain and maintain the world record.[281] The Telegraph described Donkey Kong competition as bitter and said the heated rivalries between players contribute to the game's lasting appeal.[279] The Donkey Kong Country games are also popular in the video game speedrunning community.[282]IGN said that Donkey Kong Country's soundtrack contributed to an increased appreciation for video game music as an art form, and musicians such as Trent Reznor and Donald Glover have praised it.[283] Glover sampled \"Aquatic Ambience\" in his 2012 song \"Eat Your Vegetables\", to which Wise expressed approval.[284] OverClocked ReMix has released Donkey Kong remix albums including contributions from Wise, Beanland, and Kirkhope.[285] Curse of the Crystal Coconut, a 2020 pirate metal album by the Scottish heavy metal band Alestorm, contains numerous references to the Donkey Kong franchise, including its title; those who pre-ordered the album had a chance to win an Alestorm-branded Nintendo 64 with a copy of Donkey Kong 64.[286]Donkey Kong has been noted for its active fandom.[123][287] Nintendo Life described one fansite, DK Vine, as \"highly respected\".[108] The franchise's lack of storytelling has led fans to theorize its fictional chronology. Kotaku described one theory, which postulates that Donkey Kong Jr. was killed in a violent, off-screen conflict to explain his absence in the Country series, as \"a fascinating example of how fandoms can run away with the smallest bits of narrative available\" to rationalize inconsistencies.[123] A team of fans led by animator Alex Henderson released DKC: Curse of the Crystal Coconut, an animated tribute short film, in 2021 to commemorate the franchise's 40th anniversary and the Donkey Kong Country television series' 25th anniversary.[288] Several voice actors from the Country television series reprised their roles for DKC: Return to Krocodile Isle, a follow-up animation released in 2023.[289]In the years following the original Donkey Kong's release, the phrase \"it's on like Donkey Kong\" entered pop culture vernacular.[290] The phrase has been used in television series, films, music, and news headlines;[291][292] it is typically used to say something is \"going down\".[293] It was popularized by the rapper Ice Cube, who used the phrase in his song \"Now I Gotta Wet'cha\" (1992), though it is unclear if he coined it.[293][294] Nintendo filed a trademark request for the phrase with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in November 2010 as part of its marketing push for Donkey Kong Country Returns.[291]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"[doŋ.kiː koŋ.ɡɯ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Space Panic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Panic"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-232"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN:_MarioHistory-5"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994121-230"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein2019196-15"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021173-231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-234"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001352-233"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021173-231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-238"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLife:_BestAndWorst-45"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021167-236"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021168-237"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-243"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021163-240"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021170-235"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-246"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021171-244"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-249"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021162-247"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021165-248"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-251"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECESA2021168-237"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"}],"text":"^ Japanese: ドンキーコング, Hepburn: Donkī Kongu, [doŋ.kiː koŋ.ɡɯ]\n\n^ Although Universal's Space Panic preceded Donkey Kong by a year, Red Bull wrote that Donkey Kong is generally considered the first \"true\" platform game for introducing the ability to jump.[9]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nArcade: 60,000[4]\nColecoVision: 6 million[228]\nGame & Watch: 8 million[13]\nNES: 1.13 million[229]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nArcade: 30,000[230]\nNES: 1.11 million[229]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nSNES: 9.3 million[43]\nGBC: 2.19 million[232]\nGBA: 1.82 million[233]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nN64: 4.88 million[235]\nDS: 1.59 million[231]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nGBA: 1.37 million[238]\nSwitch: 1.12 million[239]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nWii: 6.53 million[240]\n3DS: 2.91 million[241]\n\n^ Sales breakdown:\nWii U: 2.02 million[233]\nSwitch: 2.08 million[242]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Shigeru_Miyamoto_at_E3_2013_1_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Shigeru_Miyamoto_at_E3_2013_1_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Donkey Kong games released for the GameCube were designed to use the DK Bongos peripheral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/DK-Bongos.JPG/170px-DK-Bongos.JPG"},{"image_text":"Artwork for Donkey Kong (1994) and Donkey Kong 64 (1999), depicting the casts created by Nintendo and Rare","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Donkey_Kong_94_and_64_characters.png/220px-Donkey_Kong_94_and_64_characters.png"},{"image_text":"The Donkey Kong Country logo used until 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Donkey_Kong_Country_Logo.webp/220px-Donkey_Kong_Country_Logo.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Seth Rogen voices Donkey Kong in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Seth_Rogen_at_Collision_2019_-_SM0_1823_%2847106936404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Seth_Rogen_at_Collision_2019_-_SM0_1823_%2847106936404%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
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Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 127. Lombard: Ziff Davis. February 2000. p. 178. ISSN 1058-918X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois","url_text":"Lombard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-918X","url_text":"1058-918X"}]},{"reference":"Epstein, David (June 27, 2019). \"Chapter 9: Lateral Thinking with Withered Technology\". Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-5098-4351-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Epstein_(journalist)","url_text":"Epstein, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oEGCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT196","url_text":"\"Chapter 9: Lateral Thinking with Withered Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range:_Why_Generalists_Triumph_in_a_Specialized_World","url_text":"Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Macmillan","url_text":"Pan Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5098-4351-0","url_text":"978-1-5098-4351-0"}]},{"reference":"The Feature Creature (January 1996). \"Up in the Treehouse\". GamePro. No. 88. Oakland: IDG Communications. pp. 40–42. ISSN 1042-8658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California","url_text":"Oakland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDG_Communications","url_text":"IDG Communications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1042-8658","url_text":"1042-8658"}]},{"reference":"Hayhoe, Benjamin (July 7, 2022). \"The Making of: Donkey Kong Land\". Retro Gamer. No. 235. Bournemouth: Future plc. pp. 64–67. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barbecue
List of Schitt's Creek episodes
["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (2015)","2.2 Season 2 (2016)","2.3 Season 3 (2017)","2.4 Season 4 (2018)","2.5 Season 5 (2019)","2.6 Season 6 (2020)","2.7 Special","3 References","4 External links"]
Episodes of the Canadian sitcom Schitt's Creek is a Canadian television sitcom that premiered on CBC Television on January 13, 2015. The series was created by Eugene Levy and Dan Levy and produced by Not a Real Company Productions. On January 12, 2015, CBC renewed the show for a second season, which premiered January 12, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. On February 17, 2016, the CBC announced that they renewed the show for a third season, and began broadcasting the third season on January 10, 2017. The fourth season began on January 9, 2018, in Canada and January 24 on Pop TV in the United States. The series stars Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara as Johnny and Moira Rose, a wealthy couple who are forced, after losing all their money, to rebuild their lives in their only remaining asset: the small town of Schitt's Creek, which they once purchased as a joke, where they are living with their two adult children in two adjacent rooms of a rundown motel. The cast also includes Dan Levy, Annie Murphy, Chris Elliott, Jennifer Robertson and Emily Hampshire. Over the course of the series, 80 episodes of Schitt's Creek aired in Canada and the United States. The final episode, airing April 7, 2020, received the highest ratings in the history of the program with 1.3 million viewers. Series overview SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)213January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)313January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)41312January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)1December 19, 2018 (2018-12-19)514January 8, 2019 (2019-01-08)April 9, 2019 (2019-04-09)614January 7, 2020 (2020-01-07)April 7, 2020 (2020-04-07) Episodes Season 1 (2015) Main article: Schitt's Creek (season 1) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)11"Our Cup Runneth Over"Jerry CiccorittiDaniel LevyJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)262452-11.359 22"The Drip"Jerry CiccorittiChris PozzebonJanuary 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)262452-21.366 33"Don't Worry, It's His Sister"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)262452-31.266 44"Bad Parents"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteJanuary 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)262452-40.834 55"The Cabin"Paul FoxAmanda WalshFebruary 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)262452-50.724 66"Wine and Roses"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteFebruary 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)262452-60.759 77"Turkey Shoot"Paul FoxStory by : Michael GrassiTeleplay by : Daniel LevyFebruary 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)262452-70.688 88"Allez-Vous"Paul FoxChris PozzebonFebruary 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)262452-8N/A 99"Carl's Funeral"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)262452-90.837 1010"Honeymoon"Jerry CiccorittiDaniel LevyMarch 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)262452-10N/A 1111"Little Sister"Paul FoxMichael ShortMarch 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)262452-110.622 1212"Surprise Party"Paul FoxChris PozzebonMarch 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)262452-12N/A 1313"Town for Sale"Jerry CiccorittiTeleplay by : Kevin WhiteStory by : Daniel LevyMarch 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)262452-130.872 Season 2 (2016) Main article: Schitt's Creek (season 2) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)141"Finding David"Jerry CiccorittiDaniel LevyJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)262452-140.808 152"Family Dinner"Jerry CiccorittiDavid West ReadJanuary 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)262452-150.775 163"Jazzagals"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)262452-16N/A 174"Estate Sale"Jerry CiccorittiTeresa PavlinekJanuary 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)262452-170.656 185"Bob's Bagels"Paul FoxChris Pozzebon and Daniel LevyFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)262452-18N/A 196"Moira vs. Town Council"Jerry CiccorittiDaniel LevyFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)262452-19N/A 207"The Candidate"Paul FoxKevin WhiteFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)262452-20N/A 218"Milk Money"Paul FoxMichael ShortFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)262452-21N/A 229"Moira's Nudes"Jerry CiccorittiDavid West ReadMarch 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)262452-22N/A 2310"Ronnie's Party"Paul FoxMatt KippenMarch 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)262452-23N/A 2411"The Motel Guest"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)262452-24N/A 2512"Lawn Signs"Jerry CiccorittiKevin WhiteMarch 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)262452-25N/A 2613"Happy Anniversary"Jerry CiccorittiDaniel LevyMarch 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)262452-26N/A Season 3 (2017) Main article: Schitt's Creek (season 3) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)271"Opening Night"T. W. PeacockeDaniel LevyJanuary 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)262452-270.992 282"The Throuple"T. W. PeacockeDavid West ReadJanuary 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)262452-28N/A 293"New Car"Paul FoxKevin WhiteJanuary 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)262452-29N/A 304"Driving Test"Paul FoxMichael ShortJanuary 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)262452-30N/A 315"Rooms by the Hour"T. W. PeacockeMonica Heisey and Daniel LevyFebruary 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)262452-31N/A 326"Murder Mystery"T. W. PeacockeMichael ShortFebruary 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)262452-32N/A 337"General Store"Paul FoxDaniel LevyFebruary 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)262452-33N/A 348"Motel Review"Paul FoxKevin WhiteFebruary 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)262452-34N/A 359"The Affair"T. W. PeacockeDavid West ReadMarch 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)262452-35N/A 3610"Sebastien Raine"T. W. PeacockeKevin WhiteMarch 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)262452-36N/A 3711"Stop Saying Lice!"Paul FoxDaniel LevyMarch 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)262452-37N/A 3812"Friends & Family"Paul FoxDavid West ReadMarch 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)262452-38N/A 3913"Grad Night"T. W. PeacockeKevin White and Daniel LevyApril 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)262452-39N/A Season 4 (2018) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code401"Dead Guy in Room 4"Bruce McCullochDaniel LevyJanuary 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)262452-40 Moira fears she had a hand in a hotel guest's death. Stevie and Johnny work together to distract the other hotel guests from the body's removal. David and Patrick make things official. Alexis helps Ted find her replacement. 412"Pregnancy Test"Sturla GunnarssonDavid West ReadJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)262452-41 A positive pregnancy test throws the Roses into a tailspin. Alexis finds Elmdale College is not all it's cracked up to be in the brochure. In search of some privacy, David and Patrick run into a surprise guest at Stevie's apartment. 423"Asbestos Fest"Bruce McCullochMonica HeiseyJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)262452-42 Moira may have bitten off more than she can chew headlining Asbestos Fest. Alexis proves a valuable asset at Rose Apothecary. Johnny extends a helping hand and a new job to help Roland cover baby expenses. 434"Girls' Night"Sturla GunnarssonMichael ShortJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)262452-43 Alexis turns to Twyla for comfort and a girls' night out. David tries to learn to compromise at the Apothecary. David and Patrick hit an important milestone. 445"RIP Moira Rose"Bruce McCullochRupinder GillFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)262452-44 Moira enjoys accolades following a false rumour that she has died. Roland asks Johnny an important question. David and Alexis share an awkward lunch with Ted and Heather. Alexis gets vulnerable with David. 456"Open Mic"Bruce McCullochDaniel Levy and Rebecca KohlerFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)262452-45 Patrick proposes an open mic night at Rose Apothecary, much to David's consternation. Alexis develops a promotional strategy for the motel. Johnny does something meaningful for Stevie. Moira tries to keep the gender of Roland and Jocelyn's baby a secret. 467"The Barbecue"Sturla GunnarssonDavid West ReadMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)262452-46 Prompted by Patrick and David's four month anniversary, the Roses plan a barbecue. Alexis meets a new friend in the hotel lobby. David and Patrick hit a rough patch. 478"The Jazzaguy"Sturla GunnarssonKevin WhiteMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)262452-47 Alexis tries her hand at a local dating app. Stevie persuades David to spend a day at the spa with her, prompting a meaningful conversation. Johnny accidentally joins the Jazzagals, and Moira has a realization. 489"The Olive Branch"Bruce McCullochRupinder GillMarch 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)262452-48 Alexis earns a college degree and quickly forms a business plan. Moira inadvertently steals her first pitch. Patrick pours his heart into his attempts to reconcile with David. Johnny gets Stevie a baffling gift. David extends his own olive branch. 4910"Baby Sprinkle"Bruce McCullochDavid West ReadMarch 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)262452-49 David is roped into throwing a "sprinkle" for Jocelyn on short notice. Moira and Johnny do some participatory research at a dating agency. Alexis runs into some old friends and is offered a ticket out of Schitts Creek. 5011"The Rollout"Sturla GunnarssonMichael ShortApril 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)262452-50 A mystery rash strikes Stevie and David after using Rose Apothecary products. Moira and Jocelyn are called for jury duty. An old beau makes a return, and Alexis makes an important confession to Ted. 5112"Singles Week"Sturla GunnarssonDaniel LevyApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)262452-51 Moira is delayed in kicking off Singles Week by Jocelyn's unexpected labour. Patrick and David grow closer than ever. Alexis proves she has what it takes to stand on her own two feet. Musical chairs ends in a surprise appearance from Ted. Jocelyn and Roland bestow an honour on Moira. Special 5213"Merry Christmas, Johnny Rose"Andrew Cividino and Daniel LevyDaniel LevyDecember 18, 2018 (2018-12-18)262452-52 Johnny tries to drum up excitement for Christmas Eve celebrations with the family, to a less than enthused reception. Alexis feels the pressure of proving herself to Ted's friends. Moira arranges a surprise to give Johnny the Christmas Eve he hoped for. Season 5 (2019) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code531"The Crowening"Laurie LyndDaniel LevyJanuary 8, 2019 (2019-01-08)262452-53 While Moira is in Bosnia filming the Crows movie that she hopes will revive her acting career, Johnny starts doing all the work at the motel to compensate for missing her. David attempts to reinvigorate his relationship with Patrick by going on a ropes course outing with Alexis and Ted. Moira convinces the lackadaisical director of Crows that it is not necessarily the disaster-in-the-making he believes it is. 542"Love Letters"Laurie LyndDavid West ReadJanuary 15, 2019 (2019-01-15)262452-54 A sleep-deprived Moira returns to Schitt's Creek and is despondent to find a stack of old love letters addressed to Johnny from another woman. David and Stevie are held up at David's store and are embarrassed afterwards by how much they gave away. Alexis trades some of her jewelry to Twyla in return for a locket she had regifted from Ted. Johnny reminds Moira that she herself had sent the love letters to him, while she was method-acting by taking real painkillers for her soap opera role. 553"The Plant"Jordan CanningRupinder GillJanuary 22, 2019 (2019-01-22)262452-55 Alexis and Johnny plan for Stevie to act as a guest to impress an influential reviewer. While David and Patrick search for a new apartment, David believes they are about to get an apartment together, when Patrick only meant to invite David along to look at apartments for himself. Stevie and the reviewer hit it off personally and she reveals the con, but he writes a positive review anyway. 564"The Dress"Jordan CanningRupinder GillJanuary 29, 2019 (2019-01-29)262452-56 Johnny finds himself under financial pressure with the arrival of Moira's high-priced red carpet gown for the Crows movie premiere. Alexis finds out that Ted had had a one-night stand with his current assistant before Alexis and Ted resumed dating. David is conned into taking a road trip with Stevie, who meets up with Emir, the hotel reviewer, again. 575"Housewarming"Laurie LyndDaniel Levy and Rupinder GillFebruary 5, 2019 (2019-02-05)262452-57 David and Patrick throw a housewarming pajama party in which Ted finally lets loose, while Johnny and Moira try their best to babysit Roland Jr. for the evening. While playing spin-the-bottle, an intoxicated Ted kisses David, making Alexis and Patrick jealous. 586"Rock On!"Laurie LyndDavid West ReadFebruary 12, 2019 (2019-02-12)262452-58 Moira and the Jazzagals take Jocelyn out for a night at the casino. Johnny walks in on Stevie while she is taking a topless photo to send to Emir, resulting in some awkwardness. David encourages Patrick to go on a date with a customer who had given Patrick his number; David realizes he made a mistake, but Patrick arrives to the motel and says that he was unable to go through with the date, and is interested only in David. 597"A Whisper of Desire"Jordan CanningMichael ShortFebruary 19, 2019 (2019-02-19)262452-59 Johnny incorrectly suspects that Ted’s mom is attracted to him, while Moira cannot resist getting involved in Jocelyn's local musical production of Cabaret. David benefits from a potential supplier's mistaken belief that Roland Jr. is David's baby. 608"The Hospies"Jordan CanningRupinder GillFebruary 26, 2019 (2019-02-26)262452-60 Johnny and Stevie attend the regional hospitality awards, while Moira does everything in her power to stop Alexis from auditioning for Cabaret. After pursuing a long weekend with Emir, he breaks up with her instead, leaving Stevie upset. Johnny takes her home instead of staying for the after-party. After Alexis' disastrous audition, Moira offers Stevie the lead in Cabaret. 619"The M.V.P."Jordan CanningDavid West ReadMarch 5, 2019 (2019-03-05)262452-61 David and Johnny agree to sub in for the annual baseball game on opposite teams as a favor to Patrick and Roland, respectively. Johnny, who would rather see David succeed, ends up throwing the game when David gets a hit in the ninth inning. Stevie does not enjoy being in the show, but Moira talks to her and raises her confidence. 6210"Roadkill"Jordan CanningMichael ShortMarch 12, 2019 (2019-03-12)262452-62 Johnny accidentally hits a cat and is pressured to break the news to the adult daughter of the owners. David has a run-in with an old colleague, who has a business very similar to Rose Apothecary and is found to be selling counterfeit goods. Alexis is left in charge of David's store and ends up having sex with Ted there, causing damage. 6311"Meet the Parents"Jordan CanningDaniel LevyMarch 19, 2019 (2019-03-19)262452-63 In town for Patrick's surprise birthday party, his parents are shocked when Johnny, thinking they know, reveals Patrick is gay and in a relationship with David. David is forced to tell Patrick of the disclosure and of the party, and Patrick decides to come out to his parents at the party. When he does, they both immediately reassure Patrick of their love for him; their "shock" was that he had been too afraid to tell them already. Moira gets coaxed into going to a soap opera convention with Alexis, where she runs into a soap actress colleague who tells her that they should embrace the easy money of the convention circuit and accept that their careers are over. 6412"The Roast"Laurie LyndDavid West ReadMarch 26, 2019 (2019-03-26)262452-64 Ted suggests a trip with Alexis, but they have very different ideas of the ideal vacation destination. It emerges that Ted was accepted into a very selective six-month research program in the Galápagos Islands, but he says that he will decline the chance. After Alexis realizes that she has been selfish, she agrees to go along. Johnny fills in for Moira at the annual Mayor’s Roast, as David distracts Moira from finding out that Stevie and Patrick have been taking private dance lessons. 6513"The Hike"Laurie LyndDaniel LevyApril 2, 2019 (2019-04-02)262452-65 Patrick and David go on a romantic hike, but argue when David complains constantly. After Patrick injures his foot, they decide to continue anyway. At the spot planned for a picnic, Patrick proposes, and David accepts. Everyone panics over Johnny's health scare, but it turns out to be a minor issue. 6614"Life Is a Cabaret"Daniel Levy and Andrew CividinoDaniel LevyApril 9, 2019 (2019-04-09)262452-66 It's opening night for Cabaret and Stevie disappears after David shares news of his engagement to her. David and Patrick decide to wait till the musical is over to share their news, but when Stevie vanishes the news quickly spreads. Stevie turns up just before the show starts and delivers a masterful performance. At the afterparty at the motel, David tries to make his big announcement, but keeps getting interrupted by people who already know. Moira's movie, The Crows, is shelved, and Moira is shattered by the news, locking herself in a closet. Season 6 (2020) Main article: Schitt's Creek (season 6) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeCanadian viewers(millions)671"Smoke Signals"Daniel LevyDaniel LevyJanuary 7, 2020 (2020-01-07)262452-67N/A 682"The Incident"Jordan CanningDaniel LevyJanuary 14, 2020 (2020-01-14)262452-68N/A 693"The Job Interview"Andrew CividinoMichael ShortJanuary 21, 2020 (2020-01-21)262452-69N/A 704"Maid of Honour"Andrew CividinoKurt SmeatonJanuary 28, 2020 (2020-01-28)262452-70N/A 715"The Premiere"Andrew CividinoDavid West ReadFebruary 4, 2020 (2020-02-04)262452-71N/A 726"The Wingman"Donna CroceDavid West ReadFebruary 11, 2020 (2020-02-11)262452-72N/A 737"Moira Rosé"Jordan CanningDavid West ReadFebruary 18, 2020 (2020-02-18)262452-73N/A 748"The Presidential Suite"Andrew CividinoDavid West ReadFebruary 25, 2020 (2020-02-25)262452-74N/A 759"Rebound"Jordan CanningMichael ShortMarch 3, 2020 (2020-03-03)262452-75N/A 7610"Sunrise, Sunset"Jordan CanningKurt Smeaton & Winter Tekenos-LevyMarch 10, 2020 (2020-03-10)262452-76N/A 7711"The Bachelor Party"Andrew CividinoDavid West ReadMarch 17, 2020 (2020-03-17)262452-77N/A 7812"The Pitch"Andrew CividinoDaniel LevyMarch 24, 2020 (2020-03-24)262452-78N/A 7913"Start Spreading the News"Jordan CanningDaniel LevyMarch 31, 2020 (2020-03-31)262452-79N/A 8014"Happy Ending"Andrew Cividino & Daniel LevyDaniel LevyApril 7, 2020 (2020-04-07)262452-801.221 Special No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date81"Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: A Schitt's Creek Farewell"Amy SegalAmy SegalApril 7, 2020 (2020-04-07) References ^ "Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara are up Schitt's Creek". CBC News. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014. ^ Cummins, Julianna (February 11, 2014). "SCTV alums Levy and O'Hara to star in CBC comedy". Playback. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ "Schitt's Creek gets greenlight for second season". CBC News. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015. ^ "Schitt's Creek is off to a dazzling start". Toronto Star. January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015. ^ "Schitt's Creek Listings". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ "Schitt's Creek". CBC. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ Kickham, Dylan. "Eugene Levy comedy Schitt's Creek returning for season 2 on March 16". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 5, 2015. ^ Petski, Denise (February 17, 2016). "Eugene Levy Comedy 'Schitt's Creek' Renewed For Season 3 In Canada". Deadline. Retrieved March 17, 2016. ^ "Schitt's Creek season 3 will be released on — January 10, 2017". premieredate.news. ^ "Schitt's Creek Twitter account". Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ Pedersen, Erik (November 13, 2017). "Pop Sets Premiere Dates For 'Schitt's Creek', New Comedy 'Let's Get Physical'". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ a b "SCTV stars Levy and O’Hara reunite for a forthcoming CBC sitcom called Schitt’s Creek". canada.com, February 10, 2014. ^ Thorne, Will (April 8, 2020). "'Schitt's Creek' Finale Delivers Highest-Rated Episode Ever". Variety. Retrieved April 8, 2020. ^ a b Yeo, Debra (January 12, 2015). "CBC's Schitt's Creek watched by 1.3 million". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 14, 2015. ^ "Top Programs – Total Canada (English) January 19 – January 25, 2015" (PDF). Numeris. February 2, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ Brioux, Bill (January 28, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". Twitter. Retrieved February 6, 2015. SUN o'nites CTV Flash 1699k AgtCarter 1486k CSI 2024k CBC Mercer 954k 22Minutes 757k @SchittsCreek 834k #BellLetsTalk ^ Brioux, Bill (February 6, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". Twitter. Retrieved February 6, 2015. CBC o'nites MON @CBCMurdoch 903k StrgeEmpire 252k TUES Mercer 1015k 22Mins 818k @SchittsCreek 724k MrD 457k WED Dragons 983k BookNegro 1279k ^ Brioux, Bill (February 6, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". Twitter. Retrieved June 26, 2015. @CBC's @SchittsCreek finds o'nite level in Week Five, goes 1.4M – 1095k – 834k – 724k −759k ^ Brioux, Bill (February 20, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2015. TUE onite GLO NCIS 2174k NCIS3 1800k ChiFi 1151k CTV Flash 1547k AgtCar 1504k Person 1411k CBC Mercr & 22Min (R) @SchittsCreek 688k MrD 464k ^ Brioux, Bill (March 5, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2015. TUES o'nites NCIS, NCISNO, Flash, all (R) CBC Mercer 890k @22_Minutes 779k @SchittsCreek 837k MrD 519k CITY HellsKitch 808k CTV2 Voice 812k ^ Brioux, Bill (March 25, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". LAST WEEK o'nites MON/16 Murdoch 1104k Ascension 456k TUES/17 Mercer 935k 22min 718k Schitts 622k MrD 434k WED/18 DDen 791k XComp 798k... ^ Brioux, Bill (April 2, 2015). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". TUES o'nites CBC Mercer 931k 22Min 760k @SchittsCreek 872k MrD 519k GLO NCIS 2081k Dovekeepers 858k CTV Flash 1419k Shield 1436k ^ a b Brioux, Bill (January 15, 2016). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". TUES o/e 2+ CBC MERCER 865k 22 MINUTES 839k @SchittsCreek 808k, 775k ^ Brioux, Bill (January 28, 2016). "Tweet by @BillBriouxTV". TUES 2+ o'nites CBC MERCER 804K 22MIN 805K SCHITT'S 656K MRD 365K ^ "January 9, 2017 – January 15, 2017 (National)" (PDF). Numeris. January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017. ^ Top Programs – Total Canada (English) April 6, 2020 – April 12, 2020 – numeris External links Official website Schitt's Creek at IMDb vteSchitt's CreekCharacters Alexis Rose David Rose Johnny Rose Moira Rose Stevie Budd Episodes "Life Is a Cabaret" "Happy Ending" Related "A Little Bit Alexis" Awards and nominations Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schitt%27s_Creek_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Schitt's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schitt%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eugene Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Levy"},{"link_name":"Dan Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Levy_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pop TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Eugene Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Levy"},{"link_name":"Catherine O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weisblott-12"},{"link_name":"Dan Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Levy_(Canadian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Annie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Chris Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weisblott-12"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Emily Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Episodes of the Canadian sitcomSchitt's Creek is a Canadian television sitcom that premiered on CBC Television on January 13, 2015.[1] The series was created by Eugene Levy and Dan Levy and produced by Not a Real Company Productions.[2] On January 12, 2015, CBC renewed the show for a second season,[3][4] which premiered January 12, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes.[5][6][7] On February 17, 2016, the CBC announced that they renewed the show for a third season,[8] and began broadcasting the third season on January 10, 2017.[9] The fourth season began on January 9, 2018, in Canada[10] and January 24 on Pop TV in the United States.[11]The series stars Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara as Johnny and Moira Rose, a wealthy couple who are forced, after losing all their money, to rebuild their lives in their only remaining asset: the small town of Schitt's Creek, which they once purchased as a joke, where they are living with their two adult children in two adjacent rooms of a rundown motel.[12] The cast also includes Dan Levy, Annie Murphy, Chris Elliott,[12] Jennifer Robertson and Emily Hampshire.Over the course of the series, 80 episodes of Schitt's Creek aired in Canada and the United States. The final episode, airing April 7, 2020, received the highest ratings in the history of the program with 1.3 million viewers.[13]","title":"List of Schitt's Creek episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2015)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2016)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2017)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2018)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(2019)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(2020)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)213January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)313January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)41312January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)1December 19, 2018 (2018-12-19)514January 8, 2019 (2019-01-08)April 9, 2019 (2019-04-09)614January 7, 2020 (2020-01-07)April 7, 2020 (2020-04-07)","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2015)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2016)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2018)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (2019)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (2020)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special","title":"Episodes"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Schitt%27s_Creek_logo.svg/250px-Schitt%27s_Creek_logo.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara are up Schitt's Creek\". CBC News. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/eugene-levy-and-catherine-o-hara-are-up-schitt-s-creek-1.2806231","url_text":"\"Eugene Levy and Catherine O'Hara are up Schitt's Creek\""}]},{"reference":"Cummins, Julianna (February 11, 2014). \"SCTV alums Levy and O'Hara to star in CBC comedy\". Playback. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://playbackonline.ca/2014/02/11/sctv-alums-levy-and-ohara-to-star-in-cbc-comedy/","url_text":"\"SCTV alums Levy and O'Hara to star in CBC comedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_(magazine)","url_text":"Playback"}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek gets greenlight for second season\". CBC News. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/schitt-s-creek-gets-greenlight-for-second-season-1.2895953","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek gets greenlight for second season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek is off to a dazzling start\". Toronto Star. January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2015/01/19/schitts-creek-is-off-to-a-dazzling-start-menon.html","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek is off to a dazzling start\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek Listings\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2015/03/17/the-rose-family-returns-with-second-season-of-schitts-creek-541112/20150317pop01/","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek\". CBC. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/schittscreek/","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek\""}]},{"reference":"Kickham, Dylan. \"Eugene Levy comedy Schitt's Creek returning for season 2 on March 16\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/article/2015/10/22/schitts-creek-season-2-premiere-date","url_text":"\"Eugene Levy comedy Schitt's Creek returning for season 2 on March 16\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (February 17, 2016). \"Eugene Levy Comedy 'Schitt's Creek' Renewed For Season 3 In Canada\". Deadline. Retrieved March 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2016/02/schitts-creek-renewed-season-3-1201704145/","url_text":"\"Eugene Levy Comedy 'Schitt's Creek' Renewed For Season 3 In Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek season 3 will be released on — January 10, 2017\". premieredate.news.","urls":[{"url":"https://premieredate.tv/tv-series/3115-schitt-s-creek-release-date.html","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek season 3 will be released on — January 10, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schitt's Creek Twitter account\". Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/SchittsCreek/status/930133887493332992","url_text":"\"Schitt's Creek Twitter account\""}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (November 13, 2017). \"Pop Sets Premiere Dates For 'Schitt's Creek', New Comedy 'Let's Get Physical'\". Deadline. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/11/schitts-creek-season-4-premiere-date-lets-get-physical-premiere-pop-1202207192/","url_text":"\"Pop Sets Premiere Dates For 'Schitt's Creek', New Comedy 'Let's Get Physical'\""}]},{"reference":"Thorne, Will (April 8, 2020). \"'Schitt's Creek' Finale Delivers Highest-Rated Episode Ever\". Variety. Retrieved April 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/schitts-creek-finale-pop-tv-ratings-1234575047/","url_text":"\"'Schitt's Creek' Finale Delivers Highest-Rated Episode Ever\""}]},{"reference":"Yeo, Debra (January 12, 2015). \"CBC's Schitt's Creek watched by 1.3 million\". Toronto Star. Retrieved January 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/2015/01/14/cbcs-schitts-creek-watched-by-13-million.html","url_text":"\"CBC's Schitt's Creek watched by 1.3 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Programs – Total Canada (English) January 19 – January 25, 2015\" (PDF). Numeris. February 2, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220105115020/http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/January%2019%20-%20January%2025,%202015%20(National).pdf","url_text":"\"Top Programs – Total Canada (English) January 19 – January 25, 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeris","url_text":"Numeris"},{"url":"http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/January%2019%20-%20January%2025,%202015%20%28National%29.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (January 28, 2015). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". Twitter. Retrieved February 6, 2015. SUN o'nites CTV Flash 1699k AgtCarter 1486k CSI 2024k CBC Mercer 954k 22Minutes 757k @SchittsCreek 834k #BellLetsTalk","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/560560446109777920","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (February 6, 2015). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". Twitter. Retrieved February 6, 2015. 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TUE onite GLO NCIS 2174k NCIS3 1800k ChiFi 1151k CTV Flash 1547k AgtCar 1504k Person 1411k CBC Mercr & 22Min (R) @SchittsCreek 688k MrD 464k","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/563819109348294658","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (March 5, 2015). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". Twitter. Retrieved March 21, 2015. TUES o'nites NCIS, NCISNO, Flash, all (R) CBC Mercer 890k @22_Minutes 779k @SchittsCreek 837k MrD 519k CITY HellsKitch 808k CTV2 Voice 812k","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/573485437810966528","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (March 25, 2015). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". LAST WEEK o'nites MON/16 Murdoch 1104k Ascension 456k TUES/17 Mercer 935k 22min 718k Schitts 622k MrD 434k WED/18 DDen 791k XComp 798k...","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/580815360921866240","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (April 2, 2015). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". TUES o'nites CBC Mercer 931k 22Min 760k @SchittsCreek 872k MrD 519k GLO NCIS 2081k Dovekeepers 858k CTV Flash 1419k Shield 1436k","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/583787816179609600","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (January 15, 2016). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". TUES o/e 2+ CBC MERCER 865k 22 MINUTES 839k @SchittsCreek 808k, 775k","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/688114171808886785","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"Brioux, Bill (January 28, 2016). \"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\". TUES 2+ o'nites CBC MERCER 804K 22MIN 805K SCHITT'S 656K MRD 365K","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BillBriouxTV/status/692833279540482048","url_text":"\"Tweet by @BillBriouxTV\""}]},{"reference":"\"January 9, 2017 – January 15, 2017 (National)\" (PDF). Numeris. January 23, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://assets.numeris.ca/Downloads/January%209,%202017%20-%20January%2015,%202017%20(National).pdf","url_text":"\"January 9, 2017 – January 15, 2017 (National)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Frankel
Scott Frankel
["1 Career","1.1 Early life","1.2 Work","2 Personal life","3 Awards","4 Works","5 References","6 External links"]
American composer Scott David Frankel (born May 6, 1963) is an American composer. Career Early life Frankel began his music education taking piano lessons with Betty Belkin in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Interlochen Arts Camp, Hawken School (‘81) and graduated from Yale University in 1985, when he was inducted into the Skull and Bones secret society. While at Yale he met playwright Doug Wright. Work Frankel worked as a music director, conductor and pianist, on Broadway shows including Into the Woods, Les Misérables, Jerome Robbins' Broadway, Rags (1986, rehearsal pianist) and Falsettos, and also Off-Broadway on Putting It Together starring Julie Andrews. He accompanied Shirley MacLaine and Meryl Streep in the film Postcards from the Edge party scene. He then became a musical theatre composer, notably through collaborations with lyricist/librettist Michael Korie. Their musical Doll was workshopped at the University of Houston as part of Stuart Ostrow's Musical Theatre Lab in 1995. A professional production premiered in Ravinia Festival in a staged reading in 2003, and was further developed at the Sundance Institute Theatre Lab, White Oak, Florida in December 2005. Their musical Grey Gardens premiered Off-Broadway in 2006, and transferred to Broadway. For Grey Gardens, Frankel received a Tony Award nomination, as well as the ASCAP Richard Rodgers New Horizons Award and The Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition. Their musical Happiness opened Off-Broadway in March 2009 Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center, with a book by John Weidman, direction and choreography by Susan Stroman. In 2012, their musical Far from Heaven, starring Kelli O’Hara, premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival. The show, adapted from the film by Todd Haynes, subsequently received a production at Playwrights Horizons in 2013. More recently, Frankel and Korie wrote the music and lyrics, respectively, for the musical War Paint, about Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden. The musical, with the book by Doug Wright and directed by Michael Greif, premiered at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the summer of 2016 with stars Patti LuPone as Helena Rubinstein and Christine Ebersole as Elizabeth Arden. The musical is based on the 2003 book by Lindy Woodhead and on the 2007 documentary The Powder and the Glory by Ann Carol Grossman and Arnie Reisman. The production transferred to Broadway and opened on April 6, 2017. Personal life Frankel currently resides in Manhattan. He and his partner, the architect Jim Joseph, restored Forth House in the Hudson Valley (New York). Awards MacDowell Fellowship, 1999, 2004, 2011 ASCAP New Horizons Richard Rodgers Award; Frederick Loewe Award Works Doll - 2003 - Lyrics/Libretto by Michael Korie Grey Gardens - 2006 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by Doug Wright Happiness - 2009 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by John Weidman Meet Mister Future - 2006 - Lyrics/Libretto by Michael Korie Far from Heaven - 2013 - Lyrics by Michael Korie; book by Richard Greenberg War Paint - 2016/2017 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by Doug Wright References ^ "Scott Frankel Credits" playbill.com, accessed May 26, 2022 ^ " 'Rags' Production" ibdb.com, accessed April 26, 2015 ^ "Scott Frankel Credits" lct.org, accessed April 26, 2015 ^ Jones. Kenneth. "Frankel and Korie's Musical Doll and The Civilians' Nobody's Lunch Invited to 2005 Sundance Lab in Florida" playbill.com, October 25, 2005 ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Scott Frankel Will Conduct Grey Gardens July 18" playbill.com, July 16, 2007 ^ Hetrick, Adam. "Subways Are for Singing: Korie & Frankel's Happiness Opens Off-Broadway March 30" playbill.com, March 30, 2009 ^ War Paint, goodmantheatre, accessed June 7, 2016 ^ Cox, Gordon. "Patti LuPone, Christine Ebersole to Star in New Musical by ‘Grey Gardens’ Team" Variety, November 12, 2015 ^ Coleman, David. "Jim Joseph and Scott Frankel's Historic Livingston, New York, House" Architectural Digest, January 31, 2014 ^ "Scott Frankel - Artist". MacDowell. External links Scott Frankel at IMDb Scott Frankel at the Internet Broadway Database Scott Frankel at the Internet Off-Broadway Database Production: Grey Gardens Working in the Theatre by the American Theatre Wing, November 2006 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"}],"text":"Scott David Frankel (born May 6, 1963) is an American composer.","title":"Scott Frankel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interlochen Arts Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlochen_Arts_Camp"},{"link_name":"Hawken School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawken_School"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Skull and Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_Bones"},{"link_name":"Doug Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Wright"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Frankel began his music education taking piano lessons with Betty Belkin in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Interlochen Arts Camp, Hawken School (‘81) and graduated from Yale University in 1985, when he was inducted into the Skull and Bones secret society. While at Yale he met playwright Doug Wright.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Into the Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Woods"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Jerome Robbins' Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Robbins%27_Broadway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vault-1"},{"link_name":"Rags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rags_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Falsettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsettos"},{"link_name":"Putting It Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putting_It_Together"},{"link_name":"Shirley MacLaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine"},{"link_name":"Meryl Streep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep"},{"link_name":"Postcards from the Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_Edge_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Michael Korie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Korie"},{"link_name":"Ravinia Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravinia_Festival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Grey Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Gardens_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"John Weidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weidman"},{"link_name":"Susan Stroman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stroman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Far from Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_from_Heaven_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Kelli O’Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_O%E2%80%99Hara"},{"link_name":"Williamstown Theatre Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamstown_Theatre_Festival"},{"link_name":"Todd Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Playwrights Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwrights_Horizons"},{"link_name":"War Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Paint_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Helena Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Rubinstein"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden"},{"link_name":"Doug Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Wright"},{"link_name":"Michael Greif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Greif"},{"link_name":"Goodman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Patti LuPone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_LuPone"},{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Work","text":"Frankel worked as a music director, conductor and pianist, on Broadway shows including Into the Woods, Les Misérables, Jerome Robbins' Broadway,[1] Rags (1986, rehearsal pianist)[2] and Falsettos, and also Off-Broadway on Putting It Together starring Julie Andrews.He accompanied Shirley MacLaine and Meryl Streep in the film Postcards from the Edge party scene.[3]He then became a musical theatre composer, notably through collaborations with lyricist/librettist Michael Korie.Their musical Doll was workshopped at the University of Houston as part of Stuart Ostrow's Musical Theatre Lab in 1995. A professional production premiered in Ravinia Festival in a staged reading in 2003, and was further developed at the Sundance Institute Theatre Lab, White Oak, Florida in December 2005.[4]Their musical Grey Gardens premiered Off-Broadway in 2006, and transferred to Broadway. For Grey Gardens, Frankel received a Tony Award nomination, as well as the ASCAP Richard Rodgers New Horizons Award and The Frederick Loewe Award for Dramatic Composition.[5]Their musical Happiness opened Off-Broadway in March 2009 Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center, with a book by John Weidman, direction and choreography by Susan Stroman.[6]In 2012, their musical Far from Heaven, starring Kelli O’Hara, premiered at the Williamstown Theatre Festival. The show, adapted from the film by Todd Haynes, subsequently received a production at Playwrights Horizons in 2013.More recently, Frankel and Korie wrote the music and lyrics, respectively, for the musical War Paint, about Helena Rubinstein and Elizabeth Arden. The musical, with the book by Doug Wright and directed by Michael Greif, premiered at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago, in the summer of 2016 with stars Patti LuPone as Helena Rubinstein and Christine Ebersole as Elizabeth Arden.[7] The musical is based on the 2003 book by Lindy Woodhead and on the 2007 documentary The Powder and the Glory by Ann Carol Grossman and Arnie Reisman.[8] The production transferred to Broadway and opened on April 6, 2017.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Frankel currently resides in Manhattan. He and his partner, the architect Jim Joseph, restored Forth House in the Hudson Valley (New York).[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacDowell Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacDowell_Colony"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"MacDowell Fellowship, 1999, 2004, 2011[10]\nASCAP New Horizons Richard Rodgers Award;\nFrederick Loewe Award","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Korie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Korie"},{"link_name":"Grey Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Gardens_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Doug Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Wright"},{"link_name":"John Weidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weidman"},{"link_name":"Far from Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_from_Heaven_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Richard Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"War Paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Paint_(musical)"}],"text":"Doll - 2003 - Lyrics/Libretto by Michael Korie\nGrey Gardens - 2006 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by Doug Wright\nHappiness - 2009 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by John Weidman\nMeet Mister Future - 2006 - Lyrics/Libretto by Michael Korie\nFar from Heaven - 2013 - Lyrics by Michael Korie; book by Richard Greenberg\nWar Paint - 2016/2017 - Lyrics by Michael Korie, Book by Doug Wright","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Internal_Economy
Board of Internal Economy
["1 History","2 Membership of the Board","2.1 The Chair of the Board","2.2 Other members","2.3 List of members","3 Secretary to the Board","4 References"]
Administrative body of the Canadian House of Commons This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Board of Internal Economy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wikisource has original text related to this article: An Act respecting the internal Economy of the House of Commons, and for other purposes The Board of Internal Economy (French: Bureau de régie interne) is the body that governs the administrative and financial policies of the House of Commons of Canada. Unlike most committees of the Parliament of Canada, the Board of Internal Economy continues through prorogation and dissolution. The Board is presided over by the Speaker of the House of Commons. History The Board of Internal Economy was established in 1868, with the passage of An Act respecting the internal Economy of the House of Commons, and for other purposes. Membership of the Board The Chair of the Board The Speaker of the House of Commons is the Chair of the Board of Internal Economy; the current Chair is Greg Fergus. The Chair is responsible for presiding over sittings of the Board, deciding on points of order, and for delivering a casting vote wherever a question before the Board cannot be decided. The Chair is counted when discerning the presence of a quorum. The Chair is established by Section 50(1) of the Parliament of Canada Act. 50. (1) There shall be a Board of Internal Economy of the House of Commons, in this section and sections 51 to 53 referred to as "the Board", over which the Speaker of the House of Commons shall preside. In the event of the death, incapacity or unavoidable absence of the Speaker, then five members of the Board would constitute a quorum (one of whom would need to be a Minister of the Crown, in the absence of the Speaker), and the Board would then proceed to designate one of its members as the Chair for that sitting. Other members The Board also has two members of His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada, appointed by the Governor General, under Section 50(2) of the Parliament of Canada Act, to represent the Government. Generally speaking, members appointed to the Board from the Privy Council are simultaneously Ministers of the Crown. Currently, these are the House Leader and the Whip. The Leader of the Opposition is given an opportunity to sit on the Board under Section 50(2) of the Parliament of Canada Act; however, in modern times, the workload of the Opposition Leader necessitates the appointment of another member of the Opposition to represent His Majesty's Loyal Opposition on the Board. Sections 50(2)(a) and 50(2)(b) provide for the appointment of several additional members to the Board of Internal Economy, to represent the other recognized parties in the House of Commons (a recognized party is any with at least twelve seats in the House). If there is only one recognized party in opposition to the Government, then that party receives two representatives, and the Government receives one. If there are multiple recognized parties in opposition, then each party receives one representative, and the Government may appoint a number of members one less than the total number appointed by those parties. List of members As of October 2023, the membership in addition to the chair is as follows: Party Member Office   Liberal Greg Fergus Speaker of the House (Chair)   Bloc Québécois Claude DeBellefeuille Bloc Québécois Whip   Conservative Kerry-Lynne Findlay Opposition Whip   Liberal Mark Holland Government Whip   New Democratic Peter Julian New Democratic Party House Leader   Liberal Dominic LeBlanc Caucus representative   Liberal Steven MacKinnon Chief Government Whip   Liberal Ruby Sahota Caucus representative   Conservative Andrew Scheer Opposition House Leader Secretary to the Board The Secretary to the Board is responsible for recording the results of questions put to the Board, and for responding to the requests of the Chair for clarification regarding parliamentary procedure and regulations; he or she also records the minutes of the sittings. In addition to this role, as the chief executive of House administration, the Secretary to the Board is the officer responsible for carrying out and enforcing the decisions of the Board in the name of the Speaker. As per Section 51 of the Parliament of Canada Act, the Clerk of the House of Commons serves as the Secretary to the Board. The current Secretary is Charles Robert. References ^ "House of Commons Procedure and Practice, - 6. The Physical and Administrative Setting - Administrative Structures and Services". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-25. ^ "Membership - Board of Internal Economy House of Commons". Parliament of Canada. ^ https://www.ourcommons.ca/Boie/en/membership ^ "Office of the Clerk - House of Commons". ^ "Journals No. 198 - June 20, 2017 (42-1) - House of Commons of Canada".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"An Act respecting the internal Economy of the House of Commons, and for other purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Act_respecting_the_internal_Economy_of_the_House_of_Commons,_and_for_other_purposes"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"prorogation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada"}],"text":"Wikisource has original text related to this article:\nAn Act respecting the internal Economy of the House of Commons, and for other purposesThe Board of Internal Economy (French: Bureau de régie interne) is the body that governs the administrative and financial policies of the House of Commons of Canada. Unlike most committees of the Parliament of Canada, the Board of Internal Economy continues through prorogation and dissolution. The Board is presided over by the Speaker of the House of Commons.","title":"Board of Internal Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Board of Internal Economy was established in 1868, with the passage of An Act respecting the internal Economy of the House of Commons, and for other purposes.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Membership of the Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Fergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fergus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Membership-2"},{"link_name":"casting vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_vote"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown"}],"sub_title":"The Chair of the Board","text":"The Speaker of the House of Commons is the Chair of the Board of Internal Economy; the current Chair is Greg Fergus.[2] The Chair is responsible for presiding over sittings of the Board, deciding on points of order, and for delivering a casting vote wherever a question before the Board cannot be decided. The Chair is counted when discerning the presence of a quorum.The Chair is established by Section 50(1) of the Parliament of Canada Act.50. (1) There shall be a Board of Internal Economy of the House of Commons, in this section and sections 51 to 53 referred to as \"the Board\", over which the Speaker of the House of Commons shall preside.In the event of the death, incapacity or unavoidable absence of the Speaker, then five members of the Board would constitute a quorum (one of whom would need to be a Minister of the Crown, in the absence of the Speaker), and the Board would then proceed to designate one of its members as the Chair for that sitting.","title":"Membership of the Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ministers of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"House Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_Whip_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"His Majesty's Loyal Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Other members","text":"The Board also has two members of His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada, appointed by the Governor General, under Section 50(2) of the Parliament of Canada Act, to represent the Government. Generally speaking, members appointed to the Board from the Privy Council are simultaneously Ministers of the Crown. Currently, these are the House Leader and the Whip.The Leader of the Opposition is given an opportunity to sit on the Board under Section 50(2) of the Parliament of Canada Act; however, in modern times, the workload of the Opposition Leader necessitates the appointment of another member of the Opposition to represent His Majesty's Loyal Opposition on the Board.Sections 50(2)(a) and 50(2)(b) provide for the appointment of several additional members to the Board of Internal Economy, to represent the other recognized parties in the House of Commons (a recognized party is any with at least twelve seats in the House). If there is only one recognized party in opposition to the Government, then that party receives two representatives, and the Government receives one. If there are multiple recognized parties in opposition, then each party receives one representative, and the Government may appoint a number of members one less than the total number appointed by those parties.","title":"Membership of the Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Internal_Economy&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"List of members","text":"As of October 2023[update], the membership in addition to the chair is as follows:[3]","title":"Membership of the Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Secretary to the Board is responsible for recording the results of questions put to the Board, and for responding to the requests of the Chair for clarification regarding parliamentary procedure and regulations; he or she also records the minutes of the sittings. In addition to this role, as the chief executive of House administration, the Secretary to the Board is the officer responsible for carrying out and enforcing the decisions of the Board in the name of the Speaker. As per Section 51 of the Parliament of Canada Act, the Clerk of the House of Commons serves as the Secretary to the Board. The current Secretary is Charles Robert.[4][5]","title":"Secretary to the Board"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_gunboat_Karjala
Finnish gunboat Karjala
["1 Interwar period","2 Winter War","3 Continuation War","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"]
Karjala in June 1941. History Finland NameKarjala BuilderAb Crichton, Turku, Finland Commissioned1918 (Finnish Navy) FateScrapped in 1953 General characteristics Class and typeFilin-class guard ship Displacement342 tons Length50 m (160 ft) Beam6.9 m (23 ft) Draft2.9 m (9.5 ft) Propulsiontwo Normand boilers, 860 kW Speed15 knots (28 km/h) Range700 nautical miles (1,300 km) at 15 knots Complement 1930: 48 1942: 63 ArmamentIn 1920s:2 × 75 mm12 mines In 1939:2 × 75 mm/502 × 20 mm Madsen AA2 × machine gun2 × DC mortar (SPH/37)30 mines In 1944:2 × 75 mm/503 × 20 mm Madsen AA1 × 12.7 mm machine gun2 × DC mortar (SPH/43)30 mines Karjala (ex-Filin) was a Finnish gunboat, built in 1918 at Ab Crichton shipyard in Turku. She served in the Finnish Navy during World War II. Karjala was named after the Finnic cultural region of Karelia. Like her sister ship Turunmaa, she served as cadet training vessel during peacetime and was nicknamed as Kurjala (place of misery) by cadets. Interwar period From summer of 1919 Karjala amongst other Finnish naval vessels was tasked with security and patrol duties the Koivisto region where the British naval detachment was located. During prohibition in Finland in 1925 some illegal alcohol had been smuggled onboard Karjala by cadets. Some of the alcohol was spilled to a nearby lantern which ignited the liquid resulting in an explosion which injured several cadets. Event became known as the 'second blast of Karelia' after the Viborg blast of 1495. On 4 September 1939 Karjala as part of the Coastal Fleet was moved to the Sea of Åland. However, as Karjala was replaced by Hämeenmaa the ship sailed to Kotka already on 18 September. For the rest of the autumn Karjala patrolled the waters from Kotka to Koivisto together with Turunmaa. Winter War Main article: Naval warfare in the Winter War On 4 December 1939 had Finnish coastal facilities at Koivisto saw lights moving in the sea. This appeared to be minesweeping effort for two days later group of Soviet destroyers sailed in to shell Finnish coastal facilities. On 7 December 1939 Karjala was sent to tow Finnish submarine Saukko along with three motor torpedo boats to Koivisto both to lay mines and to intercept the Soviet ships. Detachment however did not succeed in either of its goals. On 4 January 1940 Karjala arrived to Åland to join with the Coastal Fleet. She participated in anti-submarine patrols which continued until the sea froze on 30 January. Continuation War Main article: Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945) On 29 August Karjala together with her sister ship Turunmaa, and gunboats Hämeenmaa and Uusimaa were escorted by Riilahti and Ruotsinsalmi through the main Soviet mine barrier south of Hanko to the eastern Gulf of Finland. While returning with Uusimaa from escorting a troop ship on 3 September Karjala was bombed by German Heinkel He 111 bomber near Koivisto. Though the aircraft scored no direct hits the shocks from several near-misses forced Karjala to undergo repairs at a shipyard. On 29 October Karjala which had just returned from repairs joined with Turunmaa in shelling the island of Sommers, where a Finnish landing attempt had previously been turned back. Most of the war Karjala like other Finnish gunboats was tasked with guarding of the mine barriers north-east of Hogland and performing anti-submarine patrols in the same region. However, when it became apparent on 12 July 1942 that Soviet submarines had managed to bypass the mine barrier Karjala was sent to strengthen the escorts protecting the shipping between Sweden and Finland. References Citations ^ Gardiner (1985), p. 319. ^ Kijanen (1968a), p. 111. ^ a b Kijanen (1968b), Supplement I. ^ a b Auvinen (1983), pp. 34–35. ^ Kijanen (1968a), p. 106. ^ Kijanen (1968a), pp. 224–225. ^ Kijanen (1968a), p. 236. ^ Kijanen (1968a), p. 248. ^ Kijanen (1968a), pp. 260–261. ^ Kijanen (1968b), pp. 42–43. ^ Kijanen (1968b), pp. 46, 56. ^ Kijanen (1968b), pp. 86, 96. Bibliography Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London, England: Conway Maritime Press Ltd. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. Auvinen, Visa (1983). Leijonalippu merellä (in Finnish). Pori, Finland: Satakunnan Kirjapaino Oy. ISBN 951-95781-1-0. Kijanen, Kalervo (1968a). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968, I (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino. Kijanen, Kalervo (1968b). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968, II (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino. vteFilin-class guard shipsFinnish Navy Turunmaa Karjala Polish Navy General Haller Komendant Piłsudski List of ships of the Finnish Navy / of the Polish Navy vteFinnish naval ship classes of World War IICoastal defence ships Väinämöinen class Väinämöinen Ilmarinen Submarines Vetehinen class Vetehinen Vesihiisi Iku-Turso VesikkoS SaukkoS Gunboats Uusimaa class Uusimaa Hämeenmaa Turunmaa class Turunmaa Karjala Minelayers Ruotsinsalmi class Ruotsinsalmi Riilahti LouhiS Pukkio class T class Motor torpedo boats Sisu class IskuS Syöksy class Hurja class Jymy class Taisto class Captured Soviet motor torpedo boats D-3 class G-5 class Minesweepers Ahven class Kuha class Rautu class SM class Ajonpää class Patrol boats VMV class VTV-1 OtherAuxiliary gunboats Viena Aunus Auxiliary minelayers Baltic Frej Poseidon Suomi S Single ship of class
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finnish gunboat Karjala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968a106-5"},{"link_name":"Viborg blast of 1495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1495%E2%80%931497)#Explosion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuvinen198334%E2%80%9335-4"},{"link_name":"Hämeenmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_gunboat_H%C3%A4meenmaa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968a224%E2%80%93225-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968a236-7"}],"text":"From summer of 1919 Karjala amongst other Finnish naval vessels was tasked with security and patrol duties the Koivisto region where the British naval detachment was located.[5] During prohibition in Finland in 1925 some illegal alcohol had been smuggled onboard Karjala by cadets. Some of the alcohol was spilled to a nearby lantern which ignited the liquid resulting in an explosion which injured several cadets. Event became known as the 'second blast of Karelia' after the Viborg blast of 1495.[4]On 4 September 1939 Karjala as part of the Coastal Fleet was moved to the Sea of Åland. However, as Karjala was replaced by Hämeenmaa the ship sailed to Kotka already on 18 September.[6] For the rest of the autumn Karjala patrolled the waters from Kotka to Koivisto together with Turunmaa.[7]","title":"Interwar period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish submarine Saukko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_submarine_Saukko"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968a248-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968a260%E2%80%93261-9"}],"text":"On 4 December 1939 had Finnish coastal facilities at Koivisto saw lights moving in the sea. This appeared to be minesweeping effort for two days later group of Soviet destroyers sailed in to shell Finnish coastal facilities. On 7 December 1939 Karjala was sent to tow Finnish submarine Saukko along with three motor torpedo boats to Koivisto both to lay mines and to intercept the Soviet ships. Detachment however did not succeed in either of its goals.[8]On 4 January 1940 Karjala arrived to Åland to join with the Coastal Fleet. She participated in anti-submarine patrols which continued until the sea froze on 30 January.[9]","title":"Winter War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turunmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_gunboat_Turunmaa"},{"link_name":"Uusimaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_gunboat_Uusimaa"},{"link_name":"Riilahti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_minelayer_Riilahti"},{"link_name":"Ruotsinsalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_minelayer_Ruotsinsalmi"},{"link_name":"Hanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko,_Finland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968b42%E2%80%9343-10"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111"},{"link_name":"Sommers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968b46,_56-11"},{"link_name":"Hogland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKijanen1968b86,_96-12"}],"text":"On 29 August Karjala together with her sister ship Turunmaa, and gunboats Hämeenmaa and Uusimaa were escorted by Riilahti and Ruotsinsalmi through the main Soviet mine barrier south of Hanko to the eastern Gulf of Finland.[10]While returning with Uusimaa from escorting a troop ship on 3 September Karjala was bombed by German Heinkel He 111 bomber near Koivisto. Though the aircraft scored no direct hits the shocks from several near-misses forced Karjala to undergo repairs at a shipyard. On 29 October Karjala which had just returned from repairs joined with Turunmaa in shelling the island of Sommers, where a Finnish landing attempt had previously been turned back.[11]Most of the war Karjala like other Finnish gunboats was tasked with guarding of the mine barriers north-east of Hogland and performing anti-submarine patrols in the same region. However, when it became apparent on 12 July 1942 that Soviet submarines had managed to bypass the mine barrier Karjala was sent to strengthen the escorts protecting the shipping between Sweden and Finland.[12]","title":"Continuation War"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London, England: Conway Maritime Press Ltd. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Auvinen, Visa (1983). Leijonalippu merellä [Lion flag at sea] (in Finnish). Pori, Finland: Satakunnan Kirjapaino Oy. ISBN 951-95781-1-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-95781-1-0","url_text":"951-95781-1-0"}]},{"reference":"Kijanen, Kalervo (1968a). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968, I [Finnish Navy 1918–1968, part I] (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kijanen, Kalervo (1968b). Suomen Laivasto 1918–1968, II [Finnish Navy 1918–1968, part II] (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino.","urls":[]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_van_Tulleken
Van Tulleken brothers
["1 Early life and education","2 Life and career","3 Personal life","4 Humanitarian aid","5 References","6 External links"]
Twin British doctors Dr. Xand van TullekenDr. Chris van TullekenChild interviews Alexander and Chris Van Tulleken at British Academy Children's Awards 2015BornAlexander Gerald and Christoffer Rodolphe van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken (1978-08-18) 18 August 1978 (age 45)NationalityBritishEducationKing's College School, WimbledonAlma materSt Peter's College, OxfordSomerville College, OxfordLSHTM, BM BChTelevisionOperation Ouch!Trust Me, I'm a DoctorThe Doctor Who Gave Up DrugsWhat Are We Feeding Our Children?Children3 (Chris 2, Xand 1) Alexander "Xand" van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken and Christoffer "Chris" van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken (born 18 August 1978), known as "Dr. Chris" and "Dr. Xand' are British doctors, television presenters, and identical twin brothers. They are best known for presenting the children's series Operation Ouch!. Chris has become well known for his two-part television special for BBC One entitled The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs. Xand has also presented shows without his brother. Early life and education Chris and Xand van Tulleken were born to Anthony van Tulleken, an industrial designer, and his wife Kit, a publisher. Their younger brother is the film director Jonathan van Tulleken. They are descended from Dutch Rear-Admiral Jan van Hoogenhouck Tulleken  (1762–1851; originally Jan Tulleken , of a family traced back to the 15th century, who changed his name in 1822 and was raised to the nobility in 1842 with the rank of Jonkheer, the lowest tier of nobility. The family name is officially without a hyphen, and in the Netherlands the usage of the name "Van Tulleke" is considered wrong (the "van" belonging to the name Hoogenhouck). The Van Tulleken twins were educated at Hill House preparatory school, then King's College School, an independent day school for boys in Wimbledon, southwest London, followed by St Peter's College (Chris) and Somerville College (Xand) at the University of Oxford. In June 2023 the twins were the subject of the BBC genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are?, in which they learned that they were descended from a wealthy slave-trader who had a plantation in Demerara in The Guianas. Life and career Both Chris and Xand van Tulleken presented Channel 4's Medicine Men Go Wild, and BBC Two's Trust Me, I'm A Doctor alongside Michael Mosley. Chris was the expedition doctor for BBC Two's Operation Iceberg, and has appeared in Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice (BBC 2), Holiday Hit Squad (BBC One), Museum of Life (BBC Two), The Secret Life of Twins (BBC One), as well as Celebrity Mastermind and The Wright Stuff. Chris was also doctor to a team led by Bruce Parry which recreated the 1911 race to the South Pole in the BBC documentary Blizzard: Race to the Pole. The brothers presented What's The Right Diet for You? A Horizon Special. Chris van Tulleken was named as an emerging British talent in "The Brit List 2013" by ShortList magazine. In 2015, the pair presented another Horizon episode, titled Is Binge Drinking Really That Bad?, in which Chris and his identical twin brother Xand tested the effects of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol daily (Chris) and bingeing weekly (Xand). Chris and Xand appeared on Series 5 of Hacker Time. In 2016, alarmed by the steep rise in prescription medicine in Britain and dubious as to its efficacy, Chris was featured in the BBC One television show The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs. It was a two-part social experiment in which he aimed to take over part of a GP surgery and attempt to find practical ways to treat patients and stop patients' prescription pills. In January and February 2019, they presented a documentary series called The Twinstitute, repeated in 2020. In Surviving the Virus: My Brother & Me, after contracting COVID-19, Xand was left with an irregular heartbeat. Personal life Chris's wife Dinah gave birth to a second daughter in June 2020. Xand has a son from a previous relationship. On 18 May 2023, Xand married Dolly Theis — the former Conservative Party candidate for Vauxhall in the 2017 general election — in London. Humanitarian aid Until February 2018, Alexander and Christoffer were patrons and board members of the medical aid and healthcare charity Doctors of the World UK, which is a member of the international Médecins du Monde network. In 2015, Alexander and Christoffer ran the London Marathon for Doctors of the World, raising over £3,400. Xand van Tulleken was a patron of the medical aid organisation Medical Emergency Relief International (Merlin), which merged with Save the Children in 2013, and reported for BBC Two in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, Burma, in 2008. References ^ "Alexander Gerald VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. ^ "Christoffer Rodolphe VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. ^ a b "About Chris". Van Tulleken Brothers. Retrieved 3 September 2016. ^ a b "About Xand". Van Tulleken Brothers. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "The British Team". Blizzard: Race To The Pole. BBC Press Office. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Chris van Tulleken". Roar Global. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Operation Ouch!". CBBC. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Operation Ouch! Hardback". The Guardian Bookshop. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs". BBC One. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ Hogan, Michael (15 September 2016). "The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs was an eye-opening insight into our pill-popping culture". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ Agostino, Josephine (16 January 2020). "24 surprising facts about the Operation Ouch stars". Kidspot. Retrieved 17 October 2020. ^ "Jonathan van Tulleken: Biography". IMDB. Retrieved 20 December 2022. ^ Nederland's Adelsboek, 95th edition, Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie, 2010, pp. 393-404 ^ a b "Roll of Honour". King's College School Boat Club. King's College School, Wimbledon. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ "Who do You Think You Are? - Series 20: 5. Chris and Xand van Tulleken". ^ "Medicine Men Go Wild". Channel 4. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Trust Me, I'm A Doctor". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Operation Iceberg". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Top Dogs; Adventures in War, Ice, and Sea". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Holiday Hit Squad". BBC One. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "Museum of Life". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "The Secret Life of Twins". BBC One. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "IMDb Filmography". Chris van Tulleken. IMDb. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Blizzard: Race to the Pole". BBC. Retrieved 12 January 2013. ^ "What's The Right Diet for You? A Horizon Special". Horizon. BBC. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ "The Brit List 2013". ShortList. Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ Todd, Sophie (20 May 2015). "Is Binge Drinking Really That Bad?". Horizon. Series 51. Episode 11. London. BBC. BBC Two. Retrieved 8 June 2015. ^ "BBC iPlayer". CBBC Channel Schedule. BBC. 18 April 2016. ^ "The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs". BBC One. BBC. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ Sheffield, Michael (26 September 2016), "The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs, 15 September 2016", The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs (video documentary), season 1, episode 1, BBC, BBC One, retrieved 18 January 2018 – via YouTube ^ "What time is The Twinstitute on TV? What's it about and how does it work?". Radio Times. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018. ^ Mangan, Lucy (5 August 2020). "Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2024. ^ "BBC viewers sob as doctor recovering from covid has heart restarted". Manchester Evening News. 6 August 2020. ^ Mangan, Lucy (5 August 2020). "Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline". The Guardian. ^ "I'm a long-distance dad so Covid was terrible – but it helped me let go of my guilt". The Guardian. 12 December 2021. ^ Clarke, Chloe (21 May 2023). "Dr Xand Van Tulleken married: Operation Ouch! presenter marries partner Dolly". Banbury Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2023. ^ Doctors of the World UK (21 April 2015). "Van Tulleken brothers running for DOTW in the London Marathon". Doctors of the World. Doctors of the World UK. Retrieved 18 April 2016. ^ "Dr. Chris & Dr. Xand van Tulleken". run-for-dotw.everydayhero.com. ^ "The Eye of the Storm". ABC News. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ "Hands Up for Healthworkers". Merlin UK. Retrieved 1 June 2014. ^ Cook, Stephen (30 July 2013). "Analysis: Merlin and Save the Children". thirdsector.co.uk. 1193125. Retrieved 17 March 2020. ^ "Unseen Burma". BBC Newsnight. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2013. External links Chris van Tulleken at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander \"Xand\" van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xand_van_Tulleken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"television presenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_presenter"},{"link_name":"identical twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialbio_chris-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Operation Ouch!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ouch!"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Alexander \"Xand\" van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken and Christoffer \"Chris\" van Hoogenhouck-Tulleken (born 18 August 1978),[5] known as \"Dr. Chris\" and \"Dr. Xand' are British doctors, television presenters, and identical twin brothers.[3][6] They are best known for presenting the children's series Operation Ouch!.[7][8] Chris has become well known for his two-part television special for BBC One entitled The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs.[9][10] Xand has also presented shows without his brother.","title":"Van Tulleken brothers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jonathan van Tulleken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_van_Tulleken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jan van Hoogenhouck Tulleken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_van_Hoogenhouck_Tulleken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Hoogenhouck_Tulleken"},{"link_name":"Tulleken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulleken"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulleken"},{"link_name":"Jonkheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonkheer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hill House preparatory school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_House_School"},{"link_name":"King's College School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCSBC-14"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_school"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Somerville College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KCSBC-14"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"slave-trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave-trader"},{"link_name":"Demerara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara"},{"link_name":"The Guianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Chris and Xand van Tulleken were born to Anthony van Tulleken, an industrial designer, and his wife Kit, a publisher.[11] Their younger brother is the film director Jonathan van Tulleken.[12]They are descended from Dutch Rear-Admiral Jan van Hoogenhouck Tulleken [nl] (1762–1851; originally Jan Tulleken [nl], of a family traced back to the 15th century, who changed his name in 1822 and was raised to the nobility in 1842 with the rank of Jonkheer, the lowest tier of nobility.[13] The family name is officially without a hyphen, and in the Netherlands the usage of the name \"Van Tulleke\" is considered wrong (the \"van\" belonging to the name Hoogenhouck).[citation needed]The Van Tulleken twins were educated at Hill House preparatory school, then King's College School,[14] an independent day school for boys in Wimbledon, southwest London, followed by St Peter's College (Chris) and Somerville College (Xand) at the University of Oxford.[14]In June 2023 the twins were the subject of the BBC genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are?, in which they learned that they were descended from a wealthy slave-trader who had a plantation in Demerara in The Guianas. [15]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Trust Me, I'm A Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Me,_I%27m_a_Doctor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Mosley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"BBC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Mastermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Mastermind"},{"link_name":"The Wright Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wright_Stuff"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bruce Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Parry"},{"link_name":"race to the South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ShortList","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShortList"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Hacker Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker_Time"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"prescription medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_medicine"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Both Chris and Xand van Tulleken presented Channel 4's Medicine Men Go Wild,[16] and BBC Two's Trust Me, I'm A Doctor alongside Michael Mosley.[17] Chris was the expedition doctor for BBC Two's Operation Iceberg,[18] and has appeared in Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice (BBC 2),[19] Holiday Hit Squad (BBC One),[20] Museum of Life (BBC Two),[21] The Secret Life of Twins (BBC One),[22] as well as Celebrity Mastermind and The Wright Stuff.[23] Chris was also doctor to a team led by Bruce Parry which recreated the 1911 race to the South Pole in the BBC documentary Blizzard: Race to the Pole.[24] The brothers presented What's The Right Diet for You? A Horizon Special.[25]Chris van Tulleken was named as an emerging British talent in \"The Brit List 2013\" by ShortList magazine.[26]In 2015, the pair presented another Horizon episode, titled Is Binge Drinking Really That Bad?, in which Chris and his identical twin brother Xand tested the effects of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol daily (Chris) and bingeing weekly (Xand).[27]Chris and Xand appeared on Series 5 of Hacker Time.[28]In 2016, alarmed by the steep rise in prescription medicine in Britain and dubious as to its efficacy, Chris was featured in the BBC One television show The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs. It was a two-part social experiment in which he aimed to take over part of a GP surgery and attempt to find practical ways to treat patients and stop patients' prescription pills.[29][30]In January and February 2019, they presented a documentary series called The Twinstitute, repeated in 2020.[31]In Surviving the Virus: My Brother & Me, after contracting COVID-19, Xand was left with an irregular heartbeat.[32][33]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Chris's wife Dinah gave birth to a second daughter in June 2020.[34] Xand has a son from a previous relationship.[35] On 18 May 2023, Xand married Dolly Theis — the former Conservative Party candidate for Vauxhall in the 2017 general election — in London.[36]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctors of the World UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_of_the_World_UK"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Médecins du Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Medical Emergency Relief International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Emergency_Relief_International"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialbio_xand-4"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Save the Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Children"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Cyclone Nargis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Until February 2018, Alexander and Christoffer were patrons and board members of the medical aid and healthcare charity Doctors of the World UK,[37] which is a member of the international Médecins du Monde network. In 2015, Alexander and Christoffer ran the London Marathon for Doctors of the World, raising over £3,400.[38]Xand van Tulleken was a patron of the medical aid organisation Medical Emergency Relief International (Merlin),[39][4][40] which merged with Save the Children in 2013,[41] and reported for BBC Two in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, Burma, in 2008.[42]","title":"Humanitarian aid"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alexander Gerald VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/xHVyAA39opkogXfkBuRNlrE3PpY/appointments","url_text":"\"Alexander Gerald VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christoffer Rodolphe VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/G8H3ZOhEXmbB3qfFFre8XYqTNpQ/appointments","url_text":"\"Christoffer Rodolphe VAN HOOGENHOUCK-TULLEKEN - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Chris\". Van Tulleken Brothers. Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vantullekenbrothers.com/chris/","url_text":"\"About Chris\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Xand\". Van Tulleken Brothers. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vantullekenbrothers.com/xand/","url_text":"\"About Xand\""}]},{"reference":"\"The British Team\". Blizzard: Race To The Pole. BBC Press Office. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/25/pole_british.shtml","url_text":"\"The British Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris van Tulleken\". Roar Global. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://roarglobal.com/clients/profile/chris-van-tulleken","url_text":"\"Chris van Tulleken\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Ouch!\". CBBC. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/operation-ouch","url_text":"\"Operation Ouch!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Ouch! Hardback\". The Guardian Bookshop. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9780349001807&guni=other:factbox%20$factbox.type.toString().toLowerCase():Position3","url_text":"\"Operation Ouch! Hardback\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs\". BBC One. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07w52tp","url_text":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs\""}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Michael (15 September 2016). \"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs was an eye-opening insight into our pill-popping culture\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2016/09/15/the-doctor-who-gave-up-drugs-was-an-eye-opening-insight-into-our/","url_text":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs was an eye-opening insight into our pill-popping culture\""}]},{"reference":"Agostino, Josephine (16 January 2020). \"24 surprising facts about the Operation Ouch stars\". Kidspot. Retrieved 17 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/books-tv-and-movies/24-surprising-facts-about-the-operation-ouch-stars/news-story/7d0c85eb99949321bb034c3070a55577","url_text":"\"24 surprising facts about the Operation Ouch stars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonathan van Tulleken: Biography\". IMDB. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1743387/bio","url_text":"\"Jonathan van Tulleken: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roll of Honour\". King's College School Boat Club. King's College School, Wimbledon. Retrieved 15 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/kcsboatclub/rollofhonour","url_text":"\"Roll of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who do You Think You Are? - Series 20: 5. Chris and Xand van Tulleken\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m001nbhz/who-do-you-think-you-are-series-20-5-chris-and-xand-van-tulleken","url_text":"\"Who do You Think You Are? - Series 20: 5. Chris and Xand van Tulleken\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medicine Men Go Wild\". Channel 4. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/medicine-men-go-wild","url_text":"\"Medicine Men Go Wild\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trust Me, I'm A Doctor\". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01dgd9c","url_text":"\"Trust Me, I'm A Doctor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Iceberg\". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00tvcnx","url_text":"\"Operation Iceberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Dogs; Adventures in War, Ice, and Sea\". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jjqbr","url_text":"\"Top Dogs; Adventures in War, Ice, and Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holiday Hit Squad\". BBC One. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qmzgl","url_text":"\"Holiday Hit Squad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of Life\". BBC Two. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00rp1w0","url_text":"\"Museum of Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Secret Life of Twins\". BBC One. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00n6yyz","url_text":"\"The Secret Life of Twins\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMDb Filmography\". Chris van Tulleken. IMDb. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2429257/","url_text":"\"IMDb Filmography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Blizzard: Race to the Pole\". BBC. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/25/pole.shtml","url_text":"\"Blizzard: Race to the Pole\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's The Right Diet for You? A Horizon Special\". Horizon. BBC. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02flxvc","url_text":"\"What's The Right Diet for You? A Horizon Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)","url_text":"Horizon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"The Brit List 2013\". ShortList. Retrieved 1 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shortlist.com/home/the-brit-list-2013#gallery-item-15","url_text":"\"The Brit List 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Todd, Sophie (20 May 2015). \"Is Binge Drinking Really That Bad?\". Horizon. Series 51. Episode 11. London. BBC. BBC Two. Retrieved 8 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05wdfhk","url_text":"\"Is Binge Drinking Really That Bad?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)","url_text":"Horizon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two","url_text":"BBC Two"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC iPlayer\". CBBC Channel Schedule. BBC. 18 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/schedules/cbbc/20150803","url_text":"\"BBC iPlayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs\". BBC One. BBC. Retrieved 18 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07w52tp","url_text":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Sheffield, Michael (26 September 2016), \"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs, 15 September 2016\", The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs (video documentary), season 1, episode 1, BBC, BBC One, retrieved 18 January 2018 – via YouTube","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBVCFDAkMFo","url_text":"\"The Doctor Who Gave Up Drugs, 15 September 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One","url_text":"BBC One"}]},{"reference":"\"What time is The Twinstitute on TV? What's it about and how does it work?\". Radio Times. 4 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-12-04/the-twinstitute-air-date-bbc2-chris-xand-van-tulleken/","url_text":"\"What time is The Twinstitute on TV? What's it about and how does it work?\""}]},{"reference":"Mangan, Lucy (5 August 2020). \"Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline\". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/aug/05/surviving-the-virus-my-brother-and-me-review-a-rigorous-dispatch-from-the-covid-frontline","url_text":"\"Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC viewers sob as doctor recovering from covid has heart restarted\". Manchester Evening News. 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/tv/bbc-surviving-virus-viewers-sob-18724714","url_text":"\"BBC viewers sob as doctor recovering from covid has heart restarted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News","url_text":"Manchester Evening News"}]},{"reference":"Mangan, Lucy (5 August 2020). \"Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/aug/05/surviving-the-virus-my-brother-and-me-review-a-rigorous-dispatch-from-the-covid-frontline","url_text":"\"Surviving the Virus: My Brother and Me review – a rigorous dispatch from the Covid frontline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"I'm a long-distance dad so Covid was terrible – but it helped me let go of my guilt\". The Guardian. 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/dec/12/i-am-a-long-distance-dad-so-covid-was-terrible-but-it-helped-me-let-go-of-my-guilt","url_text":"\"I'm a long-distance dad so Covid was terrible – but it helped me let go of my guilt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Chloe (21 May 2023). \"Dr Xand Van Tulleken married: Operation Ouch! presenter marries partner Dolly\". Banbury Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.banburyguardian.co.uk/read-this/dr-xand-van-tulleken-married-operation-ouch-presenter-marries-partner-dolly-4151257","url_text":"\"Dr Xand Van Tulleken married: Operation Ouch! presenter marries partner Dolly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banbury_Guardian","url_text":"Banbury Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Doctors of the World UK (21 April 2015). \"Van Tulleken brothers running for DOTW in the London Marathon\". Doctors of the World. Doctors of the World UK. Retrieved 18 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://doctorsoftheworld.org.uk/blog/entry/the-van-tulleken-brothers-running-for-dotw-in-the-london-marathon","url_text":"\"Van Tulleken brothers running for DOTW in the London Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Chris & Dr. Xand van Tulleken\". run-for-dotw.everydayhero.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://run-for-dotw.everydayhero.com/uk/dr-chris-dr-xand-van-tulleken","url_text":"\"Dr. Chris & Dr. Xand van Tulleken\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Eye of the Storm\". ABC News. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/oldcontent/s2464769.htm","url_text":"\"The Eye of the Storm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Hands Up for Healthworkers\". Merlin UK. Retrieved 1 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBne5Keuwyo","url_text":"\"Hands Up for Healthworkers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_UK","url_text":"Merlin UK"}]},{"reference":"Cook, Stephen (30 July 2013). \"Analysis: Merlin and Save the Children\". thirdsector.co.uk. 1193125. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/analysis-merlin-save-children/governance/article/1193125","url_text":"\"Analysis: Merlin and Save the Children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unseen Burma\". BBC Newsnight. 18 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7461284.stm","url_text":"\"Unseen Burma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newsnight","url_text":"BBC Newsnight"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Texas_elections
2024 Texas elections
["1 Federal offices","1.1 President of the United States","1.2 United States Class I Senate Seat","1.3 United States House of Representatives","2 Executive","2.1 Railroad Commissioner","2.1.1 Republican primary","2.1.1.1 Candidates","2.1.1.2 Results","2.1.2 Democratic primary","2.1.2.1 Candidates","2.1.2.2 Results","2.1.3 General election","2.1.3.1 Results","3 Judicial","3.1 Supreme Court","3.1.1 Place 2","3.1.1.1 Republican primary","3.1.1.1.1 Candidates","3.1.1.1.2 Results","3.1.1.2 Democratic primary","3.1.1.2.1 Candidates","3.1.1.2.2 Results","3.1.1.3 General election","3.1.1.3.1 Results","3.1.2 Place 4","3.1.2.1 Republican primary","3.1.2.1.1 Candidates","3.1.2.1.2 Results","3.1.2.2 Democratic primary","3.1.2.2.1 Candidates","3.1.2.2.2 Results","3.1.2.3 General election","3.1.2.3.1 Results","3.1.3 Place 6","3.1.3.1 Republican primary","3.1.3.1.1 Candidates","3.1.3.1.2 Results","3.1.3.2 Democratic primary","3.1.3.2.1 Candidates","3.1.3.2.2 Results","3.1.3.3 General election","3.1.3.3.1 Results","3.2 Court of Criminal Appeals","3.2.1 Presiding Judge","3.2.1.1 Republican primary","3.2.1.1.1 Candidates","3.2.1.1.2 Results","3.2.1.2 Democratic primary","3.2.1.2.1 Candidates","3.2.1.2.2 Results","3.2.1.3 General election","3.2.1.3.1 Results","3.2.2 Place 7","3.2.2.1 Republican primary","3.2.2.1.1 Candidates","3.2.2.1.2 Results","3.2.2.2 Democratic primary","3.2.2.2.1 Candidates","3.2.2.2.2 Results","3.2.2.3 General election","3.2.2.3.1 Results","3.2.3 Place 8","3.2.3.1 Republican primary","3.2.3.1.1 Candidates","3.2.3.1.2 Results","3.2.3.2 Democratic primary","3.2.3.2.1 Candidates","3.2.3.2.2 Results","3.2.3.3 General election","3.2.3.3.1 Results","4 State legislature","4.1 Texas Senate","4.2 Texas House of Representatives","5 Local elections","5.1 Mayoral elections","5.1.1 Eligible incumbents","5.1.2 Ineligible or retiring incumbents","6 See also","7 References"]
2024 Texas elections ← 2023 November 5, 2024 2025 → Elections in Texas Federal government Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1846 1847 1851 1853 1857 1859 1859 sp 1870 1871 1875 1876 1881 1882 1887 1888 1892 sp 1893 1894 1899 1901 1905 1907 1911 1913 1913 sp 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1941 sp 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1957 sp 1958 1960 1961 sp 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1993 sp 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives 1846 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 6th sp 1880 1882 1884 1886 1887 2nd sp 1888 1890 1892 9th sp 1894 1896 11th sp 1898 1900 1901 6th sp 1902 4th sp 1903 8th sp 1904 1905 8th sp 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 10th sp 1914 1916 1918 1919 12th sp 1920 1922 13th sp 1924 1926 1928 1930 17th sp 1931 14th sp 1932 1933 7th sp 8th sp 15th sp 1934 1936 1937 10th sp 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 6th sp 1947 9th sp 16th sp 1948 15th sp 1950 18th sp 1951 13th sp 1952 7th sp 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 20th sp 1962 4th sp 13th sp 1963 10th sp 1964 1966 8th sp 1968 3rd sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1st sp 22nd sp 1978 1980 1982 1983 6th sp 1984 1985 1st sp 1986 1988 1989 12th sp 18th sp 1990 1991 3rd sp 1992 1994 1996 1997 28th sp 1998 2000 2002 2003 19th sp 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 6th sp 2022 34th sp 2024 State government General elections 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Comptroller elections 2022 Senate elections 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Constitutional amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 Austin Mayoral elections 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 2024 Austin municipal elections 2022 2024 Corpus Christi Mayoral elections 2012 2014 2016 2017 sp 2018 2020 Dallas–Fort Worth Arlington mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Dallas mayoral elections 1856 1857 1875 1904 1925 1961 1963 1965 1995 1999 2002 sp 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Dallas municipal elections 2015 2019 2021 Fort Worth mayoral elections 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Denton mayoral elections 2020 2022 Plano municipal elections 2017 2019 2021 El Paso Mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Municipal elections 2017 2020 Houston Mayoral elections 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 2023 Municipal elections 2005 2007 2009 Laredo Mayoral elections 2018 2022 Lubbock Mayoral elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio Mayoral elections 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 Governmentvte The 2024 Texas elections will be held on November 5, 2024. Primary elections took place on March 5, 2024. If needed runoff elections will take place on May 28, 2024. Seats up for election will be all seats of the Texas Legislature, all 38 seats in the United States House of Representatives, and the Class I seat to the United States Senate, for which two-term incumbent Republican Senator Ted Cruz is running for re-election. In addition, Texas counties, cities, and school and other special districts may have local elections and other ballot issues, such as bond proposals. Federal offices President of the United States Main article: 2024 United States presidential election in Texas See also: 2024 Texas Democratic presidential primary and 2024 Texas Republican presidential primary Texas will have 40 electoral votes in the Electoral College. United States Class I Senate Seat Main article: 2024 United States Senate election in Texas Two-term incumbent Republican Senator Ted Cruz is running for re-election. United States House of Representatives Main article: 2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas Executive Railroad Commissioner 2024 Texas Railroad Commissioner election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee Christi Craddick Katherine Culbert Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Railroad Commissioner Christi Craddick Republican Incumbent commissioner Christi Craddick ran for re-election to a third 6-year term. Republican primary Candidates Christie Clark, attorney Christi Craddick, incumbent Railroad Commissioner Corey Howell, construction operator Jim Matlock, oil & gas industry consultant Petra Reyes Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Christi Craddick (incumbent) 982,457 50.42% Republican Jim Matlock 517,624 26.56% Republican Christie Clark 228,395 11.72% Republican Corey Howell 122,802 6.30% Republican Petra Reyes 97,280 4.99% Total votes 1,948,558 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Bill Burch, drilling engineer Katherine Culbert, process safety engineer Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Katherine Culbert 615,965 67.64% Democratic Bill Burch 294,628 32.36% Total votes 910,593 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Railroad Commissioner election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Christi Craddick (incumbent) Democratic Katherine Culbert Libertarian Lynn Dunlap Green Eddie Espinoza Total votes 100.0% Judicial Supreme Court Place 2 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 2 election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee Jimmy Blacklock DaSean Jones Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Justice Jimmy Blacklock Republican Incumbent Justice Jimmy Blacklock is running for re-election to a second 6-year term. Republican primary Candidates Jimmy Blacklock, incumbent Associate Justice Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jimmy Blacklock (incumbent) 1,749,450 100.0% Total votes 1,749,450 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates DaSean Jones, Judge of the Harris County District Court (180th District) Randy Sarosdy, former counsel to the Texas Justice Court Training Center Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic DaSean Jones 529,623 59.57% Democratic Randy Sarosdy 359,402 40.43% Total votes 889,025 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 2 election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Jimmy Blacklock (incumbent) Democratic DaSean Jones Total votes 100.0% Place 4 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 4 election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee John Devine Christine Vinh Weems Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Justice John Devine Republican Incumbent Justice John Devine is running for re-election to a third 6-year term. Republican primary Candidates John Devine, incumbent Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas Brian Walker, Associate Justice of the Second Court of Appeals of Texas Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican John Devine (incumbent) 921,556 50.44% Republican Brian Walker 905,418 49.56% Total votes 1,826,974 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Christine Vinh Weems, Judge of the Harris County District Court (281st District) Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Christine Vinh Weems 825,485 100.0% Total votes 825,485 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 4 election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican John Devine (incumbent) Democratic Christine Vinh Weems Libertarian Matthew Sercely Total votes 100.0% Place 6 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 6 election ← 2020 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee Jane Bland Bonnie Lee Goldstein Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Justice Jane Bland Republican Incumbent Justice Jane Bland is running for a full 6-year term, after last being elected in 2020 to finish the remainder of her predecessor, Jeff Brown's, term. Republican primary Candidates Jane Bland, incumbent Associate Justice Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Jane Bland (incumbent) 1,690,507 100.0% Total votes 1,690,507 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Bonnie Lee Goldstein, Associate Justice of the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas Joe Pool, Judge of the Hays County District Court (428th District) Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Bonnie Lee Goldstein 646,690 73.14% Democratic Joe Pool 237,465 26.86% Total votes 884,155 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Supreme Court Place 6 election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Jane Bland (incumbent) Democratic Bonnie Lee Goldstein Libertarian David Roberson Total votes 100.0% Court of Criminal Appeals In 2021, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals issued an 8–1 decision, holding that the Texas Attorney General does not have unilateral authority to prosecute election code violations. All three incumbent Judges up for re-election were part of the majority decision. As a result, Attorney General Ken Paxton recruited primary challengers to all three incumbent Republican judges. Ultimately, all three incumbent Judges were defeated by their challengers in the March Republican primary election. Presiding Judge 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Presiding Judge election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee David Schenck Holly Taylor Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Presiding Judge Sharon Keller Republican Incumbent Presiding Judge Sharon Keller ran for re-election to a 6th term. Republican primary Candidates David Schenck, former Associate Justice of the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas (2015–2022) Sharon Keller, incumbent Presiding Judge Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican David Schenck 1,174,795 62.58% Republican Sharon Keller (incumbent) 702,464 37.42% Total votes 1,877,259 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Holly Taylor, assistant director within civil rights division of the Travis County district attorney's office Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Holly Taylor 829,500 100.0% Total votes 829,500 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Presiding Judge election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican David Schenck Democratic Holly Taylor Total votes 100.0% Place 7 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7 election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee Gina Parker Nancy Mulder Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Judge Barbara Parker Hervey Republican Incumbent Judge Barbara Parker Hervey ran for re-election to a 4th term. Republican primary Candidates Barbara Parker Hervey, incumbent Judge Gina Parker, Waco-based attorney Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gina Parker 1,210,956 66.08% Republican Barbara Parker Hervey (incumbent) 621,660 33.92% Total votes 1,832,616 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Nancy Mulder, Judge of the Dallas County Criminal District Court (No. 6) Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Nancy Mulder 819,154 100.0% Total votes 819,154 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 7 election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Gina Parker Democratic Nancy Mulder Libertarian Mark Ash Total votes 100.0% Place 8 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8 election ← 2018 November 5, 2024 2030 →   Nominee Lee Finley Chika Anyiam Party Republican Democratic Incumbent Judge Michelle Slaughter Republican Incumbent Judge Michelle Slaughter ran for re-election to a 2nd term. Republican primary Candidates Lee Finley, Richardson-based criminal defense attorney Michelle Slaughter, incumbent Judge Results Republican primary results Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lee Finley 988,824 53.88% Republican Michelle Slaughter (incumbent) 846,549 46.12% Total votes 1,835,373 100.0% Democratic primary Candidates Chika Anyiam, Judge of the Dallas County Criminal District Court (No. 7) Results Democratic primary results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chika Anyiam 804,891 100.0% Total votes 804,891 100.0% General election Results 2024 Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Place 8 election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Republican Lee Finley Democratic Chika Anyiam Libertarian Stephan Kinsella Total votes 100.0% State legislature All 150 seats of the Texas House of Representatives and all 31 seats of the Texas State Senate are up for election. The winners of this election will serve in the 89th Texas Legislature. Texas Senate Main article: 2024 Texas Senate election Texas House of Representatives Main article: 2024 Texas House of Representatives election Local elections Mayoral elections Eligible incumbents Austin, Texas: One-term incumbent Kirk Watson is running for re-election. Corpus Christi, Texas: Two-term incumbent Paulette Guajardo is eligible for re-election. El Paso, Texas: One-term incumbent Oscar Leeser is running for re-election. Ineligible or retiring incumbents Lubbock, Texas: One-term incumbent Trey Payne is retiring. See also 2024 United States elections References ^ "2024 State Primary Election Dates". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023. ^ a b Svitek, Patrick (March 15, 2023). "Texas Democrats and Republicans are on the hunt for rare chances to flip seats in 2024". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. ^ a b Linton, Caroline (February 14, 2023). "Ted Cruz recommits to 2024 Senate run". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2023. ^ Wang, Hansi; Jin, Connie; Levitt, Zach (April 26, 2021). "Here's How The 1st 2020 Census Results Changed Electoral College, House Seats". NPR. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. ^ a b c "Who's Running for Texas Railroad Commissioner?". The Dallas Express. January 1, 2024. ^ a b c d Drane, Amanda (February 18, 2024). "Who is running for the Texas Railroad Commission? A look at those vying to regulate the state's oil and gas industry". Houston Chronicle. ^ a b c d e f g "Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Republican Primary" (PDF). Texas Secretary of State. ^ a b c d e f g "Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Democratic Primary" (PDF). ^ a b c Pesquera, Adolfo (February 20, 2024). "Democrats DaSean Jones and Randall Sarosdy Vie to Face Judge Jimmy Blacklock in November Election". law.com. ^ a b Wagner, Bayliss (February 27, 2024). "Texas Supreme Court justice seeking reelection under fire for absenteeism, ethics concerns". Austin American-Statesman. ^ Singer, Jeff (December 19, 2023). "Texas Democrats are challenging all three Republicans on Supreme Court who denied emergency abortion". Daily Kos. ^ a b "Our recommendation in the Democratic primary for Texas Supreme Court, Place 6". The Dallas Morning News. February 6, 2024. ^ "State v. Stephens". TEXAS DISTRICT & COUNTY ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION. December 17, 2021. ^ Svitek, Patrick (December 13, 2023). "Three court of criminal appeal judges up for reelection targeted by Ken Paxton's political revenge machine". The Texas Tribune. ^ Melhado, William (March 6, 2024). "Ken Paxton successfully ousts three Republican criminal appeal court judges". The Texas Tribune. ^ a b "We recommend for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals presiding judge, GOP primary". The Dallas Morning News. February 2, 2024. ^ a b c Norton, Hannah (March 5, 2024). "Paxton-backed challengers projected to defeat incumbent criminal appeals judges". Community Impact. ^ a b "We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 7". The Dallas Morning News. February 2, 2024. ^ a b "We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 8". The Dallas Morning News. ^ McCarthy, Ella (April 10, 2024). "Austin Mayor Kirk Watson to run for reelection; 4th candidate so far on November ballot". Austin American-Statesman. ^ Eagle, Noah Zahn Wyoming Tribune (February 12, 2024). "Cheyenne Mayor Patrick Collins announces bid for second term". Wyoming Tribune Eagle. Retrieved March 24, 2024. ^ Rosiles, Mateo (December 6, 2023). "Lubbock Mayor Tray Payne won't seek re-election in 2024". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved May 9, 2024. vteElections in TexasGeneral 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 President of theRepublic of Texas 1836 1838 1841 1844 U.S. President 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem 2016 Dem 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. SenateClass 1 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1957 special 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1993 special 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Class 2 1918 1924 1930 1936 1941 special 1942 1948 1954 1960 1961 special 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 U.S. House 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1985 (1st sp) 1986 1988 1990 1991 (3rd sp) 1992 1994 1996 1997 (28th sp) 1998 2000 2002 2003 (19th sp) 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 (6th sp) 2022 34th sp 2024 Governor 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Legislature 1992 House Senate 1994 House Senate 1996 House Senate 1998 House Senate 2000 House Senate 2002 House Senate 2004 House Senate 2006 House Senate 2008 House Senate 2010 House Senate 2012 House Senate 2014 House Senate 2016 House Senate 2018 House Senate 2020 House Senate 2022 House Senate 2024 House Senate Lieutenant Governor 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 2018 2022 Amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 MunicipalDallas 1856 1857–1858 1875 1904 1925 2007 2011 2015 2019 2021 El Paso 2017 2020 Houston 1995 2005 2007 2009 Plano 2017 2019 2021 MayoralArlington 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Austin 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 Corpus Christi 2012 2014 2016 2017 special 2018 2020 Dallas 1925 1995 1999 2002 special 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 El Paso 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Fort Worth 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 Houston 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 Laredo 2018 2022 Lubbock 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 vte(2023 ←)   2024 United States elections   (→ 2025)U.S.President Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam (straw poll) U.S.Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (regular) Nebraska (special) Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S.House(electionratings) Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California 16th 20th sp 30th 45th 47th Colorado 4th sp Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland 6th Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey 10th sp New Mexico New York 3rd sp 26th sp North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 6th sp Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin 8th sp Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Lt. Gov Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Lt. Gov Washington Lt. Gov West Virginia Attorneysgeneral Indiana Missouri Montana North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Secretariesof state Missouri Montana North Carolina Oregon Vermont Washington West Virginia Statetreasurers Arkansas (special) Missouri North Carolina North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Otherstatewideelections Arizona Corporation Commission Georgia Judicial Kentucky Supreme Court Montana State Auditor New Hampshire Executive Council North Carolina Council of State North Dakota State Auditor Pennsylvania Auditor General Utah State Auditor Washington State Auditor Public Lands Commissioner West Virginia State Auditor Statelegislative Alaska House Senate Arizona House Senate Arkansas House Senate California Assembly Senate Colorado House Senate Connecticut House Senate Delaware House Senate Florida House Senate Georgia House Senate Hawaii House Senate Idaho House Senate Illinois House Senate Indiana House Senate Iowa House Senate Kansas House Senate Kentucky House Senate Maine House Senate Massachusetts House Senate Michigan House Minnesota House Missouri House Senate Montana House Senate Nebraska Nevada Assembly Senate New Hampshire House Senate New Mexico House Senate New York Assembly Senate North Carolina House Senate North Dakota House Senate Ohio House Senate Oklahoma House Senate Oregon House Senate Pennsylvania House Senate Puerto Rico House Senate Rhode Island House Senate South Carolina House Senate South Dakota House Senate Tennessee House Senate Texas House Senate Utah House Senate Vermont House Senate Washington House Senate West Virginia House Senate Wisconsin Assembly Senate Wyoming House Senate Special elections Mayors Alexandria, VA Anchorage, AK Austin, TX Bakersfield, CA Baltimore, MD Baton Rouge, LA Bridgeport, CT Burlington, VT El Paso, TX Fresno, CA Grand Rapids, MI Honolulu, HI Las Vegas, NV Mesa, AZ Miami-Dade County, FL Milwaukee, WI Phoenix, AZ Portland, OR Pueblo, CO Raleigh, NC Richmond, VA Riverside, CA Sacramento, CA Salt Lake City, UT San Diego, CA San Francisco, CA Stockton, CA Tulsa, OK Virginia Beach, VA Wilmington, DE Local Chicago, IL Los Angeles, CA Los Angeles County, CA Maricopa County, AZ Multnomah County, OR Orange County, CA Portland, OR City Auditor City Council San Francisco, CA San Mateo County, CA Washington, D.C. States andterritories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Ballotmeasures California Proposition 1 Florida Amendment 3 Amendment 4 Kentucky Amendment 2 Maryland abortion referendum South Dakota Amendment G Amendment H
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-txlegislature-2"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ted Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ted_Cruz-3"}],"text":"The 2024 Texas elections will be held on November 5, 2024. Primary elections took place on March 5, 2024. If needed runoff elections will take place on May 28, 2024.[1]Seats up for election will be all seats of the Texas Legislature,[2] all 38 seats in the United States House of Representatives, and the Class I seat to the United States Senate, for which two-term incumbent Republican Senator Ted Cruz is running for re-election.[3] In addition, Texas counties, cities, and school and other special districts may have local elections and other ballot issues, such as bond proposals.","title":"2024 Texas elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Federal offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 Texas Democratic presidential primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Texas_Democratic_presidential_primary"},{"link_name":"2024 Texas Republican presidential primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Texas_Republican_presidential_primary"},{"link_name":"Electoral College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"President of the United States","text":"See also: 2024 Texas Democratic presidential primary and 2024 Texas Republican presidential primaryTexas will have 40 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[4]","title":"Federal offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ted_Cruz-3"}],"sub_title":"United States Class I Senate Seat","text":"Two-term incumbent Republican Senator Ted Cruz is running for re-election.[3]","title":"Federal offices"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"United States House of Representatives","title":"Federal offices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Executive"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Railroad Commissioner","text":"Incumbent commissioner Christi Craddick ran for re-election to a third 6-year term.","title":"Executive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE1-5"},{"link_name":"Christi Craddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christi_Craddick"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DE1-5"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=9"}],"sub_title":"Railroad Commissioner - Republican primary","text":"Candidates[edit]Christie Clark, attorney[5]\nChristi Craddick, incumbent Railroad Commissioner[6]\nCorey Howell, construction operator[5]\nJim Matlock, oil & gas industry consultant[6]\nPetra Reyes[5]Results[edit]","title":"Executive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RC1-6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=12"}],"sub_title":"Railroad Commissioner - Democratic primary","text":"Candidates[edit]Bill Burch, drilling engineer[6]\nKatherine Culbert, process safety engineer[6]Results[edit]","title":"Executive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=14"}],"sub_title":"Railroad Commissioner - General election","text":"Results[edit]","title":"Executive"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Supreme Court","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=18"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=19"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Blacklock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blacklock"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2-9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=20"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=21"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=22"},{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2-9"},{"link_name":"counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC2-9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=23"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=24"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=25"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court - Place 2","text":"Incumbent Justice Jimmy Blacklock is running for re-election to a second 6-year term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Jimmy Blacklock, incumbent Associate Justice[9]Results[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]DaSean Jones, Judge of the Harris County District Court (180th District)[9]\nRandy Sarosdy, former counsel to the Texas Justice Court Training Center[9]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=27"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=28"},{"link_name":"John Devine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Devine_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC4-10"},{"link_name":"Second Court of Appeals of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Court_of_Appeals_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC4-10"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=29"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=30"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=31"},{"link_name":"Harris County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCJ1-11"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=32"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=33"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=34"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court - Place 4","text":"Incumbent Justice John Devine is running for re-election to a third 6-year term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]John Devine, incumbent Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas[10]\nBrian Walker, Associate Justice of the Second Court of Appeals of Texas[10]Results[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Christine Vinh Weems, Judge of the Harris County District Court (281st District)[11]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Brown_(judge)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=36"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=37"},{"link_name":"Jane Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Bland"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=38"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=39"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=40"},{"link_name":"Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Court_of_Appeals_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC6-12"},{"link_name":"Hays County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC6-12"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=41"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=42"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=43"}],"sub_title":"Supreme Court - Place 6","text":"Incumbent Justice Jane Bland is running for a full 6-year term, after last being elected in 2020 to finish the remainder of her predecessor, Jeff Brown's, term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Jane Bland, incumbent Associate JusticeResults[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Bonnie Lee Goldstein, Associate Justice of the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas[12]\nJoe Pool, Judge of the Hays County District Court (428th District)[12]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Court of Criminal Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals"},{"link_name":"Texas Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ken Paxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Paxton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cca1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Court of Criminal Appeals","text":"In 2021, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals issued an 8–1 decision, holding that the Texas Attorney General does not have unilateral authority to prosecute election code violations.[13] All three incumbent Judges up for re-election were part of the majority decision. As a result, Attorney General Ken Paxton recruited primary challengers to all three incumbent Republican judges.[14] Ultimately, all three incumbent Judges were defeated by their challengers in the March Republican primary election.[15]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=46"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=47"},{"link_name":"Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Court_of_Appeals_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccapj-16"},{"link_name":"Sharon Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Keller"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccapj-16"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=48"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=49"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=50"},{"link_name":"Travis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccad-17"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=51"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=52"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=53"}],"sub_title":"Court of Criminal Appeals - Presiding Judge","text":"Incumbent Presiding Judge Sharon Keller ran for re-election to a 6th term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]David Schenck, former Associate Justice of the Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas (2015–2022)[16]\nSharon Keller, incumbent Presiding Judge[16]Results[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Holly Taylor, assistant director within civil rights division of the Travis County district attorney's office[17]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=55"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=56"},{"link_name":"Barbara Parker Hervey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hervey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCAP7-18"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCAP7-18"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=57"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=58"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=59"},{"link_name":"Dallas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccad-17"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=60"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=61"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=62"}],"sub_title":"Court of Criminal Appeals - Place 7","text":"Incumbent Judge Barbara Parker Hervey ran for re-election to a 4th term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Barbara Parker Hervey, incumbent Judge[18]\nGina Parker, Waco-based attorney[18]Results[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Nancy Mulder, Judge of the Dallas County Criminal District Court (No. 6)[17]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=64"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=65"},{"link_name":"Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCP8-19"},{"link_name":"Michelle Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Slaughter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCP8-19"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=66"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=67"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=68"},{"link_name":"Dallas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccad-17"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=69"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=70"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Texas_elections&action=edit&section=71"}],"sub_title":"Court of Criminal Appeals - Place 8","text":"Incumbent Judge Michelle Slaughter ran for re-election to a 2nd term.Republican primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Lee Finley, Richardson-based criminal defense attorney[19]\nMichelle Slaughter, incumbent Judge[19]Results[edit]Democratic primary[edit]Candidates[edit]Chika Anyiam, Judge of the Dallas County Criminal District Court (No. 7)[17]Results[edit]General election[edit]Results[edit]","title":"Judicial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Texas State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-txlegislature-2"},{"link_name":"89th Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_Texas_Legislature"}],"text":"All 150 seats of the Texas House of Representatives and all 31 seats of the Texas State Senate are up for election.[2] The winners of this election will serve in the 89th Texas Legislature.","title":"State legislature"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Texas Senate","title":"State legislature"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Texas House of Representatives","title":"State legislature"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Local elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mayoral elections","title":"Local elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Austin_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Kirk Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_Corpus_Christi_mayoral_election&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_El_Paso,_Texas,_elections&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oscar Leeser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Leeser"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Mayoral elections - Eligible incumbents","text":"Austin, Texas: One-term incumbent Kirk Watson is running for re-election.[20]\nCorpus Christi, Texas: Two-term incumbent Paulette Guajardo is eligible for re-election.\nEl Paso, Texas: One-term incumbent Oscar Leeser is running for re-election.[21]","title":"Local elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lubbock, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Lubbock#2024"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Mayoral elections - Ineligible or retiring incumbents","text":"Lubbock, Texas: One-term incumbent Trey Payne is retiring.[22]","title":"Local elections"}]
[]
[{"title":"2024 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_elections"}]
[{"reference":"\"2024 State Primary Election Dates\". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231110155538/https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/2024-state-primary-election-dates","url_text":"\"2024 State Primary Election Dates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures","url_text":"National Conference of State Legislatures"},{"url":"https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/2024-state-primary-election-dates","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Svitek, Patrick (March 15, 2023). \"Texas Democrats and Republicans are on the hunt for rare chances to flip seats in 2024\". The Texas Tribune. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230602125028/https://www.texastribune.org/2023/03/15/texas-democrats-republicans-districts-competitive-2024/","url_text":"\"Texas Democrats and Republicans are on the hunt for rare chances to flip seats in 2024\""},{"url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2023/03/15/texas-democrats-republicans-districts-competitive-2024/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Linton, Caroline (February 14, 2023). \"Ted Cruz recommits to 2024 Senate run\". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230903233003/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ted-cruz-2024-senate-reelection-presidential-race/","url_text":"\"Ted Cruz recommits to 2024 Senate run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"},{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ted-cruz-2024-senate-reelection-presidential-race/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Hansi; Jin, Connie; Levitt, Zach (April 26, 2021). \"Here's How The 1st 2020 Census Results Changed Electoral College, House Seats\". NPR. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2021/04/26/983082132/census-to-release-1st-results-that-shift-electoral-college-house-seats","url_text":"\"Here's How The 1st 2020 Census Results Changed Electoral College, House Seats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819123145/https://www.npr.org/2021/04/26/983082132/census-to-release-1st-results-that-shift-electoral-college-house-seats","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Running for Texas Railroad Commissioner?\". The Dallas Express. January 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://dallasexpress.com/state/whos-running-for-texas-railroad-commissioner/","url_text":"\"Who's Running for Texas Railroad Commissioner?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Express","url_text":"The Dallas Express"}]},{"reference":"Drane, Amanda (February 18, 2024). \"Who is running for the Texas Railroad Commission? A look at those vying to regulate the state's oil and gas industry\". Houston Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/texas-railroad-commission-election-2024-18670064.php","url_text":"\"Who is running for the Texas Railroad Commission? A look at those vying to regulate the state's oil and gas industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Republican Primary\" (PDF). Texas Secretary of State.","urls":[{"url":"https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49666/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1717377960501","url_text":"\"Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Republican Primary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Texas Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Democratic Primary\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/49665/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1717377948800","url_text":"\"Official Canvass Report - 2024 March 5th Democratic Primary\""}]},{"reference":"Pesquera, Adolfo (February 20, 2024). \"Democrats DaSean Jones and Randall Sarosdy Vie to Face Judge Jimmy Blacklock in November Election\". law.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.com/texaslawyer/2024/02/20/democrats-dasean-jones-and-randall-sarosdy-vie-to-face-judge-jimmy-blacklock-in-november-election/","url_text":"\"Democrats DaSean Jones and Randall Sarosdy Vie to Face Judge Jimmy Blacklock in November Election\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Bayliss (February 27, 2024). \"Texas Supreme Court justice seeking reelection under fire for absenteeism, ethics concerns\". Austin American-Statesman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/story/news/politics/elections/state/2024/02/27/texas-election-supreme-court-justice-skips-most-hearings-seeks-reelection/72598679007/","url_text":"\"Texas Supreme Court justice seeking reelection under fire for absenteeism, ethics concerns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Singer, Jeff (December 19, 2023). \"Texas Democrats are challenging all three Republicans on Supreme Court who denied emergency abortion\". Daily Kos.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/12/19/2212703/-Texas-Democrats-are-challenging-all-three-Republicans-on-Supreme-Court-who-denied-emergency-abortion","url_text":"\"Texas Democrats are challenging all three Republicans on Supreme Court who denied emergency abortion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos","url_text":"Daily Kos"}]},{"reference":"\"Our recommendation in the Democratic primary for Texas Supreme Court, Place 6\". The Dallas Morning News. February 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/we-recommend/2024/02/07/our-recommendation-in-the-democratic-primary-for-texas-supreme-court-place-6/","url_text":"\"Our recommendation in the Democratic primary for Texas Supreme Court, Place 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"State v. Stephens\". TEXAS DISTRICT & COUNTY ATTORNEYS ASSOCIATION. December 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdcaa.com/case-summaries/december-17-2021/","url_text":"\"State v. Stephens\""}]},{"reference":"Svitek, Patrick (December 13, 2023). \"Three court of criminal appeal judges up for reelection targeted by Ken Paxton's political revenge machine\". The Texas Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2023/12/13/ken-paxton-court-of-criminal-appeal-primary-republicans/","url_text":"\"Three court of criminal appeal judges up for reelection targeted by Ken Paxton's political revenge machine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Tribune","url_text":"The Texas Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Melhado, William (March 6, 2024). \"Ken Paxton successfully ousts three Republican criminal appeal court judges\". The Texas Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/03/05/texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-republican-primary/","url_text":"\"Ken Paxton successfully ousts three Republican criminal appeal court judges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Tribune","url_text":"The Texas Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"We recommend for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals presiding judge, GOP primary\". The Dallas Morning News. February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/we-recommend/2024/02/02/we-recommend-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-presiding-judge-gop-primary/","url_text":"\"We recommend for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals presiding judge, GOP primary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"Norton, Hannah (March 5, 2024). \"Paxton-backed challengers projected to defeat incumbent criminal appeals judges\". Community Impact.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityimpact.com/austin/south-central-austin/election/2024/03/05/paxton-backed-challengers-projected-to-defeat-incumbent-criminal-appeals-judges/","url_text":"\"Paxton-backed challengers projected to defeat incumbent criminal appeals judges\""}]},{"reference":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 7\". The Dallas Morning News. February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2024/02/02/we-recommend-in-the-race-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-place-7/","url_text":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 8\". The Dallas Morning News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2024/02/02/we-recommend-in-the-race-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-place-8/","url_text":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 8\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News","url_text":"The Dallas Morning News"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Ella (April 10, 2024). \"Austin Mayor Kirk Watson to run for reelection; 4th candidate so far on November ballot\". Austin American-Statesman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/2024/04/10/austin-mayor-kirk-watson-seeking-another-term-in-november-vote/73259681007/","url_text":"\"Austin Mayor Kirk Watson to run for reelection; 4th candidate so far on November ballot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_American-Statesman","url_text":"Austin American-Statesman"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Noah Zahn Wyoming Tribune (February 12, 2024). \"Cheyenne Mayor Patrick Collins announces bid for second term\". Wyoming Tribune Eagle. Retrieved March 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/cheyenne-mayor-patrick-collins-announces-bid-for-second-term/article_11ccb59c-ca01-11ee-8b54-f7895cf397e8.html","url_text":"\"Cheyenne Mayor Patrick Collins announces bid for second term\""}]},{"reference":"Rosiles, Mateo (December 6, 2023). \"Lubbock Mayor Tray Payne won't seek re-election in 2024\". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. Retrieved May 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2023/12/06/lubbock-mayor-tray-payne-wont-seek-re-election-in-spring-2024-race/71831733007/","url_text":"\"Lubbock Mayor Tray Payne won't seek re-election in 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal","url_text":"Lubbock Avalanche-Journal"}]}]
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Stephens\""},{"Link":"https://www.texastribune.org/2023/12/13/ken-paxton-court-of-criminal-appeal-primary-republicans/","external_links_name":"\"Three court of criminal appeal judges up for reelection targeted by Ken Paxton's political revenge machine\""},{"Link":"https://www.texastribune.org/2024/03/05/texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-republican-primary/","external_links_name":"\"Ken Paxton successfully ousts three Republican criminal appeal court judges\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/we-recommend/2024/02/02/we-recommend-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-presiding-judge-gop-primary/","external_links_name":"\"We recommend for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals presiding judge, GOP primary\""},{"Link":"https://communityimpact.com/austin/south-central-austin/election/2024/03/05/paxton-backed-challengers-projected-to-defeat-incumbent-criminal-appeals-judges/","external_links_name":"\"Paxton-backed challengers projected to defeat incumbent criminal appeals judges\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2024/02/02/we-recommend-in-the-race-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-place-7/","external_links_name":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 7\""},{"Link":"https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/editorials/2024/02/02/we-recommend-in-the-race-for-texas-court-of-criminal-appeals-place-8/","external_links_name":"\"We recommend in the GOP race for Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, Place 8\""},{"Link":"https://www.statesman.com/story/news/local/2024/04/10/austin-mayor-kirk-watson-seeking-another-term-in-november-vote/73259681007/","external_links_name":"\"Austin Mayor Kirk Watson to run for reelection; 4th candidate so far on November ballot\""},{"Link":"https://www.wyomingnews.com/news/local_news/cheyenne-mayor-patrick-collins-announces-bid-for-second-term/article_11ccb59c-ca01-11ee-8b54-f7895cf397e8.html","external_links_name":"\"Cheyenne Mayor Patrick Collins announces bid for second term\""},{"Link":"https://www.lubbockonline.com/story/news/local/2023/12/06/lubbock-mayor-tray-payne-wont-seek-re-election-in-spring-2024-race/71831733007/","external_links_name":"\"Lubbock Mayor Tray Payne won't seek re-election in 2024\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province
Franklin Large Igneous Province
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Large area of igneous rock in northern North America A Neoproterozoic Coronation Sill on the mainland south of Coronation Gulf, east of Kugluktuk. This is just one of dozens of parallel sills slicing through Nunavut's western mainland, each with the same shallow dip to the north. They form a series of ramparts on land and many linear sets of islands out in the ocean. The Franklin Large Igneous Province is a Neoproterozoic large igneous province in the Canadian Arctic of Northern Canada. It represents one of the largest large igneous provinces in Canada, consisting of the Natkusiak flood basalts on Victoria Island, the Coronation sills on the southern shore of the Coronation Gulf and the large Franklin dike swarm, which extends for more than 1,200 km (750 mi) across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northwestern Greenland. The Franklin Large Igneous Province covers an area of more than 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi) and erupted more than 700 million years ago over the course of about two million years. Sulfur emissions during the eruption and weathering of the new rock following it may have contributed to a snowball earth event known as the Sturtian glaciation. See also Volcanism of Northern Canada References ^ Ar40-Ar39 Dating of the Lasard River Mafic Dykes, and Implications for the Focus of the 0.72 Ga Franklin Large Igneous Province of Northern Canada ^ Igneous rock associations in Canada 3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Canada and adjacent regions: 3 Ga to Present. ^ Dufour, Frédéric; Davies, Joshua H. F. L.; Greenman, J. Wilder; Skulski, Thomas; Halverson, Galen P.; Stevenson, Ross (2023-09-15). "New U-Pb CA-ID TIMS zircon ages implicate the Franklin LIP as the proximal trigger for the Sturtian Snowball Earth event". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 618: 118259. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118259. ISSN 0012-821X. ^ Wei-Haas, Naya (12 July 2023). "Massive lava outburst may have led to Snowball Earth". Science. Retrieved 21 July 2023. External links February 2015 LIP of the Month: The Franklin Large Igneous Province and Initiation of the Sturtian Snowball Earth Glaciation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franklin Large Igneous Province. vteLarge igneous provinces Agulhas (Northeast Georgia Rise, Maud Rise) Azores Brazilian Highlands Caribbean Central Atlantic Central Iapetus Circum-Superior Columbia River Deccan Emeishan Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands Equatorial Atlantic Franklin (Franklin dike swarm) High Arctic (Sverdrup Basin) Iceland Karoo-Ferrar Kerguelen (Broken Ridge) Marathon Keweenawan Long Range Mackenzie (Coppermine River Mackenzie dike swarm) Matachewan Mistassini North Atlantic Ongeluk Ontong Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi Panjal Paraná and Etendeka Shatsky Siberian Skagerrak Ungava Winagami Geology portal This Canadian Northwest Territories location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Nunavut location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Greenland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a specific Canadian geological feature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rampart_Land_(9735272652).jpg"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"Coronation Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Kugluktuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugluktuk"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Neoproterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic"},{"link_name":"large igneous province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_igneous_province"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"Natkusiak flood basalts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natkusiak_flood_basalts"},{"link_name":"Victoria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Coronation sills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronation_sills&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coronation Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Franklin dike swarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_dike_swarm"},{"link_name":"Canadian Arctic Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"snowball earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_Earth"},{"link_name":"Sturtian glaciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturtian_glaciation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A Neoproterozoic Coronation Sill on the mainland south of Coronation Gulf, east of Kugluktuk. This is just one of dozens of parallel sills slicing through Nunavut's western mainland, each with the same shallow dip to the north. They form a series of ramparts on land and many linear sets of islands out in the ocean.The Franklin Large Igneous Province is a Neoproterozoic large igneous province in the Canadian Arctic of Northern Canada. It represents one of the largest large igneous provinces in Canada, consisting of the Natkusiak flood basalts on Victoria Island, the Coronation sills on the southern shore of the Coronation Gulf and the large Franklin dike swarm, which extends for more than 1,200 km (750 mi) across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and northwestern Greenland.[1] The Franklin Large Igneous Province covers an area of more than 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi) and erupted more than 700 million years ago over the course of about two million years.[2][3] Sulfur emissions during the eruption and weathering of the new rock following it may have contributed to a snowball earth event known as the Sturtian glaciation.[4]","title":"Franklin Large Igneous Province"}]
[{"image_text":"A Neoproterozoic Coronation Sill on the mainland south of Coronation Gulf, east of Kugluktuk. This is just one of dozens of parallel sills slicing through Nunavut's western mainland, each with the same shallow dip to the north. They form a series of ramparts on land and many linear sets of islands out in the ocean.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rampart_Land_%289735272652%29.jpg/350px-Rampart_Land_%289735272652%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Volcanism of Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism_of_Northern_Canada"}]
[{"reference":"Dufour, Frédéric; Davies, Joshua H. F. L.; Greenman, J. Wilder; Skulski, Thomas; Halverson, Galen P.; Stevenson, Ross (2023-09-15). \"New U-Pb CA-ID TIMS zircon ages implicate the Franklin LIP as the proximal trigger for the Sturtian Snowball Earth event\". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 618: 118259. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118259. ISSN 0012-821X.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X23002728","url_text":"\"New U-Pb CA-ID TIMS zircon ages implicate the Franklin LIP as the proximal trigger for the Sturtian Snowball Earth event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2023.118259","url_text":"10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118259"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X","url_text":"0012-821X"}]},{"reference":"Wei-Haas, Naya (12 July 2023). \"Massive lava outburst may have led to Snowball Earth\". Science. Retrieved 21 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/massive-lava-outburst-may-have-led-snowball-earth","url_text":"\"Massive lava outburst may have led to Snowball Earth\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUSM.V43A..07E","external_links_name":"Ar40-Ar39 Dating of the Lasard River Mafic Dykes, and Implications for the Focus of the 0.72 Ga Franklin Large Igneous Province of Northern Canada"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Igneous+rock+associations+in+Canada+3.+Large+Igneous+Provinces+(LIPs)+...-a0124343378","external_links_name":"Igneous rock associations in Canada 3. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in Canada and adjacent regions: 3 Ga to Present."},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X23002728","external_links_name":"\"New U-Pb CA-ID TIMS zircon ages implicate the Franklin LIP as the proximal trigger for the Sturtian Snowball Earth event\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2023.118259","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118259"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X","external_links_name":"0012-821X"},{"Link":"https://www.science.org/content/article/massive-lava-outburst-may-have-led-snowball-earth","external_links_name":"\"Massive lava outburst may have led to Snowball Earth\""},{"Link":"http://www.largeigneousprovinces.org/15feb","external_links_name":"February 2015 LIP of the Month: The Franklin Large Igneous Province and Initiation of the Sturtian Snowball Earth Glaciation"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Andersson
Ola Andersson
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
Swedish footballer For the Swedish ice hockey player, see Ola Andersson (ice hockey). Ola AnderssonAndersson in 2013Born (1966-07-01) 1 July 1966 (age 57)Åkersberga, SwedenNationalitySwedishOccupation(s)Footballer, Commentator for SVT and Canal PlusAssociation football careerFull name Ola Per AnderssonHeight 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1985–1986 Bälinge IF 1987–1989 IF Brommapojkarna 61 (7)1990–1994 IK Sirius 116 (23)1995–2000 AIK 102 (2)2001 Vasalunds IF 10 (1)2001 IK Sirius International career1995 Sweden 2 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Ola Per Andersson, (born 1 July 1966) is a Swedish former professional footballer and current director of football at IK Sirius. He also works as a football expert on television. Career A midfielder, Andersson grew up in Uppsala and played for Bälinge IF, before being bought by IF Brommapojkarna in 1987 he played for the team until 1989. He started to play for IK Sirius in Division 1 Norra until 1994. He then was bought by the Allsvenskan team AIK. After seven matches with the team Andersson was selected by the Swedish national football team and played two matches in Umbro Cup in England. With AIK Andersson won Allsvenskan in 1998 and three gold and two silver models at Svenska Cupen. After his football career was over he became an expert commentator for Canal Plus football broadcasts. He commentated the Fifa World Cup 2002 for SVT. He's had several roles in IK Sirius after his playing career. He was sporting director of the club between 2018 and 2023. References ^ a b Ola Andersson at WorldFootball.net ^ Ola Andersson at National-Football-Teams.com ^ "Ola Andersson blir sportchef i Sirius Fotboll". ^ a b "Bälinges tonåring gjorde succé". 24 January 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ "Ola Andersson lämnar AIK". Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ a b "Our Ambassadors – A series of posts about our Brand ambassadors – Ola Andersson". 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ "Fotbollskvälls expertuppställning komplett - Sport - SVT.se". 30 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2017. ^ https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/beskedet-ola-andersson-tillbaka-i-tjanst-efter-sjukskrivningen/ External links Media related to Ola Andersson at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Sweden This biographical article relating to Swedish sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ola Andersson (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Andersson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unt.se-4"}],"text":"For the Swedish ice hockey player, see Ola Andersson (ice hockey).Ola Per Andersson, (born 1 July 1966) is a Swedish former professional footballer and current director of football at IK Sirius.[3][4] He also works as a football expert on television.","title":"Ola Andersson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Bälinge IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4linge_IF"},{"link_name":"IF Brommapojkarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IF_Brommapojkarna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unt.se-4"},{"link_name":"IK Sirius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Sirius_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Division 1 Norra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_Norra"},{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Swedish national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Umbro Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbro_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-betssonflash.com-6"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-betssonflash.com-6"},{"link_name":"Canal Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"SVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"A midfielder, Andersson grew up in Uppsala and played for Bälinge IF, before being bought by IF Brommapojkarna in 1987 he played for the team until 1989.[4] He started to play for IK Sirius in Division 1 Norra until 1994. He then was bought by the Allsvenskan team AIK.[5] After seven matches with the team Andersson was selected by the Swedish national football team and played two matches in Umbro Cup in England.[6] With AIK Andersson won Allsvenskan in 1998 and three gold and two silver models at Svenska Cupen.[6]After his football career was over he became an expert commentator for Canal Plus football broadcasts. He commentated the Fifa World Cup 2002 for SVT.[7]He's had several roles in IK Sirius after his playing career. He was sporting director of the club between 2018 and 2023.[8]","title":"Career"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha_Mittal
Megha Mittal
["1 Education and career","2 References"]
Indian fashion entrepreneur (born 1976) Megha MittalBornMegha Patodia (1976-11-20) November 20, 1976 (age 47)Alma materWharton School of BusinessSpouseAditya Mittal Megha Mittal (born 20 November 1976 in Kolkata, India) is an Indian fashion entrepreneur. She is the former Chairperson and Managing Director of the German fashion luxury brand Escada. She is the daughter-in-law of Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian billionaire businessman. She is a member on the Board of Advisors of the Wharton School since June 2020. She and her husband, Aditya Mittal, actively donate to philanthropic causes related to child health both in India and the UK. Education and career Megha is the daughter of Mahendra Kumar Patodia of Hyderabad She completed her schooling from Hyderabad Public School. Mittal graduated from the Wharton School of Business in 1997, with a B.S. in Economics with concentration in Finance. She subsequently joined the Investment Bank Goldman Sachs as an Analyst in the Research Department. In 2003, she obtained a Postgraduate Degree in Architectural Interior Design at the Inchbald School of Design in London. Mittal left Goldman Sachs after one year. In November 2009, she acquired Escada and revamped the company into a modern luxury and lifestyle brand. References ^ "Escada Corporate 2011". Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ^ a b "Meet daughter-in-law of Indian billionaire with Rs 1,24,280 crore net worth, she's ex-analyst, fashion entrepreneur". DNA India. ^ Editor, Sophie Goodchild, Health (12 April 2012). "Mittals' £15m gift to Great Ormond Street is a record". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 August 2022. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "'Lakshmi for the world, Niwas for us". ^ Kuehnen, Eva (6 November 2009). "Megha shows Mittal family steel in fashion coup". Reuters India. Retrieved 15 April 2010. ^ Comstock, Courtney (18 February 2011). "A 34-Year Old Billionaire Heiress Who Used To Work For Goldman Just Bought Escada". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 April 2020. ^ Kuehnen, Eva (5 November 2009). "Megha Mittal to buy luxury fashion house Escada". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2010. ^ Odell, Amy (6 November 2009). "Escada Sold to 33-Year-Old Megha Mittal". New York Magazine. Retrieved 15 April 2010. This Indian business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Escada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//boards.wharton.upenn.edu/board-of-advisors/"},{"link_name":"Aditya Mittal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditya_Mittal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Megha Mittal (born 20 November 1976 in Kolkata, India) is an Indian fashion entrepreneur. She is the former Chairperson and Managing Director of the German fashion luxury brand Escada.[1]She is the daughter-in-law of Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian billionaire businessman.[2]She is a member on the Board of Advisors of the Wharton School since June 2020. She and her husband, Aditya Mittal, actively donate to philanthropic causes related to child health both in India and the UK.[3]","title":"Megha Mittal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Public_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Wharton School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Architectural Interior Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Inchbald School of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchbald_School_of_Design"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Megha is the daughter of Mahendra Kumar Patodia of Hyderabad[4] She completed her schooling from Hyderabad Public School.[2]Mittal graduated from the Wharton School of Business in 1997, with a B.S. in Economics with concentration in Finance. She subsequently joined the Investment Bank Goldman Sachs as an Analyst in the Research Department. In 2003, she obtained a Postgraduate Degree in Architectural Interior Design at the Inchbald School of Design in London.[5] Mittal left Goldman Sachs after one year.[6]In November 2009, she acquired Escada and revamped the company into a modern luxury and lifestyle brand.[7][8]","title":"Education and career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Escada Corporate 2011\". Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110120092945/http://www.escada.com/home/#/2011-resort/escada-corporate/management/overview/","url_text":"\"Escada Corporate 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.escada.com/home/#/2011-resort/escada-corporate/management/overview/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet daughter-in-law of Indian billionaire with Rs 1,24,280 crore net worth, she's ex-analyst, fashion entrepreneur\". DNA India.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-megha-mittal-daughter-in-law-of-indian-billionaire-with-rs-124280-cr-net-worth-fashion-entrepreneur-3066158","url_text":"\"Meet daughter-in-law of Indian billionaire with Rs 1,24,280 crore net worth, she's ex-analyst, fashion entrepreneur\""}]},{"reference":"Editor, Sophie Goodchild, Health (12 April 2012). \"Mittals' £15m gift to Great Ormond Street is a record\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/mittals-ps15m-gift-to-great-ormond-street-is-a-record-6680419.html","url_text":"\"Mittals' £15m gift to Great Ormond Street is a record\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Lakshmi for the world, Niwas for us\".","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/lakshmi-for-the-world-niwas-for-us/articleshow/1682777.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"'Lakshmi for the world, Niwas for us\""}]},{"reference":"Kuehnen, Eva (6 November 2009). \"Megha shows Mittal family steel in fashion coup\". Reuters India. Retrieved 15 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43753220091106?sp=true","url_text":"\"Megha shows Mittal family steel in fashion coup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters India"}]},{"reference":"Comstock, Courtney (18 February 2011). \"A 34-Year Old Billionaire Heiress Who Used To Work For Goldman Just Bought Escada\". Business Insider. Retrieved 10 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/megha-mittal-2011-2","url_text":"\"A 34-Year Old Billionaire Heiress Who Used To Work For Goldman Just Bought Escada\""}]},{"reference":"Kuehnen, Eva (5 November 2009). \"Megha Mittal to buy luxury fashion house Escada\". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5A44J820091105","url_text":"\"Megha Mittal to buy luxury fashion house Escada\""}]},{"reference":"Odell, Amy (6 November 2009). \"Escada Sold to 33-Year-Old Megha Mittal\". New York Magazine. Retrieved 15 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/11/escada_sold_to_33-year-old_meg.html","url_text":"\"Escada Sold to 33-Year-Old Megha Mittal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York Magazine"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_O%27Neill
Barrett O'Neill
["1 Major publications","2 References","3 External links"]
Barrett O'Neill in 1980 Barrett O'Neill (1924– 16 June 2011) was an American mathematician. He is known for contributions to differential geometry, including two widely-used textbooks on its foundational theory. He was the author of eighteen research articles, the last of which was published in 1973. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1951 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His doctoral advisor was Witold Hurewicz. His dissertation thesis was titled Some Fixed Point Theorems He has worked as a professor of mathematics at UCLA, where he supervised the PhDs of eight doctoral students. He made a foundational contribution to the theory of Riemannian submersions, showing how geometric quantities on the total space and on the base are related to one another. "O'Neill's formula" refers to the relation between the sectional curvatures. O'Neill's calculations simplified earlier work by other authors, and have become standard textbook material. With Richard Bishop, he applied his submersion calculations to the geometry of warped products, in addition to studying the fundamental role of convex functions and convex sets in Riemannian geometry, and for the geometry of negative sectional curvature in particular. An article with his former Ph.D. student Patrick Eberlein made a number of further contributions to the Riemannian geometry of negative curvature, including the notion of the "boundary at infinity". Major publications Books Barrett O'Neill. Elementary differential geometry. Revised second edition of the 1966 original. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2006. xii+503 pp. ISBN 978-0-12-088735-4, 0-12-088735-5 Barrett O'Neill. Semi-Riemannian geometry. With applications to relativity. Pure and Applied Mathematics, 103. Academic Press, Inc. , New York, 1983. xiii+468 pp. ISBN 0-12-526740-1 Barrett O'Neill. The geometry of Kerr black holes. A K Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA, 1995. xviii+381 pp. ISBN 1-56881-019-9 Articles Barrett O'Neill. The fundamental equations of a submersion. Michigan Math. J. 13 (1966), 459–469. doi:10.1307/mmj/1028999604 R.L. Bishop and B. O'Neill. Manifolds of negative curvature. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (1969), 1–49. doi:10.2307/1995057 ; doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1969-0251664-4 P. Eberlein and B. O'Neill. Visibility manifolds. Pacific J. Math. 46 (1973), 45–109. doi:10.2140/pjm.1973.46.45 References ^ "Barrett O'NEILL's Obituary on Los Angeles Times". legacy.com. Retrieved 30 March 2017. ^ "In memoriam: Barrett O'Neill Professor of Mathematics, Emeritus, 1924 – 2011 – UCLA Department of Mathematics". ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2022-11-22. ^ a b "Barrett O'Neill – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". nodak.edu. Retrieved 30 March 2017. ^ Peter Petersen. Riemannian geometry. Third edition. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 171. Springer, Cham, 2016. xviii+499 pp. ISBN 978-3-319-26652-7, 978-3-319-26654-1 External links Barrett O'Neill, UCLA Barrett O'Neill, publications on Google scholar https://mathscinet.ams.org/mrlookup Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Trove Other IdRef This article about an American mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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His doctoral advisor was Witold Hurewicz. His dissertation thesis was titled Some Fixed Point Theorems[3] He has worked as a professor of mathematics at UCLA, where he supervised the PhDs of eight doctoral students.[3]He made a foundational contribution to the theory of Riemannian submersions, showing how geometric quantities on the total space and on the base are related to one another. \"O'Neill's formula\" refers to the relation between the sectional curvatures. O'Neill's calculations simplified earlier work by other authors, and have become standard textbook material.[4] With Richard Bishop, he applied his submersion calculations to the geometry of warped products, in addition to studying the fundamental role of convex functions and convex sets in Riemannian geometry, and for the geometry of negative sectional curvature in particular. An article with his former Ph.D. student Patrick Eberlein made a number of further contributions to the Riemannian geometry of negative curvature, including the notion of the \"boundary at infinity\".","title":"Barrett O'Neill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-12-088735-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-088735-4"},{"link_name":"0-12-088735-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-088735-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-526740-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-526740-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56881-019-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56881-019-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1307/mmj/1028999604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1307%2Fmmj%2F1028999604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1995057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1995057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1090/S0002-9947-1969-0251664-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9947-1969-0251664-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2140/pjm.1973.46.45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2140%2Fpjm.1973.46.45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access#Free_access"}],"text":"BooksBarrett O'Neill. Elementary differential geometry. Revised second edition of the 1966 original. Elsevier/Academic Press, Amsterdam, 2006. xii+503 pp. ISBN 978-0-12-088735-4, 0-12-088735-5\nBarrett O'Neill. Semi-Riemannian geometry. With applications to relativity. Pure and Applied Mathematics, 103. Academic Press, Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers], New York, 1983. xiii+468 pp. ISBN 0-12-526740-1\nBarrett O'Neill. The geometry of Kerr black holes. A K Peters, Ltd., Wellesley, MA, 1995. xviii+381 pp. ISBN 1-56881-019-9ArticlesBarrett O'Neill. The fundamental equations of a submersion. Michigan Math. J. 13 (1966), 459–469. doi:10.1307/mmj/1028999604 \nR.L. Bishop and B. O'Neill. Manifolds of negative curvature. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (1969), 1–49. doi:10.2307/1995057 ; doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1969-0251664-4 \nP. Eberlein and B. O'Neill. Visibility manifolds. Pacific J. Math. 46 (1973), 45–109. doi:10.2140/pjm.1973.46.45","title":"Major publications"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ostermeier
Thomas Ostermeier
["1 Biography","2 Europe Theatre Prize","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
German theatre director (born 1968) Thomas Ostermeier photographed by Oliver Mark in the Schaubühne, Berlin 2018 Thomas Ostermeier (born 3 September 1968, Soltau, West Germany) is a German theatre director. He currently mainly works for the Schaubühne. Biography Ostermeier began his theatrical career in 1990 acting under director Einar Schleef, one of his major inspirations, in his Faust project at Berlin's Hochschule für Künste. After the Faust project concluded in 1991, Ostermeier began studying directing at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts in Berlin where in 1992 he met his mentor Manfred Karge. From 1993 to 1994 Ostermeier acted as Karge's assistant director and also acted in Weimar and at the Berliner Ensemble. In 1996 Ostermier was asked to take over as artistic director for the Barracke at the Deutsches Theater, an offer he attributes to his production of a play by the Russian symbolist Alexander Blok at Ernst Busch, which was seen by the Barracke's then chief dramaturg. Ostermeier brought dramaturg Jens Hillje and designer Stefan Schmidke, both of whom he continues to work with, to the Barracke. The three created a five-year programme aiming to mirror reality and dealing with the themes of sex, drugs, and criminality. During his time at the Barracke from 1996 to 1999, Ostermeier began developing the aesthetic he is known for today. Early in his career Ostermeier identified the major problem of German theatre as too much decoration and celebration of celebrity. He rebelled against this aesthetic, embracing the “intimate and violent” psychological realism emerging among young British playwrights like Sarah Kane and Mark Ravenhill. These British playwrights were inspired by their difficult social situations, making their plays more interesting and inspiring for Ostermeier than the work of their German counterparts. Ostermeier was responsible for bringing these new in-yer-face dramas to Germany, thus giving the playwrights international attention, and inspiring young German dramatists, such as Marius von Mayenburg, to create similar dramas. The 1998 production of Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking won Ostermeier international attention and an invitation to the Berliner Theatertreffen as well as recognition as the enfant terrible of German theatre. Ostermeier became known for his genre of Capitalist realism, which he is still known for today. This aesthetic forces his audience to watch the gritty violence of reality caused by a ruthless capitalist system. This form of realism “seeks revenge on the blindness, and stupidity of the world.” Ostermeier seeks to challenge his audience by problematizing the modern societal values of Germany and Europe. His realist aesthetic is indicative of his own left wing political beliefs, which starkly criticize Western capitalism and the values of modern European society. In 1997 Ostermeier began applying his realist aesthetic onto classic plays, the most notable being Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. The production marked the beginning of a longstanding collaboration between Ostermeier and designer Jan Pappelbaum. As well as marking the start of Ostermeier's revivals of pieces of classic theatre with reimagined endings, Nora met with international success. It toured around Europe and in 2004 travelled to New York. This new approach to classical pieces was applied to Hedda Gabler (2006) – winner of both the Nestroy and Politika prize at the Belgrade BITEF as well as audience award at Theatergemeinde Berlin- and numerous other plays, including 2008's production of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, gaining Ostermeier international recognition as one of German's leading young directors. Additionally, these interpretations of classics focused his aesthetic specifically on to the theme of the loss of utopia, while maintaining the intimacy and violence present in his earlier works. In 1999, at only thirty-two years old, Ostermeier left the Barracke to become a resident director and member of the artistic direction at Berlin's Schaubühne, making him one of the youngest successful directors in Germany. Known for making outlandish statements about the older generation of German theatre directors, Ostermeier found himself in trouble at Wien Festwochen 2001. A comment made by Ostermeier stating directors over forty were “no longer in contact with the developing culture and should give up directing,” was taken personally by the esteemed fifty-three-year-old theatre and Festwochen director Luc Bondy. The dispute took the form of a bitter confrontation through the local media and marked Ostermeier's final invitation to the Vienna event.Picture of Thomas Ostermeier. Made at Théâtre de l'Odéon, Paris, on Friday, April 10th, 2009 after the performance of "John Gabriel Borkman"Now himself over forty, Ostermeier continues to make theatre and tour with productions across the globe. As a polyglot, fluent in German, French and English, Ostermeier was appointed Officier des Arts et des Lettres in 2009 by the French ministry of culture. In 2010 he became the president of the German-French Council of Culture. His 2008 production of Hamlet has won numerous international awards including Best International Production of 2011, and in 2011 Ostermeier received a Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale for his work. Newsweek calls him: "Germany’s best-known stage director and, at least according to the leading European theater scholar Peter Boenisch, its most important". Despite his success Ostermeier still remains true to the gritty, in-yer-face realism he became known for during his time at the Barracke. During the pandemic, Ostermeier accepted to participate in some online events. In one of the dialogues, he was asked by theatre critic Octavian Saiu what he fears the most in this sanitary crisis. He replied that he fears his own death. He added that everyone, regardless of their age, should have the right to live, and everything should be done to protect it. Europe Theatre Prize In 2000, he was awarded the Europe Prize Theatrical Realities, with the following motivation: Whilst working at the "Baracke" in Berlin, Thomas Ostermeier has succeeded in leading contemporary theatre in a precise, independent direction by exploiting the discovery of new dramatists and combining this with a suitable style of direction, based - in addition to his exceptional ability to choose and direct the actors - on a timing and vision that can be compared with the cinema, life and urban imagery. Thus Ostermeier has contributed towards expressing the anxieties of the younger generations by giving a faithful, moving picture of them on stage, which is far from being "academic" and recreates a direct link with what happens in society and what is staged in the theatre. Ostermeier's theatre thus generates new energies and interests a new German and European audience. References ^ a b Shafe ^ a b c d e Carlson ^ a b c d schaubühne.de ^ Pearson, Joseph (4 December 2016). "German theater director Thomas Ostermeier takes on the far-right". Newsweek. Retrieved 5 September 2021. ^ "Program FITS 2020" (PDF). ^ "VIII Edizione". Premio Europa per il Teatro (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-12-26. ^ "Europe Theatre Prize - VIII Edition - Reasons". archivio.premioeuropa.org. Retrieved 2022-12-26. Sources Carlson, Marvin. “Chapter 8: Thomas Ostermeier.” Theatre is More Beautiful than War: German Stage Directing in the Late Twentieth Century. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2009. pp. 161–180. Ostermeier, Thomas. “Die Zukunft des Theaters.” Theory Texts. 2013. pp. 1–10. Ostermeier, Thomas. "Talk mit dem Theaterregisseur Thomas Ostermeier" with Hajo Schumacher. Typisch Deutsch. Deutsche Welle. www.YouTube.com. 15 April 2012. Schafer, Yvonne. “Interview with Thomas Ostermeier.” Western European Stages. 11:2. Spring 1999. pp. 49–54. Zaroulia, Marilena. “Staging Hamlet After the ‘In-Yer-Face’ Moment.” Contemporary Theatre Review. 20:4 (2010). 501–504. External links Thomas Ostermeier at IMDb Biography at the Schaubühne Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He currently mainly works for the Schaubühne.","title":"Thomas Ostermeier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Einar Schleef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Schleef"},{"link_name":"Hochschule für Künste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_K%C3%BCnste&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Busch_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Berliner Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"Barracke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barracke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Blok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Blok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Jens Hillje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jens_Hillje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stefan Schmidke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Schmidke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarah Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Kane"},{"link_name":"Mark Ravenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ravenhill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"in-yer-face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-yer-face_theatre"},{"link_name":"Marius von Mayenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_von_Mayenburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-1"},{"link_name":"Shopping and Fucking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_and_Fucking"},{"link_name":"Berliner Theatertreffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Theatertreffen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"A Doll's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Jan Pappelbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Pappelbaum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hedda Gabler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda_Gabler"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Wien Festwochen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wien_Festwochen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luc Bondy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Bondy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThomasOstermeier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearson_2016-4"},{"link_name":"Octavian Saiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian_Saiu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ostermeier began his theatrical career in 1990 acting under director Einar Schleef, one of his major inspirations, in his Faust project at Berlin's Hochschule für Künste. After the Faust project concluded in 1991, Ostermeier began studying directing at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts in Berlin where in 1992 he met his mentor Manfred Karge. From 1993 to 1994 Ostermeier acted as Karge's assistant director and also acted in Weimar and at the Berliner Ensemble. In 1996 Ostermier was asked to take over as artistic director for the Barracke at the Deutsches Theater, an offer he attributes to his production of a play by the Russian symbolist Alexander Blok at Ernst Busch, which was seen by the Barracke's then chief dramaturg.[1][2]Ostermeier brought dramaturg Jens Hillje and designer Stefan Schmidke, both of whom he continues to work with, to the Barracke. The three created a five-year programme aiming to mirror reality and dealing with the themes of sex, drugs, and criminality. During his time at the Barracke from 1996 to 1999, Ostermeier began developing the aesthetic he is known for today. Early in his career Ostermeier identified the major problem of German theatre as too much decoration and celebration of celebrity. He rebelled against this aesthetic, embracing the “intimate and violent” psychological realism emerging among young British playwrights like Sarah Kane and Mark Ravenhill. These British playwrights were inspired by their difficult social situations, making their plays more interesting and inspiring for Ostermeier than the work of their German counterparts.[2] Ostermeier was responsible for bringing these new in-yer-face dramas to Germany, thus giving the playwrights international attention, and inspiring young German dramatists, such as Marius von Mayenburg, to create similar dramas.[1] The 1998 production of Ravenhill's Shopping and Fucking won Ostermeier international attention and an invitation to the Berliner Theatertreffen as well as recognition as the enfant terrible of German theatre.[3]Ostermeier became known for his genre of Capitalist realism, which he is still known for today. This aesthetic forces his audience to watch the gritty violence of reality caused by a ruthless capitalist system. This form of realism “seeks revenge on the blindness, and stupidity of the world.[2]” Ostermeier seeks to challenge his audience by problematizing the modern societal values of Germany and Europe. His realist aesthetic is indicative of his own left wing political beliefs, which starkly criticize Western capitalism and the values of modern European society.In 1997 Ostermeier began applying his realist aesthetic onto classic plays, the most notable being Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. The production marked the beginning of a longstanding collaboration between Ostermeier and designer Jan Pappelbaum. As well as marking the start of Ostermeier's revivals of pieces of classic theatre with reimagined endings, Nora met with international success. It toured around Europe and in 2004 travelled to New York. This new approach to classical pieces was applied to Hedda Gabler (2006) – winner of both the Nestroy and Politika prize at the Belgrade BITEF as well as audience award at Theatergemeinde Berlin- and numerous other plays, including 2008's production of William Shakespeare's Hamlet, gaining Ostermeier international recognition as one of German's leading young directors. Additionally, these interpretations of classics focused his aesthetic specifically on to the theme of the loss of utopia, while maintaining the intimacy and violence present in his earlier works.[2][3]In 1999, at only thirty-two years old, Ostermeier left the Barracke to become a resident director and member of the artistic direction at Berlin's Schaubühne, making him one of the youngest successful directors in Germany.[3] Known for making outlandish statements about the older generation of German theatre directors, Ostermeier found himself in trouble at Wien Festwochen 2001. A comment made by Ostermeier stating directors over forty were “no longer in contact with the developing culture and should give up directing,” was taken personally by the esteemed fifty-three-year-old theatre and Festwochen director Luc Bondy. The dispute took the form of a bitter confrontation through the local media and marked Ostermeier's final invitation to the Vienna event.[2]Picture of Thomas Ostermeier. Made at Théâtre de l'Odéon, Paris, on Friday, April 10th, 2009 after the performance of \"John Gabriel Borkman\"Now himself over forty, Ostermeier continues to make theatre and tour with productions across the globe. As a polyglot, fluent in German, French and English, Ostermeier was appointed Officier des Arts et des Lettres in 2009 by the French ministry of culture. In 2010 he became the president of the German-French Council of Culture. His 2008 production of Hamlet has won numerous international awards including Best International Production of 2011, and in 2011 Ostermeier received a Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale for his work.[3]Newsweek calls him: \"Germany’s best-known stage director and, at least according to the leading European theater scholar Peter Boenisch, its most important\".[4]Despite his success Ostermeier still remains true to the gritty, in-yer-face realism he became known for during his time at the Barracke.During the pandemic, Ostermeier accepted to participate in some online events. In one of the dialogues, he was asked by theatre critic Octavian Saiu what he fears the most in this sanitary crisis. He replied that he fears his own death. He added that everyone, regardless of their age, should have the right to live, and everything should be done to protect it.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Europe Prize Theatrical Realities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Theatre_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2000, he was awarded the Europe Prize Theatrical Realities,[6] with the following motivation:Whilst working at the \"Baracke\" in Berlin, Thomas Ostermeier has succeeded in leading contemporary theatre in a precise, independent direction by exploiting the discovery of new dramatists and combining this with a suitable style of direction, based - in addition to his exceptional ability to choose and direct the actors - on a timing and vision that can be compared with the cinema, life and urban imagery. Thus Ostermeier has contributed towards expressing the anxieties of the younger generations by giving a faithful, moving picture of them on stage, which is far from being \"academic\" and recreates a direct link with what happens in society and what is staged in the theatre. Ostermeier's theatre thus generates new energies and interests a new German and European audience.[7]","title":"Europe Theatre Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theory Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.schaubuehne.de/en/pages/theory-texts.html"}],"text":"Carlson, Marvin. “Chapter 8: Thomas Ostermeier.” Theatre is More Beautiful than War: German Stage Directing in the Late Twentieth Century. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2009. pp. 161–180.\nOstermeier, Thomas. “Die Zukunft des Theaters.” Theory Texts. 2013. pp. 1–10.\nOstermeier, Thomas. \"Talk mit dem Theaterregisseur Thomas Ostermeier\" with Hajo Schumacher. Typisch Deutsch. Deutsche Welle. www.YouTube.com. 15 April 2012.\nSchafer, Yvonne. “Interview with Thomas Ostermeier.” Western European Stages. 11:2. Spring 1999. pp. 49–54.\nZaroulia, Marilena. “Staging Hamlet After the ‘In-Yer-Face’ Moment.” Contemporary Theatre Review. 20:4 (2010). 501–504.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Brock
Tony Brock
["1 External links"]
British rock drummer This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tony BrockBackground informationBorn (1954-03-31) 31 March 1954 (age 70)Poole, Dorset, EnglandInstrument(s)DrumsMusical artist Tony Brock (born 31 March 1954) is a British rock drummer, who is best known as the drummer and occasional vocalist for the English group the Babys. He was originally a drummer for Spontaneous Combustion. Through his tenure with the Babys, he enjoyed the respect of his fellow musicians and has since accompanied Rod Stewart, Roy Orbison, Jimmy Barnes and Elton John. Several clips exist of his explosive drumming solos during Rod Stewart and Jimmy Barnes concerts. During his time in Australia, he was part of the First XI Choir on The Twelfth Man's hit single "Marvellous!". He now has his own studio and specialises in engineering and production. External links Tony Brock's Silver Dreams Studio Official website of The Babys The Babys Official Unofficial Archives and Chronological History Based on the Archives of Adrian Millar and Michael John Siddons-Corby The Babys Official Unofficial Myspace vteThe Babys Wally Stocker Tony Brock John Bisaha Joey Sykes John Waite Michael Corby Jonathan Cain Ricky Phillips J. P. Cervoni Studio albums The Babys Broken Heart Head First Union Jacks On the Edge Compilation albums Anthology Singles "Isn't It Time" "Every Time I Think of You" "Back on My Feet Again" Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Spain Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua_mummy
Aconcagua mummy
["1 Discovery","2 Scientific analysis","2.1 Burial practices","2.2 Isotopic analysis","3 Capacocha","4 Archaeogenetics","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
Incan capacocha mummy of a seven-year-old boy, dated to around 1500 AD The Aconcagua mummy is an Incan capacocha mummy of a seven-year-old boy, dated to around the year 1500. The mummy is well-preserved, due to the extreme cold and dry conditions of its high altitude burial location. The frozen mummy was discovered by hikers in 1985 at 5,300 m (17,400 ft) on Aconcagua in Mendoza, Argentina. Discovery A map showing Aconcagua, a mountain in the Andes of the Mendoza Province, Argentina In 1985, the body of the Aconcagua mummy was located by mountaineers at the bottom of Pirámide Mountain, the southwestern portion of the Aconcagua Mountain. Upon its discovery, the hikers contacted local authorities, allowing professionals to excavate the mummy. Scientific analysis Burial practices The Aconcagua mummy was buried inside a semicircular stone structure and found covered in vomit, red pigment, and fecal remains. The body was wrapped in textiles in a style derived from central coastal Peru. Although the style of the textiles the boy was wrapped in are dated to coastal Peru, isotopic evidence suggests that the boy was likely raised in the Highlands. Six statuettes were also found buried with the body. The burial of the Aconcagua mummy contained a multitude of grave goods. Female capacocha mummies were often buried with more honorable and extravagant grave goods, which made the male burial of the Aconcagua distinct. Isotopic analysis When analyzing the isotopes of the Aconcagua mummy, scientists concentrated specifically on carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. The analysis shows that in the year and a half before his death, his diet consisted primarily of maize, quinoa, capsicum, potatoes, and terrestrial meat. Before the child was chosen for the sacrifice, his diet was primarily marine-based. The presence of achiote was also found inside his stomach and colon. Because of the conflicting results of the isotopes suggesting the child was from the summits but survived off a marine based diet, researchers tried to pinpoint the ethnicity of the child. In this attempt, a hair sample from the mummy was used. Unfortunately, this isotopic analysis yielded little information about the child's ethnicity, so researchers concluded he was likely from Pacific regions ranging from Southern Peru to central Chile. Capacocha The Capacocha was the ritual sacrifices of young boys and girls in the Inca Empire. Those chosen to be sacrificed were seen as the most serene children in the Empire, making them worthy of sacrifice. The most substantial requirement to be chosen for the sacrifice, was to be a virgin. This alludes to the serenity and perfection of the children and infants picked to be tributed to the gods. For a year before the sacrifice, the children were fed the most prestigious diets. The diets revolved solely around maize and charqui, meat from a llama. Many parents felt sorrow when forced to give up their children to the sacrifice, but were forbidden to show grief during the event. Others felt the sacrifice was a great honor and even offered their children to the gods. These children faced their demise at the end of a long trek to the summits of the Andes, where they experienced blunt head trauma causing them to die, or they were buried alive. Each child was often buried with a variety of grave goods, as an offering to the gods. The funerary goods buried along the children depended on the importance of the shrine and sometimes even contained animals buried alongside the children. Archaeogenetics In 2015, DNA was extracted from a 350 mg sample from one of his lungs. His mtDNA lineage belongs to a subgroup of Haplogroup C1b, the previously unidentified C1bi (i for Inca). His mtDNA lineage contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b. The researchers determined that Haplogroup C1bi likely arose around 14,300 years ago. An individual from the Wari Empire was found to be a match for this previously unidentified haplogroup. In 2018, researchers sequenced the genome of the Aconcagua mummy from a 100 mg sample from one of his lungs. His Y-DNA lineage belongs to Haplogroup Q-M3. His specific Y-DNA haplogroup is closest matched by the Choppca people from Huancavelica, a Quechua speaking population, and clusters closer to modern Quechua speaking peoples than Aymara speaking peoples. Overall, the genome of the Aconcagua mummy clusters with modern Andean populations. See also Mummy Juanita Children of Llullaillaco Chinchorro Mummies References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gómez-Carballa & Catelli 2015. ^ a b c Wade 2015. ^ Ceruti 2015. ^ a b c d e f g Faux 2012. ^ a b Cassman 2007, p. 144. ^ Andrushko, Valerie A.; Buzon, Michele R.; Gibaja, Arminda M.; McEwan, Gordon F.; Simonetti, Antonio; Creaser, Robert A. (2011-02-01). "Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009. ISSN 0305-4403. ^ a b Rubio, María Del Carmen Martín (2009-12-31). "La cosmovisión religiosa andina y el rito de la Capacocha". Investigaciones Sociales. 13 (23): 187–201. doi:10.15381/is.v13i23.7229. ISSN 1818-4758. ^ Bray, Tamara L.; Minc, Leah D.; Ceruti, María Constanza; Chávez, José Antonio; Perea, Ruddy; Reinhard, Johan (2005-03-01). "A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 24 (1): 82–100. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.11.001. hdl:11336/94308. ISSN 0278-4165. ^ Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018, p. 12 (Supplementary). ^ a b Salas et al. 2018. ^ Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018, p. 21 (Supplementary). Bibliography Cassman, Vicki (2007). Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0759109551. Ceruti, Maria Constanza (2015). "Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice". BioMed Research International. 2015: 439428. doi:10.1155/2015/439428. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4543117. PMID 26345378. Faux, Jennifer L. (2012). "Hail the Conquering Gods: Ritual Sacrifice of Children in Inca Society". Journal of Contemporary Anthropology. 3 (1). Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Catelli, Laura (November 12, 2015). "The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy". Scientific Reports. 5: 16462. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516462G. doi:10.1038/srep16462. PMC 4642457. PMID 26561991. Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Vinner, Lasse; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Chan, Jeffrey; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vimala, Tharsika; Racimo, Fernando; Pinotti, Thomaz; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; Iraeta Orbegozo, Miren; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Wooller, Matthew; Bataille, Clement; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Chivall, David; Comeskey, Daniel; Devièse, Thibaut; Grayson, Donald K.; George, Len; Harry, Harold; Alexandersen, Verner; Primeau, Charlotte; Erlandson, Jon; Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia; Reis, Silvia; Bastos, Murilo Q. R.; Cybulski, Jerome; Vullo, Carlos; Morello, Flavia; Vilar, Miguel; Wells, Spencer; Gregersen, Kristian; Hansen, Kasper Lykke; Lynnerup, Niels; Mirazón Lahr, Marta; Kjær, Kurt; Strauss, André; Alfonso-Durruty, Marta; Salas, Antonio; Schroeder, Hannes; Higham, Thomas; Malhi, Ripan S.; Rasic, Jeffrey T.; Souza, Luiz; Santos, Fabricio R.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Nielsen, Rasmus; Song, Yun S.; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (November 8, 2018). "Early human dispersals within the Americas". Science. 362 (6419). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eaav2621. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.2621M. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30409807. Salas, Antonio; Catelli, Laura; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Martinón-Torres, Federico; Roberto-Barcena, Joaquín; Vullo, Carlos (2018). "Y-chromosome Peruvian origin of the 500-year-old Inca child mummy sacrificed in Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina)". Science Bulletin. 63 (22). Elsevier BV: 1457–1459. Bibcode:2018SciBu..63.1457S. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.009. ISSN 2095-9273. PMID 36658824. Wade, Lizzie (12 November 2015). "Inca child mummy reveals lost genetic history of South America". AAAS. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capacocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacocha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2015-2"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"Mendoza, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2015-2"}],"text":"The Aconcagua mummy is an Incan capacocha mummy of a seven-year-old boy, dated to around the year 1500.[1] The mummy is well-preserved, due to the extreme cold and dry conditions of its high altitude burial location.[2] The frozen mummy was discovered by hikers in 1985 at 5,300 m (17,400 ft) on Aconcagua in Mendoza, Argentina.[1][2]","title":"Aconcagua mummy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuenca-del-rio-aconcagua.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Mendoza Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"}],"text":"A map showing Aconcagua, a mountain in the Andes of the Mendoza Province, ArgentinaIn 1985, the body of the Aconcagua mummy was located by mountaineers at the bottom of Pirámide Mountain, the southwestern portion of the Aconcagua Mountain. Upon its discovery, the hikers contacted local authorities, allowing professionals to excavate the mummy.[1]","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scientific analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeruti2015-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassman2007144-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"capacocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacocha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"}],"sub_title":"Burial practices","text":"The Aconcagua mummy was buried inside a semicircular stone structure[3] and found covered in vomit, red pigment, and fecal remains.[4] The body was wrapped in textiles in a style derived from central coastal Peru.[5] Although the style of the textiles the boy was wrapped in are dated to coastal Peru, isotopic evidence suggests that the boy was likely raised in the Highlands.[4] Six statuettes were also found buried with the body.[1] The burial of the Aconcagua mummy contained a multitude of grave goods. Female capacocha mummies were often buried with more honorable and extravagant grave goods, which made the male burial of the Aconcagua distinct.[4]","title":"Scientific analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"},{"link_name":"achiote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiote"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassman2007144-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"}],"sub_title":"Isotopic analysis","text":"When analyzing the isotopes of the Aconcagua mummy, scientists concentrated specifically on carbon, nitrogen and sulfur.[4] The analysis shows that in the year and a half before his death, his diet consisted primarily of maize, quinoa, capsicum, potatoes, and terrestrial meat. Before the child was chosen for the sacrifice, his diet was primarily marine-based.[4] The presence of achiote was also found inside his stomach and colon.[5] Because of the conflicting results of the isotopes suggesting the child was from the summits but survived off a marine based diet, researchers tried to pinpoint the ethnicity of the child. In this attempt, a hair sample from the mummy was used. Unfortunately, this isotopic analysis yielded little information about the child's ethnicity, so researchers concluded he was likely from Pacific regions ranging from Southern Peru to central Chile.[4]","title":"Scientific analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"charqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerky"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaux2012-4"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Capacocha was the ritual sacrifices of young boys and girls in the Inca Empire. Those chosen to be sacrificed were seen as the most serene children in the Empire, making them worthy of sacrifice.[6][1] The most substantial requirement to be chosen for the sacrifice, was to be a virgin. This alludes to the serenity and perfection of the children and infants picked to be tributed to the gods. For a year before the sacrifice, the children were fed the most prestigious diets. The diets revolved solely around maize and charqui, meat from a llama.[7] Many parents felt sorrow when forced to give up their children to the sacrifice, but were forbidden to show grief during the event. Others felt the sacrifice was a great honor and even offered their children to the gods.[7] These children faced their demise at the end of a long trek to the summits of the Andes, where they experienced blunt head trauma causing them to die, or they were buried alive.[4] Each child was often buried with a variety of grave goods, as an offering to the gods. The funerary goods buried along the children depended on the importance of the shrine and sometimes even contained animals buried alongside the children.[8]","title":"Capacocha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup C1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"Wari Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B3mez-CarballaCatelli2015-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2015-2"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-MayarVinnerde_Barros_Damgaardde_la_Fuente201812_(Supplementary)-9"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup Q-M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalasCatelliPardo-SecoG%C3%B3mez-Carballa2018-10"},{"link_name":"Huancavelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huancavelica"},{"link_name":"Quechua speaking population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_people"},{"link_name":"Aymara speaking peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalasCatelliPardo-SecoG%C3%B3mez-Carballa2018-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno-MayarVinnerde_Barros_Damgaardde_la_Fuente201821_(Supplementary)-11"}],"text":"In 2015, DNA was extracted from a 350 mg sample from one of his lungs.[1] His mtDNA lineage belongs to a subgroup of Haplogroup C1b, the previously unidentified C1bi (i for Inca).[1] His mtDNA lineage contains 10 distinct mutations from C1b.[1] The researchers determined that Haplogroup C1bi likely arose around 14,300 years ago.[1] An individual from the Wari Empire was found to be a match for this previously unidentified haplogroup.[1][2] In 2018, researchers sequenced the genome of the Aconcagua mummy from a 100 mg sample from one of his lungs.[9] His Y-DNA lineage belongs to Haplogroup Q-M3.[10] His specific Y-DNA haplogroup is closest matched by the Choppca people from Huancavelica, a Quechua speaking population, and clusters closer to modern Quechua speaking peoples than Aymara speaking peoples.[10] Overall, the genome of the Aconcagua mummy clusters with modern Andean populations.[11]","title":"Archaeogenetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0759109551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759109551"},{"link_name":"Ceruti, Maria Constanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza_Ceruti"},{"link_name":"\"Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543117"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1155/2015/439428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F439428"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2314-6133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6133"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4543117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543117"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26345378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26345378"},{"link_name":"\"Hail the Conquering Gods: Ritual Sacrifice of Children in Inca Society\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=jca"},{"link_name":"\"The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4642457"},{"link_name":"Scientific Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Reports"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015NatSR...516462G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...516462G"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/srep16462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep16462"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4642457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4642457"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26561991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561991"},{"link_name":"\"Early human dispersals within the Americas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aav2621"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2018Sci...362.2621M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...362.2621M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.aav2621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aav2621"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0036-8075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"30409807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30409807"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2018SciBu..63.1457S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciBu..63.1457S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scib.2018.08.009"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2095-9273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2095-9273"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36658824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36658824"},{"link_name":"\"Inca child mummy reveals lost genetic history of South America\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.science.org/content/article/inca-child-mummy-reveals-lost-genetic-history-south-america"},{"link_name":"AAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"}],"text":"Cassman, Vicki (2007). Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0759109551.\nCeruti, Maria Constanza (2015). \"Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice\". BioMed Research International. 2015: 439428. doi:10.1155/2015/439428. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 4543117. PMID 26345378.\nFaux, Jennifer L. (2012). \"Hail the Conquering Gods: Ritual Sacrifice of Children in Inca Society\". Journal of Contemporary Anthropology. 3 (1).\nGómez-Carballa, Alberto; Catelli, Laura (November 12, 2015). \"The complete mitogenome of a 500-year-old Inca child mummy\". Scientific Reports. 5: 16462. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516462G. doi:10.1038/srep16462. PMC 4642457. PMID 26561991.\nMoreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Vinner, Lasse; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Chan, Jeffrey; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vimala, Tharsika; Racimo, Fernando; Pinotti, Thomaz; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; Iraeta Orbegozo, Miren; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Wooller, Matthew; Bataille, Clement; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Chivall, David; Comeskey, Daniel; Devièse, Thibaut; Grayson, Donald K.; George, Len; Harry, Harold; Alexandersen, Verner; Primeau, Charlotte; Erlandson, Jon; Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia; Reis, Silvia; Bastos, Murilo Q. R.; Cybulski, Jerome; Vullo, Carlos; Morello, Flavia; Vilar, Miguel; Wells, Spencer; Gregersen, Kristian; Hansen, Kasper Lykke; Lynnerup, Niels; Mirazón Lahr, Marta; Kjær, Kurt; Strauss, André; Alfonso-Durruty, Marta; Salas, Antonio; Schroeder, Hannes; Higham, Thomas; Malhi, Ripan S.; Rasic, Jeffrey T.; Souza, Luiz; Santos, Fabricio R.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Nielsen, Rasmus; Song, Yun S.; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (November 8, 2018). \"Early human dispersals within the Americas\". Science. 362 (6419). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eaav2621. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.2621M. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30409807.\nSalas, Antonio; Catelli, Laura; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Gómez-Carballa, Alberto; Martinón-Torres, Federico; Roberto-Barcena, Joaquín; Vullo, Carlos (2018). \"Y-chromosome Peruvian origin of the 500-year-old Inca child mummy sacrificed in Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina)\". Science Bulletin. 63 (22). Elsevier BV: 1457–1459. Bibcode:2018SciBu..63.1457S. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.009. ISSN 2095-9273. PMID 36658824.\nWade, Lizzie (12 November 2015). \"Inca child mummy reveals lost genetic history of South America\". AAAS. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"A map showing Aconcagua, a mountain in the Andes of the Mendoza Province, Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cuenca-del-rio-aconcagua.jpg/360px-Cuenca-del-rio-aconcagua.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Mummy Juanita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy_Juanita"},{"title":"Children of Llullaillaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Llullaillaco"},{"title":"Chinchorro Mummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchorro_mummies"}]
[{"reference":"Andrushko, Valerie A.; Buzon, Michele R.; Gibaja, Arminda M.; McEwan, Gordon F.; Simonetti, Antonio; Creaser, Robert A. (2011-02-01). \"Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland\". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (2): 323–333. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009. ISSN 0305-4403.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440310003195","url_text":"\"Investigating a child sacrifice event from the Inca heartland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.09.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4403","url_text":"0305-4403"}]},{"reference":"Rubio, María Del Carmen Martín (2009-12-31). \"La cosmovisión religiosa andina y el rito de la Capacocha\". Investigaciones Sociales. 13 (23): 187–201. doi:10.15381/is.v13i23.7229. ISSN 1818-4758.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/sociales/article/view/7229","url_text":"\"La cosmovisión religiosa andina y el rito de la Capacocha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15381%2Fis.v13i23.7229","url_text":"10.15381/is.v13i23.7229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1818-4758","url_text":"1818-4758"}]},{"reference":"Bray, Tamara L.; Minc, Leah D.; Ceruti, María Constanza; Chávez, José Antonio; Perea, Ruddy; Reinhard, Johan (2005-03-01). \"A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha\". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 24 (1): 82–100. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.11.001. hdl:11336/94308. ISSN 0278-4165.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416504000704","url_text":"\"A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaa.2004.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.jaa.2004.11.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F94308","url_text":"11336/94308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0278-4165","url_text":"0278-4165"}]},{"reference":"Cassman, Vicki (2007). Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions. Rowman Altamira. 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PMID 26345378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constanza_Ceruti","url_text":"Ceruti, Maria Constanza"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543117","url_text":"\"Frozen Mummies from Andean Mountaintop Shrines: Bioarchaeology and Ethnohistory of Inca Human Sacrifice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2015%2F439428","url_text":"10.1155/2015/439428"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2314-6133","url_text":"2314-6133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543117","url_text":"4543117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26345378","url_text":"26345378"}]},{"reference":"Faux, Jennifer L. 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Víctor; Vinner, Lasse; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Chan, Jeffrey; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vimala, Tharsika; Racimo, Fernando; Pinotti, Thomaz; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; Iraeta Orbegozo, Miren; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Wooller, Matthew; Bataille, Clement; Becerra-Valdivia, Lorena; Chivall, David; Comeskey, Daniel; Devièse, Thibaut; Grayson, Donald K.; George, Len; Harry, Harold; Alexandersen, Verner; Primeau, Charlotte; Erlandson, Jon; Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia; Reis, Silvia; Bastos, Murilo Q. R.; Cybulski, Jerome; Vullo, Carlos; Morello, Flavia; Vilar, Miguel; Wells, Spencer; Gregersen, Kristian; Hansen, Kasper Lykke; Lynnerup, Niels; Mirazón Lahr, Marta; Kjær, Kurt; Strauss, André; Alfonso-Durruty, Marta; Salas, Antonio; Schroeder, Hannes; Higham, Thomas; Malhi, Ripan S.; Rasic, Jeffrey T.; Souza, Luiz; Santos, Fabricio R.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Sikora, Martin; Nielsen, Rasmus; Song, Yun S.; Meltzer, David J.; Willerslev, Eske (November 8, 2018). \"Early human dispersals within the Americas\". Science. 362 (6419). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eaav2621. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.2621M. doi:10.1126/science.aav2621. ISSN 0036-8075. 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Science Bulletin. 63 (22). Elsevier BV: 1457–1459. Bibcode:2018SciBu..63.1457S. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.009. ISSN 2095-9273. PMID 36658824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciBu..63.1457S","url_text":"2018SciBu..63.1457S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scib.2018.08.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.scib.2018.08.009"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2095-9273","url_text":"2095-9273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36658824","url_text":"36658824"}]},{"reference":"Wade, Lizzie (12 November 2015). \"Inca child mummy reveals lost genetic history of South America\". AAAS. Retrieved 17 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.science.org/content/article/inca-child-mummy-reveals-lost-genetic-history-south-america","url_text":"\"Inca child mummy reveals lost genetic history of South America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"AAAS"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hargraves
Edward Hargraves
["1 Early life","2 Great gold discovery","3 Those contesting Hargraves claims","4 Aftermath and later life","4.1 1856 - Construction of Hargraves House","4.2 1890 - Vindication of John Lister and James Tom","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Australian gold prospector (1816–1891) Edward Hammond HargravesHargraves in 1851, by Thomas Tyrwhitt Balcombe (1810-1861)Born(1816-10-07)7 October 1816Gosport, Hampshire, EnglandDied29 October 1891(1891-10-29) (aged 75)Sydney, AustraliaOccupationCommissioner of Crown LandsKnown forAustralian gold rush Edward Hammond Hargraves (7 October 1816 – 29 October 1891) was a gold prospector who claimed to have found gold in Australia in 1851, starting an Australian gold rush. Issues have been contested. Early life Edward Hammond Hargraves was born on 7 October 1816 in Gosport, Hampshire, England, the son of Elizabeth (née Whitcombe) and John Edward Hargraves. He was educated in Brighton and Lewes, but left school at the age of 14 to go to sea. He arrived in Sydney in 1832. After his arrival in the colony of New South Wales, Hargraves worked on a property at Bathurst for a period and then went north to the Torres Strait, working in the bêche-de-mer and tortoiseshell industries. In 1834, he took up 100 acres (40 ha) of land near Wollongong. He married Elizabeth Mackay in Sydney in 1836, and in 1839 they moved to East Gosford. Hargraves was an agent for the General Steam Navigation Company and also established the Fox Under The Hill Hotel. In 1843, he took up another property on the Manning River, leaving his wife behind to look after the hotel. In July 1849, Hargraves left for the United States to participate in the California Gold Rush. He was unsuccessful but returned to Australia in January 1851 with knowledge of prospecting techniques and hopeful of discovering gold closer to home. Great gold discovery On 12 February 1851 John Lister, William Tom and James Tom, with Edward Hargraves, found five specks of gold in Lewis Ponds Creek in New South Wales, Australia. Enlisting the help of others to continue the search, Hargraves returned to Sydney in March to interview the Colonial Secretary, and, encouraged by his friends at Bathurst, wrote to The Sydney Morning Herald describing the rich fields. Hargraves made no mention of Lister, or the Tom brothers when making the discovery public and therefore was credited as the sole discoverer of gold. Leaving his team furious after claiming the £10,000 to himself. Hargraves wrote a book about his discovery titled Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries, published in 1855. Those contesting Hargraves claims James McBrien (discovered gold in 1823) Paweł Strzelecki (discovered gold in 1839) Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (discovered gold in 1841) William Tipple Smith (discovered gold in 1848) Enoch Rudder ("deeply hurt" associate of Edward Hargraves) John Lister and the Tom brothers (discovered gold in 1851) Aftermath and later life Hargraves was rewarded by the New South Wales Government for his find – he was paid £10,000 and was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands. The Victorian Government paid him £5,000. He only claimed £2,381 before the funds were frozen after John Lister protested. An enquiry was held in 1853 which upheld that Hargraves was the first to discover the goldfield. The goldfield, located at Ophir, New South Wales, was named in honour of Ophir. 1856 - Construction of Hargraves House Main article: Hargraves House, Noraville In 1856, Hargraves purchased a 640-acre (260 ha) landing at Budgewoi on the Central Coast of New South Wales. He went on to build "Norahville" (also called Hargraves House) at Noraville. Wollombi Aboriginal Tribe members are known to have worked on the property. Some sources state that Hargraves had "befriended" the Aboriginal tribe members. In 1877, Hargraves was granted a pension of £250 per year by the Government of New South Wales, which he received until his death. 1890 - Vindication of John Lister and James Tom A year before Hargraves death in Sydney on 29 October 1891, a second enquiry found that John Lister and James Tom had discovered the first goldfield. Lister is buried in the cemetery at Millthorpe and Tom at Byng, both within 20 kilometres (12 mi) of Ophir. See also Australian gold rushes New South Wales gold rush Hargraves, New South Wales Ophir, New South Wales Hargraves House References Notes ^ Hunt David. Defining Moments: Gold rush. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ a b c d e Mitchell, Bruce (1972). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4. ^ a b Hargraves Edward (1855). "Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries". p. 118. Retrieved 3 June 2023. my two former guides, Lister and James Tom had returned home bringing with them some fine gold from the Turon which from its character held out the prospects of an abundantly rich field. ^ Evans Joe (January 1988). "The first reported gold discovery". Gold Gem and Treasure. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ Scott Earnest (3 October 2012). "Strzelecki, who first found gold in the continent". Institute of Australian Culture. Retrieved 3 June 2023. In a debate in the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1853, on a proposal to award a gratuity to Edward Hargreaves on account of his discovery of gold at Bathurst, James Macarthur said that to his knowledge Strzelecki in 1839 had exhibited specimens of gold to different gentlemen in Sydney, and "repeatedly told me in private conversation that an extensive goldfield existed in the Bathurst district." ^ "Gold rushes". Australian National Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2019. In 1841 Reverend William Branwhite Clarke, one of the earliest geologists in the colony, came across particles of gold near Hartley in the Blue Mountains. In 1844 he mentioned it to Governor Gipps who reportedly said: 'Put it away Mr Clarke or we shall all have our throats cut'. ^ Silver Lynette (26 December 2011). "A Fool's Gold? - William Tipple Smith's challenge to the Hargraves myth". Retrieved 3 June 2023. In 1847, mineralogist William Tipple Smith ventured into the rugged hill country near Bathurst, New South Wales and discovered payable gold. After additional successful exploration, he informed the government of his discovery. The apathy, lies and cover-up which followed form the basis of an intriguing tale of mismanagement, buck-passing and official ineptitude. Smith's discovery resulted for him, not in fame and fortune, but in defamation, ruin and untimely death. The government and Edward Hammond Hargraves, were so effective in the systematic destruction of Smith that the true story has remained untold for almost one hundred and forty years. Persistent detective work by the author, whose belief that an innocent man was the tragic victim of political expediency, enabled her too succeed where others have failed, resulting in a totally new interpretation of a fascinating aspect of Australian history. The story of William Tipple Smith is the story of one man's fight for justice and recognition long overdue. The large number of illustrations and a comprehensive document appendix make A Fool's Gold? a valuable reference work on the history of early gold discoveries in New South Wales. ^ Power Julie (3 September 2022). "History stands corrected: Smith, not Hargraves, first to discover gold in NSW". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2023. An anonymous grave, previously known only as number 4929, section four, Rookwood Cemetery, was marked for the first time. It now reads: "William Tipple Smith, 1803-1852, Mineralogist, discoverer of Australia's first payable gold and co-founder of Australia's iron and steel industry." ^ Watson Janine. "Rudder, Enoch William". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 4 June 2023. In 1827 he invented a gold washing machine - in search of gold he travelled to California - It was there that Enoch met Edward Hargraves and they travelled huge distances visiting gold fields across the country and they noticed how similar the geological formations in the gold-bearing part of California were to those of NSW. So it was in 1851 when Edward Hargraves was credited with the discovery of gold in NSW Enoch was deeply hurt as he believed he should have received recognition for the part he played. ^ Rudder Enoch (1861). "Incidents connected with the discovery pf gold in NSW". Fredrick White Printers. p. vi. Retrieved 4 June 2023. (Rudder wrote), had Mr Hargreaves generously admitted the assistance he received from others, and endeavoured to promote their interests, or acted towards them with a sense of justice he would have been spared much vexation and enjoyed unrivaled approbation and gratitude of his country. Forgetful of these principles, he has made enemies when he might have secured lasting friends. ^ Mcqueen Kenneth George (October 2021). "Early theories and practicalities on gold occurrence in Australia". ResearchGate. Retrieved 4 June 2023. P 418 Friend of EHH in California P 427 Metallurgist for EHH ^ Aplin Dr Graeme (10 April 2013). "History and Exploration - Gold Rush". Macquarie University. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2023. The first widely known and officially acknowledged gold find was made by John Lister and William Tom at Ophir in April 1851. Edward Hargraves, who had instigated the search and trained the prospectors, returned to Ophir to inspect the find of 120 grams of gold. Hargraves, who excelled as a publicist, practically forced the Government into officially recognising 'his' find and thus ensured his own fame and fortune. ^ a b Mitchell Bruce (2006). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. From 1870 Lister and Tom brothers bombarded parliament with petitions and campaigned in pamphlets and press. Their persistence was rewarded in 1890 when a Legislative Assembly select committee found that although Hargraves had taught the others how to use the dish and cradle, 'Messrs Tom and Lister were undoubtedly the first discoverers of gold obtained in Australia in payable quantity', but the legend of Hargraves, 'the discoverer of gold' persists. ^ "The Gold Rush". 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2023. In 1891 a Committee recognised these men (Lister and James Tom) and not Hargraves as the first people to discover payable gold in Australia. ^ "Ophir". Sydney Morning Herald. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023. Hargraves was recognised by the NSW government as 'the first discoverer of gold in Australia'. This is patently false. Many had done so before him. The Ophir find was the first PAYABLE gold strike but that must be credited to Lister and the Tom brothers. ^ Long Gavin (2006). "Tom, William (1791–1883)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 7 June 2023. There in 1851 came Edward Hargraves who explained to the Toms how to make a cradle; after he left William Tom built a cradle and with his brothers James and Henry worked along the creek, eventually washing sixteen grains of gold in one day. Soon afterwards William Tom and J. H. A. Lister found nuggets totalling four ounces and wrote to Hargraves who hastened back to the field, which was named Ophir. The gold rush followed. ^ Rule John. "The Cradle of a Nation". Retrieved 4 June 2023. On December 17th 1890, the following verdict was handed down: Although Mr Hargraves is entitled to credit for teaching the Tom brothers and Lister how to use a dish and cradle and the proper methods of searching for gold; the Petitioners were undoubtedly the first discoverers of payable gold in Australia. Bibliography Evans, Joe. 1988 Gold Gem and Treasure Hodge, Brian. "Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12314. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Mennell, Philip (1892). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource. Mitchell, Bruce (1972). "Hargraves, Edward(1816–1891)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 15 March 2008. Serle, Percival. "Hargraves, Sir Edward Hammond (1816–1891)". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2007. Seccombe, Thomas (1901). "Hargraves, Edward Hammond" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Maitland Mercury, 7 May 1851 disputing Hargraves' claims Simpson Davison (1860), The discovery and geognosy of gold deposits in Australia: With comparisons and accounts of the gold regions in California, Russia, India, Brazil, &c., Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Australia People Australia Trove Other SNAC
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He was educated in Brighton and Lewes, but left school at the age of 14 to go to sea. He arrived in Sydney in 1832.[2]After his arrival in the colony of New South Wales, Hargraves worked on a property at Bathurst for a period and then went north to the Torres Strait, working in the bêche-de-mer and tortoiseshell industries. In 1834, he took up 100 acres (40 ha) of land near Wollongong. He married Elizabeth Mackay in Sydney in 1836, and in 1839 they moved to East Gosford. Hargraves was an agent for the General Steam Navigation Company and also established the Fox Under The Hill Hotel. In 1843, he took up another property on the Manning River, leaving his wife behind to look after the hotel.[2]In July 1849, Hargraves left for the United States to participate in the California Gold Rush. He was unsuccessful but returned to Australia in January 1851 with knowledge of prospecting techniques and hopeful of discovering gold closer to home.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom3-3"}],"text":"On 12 February 1851 John Lister, William Tom and James Tom, with Edward Hargraves, found five specks of gold in Lewis Ponds Creek in New South Wales, Australia. Enlisting the help of others to continue the search, Hargraves returned to Sydney in March to interview the Colonial Secretary, and, encouraged by his friends at Bathurst, wrote to The Sydney Morning Herald describing the rich fields. Hargraves made no mention of Lister, or the Tom brothers when making the discovery public and therefore was credited as the sole discoverer of gold. Leaving his team furious after claiming the £10,000 to himself.[2]Hargraves wrote a book about his discovery titled Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries, published in 1855.[3]","title":"Great gold discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcbrien1-4"},{"link_name":"Paweł Strzelecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Strzelecki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strzelecki-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aaaaaaa-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilliamTippleSmith1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilliamTippleSmith2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudder1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudder2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudder3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom2-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom3-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ophir-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WilliamTom-16"}],"text":"James McBrien (discovered gold in 1823)[4]\nPaweł Strzelecki (discovered gold in 1839)[5]Reverend William Branwhite Clarke (discovered gold in 1841)[6]\nWilliam Tipple Smith (discovered gold in 1848)[7][8]\nEnoch Rudder (\"deeply hurt\" associate of Edward Hargraves)[9][10][11]\nJohn Lister and the Tom brothers (discovered gold in 1851)[12][13][3][14][15][16]","title":"Those contesting Hargraves claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Victorian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ophir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"}],"text":"Hargraves was rewarded by the New South Wales Government for his find – he was paid £10,000 and was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands. The Victorian Government paid him £5,000. He only claimed £2,381 before the funds were frozen after John Lister protested. An enquiry was held in 1853 which upheld that Hargraves was the first to discover the goldfield. The goldfield, located at Ophir, New South Wales, was named in honour of Ophir.[2]","title":"Aftermath and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budgewoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgewoi,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Hargraves House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargraves_House,_Noraville"},{"link_name":"Noraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noraville,_New_South_Wales"}],"sub_title":"1856 - Construction of Hargraves House","text":"In 1856, Hargraves purchased a 640-acre (260 ha) landing at Budgewoi on the Central Coast of New South Wales. He went on to build \"Norahville\" (also called Hargraves House) at Noraville. Wollombi Aboriginal Tribe members are known to have worked on the property. Some sources state that Hargraves had \"befriended\" the Aboriginal tribe members. In 1877, Hargraves was granted a pension of £250 per year by the Government of New South Wales, which he received until his death.","title":"Aftermath and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rule-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ListerAndTom2-13"},{"link_name":"Millthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millthorpe,_New_South_Wales"}],"sub_title":"1890 - Vindication of John Lister and James Tom","text":"A year before Hargraves death in Sydney on 29 October 1891, a second enquiry found that John Lister and James Tom had discovered the first goldfield.[17][13] Lister is buried in the cemetery at Millthorpe and Tom at Byng, both within 20 kilometres (12 mi) of Ophir.","title":"Aftermath and later life"}]
[]
[{"title":"Australian gold rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes"},{"title":"New South Wales gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush"},{"title":"Hargraves, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargraves,_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Ophir, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir,_New_South_Wales"},{"title":"Hargraves House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargraves_House,_Noraville"}]
[{"reference":"Hunt David. Defining Moments: Gold rush. National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iU9iV56F86s","url_text":"Defining Moments: Gold rush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia","url_text":"National Museum of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Bruce (1972). \"Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hargraves-edward-hammond-3719","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"Hargraves Edward (1855). \"Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries\". p. 118. Retrieved 3 June 2023. my two former guides, Lister and James Tom had returned home bringing with them some fine gold from the Turon which from its character held out the prospects of an abundantly rich field.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"\"Australia and its Goldfields: a historical sketch of the Australian colonies from the earliest times to the present day with a particular account of the recent gold discoveries\""}]},{"reference":"Evans Joe (January 1988). \"The first reported gold discovery\". Gold Gem and Treasure. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080323062121/http://users.tpg.com.au/dtdan/ophir.htm","url_text":"\"The first reported gold discovery\""},{"url":"http://users.tpg.com.au/dtdan/ophir.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scott Earnest (3 October 2012). \"Strzelecki, who first found gold in the continent\". Institute of Australian Culture. Retrieved 3 June 2023. In a debate in the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1853, on a proposal to award a gratuity to Edward Hargreaves on account of his discovery of gold at Bathurst, James Macarthur said that to his knowledge Strzelecki in 1839 had exhibited specimens of gold to different gentlemen in Sydney, and \"repeatedly told me in private conversation that an extensive goldfield existed in the Bathurst district.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australianculture.org/strzelecki-ernest-scott-1939/","url_text":"\"Strzelecki, who first found gold in the continent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold rushes\". Australian National Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2019. In 1841 Reverend William Branwhite Clarke, one of the earliest geologists in the colony, came across particles of gold near Hartley in the Blue Mountains. In 1844 he mentioned it to Governor Gipps who reportedly said: 'Put it away Mr Clarke or we shall all have our throats cut'.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/gold-rushes","url_text":"\"Gold rushes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Museum","url_text":"Australian National Museum"}]},{"reference":"Silver Lynette (26 December 2011). \"A Fool's Gold? - William Tipple Smith's challenge to the Hargraves myth\". Retrieved 3 June 2023. In 1847, mineralogist William Tipple Smith ventured into the rugged hill country near Bathurst, New South Wales and discovered payable gold. After additional successful exploration, he informed the government of his discovery. The apathy, lies and cover-up which followed form the basis of an intriguing tale of mismanagement, buck-passing and official ineptitude. Smith's discovery resulted for him, not in fame and fortune, but in defamation, ruin and untimely death. The government and Edward Hammond Hargraves, were so effective in the systematic destruction of Smith that the true story has remained untold for almost one hundred and forty years. Persistent detective work by the author, whose belief that an innocent man was the tragic victim of political expediency, enabled her too succeed where others have failed, resulting in a totally new interpretation of a fascinating aspect of Australian history. The story of William Tipple Smith is the story of one man's fight for justice and recognition long overdue. The large number of illustrations and a comprehensive document appendix make A Fool's Gold? a valuable reference work on the history of early gold discoveries in New South Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://lynettesilver.com/books/published-books/","url_text":"\"A Fool's Gold? - William Tipple Smith's challenge to the Hargraves myth\""}]},{"reference":"Power Julie (3 September 2022). \"History stands corrected: Smith, not Hargraves, first to discover gold in NSW\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 June 2023. An anonymous grave, previously known only as number 4929, section four, Rookwood Cemetery, was marked for the first time. It now reads: \"William Tipple Smith, 1803-1852, Mineralogist, discoverer of Australia's first payable gold and co-founder of Australia's iron and steel industry.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/history-stands-corrected-smith-not-hargraves-first-to-discover-gold-in-nsw-20200902-p55rtr.html","url_text":"\"History stands corrected: Smith, not Hargraves, first to discover gold in NSW\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Watson Janine. \"Rudder, Enoch William\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 4 June 2023. In 1827 he invented a gold washing machine - in search of gold he travelled to California - It was there that Enoch met Edward Hargraves and they travelled huge distances visiting gold fields across the country and they noticed how similar the geological formations in the gold-bearing part of California were to those of NSW. So it was in 1851 when Edward Hargraves was credited with the discovery of gold in NSW Enoch was deeply hurt as he believed he should have received recognition for the part he played.","urls":[{"url":"https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/rudder-enoch-william-30019","url_text":"\"Rudder, Enoch William\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"Rudder Enoch (1861). \"Incidents connected with the discovery pf gold in NSW\". Fredrick White Printers. p. vi. Retrieved 4 June 2023. (Rudder wrote), had Mr Hargreaves generously admitted the assistance he received from others, and endeavoured to promote their interests, or acted towards them with a sense of justice he would have been spared much vexation and enjoyed unrivaled approbation and gratitude of his country. Forgetful of these principles, he has made enemies when he might have secured lasting friends.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1125273324/view?partId=nla.obj-1125278632#page/n0/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Incidents connected with the discovery pf gold in NSW\""}]},{"reference":"Mcqueen Kenneth George (October 2021). \"Early theories and practicalities on gold occurrence in Australia\". ResearchGate. Retrieved 4 June 2023. P 418 Friend of EHH in California P 427 Metallurgist for EHH","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355770097","url_text":"\"Early theories and practicalities on gold occurrence in Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Aplin Dr Graeme (10 April 2013). \"History and Exploration - Gold Rush\". Macquarie University. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2023. The first widely known and officially acknowledged gold find was made by John Lister and William Tom at Ophir in April 1851. Edward Hargraves, who had instigated the search and trained the prospectors, returned to Ophir to inspect the find of 120 grams of gold. Hargraves, who excelled as a publicist, practically forced the Government into officially recognising 'his' find and thus ensured his own fame and fortune.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130410121921/http://atlas.nsw.gov.au/public/nsw/home/topic/article/goldrush.html","url_text":"\"History and Exploration - Gold Rush\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University","url_text":"Macquarie University"},{"url":"http://atlas.nsw.gov.au/public/nsw/home/topic/article/goldrush.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell Bruce (2006). \"Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. From 1870 Lister and Tom brothers bombarded parliament with petitions and campaigned in pamphlets and press. Their persistence was rewarded in 1890 when a Legislative Assembly select committee found that although Hargraves had taught the others how to use the dish and cradle, 'Messrs Tom and Lister were undoubtedly the first discoverers of gold obtained in Australia in payable quantity', but the legend of Hargraves, 'the discoverer of gold' persists.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hargraves-edward-hammond-3719","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gold Rush\". 5 January 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2023. In 1891 a Committee recognised these men (Lister and James Tom) and not Hargraves as the first people to discover payable gold in Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/learning/gold-rush","url_text":"\"The Gold Rush\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ophir\". Sydney Morning Herald. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2023. Hargraves was recognised by the NSW government as 'the first discoverer of gold in Australia'. This is patently false. Many had done so before him. The Ophir find was the first PAYABLE gold strike but that must be credited to Lister and the Tom brothers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/ophir-20080620-gdkq68.html","url_text":"\"Ophir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Long Gavin (2006). \"Tom, William (1791–1883)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 7 June 2023. There in 1851 came Edward Hargraves who explained to the Toms how to make a cradle; after he left William Tom built a cradle and with his brothers James and Henry worked along the creek, eventually washing sixteen grains of gold in one day. Soon afterwards William Tom and J. H. A. Lister found nuggets totalling four ounces and wrote to Hargraves who hastened back to the field, which was named Ophir. The gold rush followed.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tom-william-2737","url_text":"\"Tom, William (1791–1883)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"Rule John. \"The Cradle of a Nation\". Retrieved 4 June 2023. On December 17th 1890, the following verdict was handed down: Although Mr Hargraves is entitled to credit for teaching the Tom brothers and Lister how to use a dish and cradle and the proper methods of searching for gold; the Petitioners were undoubtedly the first discoverers of payable gold in Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.famtrees.info/cradle_of_nation.htm","url_text":"\"The Cradle of a Nation\""}]},{"reference":"Hodge, Brian. \"Hargraves, Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12314","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/12314"}]},{"reference":"Mennell, Philip (1892). \"Hargraves, Edward Hammond\" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Mennell","url_text":"Mennell, Philip"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Australasian_Biography/Hargraves,_Edward_Hammond","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Edward Hammond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Bruce (1972). \"Hargraves, Edward(1816–1891)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 15 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A040393b.htm","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Edward(1816–1891)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival. \"Hargraves, Sir Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Project Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogHa-He.html#hargraves1","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Sir Edward Hammond (1816–1891)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia","url_text":"Project Gutenberg Australia"}]},{"reference":"Seccombe, Thomas (1901). \"Hargraves, Edward Hammond\" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Hargraves,_Edward_Hammond","url_text":"\"Hargraves, Edward Hammond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Simpson Davison (1860), The discovery and geognosy of gold deposits in Australia: With comparisons and accounts of the gold regions in California, Russia, India, Brazil, &c., Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/discoveryandgeo00simpgoog","url_text":"The discovery and geognosy of gold deposits in Australia: With comparisons and accounts of the gold regions in California, Russia, India, Brazil, &c."}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Song_(band)
Torch Song (band)
["1 Discography","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Singles"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Torch Song" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Torch Song were a British electronic and ambient band of the early 1980s. Original members were William Orbit, Laurie Mayer and Grant Gilbert. By 1985 they had disbanded. The band re-formed the project in 1995 and recorded their final album, Toward the Unknown Region, and were joined by Rico Conning, who had produced artists at the original Guerilla Studios and also was a member of post punk band, The Lines. Discography Studio albums Wish Thing (1984) Ecstasy (1986) Exhibit A (1987) Toward the Unknown Region (1995) Singles "Prepare to Energize" (1983) "Don't Look Now" (1984) "Tattered Dress" (1985) "Ode to Billy Joe" (1985) "White Night" (1986) "Can't Find My Way Home" (1986) "Shine on Me" (1995) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)
87th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
["1 History","2 Sources","2.1 References","2.2 Literature"]
87th DivisionAn 87th Division ZB vz. 26 light machine gun crew, Shanghai, 1937 (note their German M1935 Stahlhelm)Country Republic of ChinaBranch National Revolutionary ArmyTypeInfantrySize14,000Garrison/HQNanjingEngagements Second Sino-Japanese War Battle of Shanghai Burma Campaign Chinese Civil War Campaign to Defend Siping Siping Campaign CommandersCeremonial chiefChiang Kai-shekNotablecommandersWang JingjiuShen FazaoInsigniaDivisional Arm badgeMilitary unit The 87th Division was a German-trained and reorganized division in the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army, which was active during the Second Sino-Japanese War. As one of Chiang Kai-shek's elite divisions that received training from German instructors as part of a program of reorganizing the Chinese army, it and its sister 88th Division were regarded as the Chinese Nationalist government's best units. The 87th Division notable for taking part in the Battle of Shanghai in the summer and fall of 1937. Prior to that it had fought in Shanghai against the Japanese during the January 28 Incident in 1932, and following the second engagement in 1937 the division saw action during the Battle of Nanjing and the Burma Campaign. After Japan's surrender, the 87th Division then fought in the Chinese Civil War against the Communists and was dissolved after the conflict. History The 87th Division came into existence in the early 1930s as part of a plan formulated by the German military advisors working with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek to restructure the National Revolutionary Army into a small core of elite units, with the rest of its troops being placed into local militia units. The 87th Division was one of the small number of units that received training from German instructors before the German government ordered them to return home as part of their alliance with Japan. Regarded along with its sister 88th Division as one of the best units of the Nationalist Army, the troops of the 87th were equipped entirely with the German M1935 Stahlhelm. Not long after its formation the 87th Division took part in the combat against the Japanese in Shanghai during the January 28 Incident in 1932, as part of the 5th Army, and was later stationed in Nanjing. Throughout its existence the 87th Division served as part of the 71st Corps. Later in 1937 the 87th Division took part in the Battle of Shanghai at the outbreak of the war between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. When Zhang Zhizhong, 71st Corps commander, ordered the 87th and 88th—equipped with their German helmets and stick grenades—to move into the city the former used trucks to quickly deploy into downtown Shanghai. It was commanded by Lieutenant General Wang Jingjiu during the battle. On August 14, the unit advanced against the Kung-ta Textile Mill, where the Japanese Special Naval Landing Force troops were based. During the battle it also cooperated with the 88th Division. They jointly advanced against the Imperial Japanese Army forces at the Huishan wharf on August 17, and on the following day the 87th broke through Japanese lines at Yangshupu district, linking up with the 86th Division. It remained engaged in the downtown area before moving out to the west of Shanghai in late October, to the Suzhou Creek. Being as wide as river, it was an obstacle that the Japanese needed to secure to surround Chinese forces in Shanghai in a massive pocket. Despite Japanese shelling and airstrikes the 87th Division managed to fight off multiple attempts to take the position. Upwards of 16,000 members of the division were killed (including replacements for the losses). Subsequently, the unit took part in the Battle of Nanjing, by which point it received Major General Shen Fazao as its new commander. By the time the engagement at Nanjing was over, barely 300 soldiers of the division were still alive, but despite having lost many of its original personnel it still had an elite aura in the eyes of many Chinese commanders. In May–June 1944 the unit took part, along with its sister 88th Division, in the Burma Campaign, where it saw action along the Burma Road as part of Wei Lihuang's Chinese Expeditionary Force. When their offensive against the Japanese-held town of Lungling failed, the 87th Division commander Major General Zhang Shaoxun almost committed suicide. Around this time it was briefly commanded by Major General Huang Yen before Zhang resumed command in 1945. After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the 87th Division took part in the Chinese Civil War. During the civil war it notably fought in northeastern China (Manchuria) against the Communists under Lin Biao, in the second and third battles of Siping (1946–47). Reportedly many of the 87th Division troops consisted of new recruits that only had one week's training. The Communists fought the 87th Division at Nong'an in March 1946, and later it fought in defense of the city of Siping with the 54th Division in June, under the command of Chen Mingren. Despite multiple Communist offensives into the city the Nationalist line held, although the brunt of the casualties were taken by the 87th. Sources References ^ German Military Mission to China 1927–1938. Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ A Helmet for the Chinese (III). Chinaww2.com. Published 7 November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ Boorman and Cheng (1967), p. 197 ^ Chen, Peter C. First Battle of Shanghai. World War II Database. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ a b Ah Xiang. Defense Battle at Nanking Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ a b The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State. From 3 July 1946. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ a b Lew (2011), pp. 68–71 ^ Harmsen (2013), p. 40 ^ Wang Jingjiu. Generals.dk. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ a b Felton (2013), pp. 115–116 ^ Woo (2014), p. 54 ^ a b Harmsen (2015) ^ Shen Fazao. Generals.dk. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ Shen Fa-tsao (1904–1973). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 October 2017. ^ Romanus (1956), pp. 353–359 ^ The Consul General at Changchun (Clubb) to the Secretary of State – Telegram. From 21 June 1947. Retrieved 22 October 2017. Literature Boorman, Howard L.; Cheng, Joseph K. H. (1967). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231089579. Felton, Mark (2013). China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1473829602. Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612001685. Harmsen, Peter (2015). Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612002842. Lew, Christopher R. (2011). The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415673860. Romanus, Charles F. (1956). China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems. Department of the Army. ISBN 978-0160019142. Woo, X. L. (2014). Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1628940978.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German-trained and reorganized division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German-trained_divisions_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"National Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"German instructors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_1926%E2%80%931941"},{"link_name":"88th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_Division_(National_Revolutionary_Army)"},{"link_name":"Nationalist government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_decade"},{"link_name":"Battle of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"January 28 Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28_Incident"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Burma Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944"},{"link_name":"Japan's surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China"}],"text":"Military unitThe 87th Division was a German-trained and reorganized division in the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army, which was active during the Second Sino-Japanese War. As one of Chiang Kai-shek's elite divisions that received training from German instructors as part of a program of reorganizing the Chinese army, it and its sister 88th Division were regarded as the Chinese Nationalist government's best units. The 87th Division notable for taking part in the Battle of Shanghai in the summer and fall of 1937. Prior to that it had fought in Shanghai against the Japanese during the January 28 Incident in 1932, and following the second engagement in 1937 the division saw action during the Battle of Nanjing and the Burma Campaign. After Japan's surrender, the 87th Division then fought in the Chinese Civil War against the Communists and was dissolved after the conflict.","title":"87th Division (National Revolutionary Army)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German military advisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_1926%E2%80%931941"},{"link_name":"Chiang Kai-shek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek"},{"link_name":"German government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Stahlhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahlhelm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"January 28 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Siping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siping_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state-6"},{"link_name":"Nong'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nong%27an_County"},{"link_name":"Siping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siping,_Jilin"},{"link_name":"Chen Mingren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Mingren"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lew-7"}],"text":"The 87th Division came into existence in the early 1930s as part of a plan formulated by the German military advisors working with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek to restructure the National Revolutionary Army into a small core of elite units, with the rest of its troops being placed into local militia units. The 87th Division was one of the small number of units that received training from German instructors before the German government ordered them to return home as part of their alliance with Japan.[1] Regarded along with its sister 88th Division as one of the best units of the Nationalist Army, the troops of the 87th were equipped entirely with the German M1935 Stahlhelm.[2] Not long after its formation the 87th Division took part in the combat against the Japanese in Shanghai during the January 28 Incident in 1932, as part of the 5th Army, and was later stationed in Nanjing.[3][4] Throughout its existence the 87th Division served as part of the 71st Corps.[5][6][7]Later in 1937 the 87th Division took part in the Battle of Shanghai at the outbreak of the war between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.[5] When Zhang Zhizhong, 71st Corps commander, ordered the 87th and 88th—equipped with their German helmets and stick grenades—to move into the city the former used trucks to quickly deploy into downtown Shanghai.[8] It was commanded by Lieutenant General Wang Jingjiu during the battle.[9] On August 14, the unit advanced against the Kung-ta Textile Mill, where the Japanese Special Naval Landing Force troops were based.[10] During the battle it also cooperated with the 88th Division. They jointly advanced against the Imperial Japanese Army forces at the Huishan wharf on August 17,[11] and on the following day the 87th broke through Japanese lines at Yangshupu district, linking up with the 86th Division.[10] It remained engaged in the downtown area before moving out to the west of Shanghai in late October, to the Suzhou Creek. Being as wide as river, it was an obstacle that the Japanese needed to secure to surround Chinese forces in Shanghai in a massive pocket. Despite Japanese shelling and airstrikes the 87th Division managed to fight off multiple attempts to take the position. Upwards of 16,000 members of the division were killed (including replacements for the losses).[12] Subsequently, the unit took part in the Battle of Nanjing, by which point it received Major General Shen Fazao as its new commander.[13][14] By the time the engagement at Nanjing was over, barely 300 soldiers of the division were still alive, but despite having lost many of its original personnel it still had an elite aura in the eyes of many Chinese commanders.[12]In May–June 1944 the unit took part, along with its sister 88th Division, in the Burma Campaign, where it saw action along the Burma Road as part of Wei Lihuang's Chinese Expeditionary Force. When their offensive against the Japanese-held town of Lungling failed, the 87th Division commander Major General Zhang Shaoxun almost committed suicide.[15] Around this time it was briefly commanded by Major General Huang Yen before Zhang resumed command in 1945.[citation needed]After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the 87th Division took part in the Chinese Civil War.[16] During the civil war it notably fought in northeastern China (Manchuria) against the Communists under Lin Biao, in the second and third battles of Siping (1946–47). Reportedly many of the 87th Division troops consisted of new recruits that only had one week's training.[6] The Communists fought the 87th Division at Nong'an in March 1946, and later it fought in defense of the city of Siping with the 54th Division in June, under the command of Chen Mingren. Despite multiple Communist offensives into the city the Nationalist line held, although the brunt of the casualties were taken by the 87th.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"German Military Mission to China 1927–1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.feldgrau.com/WW2-German-Military-Mission-China"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"A Helmet for the Chinese (III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chinaww2.com/2014/11/07/a-helmet-for-the-chinese-ii/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Boorman and Cheng (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Boorman1967"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=114"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nanjing_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nanjing_5-1"},{"link_name":"Defense Battle at Nanking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.republicanchina.org/DEFENSE-BATTLE-AT-NANKING-v0.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-state_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-state_6-1"},{"link_name":"The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v07/d183"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lew_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lew_7-1"},{"link_name":"Lew (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lew2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Harmsen (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harmsen2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Wang Jingjiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.generals.dk/general/Wang_Jingjiu/_/China.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-felton_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-felton_10-1"},{"link_name":"Felton (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Felton2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Woo (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Woo2014"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-harmsen2015_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-harmsen2015_12-1"},{"link_name":"Harmsen (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Harmsen2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Shen Fazao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.generals.dk/general/Shen_Fazao/_/China.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Shen Fa-tsao (1904–1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Shen_Fa-tsao.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Romanus (1956)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Romanus1956"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"The Consul General at Changchun (Clubb) to the Secretary of State – Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v07/d162"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ German Military Mission to China 1927–1938. Feldgrau.com. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ A Helmet for the Chinese (III). Chinaww2.com. Published 7 November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ Boorman and Cheng (1967), p. 197\n\n^ Chen, Peter C. First Battle of Shanghai. World War II Database. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ a b Ah Xiang. Defense Battle at Nanking Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ a b The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State. From 3 July 1946. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ a b Lew (2011), pp. 68–71\n\n^ Harmsen (2013), p. 40\n\n^ Wang Jingjiu. Generals.dk. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ a b Felton (2013), pp. 115–116\n\n^ Woo (2014), p. 54\n\n^ a b Harmsen (2015)\n\n^ Shen Fazao. Generals.dk. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ Shen Fa-tsao (1904–1973). The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n\n^ Romanus (1956), pp. 353–359\n\n^ The Consul General at Changchun (Clubb) to the Secretary of State – Telegram. From 21 June 1947. Retrieved 22 October 2017.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA197"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0231089579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231089579"},{"link_name":"China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zN07BAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA214"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1473829602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473829602"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1612001685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612001685"},{"link_name":"Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=eiyrCgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PT26"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1612002842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612002842"},{"link_name":"The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ZW-TAgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PA69"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415673860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415673860"},{"link_name":"China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8eMv1piDCPkC&q=87th&pg=PA356"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0160019142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160019142"},{"link_name":"Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dflKBAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA54"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1628940978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628940978"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Boorman, Howard L.; Cheng, Joseph K. H. (1967). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231089579.\nFelton, Mark (2013). China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1473829602.\nHarmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612001685.\nHarmsen, Peter (2015). Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612002842.\nLew, Christopher R. (2011). The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415673860.\nRomanus, Charles F. (1956). China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems. Department of the Army. ISBN 978-0160019142.\nWoo, X. L. (2014). Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1628940978.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Boorman, Howard L.; Cheng, Joseph K. H. (1967). Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231089579.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA197","url_text":"Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press","url_text":"Columbia University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231089579","url_text":"978-0231089579"}]},{"reference":"Felton, Mark (2013). China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1473829602.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zN07BAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA214","url_text":"China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473829602","url_text":"978-1473829602"}]},{"reference":"Harmsen, Peter (2013). Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612001685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612001685","url_text":"978-1612001685"}]},{"reference":"Harmsen, Peter (2015). Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City. Casemate. ISBN 978-1612002842.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eiyrCgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PT26","url_text":"Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612002842","url_text":"978-1612002842"}]},{"reference":"Lew, Christopher R. (2011). The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415673860.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW-TAgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PA69","url_text":"The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415673860","url_text":"978-0415673860"}]},{"reference":"Romanus, Charles F. (1956). China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems. Department of the Army. ISBN 978-0160019142.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8eMv1piDCPkC&q=87th&pg=PA356","url_text":"China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160019142","url_text":"978-0160019142"}]},{"reference":"Woo, X. L. (2014). Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-1628940978.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dflKBAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA54","url_text":"Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628940978","url_text":"978-1628940978"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.feldgrau.com/WW2-German-Military-Mission-China","external_links_name":"German Military Mission to China 1927–1938"},{"Link":"http://www.chinaww2.com/2014/11/07/a-helmet-for-the-chinese-ii/","external_links_name":"A Helmet for the Chinese (III)"},{"Link":"https://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=114","external_links_name":"First Battle of Shanghai"},{"Link":"http://www.republicanchina.org/DEFENSE-BATTLE-AT-NANKING-v0.pdf","external_links_name":"Defense Battle at Nanking"},{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v07/d183","external_links_name":"The Consul General at Mukden (Ward) to the Secretary of State"},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Wang_Jingjiu/_/China.html","external_links_name":"Wang Jingjiu"},{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Shen_Fazao/_/China.html","external_links_name":"Shen Fazao"},{"Link":"http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/S/h/Shen_Fa-tsao.htm","external_links_name":"Shen Fa-tsao (1904–1973)"},{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v07/d162","external_links_name":"The Consul General at Changchun (Clubb) to the Secretary of State – Telegram"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA197","external_links_name":"Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, Volume 3"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zN07BAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA214","external_links_name":"China Station: The British Military in the Middle Kingdom, 1839–1997"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eiyrCgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PT26","external_links_name":"Nanjing 1937: Battle for a Doomed City"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW-TAgAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+chinese+civil+war&pg=PA69","external_links_name":"The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8eMv1piDCPkC&q=87th&pg=PA356","external_links_name":"China-Burma-India Theater: Stilwell's Command Problems"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dflKBAAAQBAJ&q=87th+division+china&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"Two Republics in China: How Imperial China Became the PRC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Gender
Kendall Gender
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Web series","5 References","6 External links"]
Canadian drag performer Kendall GenderKendall Gender at RuPaul's DragCon LA, 2023BornKenneth Wyse (1990-07-16) July 16, 1990 (age 33)Richmond, British Columbia, CanadaNationalityCanadianEducationKwantlen Polytechnic UniversityOccupationDrag queenTelevisionCanada's Drag Race (season 2) Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the WorldWebsitekendallgender.com Kendall Gender is the stage name of Kenneth Wyse (born 16 July 1990), a Canadian drag performer most known for competing on season 2 of Canada's Drag Race in 2021. She returned to compete in Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World in 2022. Early life Wyse was raised in Richmond, British Columbia. He graduated from Henry James Cambie Secondary School in 2008 before attending Kwantlen Polytechnic University. Career Wyse chose the drag name Kendall Gender as a reference to reality television personality Kendall Jenner, although for the Snatch Game episode of Canada's Drag Race, she chose to impersonate Kris Jenner. Her first time in drag was in 2014, where she performed Beyonce's "Ring the Alarm". Kendall Gender won the Vancouver's Next Drag Superstar competition in 2017. In 2020, she became the first drag performer to perform the halftime show at the Rugby Sevens tournament. She also recreated four albums by Black artists: Beyoncé's Dangerously in Love, Mariah Carey's Merry Christmas, Rihanna's Unapologetic, and Whitney Houston's Whitney. She was a finalist on season 2 of Canada's Drag Race. She won the show's roast challenge. Following her run on Canada's Drag Race, she was named to Vancouver Magazine's annual Power 50 list of influential Vancouverites. She has appeared in a campaign for Canadian swim and loungewear brand Londre and is the face of Annabelle cosmetics' Proud Out Loud collection. Personal life Wyse is biracial (half black and half white). He is based in Vancouver, where he has regularly performed as part of the "Brat Pack" drag troupe alongside his Canada's Drag Race castmates Synthia Kiss and Gia Metric. Filmography Year Title Genre Role Notes 2021 Canada's Drag Race TV Contestant Season 2, 10 episodes (Runner-up) 2022 Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World TV Contestant 1 episode (9th Place) 2023 Stay Short Film Ivy Diamonds / Kaleb Premiere in the 18th Vancouver International Women in Film Festival Web series Year Title Role Notes Ref 2021 Meet the Queens: Canada's Drag Race Season 2 Herself Stand-alone special 2021 eTalk Herself Guest 2022 It Gets Better Canada Herself Guest with Patch Donaghy 2022 Meet the Queens: Canada's Drag Race vs The World Herself Stand-alone special Bring Back My Girls (2024) References ^ @kendallgenderxo (July 16, 2021). "go shawty , it's my birthday 🥳" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ @kendallgender (July 16, 2023). "I don't know about you , but I'm feeling 33 🥳🦀🎂" – via Instagram. ^ Nolfi, Joey (October 17, 2022). "See the 'Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World' cast of international all-stars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2022-10-17. ^ a b c d Moliere, Ashley (December 12, 2021). "This biracial drag queen is paying homage to famous Black artists by recreating their album covers". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ Conor Clark, "Here's your first look at Canada's Drag Race's season two Snatch Game". Gay Times, November 4, 2021. ^ Rebecca Alter, "Canada's Drag Race Recap: Snatch and Release". Vulture, November 5, 2021. ^ a b Lalancette, Katherine (June 24, 2022). ""Drag Saved Me in So Many Ways," Says Kendall Gender". The Kit. Retrieved July 5, 2022. ^ a b "Vanmag's 2022 Power 50 List". Vancouver Magazine, January 24, 2022. ^ Alter, Rebecca (December 18, 2021). "Canada's Drag Race Season-Finale Recap: Give Them All Swords". Vulture. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ Sim, Bernardo (November 26, 2021). "Canada's Drag Race Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: Kendall Roasts Back". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ Coulter, Christine (August 3, 2018). "From Kenneth to Kendall: The transformation of a drag queen". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. ^ Kevin Ritchie, "Canada's Drag Race: Synthia Kiss on the best and worst drag trends". Now, November 20, 2021. ^ Stay | Vancouver International Women in Film Festival. viwff.eventive.org. February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023. ^ Stay - FilmFreeway. filmfreeway.com. February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023. ^ MEET THE QUEENS: Kendall Gender. Youtube.com. September 14, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2022. ^ Meet Kendall Gender | Canada's Drag Race Season 2. Youtube.com. October 29, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2022. ^ Kendall Gender and Patch Donaghy: a celebration of love. Youtube.com. June 23, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022. ^ Meet The Queens | Kendall Gender - Canada's Drag Race Vs The World. Youtube.com. October 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kendall Gender. Official website vteCanada's Drag RaceSeasons 1 2 3 4 ContestantsWinners Priyanka Icesis Couture Gisèle Lullaby Venus Adriana Aimee Yonce Shennel Anastarzia Anaquway Aurora Matrix Beth BOA Bombae Chelazon Leroux Denim Eve 6000 Gia Metric The Girlfriend Experience Halal Bae Ilona Verley Irma Gerd Jada Shada Hudson Jimbo Juice Boxx Kaos Kendall Gender Kiara Kiki Coe Kimmy Couture Kimora Amour Kitten Kaboodle Kyne Lady Boom Boom Lemon Luna DuBois Melinda Verga Miss Fiercalicious Miss Moço Nearah Nuff Océane Aqua-Black Pythia Rita Baga Scarlett BoBo Sisi Superstar Stephanie Prince Suki Doll Synthia Kiss Tynomi Banks Vivian Vanderpuss Related Canada vs. the World season 1 Episodes Slaycation
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Canada's Drag Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race"},{"link_name":"Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race:_Canada_vs._the_World"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kendall Gender is the stage name of Kenneth Wyse (born 16 July 1990), a Canadian drag performer most known for competing on season 2 of Canada's Drag Race in 2021. She returned to compete in Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World in 2022.[3]","title":"Kendall Gender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-4"},{"link_name":"Henry James Cambie Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James_Cambie_Secondary_School"},{"link_name":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Wyse was raised in Richmond, British Columbia.[4] He graduated from Henry James Cambie Secondary School in 2008 before attending Kwantlen Polytechnic University.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kendall Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Snatch Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_Game"},{"link_name":"Kris Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beyonce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonce"},{"link_name":"Ring the Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_the_Alarm"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thekit-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-4"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanmag-8"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Dangerously in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerously_in_Love"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Merry Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry_Christmas_(Mariah_Carey_album)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Unapologetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unapologetic"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_(album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-4"},{"link_name":"season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Canada's Drag Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_Drag_Race"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_(comedy)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanmag-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thekit-7"}],"text":"Wyse chose the drag name Kendall Gender as a reference to reality television personality Kendall Jenner,[5] although for the Snatch Game episode of Canada's Drag Race, she chose to impersonate Kris Jenner.[6]Her first time in drag was in 2014, where she performed Beyonce's \"Ring the Alarm\".[7]Kendall Gender won the Vancouver's Next Drag Superstar competition in 2017.[4] In 2020, she became the first drag performer to perform the halftime show at the Rugby Sevens tournament.[8] She also recreated four albums by Black artists: Beyoncé's Dangerously in Love, Mariah Carey's Merry Christmas, Rihanna's Unapologetic, and Whitney Houston's Whitney.[4] She was a finalist on season 2 of Canada's Drag Race.[9] She won the show's roast challenge.[10]Following her run on Canada's Drag Race, she was named to Vancouver Magazine's annual Power 50 list of influential Vancouverites.[8] She has appeared in a campaign for Canadian swim and loungewear brand Londre and is the face of Annabelle cosmetics' Proud Out Loud collection.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Synthia Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthia_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Gia Metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Metric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Wyse is biracial (half black and half white).[4] He is based in Vancouver,[11] where he has regularly performed as part of the \"Brat Pack\" drag troupe alongside his Canada's Drag Race castmates Synthia Kiss and Gia Metric.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bring Back My Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Back_My_Girls"}],"sub_title":"Web series","text":"Bring Back My Girls (2024)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"@kendallgenderxo (July 16, 2021). \"go shawty , it's my birthday 🥳\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/kendallgenderxo/status/1416063749681664005","url_text":"\"go shawty , it's my birthday 🥳\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"@kendallgender (July 16, 2023). \"I don't know about you , but I'm feeling 33 🥳🦀🎂\" – via Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cuw0OIYLtnH/","url_text":"\"I don't know about you , but I'm feeling 33 🥳🦀🎂\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram","url_text":"Instagram"}]},{"reference":"Nolfi, Joey (October 17, 2022). \"See the 'Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World' cast of international all-stars\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2022-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/canadas-drag-race-canada-vs-the-world-cast-revealed/","url_text":"\"See the 'Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World' cast of international all-stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Moliere, Ashley (December 12, 2021). \"This biracial drag queen is paying homage to famous Black artists by recreating their album covers\". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/biracial-drag-queen-album-covers-1.5834640","url_text":"\"This biracial drag queen is paying homage to famous Black artists by recreating their album covers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129082313/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/biracial-drag-queen-album-covers-1.5834640","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lalancette, Katherine (June 24, 2022). \"\"Drag Saved Me in So Many Ways,\" Says Kendall Gender\". The Kit. Retrieved July 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thekit.ca/beauty/celebrity-beauty/kendall-gender-drag-queen/","url_text":"\"\"Drag Saved Me in So Many Ways,\" Says Kendall Gender\""}]},{"reference":"Alter, Rebecca (December 18, 2021). \"Canada's Drag Race Season-Finale Recap: Give Them All Swords\". Vulture. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/canadas-drag-race-recap-season-2-episode-10-queen-of-the-north.html","url_text":"\"Canada's Drag Race Season-Finale Recap: Give Them All Swords\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218173817/https://www.vulture.com/article/canadas-drag-race-recap-season-2-episode-10-queen-of-the-north.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sim, Bernardo (November 26, 2021). \"Canada's Drag Race Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: Kendall Roasts Back\". ScreenRant. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/rupauls-drag-race-canada-season-2-episode-7-recap/","url_text":"\"Canada's Drag Race Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: Kendall Roasts Back\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126121522/https://screenrant.com/rupauls-drag-race-canada-season-2-episode-7-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coulter, Christine (August 3, 2018). \"From Kenneth to Kendall: The transformation of a drag queen\". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/from-kenneth-to-kendall-the-transformation-of-a-drag-queen-1.4771116","url_text":"\"From Kenneth to Kendall: The transformation of a drag queen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103133201/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/from-kenneth-to-kendall-the-transformation-of-a-drag-queen-1.4771116","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stay | Vancouver International Women in Film Festival. viwff.eventive.org. February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://viwff.eventive.org/films/63b49f746baa1d0045025f17","url_text":"Stay | Vancouver International Women in Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"Stay - FilmFreeway. filmfreeway.com. February 25, 2023. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmfreeway.com/Stay_dragfilm","url_text":"Stay - FilmFreeway"}]},{"reference":"MEET THE QUEENS: Kendall Gender. Youtube.com. September 14, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OPMMWgV-O0","url_text":"MEET THE QUEENS: Kendall Gender"}]},{"reference":"Meet Kendall Gender | Canada's Drag Race Season 2. Youtube.com. October 29, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj2hVTNH9Q8","url_text":"Meet Kendall Gender | Canada's Drag Race Season 2"}]},{"reference":"Kendall Gender and Patch Donaghy: a celebration of love. Youtube.com. June 23, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsOcKETPKsU","url_text":"Kendall Gender and Patch Donaghy: a celebration of love"}]},{"reference":"Meet The Queens | Kendall Gender - Canada's Drag Race Vs The World. Youtube.com. October 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg66yQqABTA","url_text":"Meet The Queens | Kendall Gender - Canada's Drag Race Vs The World"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://kendallgender.com/","external_links_name":"kendallgender.com"},{"Link":"https://x.com/kendallgenderxo/status/1416063749681664005","external_links_name":"\"go shawty , it's my birthday 🥳\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Cuw0OIYLtnH/","external_links_name":"\"I don't know about you , but I'm feeling 33 🥳🦀🎂\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/tv/canadas-drag-race-canada-vs-the-world-cast-revealed/","external_links_name":"\"See the 'Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World' cast of international all-stars\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/biracial-drag-queen-album-covers-1.5834640","external_links_name":"\"This biracial drag queen is paying homage to famous Black artists by recreating their album covers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129082313/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/biracial-drag-queen-album-covers-1.5834640","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/heres-your-first-look-at-canadas-drag-races-season-two-snatch-game/","external_links_name":"\"Here's your first look at Canada's Drag Race's season two Snatch Game\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/canadas-drag-race-recap-season-2-episode-4-snatch-game.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Drag Race Recap: Snatch and Release\""},{"Link":"https://thekit.ca/beauty/celebrity-beauty/kendall-gender-drag-queen/","external_links_name":"\"\"Drag Saved Me in So Many Ways,\" Says Kendall Gender\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanmag.com/Vanmags-2022-Power-50-List","external_links_name":"\"Vanmag's 2022 Power 50 List\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/canadas-drag-race-recap-season-2-episode-10-queen-of-the-north.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Drag Race Season-Finale Recap: Give Them All Swords\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218173817/https://www.vulture.com/article/canadas-drag-race-recap-season-2-episode-10-queen-of-the-north.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/rupauls-drag-race-canada-season-2-episode-7-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Drag Race Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: Kendall Roasts Back\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211126121522/https://screenrant.com/rupauls-drag-race-canada-season-2-episode-7-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/from-kenneth-to-kendall-the-transformation-of-a-drag-queen-1.4771116","external_links_name":"\"From Kenneth to Kendall: The transformation of a drag queen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211103133201/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/from-kenneth-to-kendall-the-transformation-of-a-drag-queen-1.4771116","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/news-features/canadas-drag-race-synthia-kiss-on-the-best-and-worst-drag-trends","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Drag Race: Synthia Kiss on the best and worst drag trends\""},{"Link":"https://viwff.eventive.org/films/63b49f746baa1d0045025f17","external_links_name":"Stay | Vancouver International Women in Film Festival"},{"Link":"https://filmfreeway.com/Stay_dragfilm","external_links_name":"Stay - FilmFreeway"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OPMMWgV-O0","external_links_name":"MEET THE QUEENS: Kendall Gender"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj2hVTNH9Q8","external_links_name":"Meet Kendall Gender | Canada's Drag Race Season 2"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsOcKETPKsU","external_links_name":"Kendall Gender and Patch Donaghy: a celebration of love"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg66yQqABTA","external_links_name":"Meet The Queens | Kendall Gender - Canada's Drag Race Vs The World"},{"Link":"https://www.kendallgender.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk_State_Technical_University_for_Nuclear_Power_Engineering
Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering
["1 Structure","1.1 Directions of training and specialties","2 Notable faculty, staff, alumni and students","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 55°8′14″N 36°36′23″E / 55.13722°N 36.60639°E / 55.13722; 36.60639University in Obninsk, Russia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power EngineeringОбнинский Институт Атомной Энергетики (ИАТЭ) TypeState universityEstablished1953DirectorAlexey PanovAcademic staff343 lecturers, of which 53 are Doktor Nauk, and 150 Kandidat NaukStudentsabout 3000LocationObninsk, Russia55°8′14″N 36°36′23″E / 55.13722°N 36.60639°E / 55.13722; 36.60639Websitehttp://www.iate.obninsk.ru/ Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (Russian: Обнинский институт атомной энергетики, traditionally abbreviated ИАТЭ) is an institution of higher education located in Obninsk. It began as a branch of the Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute in 1953 to provide specialists in the field of nuclear physics, reactor physics and reactor engineering for the Soviet Union's growing nuclear industry. The education was provided in close cooperation with nuclear-related research institutions in Obninsk. In 1985 the status was changed for Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering to be the leading educational institution to train specialists for rapidly developing nuclear power in the former Soviet Bloc countries. In 2002 it acquired the status of the state technical university. In 2002-2009 it functioned as the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering. (Russian: Обнинский государственный технический университет атомной энергетики). In 2009 the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering was incorporated into the MEPhI National Research Nuclear University. Structure Buildings of the institute in January 2021 Since 2017, recruitment for the main educational programs of higher education at the IATE NRNU MEPhI has been carried out in new structural divisions. Division of the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Technology (ОЯФиТ) Division of the Institute of Intelligent Cybernetic Systems (ОИКС) Division of Engineering Physics Institute of Biomedicine (ИФИБ) Division of the Institute of Laser and Plasma Technologies (ЛаПлаз) Department of Social and Economic Sciences (ОСЭН) Institute of General Professional Training Preparatory Faculty Technical College Other: Center for Continuing Professional Education Directions of training and specialties 01.03.02 Applied Mathematics and Informatics. Qualification: Bachelor. 03.03.02 Physics. Qualification: Bachelor. 09.03.01 Informatics and computer technology. Qualification: Bachelor. 09.03.02 Information systems and technologies. Qualification: Bachelor. 12.03.01 Instrument making. Qualification: Bachelor. 03.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Bachelor. 03.14.02 Nuclear physics and technology. Qualification: Bachelor. 03.16.01 Technical physics. Qualification: Bachelor. 22.03.01 Materials science and technology of materials. Qualification: Bachelor. 05.14.01 Nuclear reactors and materials. Qualification: engineer-physicist. 05.14.02 Nuclear power plants: design, operation and engineering. Qualification: engineer-physicist. 05.14.04 Electronics and automation of physical installations. Qualification: engineer-physicist. 04.03.01 Chemistry. Qualification: Bachelor. 04.03.02 Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials. Qualification: Bachelor. 06.03.01 Biology. Qualification: Bachelor. 31.05.01 Medicine. Qualification: medical doctor. 38.03.01 Economics. Qualification: Bachelor. 38.03.05 Business Informatics. Qualification: Bachelor. 01.04.02 Applied Mathematics Informatics. Qualification: Master. 04.04.02 Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials. Qualification: Master. 06.04.01 Biology. Qualification: Master. 09.04.01 Informatics and computer technology. Qualification: Master. 09.04.02 Information systems and technologies. Qualification: Master. 12.04.01 Instrument making. Qualification: Master. 04.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Master. 04.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Master. 04.14.02 Nuclear physics and technology. Qualification: Master. 04.22.01 Materials science and technology of materials. Qualification: Master. 38.04.02 Management. Qualification: Master. 38.04.04 State and municipal administration. Qualification: Master. Notable faculty, staff, alumni and students Victor Kanke Svetlana Roudenko Leonid Solodkov Leonid Toptunov References External links Official site (in Russian) Official site Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This Russian university, college or other education institution article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"institution of higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_higher_education"},{"link_name":"Obninsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk"},{"link_name":"Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_and_Physics_Institute"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"reactor physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_physics"},{"link_name":"reactor engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"nuclear industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_industry"},{"link_name":"research institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institution"},{"link_name":"Soviet Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc"},{"link_name":"state technical university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Technical_University_(Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"MEPhI National Research Nuclear University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_%22MEPhI%22"}],"text":"University in Obninsk, RussiaObninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (Russian: Обнинский институт атомной энергетики, traditionally abbreviated ИАТЭ) is an institution of higher education located in Obninsk. It began as a branch of the Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute in 1953 to provide specialists in the field of nuclear physics, reactor physics and reactor engineering for the Soviet Union's growing nuclear industry. The education was provided in close cooperation with nuclear-related research institutions in Obninsk.In 1985 the status was changed for Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering to be the leading educational institution to train specialists for rapidly developing nuclear power in the former Soviet Bloc countries. In 2002 it acquired the status of the state technical university. In 2002-2009 it functioned as the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering. (Russian: Обнинский государственный технический университет атомной энергетики).In 2009 the Obninsk State Technical University for Nuclear Power Engineering was incorporated into the MEPhI National Research Nuclear University.","title":"Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%AD_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8_2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81.jpg"}],"text":"Buildings of the institute in January 2021Since 2017, recruitment for the main educational programs of higher education at the IATE NRNU MEPhI has been carried out in new structural divisions.Division of the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Technology (ОЯФиТ)\nDivision of the Institute of Intelligent Cybernetic Systems (ОИКС)\nDivision of Engineering Physics Institute of Biomedicine (ИФИБ)\nDivision of the Institute of Laser and Plasma Technologies (ЛаПлаз)\nDepartment of Social and Economic Sciences (ОСЭН)\nInstitute of General Professional Training\nPreparatory Faculty\nTechnical CollegeOther:Center for Continuing Professional Education","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Directions of training and specialties","text":"01.03.02 Applied Mathematics and Informatics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n03.03.02 Physics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n09.03.01 Informatics and computer technology. Qualification: Bachelor.\n09.03.02 Information systems and technologies. Qualification: Bachelor.\n12.03.01 Instrument making. Qualification: Bachelor.\n03.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n03.14.02 Nuclear physics and technology. Qualification: Bachelor.\n03.16.01 Technical physics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n22.03.01 Materials science and technology of materials. Qualification: Bachelor.\n05.14.01 Nuclear reactors and materials. Qualification: engineer-physicist.\n05.14.02 Nuclear power plants: design, operation and engineering. Qualification: engineer-physicist.\n05.14.04 Electronics and automation of physical installations. Qualification: engineer-physicist.\n04.03.01 Chemistry. Qualification: Bachelor.\n04.03.02 Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials. Qualification: Bachelor.\n06.03.01 Biology. Qualification: Bachelor.\n31.05.01 Medicine. Qualification: medical doctor.\n38.03.01 Economics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n38.03.05 Business Informatics. Qualification: Bachelor.\n01.04.02 Applied Mathematics Informatics. Qualification: Master.\n04.04.02 Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials. Qualification: Master.\n06.04.01 Biology. Qualification: Master.\n09.04.01 Informatics and computer technology. Qualification: Master.\n09.04.02 Information systems and technologies. Qualification: Master.\n12.04.01 Instrument making. Qualification: Master.\n04.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Master.\n04.14.01 Nuclear power engineering and thermal physics. Qualification: Master.\n04.14.02 Nuclear physics and technology. Qualification: Master.\n04.22.01 Materials science and technology of materials. Qualification: Master.\n38.04.02 Management. Qualification: Master.\n38.04.04 State and municipal administration. Qualification: Master.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Kanke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Kanke"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Roudenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Roudenko"},{"link_name":"Leonid Solodkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Solodkov"},{"link_name":"Leonid Toptunov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Toptunov"}],"text":"Victor Kanke\nSvetlana Roudenko\nLeonid Solodkov\nLeonid Toptunov","title":"Notable faculty, staff, alumni and students"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono
Salazar v. Buono
["1 Background","1.1 The cross","1.2 Action by the National Park Service and Congress","1.3 Lawsuit and injunction","1.4 Further congressional action","1.5 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decisions","1.6 United States Supreme Court ruling","1.7 Aftermath","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
2010 United States Supreme Court caseSalazar v. BuonoSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued October 7, 2009Decided April 28, 2010Full case nameKen L. Salazar, Secretary of the Interior, et al., Petitioners v. Frank BuonoDocket no.08-472Citations559 U.S. 700 (more)130 S. Ct. 1803; 176 L. Ed. 2d 634Case historyPriorPermanent injunction granted, Buono v. Norton, 212 F. Supp. 2d 1202 (C.D. Cal. 2002); affirmed, 371 F.3d 543 (9th Cir. 2004); permanent injunction granted prohibiting land swap, 364 F. Supp. 2d 1175 (C.D. Cal. 2005); affirmed sub. nom., Buono v. Kempthorne, 502 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2007); rehearing en banc denied, 527 F.3d 758 (9th Cir. 2008); cert. granted, 555 U.S. 1169 (2009).Questions presentedWhether an individual has Article III standing to bring an Establishment Clause suit challenging the display of a religious symbol on government land and if an Act of Congress directing the land be transferred to a private entity is a permissible accommodation.Court membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices John P. Stevens · Antonin ScaliaAnthony Kennedy · Clarence ThomasRuth Bader Ginsburg · Stephen BreyerSamuel Alito · Sonia Sotomayor Case opinionsPluralityKennedy, joined by Roberts; Alito (in part)ConcurrenceRobertsConcurrenceAlito (in part)ConcurrenceScalia (in judgment), joined by ThomasDissentStevens, joined by Ginsburg, SotomayorDissentBreyerLaws appliedU.S. Const. amend. I Salazar v. Buono, 559 U.S. 700 (2010), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case concerned the legality of the Mojave Memorial Cross, a Latin cross which was placed atop a prominent rock outcropping by the Veterans of Foreign Wars foundation in 1934 to honor war dead. The location is known as "Sunrise Rock" in the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County in southeastern California. The Supreme Court ruled that the cross may stay, but also sent the case back to a lower court, making the issue currently unresolved. Background The cross Main article: Mojave Memorial Cross Currently, there is a cross atop Sunrise Rock that is between 5 and 8 feet (1.5 and 2.4 m) tall and is constructed out of 4-inch-diameter (100 mm) metal pipes painted white. Historical records reflect that a wooden cross was built on that location as early as 1934 by the Veterans of Foreign Wars as a memorial to veterans who died in World War I. Photographs depict the wooden cross and signs near it stating: “The Cross, Erected in Memory of the Dead of All Wars,” and “Erected 1934 by Members of Veterans of Foreign Wars, Joshua Tree post 2884.” The wooden signs are no longer present, and the original wooden cross, which is no longer standing, has been replaced by private parties several times since 1934. The cross has been an intermittent gathering place for Easter religious services since as early as 1935, and regularly since 1984. The current version of the cross was built by Henry Sandoz, a local resident, sometime in 1998. When the National Park Service (NPS) investigated the history of the cross, Sandoz explained that he drilled holes into Sunrise Rock to bolt the cross in place, making it difficult to remove. Sandoz did not receive a permit from NPS to construct the cross. No sign indicates that the cross was or is intended to act as a memorial for war veterans. Action by the National Park Service and Congress In 1999, NPS received a request from an individual seeking to build a stupa (a dome-shaped Buddhist shrine) on a rock outcropping at a trailhead located near the cross. NPS denied that request, citing 36 C.F.R. § 2.62(a) as prohibiting the installation of a memorial without authorization. A handwritten note on the denial letter warned that “ny attempt to erect a stupa will be in violation of Federal Law and subject you to citation and/or arrest.” The letter also indicates that “urrently there is a cross on rock outcrop located on National Park Service lands. . . . It is our intention to have the cross removed.” In 1999, NPS undertook a study of the history of the cross. NPS determined that neither the cross nor the property on which it is situated qualifies for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Specifically, NPS recognized that the cross itself “has been replaced many times and the plaque that once accompanied it (even though it is not known if it is original) has been removed.” Also, the property does not qualify as an historical site because, among other things, “the site is used for religious purposes as well as commemoration.” Following the announcement by NPS of its intention to remove the cross, the United States Congress passed a series of laws to preserve the Sunrise Rock cross. The first piece of legislation, enacted in December 2000, provided that no government funds could be used to remove the cross. Lawsuit and injunction Frank Buono, a former NPS employee, filed suit in March 2001 against the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, the Regional Director of NPS, and the Superintendent of the Preserve. The district court concluded that the presence of the cross in the Preserve violates the Establishment Clause. In July 2002, the court entered a permanent injunction ordering that the “Defendants, their employees, agents, and those in active concert with Defendants, are hereby permanently restrained and enjoined from permitting display of the Latin cross in the area of Sunrise Rock in the Mojave National Preserve.” Further congressional action In January 2002, while this matter was pending in district court, Congress passed a defense appropriations bill, which included a section designating the Sunrise Rock cross as a “national memorial.” In October 2002, less than three months after the district court's injunction, in legislation aimed at the Sunrise Rock cross, Congress passed a defense appropriations bill that included a provision barring the use of federal funds “to dismantle national memorials commemorating United States participation in World War I.” In September 2003 Congress enacted another defense appropriations bill that included a land exchange agreement regarding the Sunrise Rock cross in which an acre of land containing the cross was conveyed to the Veterans Home of California— Barstow, Veterans of Foreign Wars Post #385E in consideration for 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land. The government retained a reversionary interest in the property subject to a condition that the recipient maintain the conveyed property as a memorial commemorating United States participation in World War I and honoring the American veterans of that war. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decisions In June 2004, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's permanent injunction, holding that the presence of the cross in the Preserve violates the Establishment Clause. Despite the injunction against display of the cross in the Preserve, the government began moving forward with the mechanics of the land exchange under § 8121. Buono moved to enforce the district court's prior injunction, or modify it to prohibit the land exchange as a violation of the Establishment Clause. In April 2005, the district court granted Buono's motion to enforce the injunction, and denied as moot the request to amend the permanent injunction. According to the district court, “the transfer of the Preserve land containing the Latin Cross which as sectarian war memorial carries an inherently religious message and creates an appearance of honoring only those servicemen of that particular religion is an attempt by the government to evade the permanent injunction enjoining the display of the Latin Cross atop Sunrise Rock.” The district court deemed the exchange “invalid” and permanently enjoined the government “from implementing the provisions of Section 8121 of Public Law 108-87” and ordered the government “to comply forthwith with the judgment and permanent injunction entered by th court on July 24, 2002.” The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. The United States Supreme Court then granted the government's petition for a writ of certiorari. United States Supreme Court ruling On April 28, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the cross may stay but also sent the case back to a lower court. Writing for the plurality of the court, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote, "The goal of avoiding governmental endorsement does not require eradication of all religious symbols in the public realm". Aftermath Only eleven days after the Supreme Court decision, the cross was stolen during the overnight of May 9–10, 2010; its theft is believed to be related to those who opposed the cross, but no arrests have been made to date (as the cross was filled with concrete, it would have been worthless for resale). National Park Service spokeswoman Linda Slater said a $25,000 reward has been offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the thieves; the reward was later increased to $100,000. The VFW promised that the memorial will be rebuilt. "This was a legal fight that a vandal just made personal to 50 million veterans, military personnel and their families," National Commander Thomas J. Tradewell said. On May 20, a replica cross was discovered to have been erected in place of the original. Park officials said it was erected overnight, but because of the court ruling park employees would have to remove the replica. Another lawsuit was filed to expedite the land transfer. In April 2012, a land exchange to remove Sunrise Rock from the Mojave National Preserve was approved by the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. See also Mount Soledad Cross lawsuits, lengthy legal battle also related to the First Amendment regarding the cross located near San Diego, California Mount Davidson (California) § The cross, legal challenges to the Mount Davidson Cross in San Francisco Mount Rubidoux § Legal Battle, legal challenge to the cross atop the mountain Serra Cross (Ventura, California), cross on public land in Ventura, California, which was the subject of litigation References ^ a b High court says Mojave cross in Calif. can stay, Washington Post, 2010-4-28. ^ The regulation provides that: “The installation of a monument, memorial, tablet, structure, or other commemorative installation in a park area without the authorization of the Director is prohibited.” 36 C.F.R. § 2.62(a). ^ Pub. L. No. 106-554 § 133, 114 Stat. 2763A-230 (2000) ^ Buono v. Norton, 212 F. Supp. 2d 1202, 1215-17 (C.D. Cal. 2002). ^ Pub.L. No. 107-117 § 8137, 115 Stat. 2278-79 (2002), codified at 16 U.S.C. § 410aaa-56 (note) ^ Pub. L. No. 107-248 § 8065(b), 116 Stat.1551 (2002) ^ Pub. L. No. 108-87 § 8121(a)-(f), 117 Stat. 1100 (2003), codified at 16 U.S.C. § 410aaa-56 (note) ^ Buono v. Norton, 371 F.3d 543 (9th Cir. 2004). ^ Buono v. Norton, 364 F. Supp. 2d 1175, 1177, 1182 & n.8 (C.D. Cal. 2005). ^ a b Buono, 364 F. Supp. 2d at 1182 (citation and quotation marks omitted). ^ Buono v. Kempthorne, 502 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2007). ^ "Supreme Court Keeps Mojave Cross Case Alive". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. ^ Caretakers of Stolen Mojave Desert Cross Vow to Replace It ^ Vandals tear down cross that justices would not ^ "Disputed Mojave cross honoring US war dead stolen - Yahoo! News". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010. ^ Bill Mears (May 20, 2010). "Replica of missing Mojave cross mysteriously erected". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2022. ^ Curwen, Thomas (April 25, 2012). "Ruling will allow Mojave Desert outcropping to again feature a cross". Los Angeles Times. External links Text of Salazar v. Buono, 559 U.S. 700 (2010) is available from: Google Scholar  Justia  Oyez (oral argument audio)  Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)  Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Salazar v. 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Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico (1986) San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee (1987) Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (1988) Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (1988) State University of New York v. Fox (1989) Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (1990) City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network (1993) Edenfield v. Fane (1993) United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (1993) Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (1994) Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp. (1995) Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (1995) Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc. (1995) 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996) Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (1997) Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (1999) Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (1999) United States v. United Foods Inc. (2001) Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly (2001) Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (2002) Nike, Inc. v. Kasky (2003) Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n (2005) Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy (2007) Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (2010) Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (2010) Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011) Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (2017) Matal v. Tam (2017) Iancu v. Brunetti (2019) Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants (2020) Vidal v. Elster (2024) Campaign financeand political speech Buckley v. Valeo (1976) First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978) California Medical Association v. FEC (1981) Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981) FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (1982) FEC v. National Conservative PAC (1985) FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986) Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (1989) Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990) Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996) Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000) FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee (2001) Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002) FEC v. Beaumont (2003) McConnell v. FEC (2003) Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC (2006) Randall v. Sorrell (2006) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007) Davis v. FEC (2008) Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan (2011) Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett (2011) American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock (2012) McCutcheon v. FEC (2014) Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar (2015) Thompson v. Hebdon (2019) FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate (2022) Anonymous speech NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982) McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n (1995) Doe v. Reed (2010) Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021) State action Marsh v. Alabama (1946) Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972) Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck (2019) Lindke v. Freed (2024) Murthy v. Missouri (2024) Official retaliation Hartman v. Moore (2006) Reichle v. Howards (2012) Wood v. Moss (2014) Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2018) Nieves v. Bartlett (2019) Egbert v. Boule (2022) Gonzalez v. Trevino (2024) National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo (2024) Boycotts NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. (1982) FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (1990) Prisons Procunier v. Martinez (1974) Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union (1977) Turner v. Safley (1987) Shaw v. Murphy (2001) Overton v. Bazzetta (2003) Beard v. Banks (2006) Freedom of the pressPrior restraintsand censorship Patterson v. Colorado (1907) Near v. Minnesota (1931) Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938) Tucker v. Texas (1946) Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946) Lamont v. Postmaster General (1965) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) Pell v. Procunier (1974) Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976) Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978) Lowe v. SEC (1985) Tory v. Cochran (2005) Privacy Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967) Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975) Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989) Taxation andprivileges Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936) Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) Houchins v. KQED, Inc. (1978) Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983) Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (1987) Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. (1991) Defamation Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952) New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964) Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967) Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970) Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974) Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976) Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984) Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985) McDonald v. Smith (1985) Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988) Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989) Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990) Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir. 2014) Broadcast media Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969) FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978) FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (1981) Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (1996) Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1997) Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001) Copyrighted materials Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977) Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985) Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) Freedom of assemblyIncorporation United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Presser v. Illinois (1886) Protection from prosecution and state restrictions De Jonge v. Oregon (1937) Thomas v. Collins (1945) Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021) Freedom of associationOrganizations Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951) Watkins v. United States (1957) NAACP v. Alabama (1958) Bates v. City of Little Rock (1960) NAACP v. Button (1963) Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021) Future Conduct Baggett v. Bullitt (1964) Solicitation In re Primus (1978) Membership restriction Hishon v. King & Spalding (1984) Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984) Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (1987) New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (1988) Dallas v. Stanglin (1989) Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010) Primaries and elections Cousins v. Wigoda (1975) Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (1981) Tashjian v. Republican Party (1986) Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (1997) California Democratic Party v. Jones (2000) Clingman v. Beaver (2005) New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres (2008) Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party (2008) Freedom to petition United States v. Cruikshank (1876) Thomas v. Collins (1945) Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc. (1961) NAACP v. Button (1963) Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) United Mine Workers v. Pennington (1965) Cox v. Louisiana (1965) California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited (1972) Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (1979) McDonald v. Smith (1985) Meyer v. Grant (1988) Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation (1999) BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (2002) Doe v. Reed (2010) Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"establishment clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_clause"},{"link_name":"First Amendment to the United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Mojave Memorial Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Memorial_Cross"},{"link_name":"Latin cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_cross"},{"link_name":"Veterans of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"Mojave National Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_National_Preserve"},{"link_name":"San Bernardino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-1"}],"text":"2010 United States Supreme Court caseSalazar v. Buono, 559 U.S. 700 (2010), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case concerned the legality of the Mojave Memorial Cross, a Latin cross which was placed atop a prominent rock outcropping by the Veterans of Foreign Wars foundation in 1934 to honor war dead. The location is known as \"Sunrise Rock\" in the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County in southeastern California. The Supreme Court ruled that the cross may stay, but also sent the case back to a lower court, making the issue currently unresolved.[1]","title":"Salazar v. Buono"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veterans of Foreign Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tree"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"}],"sub_title":"The cross","text":"Currently, there is a cross atop Sunrise Rock that is between 5 and 8 feet (1.5 and 2.4 m) tall and is constructed out of 4-inch-diameter (100 mm) metal pipes painted white. Historical records reflect that a wooden cross was built on that location as early as 1934 by the Veterans of Foreign Wars as a memorial to veterans who died in World War I. Photographs depict the wooden cross and signs near it stating: “The Cross, Erected in Memory of the Dead of All Wars,” and “Erected 1934 by Members of Veterans of Foreign Wars, Joshua Tree post 2884.” The wooden signs are no longer present, and the original wooden cross, which is no longer standing, has been replaced by private parties several times since 1934. The cross has been an intermittent gathering place for Easter religious services since as early as 1935, and regularly since 1984. The current version of the cross was built by Henry Sandoz, a local resident, sometime in 1998. When the National Park Service (NPS) investigated the history of the cross, Sandoz explained that he drilled holes into Sunrise Rock to bolt the cross in place, making it difficult to remove. Sandoz did not receive a permit from NPS to construct the cross. No sign indicates that the cross was or is intended to act as a memorial for war veterans.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Action by the National Park Service and Congress","text":"In 1999, NPS received a request from an individual seeking to build a stupa (a dome-shaped Buddhist shrine) on a rock outcropping at a trailhead located near the cross. NPS denied that request, citing 36 C.F.R. § 2.62(a)[2] as prohibiting the installation of a memorial without authorization. A handwritten note on the denial letter warned that “[a]ny attempt to erect a stupa will be in violation of Federal Law and subject you to citation and/or arrest.” The letter also indicates that “[c]urrently there is a cross on [a] rock outcrop located on National Park Service lands. . . . It is our intention to have the cross removed.”In 1999, NPS undertook a study of the history of the cross. NPS determined that neither the cross nor the property on which it is situated qualifies for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Specifically, NPS recognized that the cross itself “has been replaced many times and the plaque that once accompanied it (even though it is not known if it is original) has been removed.” Also, the property does not qualify as an historical site because, among other things, “the site is used for religious purposes as well as commemoration.” Following the announcement by NPS of its intention to remove the cross, the United States Congress passed a series of laws to preserve the Sunrise Rock cross. The first piece of legislation, enacted in December 2000, provided that no government funds could be used to remove the cross.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Establishment Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction"}],"sub_title":"Lawsuit and injunction","text":"Frank Buono, a former NPS employee, filed suit in March 2001 against the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, the Regional Director of NPS, and the Superintendent of the Preserve. The district court concluded that the presence of the cross in the Preserve violates the Establishment Clause.[4] In July 2002, the court entered a permanent injunction ordering that the “Defendants, their employees, agents, and those in active concert with Defendants, are hereby permanently restrained and enjoined from permitting display of the Latin cross in the area of Sunrise Rock in the Mojave National Preserve.”","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"reversionary interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversion_(law)"}],"sub_title":"Further congressional action","text":"In January 2002, while this matter was pending in district court, Congress passed a defense appropriations bill, which included a section designating the Sunrise Rock cross as a “national memorial.”[5]In October 2002, less than three months after the district court's injunction, in legislation aimed at the Sunrise Rock cross, Congress passed a defense appropriations bill that included a provision barring the use of federal funds “to dismantle national memorials commemorating United States participation in World War I.”[6]In September 2003 Congress enacted another defense appropriations bill that included a land exchange agreement regarding the Sunrise Rock cross in which an acre of land containing the cross was conveyed to the Veterans Home of California— Barstow, Veterans of Foreign Wars Post #385E in consideration for 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land.[7] The government retained a reversionary interest in the property subject to a condition that the recipient maintain the conveyed property as a memorial commemorating United States participation in World War I and honoring the American veterans of that war.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buono364-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buono364-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"writ of certiorari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_certiorari"}],"sub_title":"Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decisions","text":"In June 2004, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's permanent injunction, holding that the presence of the cross in the Preserve violates the Establishment Clause.[8] Despite the injunction against display of the cross in the Preserve, the government began moving forward with the mechanics of the land exchange under § 8121. Buono moved to enforce the district court's prior injunction, or modify it to prohibit the land exchange as a violation of the Establishment Clause. In April 2005, the district court granted Buono's motion to enforce the injunction, and denied as moot the request to amend the permanent injunction.[9] According to the district court, “the transfer of the Preserve land containing the Latin Cross which as [a] sectarian war memorial carries an inherently religious message and creates an appearance of honoring only those servicemen of that particular religion is an attempt by the government to evade the permanent injunction enjoining the display of the Latin Cross atop Sunrise Rock.”[10] The district court deemed the exchange “invalid” and permanently enjoined the government “from implementing the provisions of Section 8121 of Public Law 108-87” and ordered the government “to comply forthwith with the judgment and permanent injunction entered by th[e] court on July 24, 2002.”[10] The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed.[11] The United States Supreme Court then granted the government's petition for a writ of certiorari.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"United States Supreme Court ruling","text":"On April 28, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the cross may stay but also sent the case back to a lower court.[1] Writing for the plurality of the court, Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote, \"The goal of avoiding governmental endorsement [of religion] does not require eradication of all religious symbols in the public realm\".[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Only eleven days after the Supreme Court decision, the cross was stolen during the overnight of May 9–10, 2010; its theft is believed [by whom?] to be related to those who opposed the cross, but no arrests have been made to date (as the cross was filled with concrete, it would have been worthless for resale).[13][14] National Park Service spokeswoman Linda Slater said a $25,000 reward has been offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the thieves; the reward was later increased to $100,000. The VFW promised that the memorial will be rebuilt. \"This was a legal fight that a vandal just made personal to 50 million veterans, military personnel and their families,\" National Commander Thomas J. Tradewell said.[15] On May 20, a replica cross was discovered to have been erected in place of the original. Park officials said it was erected overnight, but because of the court ruling park employees would have to remove the replica.[16] Another lawsuit was filed to expedite the land transfer.In April 2012, a land exchange to remove Sunrise Rock from the Mojave National Preserve was approved by the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.[17]","title":"Background"}]
[]
[{"title":"Mount Soledad Cross lawsuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Soledad_Cross_lawsuits"},{"title":"Mount Davidson (California) § The cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Davidson_(California)#The_cross"},{"title":"Mount Rubidoux § Legal Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rubidoux#Legal_Battle"},{"title":"Serra Cross (Ventura, California)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serra_Cross_(Ventura,_California)"}]
[{"reference":"Buono v. Norton","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buono v. Norton","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buono v. Kempthorne","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court Keeps Mojave Cross Case Alive\". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Supreme_Court/supreme-court-refuses-ban-mojave-cross/story?id=9536679","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Keeps Mojave Cross Case Alive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818064228/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Supreme_Court/supreme-court-refuses-ban-mojave-cross/story?id=9536679","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Disputed Mojave cross honoring US war dead stolen - Yahoo! News\". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514133840/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100511/ap_on_re_us/us_mojave_cross","url_text":"\"Disputed Mojave cross honoring US war dead stolen - Yahoo! News\""},{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100511/ap_on_re_us/us_mojave_cross","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bill Mears (May 20, 2010). \"Replica of missing Mojave cross mysteriously erected\". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/05/20/mojave.cross.replaced/","url_text":"\"Replica of missing Mojave cross mysteriously erected\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Curwen, Thomas (April 25, 2012). \"Ruling will allow Mojave Desert outcropping to again feature a cross\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-mojave-cross-20120425,0,4149437.story","url_text":"\"Ruling will allow Mojave Desert outcropping to again feature a cross\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaputa%C5%9F_Beach
Kaputaş Beach
["1 Location","2 Facilities","3 Vicinity","4 References","5 External links"]
This article is written like a manual or guide. Please help rewrite this article and remove advice or instruction. (October 2017) Kaputaş BeachBeachCoordinates: 36°13′45″N 29°26′57″E / 36.22917°N 29.44917°E / 36.22917; 29.44917Location Turkey The beach from the State road D400 A sea turtle seen swimming off the shores of Kaputas Beach. Walkway to Kaputaş Canyon from the beach Kaputaş Beach is a small beach between Kaş and Kalkan in southwestern Turkey. Location The beach is situated at a distance of 20 km from Kaş and 7 from Kalkan, at a point where an extremely narrow valley towered by steep cliffs and forests joins the sea shore in the cove of the same name as the beach (Kaputaş). The beach is popular among visitors to the region due to its natural environment and views from the heights traversed by the State road D400 between Kaş and Kalkan. Bridge that links the two roads together Facilities There are now toilet facilities, showers, a cafe bar and changing huts at Kaputaş Beach. The beach is reached by 170 steps descending from the road. A limited number of parking paces are available at the street side. The beach is guarded by the municipality of Kalkan. It is also used as a stopover for yachts along the Blue Cruise. The sea gets deep rather close to the beach in Kaputaş. Vicinity A deep narrow canyon is located on the other side of the street. It can be reached directly from the beach under the bridge, if no flowing water is present. The canyon has been formed from the abrasion of the rocks by flowing waters over thousands of years. The canyon ends after about 200 meters and has views to the steep walls. Entrance is free of charge. References ^ "Türkiye'nin En İyi Plajları". Enkucuk.com. 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2020-04-23. ^ "Kaputaş Plajı Tanıtımı". Türkiye'nin En Güncel Gezi ve Seyahat Sitesi, GeziPedia.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-06-12. External links Media related to Kaputaş Beach at Wikimedia Commons Kaputaş Beach Kaputaş HD Video A few Kaputaş pictures in a huge Turkey collection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowly_tailored
Narrow tailoring
["1 Brief history","2 See also","3 References"]
Narrow tailoring (also known as narrow framing) is the legal principle that a law be written to specifically fulfill only its intended goals. It is usually connotated to the judicial test of strict scrutiny. This phrase is most commonly invoked in constitutional law cases in the United States, such as First Amendment cases, or Equal Protection cases involving racial discrimination by creating racial distinctions. In the case Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the United States Supreme Court held that: Even in the limited circumstance when drawing racial distinctions is permissible to further a compelling state interest, government is still constrained under equal protection clause in how it may pursue that end: the means chosen to accomplish the government's asserted purpose must be specifically and narrowly framed to accomplish that purpose. Prior to Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, affirmative action programs in higher education were only considered legal because they further the compelling state interest of creating diversity on university campuses. Federal courts would consider certain programs to be illegal if they exceeded the scope that would be required to fulfill the academic institution's goals. Brief history The Supreme Court case Korematsu v. U.S. in 1944 is widely known to have brought the first concerns revolving strict scrutiny and racial discrimination. However, it wasn't until Chicago v. Mosley in 1972 to have first coined the term "narrowly tailoring" when the restriction of rights outlined in the U.S. Constitution serves a compelling state interest. See also Strict scrutiny Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña References ^ Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) This legal term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Old_War
Good Old War
["1 History","2 Band members","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","3.2 EPs","3.3 Music videos","4 References","5 External links"]
Good Old WarBackground informationOriginPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesGenresIndie folkYears active2008–presentLabelsNettwerkMembers Keith Goodwin Dan Schwartz Tim Arnold Websitegoodoldwar.com Good Old War is an American indie folk band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, featuring former members of Days Away. History Good Old War is made up of Keith Goodwin, Tim Arnold, and Dan Schwartz. The band's name comes from the last names of the three members; Goodwin Arnold Schwartz. The band was started in 2008 after Days Away (former band of Keith and Tim) went on hiatus; Schwartz previously played in Unlikely Cowboy. They began by recording some free demos in a late-night session at a recording studio, then played with Anthony Green, a fellow Pennsylvania musician, on a short stint of dates along the east coast as well as at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival in Texas. Good Old War then signed with Sargent House, a label which also served as the band's management company. The band recorded their debut album in May 2008 in Los Angeles with producer Rick Parker, who also produced the final EP from Days Away, entitled "Ear Candy for the Headphone Trippers." Good Old War then recorded Anthony Green's 2008 album Avalon as his back-up band, and continued to perform as his band in addition to playing direct support as Good Old War with Person L (a project featuring Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line) for a nationwide headlining tour that began on August 6, 2008, and ran through September 14, 2008. On November 4, 2008, Good Old War released their first album, Only Way To Be Alone. Anthony Green makes a guest vocal appearance on the track "Weak Man," along with Dave Davison from the band Maps & Atlases, who plays a guest guitar solo in "Weak Man". Good Old War released their self-titled second album on June 1, 2010, which peaked at No. 150 on the Billboard 200. On April 22, 2010, the band released "My Own Sinking Ship," the first single from their sophomore album made available for free download. On December 6, 2011, Good Old War debuted a new single entitled "Calling Me Names" from their latest album, Come Back As Rain, on the radio in the Philadelphia area. Good Old War released the entire album on March 6, 2012. Arnold took a break from the band in 2014 to move to Atlanta in order to raise his family. Later in the year, on October 14, the band announced their return to the studio to record a new album. In April 2015, Good Old War released their first single, "Tell Me What You Want From Me", from the new album, Broken Into Better Shape. This 10-song collection is the band's fourth album and was released on June 30, 2015, on Nettwerk. Band members Keith Goodwin – vocals, guitar, keyboards (2008–present) Dan Schwartz – guitar, vocals (2008–present) Tim Arnold – drums, keyboards, accordion, vocals (2008–2014, 2016–present) Discography Albums Only Way To Be Alone (Sargent House, November 4, 2008) Track listing "Coney Island" "Just Another Day" "Looking For Shelter" "Weak Man" (feat. Anthony Green & Dave Davison) "I'm Not For You" "We've Come a Long Way" "No Time" "That's What's Wrong" "Maybe Mine" "Tell Me" "Window" "Stay by my Side" (feat. Ali Wadsworth of Unlikely Cowboy and Claire Wadsworth) Good Old War (Sargent House, June 1, 2010) Track listing "GOOD" "Here Are the Problems" "My Own Sinking Ship" "Making My Life" "OLD" "That's Some Dream" "Sneaky Louise" "Get Some" "While I'm Away" "Woody's Hood Boogie Woogie" "My Name's Sorrow" "World Watching" "I Should Go" "Thinking of You" "WAR" Come Back as Rain (Sargent House, March 6, 2012) Track listing "Over and Over" "Calling Me Names" "Amazing Eyes" "Better Weather" "Can't Go Home" "Not Quite Happiness" "Touch the Clouds (Taste the Ground)" "It Hurts Every Time" "After The Party" "Loud Love" "Present for the End of the World" Broken Into Better Shape (Nettwerk, June 30, 2015) Track listing "Tell Me What You Want From Me" "Fly Away" "Never Gonna See Me Cry" "Broken Into Better Shape" "Small World" "Broken Record" "One More Time" "I’m The One" "Dark Days" "Don’t Forget" EPs Good Old War / Cast Spells Split EP (Sargent House, 2009) Track listing "Breaking Down " (Good Old War) "Texas Blues" (Good Old War) "All Brass" (Cast Spells) "Letters" (Cast Spells) The Purevolume.com Sessions (2009) Track listing "Coney Island" (Acoustic) "I'm Not For You" (Acoustic) "Tell Me" (Acoustic) "We've Come A Long Way" (Acoustic) "Window" (Acoustic) Part of Me (Nettwerk, 2017) Track listing "The River" "Part of Me" "Only a Number" "How Did You Find Me?" "Oak Tree" Part of You (Nettwerk, 2018) Track listing "That Feeling" "In a Heartbeat" "What Does The Future Mean" "You Should Know" "Take It How You Want To" Part of Us (Nettwerk, 2018) Track listing "Every Morning" "Ian's Song (Believer)" "Looking Back" "Misty-Eyed" "Halfway To Ruin" Music videos Year Video Director 2008 "Coney Island" Behn Fannin 2009 "Weak Man" Matthew Stawski 2010 "That's Some Dream" Behn Fannin 2012 "Calling Me Names" Elliott Sellers "Amazing Eyes" 2016 "Never Gonna See Me Cry" References ^ DeLuca, Dan. "Music at the NFL Draft: Strand of Oaks, the Districts, Chill Moody in All-Philly Lineup". Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017. ^ Good Old War at AllMusic ^ Umm...Drop. Philadelphia Weekly, December 17, 2008. Archived December 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Good Old War : Billboard 200 Chart". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ Good Old War (2014-10-14). "Good Old War on Twitter: "We are in the studio making our next record! Check out our @PledgeMusic pre-order:". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ Eric R. Danton (6 April 2015). "Good Old War Readies New Album With 'Tell Me What You Want From Me' (Exclusive Song)". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. ^ "coney-island : Videos : Good Old War : Coney Island". Refusedtv.tumblr.com. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Weak Man". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "CMT : Videos : Good Old War : That's Some Dream". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Calling Me Names". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Amazing Eyes". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012. ^ "Good Old War - Never Gonna See Me Cry (Official Video)". YouTube. 2016-06-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2016-07-09. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Days Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_Away"}],"text":"Good Old War is an American indie folk band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, featuring former members of Days Away.","title":"Good Old War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Anthony Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"South by Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_by_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Sargent House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_House"},{"link_name":"Ear Candy for the Headphone Trippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_Candy_for_the_Headphone_Trippers"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(Anthony_Green_album)"},{"link_name":"Person L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_L"},{"link_name":"Kenny Vasoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Vasoli"},{"link_name":"The Starting Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Starting_Line"},{"link_name":"Maps & Atlases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maps_%26_Atlases"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nettwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettwerk"}],"text":"Good Old War is made up of Keith Goodwin, Tim Arnold, and Dan Schwartz. The band's name comes from the last names of the three members; Goodwin Arnold Schwartz. The band was started in 2008 after Days Away (former band of Keith and Tim) went on hiatus; Schwartz previously played in Unlikely Cowboy.[2] They began by recording some free demos in a late-night session at a recording studio, then played with Anthony Green, a fellow Pennsylvania musician, on a short stint of dates along the east coast as well as at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival in Texas. Good Old War then signed with Sargent House, a label which also served as the band's management company.The band recorded their debut album in May 2008 in Los Angeles with producer Rick Parker, who also produced the final EP from Days Away, entitled \"Ear Candy for the Headphone Trippers.\" Good Old War then recorded Anthony Green's 2008 album Avalon as his back-up band, and continued to perform as his band in addition to playing direct support as Good Old War with Person L (a project featuring Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line) for a nationwide headlining tour that began on August 6, 2008, and ran through September 14, 2008.On November 4, 2008, Good Old War released their first album, Only Way To Be Alone. Anthony Green makes a guest vocal appearance on the track \"Weak Man,\" along with Dave Davison from the band Maps & Atlases, who plays a guest guitar solo in \"Weak Man\".[3]Good Old War released their self-titled second album on June 1, 2010, which peaked at No. 150 on the Billboard 200.[4] On April 22, 2010, the band released \"My Own Sinking Ship,\" the first single from their sophomore album made available for free download.On December 6, 2011, Good Old War debuted a new single entitled \"Calling Me Names\" from their latest album, Come Back As Rain, on the radio in the Philadelphia area. Good Old War released the entire album on March 6, 2012.Arnold took a break from the band in 2014 to move to Atlanta in order to raise his family. Later in the year, on October 14,[5] the band announced their return to the studio to record a new album.In April 2015,[6] Good Old War released their first single, \"Tell Me What You Want From Me\", from the new album, Broken Into Better Shape. This 10-song collection is the band's fourth album and was released on June 30, 2015, on Nettwerk.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Keith Goodwin – vocals, guitar, keyboards (2008–present)\nDan Schwartz – guitar, vocals (2008–present)\nTim Arnold – drums, keyboards, accordion, vocals (2008–2014, 2016–present)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sargent House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargent_House"},{"link_name":"Anthony Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Green_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nettwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettwerk"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Only Way To Be Alone (Sargent House, November 4, 2008)Track listing\"Coney Island\"\n\"Just Another Day\"\n\"Looking For Shelter\"\n\"Weak Man\" (feat. Anthony Green & Dave Davison)\n\"I'm Not For You\"\n\"We've Come a Long Way\"\n\"No Time\"\n\"That's What's Wrong\"\n\"Maybe Mine\"\n\"Tell Me\"\n\"Window\"\n\"Stay by my Side\" (feat. Ali Wadsworth of Unlikely Cowboy and Claire Wadsworth)Good Old War (Sargent House, June 1, 2010)Track listing\"GOOD\"\n\"Here Are the Problems\"\n\"My Own Sinking Ship\"\n\"Making My Life\"\n\"OLD\"\n\"That's Some Dream\"\n\"Sneaky Louise\"\n\"Get Some\"\n\"While I'm Away\"\n\"Woody's Hood Boogie Woogie\"\n\"My Name's Sorrow\"\n\"World Watching\"\n\"I Should Go\"\n\"Thinking of You\"\n\"WAR\"Come Back as Rain (Sargent House, March 6, 2012)Track listing\"Over and Over\"\n\"Calling Me Names\"\n\"Amazing Eyes\"\n\"Better Weather\"\n\"Can't Go Home\"\n\"Not Quite Happiness\"\n\"Touch the Clouds (Taste the Ground)\"\n\"It Hurts Every Time\"\n\"After The Party\"\n\"Loud Love\"\n\"Present for the End of the World\"Broken Into Better Shape (Nettwerk, June 30, 2015)Track listing\"Tell Me What You Want From Me\"\n\"Fly Away\"\n\"Never Gonna See Me Cry\"\n\"Broken Into Better Shape\"\n\"Small World\"\n\"Broken Record\"\n\"One More Time\"\n\"I’m The One\"\n\"Dark Days\"\n\"Don’t Forget\"","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cast Spells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Spells&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nettwerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettwerk"}],"sub_title":"EPs","text":"Good Old War / Cast Spells Split EP (Sargent House, 2009)Track listing\"Breaking Down \" (Good Old War)\n\"Texas Blues\" (Good Old War)\n\"All Brass\" (Cast Spells)\n\"Letters\" (Cast Spells)The Purevolume.com Sessions (2009)Track listing\"Coney Island\" (Acoustic)\n\"I'm Not For You\" (Acoustic)\n\"Tell Me\" (Acoustic)\n\"We've Come A Long Way\" (Acoustic)\n\"Window\" (Acoustic)Part of Me (Nettwerk, 2017)Track listing\"The River\"\n\"Part of Me\"\n\"Only a Number\"\n\"How Did You Find Me?\"\n\"Oak Tree\"Part of You (Nettwerk, 2018)Track listing\"That Feeling\"\n\"In a Heartbeat\"\n\"What Does The Future Mean\"\n\"You Should Know\"\n\"Take It How You Want To\"Part of Us (Nettwerk, 2018)Track listing\"Every Morning\"\n\"Ian's Song (Believer)\"\n\"Looking Back\"\n\"Misty-Eyed\"\n\"Halfway To Ruin\"","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"DeLuca, Dan. \"Music at the NFL Draft: Strand of Oaks, the Districts, Chill Moody in All-Philly Lineup\". Philly.com. Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inthemix/Strand-of-Oaks-The-Districts-Chill-Moody-and-other-Philly-acts-to-to-play-the-NFL-Draft.html","url_text":"\"Music at the NFL Draft: Strand of Oaks, the Districts, Chill Moody in All-Philly Lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philly.com","url_text":"Philly.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426190210/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inthemix/Strand-of-Oaks-The-Districts-Chill-Moody-and-other-Philly-acts-to-to-play-the-NFL-Draft.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Old War : Billboard 200 Chart\". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/good-old-war","url_text":"\"Good Old War : Billboard 200 Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Good Old War (2014-10-14). \"Good Old War on Twitter: \"We are in the studio making our next record! Check out our @PledgeMusic pre-order:\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/GoodOldWar/status/522045248856285185","url_text":"\"Good Old War on Twitter: \"We are in the studio making our next record! Check out our @PledgeMusic pre-order:\""}]},{"reference":"Eric R. Danton (6 April 2015). \"Good Old War Readies New Album With 'Tell Me What You Want From Me' (Exclusive Song)\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426072514/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/04/06/good-old-war-readies-new-album-with-tell-me-what-you-want-from-me-exclusive-song/","url_text":"\"Good Old War Readies New Album With 'Tell Me What You Want From Me' (Exclusive Song)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/04/06/good-old-war-readies-new-album-with-tell-me-what-you-want-from-me-exclusive-song/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"coney-island : Videos : Good Old War : Coney Island\". Refusedtv.tumblr.com. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://refusedtv.tumblr.com/search/coney+island","url_text":"\"coney-island : Videos : Good Old War : Coney Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Weak Man\". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/339917/weak-man.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Weak Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : That's Some Dream\". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/592044/thats-some-dream.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : That's Some Dream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Calling Me Names\". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/727679/calling-me-names.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Calling Me Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Amazing Eyes\". Country Music Television. Retrieved June 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/727679/calling-me-names.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Amazing Eyes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Old War - Never Gonna See Me Cry (Official Video)\". YouTube. 2016-06-27. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2016-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AAJbVAwQ-A","url_text":"\"Good Old War - Never Gonna See Me Cry (Official Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1AAJbVAwQ-A","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://goodoldwar.com/","external_links_name":"goodoldwar.com"},{"Link":"http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inthemix/Strand-of-Oaks-The-Districts-Chill-Moody-and-other-Philly-acts-to-to-play-the-NFL-Draft.html","external_links_name":"\"Music at the NFL Draft: Strand of Oaks, the Districts, Chill Moody in All-Philly Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170426190210/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inthemix/Strand-of-Oaks-The-Districts-Chill-Moody-and-other-Philly-acts-to-to-play-the-NFL-Draft.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1060273/biography","external_links_name":"Good Old War"},{"Link":"http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/articles/18051/music--umm--drop","external_links_name":"Umm...Drop"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219025318/http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/articles/18051/music--umm--drop","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/good-old-war","external_links_name":"\"Good Old War : Billboard 200 Chart\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/GoodOldWar/status/522045248856285185","external_links_name":"\"Good Old War on Twitter: \"We are in the studio making our next record! Check out our @PledgeMusic pre-order:\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426072514/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/04/06/good-old-war-readies-new-album-with-tell-me-what-you-want-from-me-exclusive-song/","external_links_name":"\"Good Old War Readies New Album With 'Tell Me What You Want From Me' (Exclusive Song)\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/04/06/good-old-war-readies-new-album-with-tell-me-what-you-want-from-me-exclusive-song/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://refusedtv.tumblr.com/search/coney+island","external_links_name":"\"coney-island : Videos : Good Old War : Coney Island\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/339917/weak-man.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Weak Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/592044/thats-some-dream.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : That's Some Dream\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/727679/calling-me-names.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Calling Me Names\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/good-old-war/727679/calling-me-names.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Good Old War : Amazing Eyes\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1AAJbVAwQ-A","external_links_name":"\"Good Old War - Never Gonna See Me Cry (Official Video)\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/1AAJbVAwQ-A","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.goodoldwar.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143490995","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010132856","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b0612eb8-5462-4248-a9d1-5ec70a1f2466","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalone_of_the_Church
Gonfalone of the Church
["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]
Gonfalone of Boniface VIII The Banner of the Holy Roman Church (Latin: Vexillum; Italian: Gonfalone di Santa Romana Chiesa, occasionally Vessilio di San Pietro, "Standard of Saint Peter") was the battle standard of the Papal States during the Renaissance and a symbol of the Catholic Church. The office of the Gonfalonier of the Church was originally intended to function as its bearer of the Holy See. Description Gonfalone with St. Peter and St. Paul Gonfalone of Innocent III The insignia was made of red cloth decorated, initially, with the image of St. Peter and occasionally later with St. Paul as well. Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) replaced these with the emblem of crossed keys surmounted by a white cross. Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) established the final form: a cloth of crimson silk, covered with numerous six-pointed stars embroidered in gold, bearing the image of the crossed keys surmounted by a umbraculum, or veil bearing a gold tassel at either end. The banner was attached to a long golden rod and followed the pope in his travels, including solemn religious and civil processions, such as the feast of Corpus Christi. History The Vexillum of Saint Peter came into use under Pope Alexander II during a critical period in the Investiture Controversy. Though the Holy Roman Emperor refused to recognise papal authority at the time, Alexander sought to strengthen his image via symbolic acts, such as granting the banner of St. Peter and a blessing to kings who in return offered themselves as his vassals, such as William the Conqueror before the Norman invasion. The banner was used for the highest-level investiture ceremonies, implying the Papacy's authority over temporal lords. Such banners were also present in the Crusades and at the battle of Lepanto. Custody of the Vexillum of the Holy Roman Church was entrusted to a high-ranking figure, who assumed the title of Gonfaloniere or Vessillifero di Santa Romana Chiesa (Gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church). It was the highest role the pope could grant to a layman, as demonstrated by several of its holders having been kings. Kingly holders included James II of Aragon (1267-1327, king of Sardinia and Corsica, from Pope Boniface VIII) and Ladislaus of Naples (1376–1414, king of Naples, Sicily and Hungary, by Pope Innocent VII). It was also granted to Louis XI of France whilst Dauphin (by Pope Eugenius IV) Gianfrancesco Gonzaga marquess of Mantua (by Pope Julius II) Odoardo I Farnese, fifth duke of Parma and Piacenza, from Pope Gregory XV (1621–1623) Carlo Barberini by his brother Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644) Torquato Conti, duke of Guadagnolo, by Urban VIII after Carlo's death in 1630 Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) made the post hereditary and conferred it on marquess Giovanni Battista Naro. When the Naro family died out, it then passed to the patrician Montoros. To confirm the office's importance Pope Clement XI (1700–1721) ordered that its holder had to be escorted, in solemn procession, by the captains of the Cavalleggeri (Papal light cavalry). In 1801, Pope Pius VII, after the Cavalleggeri were dissolved, replaced them by instituting a new body, the Noble Pontifical Guard, with the standard-bearer acting as its captain with the rank of Tenente Generale. Finally, Pope Pius IX ordered that the office-holder was to be accorded a distinctive special collar showing the word Vexillifer and that the holder was always a member of the Papal court. See also Portals: Catholicism Italy Vatican City Gonfaloniere Captain General of the Church Umbraculum References ^ a b c d Storia della Bandiera dello Stato della Città del Vaticano vtePapacyEpiscopate of the bishop of RomeJurisdictionHoly See(Full communion) Pope Francis as bishop of the Diocese of Rome Primacy History Vatican City(index, outline) Enclaved in Rome, Italy Lateran Treaty, 1929 along with extraterritorial properties of the Holy See Headquarters Vatican City: Apostolic Palace Papal apartments Sistine Chapel Italy: Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (cathedra) Major basilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran St. Peter's Basilica Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls TitlesPapal names His Holiness Bishop of Rome Vicar of Jesus Christ Successor of the Prince of the Apostles Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church Patriarch of the West Primate of Italy Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province Sovereign of the Vatican City State Servant of the servants of God Symbols Coats of arms Coat of arms of the Holy See Cross Keys of Heaven Regalia and insignia Rota Umbraculum Proclamations Infallibility Apostolic constitution Bull List Encyclical Apostolic exhortation Ecclesiastical letter Interdict Activities Arbitration Deposition Blessing "Pontifical" Urbi et Orbi Conclave List Coronation Consistory Diplomacy Inauguration Mass High Mass Travel Vestments Camauro Falda Fanon Ferula Flabellum Mantle Mitre Mozzetta Pallium Ring of the Fisherman Shoes Slippers Sub-cinctorium Tiara List Zucchetto Transportation Popemobile Sedia gestatoria Shepherd One Household Camerlengo Commander of the Swiss Guard Chaplain Palatinus Papal majordomo Gentlemen Preacher Prefect Prelate of Honour Prince assistant Theologian Staff College of Cardinals cardinals list Roman Curia Apostolic Camera Commissions for Vatican City State Councils Congregations Dicasteries Synods Cappella Giulia Sistine Chapel Choir Related Papal nobility "Black" Orders of chivalry Pontifical academy Pontifical university in Rome Pontifical colleges in Rome Major Seminary Swiss Guard Papabile Canonised popes Legends Popes by nationality Sexually active popes Antipope Western Schism Vatican City portal Catholic Church portal vteHoly See Apostolic episcopal see of Pope Francis as bishop of the Diocese of Rome Sovereign subject of international law History Apostolic see Primacy of Peter History of papal primacy Patrimony of Saint Peter Old St. Peter's Basilica Lateran Palace Museum Duchy of Rome Donation of Sutri Donation of Pepin Avignon Papacy Papal States Temporal power Investiture Controversy Age of Revolution "Prisoner in the Vatican" Savoyard era Vatican City Lateran Treaty World War II Warsaw Pact Sovereignsubjectofinternationallaw(Legal status)Officials Pope Francis Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin Cardinals List Advisers Governance Secretariat of State College of Cardinals Papal conclave Government Roman Curia Apostolic Camera Commissions For Vatican City State Councils Congregations Dicasteries Foreign affairs(Multilateral policy) Section for Relations with States To the Holy See Of the Holy See Heads Italy United Nations Permanent Observer in Geneva European Union Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe Apostolic nunciature Nuncio Treaties Concordats Dioceseof Romewith universalfull communion(Papal primacy)Synods Ordinary general assemblies Extraordinary general assemblies Special assemblies Ecclesiasticalprovince of Rome(Vicariate: Rome,Vatican City)Suburbicarian sees Ostia Velletri-Segni Porto-Santa Rufina Frascati Palestrina Albano Sabina-Poggio Mirteto Territorial abbeys Montecassino Subiaco Suffragan dioceses Gaeta Anagni-Alatri Civita Castellana Civitavecchia-Tarquinia Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno Rieti Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo Tivoli Viterbo Propertiesincludingextra-territorialityInsideRome Major basilicas St. Peter's Basilica Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Lateran Palace Lateran University Scala Sancta Sancta Sanctorum Adjoining buildings Palace of Saint Callixtus Gianicolo Hill area Pontifical Urban University Pontifical North American College Bambino Gesù Hospital Palazzo della Cancelleria Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples Palace of the Holy Office Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches Palazzo Pio Palace of the Vicariate Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary Collegio Teutonico Teutonic Cemetery Benedictine monastery Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo Beda College Paul VI Audience Hall Non-extraterritorial Palace of the Holy Apostles Palace of San Carlo ai Catinari Collegio Bellarmino Archaeological Institute Pontifical Oriental Institute Pontifical Lombard Seminary Russian College Two Palaces of Sant'Apollinare House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul Nympheum of Nero OutsideRome Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo Papal farm Gardens of the Villa Cybo Villa Barberini Adjacent gardens Summer estate of Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide Vatican Radio antennae area of Santa Maria di Galeria Non-extraterritorial Basilica of the Holy House Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua See also Acta Apostolicae Sedis Awards Papal household Peter's Pence Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Apostolic Signatura Swiss Guard Vatican City portal Catholicism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-1"}],"text":"The Banner of the Holy Roman Church (Latin: Vexillum; Italian: Gonfalone di Santa Romana Chiesa, occasionally Vessilio di San Pietro, \"Standard of Saint Peter\") was the battle standard of the Papal States during the Renaissance and a symbol of the Catholic Church. The office of the Gonfalonier of the Church was originally intended to function as its bearer of the Holy See.[1]","title":"Gonfalone of the Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vexillum1.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vexillum2.svg"},{"link_name":"St. Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter"},{"link_name":"St. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"crossed keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keys_of_St._Peter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-1"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"umbraculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbraculum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-1"},{"link_name":"feast of Corpus Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)"}],"text":"Gonfalone with St. Peter and St. PaulGonfalone of Innocent IIIThe insignia was made of red cloth decorated, initially, with the image of St. Peter and occasionally later with St. Paul as well. Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) replaced these with the emblem of crossed keys surmounted by a white cross.[1] Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) established the final form: a cloth of crimson silk, covered with numerous six-pointed stars embroidered in gold, bearing the image of the crossed keys surmounted by a umbraculum, or veil bearing a gold tassel at either end.[1] The banner was attached to a long golden rod and followed the pope in his travels, including solemn religious and civil processions, such as the feast of Corpus Christi.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"Investiture Controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Norman invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"battle of Lepanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-storia-1"},{"link_name":"Gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_the_Church"},{"link_name":"James II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Pope Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII"},{"link_name":"Louis XI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Dauphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pope Eugenius IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_IV"},{"link_name":"Gianfrancesco Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfrancesco_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Pope Julius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II"},{"link_name":"Odoardo I Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoardo_I_Farnese"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"Piacenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piacenza"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV"},{"link_name":"Carlo Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Barberini_(1562-1630)"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Torquato Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquato_Conti"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Naro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Naro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoro"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI"},{"link_name":"Cavalleggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleggeri"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII"},{"link_name":"Noble Pontifical Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_Nobile_Pontificia"},{"link_name":"Tenente Generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Papal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameriere_segreto"}],"text":"The Vexillum of Saint Peter came into use under Pope Alexander II during a critical period in the Investiture Controversy. Though the Holy Roman Emperor refused to recognise papal authority at the time, Alexander sought to strengthen his image via symbolic acts, such as granting the banner of St. Peter and a blessing to kings who in return offered themselves as his vassals, such as William the Conqueror before the Norman invasion. The banner was used for the highest-level investiture ceremonies, implying the Papacy's authority over temporal lords. Such banners were also present in the Crusades and at the battle of Lepanto.[1]Custody of the Vexillum of the Holy Roman Church was entrusted to a high-ranking figure, who assumed the title of Gonfaloniere or Vessillifero di Santa Romana Chiesa (Gonfalonier of the Holy Roman Church). It was the highest role the pope could grant to a layman, as demonstrated by several of its holders having been kings. Kingly holders included James II of Aragon (1267-1327, king of Sardinia and Corsica, from Pope Boniface VIII) and Ladislaus of Naples (1376–1414, king of Naples, Sicily and Hungary, by Pope Innocent VII). It was also granted toLouis XI of France whilst Dauphin (by Pope Eugenius IV)\nGianfrancesco Gonzaga marquess of Mantua (by Pope Julius II)\nOdoardo I Farnese, fifth duke of Parma and Piacenza, from Pope Gregory XV (1621–1623)\nCarlo Barberini by his brother Pope Urban VIII (1623–1644)\nTorquato Conti, duke of Guadagnolo, by Urban VIII after Carlo's death in 1630Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689) made the post hereditary and conferred it on marquess Giovanni Battista Naro. When the Naro family died out, it then passed to the patrician Montoros. To confirm the office's importance Pope Clement XI (1700–1721) ordered that its holder had to be escorted, in solemn procession, by the captains of the Cavalleggeri (Papal light cavalry). In 1801, Pope Pius VII, after the Cavalleggeri were dissolved, replaced them by instituting a new body, the Noble Pontifical Guard, with the standard-bearer acting as its captain with the rank of Tenente Generale. Finally, Pope Pius IX ordered that the office-holder was to be accorded a distinctive special collar showing the word Vexillifer and that the holder was always a member of the Papal court.","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Italy"},{"title":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City"},{"title":"Gonfaloniere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfaloniere"},{"title":"Captain General of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church"},{"title":"Umbraculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbraculum"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/bandiera_storia_it.html","external_links_name":"Storia della Bandiera dello Stato della Città del Vaticano"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Shenfeld
Maya Shenfeld
["1 Early life and education","2 Music","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","4 References"]
Israeli composer and musician Maya ShenfeldBirth nameMaya ShenfeldOriginJerusalemGenresElectronicexperimentalOccupation(s)ComposermusicianLabelsThrill JockeyWarpWebsitemayashenfeld.comMusical artist Maya Shenfeld is a Jerusalem-born composer and musician based in Berlin, Germany. She has released two albums. Early life and education Shenfeld was born in Jerusalem and began her musical training there. When she was 20 years old, she had completed her first degree in classical guitar in the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance. After moving to Berlin, she studied contemporary music performance and composition at the Berlin University of the Arts (UDK). Music Shenfeld's work explores electronic, popular and experimental music and their intersection. Writing for The Guardian, music journalist John Lewis described her work as "invoking the transcendent", writing that it is "music that uses 21st-century technology to conjure up images of liturgical chants and ancient temples". Her album In Free Fall (Thrill Jockey, 2022) was number one on Stereogum's "10 Best Experimental Albums Of 2022". In 2022 Shenfeld scored two short films, Piazza Futura by Kevin b. Lee and the documentary The Flagmakers by Cynthia Wade and Sharon Liese. Discography Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected details Title Details In Free Fall Released: 28 January 2022 Label: Thrill Jockey Format: Digital Under the Sun Released: 23 February 2024 Label: Thrill Jockey Format: Digital References ^ Major, Michael. "Maya Shenfeld Shares New Single 'Silver' From Debut Album 'In Free Fall'". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved 2022-03-30. ^ a b c "Maya Shenfeld: In Free Fall review – 21st-century tech communes with the ancient". The Guardian. February 4, 2022. ^ a b Hartmann, Andreas (January 29, 2022). "Avantgarde für Lady-Gaga-Fans". Der Tagesspiegel. ^ "Maya Shenfeld and Pedro Maia explore 'still movement' in 'Body, Electric'". Fact (UK magazine). November 9, 2021. ^ "The Quietus - Reviews - Maya Shenfeld". The Quietus. Retrieved 2022-03-30. ^ "The 10 Best Experimental Albums Of 2022". Stereogum. 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-01-21. ^ Tiernan, Jonny (2022-10-24). "Maya Shenfeld: A Sonic Adventurer". LOLA. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise-rock
Noise rock
["1 Characteristics","2 History","2.1 Forerunners","2.2 Origins","3 1980s-early 1990s","3.1 Pigfuck","3.2 Noisecore","4 Late 1990s-2000s","4.1 Shitgaze","5 2010s-2020s","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources"]
Experimental rock music mixed with noise This article is about the specific genre. For the general application of noise in rock music, see Noise in music § Rock music, and Noise music § Noise rock and no wave. Not to be confused with hard rock. Noise rockFlipper at the 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., 1984Other namesNoise punkStylistic origins Experimental rock punk rock noise acid rock minimal drone psychedelic rock free jazz garage rock proto-punk garage punk industrial hardcore punk Cultural originsc. Mid-1960s to 1980s, New York City, United StatesDerivative forms Grunge post-hardcore Other topics Alternative rock avant-punk indie rock noise pop post-punk no wave mathcore grindcore Noise rock (sometimes called noise punk) is a noise-oriented style of experimental rock that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s. Drawing on movements such as minimalism, industrial music, and New York hardcore, artists indulge in extreme levels of distortion through the use of electric guitars and, less frequently, electronic instrumentation, either to provide percussive sounds or to contribute to the overall arrangement. Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth. Although they are not representative of the entire genre, they helped popularize noise rock among alternative rock audiences by incorporating melodies into their droning textures of sound, which set a template that numerous other groups followed. Other early noise rock bands were Big Black, Swans and the Jesus Lizard. Characteristics Noise rock fuses rock to noise, usually with recognizable "rock" instrumentation, but with greater use of distortion and electronic effects, varying degrees of atonality, improvisation, and white noise. One notable band of this genre is Sonic Youth, who took inspiration from the no wave composers Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham. Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore has stated: "Noise has taken the place of punk rock. People who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the avant-garde folk scene have replaced it." History The Velvet Underground have been credited with creating the first noise rock album in 1968. See also: Experimental rock, Punk rock, and Grunge Forerunners In 1964, John Cale recorded the track "Loop" which comprised solely of audio feedback in a locked groove, it was released in 1966 as a single credited to the Velvet Underground. It has been described as "a precursor to Metal Machine Music". The Velvet Underground would later experiment heavily with the use of drone and noise in rock music. In the mid-to-late 1960s, artists such as the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa, the Who, Pink Floyd, the Velvet Underground, Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane and the Yardbirds began experimenting with and incorporating heavy distortion, layered effects and noisy guitar feedback into rock music, this became a staple of a heavier branch of psychedelia known as acid rock. Online music publication Far Out cites these innovations with being influential to the development of noise music and noise rock. Jimi Hendrix and Lou Reed were influential innovators in the intentional use of guitar feedback in rock music, a feature which would become a staple characteristic of noise rock. However, artists such as Frank Zappa and the Beatles had experimented with feedback prior on songs like "Who Are the Brain Police?" and "I Feel Fine". The Yardbirds pioneered the "rave up", inspired by jazz, it involved speeding up a song's beat to double-time during the mid-section whilst building up the instrumental to a climax through improvised guitar noise courtesy of Jeff Beck. Moreover, the British Invasion kickstarted the development of garage rock in the United States, encouraging young amateur musicians to utilize cheap distortion pedals as inspired by groups like the Rolling Stones and the Kinks, which resulted in a branch of heavier and noisier music, notable bands were the Electric Prunes, the Seeds and Count Five. These experiments sometimes culminated in extended songs such as "Sister Ray" by the Velvet Underground and "Up in Her Room" by the Seeds. Garage rock group the Monks' Gary Burger began introducing abrasive guitar feedback into their music in 1965. Cole Alexander of psychedelic-rock band Black Lips credits experimental artist Michael Yonkers with taking guitar noise and feedback to extreme lengths. Subsequently, rock band Chicago would feature the song "Free Form Guitar" built purely on guitar feedback as part of their debut album, similar to the Grateful Dead's "Feedback". While the music had been around for some time, the term "noise rock" was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach. An archetypal album is the Velvet Underground's White Light/White Heat (1968). Treblezine's Joe Gross credits White Light/White Heat as the "cult classic" with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, "perhaps it's an obvious starting point, but it's also the starting point. Period." Influenced by the free jazz of Ornette Coleman Reed stated that: "I thought, you put Hubert Selby with Burroughs or Ginsberg lyrics against some rock with these kind of harmonic going in … wouldn't you have something?" The 1960s experimental groups Red Krayola, Cromagnon, Godz, the Ethix, the Sperm and Nihilist Spasm Band are other bands that were later assessed by some music critics and journalists to be early pioneers of what would become noise rock. However, most notably were Les Rallizes Denudés who quickly adopted the more abrasive elements developed by the Velvet Underground in White Light/White Heat as well as expanding towards an increasingly noise based sound in the 1970s, influencing a great number of artists in the Japanese noise and psychedelic rock scene. Additionally, proto-punk artists such as the Stooges, Electric Eels, Rocket from the Tombs, Deviants, the Sonics, Destroy All Monsters, Simply Saucer, Patti Smith and MC5 would also have an influence on the noise rock genre. As well as avant-garde music artists Yoko Ono and Captain Beefheart. In Germany, groups emerging out of the influential krautrock scene such as Can, Faust, Amon Düül II and Neu! routinely entwined abrasive, free-improvised noises within their brand of rock music. Subsequently, American groups like the Residents who released a noisy version of "Satisfaction", and Half Japanese, who influenced Sonic Youth and Kurt Cobain, began to explore similar territories. Origins Sonic Youth in a publicity photo issued by SST to promote their fourth album, Sister (1987). Left to right: Shelley, Ranaldo, Moore, Gordon. During the advent of punk rock and post-punk in the late '70s, many bands began adopting a more abrasive approach to rock music, influential amongst these artists were This Heat, Swell Maps, Wire, The Fall and Pere Ubu. However, most notable of these groups were Nick Cave's experimental post-punk band the Birthday Party. Inspired by the Pop Group, they went on to influence "a generation of US noise-rock groups, from Sonic Youth to Big Black and the Jesus Lizard". Others include, San Francisco's influential acid-punk band Chrome who were covered by the Jesus Lizard, as well as art-punk group MX-80 Sound who influenced Steve Albini and Sonic Youth. In addition, "Weird Noise E.P." the British DIY punk various artists 7" single released in 1979 was the earliest noise rock compilation album. Guitarist Steve Albini of noise rock band Big Black stated in a 1984 article that "good noise is like orgasm". He commented: "Anybody can play notes. There's no trick. What is a trick and a good one is to make a guitar do things that don't sound like a guitar at all. The point here is stretching the boundaries." He said that Ron Asheton of the Stooges "made squealy death noise feedback" on "Iggy's monstruous songs". Albini also mentioned John McKay of Siouxsie and the Banshees, saying: "The Scream is notable for a couple of things: only now people are trying to copy it, and even now nobody understands how that guitar player got all that pointless noise to stick together as songs". Albini also said that Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd had this "ability to make an excruciating noise come out of his guitar". Additionally, Andy Gill of Gang of Four would incorporate drawn-out abrasive guitar feedback on their song "Love Like Anthrax". In an article about noise rock, Spin wrote that the US compilation album No New York, produced by Brian Eno and released in 1978 was an important document of the late '70s New York no wave scene that acted as an influence to bands like Sonic Youth and Swans. It featured several songs of Lydia Lunch's first band Teenage Jesus and the Jerks along with material of other groups Mars, DNA and James Chance and the Contortions, other bands who were not featured on the compilation such as Theoretical Girls, Suicide, the Notekillers, Red Transistor, the Static and Jack Ruby were also influential to the scene. While noise rock has never had any wide mainstream popularity, the raw, distorted and feedback-intensive sound of some noise rock bands had an influence on shoegaze, which enjoyed some popularity in the 90s, especially in the UK, and grunge, the most commercially successful with Nirvana's final studio album In Utero produced by Steve Albini and generally taking influences from bands like Big Black, Wipers, the Pixies, Dinosaur Jr. and the Jesus Lizard. The Butthole Surfers' mix of punk, heavy metal and noise rock was a major influence, particularly on the early work of Soundgarden. Other influential acts were Wisconsin's Killdozer, Chicago's Big Black, and most notably San Francisco's Flipper, a band known for its slowed-down and murky "noise punk". 1980s-early 1990s In the 1980s, Big Black, Sonic Youth and Swans were the leading figures of noise rock. Sonic Youth were the first noise rock band to get signed by a major label in 1990. Other influential groups were Scratch Acid, Oxbow, the Dead C, Thinking Fellers Union Local 282 and No Trend. Japan would also contribute with bands like High Rise, Ruins and Mainliner. Later notable bands of the noise rock scene were Cows, Brainbombs, Liars, Season to Risk and Unsane. Subsequently, as genres like hardcore punk and post-hardcore developed, noise rock bands such as Mclusky, Shellac, U.S. Maple, Barkmarket, Polvo, Rapeman, Unwound, Drive Like Jehu, Today Is the Day and Cherubs began incorporating these influences into the noise rock genre whilst bands like Helmet infused influences indebted to heavy metal, and most notably Brainiac who merged post-hardcore with synth-punk. The Jesus Lizard emerged in the early 1990s as a "leading noise rock band" in the American scene with their "willfully abrasive and atonal" style. Pigfuck Big Black at Chicago's Union Station in 1986; left to right: Riley, Albini, and Durango Music critic Robert Christgau coined the term "pigfuck" in the 1980s when trying to describe the caustic sounds of emerging noise rock band Sonic Youth (similar to another term he coined "skronk" as a descriptor for jagged and noisy guitar music), the term later took on a life of its own and became associated with the sounds of bands like Big Black, Butthole Surfers, Cows and Flipper as well as those on labels such as Touch and Go Records and Amphetamine Reptile Records. Noisecore Noisecore was a derivate of hardcore punk and noise music which emerged in the mid-1980s, notable artists include Melt-Banana and the Gerogerigegege. Late 1990s-2000s Later on in the 1990s, the term "noise punk" began developing with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island, although Brian Gibson, the band's bassist, is dismissive of the noise punk label, stating "I hate, hate, hate the category "noise-punk" I really don't like being labeled with two words that have so much baggage. It's gross." Other noise punk artists include Arab on Radar, Boris, the Flying Luttenbachers, Zs, Laddio Bolocko, Boredoms, Hella, Royal Trux and Harry Pussy. In Japan, notable noise rock bands began to emerge out of the japanoise scene such as Fushitsusha, Zeni Geva and Space Streakings. Lightning Bolt Live (2005) at the Southgate HouseNotable noise rock bands that emerged in the early 2000s were Daughters, Japandroids, METZ, the Goslings and Death from Above 1979. Shitgaze During the 2000s, lo-fi noise pop bands Psychedelic Horseshit pioneered a brand of noise rock they dubbed "shitgaze", the New Republic briefly discussed the term, while bands labelled as part of the scene included the Hospitals, No Age, Times New Viking, Pink Reason and Eat Skull. 2010s-2020s Chat Pile performing at 2023 Roadburn Festival During the early 2010s, noise rock artists such as Gilla Band, Whores and Mannequin Pussy emerged onto the scene. Subsequently, bands like Black Midi, Sprain and Chat Pile would later follow, gaining prominence as modern noise rock groups. See also List of noise rock bands List of noise musicians References ^ a b Gardner, Noel (March 30, 2016). "The Sound Of Impact: Noise Rock In 1986". The Quietus. Retrieved September 30, 2017. ^ Felix 2010, p. 172. ^ Osborn, Brad (October 2011). "Understanding Through-Composition in Post-Rock, Math-Metal, and other Post-Millennial Rock Genres*". Music Theory Online. 17 (3). doi:10.30535/mto.17.3.4. hdl:1808/12360. ^ a b c "Noise Rock". AllMusic. Retrieved March 11, 2017. ^ a b c d Terich, Jeff (February 25, 2013). "Hold On To Your Genre : Noise Rock". Treblezine. Retrieved March 29, 2021. ^ Blush 2016, p. 266. ^ "Rhys Chatham", Kalvos-Damien website. (Accessed October 20, 2009). ^ Sisario, Ben (December 2, 2004). "The Art of Noise". Spin. ^ "The Velvet Underground: The band that made an art of being obscure". BBC News. October 13, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "What was the first mainstream song to use guitar feedback?". faroutmagazine.co.uk. November 24, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "Lou Reed Interviewed: "I'm a guitar player who likes feedback, I'm not that complicated!"". Mojo. January 3, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to Noise Music". Hard Noise. July 3, 2019. 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Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "Noise rock: A how-to guide for the perplexed". The Toilet Ov Hell. February 12, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ Sisario, Ben (December 2, 2004). "The Art of Noise". Spin. ^ Labaan. "Lightning Bolt: Interview with the Brians". Retrieved April 11, 2009. ^ "No Age : Everything In Between". QRO Magazine. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "Black Midi – crusade against the unnecessary". Loud And Quiet. Retrieved June 15, 2024. Sources Blush, Steven (2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-08361-6. Felix, Stanford (2010). The Complete Idiot's Guide Music Dictionary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-1-101-19809-4. vtePunk rockPrecursors Garage rock Proto-punk Glam punk Subgenres and fusion genres Anarcho-punk Crust punk D-beat Art punk Avant-punk Christian punk Christian hardcore Cowpunk Dance-punk Egg punk Emo Emo rap Folk punk Anti-folk Celtic punk Gypsy punk Garage punk Hardcore punk Beatdown hardcore Crossover thrash Digital hardcore Krishnacore Melodic hardcore Metalcore Deathcore Electronicore Crunkcore Nintendocore Mathcore Melodic metalcore Progressive metalcore Queercore Riot grrrl Taqwacore Thrashcore Horror punk Latino punk Nazi punk Oi! Street punk Pop-punk 2 Tone Skate punk Post-hardcore Psychobilly Punk blues Punk jazz Punk pathetique Punk rap Emo rap Reggae punk Ska punk Street punk Surf punk Related genres Alternative rock Gothic rock Grebo Grunge Industrial New wave Noise rock Post-punk Scene Speed metal Thrash metal Visual kei By country Australia Brazil Canada Estonia List of bands France Germany Greece Netherlands Spain Sweden Könsrock Trallpunk United Kingdom Celtic punk Scottish Gaelic punk United States (California) Yugoslavia People and groups First wave punk musicians Second wave punk musicians List of punk bands #–K L–Z Punk filmmakers Women in punk rock Related articles List of punk compilation albums List of punk rock festivals Afro-punk Animal rights and punk subculture Conservative Punk Death of Brian Deneke DIY ethic Moshing Poseur Punk subculture Punk fashion Punk ideologies Punk visual art Punk literature Punk zine Puntala-rock Straight edge Punk films (List of punk films) Timeline of punk rock vteExperimental musicRelated contemporaryclassical music genres Aleatoric indeterminacy Avant-garde Drone Electroacoustic Acousmatic music Tape music Minimal Musique concrete Noise Danger Experimental popularmusic genresBy style Avant-garde jazz Avant-garde metal Post-metal Avant-pop Avant-prog Avant-punk Biomusic Deconstructed club Experimental pop Experimental rock krautrock math rock neo-prog no wave noise rock post-punk post-rock Intelligent dance music Neofolk Wave Related Art pop Art punk Art rock Avant-funk Ambient Drone metal Free improvisation Free jazz Glitch Hyperpop Industrial Progressive jazz Punk jazz Witch house Extended techniques 3rd bridge Circuit bending Frippertronics Plunderphonics Prepared guitar Prepared piano Scordatura Turntablism Related concepts Cymatics Dada Data sonification Experimental musical instrument Experimental luthier Fluxus Progressive music Sound art Sound collage Sound installation Sound sculpture Soundscape Electroacoustic improvisation Events and lists List of experimental music festivals List of electronic music festivals List of experimental musicians vteAlternative rockPrecursors Jangle pop Punk rock Avant-punk Hardcore punk Post-hardcore Riot grrrl New wave Noise rock Proto-punk Post-punk Gothic rock Styles andfusion genres Alternative country Gothic country Alternative dance Britpop Post-Britpop Chamber pop Christian alternative rock College rock Dark cabaret Dolewave Emo Geek rock Wizard rock Grebo Grunge Post-grunge Indie rock Indie folk Jangle pop Dunedin Sound Paisley Underground Math rock New rave Slowcore Industrial rock Industrial metal Latin alternative Madchester Baggy Mangue bit Neo-psychedelia Dream pop Shoegaze Blackgaze Nu gaze New wave of new wave Noise pop Pagan rock Post-punk revival Post-rock Post-metal Slacker rock Alternative metal Funk metal Neue Deutsche Härte Nu metal Rap metal Related topics Alternative Airplay Anorak Artists C86 Campus radio Independent music Indie pop Independent record label Lo-fi music Lollapalooza Outsider music Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noise in music § Rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_in_music#Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Noise music § Noise rock and no wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music#Noise_rock_and_no_wave"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelix2010172-2"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"experimental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osborn2011-3"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusicNR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-5"},{"link_name":"minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"New York hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_hardcore"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlush2016266-6"},{"link_name":"electric guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"electronic instrumentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_instrument"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusicNR-4"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusicNR-4"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"}],"text":"This article is about the specific genre. For the general application of noise in rock music, see Noise in music § Rock music, and Noise music § Noise rock and no wave.Not to be confused with hard rock.Noise rock (sometimes called noise punk)[2] is a noise-oriented style of experimental rock[3] that spun off from punk rock in the 1980s.[4][5] Drawing on movements such as minimalism, industrial music, and New York hardcore,[6] artists indulge in extreme levels of distortion through the use of electric guitars and, less frequently, electronic instrumentation, either to provide percussive sounds or to contribute to the overall arrangement.[4]Some groups are tied to song structures, such as Sonic Youth. Although they are not representative of the entire genre, they helped popularize noise rock among alternative rock audiences by incorporating melodies into their droning textures of sound, which set a template that numerous other groups followed.[4] Other early noise rock bands were Big Black, Swans and the Jesus Lizard.","title":"Noise rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"atonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonality"},{"link_name":"white noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise"},{"link_name":"no wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_wave"},{"link_name":"Glenn Branca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Branca"},{"link_name":"Rhys Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Chatham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thurston Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Moore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisario20042-8"}],"text":"Noise rock fuses rock to noise, usually with recognizable \"rock\" instrumentation, but with greater use of distortion and electronic effects, varying degrees of atonality, improvisation, and white noise. One notable band of this genre is Sonic Youth, who took inspiration from the no wave composers Glenn Branca and Rhys Chatham.[7] Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore has stated: \"Noise has taken the place of punk rock. People who play noise have no real aspirations to being part of the mainstream culture. Punk has been co-opted, and this subterranean noise music and the avant-garde folk scene have replaced it.\"[8]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velvet_Underground_1968_by_Billy_Name.png"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Experimental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_rock"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"}],"text":"The Velvet Underground have been credited with creating the first noise rock album in 1968.See also: Experimental rock, Punk rock, and Grunge","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"locked groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_groove"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Metal Machine Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Machine_Music"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"the Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"acid rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rock"},{"link_name":"Far Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Out_(website)"},{"link_name":"noise music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"guitar feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_feedback"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Who Are the Brain Police?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Are_the_Brain_Police%3F"},{"link_name":"I Feel Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Feel_Fine"},{"link_name":"The Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"rave up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Having_a_Rave_Up_with_the_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"double-time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-time"},{"link_name":"Jeff Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beck"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumacher200329%E2%80%9330-13"},{"link_name":"British Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Invasion"},{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"the Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"the Electric Prunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Electric_Prunes"},{"link_name":"the Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seeds"},{"link_name":"Count Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Five"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199936Buckley20031103-14"},{"link_name":"Sister Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Ray"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Up in Her Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Web_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"the Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seeds"},{"link_name":"the Monks'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monks_(band)"},{"link_name":"Gary Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Burger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1994164%E2%80%93165-15"},{"link_name":"Black Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lips"},{"link_name":"Michael Yonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Yonkers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed1-16"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"Free Form Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority_(album)"},{"link_name":"the Grateful Dead's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live/Dead"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-5"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"White Light/White Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light/White_Heat"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gross-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treblezine-5"},{"link_name":"free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"Ornette Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Hubert Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Selby"},{"link_name":"Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Ginsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Red Krayola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Krayola"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cromagnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromagnon_(band)"},{"link_name":"Godz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godz_(New_York_band)"},{"link_name":"the Ethix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty_Foot_Hose"},{"link_name":"the Sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka_Airaksinen"},{"link_name":"Nihilist Spasm Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilist_Spasm_Band"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Les Rallizes Denudés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Rallizes_D%C3%A9nud%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"White Light/White Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light/White_Heat"},{"link_name":"Japanese noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanoise"},{"link_name":"psychedelic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"proto-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk"},{"link_name":"the Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stooges"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Electric Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Eels_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rocket from the Tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_from_the_Tombs"},{"link_name":"Deviants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deviants_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Sonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sonics"},{"link_name":"Destroy All Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroy_All_Monsters_(band)"},{"link_name":"Simply Saucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_Saucer"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"MC5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"avant-garde music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_music"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Captain Beefheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Beefheart"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"krautrock scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrock"},{"link_name":"Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(band)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Amon Düül II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_D%C3%BC%C3%BCl_II"},{"link_name":"Neu!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu!"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"the Residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Residents"},{"link_name":"Satisfaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_(Residents_cover)"},{"link_name":"Half Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Kurt Cobain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Cobain"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Forerunners","text":"In 1964, John Cale recorded the track \"Loop\" which comprised solely of audio feedback in a locked groove, it was released in 1966 as a single credited to the Velvet Underground. It has been described as \"a precursor to [Reed's] Metal Machine Music\". The Velvet Underground would later experiment heavily with the use of drone and noise in rock music.[9]In the mid-to-late 1960s, artists such as the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa, the Who, Pink Floyd, the Velvet Underground, Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane and the Yardbirds began experimenting with and incorporating heavy distortion, layered effects and noisy guitar feedback into rock music, this became a staple of a heavier branch of psychedelia known as acid rock. Online music publication Far Out cites these innovations with being influential to the development of noise music and noise rock.[10]Jimi Hendrix and Lou Reed[11] were influential innovators in the intentional use of guitar feedback in rock music, a feature which would become a staple characteristic of noise rock.[12] However, artists such as Frank Zappa and the Beatles had experimented with feedback prior on songs like \"Who Are the Brain Police?\" and \"I Feel Fine\". The Yardbirds pioneered the \"rave up\", inspired by jazz, it involved speeding up a song's beat to double-time during the mid-section whilst building up the instrumental to a climax through improvised guitar noise courtesy of Jeff Beck.[13]Moreover, the British Invasion kickstarted the development of garage rock in the United States, encouraging young amateur musicians to utilize cheap distortion pedals as inspired by groups like the Rolling Stones and the Kinks, which resulted in a branch of heavier and noisier music, notable bands were the Electric Prunes, the Seeds and Count Five.[14] These experiments sometimes culminated in extended songs such as \"Sister Ray\" by the Velvet Underground and \"Up in Her Room\" by the Seeds.Garage rock group the Monks' Gary Burger began introducing abrasive guitar feedback into their music in 1965.[15] Cole Alexander of psychedelic-rock band Black Lips credits experimental artist Michael Yonkers with taking guitar noise and feedback to extreme lengths.[16] Subsequently, rock band Chicago would feature the song \"Free Form Guitar\" built purely on guitar feedback as part of their debut album, similar to the Grateful Dead's \"Feedback\".While the music had been around for some time, the term \"noise rock\" was coined in the 1980s to describe an offshoot of punk groups with an increasingly abrasive approach.[5] An archetypal album is the Velvet Underground's White Light/White Heat (1968).[17][5] Treblezine's Joe Gross credits White Light/White Heat as the \"cult classic\" with being the first noise rock album, accordingly, \"perhaps it's an obvious starting point, but it's also the starting point. Period.\"[5] Influenced by the free jazz of Ornette Coleman Reed stated that:\"I thought, you put Hubert Selby with Burroughs or Ginsberg lyrics against some rock with these kind of harmonic [ideas] going in … wouldn't you have something?\"[18]The 1960s experimental groups Red Krayola,[19] Cromagnon, Godz, the Ethix, the Sperm and Nihilist Spasm Band[20] are other bands that were later assessed by some music critics and journalists to be early pioneers of what would become noise rock.[21]However, most notably were Les Rallizes Denudés who quickly adopted the more abrasive elements developed by the Velvet Underground in White Light/White Heat as well as expanding towards an increasingly noise based sound in the 1970s, influencing a great number of artists in the Japanese noise and psychedelic rock scene.[22] Additionally, proto-punk artists such as the Stooges,[23] Electric Eels, Rocket from the Tombs, Deviants, the Sonics, Destroy All Monsters, Simply Saucer, Patti Smith and MC5[24] would also have an influence on the noise rock genre. As well as avant-garde music artists Yoko Ono[25] and Captain Beefheart.[26] In Germany, groups emerging out of the influential krautrock scene such as Can,[27] Faust,[28] Amon Düül II and Neu![29] routinely entwined abrasive, free-improvised noises within their brand of rock music. Subsequently, American groups like the Residents who released a noisy version of \"Satisfaction\", and Half Japanese, who influenced Sonic Youth[30] and Kurt Cobain[31], began to explore similar territories.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonic_Youth_(1987_Monica_Dee_portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_(Sonic_Youth_album)"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"This Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Heat"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Swell Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_Maps"},{"link_name":"Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pere Ubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Ubu"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nick Cave's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave"},{"link_name":"the Birthday Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birthday_Party_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Pop Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pop_Group"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"the Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(band)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"the Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"},{"link_name":"MX-80 Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX-80_Sound"},{"link_name":"Steve Albini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Albini"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"DIY punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_culture"},{"link_name":"Steve Albini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Albini"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-41"},{"link_name":"Ron Asheton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Asheton"},{"link_name":"the Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stooges"},{"link_name":"Iggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-41"},{"link_name":"John McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKay_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"The Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scream_(album)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-41"},{"link_name":"Keith Levene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Levene"},{"link_name":"Public Image Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-matter-41"},{"link_name":"Andy Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gill"},{"link_name":"Gang of Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)"},{"link_name":"Love Like Anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment!"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"No New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"no wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_wave"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"Lydia Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Lunch"},{"link_name":"Teenage Jesus and the Jerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Jesus_and_the_Jerks"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(band)"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"James Chance and the Contortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chance_and_the_Contortions"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gross-17"},{"link_name":"Theoretical Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_Girls"},{"link_name":"Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Notekillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notekillers"},{"link_name":"Red Transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Grey"},{"link_name":"the Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Branca"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegaze"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Nirvana's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"In Utero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Utero"},{"link_name":"Steve Albini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Albini"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"Wipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipers_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Pixies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pixies"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Jr."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"the Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"},{"link_name":"The Butthole Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butthole_Surfers"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Soundgarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundgarden"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Killdozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killdozer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Flipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Sonic Youth in a publicity photo issued by SST to promote their fourth album, Sister (1987). Left to right: Shelley, Ranaldo, Moore, Gordon.During the advent of punk rock and post-punk in the late '70s, many bands began adopting a more abrasive approach to rock music, influential amongst these artists were This Heat,[33] Swell Maps, Wire, The Fall and Pere Ubu.[34] However, most notable of these groups were Nick Cave's experimental post-punk band the Birthday Party. Inspired by the Pop Group,[35] they went on to influence \"a generation of US noise-rock groups, from Sonic Youth to Big Black and the Jesus Lizard\".[36] Others include, San Francisco's influential acid-punk band Chrome[37] who were covered by the Jesus Lizard, as well as art-punk group MX-80 Sound who influenced Steve Albini[38][39] and Sonic Youth.[40] In addition, \"Weird Noise E.P.\" the British DIY punk various artists 7\" single released in 1979 was the earliest noise rock compilation album.Guitarist Steve Albini of noise rock band Big Black stated in a 1984 article that \"good noise is like orgasm\". He commented: \"Anybody can play notes. There's no trick. What is a trick and a good one is to make a guitar do things that don't sound like a guitar at all. The point here is stretching the boundaries.\"[41] He said that Ron Asheton of the Stooges \"made squealy death noise feedback\" on \"Iggy's monstruous songs\".[41] Albini also mentioned John McKay of Siouxsie and the Banshees, saying: \"The Scream is notable for a couple of things: only now people are trying to copy it, and even now nobody understands how that guitar player got all that pointless noise to stick together as songs\".[41] Albini also said that Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd had this \"ability to make an excruciating noise come out of his guitar\".[41] Additionally, Andy Gill of Gang of Four would incorporate drawn-out abrasive guitar feedback on their song \"Love Like Anthrax\".In an article about noise rock, Spin wrote that the US compilation album No New York, produced by Brian Eno and released in 1978 was an important document of the late '70s New York no wave scene that acted as an influence to bands like Sonic Youth and Swans. It featured several songs of Lydia Lunch's first band Teenage Jesus and the Jerks along with material of other groups Mars, DNA and James Chance and the Contortions,[17] other bands who were not featured on the compilation such as Theoretical Girls, Suicide, the Notekillers, Red Transistor, the Static and Jack Ruby[42] were also influential to the scene.While noise rock has never had any wide mainstream popularity, the raw, distorted and feedback-intensive sound of some noise rock bands had an influence on shoegaze, which enjoyed some popularity in the 90s, especially in the UK, and grunge, the most commercially successful with Nirvana's final studio album In Utero produced by Steve Albini and generally taking influences from bands like Big Black, Wipers, the Pixies, Dinosaur Jr.[43] and the Jesus Lizard. The Butthole Surfers' mix of punk, heavy metal and noise rock was a major influence, particularly on the early work of Soundgarden.[44] Other influential acts were Wisconsin's Killdozer, Chicago's Big Black, and most notably San Francisco's Flipper, a band known for its slowed-down and murky \"noise punk\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"Swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swans_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quietus-1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Scratch Acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_Acid"},{"link_name":"Oxbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Dead C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dead_C"},{"link_name":"Thinking Fellers Union Local 282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_Fellers_Union_Local_282"},{"link_name":"No Trend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Trend"},{"link_name":"High Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Rise_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins_(Japanese_band)"},{"link_name":"Mainliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainliner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brainbombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainbombs"},{"link_name":"Liars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liars_(band)"},{"link_name":"Season to Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_to_Risk"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Unsane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsane_(band)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"Mclusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mclusky"},{"link_name":"Shellac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellac_(band)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Maple"},{"link_name":"Barkmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkmarket"},{"link_name":"Polvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvo"},{"link_name":"Rapeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeman"},{"link_name":"Unwound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwound"},{"link_name":"Drive Like Jehu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_Like_Jehu"},{"link_name":"Today Is the Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_Is_the_Day"},{"link_name":"Cherubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubs_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brainiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainiac_(band)"},{"link_name":"post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"synth-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-punk"},{"link_name":"The Jesus Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesus_Lizard"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-all-48"}],"text":"In the 1980s, Big Black, Sonic Youth and Swans were the leading figures of noise rock.[1] Sonic Youth were the first noise rock band to get signed by a major label in 1990.[45] Other influential groups were Scratch Acid, Oxbow, the Dead C, Thinking Fellers Union Local 282 and No Trend. Japan would also contribute with bands like High Rise, Ruins and Mainliner. Later notable bands of the noise rock scene were Cows, Brainbombs, Liars, Season to Risk[46] and Unsane.[47] Subsequently, as genres like hardcore punk and post-hardcore developed, noise rock bands such as Mclusky, Shellac, U.S. Maple, Barkmarket, Polvo, Rapeman, Unwound, Drive Like Jehu, Today Is the Day and Cherubs began incorporating these influences into the noise rock genre whilst bands like Helmet infused influences indebted to heavy metal, and most notably Brainiac who merged post-hardcore with synth-punk.The Jesus Lizard emerged in the early 1990s as a \"leading noise rock band\" in the American scene with their \"willfully abrasive and atonal\" style.[48]","title":"1980s-early 1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Black_(1986).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Big Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Black"},{"link_name":"Butthole Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butthole_Surfers"},{"link_name":"Cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows_(band)"},{"link_name":"Flipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Touch and Go Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_and_Go_Records"},{"link_name":"Amphetamine Reptile Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_Reptile_Records"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Pigfuck","text":"Big Black at Chicago's Union Station in 1986; left to right: Riley, Albini, and DurangoMusic critic Robert Christgau coined the term \"pigfuck\" in the 1980s when trying to describe the caustic sounds of emerging noise rock band Sonic Youth (similar to another term he coined \"skronk\" as a descriptor for jagged and noisy guitar music[49]), the term later took on a life of its own and became associated with the sounds of bands like Big Black, Butthole Surfers, Cows and Flipper as well as those on labels such as Touch and Go Records and Amphetamine Reptile Records.[50]","title":"1980s-early 1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"noise music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"Melt-Banana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt-Banana"},{"link_name":"the Gerogerigegege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gerogerigegege"}],"sub_title":"Noisecore","text":"Noisecore was a derivate of hardcore punk and noise music which emerged in the mid-1980s, notable artists include Melt-Banana and the Gerogerigegege.","title":"1980s-early 1990s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lightning Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Bolt_(band)"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sisario2004-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Arab on Radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_on_Radar"},{"link_name":"Boris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Flying Luttenbachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Luttenbachers"},{"link_name":"Zs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs_(band)"},{"link_name":"Laddio Bolocko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laddio_Bolocko"},{"link_name":"Boredoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredoms"},{"link_name":"Hella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hella_(band)"},{"link_name":"Royal Trux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Trux"},{"link_name":"Harry Pussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pussy"},{"link_name":"japanoise scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanoise"},{"link_name":"Fushitsusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushitsusha"},{"link_name":"Zeni Geva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeni_Geva"},{"link_name":"Space Streakings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Streakings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ries-03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lightning Bolt Live (2005) at the Southgate House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Trux"},{"link_name":"Daughters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_(band)"},{"link_name":"Japandroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japandroids"},{"link_name":"METZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Goslings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goslings"},{"link_name":"Death from Above 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_from_Above_1979"}],"text":"Later on in the 1990s, the term \"noise punk\" began developing with the band Lightning Bolt serving as key players in the 2000s noise punk scene in Providence, Rhode Island, although Brian Gibson, the band's bassist, is dismissive of the noise punk label, stating \"I hate, hate, hate the category \"noise-punk\" I really don't like being labeled with two words that have so much baggage. It's gross.\"[51][52] Other noise punk artists include Arab on Radar, Boris, the Flying Luttenbachers, Zs, Laddio Bolocko, Boredoms, Hella, Royal Trux and Harry Pussy. In Japan, notable noise rock bands began to emerge out of the japanoise scene such as Fushitsusha, Zeni Geva and Space Streakings.Lightning Bolt Live (2005) at the Southgate HouseNotable noise rock bands that emerged in the early 2000s were Daughters, Japandroids, METZ, the Goslings and Death from Above 1979.","title":"Late 1990s-2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lo-fi noise pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pop"},{"link_name":"Psychedelic Horseshit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_Horseshit"},{"link_name":"the New Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Republic"},{"link_name":"the Hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hospitals"},{"link_name":"No Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Age"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Times New Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Viking"},{"link_name":"Eat Skull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eat_Skull"}],"sub_title":"Shitgaze","text":"During the 2000s, lo-fi noise pop bands Psychedelic Horseshit pioneered a brand of noise rock they dubbed \"shitgaze\", the New Republic briefly discussed the term, while bands labelled as part of the scene included the Hospitals, No Age,[53] Times New Viking, Pink Reason and Eat Skull.","title":"Late 1990s-2000s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chat_Pile_Roadburn.png"},{"link_name":"Roadburn Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadburn_Festival"},{"link_name":"Gilla Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilla_Band"},{"link_name":"Whores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whores_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mannequin Pussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannequin_Pussy"},{"link_name":"Black Midi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Midi"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Sprain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chat Pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat_Pile"}],"text":"Chat Pile performing at 2023 Roadburn FestivalDuring the early 2010s, noise rock artists such as Gilla Band, Whores and Mannequin Pussy emerged onto the scene. Subsequently, bands like Black Midi,[54] Sprain and Chat Pile would later follow, gaining prominence as modern noise rock groups.","title":"2010s-2020s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blush, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Blush"},{"link_name":"New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ezTpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-250-08361-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08361-6"},{"link_name":"The Complete Idiot's Guide Music Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lJ_Ql1fOCuwC&pg=PT172"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-101-19809-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19809-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Punk"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Punk"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"Proto-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk"},{"link_name":"Glam punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_punk"},{"link_name":"Anarcho-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-punk"},{"link_name":"Crust punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_punk"},{"link_name":"D-beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-beat"},{"link_name":"Art punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_punk"},{"link_name":"Avant-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-punk"},{"link_name":"Christian punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_punk"},{"link_name":"Christian hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Cowpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowpunk"},{"link_name":"Dance-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-punk"},{"link_name":"Egg punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_punk"},{"link_name":"Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"Emo rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_rap"},{"link_name":"Folk punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_punk"},{"link_name":"Anti-folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-folk"},{"link_name":"Celtic punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_punk"},{"link_name":"Gypsy punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_punk"},{"link_name":"Garage punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)"},{"link_name":"Hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Beatdown hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Crossover thrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_thrash"},{"link_name":"Digital hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Krishnacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnacore"},{"link_name":"Melodic hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"Deathcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathcore"},{"link_name":"Electronicore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicore"},{"link_name":"Crunkcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunkcore"},{"link_name":"Nintendocore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendocore"},{"link_name":"Mathcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathcore"},{"link_name":"Melodic metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_metalcore"},{"link_name":"Progressive metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metalcore"},{"link_name":"Queercore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queercore"},{"link_name":"Riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"Taqwacore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqwacore"},{"link_name":"Thrashcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashcore"},{"link_name":"Horror punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_punk"},{"link_name":"Latino punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_punk"},{"link_name":"Nazi punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_punk"},{"link_name":"Oi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oi!"},{"link_name":"Street punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_punk"},{"link_name":"Pop-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-punk"},{"link_name":"2 Tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)"},{"link_name":"Skate punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_punk"},{"link_name":"Post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"Psychobilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobilly"},{"link_name":"Punk blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_blues"},{"link_name":"Punk jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_jazz"},{"link_name":"Punk pathetique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_pathetique"},{"link_name":"Punk rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rap"},{"link_name":"Emo rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_rap"},{"link_name":"Reggae punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_punk"},{"link_name":"Ska punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska_punk"},{"link_name":"Street punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_punk"},{"link_name":"Surf punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)"},{"link_name":"Alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Gothic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock"},{"link_name":"Grebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"New wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Noise rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scene_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"Speed metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_metal"},{"link_name":"Thrash metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"Visual kei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_kei"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_punk"},{"link_name":"List of 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ideologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_ideologies"},{"link_name":"Punk visual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_visual_art"},{"link_name":"Punk literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_literature"},{"link_name":"Punk zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_zine"},{"link_name":"Puntala-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntala-rock"},{"link_name":"Straight edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_edge"},{"link_name":"Punk films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_film"},{"link_name":"List of punk films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_punk_films"},{"link_name":"Timeline of punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Experimental_music_genres"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_music_genres"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_music_genres"},{"link_name":"Experimental music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"contemporaryclassical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music"},{"link_name":"Aleatoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoric_music"},{"link_name":"indeterminacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_music"},{"link_name":"Drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_music"},{"link_name":"Electroacoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Acousmatic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acousmatic_music"},{"link_name":"Tape music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_music"},{"link_name":"Minimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"Musique concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concrete"},{"link_name":"Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_music"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz"},{"link_name":"Avant-garde metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_metal"},{"link_name":"Post-metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal"},{"link_name":"Avant-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-pop"},{"link_name":"Avant-prog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-prog"},{"link_name":"Avant-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-punk"},{"link_name":"Biomusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomusic"},{"link_name":"Deconstructed club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstructed_club"},{"link_name":"Experimental pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_pop"},{"link_name":"Experimental rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_rock"},{"link_name":"krautrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrock"},{"link_name":"math rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_rock"},{"link_name":"neo-prog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-prog"},{"link_name":"no wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_wave"},{"link_name":"noise rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"Intelligent dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Neofolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofolk"},{"link_name":"Wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_music"},{"link_name":"Art pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pop"},{"link_name":"Art punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_punk"},{"link_name":"Art rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_rock"},{"link_name":"Avant-funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-funk"},{"link_name":"Ambient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"Drone metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_metal"},{"link_name":"Free improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_improvisation"},{"link_name":"Free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"Glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch_(music)"},{"link_name":"Hyperpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpop"},{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"Progressive jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_jazz"},{"link_name":"Punk jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_jazz"},{"link_name":"Witch house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Extended techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_technique"},{"link_name":"3rd bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_bridge"},{"link_name":"Circuit bending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_bending"},{"link_name":"Frippertronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frippertronics"},{"link_name":"Plunderphonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunderphonics"},{"link_name":"Prepared guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_guitar"},{"link_name":"Prepared piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_piano"},{"link_name":"Scordatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scordatura"},{"link_name":"Turntablism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntablism"},{"link_name":"Cymatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymatics"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Data sonification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sonification"},{"link_name":"Experimental musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"Experimental luthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_luthier"},{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Progressive music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_music"},{"link_name":"Sound art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_art"},{"link_name":"Sound collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_collage"},{"link_name":"Sound installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_installation"},{"link_name":"Sound sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Soundscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundscape"},{"link_name":"Electroacoustic improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation"},{"link_name":"List of experimental music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals"},{"link_name":"List of electronic music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals"},{"link_name":"List of experimental musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Jangle pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"Punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Avant-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-punk"},{"link_name":"Hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"Post-hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-hardcore"},{"link_name":"Riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"New wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"Noise rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Proto-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk"},{"link_name":"Post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"Gothic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_rock"},{"link_name":"Styles andfusion genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock_genres"},{"link_name":"Alternative country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_country"},{"link_name":"Gothic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_country"},{"link_name":"Alternative dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_dance"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"Post-Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Britpop"},{"link_name":"Chamber pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pop"},{"link_name":"Christian alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"College rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rock"},{"link_name":"Dark cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_cabaret"},{"link_name":"Dolewave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolewave"},{"link_name":"Emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"Geek rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_rock"},{"link_name":"Wizard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_rock"},{"link_name":"Grebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grebo_(music)"},{"link_name":"Grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"Post-grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-grunge"},{"link_name":"Indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Indie folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_folk"},{"link_name":"Jangle pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangle_pop"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Sound"},{"link_name":"Paisley Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Underground"},{"link_name":"Math rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math_rock"},{"link_name":"New rave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_rave"},{"link_name":"Slowcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowcore"},{"link_name":"Industrial rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_rock"},{"link_name":"Industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Latin alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alternative"},{"link_name":"Madchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madchester"},{"link_name":"Baggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggy"},{"link_name":"Mangue bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangue_bit"},{"link_name":"Neo-psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-psychedelia"},{"link_name":"Dream pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_pop"},{"link_name":"Shoegaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoegaze"},{"link_name":"Blackgaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackgaze"},{"link_name":"Nu gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_gaze"},{"link_name":"New wave of new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_new_wave"},{"link_name":"Noise pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pop"},{"link_name":"Pagan rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_rock"},{"link_name":"Post-punk revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk_revival"},{"link_name":"Post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"Post-metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal"},{"link_name":"Slacker rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slacker_rock"},{"link_name":"Alternative metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_metal"},{"link_name":"Funk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_metal"},{"link_name":"Neue Deutsche Härte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte"},{"link_name":"Nu metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_metal"},{"link_name":"Rap metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_metal"},{"link_name":"Alternative Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Anorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorak_(slang)"},{"link_name":"Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists"},{"link_name":"C86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C86"},{"link_name":"Campus radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_radio"},{"link_name":"Independent music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_music"},{"link_name":"Indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Lo-fi music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"Outsider music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_music"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_rock"}],"text":"Blush, Steven (2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-08361-6.\nFelix, Stanford (2010). The Complete Idiot's Guide Music Dictionary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-1-101-19809-4.vtePunk rockPrecursors\nGarage rock\nProto-punk\nGlam punk\nSubgenres and fusion genres\nAnarcho-punk\nCrust punk\nD-beat\nArt punk\nAvant-punk\nChristian punk\nChristian hardcore\nCowpunk\nDance-punk\nEgg punk\nEmo\nEmo rap\nFolk punk\nAnti-folk\nCeltic punk\nGypsy punk\nGarage punk\nHardcore punk\nBeatdown hardcore\nCrossover thrash\nDigital hardcore\nKrishnacore\nMelodic hardcore\nMetalcore\nDeathcore\nElectronicore\nCrunkcore\nNintendocore\nMathcore\nMelodic metalcore\nProgressive metalcore\nQueercore\nRiot grrrl\nTaqwacore\nThrashcore\nHorror punk\nLatino punk\nNazi punk\nOi!\nStreet punk\nPop-punk\n2 Tone\nSkate punk\nPost-hardcore\nPsychobilly\nPunk blues\nPunk jazz\nPunk pathetique\nPunk rap\nEmo rap\nReggae punk\nSka punk\nStreet punk\nSurf punk\nRelated genres\nAlternative rock\nGothic rock\nGrebo\nGrunge\nIndustrial\nNew wave\nNoise rock\nPost-punk\nScene\nSpeed metal\nThrash metal\nVisual kei\nBy country\nAustralia\nBrazil\nCanada\nEstonia\nList of bands\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nNetherlands\nSpain\nSweden\nKönsrock\nTrallpunk\nUnited Kingdom\nCeltic punk\nScottish Gaelic punk\nUnited States (California)\nYugoslavia\nPeople and groups\nFirst wave punk musicians\nSecond wave punk musicians\nList of punk bands\n#–K\nL–Z\nPunk filmmakers\nWomen in punk rock\nRelated articles\nList of punk compilation albums\nList of punk rock festivals\nAfro-punk\nAnimal rights and punk subculture\nConservative Punk\nDeath of Brian Deneke\nDIY ethic\nMoshing\nPoseur\nPunk subculture\nPunk fashion\nPunk ideologies\nPunk visual art\nPunk literature\nPunk zine\nPuntala-rock\nStraight edge\nPunk films (List of punk films)\nTimeline of punk rockvteExperimental musicRelated contemporaryclassical music genres\nAleatoric\nindeterminacy\nAvant-garde\nDrone\nElectroacoustic\nAcousmatic music\nTape music\nMinimal\nMusique concrete\nNoise\nDanger\nExperimental popularmusic genresBy style\nAvant-garde jazz\nAvant-garde metal\nPost-metal\nAvant-pop\nAvant-prog\nAvant-punk\nBiomusic\nDeconstructed club\nExperimental pop\nExperimental rock\nkrautrock\nmath rock\nneo-prog\nno wave\nnoise rock\npost-punk\npost-rock\nIntelligent dance music\nNeofolk\nWave\nRelated\nArt pop\nArt punk\nArt rock\nAvant-funk\nAmbient\nDrone metal\nFree improvisation\nFree jazz\nGlitch\nHyperpop\nIndustrial\nProgressive jazz\nPunk jazz\nWitch house\nExtended techniques\n3rd bridge\nCircuit bending\nFrippertronics\nPlunderphonics\nPrepared guitar\nPrepared piano\nScordatura\nTurntablism\nRelated concepts\nCymatics\nDada\nData sonification\nExperimental musical instrument\nExperimental luthier\nFluxus\nProgressive music\nSound art\nSound collage\nSound installation\nSound sculpture\nSoundscape\nElectroacoustic improvisation\nEvents and lists\nList of experimental music festivals\nList of electronic music festivals\nList of experimental musiciansvteAlternative rockPrecursors\nJangle pop\nPunk rock\nAvant-punk\nHardcore punk\nPost-hardcore\nRiot grrrl\nNew wave\nNoise rock\nProto-punk\nPost-punk\nGothic rock\nStyles andfusion genres\nAlternative country\nGothic country\nAlternative dance\nBritpop\nPost-Britpop\nChamber pop\nChristian alternative rock\nCollege rock\nDark cabaret\nDolewave\nEmo\nGeek rock\nWizard rock\nGrebo\nGrunge\nPost-grunge\nIndie rock\nIndie folk\nJangle pop\nDunedin Sound\nPaisley Underground\nMath rock\nNew rave\nSlowcore\nIndustrial rock\nIndustrial metal\nLatin alternative\nMadchester\nBaggy\nMangue bit\nNeo-psychedelia\nDream pop\nShoegaze\nBlackgaze\nNu gaze\nNew wave of new wave\nNoise pop\nPagan rock\nPost-punk revival\nPost-rock\nPost-metal\nSlacker rock\nAlternative metal\nFunk metal\nNeue Deutsche Härte\nNu metal\nRap metal\n\nRelated topics\nAlternative Airplay\nAnorak\nArtists\nC86\nCampus radio\nIndependent music\nIndie pop\nIndependent record label\nLo-fi music\nLollapalooza\nOutsider music\n\n Category","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The Velvet Underground have been credited with creating the first noise rock album in 1968.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Velvet_Underground_1968_by_Billy_Name.png/180px-Velvet_Underground_1968_by_Billy_Name.png"},{"image_text":"Sonic Youth in a publicity photo issued by SST to promote their fourth album, Sister (1987). Left to right: Shelley, Ranaldo, Moore, Gordon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sonic_Youth_%281987_Monica_Dee_portrait%29.jpg/220px-Sonic_Youth_%281987_Monica_Dee_portrait%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Black at Chicago's Union Station in 1986; left to right: Riley, Albini, and Durango","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Big_Black_%281986%29.jpg/220px-Big_Black_%281986%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lightning Bolt Live (2005) at the Southgate House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ries-03.jpg/220px-Ries-03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chat Pile performing at 2023 Roadburn Festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chat_Pile_Roadburn.png/220px-Chat_Pile_Roadburn.png"}]
[{"title":"List of noise rock bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_noise_rock_bands"},{"title":"List of noise musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_noise_musicians"}]
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The Quietus. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/19929-the-best-noise-rock-albums-reviewed","url_text":"\"Quietus Writers' Top 40 Noise Rock Tracks\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"The Jesus Lizard – AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://allmusic.com/artist/the-jesus-lizard-p13331","url_text":"\"The Jesus Lizard – AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Ian (October 21, 2014). \"You say proto-this, I say post-that, let's call the whole thing 'skronk'\". The Japan Times. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2014/10/21/music/say-proto-say-post-lets-call-whole-thing-skronk/","url_text":"\"You say proto-this, I say post-that, let's call the whole thing 'skronk'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noise rock: A how-to guide for the perplexed\". The Toilet Ov Hell. February 12, 2018. 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Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudandquiet.com/interview/the-black-midi-story-the-industry-scramble-over-an-unlikely-hype-band-just-pleasing-themselves/","url_text":"\"Black Midi – crusade against the unnecessary\""}]},{"reference":"Blush, Steven (2016). New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-08361-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Blush","url_text":"Blush, Steven"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ezTpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266","url_text":"New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-08361-6","url_text":"978-1-250-08361-6"}]},{"reference":"Felix, Stanford (2010). The Complete Idiot's Guide Music Dictionary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-1-101-19809-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ_Ql1fOCuwC&pg=PT172","url_text":"The Complete Idiot's Guide Music Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-19809-4","url_text":"978-1-101-19809-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Naval_Air_Station
Atlantic City International Airport
["1 History","1.1 Atlantic City Air National Guard Base","1.2 Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City","2 Facilities","2.1 Terminal","2.2 Car parking","2.3 Ground transportation","2.4 Restaurants and lounges","2.5 Current construction projects","2.6 Possible future construction projects","2.7 Federal facilities","3 Airlines and destinations","4 Statistics","4.1 Top destinations","4.2 Annual traffic","5 Plans","5.1 NextGen Technical Park","5.2 Hotel and conference center","5.3 Atlantic City Expressway connector","6 Port Authority takeover","7 Accidents and incidents","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°27′27″N 074°34′38″W / 39.45750°N 74.57722°W / 39.45750; -74.57722Commercial airport in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States For the military use of this facility, see Atlantic City Air National Guard Base. For the defunct municipal airport, see Bader Field. Atlantic City International AirportIATA: ACYICAO: KACYFAA LID: ACYWMO: 72407SummaryAirport typePublicOwnerSouth Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA)OperatorPort Authority of New York and New Jersey & SJTAServesAtlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.LocationEgg Harbor Township, New Jersey, U.S.Focus city forGlobal Crossing AirlinesOperating base forSpirit Airlines (ends September 1, 2024)Elevation AMSL75 ft / 23 mCoordinates39°27′27″N 074°34′38″W / 39.45750°N 74.57722°W / 39.45750; -74.57722Websiteacairport.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 04/22 6,144 1,873 Asphalt/concrete 13/31 10,000 3,048 Asphalt Statistics (2023)Aircraft operations61,044Based Aircraft54Total passengers765,000Source: Federal Aviation Administration Atlantic City International Airport (IATA: ACY, ICAO: KACY, FAA LID: ACY) is a shared civil-military airport 9 miles (14 km) northwest of central Atlantic City, New Jersey, in Egg Harbor Township, the Pomona section of Galloway Township and in Hamilton Township. The airport is accessible via Exit 9 on the Atlantic City Expressway. The facility is operated by the South Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which performs select management functions. Most of the land is owned by the Federal Aviation Administration and leased to the SJTA, while the SJTA owns the terminal building. The facility also is a base for the New Jersey Air National Guard's 177th Fighter Wing operating the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, and the United States Coast Guard's Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City operating the Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin. The airport property includes FAA's William J. Hughes Technical Center, a major research and testing hub for the Federal Aviation Administration and a training center for the Federal Air Marshal Service. It was also a designated alternative landing site for the Space Shuttle. The airport is served by Spirit Airlines which operates Airbus A319, Airbus A320 and Airbus A321 jetliners as well as Sun Country, which uses its Boeing 737-800s. Additionally, Caesars Entertainment has flights to cities east of the Mississippi River on its Caesars Rewards Air. This is offered as a scheduled charter year-round. United Airlines operated a series of flights starting in April 2014, but decided the flights were not viable and discontinued service on December 3, 2014. The South Jersey Transportation Authority has outlined plans for massive terminal expansions (on top of current initiatives) which might be needed if more airlines serve the airport. Passenger traffic at the airport in 2011 was 1,404,119, making it the 102nd busiest airport in the country. The SJTA owns a small area around the terminal and leases runways and other land from the FAA. History An early photo of the Atlantic City Airport Terminal In 1942, Naval Air Station Atlantic City was built on 2,444 acres (9.89 km2) of leased private land in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey. Its purpose was to train various carrier air groups consisting of fighter, bomber and torpedo squadrons. In August 1943, NAS Atlantic City changed its mission to strictly fighter training, consisting of low and high altitude gunnery tactics, field carrier landing practice (FCLP), carrier qualifications (CQ), bombing, formation tactics, fighter direction, night operations and an associated ground school curriculum. In 1957, the Navy announced its intention to shut down the $12 million base in July 1960, but even sooner than that, NAS Atlantic City was decommissioned in June 1958 and transferred to the Airways Modernization Board (AMB), later taken over by the FAA. In November 1958 the then-Federal Aviation Agency, now Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), took over operations of the AMB. The lease transferred to the FAA and was sold for $55,000. Atlantic City decided to retain 84 of the 4,312 acres. The FAA expanded the former U.S. Navy land parcel to about 5,000 acres (20 km2) and established the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center research facility that eventually became the William J. Hughes Technical Center. The South Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA) initially leased portions of the airport from the FAA and now serves as the airport owner and operator of the facility. When the Navy departed in 1958, the 119th Fighter Squadron of the New Jersey Air National Guard relocated to Atlantic City from their former base at Newark International Airport with their F-84F Thunderstreak aircraft, establishing an Air National Guard base on the site of the former naval air station. The current 177th Fighter Wing of the New Jersey Air National Guard has been at this location ever since. During the 1960s and early 1970s, the active duty U.S. Air Force's 95th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, stationed at Dover AFB, Delaware, maintained an Operating Location and Alert Detachment of F-106 Delta Darts at Atlantic City ANGB on 24-hour alert. After the 177th Fighter Wing reequipped with the F-106 in 1973, the 177th took on the air defence alert mission. In the fall of 1983, American International Airways attempted to operate a small hub at the airport with Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners with passenger service to Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Tampa and West Palm Beach. ACY has also had US Airways jet service to Pittsburgh as well as US Airways Express turboprops to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and Continental Express turboprops and regional jets to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. This regional jet service for Continental Airlines was operated by ExpressJet Airlines with Embraer ERJs. Delta Air Lines also had flights to Boston on Delta Connection regional jets operated by Atlantic Coast Airlines until a few years ago. In addition, Delta Connection via its partner Comair operated flights to Cincinnati and Orlando, which ended on May 1, 2007. WestJet had Boeing 737 jetliner flights from ACY to Toronto, but ended them on May 9, 2010, leaving the airport with no international service. On April 1, 2014, United Airlines started service from Atlantic City to Chicago–O'Hare and Houston, but the service was discontinued on December 3, 2014. Air Canada had seasonal flights to Toronto in the Summer of 2015, but has decided not to return in the Summer of 2016, once again leaving the airport without international scheduled flights. Spirit is currently the sole tenant at the airport. In 2022, American Airlines started bus service from the airport to their airplanes at Philadelphia International Airport. The bus service is carried by American's bus service partner, Landline. In May 2023, Atlantic City International Airport started to receive service from a new carrier, Sun Country. Sun Country flies from its hub at Minneapolis - St Paul International Airport (MSP) to ACY biweekly, deploying its 737-800s on the route. Atlantic City Air National Guard Base Since 1958, the airport has been home to Atlantic City Air National Guard Base and the 177th Fighter Wing (177 FW), an Air Combat Command (ACC)-gained unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard, operating the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon. Since October 1998, the wing has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. As an Air National Guard unit, the 177 FW has dual federal (USAF augmentation) and state (support to New Jersey) missions. Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City Main article: Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City ACY is also home to Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City. CGAS Atlantic City was opened on May 18, 1998, and is the newest and largest single airframe unit and facility of the Coast Guard's air stations. It is a product of the merging of the former CGAS Brooklyn/Floyd Bennett Field, NY and Group Air Station Cape May, NJ into one unit. CGAS Atlantic City consists of 10 HH-65C Dolphin helicopters and it maintains two Dolphin helicopters in 30-minute response status. Approximately, 250 aviation personnel comprise the facility's full-time staff, augmented by additional part-time Coast Guard Reserve and Coast Guard Auxiliary personnel. CGAS Atlantic City also provides aircrews and aircraft to the Washington, D.C., area as part of Operation Noble Eagle, the Department of Defense USNORTHCOM / NORAD mission to protect U.S. airspace and, in this case, specifically around the nation's capital. Facilities This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Atlantic City International Airport" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Atlantic City International Airport covers 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) at an elevation of 75 feet (23 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 4/22 is 6,144 by 150 feet (1,873 x 46 m) asphalt/concrete; 13/31 is 10,000 by 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m) asphalt. Terminal The Atlantic City International Airport entrance. Atlantic City International Airport has one terminal. Several charter carriers operate out of the terminal, along with scheduled flights of Spirit Airlines. The terminal has a small layout, making it an alternative to Philadelphia International Airport or Newark Liberty International Airport. Passengers enter the terminal on the lower-level which has the check-in counters, a small grill and a gift shop. Baggage claim is on this level, with three carousels. After check-in, passengers proceed to the security checkpoint, also on this level. After the security checkpoint, stairs and escalators lead to the departures level. The 10 gates are here, with several open for use by charters and several used by the scheduled carriers. All gates are uniform, with no customization by the airlines. Also on the second level are a café, a bar and a newsstand. Free Wi-Fi is available throughout the terminal. Car parking Atlantic City International Airport has a six-story parking garage with a covered walkway within steps to the terminal building. Surface parking is within walking distance and shuttle service is provided from the economy parking area to the terminal building. The parking garage has rental car facilities for Enterprise, Hertz, Avis and Budget. Ground transportation Taxi service is available at curbside and a shuttle service is provided by the Atlantic City Jitney Association, located in the airport terminal, outside of baggage claim. A shuttle bus brings passengers to the Egg Harbor City rail station, which provides service to the Atlantic City Line, which runs between the 30th Street Station in Philadelphia to the Atlantic City Rail Terminal. Shuttles to the Egg Harbor rail station connect to shuttles to the visitor's center at the FAA Technical Center and the Stockton University, as well as bus lines to the PATCO Speedline at the Lindenwold station. The nearest highway is the Atlantic City Expressway, which has an exit for County Route 563 (Tilton Road) and Delilah Road, which runs into a traffic circle with Amelia Earhart Boulevard, which leads directly into the airport. Restaurants and lounges Dunkin’/Hudson News American Bagel Co. (1st and 2nd floor) Beach House Restaurant Current construction projects The South Jersey Transportation Authority will begin construction of a new aircraft rescue and firefighting station at Atlantic City International Airport. The new 45,000 square foot building will feature vehicle bays, administrative and staff living areas, enhanced equipment and apparatus facilities as well as room for training requirements. Work began in August 2011 upgrading the passenger screening facilities at airport. The checkpoint expansion will consist of the addition of three new screening lanes as well as improvements to the airport's infrastructure. The TSA will supply the new screening equipment for the expanded area. The expansion also includes development of a Federal Inspection Services station. Under this project, equipment will include additional passenger loading bridges and gates, new technological upgrades, baggage carousel improvements, added retail space and improved check-in capabilities. Possible future construction projects A bill has been submitted in the New Jersey legislature that would provide for a rail station at the airport that would become a part of NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line. No specific funding or budget has been drawn up, but estimates for the project are in the range of $25 million to $30 million. Federal facilities The Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center is on the property of Atlantic City Airport. Airlines and destinations This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 57,305 aircraft operations, an average of 157 per day. This included 42% general aviation, 37% military, 13% commercial, and 8% air taxi. For the same time period, 54 aircraft were based at the airport: 26 military, 12 helicopters, 10 single-engine and 3 multi-engine airplanes, and 3 jet airplanes. AirlinesDestinations Spirit Airlines Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Myrtle Beach, Orlando, Tampa, West Palm Beach Destinations map Atlantic CityFort LauderdaleOrlandoTampaWest Palm BeachFort MyersMyrtle Beachclass=notpageimage| Destinations from Atlantic City International Airport (ACY) Red = Year-round destination Green = Seasonal destination Blue = Future destination Statistics Top destinations Busiest domestic routes (December 2022 – November 2023) Rank City Passengers Carriers 1 Orlando, Florida 126,100 Spirit 2 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 72,400 Spirit 3 Fort Myers, Florida 48,850 Spirit 4 Tampa, Florida 47,850 Spirit 5 West Palm Beach, Florida 42,240 Spirit 6 Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 39,390 Spirit Annual traffic Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Annual passenger traffic at ACY airport. See Wikidata query. Annual passenger traffic Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers 2000 632,691 2001 830,149 2002 902,196 2003 1,002,470 2004 1,050,172 2005 980,477 2006 948,336 2007 1,176,631 2008 1,097,837 2009 1,122,816 2010 1,426,799 2011 1,394,666 2012 1,385,878 2013 1,136,350 2014 1,211,667 2015 948,336 2016 1,200,282 2017 1,200,282 Plans NextGen Technical Park A technology park housing Next Generation Air Transportation System is currently under construction on the airport property on a 55-acre (22 ha) lot near Amelia Earhart Boulevard and Delilah Road. The seven-building complex is set to contain 408,000 square feet (37,900 m2) of offices, laboratories and research facilities. The park will focus on developing new computer equipment that will transform the country's air-traffic control program into a satellite-based system. The first of the buildings was originally set to open in April 2012 and will contain a lab for the FAA as well as research space for other tenants. A second office park, the NextGen International Aviation Center for Excellence, is set to be built in nearby Hamilton Township, adjacent to the Hamilton Mall and Atlantic City Race Course, the latter of which is set to be renovated. A new transportation center at the site would transfer workers between the two complexes. Hotel and conference center In 2009, the SJTA awarded a contract to a Ventnor City-based construction firm to construct a hotel on a 13.5-acre (5.5 ha) property leased from the FAA at the intersection of Tilton and Delilah Roads. Plans call for a 135-room hotel including some extended-stay suites, about 6,000 square feet (560 m2) of conference space, 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of retail space and possibly a restaurant. The hotel would be built to accommodate a new flood of business travelers brought by the NextGen technical park. Atlantic City Expressway connector The SJTA revealed plans for a major road improvement project that would link the airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway, with construction beginning in 2013. The plan includes new ramps with two overpasses over the expressway. The road would connect Amelia Earhart Boulevard with a bridge over Airport Circle. Plans also call for building a service road with another overpass that would provide access to Delilah Road. Another project involves the installation of an overpass at the end of Amelia Earhart Boulevard next to the entrance to the FAA tech center. The proposed roadway would intrude upon a small section of a mobile home park and land owned by Egg Harbor Township. The project was delayed due to a lack of financing. The 2018 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program included the direct connector, with an estimated cost of $60 million, to be built from 2019 to 2020. Port Authority takeover In February 2011, the New Jersey Legislature authorized the Atlantic City Tourism District, which would promote continued development of tourism in the region. A provision included the potential transfer of operations for ACY to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Chris Christie in March 2013 ordered a takeover of the airport's operations by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. However, the deal never went through. In 2019, the Atlantic County freeholders passed a resolution to have the Port Authority conduct a feasibility study to take over operations of the airport due to the airport's struggling financials. Accidents and incidents On July 26, 1969, TWA Flight 5787, a Boeing 707 operating as a training flight, crashed while performing a practice missed approach with an engine out on runway 13. All five crew members aboard were killed. The NTSB subsequently attributed the cause of the accident to be poor procedures for simulating engine failures and failure to apply the correct procedure for hydraulic failure, as well as loss of hydraulic power to the rudder in a critical flight condition. On October 2, 2021, Spirit Airlines Flight 3044, an Airbus A320neo, suffered a bald eagle birdstrike on takeoff, resulting in the right engine catching on fire. After performing a successful takeoff rejection, the plane was evacuated safely via slides, with only two minor injuries reported between the 102 passengers and seven crew members. References ^ "Spirit Airlines to close crew base at Atlantic City Airport. What that means for workers". ^ a b c FAA Airport Form 5010 for ACY PDF. Federal Aviation Administration. effective July 29, 2010. ^ "Egg Harbor Township Municipal Zoning Boundaries Atlantic County, NJ" (PDF). Atlantic County. Retrieved July 1, 2023. Atlantic City International Airport"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Egg Harbor township, NJ" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/10). Retrieved July 1, 2023. Atlantic City International Arprt ^ a b c Fletcher, Juliet. "Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ "Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale". Press of Atlantic City. May 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011. ^ a b c "Atlantic City Naval Air Station, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, fact sheet" (PDF). US Army Corps of Engineers. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ "World War II paved the way for Atlantic City's new airport". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016. ^ Jones, Allyn (June 21, 1957). "Navy Plans To Close Pomona Base in '60". Newspapers.com. Press of Atlantic City. p. 1. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ departedflights.com, American International Airways October 1, 1983, system timetable ^ Huba, Nicholas (April 20, 2016). "Air Canada not returning to ACY". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016. ^ "American Airlines to start Atlantic City to Philadelphia airport service". ^ "Sun Country Airlines Offering Nonstop Service Between AC and Minneapolis". New Jersey Business Magazine. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ "177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey ANG - Home". af.mil. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2009. ^ "177th Fighter Wing, New Jersey Air National Guard – Home". 177fw.ang.af.mil. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ "ACY airport data at skyvector.com". skyvector.com. Retrieved September 14, 2022. ^ "Construction Projects". South Jersey Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011. ^ "Bill advances to link A.C. Airport, rail line". Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016. ^ "William J. Hughes Technical Center Visitor Information". Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved February 11, 2023. The FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center is co-located with the Atlantic City Airport ^ "RITA | Transtats". Transtats.bts.gov. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2024. ^ "December 2015 Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ "2014 Annual Airport Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ "2014 Annual Airport Traffic Report, downloaded Feb 24, 2016" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016. ^ "NextGen breaks ground in Egg Harbor Township – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Press". pressofAtlanticCity.com. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ "NextGen Park to benefit area in many ways, SJTA says – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic County News". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ "Could NextGen plans breathe new life into Atlantic City Race Course property?". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2011. ^ Thomas Barlas (December 15, 2009). "Ventnor firm gets contract to build A.C. Airport hotel". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on December 20, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2011. ^ Watson, Sarah (April 14, 2011). "Project would link Atlantic City International Airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway by 2013". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2011. ^ WITTKOWSKI, DONALD (June 25, 2014). "Funding shortage delays Atlantic City Expressway-airport connector". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2017. ^ FY 2018-2027 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program (PDF) (Report). South Jersey Transportation Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved December 3, 2018. ^ JULIET FLETCHER Statehouse Bureau. "Christie signs Tourism District bill, says Revel casino to open June 2012 – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News: special". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ JULIET FLETCHER Statehouse Bureau. "Fletcher Juliet, Press of Atlantic City, Sunday, May 8, 2011". Pressofatlanticcity.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2012. ^ Braun, Martin (September 21, 2012). "Port Authority May Take Over Atlantic City's Airport". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013. ^ Bogdan, Jennifer (November 26, 2012). "Port Authority of New York and New Jersey still vague on intentions for Atlantic City International Airport". Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2013. ^ Jennifer Fermino (March 20, 2013). "Port Authority taking over Atlantic City airport". NEW YORK POST. Retrieved April 9, 2013. ^ NJ.com, Chris Franklin | NJ Advance Media for (July 16, 2019). "This small N.J. airport needs help. A takeover may work, freeholders say". nj. Retrieved January 16, 2024. ^ "Trans World Airlines, Inc., Boeing 707-331C, N787TW, National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, Atlantic City Airport, Pomona, New Jersey, July 26, 1969" (PDF). ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. March 25, 1970. File No.1-0017. Retrieved January 18, 2020. ^ "Passengers forced to evacuate after plane catches fire at Atlantic City International Airport". October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021. ^ Katz, Benjamin (February 6, 2022). "Airlines Face Unexpected Safety Issue in Pandemic: More Bird Strikes". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 25, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantic City International Airport. Official website FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024 FAA Terminal Procedures for ACY, effective June 13, 2024 Resources for this airport: AirNav airport information for KACY ASN accident history for ACY FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days SkyVector aeronautical chart for KACY FAA current ACY delay information vteAtlantic City, New JerseyAttractions Boardwalk Casinos and hotels Convention Center Area malls Transportation Int'l Airport (outside city limits) Rail Terminal Closed Bader Field Education School District High School This list is incomplete.William J. Hughes Technical Center is outside the city limits, on the airport property. vteEgg Harbor Township, New JerseySchools Egg Harbor Township Schools Egg Harbor Township High School Transportation Atlantic City International Airport William J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic City Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Bader Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bader_Field"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-2"},{"link_name":"Egg Harbor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Galloway Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galloway_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Atlantic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Expressway"},{"link_name":"South Jersey Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-4"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"177th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"F-16C/D Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocopter_HH-65_Dolphin"},{"link_name":"William J. Hughes Technical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hughes_Technical_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Federal Air Marshal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"Spirit Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Airbus A319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A319"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320"},{"link_name":"Airbus A321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A321"},{"link_name":"Sun Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Caesars Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_Entertainment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Commercial airport in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United StatesFor the military use of this facility, see Atlantic City Air National Guard Base. For the defunct municipal airport, see Bader Field.Atlantic City International Airport (IATA: ACY, ICAO: KACY, FAA LID: ACY) is a shared civil-military airport 9 miles (14 km) northwest of central Atlantic City, New Jersey,[2] in Egg Harbor Township,[3] the Pomona section of Galloway Township and in Hamilton Township.[citation needed] The airport is accessible via Exit 9 on the Atlantic City Expressway. The facility is operated by the South Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which performs select management functions. Most of the land is owned by the Federal Aviation Administration and leased to the SJTA, while the SJTA owns the terminal building.[4]The facility also is a base for the New Jersey Air National Guard's 177th Fighter Wing operating the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon, and the United States Coast Guard's Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City operating the Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin. The airport property includes FAA's William J. Hughes Technical Center,[4] a major research and testing hub for the Federal Aviation Administration and a training center for the Federal Air Marshal Service. It was also a designated alternative landing site for the Space Shuttle.The airport is served by Spirit Airlines which operates Airbus A319, Airbus A320 and Airbus A321 jetliners as well as Sun Country, which uses its Boeing 737-800s. Additionally, Caesars Entertainment has flights to cities east of the Mississippi River on its Caesars Rewards Air. This is offered as a scheduled charter year-round. United Airlines operated a series of flights starting in April 2014, but decided the flights were not viable and discontinued service on December 3, 2014.The South Jersey Transportation Authority has outlined plans for massive terminal expansions (on top of current initiatives) which might be needed if more airlines serve the airport. Passenger traffic at the airport in 2011 was 1,404,119, making it the 102nd busiest airport in the country. The SJTA owns a small area around the terminal and leases runways and other land from the FAA.[5]","title":"Atlantic City International Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AtlanticCityAirport.png"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superfund-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superfund-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aviation_Facilities_Experimental_Center"},{"link_name":"William J. Hughes Technical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hughes_Technical_Center"},{"link_name":"South Jersey Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Jersey_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-superfund-6"},{"link_name":"119th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Newark International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"F-84F Thunderstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-84F_Thunderstreak"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"naval air station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_air_station"},{"link_name":"177th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"95th Fighter Interceptor Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Dover AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_AFB"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"F-106 Delta Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-106_Delta_Dart"},{"link_name":"American International Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Airways"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-9-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-9-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"US Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways"},{"link_name":"US Airways Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Airways_Express"},{"link_name":"Continental Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Express"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Hopkins International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines"},{"link_name":"ExpressJet Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressJet"},{"link_name":"Embraer ERJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer_E-Jet_family"},{"link_name":"Delta Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Delta Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Connection"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Comair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comair_(USA)"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"WestJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestJet"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Chicago–O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport"},{"link_name":"Air Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sun Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis - St Paul International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"737-800s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"An early photo of the Atlantic City Airport TerminalIn 1942, Naval Air Station Atlantic City was built on 2,444 acres (9.89 km2) of leased private land in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey. Its purpose was to train various carrier air groups consisting of fighter, bomber and torpedo squadrons.[6][7]In August 1943, NAS Atlantic City changed its mission to strictly fighter training, consisting of low and high altitude gunnery tactics, field carrier landing practice (FCLP), carrier qualifications (CQ), bombing, formation tactics, fighter direction, night operations and an associated ground school curriculum.[6]In 1957, the Navy announced its intention to shut down the $12 million base in July 1960,[8] but even sooner than that, NAS Atlantic City was decommissioned in June 1958 and transferred to the Airways Modernization Board (AMB), later taken over by the FAA. In November 1958 the then-Federal Aviation Agency, now Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), took over operations of the AMB. The lease transferred to the FAA and was sold for $55,000. Atlantic City decided to retain 84 of the 4,312 acres. The FAA expanded the former U.S. Navy land parcel to about 5,000 acres (20 km2) and established the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center research facility that eventually became the William J. Hughes Technical Center. The South Jersey Transportation Authority (SJTA) initially leased portions of the airport from the FAA and now serves as the airport owner and operator of the facility.[6]When the Navy departed in 1958, the 119th Fighter Squadron of the New Jersey Air National Guard relocated to Atlantic City from their former base at Newark International Airport with their F-84F Thunderstreak aircraft, establishing an Air National Guard base on the site of the former naval air station. The current 177th Fighter Wing of the New Jersey Air National Guard has been at this location ever since.During the 1960s and early 1970s, the active duty U.S. Air Force's 95th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, stationed at Dover AFB, Delaware, maintained an Operating Location and Alert Detachment of F-106 Delta Darts at Atlantic City ANGB on 24-hour alert. After the 177th Fighter Wing reequipped with the F-106 in 1973, the 177th took on the air defence alert mission.In the fall of 1983, American International Airways attempted to operate a small hub at the airport with Douglas DC-9-30 jetliners with passenger service to Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Tampa and West Palm Beach.[9] ACY has also had US Airways jet service to Pittsburgh as well as US Airways Express turboprops to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and Continental Express turboprops and regional jets to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. This regional jet service for Continental Airlines was operated by ExpressJet Airlines with Embraer ERJs.Delta Air Lines also had flights to Boston on Delta Connection regional jets operated by Atlantic Coast Airlines until a few years ago.[when?] In addition, Delta Connection via its partner Comair operated flights to Cincinnati and Orlando, which ended on May 1, 2007. WestJet had Boeing 737 jetliner flights from ACY to Toronto, but ended them on May 9, 2010, leaving the airport with no international service. On April 1, 2014, United Airlines started service from Atlantic City to Chicago–O'Hare and Houston, but the service was discontinued on December 3, 2014. Air Canada had seasonal flights to Toronto in the Summer of 2015, but has decided not to return in the Summer of 2016,[10] once again leaving the airport without international scheduled flights. Spirit is currently the sole tenant at the airport.In 2022, American Airlines started bus service from the airport to their airplanes at Philadelphia International Airport. The bus service is carried by American's bus service partner, Landline.[11]In May 2023, Atlantic City International Airport started to receive service from a new carrier, Sun Country. Sun Country flies from its hub at Minneapolis - St Paul International Airport (MSP) to ACY biweekly, deploying its 737-800s on the route.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic City Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"177th Fighter Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Air Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Command"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"F-16C/D Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177fw.ang.af.mil-14"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"}],"sub_title":"Atlantic City Air National Guard Base","text":"Since 1958, the airport has been home to Atlantic City Air National Guard Base and the 177th Fighter Wing (177 FW), an Air Combat Command (ACC)-gained unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard, operating the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon.[13] Since October 1998, the wing has had an active involvement in Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Southern Watch, Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.[14] As an Air National Guard unit, the 177 FW has dual federal (USAF augmentation) and state (support to New Jersey) missions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Station_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard's air stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard_Air_Stations"},{"link_name":"Floyd Bennett Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field"},{"link_name":"HH-65C Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-65_Dolphin"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HH-65_Dolphin"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard Auxiliary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"USNORTHCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNORTHCOM"},{"link_name":"NORAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD"},{"link_name":"airspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace"}],"sub_title":"Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City","text":"ACY is also home to Coast Guard Air Station Atlantic City. CGAS Atlantic City was opened on May 18, 1998, and is the newest and largest single airframe unit and facility of the Coast Guard's air stations. It is a product of the merging of the former CGAS Brooklyn/Floyd Bennett Field, NY and Group Air Station Cape May, NJ into one unit. CGAS Atlantic City consists of 10 HH-65C Dolphin helicopters and it maintains two Dolphin helicopters in 30-minute response status. Approximately, 250 aviation personnel comprise the facility's full-time staff, augmented by additional part-time Coast Guard Reserve and Coast Guard Auxiliary personnel. CGAS Atlantic City also provides aircrews and aircraft to the Washington, D.C., area as part of Operation Noble Eagle, the Department of Defense USNORTHCOM / NORAD mission to protect U.S. airspace and, in this case, specifically around the nation's capital.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Atlantic City International Airport covers 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) at an elevation of 75 feet (23 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 4/22 is 6,144 by 150 feet (1,873 x 46 m) asphalt/concrete; 13/31 is 10,000 by 150 feet (3,048 x 46 m) asphalt.[2][15]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_City_International_Airport_entrance.png"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Newark Liberty International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"}],"sub_title":"Terminal","text":"The Atlantic City International Airport entrance.Atlantic City International Airport has one terminal. Several charter carriers operate out of the terminal, along with scheduled flights of Spirit Airlines. The terminal has a small layout, making it an alternative to Philadelphia International Airport or Newark Liberty International Airport.Passengers enter the terminal on the lower-level which has the check-in counters, a small grill and a gift shop. Baggage claim is on this level, with three carousels. After check-in, passengers proceed to the security checkpoint, also on this level. After the security checkpoint, stairs and escalators lead to the departures level. The 10 gates are here, with several open for use by charters and several used by the scheduled carriers. All gates are uniform, with no customization by the airlines. Also on the second level are a café, a bar and a newsstand.Free Wi-Fi is available throughout the terminal.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Rent-A-Car"},{"link_name":"Hertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hertz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Avis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis_Rent_A_Car_System"},{"link_name":"Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_Rent_A_Car"}],"sub_title":"Car parking","text":"Atlantic City International Airport has a six-story parking garage with a covered walkway within steps to the terminal building. Surface parking is within walking distance and shuttle service is provided from the economy parking area to the terminal building.The parking garage has rental car facilities for Enterprise, Hertz, Avis and Budget.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic City Jitney Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Jitney_Association"},{"link_name":"Egg Harbor City rail station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_Harbor_City_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line"},{"link_name":"30th Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Rail Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Rail_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Stockton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_University"},{"link_name":"PATCO Speedline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATCO_Speedline"},{"link_name":"Lindenwold station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindenwold_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Expressway"},{"link_name":"County Route 563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_563_(New_Jersey)"}],"sub_title":"Ground transportation","text":"Taxi service is available at curbside and a shuttle service is provided by the Atlantic City Jitney Association, located in the airport terminal, outside of baggage claim. A shuttle bus brings passengers to the Egg Harbor City rail station, which provides service to the Atlantic City Line, which runs between the 30th Street Station in Philadelphia to the Atlantic City Rail Terminal. Shuttles to the Egg Harbor rail station connect to shuttles to the visitor's center at the FAA Technical Center and the Stockton University, as well as bus lines to the PATCO Speedline at the Lindenwold station. The nearest highway is the Atlantic City Expressway, which has an exit for County Route 563 (Tilton Road) and Delilah Road, which runs into a traffic circle with Amelia Earhart Boulevard, which leads directly into the airport.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_News"}],"sub_title":"Restaurants and lounges","text":"Dunkin’/Hudson News\nAmerican Bagel Co. (1st and 2nd floor)\nBeach House Restaurant","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration"},{"link_name":"Federal Inspection Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Inspection_Services"},{"link_name":"baggage carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_carousel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Current construction projects","text":"The South Jersey Transportation Authority will begin construction of a new aircraft rescue and firefighting station at Atlantic City International Airport. The new 45,000 square foot building will feature vehicle bays, administrative and staff living areas, enhanced equipment and apparatus facilities as well as room for training requirements.Work began in August 2011 upgrading the passenger screening facilities at airport. The checkpoint expansion will consist of the addition of three new screening lanes as well as improvements to the airport's infrastructure. The TSA will supply the new screening equipment for the expanded area. The expansion also includes development of a Federal Inspection Services station. Under this project, equipment will include additional passenger loading bridges and gates, new technological upgrades, baggage carousel improvements, added retail space and improved check-in capabilities.[16]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic City Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Possible future construction projects","text":"A bill has been submitted in the New Jersey legislature that would provide for a rail station at the airport that would become a part of NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line. No specific funding or budget has been drawn up, but estimates for the project are in the range of $25 million to $30 million.[17]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"William J. Hughes Technical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Hughes_Technical_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fletcher-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Federal facilities","text":"The Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center is on the property of Atlantic City Airport.[4][18]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_aviation"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"jet airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_aircraft"}],"text":"For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 57,305 aircraft operations, an average of 157 per day. This included 42% general aviation, 37% military, 13% commercial, and 8% air taxi. For the same time period, 54 aircraft were based at the airport: 26 military, 12 helicopters, 10 single-engine and 3 multi-engine airplanes, and 3 jet airplanes.","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Wikidata query","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.wikidata.org/embed.html#%23%20Scroll%20down%20and%20hit%20blue%20arrow%20down%20to%20run%20and%20see%20the%20results%20%2B%20the%20sources%0ASELECT%20%3Fyear%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumber%29%20AS%20%3Fpassengers%29%20%20%20%28SAMPLE%28COALESCE%28%3Freference_URL%2C%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%29%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0AWITH%0A%7B%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fstatement%20%3Fdate%20%3Fyear%20%3Ftimevalue%20%3Fnumberperperiod%20%3Freference_URL%0A%20%20WHERE%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP238%20%3Fairport_code%0A%20%20%20%20VALUES%20%3Fairport_code%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%22ACY%22%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP3872%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20pqv%3AP585%20%3Ftimevalue%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20ps%3AP3872%20%3Fnumberperperiod.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimeValue%20%3Fdate.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP518%20%3Fapplies.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20prov%3AwasDerivedFrom%20%2F%20%28pr%3AP854%7Cpr%3AP4656%29%20%3Freference_URL.%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28BOUND%28%3Fapplies%29%3Dfalse%20%7C%7C%20%3Fapplies%20%3D%20wd%3AQ2165236%20%29%0A%20%20%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28YEAR%28%3Fdate%29%20AS%20%3Fyear%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3E1949%29.%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fyear%20%3C%20YEAR%28NOW%28%29%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%20%7D%20AS%20%25airport%0AWHERE%0A%7B%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20sum%20of%20monthly%20values%20within%20a%20year%0A%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28SUM%28%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL2%29%0A%20%20%20%20WHERE%0A%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20Get%20the%20maximal%20value%20and%20a%20sample%20reference%20URL%20for%20each%20unique%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%28MAX%28%3Fnumberperperiod%29%20AS%20%3Fmax_numberperperiod%29%20%28SAMPLE%28%3Freference_URL%29%20AS%20%3Fmonthly_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20WHERE%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecmonth.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecmonth%20%20%3D10%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20month%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%20%3Fdate%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20%7D%20%20%20%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fyear%0A%20%20%7D%20%20UNION%20%20%7B%20%20%20%20%3Ftimevalue%20wikibase%3AtimePrecision%20%3Fprecyear.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%20%28%3Fprecyear%20%20%3D9%29%23%20precision%20%3D%20year%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Fnumberperperiod%20AS%20%3Fnumber%29%20%20%20%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20BIND%20%28%3Freference_URL%20AS%20%3Fsample_reference_URL%29%0A%20%20%20%20INCLUDE%20%25airport%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP1813%20%3Fthis.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20has%20shortname%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28LANG%28%3Fthis%29%3D%22en%22%29%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22%5BAUTO_LANGUAGE%5D%2Cen%2Cen%22.%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel.%7D%0ABIND%28COALESCE%28%3Fthis%2C%3FitemLabel%29%20as%20%3Fshortname%29%0A%7D%20GROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3Fshortname%20%3Fyear%20ORDER%20BY%20%3Fitem%20DESC%20%28%3Fyear%29"}],"sub_title":"Annual traffic","text":"Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.\n\nAnnual passenger traffic at ACY airport.\nSee Wikidata query.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Next Generation Air Transportation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Air_Transportation_System"},{"link_name":"Amelia Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Atlantic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Mall"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"NextGen Technical Park","text":"A technology park housing Next Generation Air Transportation System is currently under construction on the airport property on a 55-acre (22 ha) lot near Amelia Earhart Boulevard and Delilah Road. The seven-building complex is set to contain 408,000 square feet (37,900 m2) of offices, laboratories and research facilities. The park will focus on developing new computer equipment that will transform the country's air-traffic control program into a satellite-based system.[23] The first of the buildings was originally set to open in April 2012 and will contain a lab for the FAA as well as research space for other tenants.[24]A second office park, the NextGen International Aviation Center for Excellence, is set to be built in nearby Hamilton Township, adjacent to the Hamilton Mall and Atlantic City Race Course, the latter of which is set to be renovated. A new transportation center at the site would transfer workers between the two complexes.[25]","title":"Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ventnor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventnor_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Hotel and conference center","text":"In 2009, the SJTA awarded a contract to a Ventnor City-based construction firm to construct a hotel on a 13.5-acre (5.5 ha) property leased from the FAA at the intersection of Tilton and Delilah Roads. Plans call for a 135-room hotel including some extended-stay suites, about 6,000 square feet (560 m2) of conference space, 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) of retail space and possibly a restaurant. The hotel would be built to accommodate a new flood of business travelers brought by the NextGen technical park.[26]","title":"Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic City Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Airport Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Circle_(Pomona)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Atlantic City Expressway connector","text":"The SJTA revealed plans for a major road improvement project that would link the airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway, with construction beginning in 2013. The plan includes new ramps with two overpasses over the expressway. The road would connect Amelia Earhart Boulevard with a bridge over Airport Circle. Plans also call for building a service road with another overpass that would provide access to Delilah Road. Another project involves the installation of an overpass at the end of Amelia Earhart Boulevard next to the entrance to the FAA tech center. The proposed roadway would intrude upon a small section of a mobile home park and land owned by Egg Harbor Township.[27] The project was delayed due to a lack of financing.[28] The 2018 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program included the direct connector, with an estimated cost of $60 million, to be built from 2019 to 2020.[29]","title":"Plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Atlantic County freeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_County_Board_of_Chosen_Freeholders"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"In February 2011, the New Jersey Legislature authorized the Atlantic City Tourism District, which would promote continued development of tourism in the region.[30] A provision included the potential transfer of operations for ACY to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[31][32][33] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie in March 2013 ordered a takeover of the airport's operations by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[34] However, the deal never went through. In 2019, the Atlantic County freeholders passed a resolution to have the Port Authority conduct a feasibility study to take over operations of the airport due to the airport's struggling financials.[35]","title":"Port Authority takeover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TWA Flight 5787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_5787"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-70-08-36"},{"link_name":"Airbus A320neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A320neo"},{"link_name":"birdstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdstrike"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"On July 26, 1969, TWA Flight 5787, a Boeing 707 operating as a training flight, crashed while performing a practice missed approach with an engine out on runway 13. All five crew members aboard were killed. The NTSB subsequently attributed the cause of the accident to be poor procedures for simulating engine failures and failure to apply the correct procedure for hydraulic failure, as well as loss of hydraulic power to the rudder in a critical flight condition.[36]On October 2, 2021, Spirit Airlines Flight 3044, an Airbus A320neo, suffered a bald eagle birdstrike on takeoff, resulting in the right engine catching on fire. After performing a successful takeoff rejection, the plane was evacuated safely via slides, with only two minor injuries reported between the 102 passengers and seven crew members.[37][38]","title":"Accidents and incidents"}]
[{"image_text":"An early photo of the Atlantic City Airport Terminal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/AtlanticCityAirport.png/220px-AtlanticCityAirport.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Air_Combat_Command.png/90px-Air_Combat_Command.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg/90px-US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CGAS_AC.jpg/90px-CGAS_AC.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Atlantic City International Airport entrance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Atlantic_City_International_Airport_entrance.png/220px-Atlantic_City_International_Airport_entrance.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Spirit Airlines to close crew base at Atlantic City Airport. What that means for workers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/spirit-airlines-to-close-crew-base-in-atlantic-city-airport-september-2024/","url_text":"\"Spirit Airlines to close crew base at Atlantic City Airport. What that means for workers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Egg Harbor Township Municipal Zoning Boundaries Atlantic County, NJ\" (PDF). Atlantic County. Retrieved July 1, 2023. Atlantic City International Airport","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantic-county.org/gis/pdfs/SmartGrowth/EHT_ZoneBuildout.pdf","url_text":"\"Egg Harbor Township Municipal Zoning Boundaries Atlantic County, NJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Egg Harbor township, NJ\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/10). Retrieved July 1, 2023. Atlantic City International Arprt","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/DC20BLK/st34_nj/cousub/cs3400120290_egg_harbor/DC20BLK_CS3400120290.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Egg Harbor township, NJ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Juliet. \"Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News\". pressofAtlanticCity.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale – pressofAtlanticCity.com: Atlantic City News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809090504/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale\". Press of Atlantic City. May 9, 2011. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"\"Local, state, federal interests in Atlantic City Airport complicate sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510150257/http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/local-state-federal-interests-in-atlantic-city-airport-complicate-sale/article_e7decfb6-79de-11e0-aa9c-001cc4c002e0.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic City Naval Air Station, Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, fact sheet\" (PDF). US Army Corps of Engineers. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2009. 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Retrieved November 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/airlines-face-unexpected-safety-issue-in-pandemic-more-bird-strikes-11644148801","url_text":"\"Airlines Face Unexpected Safety Issue in Pandemic: More Bird Strikes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football
Rugby football
["1 Forms","2 History","2.1 Antecedents of rugby","2.2 Establishment of modern rugby","3 Global status of rugby codes","3.1 Rugby union","3.2 Rugby league","3.3 Gridiron football","4 Rules","5 Culture","5.1 Home countries","5.2 Internationally","6 Injuries","7 Rugby ball","8 World Cups","9 Rugby shirt","10 Rugby betting","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
Rugby union and rugby league team sports Football match on the 1846 Shrove Tuesday in Kingston upon Thames, England Rugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union or rugby league. Rugby football started at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, England, where the rules were first codified in 1845. Forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to the Middle Ages (see medieval football). Rugby football spread to other English public schools in the 19th century and across the British Empire as former pupils continued to play it. Rugby football split into two codes in 1895, when twenty-one clubs from the North of England left the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (renamed the Rugby Football League in 1922) at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, over payments to players who took time off work to play ("broken-time payments"), thus making rugby league the first code to turn professional and pay players. Rugby union turned professional one hundred years later, following the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. The respective world governing bodies are World Rugby (rugby union) and the International Rugby League (rugby league). Canadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football were once considered forms of rugby football, but are seldom now referred to as such. The governing body of Canadian football, Football Canada, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with rugby rules. Forms See also: Comparison of rugby league and rugby union Griffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from Kotka, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013 Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two forms rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified e.g. removing the line-out and replacing the ruck with the play-the-ball, resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby. The Olympic form of rugby is known as rugby sevens (based on rugby union format). In this form of the game, each team has seven players on the field at one time playing seven-minute halves. The rules and pitch size are the same as rugby union. History Main articles: History of rugby union and History of rugby league Antecedents of rugby Calcio Fiorentino match in Piazza Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, painted by Jan Van der Straet Although rugby football was codified at Rugby School, many rugby playing countries had pre-existing football games similar to rugby. Forms of traditional football similar to rugby have been played throughout Europe and beyond. Many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummaging formations. For example, New Zealand had Kī-o-rahi, Australia marn grook, Japan kemari, Georgia lelo burti, the Scottish Borders Jeddart Ba' and Cornwall Cornish hurling, Central Italy Calcio Fiorentino, South Wales cnapan, East Anglia Campball, Ireland caid, an ancestor of Gaelic football, and France had La Soule. Establishment of modern rugby In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). In 1892, after charges of professionalism (compensation of team members) were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union (NU), was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, and officials involved in the new organization. After the schism, the separate clubs were named "rugby league" and "rugby union". Date Event 1100–1800 Many different types of football are played throughout Britain (see medieval football). 1830 Running with the ball in hands became common in 1830s at Rugby School and Rugby School football became popular throughout the UK in the 1850s, and 1860s. 1845 First written code of rules adopted at Rugby School by William Delafield Arnold, W. W. Shirley and Frederick Hutchins. 1857 The first ever match in Scotland was in December 1857, Edinburgh University v. Edinburgh Academicals 1861 The Montevideo Cricket Club is founded in Montevideo, Uruguay. This was first club to play rugby outside the British Islands. 1863 The Football Association (FA) is formed, formalising the schism (banned carrying ball in hands, holding other players in place – akin to blocking -, tackling, and hacking – kicking an opponent in the shins) between association football and rugby football. 1864 The first rugby clubs are formed, followed by hundreds more in Cumberland, Lancashire and Yorkshire in the 1870s, and 1880s. 1865 The British Army plays a game of rugby against civilians in Montreal, introducing rugby to the country. This movement would later evolve into Canadian football. 1871 The Rugby Football Union is founded, following a meeting of 25 clubs at the Pall Mall restaurant. 1871 First recognised international rugby match, played between England and Scotland. 1876 Matthew Bloxam's letter is published in The Meteor. It claims William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, picked up the ball and invented rugby. Although a Rugby Football Union inquiry in 1895 found no actual proof, it decided to perpetuate the myth. 1877 The number of players is reduced from 20 to 15 a side. 1880 English Rugby rules required for a tackled player, when the ball was "fairly held", to put the ball down immediately for scrummage. Walter Camp proposed at the US College Football 1880 rules convention that the contested scrummage be replaced with a "line of scrimmage" where the team with the ball started with uncontested possession. This change effectively started the evolution of the modern game of gridiron football away from its rugby origins. 1883 First Home Nations Championship between England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. 1886 Concerned at the growing dominance of the largely working-class northern clubs, the Rugby Football Union introduces strict amateur rules: no one was allowed to seek or receive payment or other material reward for taking part in the game. 1888 New Zealand Native football team tours Britain, Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889. 1890 Modern points scoring is uniformly accepted by the Home Nations for the 1890–91 season. 1892 Charges of professionalism are laid against rugby football clubs in Bradford and Leeds, after they compensated players for missing work. This was despite the fact that the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid, such as the 1888 British Isles team that toured Australasia, and the account of Harry Hamill of his payments to represent New South Wales (NSW) against England in 1904. 1893 Yorkshire clubs propose allowing players to be paid six shillings 'broken-time' payments when they miss work due to matches. RFU votes down proposal. Widespread suspensions of northern clubs and players begin. 1895 The Schism in rugby football results in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU). Many factors played a part in the split, including the success of working class northern teams, a decree by the RFU banning the playing of rugby at grounds where entrance fees were charged, threat of expulsion from the RFU if clubs cannot prove their amateurism, and the banning of "broken time payments" to players who had taken time off work to play rugby. Twenty-two clubs met at the George Hotel, Huddersfield and formed the "Northern Rugby Football Union". Within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the Northern Union. 1897 To make the game more exciting, the Northern Union abolishes the line-out and reduces value of all goals to two points. Line outs were replaced with punting the ball back into play from the touch-line. Tries worth three points. 1897 The Challenge Cup is established and proves a success from the start. Batley became the first winners, beating Saint Helens 10–3. 1898 Professionalism is introduced in the Northern Union. The professionalism is strictly part-time, with players obliged to have other "proper" jobs. 1900 Rugby union features at the 1900 Olympics. It finishes in the 1924 Olympics. 1901 The experiment in the Northern Union with the punt-out ends after only four years. In future, play will be restarted with a scrum after the ball goes out of play 1903 In Canada, the Ontario Rugby Football Union instituted the Burnside rules, which, like Walter Camp's rules for American football, would start the evolution of the modern sport of Canadian football away from its rugby roots. 1904 First rugby league international match. England lose to Other Nationalities 3–9, at Wigan. 1905 Wales narrowly beat The Original All Blacks, in what was dubbed as "The Game of the Century". 1906 England play South Africa (known as the Springboks) in rugby union for the first time. James Peters is withdrawn from the England squad after the South Africans objected to playing against a black player. 1906 James Peters becomes the first black person to play rugby union for England, against Scotland. 1906 In the Northern Union the number of players is reduced from fifteen to thirteen a side, in order to allow more room for creative play. The early form of play-the-ball is introduced as the game's way of restarting play after a tackle. 1907 A New Zealand professional rugby team tours Britain. Albert Henry Baskerville, a Post Office clerk in New Zealand, organises a touring side branded the 'All Golds' in Sydney due to the players receiving a share of any profits from the tour. They play under rugby union rules in Sydney. On their way to Britain, Australia's greatest player, Dally Messenger, joins them on tour. They win the game's first test series 2–1, but Baskerville dies of pneumonia on the way home at the age of 25. 1907 Rugby league spreads to Australia and New Zealand. The New South Wales Rugby Football League is founded at Bateman's Hotel in Sydney. The New South Wales Rugby League sets up an eight-team competition after a row with the New South Wales Rugby Union over compensation for injured players. The first Premiership is won by South Sydney. Rugby league goes on to displace rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales and Queensland. 1908 The first Australian Kangaroo tourists visit Britain. Hunslet become the first club to win all four trophies available to them; the Championship, the Challenge Cup, the Yorkshire Cup and the Yorkshire League. Hunslet were led by Albert Goldthorpe, a dominant figure in the early years of the code. 1910 The Rugby Union Home Nations Championship becomes the Five Nations Championship when France joins. 1910 The first Northern Union British Lions tour Australia and New Zealand, winning the test matches in Sydney, Brisbane and Auckland. 1912 South African rugby union tour of the British Isles and France. The tourists achieved a "Grand Slam" of victories over all five major European teams, England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and France. 1914 British tourists defeat Australia 14–6 to win Ashes in final test, finishing with only ten men in what becomes known as 'Rorke's Drift' Test match. Proposals are made and preliminary steps taken in Australia to amalgamate the rules of rugby league with Australian rules football – Australia's dominant football code outside New South Wales and Queensland – to form a universal football code for the country, but efforts to that end subside as World War I escalates, and are never seriously revived. 1922 Northern Union changes its name to the Rugby Football League, the name used for the sport in Australia. 1925 All Blacks Rugby Union tour of Britain, France, and Canada. The New Zealanders remained undefeated throughout the tour, earning the title "The Invincibles". 1929 First rugby league Challenge Cup Final is played at Wembley. Wigan defeat Dewsbury 13–2 in front of 41,500. 1930 Rugby union's European Cup starts, outside the Five Nations. It is interrupted by WWII. 1930 Unprecedented fourth rugby league test match played between Britain and Australia at Rochdale after third test is drawn 0–0. Britain win the test 3–0 to take the Ashes. 1932 First rugby league match under floodlights. 1933 On New Year's Eve, England and Australia play in Paris – the first game of rugby league in France. The French had been excluded from the rugby union Five Nations competition amid allegations of professionalism, so the country was receptive to the new game. 1934 Rugby league is established in France by Jean Galia, a former rugby union international and champion boxer. By 1939, the French league has 225 clubs. 1941 The French Vichy government bans rugby league, because of its links with the Allies and a desire to ban all professional sports. The code's funds and property are all confiscated or passed to rugby union clubs. Rugby union is allowed to carry on unscathed and regains much of the ground it had lost to rugby league. To this day, the rugby league clubs' assets have never been returned to them. 1943 A Northern Command army rugby league side defeats a Northern Command rugby union side 18–11 at Headingley playing rugby union rules. The following year a Combined Services rugby league side beats a Combined Services rugby union side 15–10. These are the only league v. union matches played until 1996. 1944 With the fall of the Vichy Government, the French ban on rugby league is lifted. 1945 Brian Bevan makes his rugby league debut for Warrington. Over the next 16 seasons he scored 740 tries for the club in 620 games. His career total was 796, more than 200 ahead of his nearest rival. 1946 The Lance Todd Trophy first presented to Challenge Cup final Man of the match. Wakefield's Billy Stott is first winner. Lance Todd, killed in a car accident in 1942, was a 1907 New Zealand tourist who managed Salford from 1928 to 1940. 1946 The most famous rugby league tour of all, as the Lions sail to Australia on HMS Indomitable, stoking the boilers to keep fit. After a five-day train journey across Australia, Gus Risman's team retain the Ashes, drawing one and winning two Tests. 1949 The French Rugby League is banned from using 'rugby' in its name. Changes its name to Jeu à Treize (Game of Thirteen). 1951 The South American Rugby Championship commences. 1951 The South African Rugby Union tour the British Isles and France. South Africa achieved a second five-nation Grand Slam. 1951 Just a decade after being wound up, France win their first rugby league series in Australia. They repeat the feat by winning again in 1955. 1951 Rugby league's Cec Thompson becomes the first black player to represent Great Britain in any sport. 1952 Rugby union's European Cup restarts. 1954 102,569 spectators watch the 1953–54 rugby league Challenge Cup final at Bradford, setting a new record for attendance at a rugby football match of either code. 1954 First Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, staged in France. Great Britain beat France 16–12 in final at Parc des Princes, Paris. 1956 Springboks' rugby union tour of New Zealand. South Africa suffer their first ever test series loss against New Zealand. 1957 Australia wins the Rugby League World Cup. 1958 Rugby league's Cec Thompson becomes the first black manager of any sport in Britain. 1958 Great Britain defeat Australia 25–18 in the second rugby league test match with only eight fit players on the pitch. Alan Prescott plays for 77 minutes with a broken arm. 1960 Great Britain wins the Rugby League World Cup. The tournament is decided on a league system. 1964 Substitutes allowed in rugby league for the first time, but only for players injured before half-time. 1966 The Rugby League International Board introduces a rule that a team in possession is allowed three play-the-balls and on the fourth tackle a scrum is to be formed. The Southern hemisphere adopts the rule the following year, but it becomes six-tackle rugby in 1972, and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover. 1967 Professional rugby league adopts Sunday as its main match day, in a bid to reverse declining attendances. 1968 Substitutes allowed in rugby union for the first time, but only for injured players. 1969 Springbok rugby union tour to Britain and Ireland. The tour is marked by protests against apartheid; South Africa would not tour the Home Nations again until after the end of apartheid. 1969 Rugby league finally gains recognition as a sport in British universities and colleges. 1970 Great Britain wins rugby league's Ashes in Australia, after winning the final two test matches. 1970 Rugby league's World Cup attracts poor crowds in England. Australia win. 1971 New Zealand wins a rugby league series in Britain for the first time since the original 1907–08 tour. 1971 Lions rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand. This is the only Lions team to have won a test series in New Zealand. 1971 Springbok rugby union tour of Australia is marked by protests. 1972 Timekeepers and sirens were introduced into rugby league for first time. 1972 Great Britain regains the Rugby League World Cup in France. 1973 Rugby union's Barbarians defeat the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park. 1973 The British Amateur Rugby League Association sets itself up to run the sport at grassroots level after complaining of neglect by the RFL. Formal re-unification takes 30 years. 1974 Rugby union's Lions tour of South Africa. The notorious '99' call. 1975 Wales and England field separate teams in the Rugby League World Cup, played over several months in both hemispheres. Australia takes the trophy by finishing one point ahead of England in the final league table. 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa. Twenty-eight nations boycott the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest against the International Olympic Committee's refusal to ban New Zealand from the games for defying the IOC's ban on sporting contact with South Africa. 1978 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland – New Zealand completes Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. 1980 Australia establishes rugby league's State of Origin series, where Queensland and New South Wales born players face each other. From 1982 onwards, it is played as a three match series and is recognised as the fiercest, toughest rugby in the world. 1981 The 'Sin Bin' is introduced into rugby league, in Australia. 1981 Springbok rugby union tour of New Zealand. 1981 South Africa is banned by the International Rugby Board from international competition until such time as apartheid ended. 1982 Rugby union's Pacific Tri-Nations between Tonga, Fiji and Samoa. 1982 Australian rugby league tourists win all tour games for first time and become known as 'The Invincibles'. 1983 A rugby league try is increased to four points. The character of the game changes further with the introduction of the turn-over possession on the sixth tackle, drastically reducing the number of scrums. The Sin Bin is introduced for offences that do not merit a sending off. 1983 The Rugby League international transfer ban is lifted. 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland – Australia completes the Grand Slam of victories over England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales for the first time. 1987 New Zealand Rugby Union defeats France 29–9 in the first Rugby Union World Cup, held in New Zealand and Australia. 1987 A "free gangway" between the two codes of rugby at amateur level is introduced, but individual cases of discrimination continue. 1987 The RFU introduces the Courage Leagues into Rugby Union – a league pyramid with roughly 1000 clubs playing in 108 leagues each with promotion and relegation. 1988 Rugby league's Wigan start their run of eight Challenge Cup final victories. The modern version of the Team of All the Talents, featuring players like Ellery Hanley, Andy Gregory, Jason Robinson and Shaun Edwards dominate for a decade, winning three World Cup titles in the process. 1989 Widnes beat Canberra 30–18 in first official World Club Challenge. 1990 Russia takes up rugby league. Russia goes on to appear in the 2000 World Cup and to enter club sides in the Challenge Cup. 1990 Blood-bin introduced into rugby league. 1990 The ban on French Rugby League using 'rugby' in its name is lifted. It changes its name back to Rugby à Treize. 1991 Australia defeat England 12–6 at Twickenham, London, in the second Rugby Union World Cup, held in the British Isles and France. 1992 The Springboks are readmitted to international rugby union. 1992 73,631 at Wembley see Australia defeat Great Britain 10–6 in the Rugby League World Cup final. 1994 David Hinchliffe MP introduces the Sports (Discrimination) Bill, to ban discrimination of amateur players of rugby league and other sports. 1994 The three British Armed Services recognises rugby league as a sport. Rugby league would be on the same footing as other sports in the Services. 1995 The International Rugby Board declares Rugby Union an 'open' professional game. It removes all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game. 1995 South Africa defeats New Zealand 15–12 (after extra time) at Ellis Park, Johannesburg in the third Rugby Union World Cup, held in South Africa. 1995 Rugby League centenary is celebrated by reviving the World Cup in Britain. Australia beat England 16–8 in the final at Wembley. Fiji, Tonga, South Africa and Western Samoa join the established nations in a successful tournament, whilst Ireland, Scotland, the US, Russia, the Cook Islands, Moldova and Morocco all compete in an Emerging Nations Tournament. 1995 The Heineken Cup is formed as a competition for 12 Rugby Union European clubs. 1995 As part of the struggle for television rights in Australia, the RFL in Britain is offered £87 million by News Corporation to set up rugby league's Super League. The game agrees to switch to a summer season, with Paris St Germain joining leading British clubs in a 14 team competition. 1996 The RFL introduces video referees into rugby league's Super League. 1996 Rugby union's Tri Nations Series begins between Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. 1996 Bath Rugby and Wigan, England's top union and league sides respectively, made history by playing against each other at both codes of rugby. The first match was at Maine Road, Manchester under league rules, Wigan beating Bath 82–6; then two weeks later the return match was held at Twickenham under union rules, Bath 44 beating Wigan 19. 1996 Inaugural season of Super Rugby, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. 1997 In Australia, the Super League war came to an end, with News International and the Australian Rugby League agreeing to merge their competitions to create the National Rugby League. 1998 Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games and Asian Games commences. 1999 IRB Sevens World Series commences. 1999 Australia defeat France 35–12 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in the fourth rugby union World Cup, held in Wales with matches also being played in England, Scotland, Ireland and France. 2000 The IRB introduces the 'Sin Bin' into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition. 2000 The IRB introduces the "Television Match Official" (TMO) into international rugby union, after being trialled on the domestic stage within the southern hemisphere's Super 12 competition. 2000 Rugby union's Courage League is replaced by the Zurich Premiership. 2000 Rugby union's Five Nations becomes the Six Nations Championship, when Italy joins. 2000 New Zealand narrowly defeats Australia at Stadium Australia (Sydney) in rugby union, in front of 109,874 spectators, a world-record crowd for either code. 2001 Lions rugby union tour of Australia. The Wallabies defeat the Lions in a series for the first time ever. 2001 Inaugural season of Pro14, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. 2003 Rugby union's Churchill Cup commences with Canada, the US, and England Saxons (England "A") as permanent participants and one invited team (later three). 2003 England defeat Australia 20–17 (after extra time) at Stadium Australia, Sydney in the fifth Rugby Union World Cup, held in Australia. 2003 The Rugby League European Federation (RLEF) is created to promote the sport across Europe. 2003 Inaugural season of Top League, a professional rugby union competition in Japan. 2004 Inaugural season of Top Challenge League, a professional second tier rugby union competition in Japan. 2006 French team Catalans Dragons are granted a rugby league Super League licence. 2007 South Africa defeat England 15–6 at Stade de France, in the sixth rugby union World Cup, held in France with matches also being played in Scotland and Wales. 2008 Rugby league holds its first World Cup since 2000, with New Zealand defeating Australia in Brisbane by a score of 34–20 in the final to take their first Rugby League World Cup. 2011 New Zealand defeat France 8–7 at Eden Park, Auckland, in the seventh rugby union World Cup, held in New Zealand. 2011 14 teams qualify for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup: Australia, England, New Zealand, Samoa, Wales, Fiji, France, Papua New Guinea, Ireland, Scotland, Tonga, Cook Islands, Italy and United States of America. 2012 The Tri-Nations series is expanded to include Argentina, and is renamed The Rugby Championship. 2015 New Zealand defeat Australia 34–17 at Twickenham Stadium, England, in the eighth rugby union World Cup, held in the United Kingdom. In doing so, New Zealand becomes the first team to win consecutive titles. 2016 Inaugural season of PRO Rugby in the United States. The competition folded after just one season. 2016 Rugby sevens at the Olympic Games commences. 2017 Toronto Wolfpack become the first fully professional rugby team in Canada, joining the British/French professional rugby league system in the third tier League 1. 2018 Inaugural season of Major League Rugby, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams in the United States and Canada. 2019 Inaugural season of Global Rapid Rugby, a professional rugby union competition fielding teams from the Asia-Pacific region. 2020 Inaugural season of Súper Liga Americana de Rugby, a professional rugby union competition in Latin America. Inaugural seasons of Super Rugby Aotearoa, Super Rugby AU, and Super Rugby Unlocked. 2021 Inaugural seasons of Continental Club Rugby League, a third-tier competition for European clubs, and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman, a professional rugby union competition in Australia and New Zealand. 2023 Inaugural season of Super Rugby Americas, a professional rugby union competition in Americas. Early forms of rugby A scrummage in a La soule game in Basse Normandie, France, 1852 Depiction of a "football" game in London, 1868. Illustration by Godefroy Durand. Scotland first rugby team (wearing brown) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871 The England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871 Rochdale Hornets team of 1875 Global status of rugby codes Rugby union Rugby field in Tapa Parish, Estonia Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions: England, New Zealand, Ireland, Wales, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, Scotland, Italy, France and Japan. Second and third tier unions include Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Georgia, Germany, Hong Kong, Kenya, Namibia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Spain, Tonga, the United States and Uruguay. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby (WR), whose headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the national sport in New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Georgia, Wales and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, into the programme from Rio de Janeiro in 2016 onwards. There was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. The premier international competition is the Rugby World Cup. Currently there are four major domestic professional leagues globally: Premiership Rugby: England (10 teams) Super Rugby: Australia (5 teams) Fiji (1 team) New Zealand (5 teams) Pacific Islands (1 team) Top 14: France (14 teams) United Rugby Championship: Ireland (4 teams) Italy (2 teams) Scotland (2 teams) South Africa (4 teams) Wales (4 teams) Rugby league Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a global level by the Rugby League International Federation. In addition to amateur and semi-professional competitions in the United States, Russia, Lebanon, Serbia, Europe and Australasia, there are two major professional competitions—the Australasian National Rugby League and the Super League. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, though Tonga and Samoa have threatened this hegemony regularly since 2017. In Papua New Guinea, it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup and European Cup respectively. The premier international competition is the Rugby League World Cup, which is contested quadrennially. The premier international club comeptition is the World Club Challenge, which is contested annually in February. Currently there are two major domestic professional leagues globally: National Rugby League: Australia (16 teams) New Zealand (1 team) Super League: England (11 teams) France (1 team) Wales (currently no teams, part of system) Gridiron football In Canada and the United States, rugby developed into gridiron football. During the late 1800s (and even the early 1900s), the two forms of the game were very similar (to the point where the United States was able to win the gold medal for rugby union at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics), but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart, introduced by Walter Camp in the United States and John Thrift Meldrum Burnside in Canada. Among unique features of the North American game are the separation of play into downs instead of releasing the ball immediately upon tackling the requirement that the team with the ball set into a set formation for at least one second before resuming play after a tackle (and the allowance of up to 40 seconds to do so) the allowance for one forward pass from behind the site of the last tackle on each down the evolution of hard plastic equipment (particularly the football helmet and shoulder pads) a smaller and pointier ball that is favorable to being passed but makes drop kicks impractical a generally smaller and narrower field measured in customary units instead of metric (in some variants of the American game a field can be as short as 50 yards between end zones) a distinctive field (shaped like a gridiron, from which the code's nickname is derived) with lines marked in five-yard intervals Worldwide, there are two major professional leagues of gridiron football, both domestic: National Football League: United States (32 teams) Canadian Football League: Canada (9 teams) Rules Further information: Comparison of rugby league and rugby union, Laws of rugby league, and Rugby union numbering schemes A rugby lineout being conducted. A group from either team lifts a player to fight and catch the ball for their team. (OSUWRC 2014) Rugby union: A scrum between the Crusaders and the Brumbies (May 2006) Distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the use of an oval ball and the prohibition of the forward pass. Due to the prohibition, players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. Furthermore, unlike American and Canadian football, neither league nor union players wear any sort of protection or armour. The two rugby codes differ as the result of changes made to the rules of rugby league. League implemented these changes with the aim of making a faster-paced and more try-oriented game than rugby union. The main differences between the two games, besides league having teams of 13 players and union of 15, involve the tackle and its aftermath: Union players contest possession following the tackle: depending on the situation, either a ruck or a maul can occur. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle: play is continued with a play-the-ball. In league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession. Union has no six-tackle rule; a team can keep the ball for an unlimited number of tackles before scoring as long as it maintains possession and does not commit an offence. Set pieces of the union code include the scrum and the line-out. The scrum occurs after a minor infringement of the rules (most often a knock-on, when a player knocks the ball forward). After an infringement, packs of opposing players "scrum" or push against each other for possession. In a line-out, parallel lines of players from each team, arranged perpendicular to the touch-line, attempt to catch the ball thrown from touch. A rule has been added to line-outs which allows the jumper to be pulled down once a players' feet are on the ground. In the league code, the scrum still exists albeit with greatly reduced importance. In league, the scrum involves fewer players and is rarely contested. Set pieces are generally started from the play-the-ball situation. Many of the rugby league positions have names and requirements similar to rugby union positions. Notably, however, there are no flankers in rugby league. Culture Home countries In England, rugby union is widely regarded as an "establishment" sport, played mostly by members of the upper and middle classes. For example, many pupils at public schools and grammar schools play rugby union, although the game (which had a long history of being played at state schools until the 1980s) is becoming increasingly popular in comprehensive schools. Despite this stereotype, the game, particularly in the West Country is popular amongst all classes. In contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a working-class pursuit. Another exception to rugby union's upper-class stereotype is in Wales, where it has been traditionally associated with small village teams made up of coal miners and other industrial workers who played on their days off. In Ireland, both rugby union and rugby league are unifying forces across the national and sectarian divide, with the Ireland international teams representing both political entities. In Australia, support for both codes is concentrated in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory (55% of the population), though rugby league is far more popular. The same perceived class barrier as exists between the two games in England also occurs in these states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at private schools. Exceptions to the above include New Zealand (although rugby league is still considered to be a lower class game by many or a game for 'westies' referring to lower class western suburbs of Auckland and more recently, southern Auckland where the game is also dominant), Wales, France (except Paris), Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Scottish Borders, County Limerick (see Munster Rugby) and the Pacific Islands, where rugby union is popular in working class communities. Nevertheless, rugby league is perceived as the game of the working-class people in northern England and in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland. In the United Kingdom, rugby union fans sometimes used the term "rugger" as an alternative name for the sport (see Oxford '-er'), although this archaic expression has not had currency since the 1950s or earlier. New Zealanders refer to rugby union simply as either "rugby" or "union", or even simply "football", and to rugby league as "rugby league" or "league". In the U.S., people who play rugby are sometimes called "ruggers", a term little used elsewhere except facetiously. Internationally There is a strong tradition of rugby union in France, particularly in the Basque, Occitan and Catalan areas along the border with Spain. The game is very popular in South Africa, having been introduced by English-speaking settlers in the 19th century. British colonists also brought the game with them to Australia and New Zealand, where the game is widely played. It has spread since to much of Polynesia, having particularly strong followings in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Rugby union continues to grow in the Americas and parts of Asia as well. French influence, and the influence of ex-pat students studying in France, expanded rugby's reach to Romania and Georgia which are the preeminent European nations behind the Six Nations Championship. British influence spread the game to Argentina, where the game took root, and the game developed in Italy thanks to influence from both France and Argentina; both Argentina and Italy have become Tier 1 nations in the sport, while Georgia. officially a Tier 2 nation, regularly ranks up with the Tier 1 countries. Injuries About a quarter of rugby players are injured in each season. Being a high contact sport, rugby union has the highest announced rates of concussions and outside England also has the highest number of catastrophic injuries out of any team sport. A 2014 study found that during match play concussion was reported at a higher level, and during training at a lower level, but still at a higher level than most players of any other sport receive. Rugby ball A Gilbert rugby football as used in rugby union A rugby ball is a diamond shape ball used for easier passing. Richard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs' bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls were more plum-shaped than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig's bladder was. In rugby union, World Rugby regulates the size and shape of the ball under Law 2 (also known as Law E.R.B); an official rugby union ball is oval and made of four panels, has a length in-line of 280–300 millimetres, a circumference (end to end) of 740–770 millimetres, and a circumference (in width) of 580–620 millimetres. It is made of leather or suitable synthetic material and may be treated to make it water resistant and easier to grip. The rugby ball may not weigh more than 460 grams or less than 410 and has an air pressure of 65.71–68.75 kilopascals, or 0.67–0.70 kilograms per square centimetre, or 9.5–10.0 lbs per square inch. Spare balls are allowed under the condition that players or teams do not seek an advantage by changing the ball. Smaller sized balls may also be used in games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction. World Cups The Rugby League World Cup was the first World Cup of either of the Rugby codes and was first held in France in 1954, and as of 2013 occurs on a 4-year cycle. It is an international tournament that is organized by the Rugby League International Federation. The event is played in the league format and features the top 16 teams from around the world. Australia won the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, played in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The Kangaroos backed this up by winning the 2021 tournament also. The Rugby World Cup, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by World Rugby. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world. South Africa won the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which was played in Japan. Since 2013, the two World Cups alternate every two years during the four-year period. Rugby shirt See also: Rugby union numbering schemes Rugby shirts were formerly entirely made of cotton but are now made of synthetic fabric. This material has the advantage of not absorbing as much water or mud as cotton. Owing to the more aggressive nature of the game, rugby clothing, in general, is designed to be much more robust and hardwearing than that worn for association football. The rugby jerseys are slightly different depending on the type of rugby game played. The shirts worn by rugby league footballers commonly have a large "V" around the neck. The players in rugby union wear jerseys with a more traditional design, sometimes completely white (Cahors Rugby in France). The number of the player and his or her surname are placed on the upper back of the jersey (often name above number, with the number being significantly larger and more central), and the logo of the team on the upper left chest. Rugby betting See also: Sports betting With the popularity of rugby over the years, many betting establishments have made it possible for viewers of the game to place wagers on games. The various types of wagers that can be placed on games vary, however, the main types of bets that can be placed are as follows: Fixed-odds betting Futures/Outright Bets Prop Bets / Specials Over/Under Bets Like most team sports, both forms of rugby are vulnerable to match-fixing, particularly bets involving easily manipulated outcomes such as conceding penalties and first point scorer. A recent example is a deliberate infringement by Ryan Tandy in order for the first points scored to be a penalty goal in a 2010 NRL match; the attempt backfired when instead of taking a shot at goal, a try was scored. See also College rugby References ^ "200th Anniversary – Rugby School". rugbyschool.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ Trueman, Nigel. "History of the Laws of Rugby Football". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023. ^ "Rugby Football History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2013. ^ "Rugby Football History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2018. ^ "Broken Time -review". The Guardian. 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ "27 August 1995:Rugby Union turns professional". MoneyWeek. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ Williams, Richard (15 January 2019). "Jonathan Davies: 30 years on from the day he switched to Rugby league". BBC Sport. ^ "The Rugby World Cup: Second Only to the Soccer World Cup in Attendance ". Forbes. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ "Rugby League World Cup:Will World Cup joy finally come for Sam Burgess?". BBC Sport. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ "The Other (and Less Popular) Rugby World Cup Gets Underway". The New York Times. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019. ^ "A Beginners's Guide to Rugby Union : Rugby Sevens – The Olympic dream". passport.worldrugby.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019. ^ Baker, Andrew (20 August 1995). "100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2009. ^ Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. ISBN 0-415-39616-6. ^ Curry, Graham (2001). Football: A Study in Diffusion (PDF). Leicester: University of Leicester. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2019. ^ Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)  – via Wikisource. ^ Macrory, Jenny (1991). Running with the Ball: The Birth of Rugby Football. London: HarperCollins. p. 93. ISBN 0002184028. ^ "National football". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 17 April 1915. p. 12. ^ "Annual meeting of the league – the proposed universal code". The Mercury. Hobart, TAS. 30 March 1915. p. 8. ^ Glasgow Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), Tuesday, 28 March 1871; Issue 9746 ^ Kemp, Stuart; Szalai, Georg (24 August 2007). "Rugby World Cup gaining wide popularity". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "Olympics: Sevens heaven for Rugby". International Rugby Board. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ Michaelis, Vicki (8 July 2005). "Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics". USA Today. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2008. ^ "PNG vow to upset World Cup odds". BBC Sport Rugby League. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2009. But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea – the only country to have rugby league as its national sport – were to qualify for the last four. ^ "PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place". BBC. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2015. ^ Falcous, Mark (2007). "Rugby League in the National Imaginary of New Zealand Aotearoa". Sport in History. 27 (3): 423–446. doi:10.1080/17460260701591684. S2CID 143871555. 1907–2007 Centenary of International Rugby ^ Phillips, Buchler. Appendices to the Minutes of Evidence to Select Committee on Culture, Media and Sport Archived 20 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine ^ Sommerville, D. (1997). The Encyclopedia of Rugby Union. Aurum Press, UK. ISBN 1-85410-481-0. ^ a b Collins, T. (2005). "Australian Nationalism and Working-Class Britishness: The Case of Rugby League Football." History Compass, Vol. 3, No. 1. ^ Collins, T. (1998). Rugby's Great Split: Class, Culture and the Origins of Rugby League Football (London). ^ Rugger: OED: Rugger "Slang or colloquial alteration of RUGBY (in the sense of 'Rugby football'). Freq. attrib. rugger-tackle". Tony Collins, Football, rugby, rugger? Archived 30 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC sound recording with written transcript, and a comment in prose by Jonnie Robinson, Curator, English accents and dialects, British Library Sound Archive. ^ The New Zealand Pocket Oxford Dictionary. ISBN 0-19-558379-5. ^ "Common Rugby Injuries". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019. ^ "High school rugby cancelled across Nova Scotia due to safety concerns | CBC News". Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ Hull, Jeff. "Rugby Player Welfare, Part 2: 'Rugby Is Not the NFL'...Not Yet, Anyway". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ "What Sport Has The Most Concussions? | Concussion Rate". Complete Concussion Management Inc. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ a b Gardner, Andrew J; Iverson, Grant L; Williams, W. Huw; Baker, Stephanie; Stanwell, Peter (2014). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Concussion in Rugby Union". Sports Medicine. 44 (12): 1717–1731. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0233-3. PMID 25138311. S2CID 23808676. ^ International rugby board. "Rugby ball laws" 22 February 2010. ^ Smith, Phil (25 September 2015). "Rugby Innovation – Wearable Tech, Boots And Training". ForrestBrown. Retrieved 27 June 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugby football. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Laws of Football played at Rugby School (1845) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rugby football. Look up rugby football or rugby in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foot_Ball,_Kingston-upon-Thames,_Shrove_Tuesday,_Feb._24th,_1846.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shrove Tuesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday"},{"link_name":"Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames"},{"link_name":"team sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Rugby, Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"medieval football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"English public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Northern Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"George Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hotel,_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"1995 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"International Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Football Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Football match on the 1846 Shrove Tuesday in Kingston upon Thames, EnglandRugby football is the collective name for the team sports of rugby union or rugby league.Rugby football started at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, England,[1] where the rules were first codified in 1845.[2] Forms of football in which the ball was carried and tossed date to the Middle Ages (see medieval football).[3] Rugby football spread to other English public schools in the 19th century and across the British Empire as former pupils continued to play it.Rugby football split into two codes in 1895, when twenty-one clubs from the North of England left the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (renamed the Rugby Football League in 1922) at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, over payments to players who took time off work to play (\"broken-time payments\"), thus making rugby league the first code to turn professional and pay players.[4] Rugby union turned professional one hundred years later, following the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa.[5][6] The respective world governing bodies are World Rugby (rugby union) and the International Rugby League (rugby league).[7]Canadian football and, to a lesser extent, American football were once considered forms of rugby football, but are seldom now referred to as such. The governing body of Canadian football, Football Canada, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with rugby rules.[8][9][10]","title":"Rugby football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comparison of rugby league and rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Kotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotka"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"line-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"ruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruck_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"play-the-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_gameplay#play-the-ball"},{"link_name":"rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"See also: Comparison of rugby league and rugby unionGriffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from Kotka, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two forms rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified e.g. removing the line-out and replacing the ruck with the play-the-ball, resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby.The Olympic form of rugby is known as rugby sevens (based on rugby union format). In this form of the game, each team has seven players on the field at one time playing seven-minute halves. The rules and pitch size are the same as rugby union.[11]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg"},{"link_name":"Calcio Fiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino"},{"link_name":"Piazza Santa Maria Novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Novella"},{"link_name":"Jan Van der Straet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stradanus"},{"link_name":"Rugby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Kī-o-rahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi"},{"link_name":"marn grook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marn_grook"},{"link_name":"kemari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemari"},{"link_name":"lelo burti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelo_burti"},{"link_name":"Cornish hurling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_hurling"},{"link_name":"Calcio Fiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino"},{"link_name":"cnapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnapan"},{"link_name":"Campball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_(game)"},{"link_name":"caid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caid_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Gaelic football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_football"},{"link_name":"La Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soule"}],"sub_title":"Antecedents of rugby","text":"Calcio Fiorentino match in Piazza Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, painted by Jan Van der StraetAlthough rugby football was codified at Rugby School, many rugby playing countries had pre-existing football games similar to rugby.Forms of traditional football similar to rugby have been played throughout Europe and beyond. Many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummaging formations. For example, New Zealand had Kī-o-rahi, Australia marn grook, Japan kemari, Georgia lelo burti, the Scottish Borders Jeddart Ba' and Cornwall Cornish hurling, Central Italy Calcio Fiorentino, South Wales cnapan, East Anglia Campball, Ireland caid, an ancestor of Gaelic football, and France had La Soule.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Northern Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22La_soule_en_Basse_Normandie%22_1852.jpg"},{"link_name":"scrummage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"La soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_football"},{"link_name":"Basse Normandie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse_Normandie"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moeurs_anglaises_durand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Godefroy Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroy_Durand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scotland_rugbyteam_1871.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:England_1871_first.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rochdale_hornets_1875.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of modern rugby","text":"In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union (RFU). In 1892, after charges of professionalism (compensation of team members) were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union (NU), was formed.[12] The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, and officials involved in the new organization. After the schism, the separate clubs were named \"rugby league\" and \"rugby union\".[13]Early forms of rugby\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA scrummage in a La soule game in Basse Normandie, France, 1852\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDepiction of a \"football\" game in London, 1868. Illustration by Godefroy Durand.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScotland first rugby team (wearing brown[19]) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRochdale Hornets team of 1875","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Global status of rugby codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tapa Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapa_Parish"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Namibia"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Tonga"},{"link_name":"the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"national sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sport"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rugby sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2012 London Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_London_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsDropped-22"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Premiership Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_Pasifika"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United Rugby Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"sub_title":"Rugby union","text":"Rugby field in Tapa Parish, EstoniaRugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions: England, New Zealand, Ireland, Wales, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, Scotland, Italy, France and Japan. Second and third tier unions include Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Fiji, Georgia, Germany, Hong Kong, Kenya, Namibia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Spain, Tonga, the United States and Uruguay. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby (WR), whose headquarters are located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the national sport in New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Georgia, Wales and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally.[20] The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, into the programme from Rio de Janeiro in 2016 onwards.[21] There was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped.[22]The premier international competition is the Rugby World Cup. Currently there are four major domestic professional leagues globally:Premiership Rugby:\n England (10 teams)\nSuper Rugby:\n Australia (5 teams)\n Fiji (1 team)\n New Zealand (5 teams)\nPacific Islands (1 team)\nTop 14:\n France (14 teams)\nUnited Rugby Championship:\n Ireland (4 teams)\n Italy (2 teams)\n Scotland (2 teams)\n South Africa (4 teams)\n Wales (4 teams)","title":"Global status of rugby codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Rugby League International Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNG_vow_to_upset_World_Cup_odds-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNG_seal_2010_Four_Nations_place-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Pacific Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_Pacific_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Club Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Club_Challenge"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"part of system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rugby_league_system"}],"sub_title":"Rugby league","text":"Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a global level by the Rugby League International Federation. In addition to amateur and semi-professional competitions in the United States, Russia, Lebanon, Serbia, Europe and Australasia, there are two major professional competitions—the Australasian National Rugby League and the Super League. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, though Tonga and Samoa have threatened this hegemony regularly since 2017. In Papua New Guinea, it is the national sport.[23][24][25] Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup and European Cup respectively.The premier international competition is the Rugby League World Cup, which is contested quadrennially. The premier international club comeptition is the World Club Challenge, which is contested annually in February. Currently there are two major domestic professional leagues globally:National Rugby League:\n Australia (16 teams)\n New Zealand (1 team)\nSuper League:\n England (11 teams)\n France (1 team)\n Wales (currently no teams, part of system)","title":"Global status of rugby codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"gridiron football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridiron_football"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Walter Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Camp"},{"link_name":"John Thrift Meldrum Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Thrift_Meldrum_Burnside&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"set formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"resuming play after a tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_(football)"},{"link_name":"forward pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass"},{"link_name":"football helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_helmet"},{"link_name":"shoulder pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(sport)"},{"link_name":"drop kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_kick"},{"link_name":"some variants of the American game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_American_football"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"sub_title":"Gridiron football","text":"In Canada and the United States, rugby developed into gridiron football. During the late 1800s (and even the early 1900s), the two forms of the game were very similar (to the point where the United States was able to win the gold medal for rugby union at the 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics), but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart, introduced by Walter Camp in the United States and John Thrift Meldrum Burnside in Canada. Among unique features of the North American game arethe separation of play into downs instead of releasing the ball immediately upon tackling\nthe requirement that the team with the ball set into a set formation for at least one second before resuming play after a tackle (and the allowance of up to 40 seconds to do so)\nthe allowance for one forward pass from behind the site of the last tackle on each down\nthe evolution of hard plastic equipment (particularly the football helmet and shoulder pads)\na smaller and pointier ball that is favorable to being passed but makes drop kicks impractical\na generally smaller and narrower field measured in customary units instead of metric (in some variants of the American game a field can be as short as 50 yards between end zones)\na distinctive field (shaped like a gridiron, from which the code's nickname is derived) with lines marked in five-yard intervalsWorldwide, there are two major professional leagues of gridiron football, both domestic:National Football League:\n United States (32 teams)\nCanadian Football League:\n Canada (9 teams)","title":"Global status of rugby codes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comparison of rugby league and rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Laws of rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Rugby union numbering schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rugby_Lineout.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scrum-1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"scrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Brumbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumbies"},{"link_name":"ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_ball"},{"link_name":"forward pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tackle_(football_move)"},{"link_name":"ruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Ruck"},{"link_name":"maul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Maul"},{"link_name":"play-the-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_rugby_league#Play-the-ball"},{"link_name":"Set pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_piece_(football)"},{"link_name":"scrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"line-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"line-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"touch-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-line"},{"link_name":"touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"play-the-ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_the_ball"},{"link_name":"rugby league positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions"},{"link_name":"rugby union positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions"},{"link_name":"flankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)"}],"text":"Further information: Comparison of rugby league and rugby union, Laws of rugby league, and Rugby union numbering schemesA rugby lineout being conducted. A group from either team lifts a player to fight and catch the ball for their team. (OSUWRC 2014)Rugby union: A scrum between the Crusaders and the Brumbies (May 2006)Distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the use of an oval ball and the prohibition of the forward pass. Due to the prohibition, players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. Furthermore, unlike American and Canadian football, neither league nor union players wear any sort of protection or armour.The two rugby codes differ as the result of changes made to the rules of rugby league. League implemented these changes with the aim of making a faster-paced and more try-oriented game than rugby union.The main differences between the two games, besides league having teams of 13 players and union of 15, involve the tackle and its aftermath:Union players contest possession following the tackle: depending on the situation, either a ruck or a maul can occur. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle: play is continued with a play-the-ball.\nIn league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession. Union has no six-tackle rule; a team can keep the ball for an unlimited number of tackles before scoring as long as it maintains possession and does not commit an offence.Set pieces of the union code include the scrum and the line-out. The scrum occurs after a minor infringement of the rules (most often a knock-on, when a player knocks the ball forward). After an infringement, packs of opposing players \"scrum\" or push against each other for possession. In a line-out, parallel lines of players from each team, arranged perpendicular to the touch-line, attempt to catch the ball thrown from touch. A rule has been added to line-outs which allows the jumper to be pulled down once a players' feet are on the ground.In the league code, the scrum still exists albeit with greatly reduced importance. In league, the scrum involves fewer players and is rarely contested. Set pieces are generally started from the play-the-ball situation.Many of the rugby league positions have names and requirements similar to rugby union positions. Notably, however, there are no flankers in rugby league.","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_classes"},{"link_name":"middle classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"grammar schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"state schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"comprehensive schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_Paper-28"},{"link_name":"Munster Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins_Paper-28"},{"link_name":"Oxford '-er'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_%27-er%27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Home countries","text":"In England, rugby union is widely regarded as an \"establishment\" sport, played mostly by members of the upper and middle classes. For example, many pupils at public schools and grammar schools play rugby union, although the game (which had a long history of being played at state schools until the 1980s) is becoming increasingly popular in comprehensive schools.[26] Despite this stereotype, the game, particularly in the West Country is popular amongst all classes. In contrast, rugby league has traditionally been seen as a working-class pursuit. Another exception to rugby union's upper-class stereotype is in Wales, where it has been traditionally associated with small village teams made up of coal miners and other industrial workers who played on their days off.[27] In Ireland, both rugby union and rugby league are unifying forces across the national and sectarian divide, with the Ireland international teams representing both political entities.In Australia, support for both codes is concentrated in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory (55% of the population), though rugby league is far more popular. The same perceived class barrier as exists between the two games in England also occurs in these states, fostered by rugby union's prominence and support at private schools.[28]Exceptions to the above include New Zealand (although rugby league is still considered to be a lower class game by many or a game for 'westies' referring to lower class western suburbs of Auckland and more recently, southern Auckland where the game is also dominant), Wales, France (except Paris), Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Scottish Borders, County Limerick (see Munster Rugby) and the Pacific Islands, where rugby union is popular in working class communities. Nevertheless, rugby league is perceived as the game of the working-class people in northern England[29] and in the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.[28]In the United Kingdom, rugby union fans sometimes used the term \"rugger\" as an alternative name for the sport (see Oxford '-er'), although this archaic expression has not had currency since the 1950s or earlier.[30] New Zealanders refer to rugby union simply as either \"rugby\" or \"union\", or even simply \"football\", and to rugby league as \"rugby league\" or \"league\".[31] In the U.S., people who play rugby are sometimes called \"ruggers\", a term little used elsewhere except facetiously.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France"},{"link_name":"Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Internationally","text":"There is a strong tradition of rugby union in France, particularly in the Basque, Occitan and Catalan areas along the border with Spain. The game is very popular in South Africa, having been introduced by English-speaking settlers in the 19th century. British colonists also brought the game with them to Australia and New Zealand, where the game is widely played. It has spread since to much of Polynesia, having particularly strong followings in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. Rugby union continues to grow in the Americas and parts of Asia as well. French influence, and the influence of ex-pat students studying in France, expanded rugby's reach to Romania and Georgia which are the preeminent European nations behind the Six Nations Championship. British influence spread the game to Argentina, where the game took root, and the game developed in Italy thanks to influence from both France and Argentina; both Argentina and Italy have become Tier 1 nations in the sport, while Georgia. officially a Tier 2 nation, regularly ranks up with the Tier 1 countries.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlHigh_school_rugby_cancelled_across_Nova_Scotia_due_to_safety_concerns_|_CBC_News-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlRugby_Player_Welfare,_Part_2:_Rugby_Is_Not_the_NFL...Not_Yet,_Anyway_|_Bleacher_Report_|_Latest_News,_Videos_and_Highlights-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlWhat_Sport_Has_The_Most_Concussions?_|_Concussion_Rate-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25138311-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25138311-36"}],"text":"About a quarter of rugby players are injured in each season.[32]Being a high contact sport, rugby union has the highest announced rates of concussions[33] and outside England also has the highest number of catastrophic injuries[34] out of any team sport.[35][36] A 2014 study found that during match play concussion was reported at a higher level, and during training at a lower level, but still at a higher level than most players of any other sport receive.[36]","title":"Injuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rugbyball2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_(sports_equipment)"},{"link_name":"rugby ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_ball"},{"link_name":"Richard Lindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lindon"},{"link_name":"water resistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing"},{"link_name":"kilopascals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"A Gilbert rugby football as used in rugby unionA rugby ball is a diamond shape ball used for easier passing.\nRichard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs' bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls were more plum-shaped than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig's bladder was.In rugby union, World Rugby regulates the size and shape of the ball under Law 2 (also known as Law E.R.B); an official rugby union ball is oval and made of four panels, has a length in-line of 280–300 millimetres, a circumference (end to end) of 740–770 millimetres, and a circumference (in width) of 580–620 millimetres. It is made of leather or suitable synthetic material and may be treated to make it water resistant and easier to grip. The rugby ball may not weigh more than 460 grams or less than 410 and has an air pressure of 65.71–68.75 kilopascals, or 0.67–0.70 kilograms per square centimetre, or 9.5–10.0 lbs per square inch.[37] Spare balls are allowed under the condition that players or teams do not seek an advantage by changing the ball. Smaller sized balls may also be used in games between younger players.\nMuch larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction.","title":"Rugby ball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby League International Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_International_Federation"},{"link_name":"2017 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"World Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rugby"},{"link_name":"2019 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup"}],"text":"The Rugby League World Cup was the first World Cup of either of the Rugby codes and was first held in France in 1954, and as of 2013 occurs on a 4-year cycle. It is an international tournament that is organized by the Rugby League International Federation. The event is played in the league format and features the top 16 teams from around the world. Australia won the 2017 Rugby League World Cup, played in Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. The Kangaroos backed this up by winning the 2021 tournament also.The Rugby World Cup, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by World Rugby. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world. South Africa won the 2019 Rugby World Cup, which was played in Japan. Since 2013, the two World Cups alternate every two years during the four-year period.","title":"World Cups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby union numbering schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes"},{"link_name":"Rugby shirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_shirt"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Cahors Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahors_Rugby"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Rugby union numbering schemesRugby shirts were formerly entirely made of cotton but are now made of synthetic fabric. This material has the advantage of not absorbing as much water or mud as cotton.[38] Owing to the more aggressive nature of the game, rugby clothing, in general, is designed to be much more robust and hardwearing than that worn for association football.The rugby jerseys are slightly different depending on the type of rugby game played. The shirts worn by rugby league footballers commonly have a large \"V\" around the neck. The players in rugby union wear jerseys with a more traditional design, sometimes completely white (Cahors Rugby in France). The number of the player and his or her surname are placed on the upper back of the jersey (often name above number, with the number being significantly larger and more central), and the logo of the team on the upper left chest.[citation needed]","title":"Rugby shirt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_betting"},{"link_name":"Ryan Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Tandy"}],"text":"See also: Sports bettingWith the popularity of rugby over the years, many betting establishments have made it possible for viewers of the game to place wagers on games. The various types of wagers that can be placed on games vary, however, the main types of bets that can be placed are as follows:Fixed-odds betting\nFutures/Outright Bets\nProp Bets / Specials\nOver/Under BetsLike most team sports, both forms of rugby are vulnerable to match-fixing, particularly bets involving easily manipulated outcomes such as conceding penalties and first point scorer. A recent example is a deliberate infringement by Ryan Tandy in order for the first points scored to be a penalty goal in a 2010 NRL match; the attempt backfired when instead of taking a shot at goal, a try was scored.","title":"Rugby betting"}]
[{"image_text":"Football match on the 1846 Shrove Tuesday in Kingston upon Thames, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg/240px-Foot_Ball%2C_Kingston-upon-Thames%2C_Shrove_Tuesday%2C_Feb._24th%2C_1846.jpg"},{"image_text":"Griffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from Kotka, Finland, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/220px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calcio Fiorentino match in Piazza Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, painted by Jan Van der Straet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg/250px-Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rugby field in Tapa Parish, Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg/220px-Uudek%C3%BCla_Ragbiv%C3%A4ljak_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"A rugby lineout being conducted. A group from either team lifts a player to fight and catch the ball for their team. (OSUWRC 2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rugby_Lineout.jpg/220px-Rugby_Lineout.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rugby union: A scrum between the Crusaders and the Brumbies (May 2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/220px-Scrum-1.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Gilbert rugby football as used in rugby union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rugbyball2.jpg/220px-Rugbyball2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"College rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rugby"}]
[{"reference":"\"200th Anniversary – Rugby School\". rugbyschool.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyschool.co.uk/200-anniversary/","url_text":"\"200th Anniversary – Rugby School\""}]},{"reference":"Trueman, Nigel. \"History of the Laws of Rugby Football\". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/laws.htm","url_text":"\"History of the Laws of Rugby Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Football History\". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm","url_text":"\"Rugby Football History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200415201837/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Football History\". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/Schism.html","url_text":"\"Rugby Football History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141201210657/http://rugbyfootballhistory.com/Schism.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Broken Time -review\". The Guardian. 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/02/broken-time-review","url_text":"\"Broken Time -review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414170156/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/oct/02/broken-time-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"27 August 1995:Rugby Union turns professional\". MoneyWeek. 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://moneyweek.com/405912/27-august-1995-rugby-union-turns-professional/","url_text":"\"27 August 1995:Rugby Union turns professional\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414170203/https://moneyweek.com/405912/27-august-1995-rugby-union-turns-professional/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Richard (15 January 2019). \"Jonathan Davies: 30 years on from the day he switched to Rugby league\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/46736372","url_text":"\"Jonathan Davies: 30 years on from the day he switched to Rugby league\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rugby World Cup: Second Only to the Soccer World Cup in Attendance [Infographic]\". Forbes. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/09/18/the-rugby-world-cup-second-only-to-soccer-in-attendance-infographic/#6d95490f6e1b","url_text":"\"The Rugby World Cup: Second Only to the Soccer World Cup in Attendance [Infographic]\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414080201/https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/09/18/the-rugby-world-cup-second-only-to-soccer-in-attendance-infographic/#6d95490f6e1b","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby League World Cup:Will World Cup joy finally come for Sam Burgess?\". BBC Sport. 30 November 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/42097084","url_text":"\"Rugby League World Cup:Will World Cup joy finally come for Sam Burgess?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414170455/https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/42097084","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Other (and Less Popular) Rugby World Cup Gets Underway\". The New York Times. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/sports/rugby/rugby-world-cup-league-and-union.html","url_text":"\"The Other (and Less Popular) Rugby World Cup Gets Underway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414164154/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/sports/rugby/rugby-world-cup-league-and-union.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Beginners's Guide to Rugby Union : Rugby Sevens – The Olympic dream\". passport.worldrugby.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://passport.worldrugby.org/?page=beginners&p=21","url_text":"\"A Beginners's Guide to Rugby Union : Rugby Sevens – The Olympic dream\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174225/https://passport.worldrugby.org/?page=beginners&p=21","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Andrew (20 August 1995). \"100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html","url_text":"\"100 years of rugby league: From the great divide to the Super era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218113652/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/100-years-of-rugby-league-from-the-great-divide-to-the-super-era-1597130.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tony Collins (2006). \"Schism 1893–1895\". Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. ISBN 0-415-39616-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rugbysgreatsplit00coll","url_text":"Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rugbysgreatsplit00coll/page/n109","url_text":"87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39616-6","url_text":"0-415-39616-6"}]},{"reference":"Curry, Graham (2001). Football: A Study in Diffusion (PDF). Leicester: University of Leicester. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172627/https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf","url_text":"Football: A Study in Diffusion"},{"url":"https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/7821/1/391137.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)  – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_Football_as_played_at_Rugby_School_(1845)","url_text":"Laws of Football as played at Rugby School (1845)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Macrory, Jenny (1991). Running with the Ball: The Birth of Rugby Football. London: HarperCollins. p. 93. ISBN 0002184028.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002184028","url_text":"0002184028"}]},{"reference":"\"National football\". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. 17 April 1915. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Annual meeting of the league – the proposed universal code\". The Mercury. Hobart, TAS. 30 March 1915. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kemp, Stuart; Szalai, Georg (24 August 2007). \"Rugby World Cup gaining wide popularity\". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2437023820070826","url_text":"\"Rugby World Cup gaining wide popularity\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003101025/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2437023820070826","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Olympics: Sevens heaven for Rugby\". International Rugby Board. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103082612/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/news/newsid=2035087.html#olympics+sevens+heaven+rugby","url_text":"\"Olympics: Sevens heaven for Rugby\""},{"url":"http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/news/newsid=2035087.html#olympics+sevens+heaven+rugby","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michaelis, Vicki (8 July 2005). \"Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics\". USA Today. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080709024822/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm","url_text":"\"Baseball, softball bumped from Olympics\""},{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2005-07-08-baseball-softball-dropped_x.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PNG vow to upset World Cup odds\". BBC Sport Rugby League. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2009. But it would still be one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history if Papua New Guinea – the only country to have rugby league as its national sport – were to qualify for the last four.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/7671217.stm","url_text":"\"PNG vow to upset World Cup odds\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190515044325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_league/7671217.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place\". BBC. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/8336567.stm","url_text":"\"PNG seal 2010 Four Nations place\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201003073759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/8336567.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Falcous, Mark (2007). \"Rugby League in the National Imaginary of New Zealand Aotearoa\". Sport in History. 27 (3): 423–446. doi:10.1080/17460260701591684. S2CID 143871555. 1907–2007 Centenary of International Rugby","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17460260701591684","url_text":"10.1080/17460260701591684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143871555","url_text":"143871555"}]},{"reference":"\"Common Rugby Injuries\". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://physioworks.com.au/Injuries-Conditions/Activities/rugby-union-injuries","url_text":"\"Common Rugby Injuries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507133607/https://physioworks.com.au/Injuries-Conditions/Activities/rugby-union-injuries","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"High school rugby cancelled across Nova Scotia due to safety concerns | CBC News\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/rugby-federation-cancels-games-1.5120503","url_text":"\"High school rugby cancelled across Nova Scotia due to safety concerns | CBC News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201001053225/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/rugby-federation-cancels-games-1.5120503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hull, Jeff. \"Rugby Player Welfare, Part 2: 'Rugby Is Not the NFL'...Not Yet, Anyway\". Bleacher Report. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1723404-rugby-player-welfare-part-two-rugby-is-not-the-nfl-not-yet-anyways","url_text":"\"Rugby Player Welfare, Part 2: 'Rugby Is Not the NFL'...Not Yet, Anyway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200719092136/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1723404-rugby-player-welfare-part-two-rugby-is-not-the-nfl-not-yet-anyways","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What Sport Has The Most Concussions? | Concussion Rate\". Complete Concussion Management Inc. 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://completeconcussions.com/2018/12/05/concussion-rates-what-sport-most-concussions/","url_text":"\"What Sport Has The Most Concussions? | Concussion Rate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200719050047/https://completeconcussions.com/2018/12/05/concussion-rates-what-sport-most-concussions/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Andrew J; Iverson, Grant L; Williams, W. Huw; Baker, Stephanie; Stanwell, Peter (2014). \"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Concussion in Rugby Union\". Sports Medicine. 44 (12): 1717–1731. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0233-3. PMID 25138311. S2CID 23808676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40279-014-0233-3","url_text":"10.1007/s40279-014-0233-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25138311","url_text":"25138311"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23808676","url_text":"23808676"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Phil (25 September 2015). \"Rugby Innovation – Wearable Tech, Boots And Training\". ForrestBrown. Retrieved 27 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://forrestbrown.co.uk/news/innovation-in-rugby/","url_text":"\"Rugby Innovation – Wearable Tech, Boots And Training\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams_Holyoke
Samuel Adams Holyoke
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Published works","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Samuel Adams Holyoke (15 October 1762 – 7 February 1820) was an American composer and teacher of vocal and instrumental music. Biography Holyoke was the son of Rev. Elizur Holyoke and Hannah Peabody. He was born 15 October 1762 in Boxford, Massachusetts, and died 7 February 1820 in Concord, New Hampshire. He was a Congregationalist and a Mason, and never married. After preparatory training at Phillips Academy, Andover, Holyoke matriculated at Harvard College in 1786. The source of his musical training is unknown, but he was composing music before he graduated from Harvard in 1789. In 1789–1790, he contributed four secular compositions to Isaiah Thomas's Massachusetts Magazine. A prolific composer, he composed some 700 pieces, including psalm tunes and anthems and occasional pieces, some with instrumental accompaniment. In 1793, Holyoke helped to found Groton Academy in Groton, Massachusetts, where he served as the first headmaster. In 1809–1810 Holyoke served as music instructor at Phillips Academy. Legacy After his death, his music was largely forgotten. His importance to American music was summed up by music historian George Hood: "There was no man of his day that did more for the cause of music than Samuel Holyoke." Published works Harmonia Americana (Boston, 1791) The Massachusetts Compiler (Boston, 1795, with Oliver Holden and Hans Gram) "Exeter: for Thanksgiving" (Exeter, NH, 1798) "Hark from the Tombs" and "Beneath the Honors" (Exeter, NH, 1800, in honor of George Washington) The Instrumental Assistant (Exeter, NH, 1800) A Dedication Service (Exeter, NH, 1801) Occasional Music (Exeter, NH, 1802) The Columbian Repository (Exeter, NH, 1803) Masonic Music (Exeter, NH, 1803) A Dedication Service (Salem, MA, 1804; different music from the 1801 publication) The Christian Harmonist (Salem, MA, 1804) The Occasional Companion, nos. 1–7 (Exeter, NH, Dedham, MA, and Boston, 1806-after 1810) The Instrumental Assistant II (Exeter, NH, 1807) The Vocal Companion (Exeter, NH, 1807) References ^ Sanderson, George A., ed. A General Catalogue of the trustees, teachers, and students Lawrence Academy, Groton, Massachusetts, from the time of its Incorporation, 1793–1893. Lawrence Academy, 1893 Bibliography Eskew, Harry, and Karl Kroeger (ed), Samuel Holyoke and Jacob Kimball: Selected Works (New York, 1998). Metcalf, Frank J., American Writers and Compilers of Sacred Music (New York, 1925), 114–120. Nichols, Andrew, "Genealogy of the Holyoke Family", Historical Collections of the Essex Institute 3 (1861): 57–61. Perley, Sidney, The History of Boxford, Essex County, Massachusetts (Boxford, MA, 1880.) Willhide, J. Lawrence, "Samuel Holyoke: American Music Educator" (PhD diss., University of Southern California, 1954). External links Free scores by Samuel Holyoke at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Audio of six Holyoke hymns Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other RISM SNAC This article about a United States composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaragudipati_Varada_Rao
Y. V. Rao
["1 Personal life","2 Early career","3 Selected filmography","4 References"]
Indian director, producer, actor (1903–1979) Y. V. RaoY. V. Rao in 1948BornYaragudipati Varada Rao(1903-05-30)30 May 1903Nellore, Madras Presidency, British IndiaDied13 February 1979(1979-02-13) (aged 75)Madras, Tamil Nadu, IndiaOccupationsFilm directorproduceractorscreenwritereditorYears active1930–1968Spouse(s)Rajam, Kumari RukmaniChildrenLakshmiRelatives{Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran (granddaughter) Yaragudipati Varada Rao (30 May 1903 – 13 February 1979) was an Indian director, producer, actor, screenwriter, and editor known for his works primarily in Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil films. Rao plunged into theatre and did a few stage plays before moving to Kolhapur and Bombay to act in silent films. Rao started his career as a lead actor in many silent films such as Gajendra Moksham (1923), Garuda Garvabhangam (1929), and Rose of Rajasthan (1931). Regarded as one of the greatest filmmaking pioneers of the Cinema of South India, he made motion-pictures across Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Konkani, and Hindi languages, apart from silent films. Rao made significant contributions to South cinema during the British rule in India. Rao's 1934 film Sati Sulochana was the first talkie film in the Kannada language. In 1937, he directed the hagiographical classic Chintamani, the Tamil sleeper hit ran for a year with highest estimated footfall at a single screen in India, and British Ceylon. Rao's 1938 film Swarnalatha was one of the finest political drama scripted by Ayyalu Somayajulu; with prohibition as the central theme, in which Rao played the lead. The film was shot extensively at Newtone Studios, Kilpauk, during Madras Presidency. Rao's 1940 film, Viswa Mohini, is the first Indian film, depicting the Indian movie world, scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi, starring V. Nagayya. Rao subsequently made the mythology sequel films Savithiri (1941), and Sathyabhama (1942) casting thespian Sthanam Narasimha Rao. Personal life Yaragudipati Varada Rao was born in Telugu Brahmin family of Nellore in the then Madras Presidency of British India in May 1903. In the late 1920s, he moved to Madras and ventured into Kannada cinema. He married Kumari Rukmini who was paired with him in Lavangi (1946). Indian actress Lakshmi is their daughter. Early career Rao moved into film direction and made silent films such as Pandava Nirvan (1930), Pandava Agnathavaas (1930) and Hari Maya (1932). In 1932, a Marwari businessman, Chamanlal Doongaji from Bangalore, launched South India Movie Tone. The company made Sati Sulochana, the first talking picture in Kannada with an expense of ₹40,000 (equivalent to ₹14 million or US$170,000 in 2023). Rao directed this blockbuster film shot at Chatrapathi Cinetone, in Kolhapur; the shooting took eight weeks. He then directed Hari Maya (1932) that starred his first wife, Rajam. Selected filmography As Director 1930: Pandava Agyathavas (silent) 1930: Sarangadhara (silent) 1932: Hari Maya (Kannada - Director) 1934: Sati Sulochana (Kannada - Cast) 1935: Naganand (Hindi) 1936: Bhama Parinayam (Tamil) 1937: Chintamani (Tamil) 1938: Bhakta Meera (Tamil) 1938: Swarnalatha (Tamil) 1939: Malli Pelli (Telugu - Cast) 1940: Viswa Mohini (Telugu - Cast) 1941: Savithiri (Tamil - Cast, Singer) 1942: Sathyabhama (Telugu - Cast) 1944: Thasildar (Telugu - Cast) 1946: Lavangi (Tamil) 1948: Ramadas (Tamil) 1950: Jeevit Amche Ashe (Konkani) 1952: Manavathi (Telugu-Tamil) 1953: Manjari (Telugu - Cast) 1956: Bhagya Chakra (Kannada) 1958: Sri Krishna Garudi (Telugu) 1961: Nagarjuna (Telugu-Kannada) 1963: Hennina Balu Kanneru (Kannada) 1973: Stree (Telugu) As Producer - Telugu 1964: Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani 1965: Aakasa Ramanna 1966: Bhulokamlo Yamalokam 1966: Loguttu Perumaallu Keruka 1967: Devuni Gelichina Manavudu 1967: Gopaludu Bhupaludu 1968: Circar Express 1968: Pala Manasulu 1969: Ardharathri (Cast) 1969: Love in Andhra 1969: Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka 1970: Paga Sadhistha 1971: Revolver Rani 1972: Monagadosthunnadu Jagratha References ^ a b c "Y V Rao". Cinemaazi. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (28 May 2011). "Malli Pelli (1939)". The Hindu. ^ a b c d e f g h Guy, Randor (22 August 2003). "A revolutionary filmmaker". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016. ^ a b "Satyabhama (Y.V. Rao) 1942". Indiancine.ma. ^ a b Baskaran, S Theodore (2004). Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam (Paperback ed.). Chennai: Uyirmmai Padippagam. pp. 46–50. ISBN 81-88641-29-4. ^ Guy, Randor (29 January 2011). "Garuda Garvabhangham 1936". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 October 2022. ^ a b c d e Guy, Randor (26 July 2014). "Swarnalatha (1938)". The Hindu. ^ "Viswamohini review Indian express". hindi-films-songs.com. ^ "An unforgettable superhit". The Hindu. 3 March 2008. ^ Narasimham, M. L. (23 June 2013). "Viswamohini (1940)". The Hindu. ^ Guy, Randor (25 May 2013). "Lavangi (1946)". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaazi-1"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kolhapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapur"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"silent films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_films"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TB-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cinema of South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_South_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Konkani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"},{"link_name":"British rule in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Sati Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Sulochana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"},{"link_name":"Chintamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintamani_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"sleeper hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper_hit"},{"link_name":"British Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"political drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_drama"},{"link_name":"prohibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition"},{"link_name":"Newtone Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathya_Studios"},{"link_name":"Kilpauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpauk"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-7"},{"link_name":"Viswa Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswa_Mohini"},{"link_name":"Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balijepalli_Lakshmikanta_Kavi"},{"link_name":"V. Nagayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Nagayya"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"Savithiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savithiri_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Sthanam Narasimha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sthanam_Narasimha_Rao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"}],"text":"Yaragudipati Varada Rao (30 May 1903 – 13 February 1979[1]) was an Indian director, producer, actor, screenwriter, and editor known for his works primarily in Telugu, Kannada, and Tamil films.[2] Rao plunged into theatre and did a few stage plays before moving to Kolhapur and Bombay to act in silent films.[3][4] Rao started his career as a lead actor in many silent films such as Gajendra Moksham (1923),[5] Garuda Garvabhangam (1929),[6] and Rose of Rajasthan (1931).[5][7][8] Regarded as one of the greatest filmmaking pioneers of the Cinema of South India,[3][7] he made motion-pictures across Telugu, Kannada, Tamil, Konkani, and Hindi languages, apart from silent films.[3][7]Rao made significant contributions to South cinema during the British rule in India. Rao's 1934 film Sati Sulochana was the first talkie film in the Kannada language.[3][7] In 1937, he directed the hagiographical classic Chintamani, the Tamil sleeper hit ran for a year with highest estimated footfall at a single screen in India, and British Ceylon.[9] Rao's 1938 film Swarnalatha was one of the finest political drama scripted by Ayyalu Somayajulu; with prohibition as the central theme, in which Rao played the lead. The film was shot extensively at Newtone Studios, Kilpauk, during Madras Presidency.[7] Rao's 1940 film, Viswa Mohini, is the first Indian film, depicting the Indian movie world, scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi, starring V. Nagayya.[10] Rao subsequently made the mythology sequel films Savithiri (1941), and Sathyabhama (1942) casting thespian Sthanam Narasimha Rao.[3]","title":"Y. V. Rao"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaazi-1"},{"link_name":"Nellore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellore"},{"link_name":"Madras Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"Kannada cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"},{"link_name":"Kumari Rukmini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumari_Rukmini"},{"link_name":"Lavangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavangi"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Yaragudipati Varada Rao was born in Telugu Brahmin family[3][1] of Nellore in the then Madras Presidency of British India in May 1903. In the late 1920s, he moved to Madras and ventured into Kannada cinema.[3] He married Kumari Rukmini who was paired with him in Lavangi (1946). Indian actress Lakshmi is their daughter.[11]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwaris"},{"link_name":"Chamanlal Doongaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanlal_Doongaji"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"Sati Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Sulochana"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmmaker-3"}],"text":"Rao moved into film direction and made silent films such as Pandava Nirvan (1930), Pandava Agnathavaas (1930) and Hari Maya (1932). In 1932, a Marwari businessman, Chamanlal Doongaji from Bangalore, launched South India Movie Tone. The company made Sati Sulochana, the first talking picture in Kannada with an expense of ₹40,000 (equivalent to ₹14 million or US$170,000 in 2023). Rao directed this blockbuster film shot at Chatrapathi Cinetone, in Kolhapur; the shooting took eight weeks. He then directed Hari Maya (1932) that starred his first wife, Rajam.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarangadhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangadhara"},{"link_name":"Sati Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Sulochana"},{"link_name":"Chintamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintamani_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Malli Pelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malli_Pelli_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Viswa Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswa_Mohini"},{"link_name":"Savithiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savithiri_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Lavangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavangi"},{"link_name":"Manavathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manavathi"},{"link_name":"Nagarjuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagarjuna_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"}],"text":"As Director1930: Pandava Agyathavas (silent)\n1930: Sarangadhara (silent)\n1932: Hari Maya (Kannada - Director)\n1934: Sati Sulochana (Kannada - Cast)\n1935: Naganand (Hindi)\n1936: Bhama Parinayam (Tamil)\n1937: Chintamani (Tamil)\n1938: Bhakta Meera (Tamil)\n1938: Swarnalatha (Tamil)\n1939: Malli Pelli (Telugu - Cast)\n1940: Viswa Mohini (Telugu - Cast)\n1941: Savithiri (Tamil - Cast, Singer)\n1942: Sathyabhama (Telugu - Cast)\n1944: Thasildar (Telugu - Cast)\n1946: Lavangi (Tamil)\n1948: Ramadas (Tamil)\n1950: Jeevit Amche Ashe (Konkani)\n1952: Manavathi (Telugu-Tamil)\n1953: Manjari (Telugu - Cast)\n1956: Bhagya Chakra (Kannada)\n1958: Sri Krishna Garudi (Telugu)\n1961: Nagarjuna (Telugu-Kannada)\n1963: Hennina Balu Kanneru (Kannada)\n1973: Stree (Telugu)As Producer - Telugu1964: Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani\n1965: Aakasa Ramanna\n1966: Bhulokamlo Yamalokam\n1966: Loguttu Perumaallu Keruka\n1967: Devuni Gelichina Manavudu\n1967: Gopaludu Bhupaludu\n1968: Circar Express\n1968: Pala Manasulu\n1969: Ardharathri (Cast)\n1969: Love in Andhra\n1969: Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka\n1970: Paga Sadhistha\n1971: Revolver Rani\n1972: Monagadosthunnadu Jagratha[4]","title":"Selected filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Anderson_(presenter)
Richie Anderson (presenter)
["1 BBC WM","2 BBC Radio 2","3 Television","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
BBC TV and radio personality Richie AndersonBornRichie Stephen Anderson1986 or 1987 (age 36–37)Smethwick, West Midlands, EnglandOccupation(s)Television and radio personalityYears active2015–presentPartnerDean Eagles (2012–present) Richie Stephen Anderson (born 1986 or 1987) is a TV and radio personality who works for the BBC. He is a former Sunday League footballer who played for Coombs Wood F.C. Anderson currently presents the travel reports on weekday mornings on BBC Radio 2. In 2022, he participated in series 20 of Strictly Come Dancing. BBC WM He presented his own show on BBC WM, where he started his radio career, on Saturdays between August 2015 and March 2020. He had previously stood in for other presenters during early 2015. Before becoming a presenter, Anderson was a reporter for BBC WM during their football segments on matchdays. Dubbed "Roaming Richie", he would interview fans before and after matches. He became renowned during this period for his vox pop 'man on the street' style of interviewing. BBC Radio 2 Since January 2019, Anderson has been the weekday mornings travel news reporter on BBC Radio 2 during The Radio 2 Breakfast Show and the mid-morning show. He replaced Rachel Horne who moved to Virgin Radio. Anderson also occasionally presents programmes on Bank Holidays for Radio 2. During the 2023 series of Strictly Come Dancing, Anderson hosts the last half-hour of Winkleman's Saturday show to feature songs from that evenings Strictly Come Dancing Television Anderson occasionally reports on various topics for The One Show on BBC One. Richie has also contributed as a guest reviewer on Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two and provided off-screen commentary for the Turquoise Carpet event for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool. Personal life In 2018, Anderson came out as gay to his teammates after playing a game of football, which was documented as part of a film for The One Show which highlighted the pressures of homophobia in the sport. In 2020, Anderson, along with fellow Radio 2 presenters Jo Whiley and Kate Bottley, participated in three triathlons in three days to raise money for Sport Relief as part of their Dare To Tri campaign. References ^ "Strictly Come Dancing 2022: Who is Smethwick-born Richie Anderson, how old is he?". 9 August 2022. ^ "Strictly's Richie Anderson's partner Dean Eagles and their 10-year celebrations". 5 August 2022. ^ "Strictly most magical feeling - Richie Anderson". BBC News. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "Welcome Richie Anderson to Strictly! Our third celebrity of 2022". BBC One. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^ Brown, Graham (15 January 2019). "The Black Country voice on Zoe Ball's BBC Radio 2 breakfast show". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 17 July 2019. ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m001r72b ^ Lombardini, Emanuele (7 May 2023). "Eurovision 2023: lustrini, strascichi, eccessi e storie nel Turquoise Carpet. Il racconto live". Eurofestival News (in Italian). Retrieved 8 May 2023. ^ Corner, Lewis (23 January 2018). "Watch the moment BBC presenter Richie Anderson came out as gay to his football teammates". Gay Times. Retrieved 17 July 2019. ^ Fenwick, George (2 March 2020). "Jo Whiley, Richie Anderson and Reverend Kate Bottley to undertake three triathlons for Sport Relief". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 March 2020. External links Richie Anderson at IMDb This British biographical article related to radio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"series 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing_(series_20)"},{"link_name":"Strictly Come Dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Richie Stephen Anderson (born 1986 or 1987[3]) is a TV and radio personality who works for the BBC. He is a former Sunday League footballer who played for Coombs Wood F.C.Anderson currently presents the travel reports on weekday mornings on BBC Radio 2. In 2022, he participated in series 20 of Strictly Come Dancing.[4]","title":"Richie Anderson (presenter)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC WM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_WM"},{"link_name":"vox pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi"}],"text":"He presented his own show on BBC WM, where he started his radio career, on Saturdays between August 2015 and March 2020. He had previously stood in for other presenters during early 2015. Before becoming a presenter, Anderson was a reporter for BBC WM during their football segments on matchdays. Dubbed \"Roaming Richie\", he would interview fans before and after matches. He became renowned during this period for his vox pop 'man on the street' style of interviewing.","title":"BBC WM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCR2_BCV-5"},{"link_name":"The Radio 2 Breakfast Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Radio_2_Breakfast_Show"},{"link_name":"Rachel Horne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Horne"},{"link_name":"Virgin Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Radio_UK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Since January 2019, Anderson has been the weekday mornings travel news reporter on BBC Radio 2[5] during The Radio 2 Breakfast Show and the mid-morning show. He replaced Rachel Horne who moved to Virgin Radio. Anderson also occasionally presents programmes on Bank Holidays for Radio 2. During the 2023 series of Strictly Come Dancing, Anderson hosts the last half-hour of Winkleman's Saturday show to feature songs from that evenings Strictly Come Dancing [6]","title":"BBC Radio 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The One Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Show"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing:_It_Takes_Two"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Anderson occasionally reports on various topics for The One Show on BBC One. Richie has also contributed as a guest reviewer on Strictly Come Dancing: It Takes Two on BBC Two and provided off-screen commentary for the Turquoise Carpet event for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023 in Liverpool.[7]","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homophobia in the sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_in_English_football#Homophobia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jo Whiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Whiley"},{"link_name":"Kate Bottley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bottley"},{"link_name":"triathlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon"},{"link_name":"Sport Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2018, Anderson came out as gay to his teammates after playing a game of football, which was documented as part of a film for The One Show which highlighted the pressures of homophobia in the sport.[8]In 2020, Anderson, along with fellow Radio 2 presenters Jo Whiley and Kate Bottley, participated in three triathlons in three days to raise money for Sport Relief as part of their Dare To Tri campaign.[9]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Selwood
Steven Selwood
["1 References"]
English cricketer Steven Andrew Selwood (24 November 1979) is a former English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 2001 and 2004. Selwood was born at Barnet, Hertfordshire, the son of Tim Selwood who played for Middlesex between 1966 and 1973. Selwood initially played for Middlesex and joined Derbyshire in the 2001 season. He was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm slow bowler. His highest score at the County level was 99. In 2023 Selwood was jailed for 2 years and 7 months after hitting a 70 year old female cyclist with his vehicle in Haslemere, Surrey, whilst 4 times the legal drink driving limit.He then proceeded to run over the victim's body with his SUV before fleeing the scene leaving her with life changing injuries. References ^ Steven Selwood at Cricket Archive
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Tim Selwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Selwood"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Steven Andrew Selwood (24 November 1979) is a former English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 2001 and 2004.Selwood was born at Barnet, Hertfordshire, the son of Tim Selwood who played for Middlesex between 1966 and 1973. Selwood initially played for Middlesex and joined Derbyshire in the 2001 season. He was a left-handed batsman and a left-arm slow bowler.\nHis highest score at the County level was 99.In 2023 Selwood was jailed for 2 years and 7 months after hitting a 70 year old female cyclist with his vehicle in Haslemere, Surrey, whilst 4 times the legal drink driving limit.He then proceeded to run over the victim's body with his SUV before fleeing the scene leaving her with life changing injuries. [1]","title":"Steven Selwood"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/35/35015/35015.html","external_links_name":"Steven Selwood at Cricket Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_de_Wolffe
List of Footballers' Wives characters
["1 Series 1","2 Series 2","3 Series 3","4 Series 4","5 Series 5","6 Guest/recurring roles","7 Notes and references","8 Bibliography"]
The following is a list of actors/actresses featured in the five series' of the United Kingdom TV series Footballers' Wives. Series 1 Zöe Lucker as Tanya Turner (Series 1–5) Gillian Taylforth as Jackie Pascoe-Webb (Series 1–5) Alison Newman as Hazel Bailey (Series 1–4) Gary Lucy as Kyle Pascoe (Series 1–3) Susie Amy as Chardonnay Lane-Pascoe (Series 1–2) - a parody of Jordan Cristian Solimeno as Jason Turner (Series 1–2) John Forgeham as Frank Laslett (Series 1–3) Julie Legrand as Jeanette Dunkley (Series 1–2, 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time (recurring) Daniel Schutzmann as Salvatore Biagi (Series 1–2) Nathan Constance as Ian Walmsley (Series 1–2) Katherine Monaghan as Donna Walmsley (Series 1–2) Philip Bretherton as Stefan Hauser (Series 1–2) - a parody of Sven-Goran Eriksson Micaiah Dring as Marie Minshull (Series 1) Series 2 Peter Ash as Darius Fry (Series 2–5; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time) Jessica Brooks as Freddie Hauser (Series 2) Series 3 Laila Rouass as Amber Gates (Series 3–5) - a parody of Victoria Beckham Ben Price as Conrad Gates (Series 3–4) - a parody of David Beckham Jesse Birdsall as Roger Webb (Series 3–5) Sarah Barrand as Shannon Donnelly/Lawson (Series 3–5) - initially a parody of Coleen McLoughlin Jamie Davis as Harley Lawson (Series 3–4) Marcel McCalla as Noah Alexander (Series 3–4) - a parody of Justin Fashanu Caroline Chikezie as Elaine Hardy (Series 3) Series 4 Helen Latham as Lucy Milligan (Series 4–5) Ben Richards as Bruno Milligan (Series 4–5) Tom Swire as Sebastian Webb (Series 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time) Series 5 Craig Gallivan as Callum Watson (Series 5) Lucia Giannecchini as Urszula Rosen (Series 5) Phina Oruche as Liberty Baker (Series 5) - a parody of British model Naomi Campbell. Angela Ridgeon as Trisha Watson (Series 5) Jay Rodan as Paulo Bardosa (Series 5) Chucky Venice as Tremaine Gidigbi (Series 5) Nicholas Ball as Garry Ryan (Series 5; crossed over from Footballers' Wives: Extra Time) Guest/recurring roles Paula Wilcox as Marguerite Laslett (Series 1) Lee-Anne Baker as Lara Bateman (Series 1–2) Chad Shepherd as Ron Bateman (Series 1–4) Julie Legrand as Janette Dunkley (Series 1–2, 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time Series 2) Camilla Beeput as Bethany Mortimer (Series 4) Elaine Glover as Katie Jones (Series 4) Joan Collins as Eva de Wolffe (Series 5) Notes and references ^ a b Lucker and Taylforth are the only cast members to have starred in all five series. ^ a b Footballers Double Take ^ Interview with Sarah ^ Noah More For Me ^ If Naomi doesn't like it she knows where to find me Bibliography Website reference for Footballers' Wives - Characters A - L and Footballers' Wives - Characters M - Z vteFootballers' Wives Characters Tanya Turner Episodes Extra Time Football Wives
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Footballers' Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballers%27_Wives"}],"text":"The following is a list of actors/actresses featured in the five series' of the United Kingdom TV series Footballers' Wives.","title":"List of Footballers' Wives characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zöe Lucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B6e_Lucker"},{"link_name":"Tanya Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Turner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucker-Taylforth-1"},{"link_name":"Gillian Taylforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Taylforth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lucker-Taylforth-1"},{"link_name":"Alison Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Newman"},{"link_name":"Gary Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Susie Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Amy"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Price"},{"link_name":"Cristian Solimeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Solimeno"},{"link_name":"John Forgeham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forgeham"},{"link_name":"Julie Legrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Legrand"},{"link_name":"Daniel Schutzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Schutzmann"},{"link_name":"Nathan Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Constance"},{"link_name":"Katherine Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Monaghan"},{"link_name":"Philip Bretherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bretherton"},{"link_name":"Sven-Goran Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-Goran_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"Micaiah Dring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micaiah_Dring&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Zöe Lucker as Tanya Turner (Series 1–5)[1]\nGillian Taylforth as Jackie Pascoe-Webb (Series 1–5)[1]\nAlison Newman as Hazel Bailey (Series 1–4)\nGary Lucy as Kyle Pascoe (Series 1–3)\nSusie Amy as Chardonnay Lane-Pascoe (Series 1–2) - a parody of Jordan\nCristian Solimeno as Jason Turner (Series 1–2)\nJohn Forgeham as Frank Laslett (Series 1–3)\nJulie Legrand as Jeanette Dunkley (Series 1–2, 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time (recurring)\nDaniel Schutzmann as Salvatore Biagi (Series 1–2)\nNathan Constance as Ian Walmsley (Series 1–2)\nKatherine Monaghan as Donna Walmsley (Series 1–2)\nPhilip Bretherton as Stefan Hauser (Series 1–2) - a parody of Sven-Goran Eriksson\nMicaiah Dring as Marie Minshull (Series 1)","title":"Series 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ash"},{"link_name":"Jessica Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Brooks"}],"text":"Peter Ash as Darius Fry (Series 2–5; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time)\nJessica Brooks as Freddie Hauser (Series 2)","title":"Series 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laila Rouass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Rouass"},{"link_name":"Victoria Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footballers_Double_Take-2"},{"link_name":"Ben Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Price"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Footballers_Double_Take-2"},{"link_name":"Jesse Birdsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Birdsall"},{"link_name":"Sarah Barrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Barrand"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Coleen McLoughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleen_McLoughlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jamie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Davis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marcel McCalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_McCalla"},{"link_name":"Justin Fashanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fashanu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Caroline Chikezie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Chikezie"}],"text":"Laila Rouass as Amber Gates (Series 3–5) - a parody of Victoria Beckham[2]\nBen Price as Conrad Gates (Series 3–4) - a parody of David Beckham[2]\nJesse Birdsall as Roger Webb (Series 3–5)\nSarah Barrand as Shannon Donnelly/Lawson (Series 3–5) - initially a parody of Coleen McLoughlin[3]\nJamie Davis as Harley Lawson (Series 3–4)\nMarcel McCalla as Noah Alexander (Series 3–4) - a parody of Justin Fashanu[4]\nCaroline Chikezie as Elaine Hardy (Series 3)","title":"Series 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helen Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Latham"},{"link_name":"Ben Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Richards_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tom Swire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Swire"}],"text":"Helen Latham as Lucy Milligan (Series 4–5)\nBen Richards as Bruno Milligan (Series 4–5)\nTom Swire as Sebastian Webb (Series 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time)","title":"Series 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Gallivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Gallivan"},{"link_name":"Lucia Giannecchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Giannecchini"},{"link_name":"Phina Oruche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phina_Oruche"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"Naomi Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Angela Ridgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Ridgeon"},{"link_name":"Chucky Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucky_Venice"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ball_(actor)"}],"text":"Craig Gallivan as Callum Watson (Series 5)\nLucia Giannecchini as Urszula Rosen (Series 5)\nPhina Oruche as Liberty Baker (Series 5) - a parody of British model Naomi Campbell.[5]\nAngela Ridgeon as Trisha Watson (Series 5)\nJay Rodan as Paulo Bardosa (Series 5)\nChucky Venice as Tremaine Gidigbi (Series 5)\nNicholas Ball as Garry Ryan (Series 5; crossed over from Footballers' Wives: Extra Time)","title":"Series 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paula Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Lee-Anne Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee-Anne_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chad Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chad_Shepherd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julie Legrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Legrand"},{"link_name":"Camilla Beeput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Elaine Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Glover"},{"link_name":"Joan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Collins"}],"text":"Paula Wilcox as Marguerite Laslett (Series 1)\nLee-Anne Baker as Lara Bateman (Series 1–2)\nChad Shepherd as Ron Bateman (Series 1–4)\nJulie Legrand as Janette Dunkley (Series 1–2, 4; crossed over to Footballers' Wives: Extra Time Series 2)\nCamilla Beeput as Bethany Mortimer (Series 4)\nElaine Glover as Katie Jones (Series 4)\nJoan Collins as Eva de Wolffe (Series 5)","title":"Guest/recurring roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucker-Taylforth_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lucker-Taylforth_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Footballers_Double_Take_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Footballers_Double_Take_2-1"},{"link_name":"Footballers Double Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/footballers-doubletakes-6981397.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Interview with Sarah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/10794-60-seconds-sarah-barrand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Noah More For Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thefreelibrary.com/NOAH+MORE+FOR+ME%3B+Exclusive+TV+smash+Footballers%27+Wives+is+back...-a0131024458"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"If Naomi doesn't like it she knows where to find me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thefreelibrary.com/If+Naomi+doesn't+like+it+she+knows+where+to+find+me%3B+EXCLUSIVE...-a0143681967"}],"text":"^ a b Lucker and Taylforth are the only cast members to have starred in all five series.\n\n^ a b Footballers Double Take\n\n^ Interview with Sarah\n\n^ Noah More For Me\n\n^ If Naomi doesn't like it she knows where to find me","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Footballers' Wives - Characters A - L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070512084600/http://www.footballerswives.tv/characters/char_index.html"},{"link_name":"Footballers' Wives - Characters M - Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070513005328/http://www.footballerswives.tv/characters/char_index_2.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Footballers%27_Wives"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Footballers%27_Wives"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footballers%27_Wives"},{"link_name":"Footballers' Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballers%27_Wives"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tanya Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Turner"},{"link_name":"Episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Footballers%27_Wives_episodes"},{"link_name":"Extra Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footballers%27_Wives:_Extra_Time"},{"link_name":"Football Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Wives"}],"text":"Website reference for Footballers' Wives - Characters A - L and Footballers' Wives - Characters M - ZvteFootballers' Wives\nCharacters\nTanya Turner\nEpisodes\nExtra Time\nFootball Wives","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/footballers-doubletakes-6981397.html","external_links_name":"Footballers Double Take"},{"Link":"http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/10794-60-seconds-sarah-barrand","external_links_name":"Interview with Sarah"},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/NOAH+MORE+FOR+ME%3B+Exclusive+TV+smash+Footballers%27+Wives+is+back...-a0131024458","external_links_name":"Noah More For Me"},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/If+Naomi+doesn't+like+it+she+knows+where+to+find+me%3B+EXCLUSIVE...-a0143681967","external_links_name":"If Naomi doesn't like it she knows where to find me"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070512084600/http://www.footballerswives.tv/characters/char_index.html","external_links_name":"Footballers' Wives - Characters A - L"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513005328/http://www.footballerswives.tv/characters/char_index_2.html","external_links_name":"Footballers' Wives - Characters M - Z"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Olson
Ronald Olson
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Notable activities","4 References","5 External links"]
American lawyer Ronald L. Olson (born July 9, 1941) is an American attorney and a partner in the Los Angeles office of Munger Tolles & Olson LLP. He was the lead attorney representing the board of directors of Yahoo! in connection with Microsoft's proposed acquisition of Yahoo!, and was contemporaneously involved in Yahoo!'s Google outsourcing contract. Education Olson received his baccalaureate degree from Drake University, before studying law at Linacre College, University of Oxford, and completing a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School. Career In 1967, Olson worked as a civil rights attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice. In 1968, he clerked for the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, David L. Bazelon. Olson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. In 1968, Olson joined the Los Angeles law firm now known as Munger, Tolles & Olson, and has practiced there since then. Olson’s field of specialization is litigation and corporate counseling. He counsels individual executives and boards of directors in a range of matters, including corporate governance. In 1997, Olson became a director of Berkshire Hathaway. Notable activities As a member of the American Bar Association, Olson was formerly Chairman of the Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary (1991–92), Chairman of the Litigation Section (1981–82), and Chairman of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee (1976–86). He also served as Vice President of the Board of Governors of the State Bar of California (1986–87). He is a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers. Olson was elected to the American Law Institute in 1990 and served as an Adviser on the ALI's Federal Judicial Code project. Olson is a director of Berkshire Hathaway, Edison International, City National Corporation, The Washington Post Company, and Western Asset Trusts. He serves as a director of several non-profits, including the RAND Corporation (formerly chair), the Mayo Clinic, the Council of Foreign Relations, Southern California Public Radio (formerly chair), the Norton Simon Museum and the California Institute of Technology. He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Claremont University Center and Graduate School from 1984 to 1994. References ^ "Berkshire Hathaway Inc B BRK.B". morningstar.com. Retrieved October 14, 2019. ^ American Law Institute - Publications Catalog - Federal Judicial Code Revision Project ^ Berkshire Hathaway Board of Directors External links Ronald L. Olson at mto.com vteBerkshire HathawayBoard ofdirectors Warren Buffett Greg Abel Howard Graham Buffett Susan Decker David Gottesman Ajit Jain Ronald Olson Walter Scott Jr. Insurance Alleghany Corporation TransRe Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies Kansas Bankers Surety Company Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance BoatUS Central States Indemnity GEICO Gen Re MedPro Group National Indemnity Company Berkshire Hathaway Assurance GUARD Insurance Materials andconstruction Acme Brick Benjamin Moore & Co. Clayton Homes International Metalworking Companies ISCAR Metalworking TaeguTec Tungaloy Johns Manville Lubrizol Marmon Marmon-Herrington Procor Union Tank Car Company Precision Castparts Corp. Carlton Forge Works Special Metals Timet Wyman-Gordon Shaw Industries Mouser Electronics Furniture Jordan's Furniture Nebraska Furniture Mart RC Willey Home Furnishings ClothingApparel Fruit of the Loom BVD Russell Athletic Spalding Vanity Fair Brands Exquisite Form Vassarette Footwear Brooks Sports Double-H Boots Justin Brands Chippewa Boots Justin Boots Nocona Boots Tony Lama Boots Transportation Berkshire Hathaway Automotive BNSF FlightSafety International Forest River Marquis Jet McLane NetJets Pilot Flying J Food CTB International Dairy Queen Karmelkorn Orange Julius The Pampered Chef See's Candies Media Business Wire WPLG Jewelry Ben Bridge Jeweler Borsheims Helzberg Diamonds Scott Fetzer Campbell Hausfeld Ginsu Kirby World Book Encyclopedia BH Energy AltaLink HomeServices of America Edina Realty Long & Foster RealtySouth Kern River Gas Transmission Company MidAmerican Energy Company Northern Powergrid NV Energy PacifiCorp Other businesses Duracell Oriental Trading Company Major publiccompany ownershippositions American Express (18%) Apple (6%) Bank of America (12%) Coca-Cola Company (10%) DaVita (32%) Kraft Heinz (27%) Moody's (13%) RH (9%) Related Charlie Munger Poor Charlie's Almanack Blue Chip Stamps Wesco Financial Owned assets Becoming Warren Buffett Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Munger Tolles & Olson LLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munger,_Tolles_%26_Olson"},{"link_name":"board of directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"}],"text":"Ronald L. Olson (born July 9, 1941) is an American attorney and a partner in the Los Angeles office of Munger Tolles & Olson LLP. He was the lead attorney representing the board of directors of Yahoo! in connection with Microsoft's proposed acquisition of Yahoo!, and was contemporaneously involved in Yahoo!'s Google outsourcing contract.","title":"Ronald Olson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drake University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_University"},{"link_name":"Linacre College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linacre_College"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School"}],"text":"Olson received his baccalaureate degree from Drake University, before studying law at Linacre College, University of Oxford, and completing a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit"},{"link_name":"David L. Bazelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Bazelon"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Munger, Tolles & Olson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munger,_Tolles_%26_Olson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1967, Olson worked as a civil rights attorney in the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice. In 1968, he clerked for the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, David L. Bazelon. Olson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.In 1968, Olson joined the Los Angeles law firm now known as Munger, Tolles & Olson, and has practiced there since then. Olson’s field of specialization is litigation and corporate counseling. He counsels individual executives and boards of directors in a range of matters, including corporate governance.In 1997, Olson became a director of Berkshire Hathaway.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"State Bar of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bar_of_California"},{"link_name":"American College of Trial Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Trial_Lawyers"},{"link_name":"American Law Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Law_Institute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berkshire Hathaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edison International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_International"},{"link_name":"City National Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_National_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post_Company"},{"link_name":"RAND Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mayo Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic"},{"link_name":"Council of Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"Norton Simon Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Simon_Museum"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"}],"text":"As a member of the American Bar Association, Olson was formerly Chairman of the Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary (1991–92), Chairman of the Litigation Section (1981–82), and Chairman of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee (1976–86). He also served as Vice President of the Board of Governors of the State Bar of California (1986–87). He is a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers.Olson was elected to the American Law Institute in 1990 and served as an Adviser on the ALI's Federal Judicial Code project.[2]Olson is a director of Berkshire Hathaway,[3] Edison International, City National Corporation, The Washington Post Company, and Western Asset Trusts. He serves as a director of several non-profits, including the RAND Corporation (formerly chair), the Mayo Clinic, the Council of Foreign Relations, Southern California Public Radio (formerly chair), the Norton Simon Museum and the California Institute of Technology. He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Claremont University Center and Graduate School from 1984 to 1994.","title":"Notable activities"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Berkshire Hathaway Inc B BRK.B\". morningstar.com. Retrieved October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://insiders.morningstar.com/trading/board-of-directors.action?t=0P000000RD&culture=en-US","url_text":"\"Berkshire Hathaway Inc B BRK.B\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://insiders.morningstar.com/trading/board-of-directors.action?t=0P000000RD&culture=en-US","external_links_name":"\"Berkshire Hathaway Inc B BRK.B\""},{"Link":"http://www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publications.ppage&node_id=78","external_links_name":"American Law Institute - Publications Catalog - Federal Judicial Code Revision Project"},{"Link":"http://insiders.morningstar.com/trading/board-of-directors.action?t=0P000000RD&culture=en-US","external_links_name":"Berkshire Hathaway Board of Directors"},{"Link":"http://www.mto.com/lawyers/Ronald-L-Olson","external_links_name":"Ronald L. Olson at mto.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snide_and_Prejudice
Snide and Prejudice
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Snide and Prejudice" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1997 American filmSnide and PrejudiceDirected byPhilippe MoraStarringAngus MacfadyenRené AuberjonoisSam BottomsJeffrey CombsClaudia ChristianMena SuvariBrion JamesJoseph BottomsRichard EdsonRichard MollMick FleetwoodRelease date 1997 (1997) Running time119 mins.CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Snide and Prejudice is a 1997 film directed by Philippe Mora. Synopsis At a mental institution, the resident physician, Dr Cohen, encourages his patients who believe that they are important Nazi figures to act out their fantasies. The therapy sessions show Hitler consolidating his power by assembling his gang of supporters; however, they are interrupted at times, once because Davidson's uniform is at the dry cleaners, and another time because a patient who believes he is Picasso interrupts a session. Cast Angus Macfadyen as Adolf Hitler/Michael Davidson René Auberjonois as Dr. Sam Cohen Sam Bottoms as Therapist Schaub Jeffrey Combs as Therapist Meissner Claudia Christian as Renate Müller Mena Suvari as Geli Raubal Brion James as Hermann Göring Joseph Bottoms as Therapist Himmler Richard Edson as Rudolf Hess Richard Moll as General Von Ludendorf Mick Fleetwood as Pablo Picasso John Dennis Johnston (credit-J.D. Johnson) as Sheffield Brian McDermott as Therapist Hindenberg Ivan H. Migel as General Von Kahr Patt Morrison as herself/The Interviewer Jesse Grey Walken as Christ T.C. Warner as Tessa Percival/Eva Braun Michael Zelniker as Joseph Goebbels References External links Snide and Prejudice at IMDb Snide and Prejudice at Rotten Tomatoes vteFilms directed by Philippe Mora Swastika (1973/4) Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975) Mad Dog Morgan (1976) The Beast Within (1982) The Return of Captain Invincible (1983) A Breed Apart (1984) Howling II: Your Sister Is a Werewolf (1985) Death of a Soldier (1986) Howling III (1987) Communion (1989) Art Deco Detective (1994) Precious Find (1996) Pterodactyl Woman from Beverly Hills (1997) Snide and Prejudice (1997) Back in Business (1997) Joseph's Gift (1998) Burning Down the House (2001) This 1990s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an American film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippe Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Mora"}],"text":"1997 American filmSnide and Prejudice is a 1997 film directed by Philippe Mora.","title":"Snide and Prejudice"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At a mental institution, the resident physician, Dr Cohen, encourages his patients who believe that they are important Nazi figures to act out their fantasies. The therapy sessions show Hitler consolidating his power by assembling his gang of supporters; however, they are interrupted at times, once because Davidson's uniform is at the dry cleaners, and another time because a patient who believes he is Picasso interrupts a session.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"René Auberjonois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Auberjonois"},{"link_name":"Sam Bottoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Bottoms"},{"link_name":"Schaub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schaub"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Combs"},{"link_name":"Meissner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Meissner"},{"link_name":"Claudia Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Christian"},{"link_name":"Renate Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Mena Suvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena_Suvari"},{"link_name":"Geli Raubal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geli_Raubal"},{"link_name":"Brion James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brion_James"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bottoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bottoms"},{"link_name":"Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmler"},{"link_name":"Richard Edson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edson"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess"},{"link_name":"Richard Moll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Moll"},{"link_name":"General Von Ludendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff"},{"link_name":"Mick Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"Pablo Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso"},{"link_name":"John Dennis Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Hindenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Ivan H. Migel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_H._Migel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General Von Kahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr"},{"link_name":"Patt Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patt_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Jesse Grey Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Grey_Walken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"T.C. Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.C._Warner"},{"link_name":"Eva Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun"},{"link_name":"Michael Zelniker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zelniker"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"}],"text":"Angus Macfadyen as Adolf Hitler/Michael Davidson\nRené Auberjonois as Dr. Sam Cohen\nSam Bottoms as Therapist Schaub\nJeffrey Combs as Therapist Meissner\nClaudia Christian as Renate Müller\nMena Suvari as Geli Raubal\nBrion James as Hermann Göring\nJoseph Bottoms as Therapist Himmler\nRichard Edson as Rudolf Hess\nRichard Moll as General Von Ludendorf\nMick Fleetwood as Pablo Picasso\nJohn Dennis Johnston (credit-J.D. Johnson) as Sheffield\nBrian McDermott as Therapist Hindenberg\nIvan H. Migel as General Von Kahr\nPatt Morrison as herself/The Interviewer\nJesse Grey Walken as Christ\nT.C. Warner as Tessa Percival/Eva Braun\nMichael Zelniker as Joseph Goebbels","title":"Cast"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Travis
Andy Travis
["1 Program director","2 Personal life","3 Casting","4 References"]
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Character on the television situation comedy WKRP in Cincinnati Fictional character Andy TravisWKRP in Cincinnati characterBailey Quarters (Jan Smithers) and Andy Travis (Gary Sandy)Portrayed byGary SandyIn-universe informationGenderMaleOccupationprogram directorFamilyCarol Travis (sister)NationalityAmerican Andy Travis is a fictional character on the television situation comedy WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–82). He was played by Gary Sandy. Travis was originally intended to be the lead character, the more-or-less normal person who would anchor the series and provide the focus for most of the stories. He is the subject of the theme song, and one critic went so far as to describe Sandy as "Gary Tyler Moore," a nod to Mary Tyler Moore, who played the similar Mary Richards on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and eponymous owner of WKRP producer MTM Enterprises. As the first season went on, WKRP shifted to being more of an ensemble comedy, where any one of the eight regulars could carry an episode. Despite this change, Sandy retained top billing for all four seasons as the straight man to the rest of the cast. Program director In the pilot episode, Andy arrives in Cincinnati to take over as WKRP's program director. He previously worked the same job at a radio station in Santa Fe, New Mexico; but he also ran a station in Albuquerque and in Amarillo, Texas. In that episode, he claims to be from Santa Fe and, in the season two episode "Jennifer's Home for Christmas," he refers to Santa Fe as home. However, in the season three episode "A Mile in My Shoes" Andy tells Smilin' Al, a business owner who advertises on WKRP, that he is originally from Phoenix, Arizona. Andy is young, handsome and friendly, and though he is viewed with suspicion by the old guard at the low-rated station—manager Arthur Carlson, sales director Herb Tarlek, and news director Les Nessman—he soon manages to win them over to his side. Mr. Carlson even defends Andy to his domineering mother, the station's owner, when she wants to fire him. Convinced that he is not going to last at WKRP, Andy spends about the first month in his apartment without furniture, just in case he has to suddenly leave town. In a flashback episode, it is revealed that Andy got his overweight landlady drunk to charm her into letting him out of his lease, which he does successfully. Described by Mr. Carlson as a "cowboy", Andy frequently wears boots and a cowboy hat. He also wears very tight jeans to work, which makes Mr. Carlson uncomfortable. "With denim," Andy explains, "I feel comfortable and relaxed. I feel as though I can work better." He wears his hair in the late 1970s "feathered" style, and many of the characters make fun of his abundant hair: Bailey Quarters, asking him to take part in a promotion, asks him to imagine "Your hair flowing in the wind -- now, that stuff will flow!" Though he is usually quiet and low-key, describing himself as "an easy-going guy with a natural ability to lead," he can sometimes lose his temper when his employees will not listen to him, which is more often than not. In response to Johnny Fever's refusal to play his playlist of top 40 hits, Andy jokingly threatens to shoot himself. In fact, a common joke in the series is that Andy often has to literally run to the broadcast booth to stop some unacceptable material being broadcast at that moment. Andy's first act at WKRP is to change the format from "beautiful music" to top 40 rock n' roll. He has, in his own words, "lived and breathed radio ever since I was a little boy," and his ambition is to turn WKRP around and make it a top-rated station. But he is unable to do what it would really take to improve the station: fire Herb and Les. He has come to feel affection for them, and he also knows a real housecleaning at the station would entail getting rid of Mr. Carlson too. After his first year on the job, when WKRP only rises from 16th to 14th in an 18-station market, and while the rest of the staff is elated, Andy, though outwardly happy, is furious, and considers it a personal failure. After a conversation with his friend, nighttime disc jockey Gordon "Venus Flytrap" Sims, Andy realizes that he cannot leave WKRP or fire anybody. He likes the people too much, and has made friends here, something that did not happen at the other stations where he worked. Andy decides to abandon his ambition of becoming a hugely successful program director, or as Venus puts it, "You gave up a chance to be Boy Wonder of American radio to be the head guard of a nut farm." As the series goes on, Andy turns his attention to fighting against the increasingly bland, corporate world of modern radio. In one episode, he meets Norris Breeze (played by thirtysomething co-star David Clennon), a former colleague of his from New Mexico who is now a successful programming consultant. Breeze is appalled by Andy's decision to let the DJs pick the music they like instead of just playing the same songs over and over, like most radio stations. "Nobody is programming their own music," Breeze says. "We are, and that's the way it's going to stay," Andy replies. A story arc from the final season of WKRP has Andy working behind the scenes to get Mama Carlson to put more money into the station, so that he can improve the place and give the employees raises. When the staff considers unionizing, he strikes a deal with her: he will keep the union out of the station if she will pay higher salaries and allow him to renovate the station's lobby. The others never find out what Andy did. Also in the final season, Andy takes Mama Carlson out to dinner and the opera, hoping to get her to invest still more money (this time to buy a new transmitter). He begins to wonder if she expects him to sleep with her in exchange for the money. In the end, it turns out that she only wanted to go out with a personable young man on her arm, though she enjoyed allowing him to believe that she had other expectations. In the final episode, Andy is given his walking papers when Mrs. Carlson announces her plans to change the station's format from Top 40 to all news, despite the station's most recent finish in sixth place in the Cincinnati radio ratings, with the morning show at number one. She reverses her decision after Johnny, who has learned her ulterior motive of changing the format to doom the station to failure like she wants (in order to keep the station as a tax write-off for her other business ventures), threatens to divulge her motive to her son. Just as Mrs. Carlson tells Arthur that she's reconsidered changing the format, a drunken Andy and Venus burst into her home with the intent of telling her off. "Mrs. Carlson...I'm tired of your crud!" Both collapse on her floor. Between the end of WKRP in Cincinnati in 1982 and the start of The New WKRP in Cincinnati in 1991, he leaves the station. The station's fortunes fall dramatically after his departure, to the point that by the time of The New WKRP in Cincinnati, the station is back in the same position as it was before he arrived. His (apparently) first replacement, Steve DeMarco (an unseen character), is much more controversial, embroiling the station in scandal and committing a major FCC violation that leads to his firing (and Carlson's arrest) the day before the new series begins. By the time of the later series, the program director's chair is filled by Donovan Aderhold (played by Mykelti Williamson), who disappears in the penultimate episode when he leaves the station, attempts to return, but has his plane disappear. The position is empty in the series finale. Andy Travis was one of two main cast members from the original series, along with Bailey Quarters, that never appeared in the new series. Personal life In the first-season episode "Love Returns", Travis is very tempted to leave WKRP. An old flame, now a very successful country and western singer (played by It's a Living star Barrie Youngfellow), shows up and rekindles old feelings. She offers him a job with her entourage, but he reluctantly turns it down. During the remainder of the show's run, Andy occasionally refers to having girlfriends and dates, and even uses Mr. Carlson's office to impress an attractive coat-check girl during a business party, but otherwise he is not actually seen actively pursuing a love interest. Andy is not immune to the charms of his female co-workers. After Andy is knocked unconscious during a tornado, Jennifer Marlowe begins giving him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which a delirious Andy soon attempts to turn into a passionate kiss. Similarly, when reprimanding Bailey Quarters for crafting a fake news story that was subsequently read on-air, he informs her that should it ever happen again, she will be "the best-looking reporter on the unemployment line" (Bailey's response in turn is non-verbal, but does indicate that she is extremely flattered by the compliment). In the episode "Filthy Pictures", Bailey uses Andy's obvious discomfort at being asked to pose in a bathing suit (for a charity photoshoot) to gently mock male chauvinist attitudes, greeting him with "Hey, baby" and calling him "beefcake". However, Andy does get his own back when Bailey dresses stylishly in purple and pretends to be a former nude pinup model (in order to get nude photos of Jennifer back from a sleazy photographer); when she returns to the station after the successful ruse, Andy greets her by saying, "Hey, baby...purple's my favorite color." He then begins chasing her around the station. Casting Hugh Wilson, the creator and showrunner of WKRP, originally wanted to offer the part of Andy to David Letterman. However, MTM decided to cast Letterman in another show, Mary Tyler Moore's comedy-variety show Mary (which was canceled after only three weeks). Several other actors were considered for the part, but CBS executives decided that Sandy was the best choice. References ^ "Jimmie Tramel: Gary Sandy revisits 'WKRP in Cincinnati' before turkey day". 20 November 2020. ^ "Opinion | 'Does it bother me that I'm known today for a 1970s TV series? Absolutely.'". The Hamilton Spectator. 25 October 2021. ^ Poliafico, Chuck (July 3, 1980). "Actor digs 'WKRP in Cincinnati' role". The Summer Kent Stater. Vol. I, no. 3. Retrieved November 5, 2022. ^ "12 fascinating facts about WKRP in Cincinnati". vteWKRP in CincinnatiCharacters Arthur Carlson Dr. Johnny Fever Venus Flytrap Jennifer Marlowe Les Nessman Bailey Quarters Herb Tarlek Andy Travis TV series WKRP in Cincinnati episodes "In Concert" "Turkeys Away" The New WKRP in Cincinnati
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"situation comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"WKRP in Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gary Sandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Sandy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"theme song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati#Musical_themes"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"MTM Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTM_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"ensemble comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"straight man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_man"}],"text":"Character on the television situation comedy WKRP in CincinnatiFictional characterAndy Travis is a fictional character on the television situation comedy WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–82).[2] He was played by Gary Sandy.[3]Travis was originally intended to be the lead character, the more-or-less normal person who would anchor the series and provide the focus for most of the stories. He is the subject of the theme song, and one critic went so far as to describe Sandy as \"Gary Tyler Moore,\" a nod to Mary Tyler Moore, who played the similar Mary Richards on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and eponymous owner of WKRP producer MTM Enterprises. As the first season went on, WKRP shifted to being more of an ensemble comedy, where any one of the eight regulars could carry an episode. Despite this change, Sandy retained top billing for all four seasons as the straight man to the rest of the cast.","title":"Andy Travis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Amarillo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arthur Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Carlson"},{"link_name":"Herb Tarlek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Tarlek"},{"link_name":"Les Nessman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Nessman"},{"link_name":"furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture"},{"link_name":"cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy"},{"link_name":"Bailey Quarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Quarters"},{"link_name":"Johnny Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Fever"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"disc jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Venus Flytrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Flytrap_(WKRP_in_Cincinnati)"},{"link_name":"thirtysomething","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtysomething_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Clennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clennon"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"The New WKRP in Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_WKRP_in_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"unseen character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unseen_character"},{"link_name":"Mykelti Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykelti_Williamson"}],"text":"In the pilot episode, Andy arrives in Cincinnati to take over as WKRP's program director. He previously worked the same job at a radio station in Santa Fe, New Mexico; but he also ran a station in Albuquerque and in Amarillo, Texas. In that episode, he claims to be from Santa Fe and, in the season two episode \"Jennifer's Home for Christmas,\" he refers to Santa Fe as home. However, in the season three episode \"A Mile in My Shoes\" Andy tells Smilin' Al, a business owner who advertises on WKRP, that he is originally from Phoenix, Arizona. Andy is young, handsome and friendly, and though he is viewed with suspicion by the old guard at the low-rated station—manager Arthur Carlson, sales director Herb Tarlek, and news director Les Nessman—he soon manages to win them over to his side. Mr. Carlson even defends Andy to his domineering mother, the station's owner, when she wants to fire him.Convinced that he is not going to last at WKRP, Andy spends about the first month in his apartment without furniture, just in case he has to suddenly leave town. In a flashback episode, it is revealed that Andy got his overweight landlady drunk to charm her into letting him out of his lease, which he does successfully.Described by Mr. Carlson as a \"cowboy\", Andy frequently wears boots and a cowboy hat. He also wears very tight jeans to work, which makes Mr. Carlson uncomfortable. \"With denim,\" Andy explains, \"I feel comfortable and relaxed. I feel as though I can work better.\" He wears his hair in the late 1970s \"feathered\" style, and many of the characters make fun of his abundant hair: Bailey Quarters, asking him to take part in a promotion, asks him to imagine \"Your hair flowing in the wind -- now, that stuff will flow!\" Though he is usually quiet and low-key, describing himself as \"an easy-going guy with a natural ability to lead,\" he can sometimes lose his temper when his employees will not listen to him, which is more often than not. In response to Johnny Fever's refusal to play his playlist of top 40 hits, Andy jokingly threatens to shoot himself. In fact, a common joke in the series is that Andy often has to literally run to the broadcast booth to stop some unacceptable material being broadcast at that moment.Andy's first act at WKRP is to change the format from \"beautiful music\" to top 40 rock n' roll. He has, in his own words, \"lived and breathed radio ever since I was a little boy,\" and his ambition is to turn WKRP around and make it a top-rated station. But he is unable to do what it would really take to improve the station: fire Herb and Les. He has come to feel affection for them, and he also knows a real housecleaning at the station would entail getting rid of Mr. Carlson too.After his first year on the job, when WKRP only rises from 16th to 14th in an 18-station market, and while the rest of the staff is elated, Andy, though outwardly happy, is furious, and considers it a personal failure. After a conversation with his friend, nighttime disc jockey Gordon \"Venus Flytrap\" Sims, Andy realizes that he cannot leave WKRP or fire anybody. He likes the people too much, and has made friends here, something that did not happen at the other stations where he worked. Andy decides to abandon his ambition of becoming a hugely successful program director, or as Venus puts it, \"You gave up a chance to be Boy Wonder of American radio to be the head guard of a nut farm.\"As the series goes on, Andy turns his attention to fighting against the increasingly bland, corporate world of modern radio. In one episode, he meets Norris Breeze (played by thirtysomething co-star David Clennon), a former colleague of his from New Mexico who is now a successful programming consultant. Breeze is appalled by Andy's decision to let the DJs pick the music they like instead of just playing the same songs over and over, like most radio stations. \"Nobody is programming their own music,\" Breeze says. \"We are, and that's the way it's going to stay,\" Andy replies.A story arc from the final season of WKRP has Andy working behind the scenes to get Mama Carlson to put more money into the station, so that he can improve the place and give the employees raises. When the staff considers unionizing, he strikes a deal with her: he will keep the union out of the station if she will pay higher salaries and allow him to renovate the station's lobby. The others never find out what Andy did.Also in the final season, Andy takes Mama Carlson out to dinner and the opera, hoping to get her to invest still more money (this time to buy a new transmitter). He begins to wonder if she expects him to sleep with her in exchange for the money. In the end, it turns out that she only wanted to go out with a personable young man on her arm, though she enjoyed allowing him to believe that she had other expectations.In the final episode, Andy is given his walking papers when Mrs. Carlson announces her plans to change the station's format from Top 40 to all news, despite the station's most recent finish in sixth place in the Cincinnati radio ratings, with the morning show at number one. She reverses her decision after Johnny, who has learned her ulterior motive of changing the format to doom the station to failure like she wants (in order to keep the station as a tax write-off for her other business ventures), threatens to divulge her motive to her son. Just as Mrs. Carlson tells Arthur that she's reconsidered changing the format, a drunken Andy and Venus burst into her home with the intent of telling her off. \"Mrs. Carlson...I'm tired of your crud!\" Both collapse on her floor.Between the end of WKRP in Cincinnati in 1982 and the start of The New WKRP in Cincinnati in 1991, he leaves the station. The station's fortunes fall dramatically after his departure, to the point that by the time of The New WKRP in Cincinnati, the station is back in the same position as it was before he arrived. His (apparently) first replacement, Steve DeMarco (an unseen character), is much more controversial, embroiling the station in scandal and committing a major FCC violation that leads to his firing (and Carlson's arrest) the day before the new series begins. By the time of the later series, the program director's chair is filled by Donovan Aderhold (played by Mykelti Williamson), who disappears in the penultimate episode when he leaves the station, attempts to return, but has his plane disappear. The position is empty in the series finale. Andy Travis was one of two main cast members from the original series, along with Bailey Quarters, that never appeared in the new series.","title":"Program director"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WKRP_in_Cincinnati_episodes#%22Love_Returns%22"},{"link_name":"country and western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_and_western"},{"link_name":"It's a Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Living_(1980_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Barrie Youngfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Youngfellow"},{"link_name":"tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"mouth-to-mouth resuscitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation"},{"link_name":"Bailey Quarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey_Quarters"}],"text":"In the first-season episode \"Love Returns\", Travis is very tempted to leave WKRP. An old flame, now a very successful country and western singer (played by It's a Living star Barrie Youngfellow), shows up and rekindles old feelings. She offers him a job with her entourage, but he reluctantly turns it down. During the remainder of the show's run, Andy occasionally refers to having girlfriends and dates, and even uses Mr. Carlson's office to impress an attractive coat-check girl during a business party, but otherwise he is not actually seen actively pursuing a love interest.Andy is not immune to the charms of his female co-workers. After Andy is knocked unconscious during a tornado, Jennifer Marlowe begins giving him mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which a delirious Andy soon attempts to turn into a passionate kiss. Similarly, when reprimanding Bailey Quarters for crafting a fake news story that was subsequently read on-air, he informs her that should it ever happen again, she will be \"the best-looking reporter on the unemployment line\" (Bailey's response in turn is non-verbal, but does indicate that she is extremely flattered by the compliment). In the episode \"Filthy Pictures\", Bailey uses Andy's obvious discomfort at being asked to pose in a bathing suit (for a charity photoshoot) to gently mock male chauvinist attitudes, greeting him with \"Hey, baby\" and calling him \"beefcake\". However, Andy does get his own back when Bailey dresses stylishly in purple and pretends to be a former nude pinup model (in order to get nude photos of Jennifer back from a sleazy photographer); when she returns to the station after the successful ruse, Andy greets her by saying, \"Hey, baby...purple's my favorite color.\" He then begins chasing her around the station.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Wilson_(director)"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"David Letterman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(variety)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hugh Wilson, the creator and showrunner of WKRP, originally wanted to offer the part of Andy to David Letterman. However, MTM decided to cast Letterman in another show, Mary Tyler Moore's comedy-variety show Mary (which was canceled after only three weeks). Several other actors were considered for the part, but CBS executives decided that Sandy was the best choice.[4]","title":"Casting"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishapakar
Vishapakar
["1 Location","2 Discovery and research","3 Date","4 Typology","5 Gallery","6 UNESCO","7 Vishap serpent","8 See also","9 References","10 External links","11 Literature"]
A vishap A vishapakar (Armenian: Վիշապաքար) also known as vishap stones, vishap stelae, "serpent-stones", "dragon stones", are characteristic monoliths found in large numbers in the Armenian Highlands, in natural and artificial ponds, and other sources of water. They are commonly carved from one piece of stone, into cigar-like shapes with fish heads or serpents. Supposedly they are images of vishaps, a water dragon of Armenian folklore. There are about 150 known extant vishap stelae, of which 90 are found in Armenia. Location Found in Armenia's Gegham mountains, Lake Sevan's north-east coast, Mount Aragats's slopes, Garni, the valley of Çoruh River, as well as other places, where they used to worship Vishap stones in ancient times. They are obvious with "Vishap" names. They were carved from massive stones (the biggest being 5.06m high), in a fish form, with a snake, bull, ram, stork, etc., as well as bird sculptures, usually placed in fountains, canals, reservoirs, and artificial lakes nearby. It can be assumed that these slabs were supporting agriculture and irrigation, by worshipping personal water deities. Discovery and research Vishaps were introduced by the Armenian writer Atrpet in 1880. His work was published in 1926. In 1909, when Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov's visited Armenia's Temple of Garni for a paleontological excavation, the local residents heard stories about the Vishaps that lived in the tall mountains. Scientists organized the expedition, climbed the Gegham mountains, to confirm the existence Vishaps and whether they have any scientific significance or not. The findings in the Gegham mountains were published in 1931. The scientists in the mountains discovered megalithic stone sculptures, which the Armenians called "Vishap", and were mostly in the form of a fish. The biggest Vishap measured 4.75m high, and 55cm wide. In 1909, all the Vishaps were destroyed, and a part of them were buried in the soil. Soon, other expeditions that were organized on the Gegham mountains found more Vishaps. In 1910, Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov had already found 27 similar megalithic sculptures. There were similar Vishaps discovered in Armenia's Lake Sevan, southern Georgia, and modern day eastern Turkey (historical Western Armenia). Date Determining how old Vishaps are is particularly difficult. The monuments are placed away from neighborhoods, whose radiocarbon analysis of the organic residues would enable them to determine the approximate age. On the giant Yurt's premiere Vishap that was found, there was images of the cross and Armenian letters dated from the 13th century. The position of the cross and the writings show that in the 13th century, the Vishap was still in the upright position. In 1963, in the Garni area a Vishap was excavated, which had an inscription of Argishti I of Urartu (8th century BC). Comparison has been made with the megaliths found in the North Caucasus and Europe. There are also similarities with monuments found in northern Mongolia. Typology Vishap in Yerevan's Nor Nork area All the findings are carved on one stone, that is within 3-5m high. Most of the Vishaps are in a fish form that resembles a catfish. Basically, the carved details represent the fish eyes, mouth, tail, and gills. Another portion of the Vishaps are pictured as a hoofed animal such as a bull or ram and may represent a sacrifice, with various cases only pictured as stakes on the stretched animal skin. On other Vishaps, there are waves symbolizing water, which often come out of the mouth of the bull, long-legged birds, and rare snakes. Three Main Types of Vishaps: Bull form (square, thick plate form, the front is mainly a bull's head and fallen down limbs image) Fish form (oval, carved in the shape of the fish, contains features unique to the fish anatomy) Fish-Bull Form (contains both of the forms) Most of the Vishap stones are found fallen down in a horizontal position, lying down. However, the three forms listed above are designed and carved on all sides. The tails of the fish forms of the Vishap stones suggests that they were also once in a standing position. Aghavnadzor khatchkar transformed into two vishaps The Vishaps are monuments used to worship water, which are believed to have a close tie to water distribution. Almost all the Vishaps are found in places related to mountain springs or canals. Similarly, there are irrigation systems found by Ashkharbek Kalantar at Mount Aragats, the Tokhmakagan backwaters of the Gegham mountains, Artanish Bay and near Gemerzek settlements. Although it is impossible to precisely date the irrigation systems, scientists have linked the Vishaps to ancient fertility and water worship. Gallery Vishapakar near Metsamor museum Vishapakar in Yerevan Vishapakar on Mount Aragats slope Vishapakar on the right side of the Matenadaran building Vishap near Yerevan's third governmental building UNESCO The Vishaps and the Cultural Landscape of Tirinkatar is nominated to UNESCO World Heritage site, and maybe included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage site. Vishap serpent It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled vishap. (Discuss) (January 2022) The prominent characteristics of the "Vishap" are that they come from the "water" and they are "poisonous"; Thus, they are described as "water dragons with poisonous saliva". The name might derive from an ancient Iranian term vi-šāpa, 'having poisonous juices', used in reference to snakes. Vahagn the Dragon Slayer Certain studies believe Vishap is foremost worshipped as water, rain and a rich-giving soul, whose tail is capable of creating canals and paths when it hits the Earth. Vishap is also seen as an eerie monster who is a water source and guards treasure. Almost all the mythology explains divinity or god's hand as the cause of Vishap's death, which absorbed the water, the treasures that were guarded, and released the sacrificial virgins. Thus, old Egyptian myth regards Vishap as a power of darkness, who is defeated by the sun goddess Rán. As for Armenian myth, Vahagn, the dragon slayer, fights and wins the battle against Vishap. The Vishap battle myths have spread across the Armenian population as an old folk tale (for example, Dikran and Aztahag, Daredevils of Sassoun). They have also had an influence in Christian literature. According to legend, Vishap's death and virgin sacrifice saves Saint George. Other legend says Vishap is presented as a Sun, who is a bad and destructive force, that the angels fight with (thunder as a symbol of the fight, the lightning as Archangel Gabriel's flashing sword, the sparks as a fiery arrow, and the rainbow as the bow). According to Manuk Abeghian, Vishaps have been donated to Pantheon's beloved goddess, Astghik. As for Grigor Ghapantsyan, they symbolize the dying and resurrecting god, Ara the Beautiful. See also Yerevan's central vishap community Obelisk Cromlêh Azhdahak Khachkar Dolmen Menhir Stele References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vishap stones in Armenia. ^ Historical Dictionary of Armenia ^ James Russell, "Van and the Persistence of Memory", p47, in "Armenian Van/Vaspurakan", ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, 2000. ^ a b c Vishap stones. Armenia's tallest monuments and their preservation issue ^ Armen Petrosyan, Arsen Bobokhyan «The Vishap Stelae» Yerevan, 2015 ^ a b c Пиотровский Б. Б. Вишапы. Каменные статуи в горах Армении, Издание Армянского филиала АН СССР, Ленинград, 1939 (in Russian) ^ Мещанинов, Иван Иванович Каменные статуи рыб — вишапы на Кавказе и в Северной Монголии // Записки Коллегии Востоковедов, I, Ленинград, 1926 (in Russian) ^ Ashkharbek Kalantar, Armenia: From the Stone Age to the Middle Ages, Civilisations du Proshe-Orient։ Serie 1, Vol. 2, Recherches et Publications, Neuchatel, Paris, 1994;ISBN 978-2-940032-01-3; Ա.Քալանթար, Քարե դարից միջնադար, «Գիտություն» հրատ. Երևան, 2007; ISBN 978-5-8080-0685-0 ^ Марр, Николай Яковлевич, Смирнов, Яков Иванович Вишапы // Труды Государственной Академии Истории Материальной Культуры, т. I, Ленинград, 1931 (in Russian) ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999). The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 910. ^ Armenia's Ancient Heritage, Patmamshakuytain Heritage Series, Volume 7 External links The Vishap Stones, Project Discovery! Newsletter, 2006 The Vishap Stelae, Ed. Armen Petrosyan, Arsen Bobokhyan, Yerevan, 2015 Ранние образы рыбы, вишапа, дракона и змеи в армянском наскальном искусстве (in Russian) Հատված Նոնա Ստեփանյանի « Հայաստանի արվեստը » գրքից (in Russian) Literature Пиотровский Б.Б. Вишапы. Каменные статуи в горах Армении, Издание Армянского филиала АН СССР, Ленинград, 1939 (in Russian) Аракелян Б.Н., Арутюнян Н.В. Находка урартской надписи в Гарни // Историко-филологический журнал Армянской ССР, № 2, 1966 (in Russian) Марр Н.Я., Смирнов Я.И. Вишапы // Труды Государственной Академии Истории Материальной Культуры, т. I, Ленинград, 1931 (in Russian) Мещанинов И.И. Каменные статуи рыб - вишапы на Кавказе и в Северной Монголии // Записки Коллегии Востоковедов, I, Ленинград, 1926 (in Russian) Мифологический словарь/ Гл. ред. Е. М. Мелетинский. — М.:Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 672 с. (in Russian) Абегян М. Армянский эпический фольклор, Труды, т. I. Ер., 1966. с. 85-86, на арм. яз. (in Russian) Վիշապ քարակոթողները, Խմբ. Ա. Պետրոսյան, Ա. Բոբոխյան, Գիտություն, Երևան, 2015, 420 էջ
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vishaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishap"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-3"}],"text":"A vishapakar (Armenian: Վիշապաքար) also known as vishap stones, vishap stelae, \"serpent-stones\", \"dragon stones\", are characteristic monoliths found in large numbers in the Armenian Highlands, in natural and artificial ponds, and other sources of water. They are commonly carved from one piece of stone, into cigar-like shapes with fish heads or serpents.[1] Supposedly they are images of vishaps, a water dragon of Armenian folklore.[2]\nThere are about 150 known extant vishap stelae, of which 90 are found in Armenia.[3]","title":"Vishapakar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Gegham mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegham_mountains"},{"link_name":"Lake Sevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sevan"},{"link_name":"Mount Aragats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aragats"},{"link_name":"Garni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garni"},{"link_name":"Çoruh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oruh_River"}],"text":"Found in Armenia's Gegham mountains, Lake Sevan's north-east coast, Mount Aragats's slopes, Garni, the valley of Çoruh River, as well as other places, where they used to worship Vishap stones in ancient times. They are obvious with \"Vishap\" names. They were carved from massive stones (the biggest being 5.06m high), in a fish form, with a snake, bull, ram, stork, etc., as well as bird sculptures, usually placed in fountains, canals, reservoirs, and artificial lakes nearby. It can be assumed that these slabs were supporting agriculture and irrigation, by worshipping personal water deities.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atrpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrpet"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Marr"},{"link_name":"Temple of Garni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Garni"},{"link_name":"Gegham mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegham_mountains"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D5%8E%D5%94-4"},{"link_name":"Lake Sevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sevan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"Vishaps were introduced by the Armenian writer Atrpet in 1880. His work was published in 1926. In 1909, when Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov's visited Armenia's Temple of Garni for a paleontological excavation, the local residents heard stories about the Vishaps that lived in the tall mountains. Scientists organized the expedition, climbed the Gegham mountains, to confirm the existence Vishaps and whether they have any scientific significance or not. The findings in the Gegham mountains were published in 1931.[4]The scientists in the mountains discovered megalithic stone sculptures, which the Armenians called \"Vishap\", and were mostly in the form of a fish. The biggest Vishap measured 4.75m high, and 55cm wide. In 1909, all the Vishaps were destroyed, and a part of them were buried in the soil.Soon, other expeditions that were organized on the Gegham mountains found more Vishaps. In 1910, Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov had already found 27 similar megalithic sculptures. There were similar Vishaps discovered in Armenia's Lake Sevan, southern Georgia, and modern day eastern Turkey (historical Western Armenia).","title":"Discovery and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Argishti I of Urartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-5"},{"link_name":"megaliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B21926-6"}],"text":"Determining how old Vishaps are is particularly difficult. The monuments are placed away from neighborhoods, whose radiocarbon analysis of the organic residues would enable them to determine the approximate age.On the giant Yurt's premiere Vishap that was found,[clarification needed] there was images of the cross and Armenian letters dated from the 13th century. The position of the cross and the writings show that in the 13th century, the Vishap was still in the upright position. In 1963, in the Garni area a Vishap was excavated, which had an inscription of Argishti I of Urartu (8th century BC).[5]Comparison has been made with the megaliths found in the North Caucasus and Europe. There are also similarities with monuments found in northern Mongolia.[5][6]","title":"Date"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishapakar_(Dragonstone)2,_Nor_Nork.JPG"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heritage-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ashkharbek Kalantar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkharbek_Kalantar"},{"link_name":"Mount Aragats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aragats"},{"link_name":"Gegham mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegham_mountains"},{"link_name":"Artanish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artanish_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%801931-8"}],"text":"Vishap in Yerevan's Nor Nork areaAll the findings are carved on one stone, that is within 3-5m high. Most of the Vishaps are in a fish form that resembles a catfish. Basically, the carved details represent the fish eyes, mouth, tail, and gills. Another portion of the Vishaps are pictured as a hoofed animal such as a bull or ram and may represent a sacrifice, with various cases only pictured as stakes on the stretched animal skin. On other Vishaps, there are waves symbolizing water, which often come out of the mouth of the bull, long-legged birds, and rare snakes.Three Main Types of Vishaps:Bull form (square, thick plate form, the front is mainly a bull's head and fallen down limbs image)\nFish form (oval, carved in the shape of the fish, contains features unique to the fish anatomy)\nFish-Bull Form (contains both of the forms)[3]Most of the Vishap stones are found fallen down in a horizontal position, lying down. However, the three forms listed above are designed and carved on all sides. The tails of the fish forms of the Vishap stones suggests that they were also once in a standing position.[3]Aghavnadzor khatchkar transformed into two vishapsThe Vishaps are monuments used to worship water, which are believed to have a close tie to water distribution. Almost all the Vishaps are found in places related to mountain springs or canals.[7] Similarly, there are irrigation systems found by Ashkharbek Kalantar at Mount Aragats, the Tokhmakagan backwaters of the Gegham mountains, Artanish Bay and near Gemerzek settlements. Although it is impossible to precisely date the irrigation systems, scientists have linked the Vishaps to ancient fertility and water worship.[5][8]","title":"Typology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishap_phallus_metsamor_hill.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishapakar_(Dragonstone),_Nor_Nork.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishapaqar_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bacotya_cucadrutyun_(14).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yerevan_Vishap.jpg"}],"text":"Vishapakar near Metsamor museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVishapakar in Yerevan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVishapakar on Mount Aragats slope\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVishapakar on the right side of the Matenadaran building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVishap near Yerevan's third governmental building","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Vishaps and the Cultural Landscape of Tirinkatar is nominated to UNESCO World Heritage site, and maybe included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage site.","title":"UNESCO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vishap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishap"},{"link_name":"Rán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Vahagn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahagn"},{"link_name":"Daredevils of Sassoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun"},{"link_name":"Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Manuk Abeghian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk_Abeghian"},{"link_name":"Astghik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astghik"},{"link_name":"Grigor Ghapantsyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigor_Ghapantsyan"},{"link_name":"Ara the Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_the_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mshag-10"}],"text":"The prominent characteristics of the \"Vishap\" are that they come from the \"water\" and they are \"poisonous\"; Thus, they are described as \"water dragons with poisonous saliva\". The name might derive from an ancient Iranian term vi-šāpa, 'having poisonous juices', used in reference to snakes.[9]Vahagn the Dragon SlayerCertain studies believe Vishap is foremost worshipped as water, rain and a rich-giving soul, whose tail is capable of creating canals and paths when it hits the Earth. Vishap is also seen as an eerie monster who is a water source and guards treasure. Almost all the mythology explains divinity or god's hand as the cause of Vishap's death, which absorbed the water, the treasures that were guarded, and released the sacrificial virgins. Thus, old Egyptian myth regards Vishap as a power of darkness, who is defeated by the sun goddess Rán. As for Armenian myth, Vahagn, the dragon slayer, fights and wins the battle against Vishap. The Vishap battle myths have spread across the Armenian population as an old folk tale (for example, Dikran and Aztahag, Daredevils of Sassoun). They have also had an influence in Christian literature. According to legend, Vishap's death and virgin sacrifice saves Saint George. Other legend says Vishap is presented as a Sun, who is a bad and destructive force, that the angels fight with (thunder as a symbol of the fight, the lightning as Archangel Gabriel's flashing sword, the sparks as a fiery arrow, and the rainbow as the bow).According to Manuk Abeghian, Vishaps have been donated to Pantheon's beloved goddess, Astghik. As for Grigor Ghapantsyan, they symbolize the dying and resurrecting god, Ara the Beautiful.[10]","title":"Vishap serpent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Վիշապ քարակոթողները","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/16328496/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8._%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_2015._The_Vishap_Stelae._Yerevan_2015"}],"text":"Пиотровский Б.Б. Вишапы. Каменные статуи в горах Армении, Издание Армянского филиала АН СССР, Ленинград, 1939 (in Russian)\nАракелян Б.Н., Арутюнян Н.В. Находка урартской надписи в Гарни // Историко-филологический журнал Армянской ССР, № 2, 1966 (in Russian)\nМарр Н.Я., Смирнов Я.И. Вишапы // Труды Государственной Академии Истории Материальной Культуры, т. I, Ленинград, 1931 (in Russian)\nМещанинов И.И. Каменные статуи рыб - вишапы на Кавказе и в Северной Монголии // Записки Коллегии Востоковедов, I, Ленинград, 1926 (in Russian)\nМифологический словарь/ Гл. ред. Е. М. Мелетинский. — М.:Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 672 с. (in Russian)\nАбегян М. Армянский эпический фольклор, Труды, т. I. Ер., 1966. с. 85-86, на арм. яз. (in Russian)\nՎիշապ քարակոթողները, Խմբ. Ա. Պետրոսյան, Ա. Բոբոխյան, Գիտություն, Երևան, 2015, 420 էջ","title":"Literature"}]
[{"image_text":"A vishap","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vishap02.jpg/200px-Vishap02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vishap in Yerevan's Nor Nork area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vishapakar_%28Dragonstone%292%2C_Nor_Nork.JPG/250px-Vishapakar_%28Dragonstone%292%2C_Nor_Nork.JPG"},{"image_text":"Aghavnadzor khatchkar transformed into two vishaps","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80.jpg/250px-%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D4%B1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vahagn the Dragon Slayer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg/250px-%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Yerevan's central vishap community","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yerevan_Vishapaqar.jpg/250px-Yerevan_Vishapaqar.jpg"}]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&dq=Vishapakar&pg=PA499","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Armenia"},{"Link":"http://rcchd.icomos.org.ge/?l=G&m=4-4&JID=3&AID=26&l2","external_links_name":"Vishap stones. Armenia's tallest monuments and their preservation issue"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EiF0wNeMpYwC&pg=PA910","external_links_name":"The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/10218132/The_Vishap_Stones._Project_Discovery_Newsletter_2006","external_links_name":"The Vishap Stones"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/16328496/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8._%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_2015._The_Vishap_Stelae._Yerevan_2015","external_links_name":"The Vishap Stelae"},{"Link":"http://www.iatp.am/vahanyan/vishaps.htm","external_links_name":"Ранние образы рыбы, вишапа, дракона и змеи в армянском наскальном искусстве"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024437/http://www.fluteric.info/Armenia/Fine_Arts/Sculpture/1.htm","external_links_name":"Հատված Նոնա Ստեփանյանի « Հայաստանի արվեստը » գրքից"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/16328496/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8._%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6_2015._The_Vishap_Stelae._Yerevan_2015","external_links_name":"Վիշապ քարակոթողները"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_thrust
Pelvic thrust
["1 Sexual activity","2 Dance","3 Exercise","4 Infants","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
Thrusting motion of the pelvic region Not to be confused with pelvic lift. The pelvic thrust is the thrusting motion of the pelvic region, which is used for a variety of activities, such as dance, exercise, or sexual activity. Sexual activity Two bonobos mating The pelvic thrust is used during copulation by many species of mammals, including humans, or for other sexual activities (such as non-penetrative sex). In 2007, German scientists noted that female monkeys could increase the vigor and number of pelvic thrusts made by the male by shouting during intercourse. In whitetail deer, copulation consists of a single pelvic thrust. Dance Elvis Presley performing "Jailhouse Rock" One of the first to perform this move on stage was Elvis Presley. It was quite controversial due to its obvious sexual connotations. Due to this controversy, he was sometimes shown (as seen on his third appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show) from the waist up on TV. Later, the pelvic thrust also became one of the signature moves of Michael Jackson. It is also mentioned in "Time Warp", a song from The Rocky Horror Show, as a part of the choreography associated with the warp itself. Twerking, a reverse and sometimes passive form of pelvic thrust dance move, is also a very popular form of hip-hop dance move. The sideways pelvic thrust is a famous female dance move in India and Bangladesh and known as thumka. It appears in the lyrics of various Bollywood songs. Exercise Hip thrusts can be used as an exercise to train the gluteus maximus muscle. The athlete will get into a reclined position and thrust their hips upward to lift weights balanced on their lap. Infants Pelvic thrusting is observed in infant monkeys, apes, and humans. These observations led ethologist John Bowlby (1969) to suggest that infantile sexual behavior may be the rule in mammals, not the exception. Thrusting has been observed in humans at eight to 10 months of age and may be an expression of affection. Typically, the infant clings to the parent, then nuzzles, thrusts, and rotates the pelvis for several seconds. See also Lordosis behavior Twerking References ^ R. D. Estes (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0. Retrieved 28 July 2013. copulation thrusting. ^ Bruce Bagemihl (15 January 1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-19239-6. ^ A. F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6. ^ Nilamadhab Kar; Gopal Chandra Kar (2005). Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 107–112. ISBN 81-8061-405-0. Retrieved February 10, 2014. ^ "Study Reveals Why Monkeys Shout During Sex". livescience.com. Charles Q. Choi. 18 December 2007. ^ Leonard Lee Rue (3 September 2013). Whitetail Savvy: New Research and Observations about America's Most Popular Big Game Animal. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-531-5. ^ "Welcome to EIN". Elvisinfonet.com. Retrieved 2013-08-01. ^ "#HappyBirthdayMJ – Top 5 iconic steps Michael Jackson floored us with". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 April 2017. ^ Neto, Walter Krause; Vieira, Thais Lima; Gama, Eliane Florencio (June 2019). "Barbell Hip Thrust, Muscular Activation and Performance: A Systematic Review". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 18 (2): 198–206. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 6544005. PMID 31191088. ^ Soong, Damian (2020-09-24). "This Is the Best Exercise for Your Glutes, According To Science". Form. Retrieved 2023-03-21. ^ Rathus, Spencer: Human sexuality in a world of diversity (2007) p. 314 Bibliography Tim Glover (30 June 2012). Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00001-8. Retrieved 11 May 2013. Jean-Baptiste Leca; Michael A. Huffman; Paul L. Vasey (19 January 2012). The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76185-7. Retrieved 19 May 2013. H. Frank (30 April 1987). Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Springer. ISBN 978-90-6193-614-5. Retrieved 19 May 2013. Alan F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. Retrieved 19 May 2013. Edward C. Feldman; Richard Richard William Nelson (2004). Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7216-9315-6. Retrieved 19 May 2013. Katherine A. Houpt (25 January 2011). Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-95843-8. Retrieved 19 May 2013. vteAnimal sexual behaviourGeneral Sexual selection Sexual reproduction evolution reproductive system hormonal motivation Courtship display sexual ornamentation handicap principle sexy son hypothesis Fisherian runaway Mating systems mate choice mating call mate guarding mating plug lek mating Copulation cloacal kiss sexual intercourse Pelvic thrust pseudocopulation Fertilisation internal external sperm competition traumatic insemination penile spines Modes monogamy promiscuity polyandry polygyny polygynandry semelparity and iteroparity opportunistic hermaphroditism cuckoldry seasonal synchrony Sexual dimorphism anisogamy oogamy Bateman's principle bimaturism cannibalism coercion Sexual conflict interlocus intralocus Interspecies breeding Non-reproductive behavior Fisher's principle Invertebrates Arthropods crab spider scorpion beetle insect butterfly Cephalopods octopus Cnidaria sea anemone jellyfish coral Echinoderms Gastropods apophallation love dart Sponge Worms earthworm epitoky penis fencing Fish Spawning strategies Polyandry in fish Eels Salmon run Seahorse Sharks Amphibians Sexual selection frogs Frog reproduction Salamanders Reptiles Sexual selection in scaled reptiles lizards snakes side-blotched lizard Crocodilians Tuatara Birds Sexual selection Breeding behaviour golden eagle seabirds Homosexual behavior Mammals Sexual selection rut Lordosis behavior Homosexual behavior Canid African wild dog coyote dingo domestic dog gray wolf red fox Dolphin Elephant European badger Felidae lion tiger cheetah domestic cat Fossa Hippopotamus Spotted hyena Marsupial kangaroo Pinnipeds walrus Primates human bonobo gorilla olive baboon mandrill ringtailed lemur sexual swelling Raccoon Rodent Short-beaked echidna vteOutline of human sexualityPhysiology and biology Clitoral erection Erogenous zones Insemination Intersex Libido Nocturnal emission Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pelvic thrust Penile erection Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Sexual response cycle Sexual stimulation Vaginal lubrication Health andeducation Birth control Condom Male contraceptive Masters and Johnson Obesity and sexuality Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy (PLISSIT model) Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Cybersex trafficking Rape Sex trafficking Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual slavery Sexual violence Revenge pornography History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love/sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Free love Marriage Modesty Orgasm gap Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sex-positive movement Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang Split attraction model By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Conventional sex Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Creampie Edging Erotic sexual denial Facial Fetishism Fisting Foot fetishism Footjob Forced orgasm Frot Gang bang Group sex Mammary intercourse Manual sex Anal fingering Fingering Handjob Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sexercise Sex in space Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sumata Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Erotic talk Wet T-shirt contest Sex industry Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Sacred Survival sex Red-light district Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy Doll Strip club Webcam model Religion andsexuality Buddhism and Hinduism Tantric sex Christian demonology Clerical celibacy Buddhist monasticism Catholic Church Hindu monasticism Jain monasticism Daoism Islam Judaism LGBT people LGBT-affirming religious groups Mormonism Sacred prostitution Ancient Greece Thelema Sex magic Human sexuality portal vteSexBiologicalterms Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex-determination system XY ZW XO ZO Temperature-dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis-determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Simultaneous hermaphroditism Intersex parasexuality Sex as a biological variable Sexualreproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Mating Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Penile-vaginal intercourse Copulation Hormonal motivation Human reproduction Lordosis behavior Pelvic thrust Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Category
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In 2007, German scientists noted that female monkeys could increase the vigor and number of pelvic thrusts made by the male by shouting during intercourse.[5] In whitetail deer, copulation consists of a single pelvic thrust.[6]","title":"Sexual activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elvis_Presley_Jailhouse_Rock2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jailhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Time Warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warp_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Rocky Horror Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show"},{"link_name":"Twerking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerking"},{"link_name":"hip-hop dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_dance"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Elvis Presley performing \"Jailhouse Rock\"One of the first to perform this move on stage was Elvis Presley. It was quite controversial due to its obvious sexual connotations. Due to this controversy, he was sometimes shown (as seen on his third appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show) from the waist up on TV.[7] Later, the pelvic thrust also became one of the signature moves of Michael Jackson.[8] It is also mentioned in \"Time Warp\", a song from The Rocky Horror Show, as a part of the choreography associated with the warp itself. Twerking, a reverse and sometimes passive form of pelvic thrust dance move, is also a very popular form of hip-hop dance move. The sideways pelvic thrust is a famous female dance move in India and Bangladesh and known as thumka. 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magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_magic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg"},{"link_name":"Human sexuality portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sex_(biology)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_(biology)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"Sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male"},{"link_name":"Female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female"},{"link_name":"Sexual 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variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable"},{"link_name":"Sexualreproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Evolution of sexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Anisogamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisogamy"},{"link_name":"Isogamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogamy"},{"link_name":"Germ cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell"},{"link_name":"Reproductive system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_system"},{"link_name":"Sex organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_organ"},{"link_name":"Mating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating"},{"link_name":"Meiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis"},{"link_name":"Gametogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametogenesis"},{"link_name":"Spermatogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogenesis"},{"link_name":"Oogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oogenesis"},{"link_name":"Gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"spermatozoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon"},{"link_name":"ovum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cell"},{"link_name":"Fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation"},{"link_name":"External","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_fertilization"},{"link_name":"Internal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_fertilization"},{"link_name":"Sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"Plant reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Fungal reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating_in_fungi"},{"link_name":"Sexual reproduction in animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals"},{"link_name":"Sexual intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"},{"link_name":"Penile-vaginal intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse"},{"link_name":"Copulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Hormonal motivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation"},{"link_name":"Human reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Lordosis behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordosis_behavior"},{"link_name":"Pelvic thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Plant sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology"},{"link_name":"Animal sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour"},{"link_name":"Human sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Differentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans"},{"link_name":"Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sex"}],"text":"Tim Glover (30 June 2012). Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00001-8. Retrieved 11 May 2013.\nJean-Baptiste Leca; Michael A. Huffman; Paul L. Vasey (19 January 2012). The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76185-7. Retrieved 19 May 2013.\nH. Frank (30 April 1987). Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Springer. ISBN 978-90-6193-614-5. Retrieved 19 May 2013.\nAlan F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. Retrieved 19 May 2013.\nEdward C. Feldman; Richard Richard William Nelson (2004). Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7216-9315-6. Retrieved 19 May 2013.\nKatherine A. Houpt (25 January 2011). Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-95843-8. Retrieved 19 May 2013.vteAnimal sexual behaviourGeneral\nSexual selection\nSexual reproduction\nevolution\nreproductive system\nhormonal motivation\nCourtship display\nsexual ornamentation\nhandicap principle\nsexy son hypothesis\nFisherian runaway\nMating systems\nmate choice\nmating call\nmate guarding\nmating plug\nlek mating\nCopulation\ncloacal kiss\nsexual intercourse\nPelvic thrust\npseudocopulation\nFertilisation\ninternal\nexternal\nsperm competition\ntraumatic insemination\npenile spines\nModes\nmonogamy\npromiscuity\npolyandry\npolygyny\npolygynandry\nsemelparity and iteroparity\nopportunistic\nhermaphroditism\ncuckoldry\nseasonal\nsynchrony\nSexual dimorphism\nanisogamy\noogamy\nBateman's principle\nbimaturism\ncannibalism\ncoercion\nSexual conflict\ninterlocus\nintralocus\nInterspecies breeding\nNon-reproductive behavior\nFisher's principle\nInvertebrates\nArthropods\ncrab\nspider\nscorpion\nbeetle\ninsect\nbutterfly\nCephalopods\noctopus\nCnidaria\nsea anemone\njellyfish\ncoral\nEchinoderms\nGastropods\napophallation\nlove dart\nSponge\nWorms\nearthworm\nepitoky\npenis fencing\nFish\nSpawning strategies\nPolyandry in fish\nEels\nSalmon run\nSeahorse\nSharks\nAmphibians\nSexual selection\nfrogs\nFrog reproduction\nSalamanders\nReptiles\nSexual selection in scaled reptiles\nlizards\nsnakes\nside-blotched lizard\nCrocodilians\nTuatara\nBirds\nSexual selection\nBreeding behaviour\ngolden eagle\nseabirds\nHomosexual behavior\nMammals\nSexual selection\nrut\nLordosis behavior\nHomosexual behavior\nCanid\nAfrican wild dog\ncoyote\ndingo\ndomestic dog\ngray wolf\nred fox\nDolphin\nElephant\nEuropean badger\nFelidae\nlion\ntiger\ncheetah\ndomestic cat\nFossa\nHippopotamus\nSpotted hyena\nMarsupial\nkangaroo\nPinnipeds\nwalrus\nPrimates\nhuman\nbonobo\ngorilla\nolive baboon\nmandrill\nringtailed lemur\nsexual swelling\nRaccoon\nRodent\nShort-beaked echidnavteOutline of human sexualityPhysiology and biology\nClitoral erection\nErogenous zones\nInsemination\nIntersex\nLibido\nNocturnal emission\nOrgasm\nFemale and male ejaculation\nPelvic thrust\nPenile erection\nPre-ejaculate\nPregnancy\nSexual arousal\nSexual response cycle\nSexual stimulation\nVaginal lubrication\nHealth andeducation\nBirth control\nCondom\nMale contraceptive\nMasters and Johnson\nObesity and sexuality\nReproductive medicine\nAndrology\nGynaecology\nUrology\nSafe sex\nSex education\nSex therapy (PLISSIT model)\nSexology\nSexual dysfunction\nErectile dysfunction\nHypersexuality\nHyposexuality\nSexual medicine\nSexual surrogate\nSexually transmitted infection\nIdentity and diversity\nGender binary\nGender identity\nMen who have sex with men\nSexual identity\nSexual orientation\nWomen who have sex with women\nLaw\nAge of consent\nCriminal transmission of HIV\nChild sexual abuse\nIncest\nIndecent exposure\nObscenity\nSexual abuse\nCybersex trafficking\nRape\nSex trafficking\nSexual assault\nSexual harassment\nSexual misconduct\nSexual slavery\nSexual violence\nRevenge pornography\nHistory\nBlue Movie\nCounterculture of the 1960s\nFeminist sex wars\nGolden Age of Porn\nHistory of erotic depictions\nSexual revolution\nRelationships and society\nAnarchism and love/sex\nExtramarital sex\nFamily planning\nFlirting\nFree love\nMarriage\nModesty\nOrgasm gap\nPolyamory\nPremarital sex\nPromiscuity\nRomance\nSex-positive movement\nSexual abstinence\nSexual addiction\nSexual attraction\nSexual capital\nSexual ethics\nSexual objectification\nSexual slang\nSplit attraction model\nBy country\nAncient Rome\nChina\nIndia\nJapan\nPhilippines\nSouth Korea\nUnited States\nSexual activities\nConventional sex\nAnal sex\nBareback\nBDSM\nChild sex\nCreampie\nEdging\nErotic sexual denial\nFacial\nFetishism\nFisting\nFoot fetishism\nFootjob\nForced orgasm\nFrot\nGang bang\nGroup sex\nMammary intercourse\nManual sex\nAnal fingering\nFingering\nHandjob\nMasturbation\nMechanics of sex\nNipple stimulation\nNon-penetrative sex\nOral sex\n69\nAnilingus\nCunnilingus\nFellatio\nIrrumatio\nParaphilia\nPompoir\nQuickie\nSexercise\nSex in space\nSex positions\nSexual fantasy\nSexual fetishism\nSexual intercourse\nForeplay\nSexual penetration\nSumata\nSwinging\nTribadism\nUrethral intercourse\nUrolagnia\nVirtual sex\nCybersex\nErotic talk\nWet T-shirt contest\nSex industry\nAdult video games\nErotica\nPornography\nFilm actor\nProstitution\nSacred\nSurvival sex\nRed-light district\nSex museum\nSex shop\nSex tourism\nChild\nFemale\nSex worker\nSex toy\nDoll\nStrip club\nWebcam model\nReligion andsexuality\nBuddhism and Hinduism\nTantric sex\nChristian demonology\nClerical celibacy\nBuddhist monasticism\nCatholic Church\nHindu monasticism\nJain monasticism\nDaoism\nIslam\nJudaism\nLGBT people\nLGBT-affirming religious groups\nMormonism\nSacred prostitution\nAncient Greece\nThelema\nSex magic\n\n Human sexuality portalvteSexBiologicalterms\nSexual dimorphism\nMale\nFemale\nSexual differentiation\nFeminization\nVirilization\nSex-determination system\nXY\nZW\nXO\nZO\nTemperature-dependent\nHaplodiploidy\nHeterogametic sex / Homogametic sex\nSex chromosome\nX chromosome\nY chromosome\nTestis-determining factor\nHermaphrodite\nSequential hermaphroditism\nSimultaneous hermaphroditism\nIntersex\nparasexuality\nSex as a biological variable\nSexualreproduction\nEvolution of sexual reproduction\nAnisogamy\nIsogamy\nGerm cell\nReproductive system\nSex organ\nMating\nMeiosis\nGametogenesis\nSpermatogenesis\nOogenesis\nGamete\nspermatozoon\novum\nFertilization\nExternal\nInternal\nSexual selection\nPlant reproduction\nFungal reproduction\nSexual reproduction in animals\nSexual intercourse\nPenile-vaginal intercourse\nCopulation\nHormonal motivation\nHuman reproduction\nLordosis behavior\nPelvic thrust\nSexuality\nPlant sexuality\nAnimal sexuality\nHuman sexuality\nMechanics\nDifferentiation\nActivity\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Two bonobos mating","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bonobo_sexual_behavior_2.jpg/220px-Bonobo_sexual_behavior_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elvis Presley performing \"Jailhouse Rock\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elvis_Presley_Jailhouse_Rock2.jpg/170px-Elvis_Presley_Jailhouse_Rock2.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lordosis behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordosis_behavior"},{"title":"Twerking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerking"}]
[{"reference":"R. D. Estes (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0. Retrieved 28 July 2013. copulation thrusting.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858","url_text":"The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0","url_text":"978-0-520-08085-0"}]},{"reference":"Bruce Bagemihl (15 January 1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-19239-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC&q=thrusting","url_text":"Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19239-6","url_text":"978-0-312-19239-6"}]},{"reference":"A. F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SY-PyKNQglIC&q=thrusting","url_text":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954464-6","url_text":"978-0-19-954464-6"}]},{"reference":"Nilamadhab Kar; Gopal Chandra Kar (2005). Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 107–112. ISBN 81-8061-405-0. Retrieved February 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YxcjMPbGHQIC&pg=PA107","url_text":"Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Brothers","url_text":"Jaypee Brothers Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-8061-405-0","url_text":"81-8061-405-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Study Reveals Why Monkeys Shout During Sex\". livescience.com. Charles Q. Choi. 18 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livescience.com/7455-study-reveals-monkeys-shout-sex.html","url_text":"\"Study Reveals Why Monkeys Shout During Sex\""}]},{"reference":"Leonard Lee Rue (3 September 2013). Whitetail Savvy: New Research and Observations about America's Most Popular Big Game Animal. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62636-531-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7AtAgAAQBAJ&q=thrust","url_text":"Whitetail Savvy: New Research and Observations about America's Most Popular Big Game Animal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-531-5","url_text":"978-1-62636-531-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to EIN\". Elvisinfonet.com. Retrieved 2013-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elvisinfonet.com/spotlight_edsullivan.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to EIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"#HappyBirthdayMJ – Top 5 iconic steps Michael Jackson floored us with\". Business Insider. Retrieved 3 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.in/HappyBirthdayMJ-Top-5-iconic-steps-Michael-Jackson-flooredus-with/articleshow/48743020.cms","url_text":"\"#HappyBirthdayMJ – Top 5 iconic steps Michael Jackson floored us with\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider","url_text":"Business Insider"}]},{"reference":"Neto, Walter Krause; Vieira, Thais Lima; Gama, Eliane Florencio (June 2019). \"Barbell Hip Thrust, Muscular Activation and Performance: A Systematic Review\". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 18 (2): 198–206. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 6544005. PMID 31191088.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544005","url_text":"\"Barbell Hip Thrust, Muscular Activation and Performance: A Systematic Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1303-2968","url_text":"1303-2968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544005","url_text":"6544005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191088","url_text":"31191088"}]},{"reference":"Soong, Damian (2020-09-24). \"This Is the Best Exercise for Your Glutes, According To Science\". Form. Retrieved 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://formnutrition.com/inform/hip-thrusts-what-are-best-glutes-exercises/","url_text":"\"This Is the Best Exercise for Your Glutes, According To Science\""}]},{"reference":"Tim Glover (30 June 2012). Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00001-8. Retrieved 11 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgy1tHA7b0C&q=%28thrust%7Cthrusting%29","url_text":"Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00001-8","url_text":"978-1-107-00001-8"}]},{"reference":"Jean-Baptiste Leca; Michael A. Huffman; Paul L. Vasey (19 January 2012). The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76185-7. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp29DCCjiMUC&q=pelvic","url_text":"The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76185-7","url_text":"978-0-521-76185-7"}]},{"reference":"H. Frank (30 April 1987). Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Springer. ISBN 978-90-6193-614-5. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VL8rMP4Wk18C&q=thrusting","url_text":"Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6193-614-5","url_text":"978-90-6193-614-5"}]},{"reference":"Alan F. Dixson (26 January 2012). Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-150342-9. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=khzhd2nXWM0C&q=thrusting","url_text":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150342-9","url_text":"978-0-19-150342-9"}]},{"reference":"Edward C. Feldman; Richard Richard William Nelson (2004). Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7216-9315-6. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=elPuvsucuY8C&q=thrusting","url_text":"Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-9315-6","url_text":"978-0-7216-9315-6"}]},{"reference":"Katherine A. Houpt (25 January 2011). Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-95843-8. Retrieved 19 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xrQEsNDwyaEC&q=thrusting","url_text":"Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-95843-8","url_text":"978-0-470-95843-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858","external_links_name":"The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5CbRGV8AAIQC&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SY-PyKNQglIC&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YxcjMPbGHQIC&pg=PA107","external_links_name":"Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine"},{"Link":"http://www.livescience.com/7455-study-reveals-monkeys-shout-sex.html","external_links_name":"\"Study Reveals Why Monkeys Shout During Sex\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7AtAgAAQBAJ&q=thrust","external_links_name":"Whitetail Savvy: New Research and Observations about America's Most Popular Big Game Animal"},{"Link":"http://www.elvisinfonet.com/spotlight_edsullivan.html","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to EIN\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.in/HappyBirthdayMJ-Top-5-iconic-steps-Michael-Jackson-flooredus-with/articleshow/48743020.cms","external_links_name":"\"#HappyBirthdayMJ – Top 5 iconic steps Michael Jackson floored us with\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544005","external_links_name":"\"Barbell Hip Thrust, Muscular Activation and Performance: A Systematic Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1303-2968","external_links_name":"1303-2968"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544005","external_links_name":"6544005"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191088","external_links_name":"31191088"},{"Link":"https://formnutrition.com/inform/hip-thrusts-what-are-best-glutes-exercises/","external_links_name":"\"This Is the Best Exercise for Your Glutes, According To Science\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEgy1tHA7b0C&q=%28thrust%7Cthrusting%29","external_links_name":"Mating Males: An Evolutionary Perspective on Mammalian Reproduction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp29DCCjiMUC&q=pelvic","external_links_name":"The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VL8rMP4Wk18C&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=khzhd2nXWM0C&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=elPuvsucuY8C&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xrQEsNDwyaEC&q=thrusting","external_links_name":"Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Superior_City
SS Superior City
["1 History","2 Collision","2.1 Casualties and survivors","3 Investigation","3.1 Rulings","4 Wreck controversy","5 Wreck diving","6 References","7 External links"]
Freighter in the Great Lakes service that sank in Lake Superior The Superior City, sometime prior to 1912. History NameSuperior City OwnerAmerican Steamship Company 1898 – 1901; Pittsburg Steamship Company 1901 – 1920 Port of registryCleveland, Ohio  United States BuilderCleveland Shipbuilding Company, Lorain, Ohio Completed1898 IdentificationUnited States Registry # 116820 FateSank in Whitefish Bay 20 August 1920 after colliding with Willis L. King NotesFirst vessel launched from the Lorain shipyard of the Cleveland Ship Building Co. General characteristics TypeBulk freighter, propeller Tonnage 3,693 Net Register Tonnage 4,785 Gross Register Tonnage Length450 ft (140 m) Beam50 ft (15 m) Height25 ft (7.6 m) PropulsionPropeller, 1900 hp engine Crew33 The SS Superior City was considered a pioneer vessel at her launching in 1898. She was the largest vessel ever built on freshwater at that time. She sailed the Great Lakes for twenty-two years until she sank after a collision in 1920 with the steamer Willis L. King in Whitefish Bay of Lake Superior that resulted in the loss of 29 lives. Controversy was immediate over the collision. It was subsequently ruled that the captains of both ships failed to follow the “rules-of-the-road”. Controversy started again in 1988 when the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society produced a video called "Graveyard of the Great Lakes" that included extensive footage of the skeletons of the Superior City crew. The controversy continued as late as 1996 over artifacts removed from her wreck. She is now a protected shipwreck in the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve. History Superior City on the ways prior to her launch Launching of the Superior City The Superior City launched 13 April 1898 in the yards of the Cleveland Ship Building Company (later named the American Ship Building Company) at Lorain, Ohio. The Superior City was a pioneer vessel representing the steady progression of bigger, longer, and stronger craft from the days of ships powered by sails. At her launching, she was the largest vessel ever built on freshwater. The whole town of Lorain crowded the river front to watch her launch. On April 26, 1909, Dr. Griffin, the local health officer at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan received reports that boats tied up at the Soo Locks had been quarantined and a couple of the lockmen said that they heard that the Superior City had displayed a smallpox sign for a few hours on the previous night. Dr. Griffin boarded the Superior City and had a heated conference in which everyone denied any knowledge of a smallpox sign. Dr. Griffin issued a warning that any misuse of a contagious disease sign would be immediately reported to the Michigan Secretary of State. Shipwreck historian Wes Oleszewski reported, "In the ensuing days, there were far fewer uninvited guests aboard any of the boats tied up at the Soo Locks, especially the Superior City." The Superior City sailed the lakes for twenty-two years before she came to an untimely end in the worst collision ever occurring on Lake Superior. Collision Willis L. King prior to its collision with Superior City At 9:10 PM on 20 August 1920, the steamers Superior City and Willis L. King collided in Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior. The Superior City was downbound and heavy with 7600 tons of iron ore loaded at Two Harbors, Minnesota. The steamer Willis L. King was upbound and light after unloading ore at Ashtabula, Ohio. Maritime historian Boyer wrote that the Superior City was, "ammed on her port side, aft of midships … … a tremendous explosion when the terrible inrushing wall of cold water burst her aft bulkheads and hit the boilers. The vessel’s stern was literally blown off…. was nearly halved in the collision." Immediately following the collision, the crew was struggling to lower the lifeboats that were located over the boilers and this concentrated them precisely over the explosion, resulting in the loss of life of most of the crew. Casualties and survivors The Superior City sank rapidly with the loss of lives of 28 men and one woman, the worst loss of life in the history of the Pittsburg Steamship Company. Of the four survivors, Captain Sawyer, second mate G.G. Lehnt, and watchman Peter Jacobsen were forward and jumped for their lives. Captain Sawyer was found clinging to a life preserver that he never had time to put on. Second mate Lehnt was found clinging to the bottom of a capsized lifeboat. Watchman Jacobson fought his way back to the surface after being dragged down with the ship and swam for about 20 minutes until the King's lifeboat picked him up. Boatswain Walter Richter was sleeping in his bunk wearing only long underwear when alarm bells sounded. When he raced to the deck, the explosion blew him overboard, blowing off his underwear. The steamer J.J. Turner picked him up clinging to a hatch cover that he rode as a raft. Crewmembers on the Turner reported that wooden ports in the interior of the ship had been blown through her steel sides. Most of the crewmembers were likely blown to pieces by the boiler explosion or were trapped in the suction of the powerful whirlpool when the Superior City sank. No bodies were ever recovered. Investigation The vessels sighted each other about ten minutes before the collision and exchanged steam whistle signals. Captain Sawyer of the Superior City and Captain Nelson of the Willis L. King offered conflicting statements about the weather and the whistle signals prior to the collision. Captain Sawyer said that the weather was clear at the time of the accident while Captain Nelson said that the night had been foggy and hazy. Captain Sawyer maintained that the two vessels exchanged one blast signals indicating the conventional port-to-port passing signal. Captain Nelson asserted that the vessels exchanged two blast signals for a starboard-to-starboard passing. At the time impact, the Superior City was swinging across the King's bow while Captain Nelson swung his bow hard aport and rang the telegraph to stop and then full astern. The estimated speed at the time of impact was 12 miles (19 km) per hour for the King, and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) per hour for the Superior City. The accident was investigated by U.S. Steamboat Inspectors Gooding and Hanson of Marquette, Michigan. After their initial statements, both captains communicated only in depositions to the proctors-in-admiralty representatives of the owners of the vessels. Officers and crew of the nearby J.J. Turner and the Midvale witnessed the collision and heard the exchange of passing signals. It was determined that although very early in the night there had been haze and some fog, at the time of the collision the night was crystal clear with unlimited visibility. When the Willis L. King made to the Superior Shipbuilding Company's drydock for repairs of a twisted, broken stern, seventeen shell plates and frames destroyed, interior forward decks buckled, and numerous angles and stringers that required replacement, Captain Nelson ordered that no member of the crew was to discuss the accident with anyone but representatives of the vessel's owner or agents. Rulings After many months of investigation and litigation, United States District Court, the Western District of Wisconsin Judge C. Z. Luce ruled that both masters were guilty of failing to follow the "Rules of the Road" regulations that if there is doubt about the course or intention of the other, the pilot is required give the danger signal and slow to a speed barely sufficient for passageway and/or stop and reverse course. After more haggling by underwriters and proctors, the Superior City was valued at $300,000 and her tonnage was valued at $42,922.95. The King's damage was $42,520. The loss-of-life claims were not paid until late in 1923. The lawyers of victim's estates had little muscle against the legal maneuverings of the admiralty proctors and they settled for $5,000 to the families of deckhands and porters, $3,700 for the wife of the second engineer, $11,205 for the second engineer, and $25,000 for the chief engineer. Wreck controversy The wreck of the Superior City was initially discovered in 1972 by diver John Steele. The wreck was rediscovered in 1980 by Tom Farnquist and Gary Shumbarger of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society who extensively photographed the wreck. The Shipwreck Society produced a video in 1988 about the wreck of the Superior City called "Graveyard of the Great Lakes" that showed extensive footage of skeletons of the crew and the removal of a wedding ring from a skeleton. The Shipwreck Society still claims accolades for the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes" video but they no longer sell it to the public. The Evening News reported a Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment raid on the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum and its offices that found evidence of 150 artifacts illegally removed from the state-claimed bottomlands. Artifacts from the Superior City and other shipwrecks are on display at the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum as a loan from the state following a 1993 settlement agreement with the Michigan Department of State and Department of Natural Resources. The controversy surrounding artifacts from the Superior City continued in 1996 over the ownership of her telegraph. The telegraph was on loan to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. When the owner's representative, Great Lakes shipwreck diver Steve Harrington, removed the telegraph from the museum, the museum's director, Tom Farnquist, notified the Michigan State Police who held the telegraph until ownership was determined. Both men admitted that the controversy really stemmed from proposed legislation over the photography of dead bodies in Michigan waters that included the wrecks of the Superior City and SS Edmund Fitzgerald. For a number of years the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society used a wedding ring from a skeleton on the Superior City to promote its museum. In a 2000 interview Farnquist likened the identity of the skeleton and the owner of the wedding ring to a shipwreck mystery that may never be solved. The ring and other artifacts from the Superior City are still on display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. Wreck diving Scuba diving to the Superior City wreck requires advanced technical diving skills as it is among the most dangerous and difficult dives among the many wrecks in Whitefish Bay. Twenty-six-year-old Scott Michael Snow lost his life while exploring the Superior City wreck in 2001. His body was retrieved from the wreck in 230 feet of water by the robotic arm of a remote vehicle. The wreck of the Superior City lies in 190 feet (58 m) to 270 feet (82 m) of water in Whitefish Bay of Lake Superior at 46°43.51′N 84°52.37′W / 46.72517°N 84.87283°W / 46.72517; -84.87283. The Superior City wreck is protected for future generations by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve as part of an underwater museum. References ^ a b c Bowen, Dana Thomas, (1940, 1975),. Lore of the Great Lakes, pp. 223, 226 – 227., Freshwater Press, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. LCCN 40-33309. ^ Havighurst, Walter, (1942, 1975). The Longs Ships Passing: The story of the Great Lakes, p. 221. MacMillan Publishing, Inc., New York, New York, USA. ISBN 0-02-549100-8. ^ Oleszewsik, Wes, (1993). Ice Water Museum, pp. 21 -22, Avery Color Studios, Marquette, Michigan, USA. ISBN 978-0-932212-78-8. ^ Stonehouse, Frederick (1973). The Great Wrecks of the Great lake: A directory of the shipwrecks of Lake Superior, p. 110. The Book Concern, Printers, Hancock, Michigan, USA. LCCN 73-75623. ^ a b c d e f g Boyer, Dwight (1977). Ships and Men of the Great Lakes, pp. 103 – 104. Freshwater Press, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA. ISBN 0-912514-51-5. ^ a b c Wolff, Julius F. (1979). The Shipwrecks of Lake Superior, p. 1920. Lake Superior Marine Museum Association, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota, USA. ISBN 0-932212-18-8. ^ Thompson, Mark (1994). Queen of the Lakes. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814323936. Retrieved 2010-12-16., 76-77. ^ Stonehouse, Frederick (1985, 1998). Lake Superior's Shipwreck Coast: Maritime accidents from Whitefish Bay to Grand Marais, Michigan, p. 18, Avery Color Studios, Gwinn, Michigan, USA. ISBN 0-932212-43-3. ^ "Shipwreck Society Awards". Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society. Retrieved 18 January 2009. ^ Storey, Jack, (4 December 1992). “Shipwreck artifact dispute simmers”. Evening News, p. A1. ^ Harrington, Steve (1990, 1998). Divers Guide to Michigan, p.320, Maritime Press & Great Lakes Diving Council, Inc., St. Ignace, Michigan, U.S.A. ISBN 0-9624629-8-5. ^ Brand, Scott, (11 September 1996). “Artifact removal raises debate”. Evening News, pp. 1, 2. ^ Loranger Gaska, Carrie (11 November 2000). "Recovering Mysteries of the Great Lakes". American Profile. Retrieved 20 December 2008. ^ Elmira (AP), (27 June 2001). “Diver surfaced too quickly from shipwreck, authorities say”. Evening News, p. 3. ^ "Michigan Preserve". Michigan Underwater Preserves Council. Retrieved 11 January 2009. External links Video footage of the wreck Superior City vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1920Shipwrecks 8 Jan: St. Louis 12 Jan: Afrique, Serbier 26 Jan: Mielero 29 Jan: Novara January (unknown date): HMS A2, USC&GS Isis 12 Feb: West Aleta February (unknown date) Zante 10 Mar: Jutland 13 Mar: Olockson 18 Mar: USS Althea 22 Mar: Rock Island Bridge 24 Mar: USS H-1, Mutlah March (unknown date): USS Brown, Kerowlee 1 Apr: USFS Murre 2 Apr: USCGC Leader 18 Apr: William O'Brien 9 May: USAT Northern Pacific 25 May: USFS Osprey 20 Aug: Superior City 7 Jun: U-151, UC-97 11 Jun: St. Boswells 12 Jul: Lake Frampton 1 Sep: USS S-5 3 Sep: USS S-5 6 Sep: Berwyn 8 Sep: Comboyne 20 Sep Prince Rupert 24 Sep USS Cushing September (unknown date): Southern Cross 10 Oct: Benicia October (unknown date): Gromoboi 1 Nov: USS Coast Battleship No. 1 3 Nov: Hastier 14 Nov: Ferret 15 Nov: HMS Amethyst 16 Nov: HMS Tyne 27 Nov: Comboyne November (unknown date): Rostislav 10 Dec: Yellowstone 20 Dec: Dora 27 Dec: Lakeside Bridge Unknown date: UB-21, Varyag Other incidents 9 Jan: West Avenal 1 Feb: Berrima 15 Feb: Regina 6 Mar: Pisa 8 Mar: USS H-1 12 Mar: O'Higgins 25 May: Equity 20 Jul: Alice Dollar 21 Jul: Alice Dollar, USS Monocacy 28 Jul: Niki July (various dates): USS Princess Matoika ("mutiny") 24 Aug: O'Higgins 25 Aug: Wardha 9 Sep: Siboney 10 Sep: USS Pittsburgh 27 Oct: Hastier 6–7 Dec: Pilade Bronzetti 16 Dec: Inca 25 Dec: Kwinana 29 Dec: Nieuw Amsterdam 1919 1921 vteRecreational dive sitesReef diving regions Akumal Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area Aliwal Shoal Amed (Bali) Anilao Apo Island Apo Reef Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Bay of Pigs Belize Barrier Reef Biscayne National Park Bohol Sea Bowie Seamount Bunaken Bunaken National Park Cahuita National Park Calve Island Capurganá Ċirkewwa Cliff Villa Peninsula Cozumel Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park Edmonds Underwater Park El Ikhwa Islands False Bay Għar Qawqla Gili Islands Great Barrier Reef Great Southern Reef Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve Haql Hol Chan Marine Reserve iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area Sodwana Bay John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park Kadmat Island Ko Tao Lighthouse Reef Mantanani Islands Malapascua Martin's Haven Marsa Alam Molasses Reef Molokini Neptune Islands Osprey Reef Palancar Reef Panglao, Bohol Pescador Island Petit Saint Vincent Poor Knights Islands Porteau Cove Provincial Park Puerto Galera Punta Cana Ras Muhammad National Park Rondo Island Rottnest Island San Andrés (island) San Pedro Nolasco Island Shaʽb Abu Nuħas Shadwan Island Similan Islands Sipadan Socorro Island Sound of Mull St. Crispin's Reef Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Taganga Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area Tubbataha Reef Utila Wakatobi Regency Weh Island Reef dive sites Azure Window Cod Hole Daedalus Reef Darwin's Arch Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Elphinstone Reef Eyemouth Fanadir Frederiksted Pier French Reef Fowey Rocks Light Gamul Kebir Hillsea Point Rock Inland Sea, Gozo Kennack Sands The Manacles Magic Point Octopus Hole Pope's Eye Portsea Hole Second Valley Sund Rock St Abbs Stingray City, Grand Cayman Wolf Rock Artificial reefs Edithburgh jetty Gibraltar Artificial Reef Merkanti Reef Port Hughes jetty Port Noarlunga jetty Rapid Bay jetty Shark River Reef South Channel Fort Osborne Reef Underwater artworks Cancún Underwater Museum Christ of the Abyss Circle of Heroes Kristu tal-Baħħara Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park Snorkelling sites Fungus Rock Wreck diving regions Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District Calve Island Chuuk Lagoon Coron Bay Edmonds Underwater Park Shipwrecks of Isle Royale Loch Long Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan Michigan Underwater Preserves Pearl and Hermes Atoll Porteau Cove Provincial Park Robben Island Marine Protected Area Scapa Flow Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area Tulagi Tulamben Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Ve Skerries Wardang Island Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve Wreck Alley, San Diego Wreck dive sites 115 (barge) A HMS A1 HMS A3 USS Aaron Ward Abessinia USS Accokeek HMAS Adelaide SS Admiral Sampson MV Adolphus Busch Aeolian Sky USS Aeolus Agat World War II Amtrac SS Ajax Albert C. Field USS Algol SS Algoma Al Munassir Amaryllis SS America USS Anderson Andrea Doria Antilla Antilles USS Apogon SS Appomattox Aquila Aratama Maru Arctic USS Arkansas SS Arratoon Apcar USS Arthur W. Radford SS Atlanta USS Atlanta (CL-51) SS Australasia B HMAS Bayonet SS Ben Doran SS Benwood Bianca C. USCGC Bibb SS Binnendijk USS Blenny HMS Boadicea Booya HMSAS Bloemfontein Breda Brian Davis HMAS Brisbane HMHS Britannic Bud Bar Bungsberg Byron C HMAS Canberra HMCS Cape Breton USCGC Cape Henlopen Captain Keith Tibbetts Carl D. Bradley USS Carlisle Carnatic Carthaginian II SS Cayuga SS Cedarville Christina Nilsson City of Bangor SS City of Everett SS City of Launceston HMCS Chaudière ROCS Chen Hai Chester A. Congdon SS Clan Ranald SS Clifton USCGC Comanche SS Comet Constandis HMAS Coogee Cormoran Cornelia B. Windiate HMS Coronation Crusader PS Cumberland USS Curb USCGC Cuyahoga D MV Dania Daniel Lyons David Tucker SMS Dresden SS D.R. Hanna USCGC Duane Dunraven SS Dwight L. Moody E Eagle Eastfield SS Eber Ward SS Edgar E. Clark HMT Elk Ellengowan USS Emmons SS Emperor RMS Empress of Ireland SS Erie L. Hackley SS Espagne SS Etruria F HMS Falmouth Fifi Fleetwing SS Francisco Morazan SS Francis Hinton SS Frank O'Connor F.T. Barney Fujikawa Maru Fumizuki G Gallinipper SATS General Botha USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg George A. Marsh SS George Dewey George M. Cox Georg Thiele HMS Ghurka USS Gilliam SS Glenlyon Glen Strathallan SAS Good Hope HMAS Goorangai Gothenburg Grace A. Channon SS Grecian Green Bay MV Gregory Poole Gunilda H MT Haven SS Henry Chisholm MT Hephaestus Hermann Künne HMS Hermes Herzogin Cecilie SS Hesper Hilma Hooker Hispania Home HMS Hood HMAS Hobart I Igara USS Indra SS Ironsides SS Isaac M. Scott Island City J HMAS J1 HMAS J2 HMAS J4 HMAS J5 James Eagan Layne J.S. Seaverns SS John B. Cowle John M. Osborn SS John Mitchell Jura K SS Kamloops Kashi Maru PS Keystone State King Cruiser USS Kittiwake Kizugawa Maru SMS Kronprinz Kyarra Kyle Spangler L PS Lady Elgin Lady Thetis HMS Laforey SS Lakeland USS Lamson USAT Liberty SS Louisiana Louis Sheid SS L.R. Doty USS LST-507 Lumberman M HMS M2 HMCS Mackenzie Madeira SMS Markgraf SS Marquette Mayflower (scow) Mikhail Lermontov Maine Maloja HMS Maori SS Maori SS Margaret Olwill Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi MV Mercedes I USCGC Mesquite Metamora SS Midland City USS Mindanao Minnedosa SS Miowera SS Milwaukee USS Mizpah Miztec USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia SS Monarch SS Monrovia HMS Montagu SS M.M. Drake MV RMS Mulheim USS Muliphen SS Myron N Nagato Niagara Niagara (tug) HMCS Nipigon SS Norman Northerner O Oceana SS Onoko USS Oriskany Oslofjord Ozone P P29 P31 SS Panay SS Papoose Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth SS Pewabic SAS Pietermaritzburg USS Pilotfish Piłsudski SS Pioneer USCGC Point Swift Pool Fisher SS Port Kembla HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge HMS Prince of Wales Q PS Queen Victoria R SS R.P. Resor Radaas USS Rankin Rainbow Warrior SS Regina HMS Repulse RMS Rhone Riva Palacio Robert C. Pringle SS Robert Wallace USS Rochester Rondo Rosehill Rosinco Rotorua Rouse Simmons Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi SS Russia S HMS Safari Sagamore HMCS Saguenay Sakawa Salem Express SS Samuel Mather Samuel P. Ely Sanko Harvest USS Saratoga HMCS Saskatchewan SS S.C. Baldwin USS Schurz USS Scuffle USS Scrimmage HMS Scylla SS Selah Chamberlain HMS Sidon USCGC Spar South Australian USS Spiegel Grove Sport Stanegarth Stanwood Stella SS Stepas Darius HMS St Lawrence SS Superior City HMAS Swan Sweepstakes T SS Tahoe USCGC Tamaroa USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Thomas Friant Thomas Wilson Thunderbolt Wreck Toa Maru HMAS Tobruk Tokai Maru Torrey Canyon SAS Transvaal MV Treasure HMNZS Tui U U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud V Varvassi USS Vermilion SS Vernon SS Vienna W HMNZS Waikato Walter L M Russ Washingtonian (1913) PS Waubuno HMNZS Wellington SS Wexford SS William C. Moreland SS Wisconsin USS Wilkes-Barre Y USS Yancey YO-257 Yongala HMCS Yukon Z Zenobia Zealandia Zingara Cave dive sitesCave diving regions of the world Cave dive sites: Blauhöhle Blue hole Blue Hole (Red Sea) Great Blue Hole Blue Hole (Guam) Boesmansgat Cenote Dzibilchaltun Chinhoyi Caves Cocklebiddy, Western Australia Devil's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Cave Fossil Cave Hranice Abyss Jordbrugrotta Kilsby sinkhole Molnár János Cave Nereo Cave Piccaninnie Ponds Pluragrotta Pollatoomary Ricks Spring The Shaft Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Huautla Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Uamh an Claonaite Vortex Spring Wakulla Springs Wondergat ZacatónFreshwater dive sites Blue Hole (New Mexico) Blue Lake (Utah) Dinorwic quarry Dorothea quarry Dutch Springs Ewens Ponds Homestead caldera Little Blue Lake Logue Brook Dam Ponce de Leon Spring Rum Jungle Silfra Vortex Spring Wast Water Wazee Lake Training sites Blue Abyss Capernwray Dive Centre Deep Dive Dubai Deepspot Eccleston Quarry Hotel Terme Millepini National Diving and Activity Centre Nemo 33 Seacrest Cove 2 Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall Stoney Cove Swanage Pier Related topics Black-water diving Blue-water diving Low impact diving Recreational diving Scuba diving Scuba diving tourism Underwater archaeology Underwater diving Wall diving Outline of recreational dive sites Category: Underwater diving sites Commons: Category:Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites  Portal:Underwater diving
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Willis L. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Willis_L._King"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Bay"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Point_Underwater_Preserve"}],"text":"The SS Superior City was considered a pioneer vessel at her launching in 1898. She was the largest vessel ever built on freshwater at that time. She sailed the Great Lakes for twenty-two years until she sank after a collision in 1920 with the steamer Willis L. King in Whitefish Bay of Lake Superior that resulted in the loss of 29 lives. Controversy was immediate over the collision. It was subsequently ruled that the captains of both ships failed to follow the “rules-of-the-road”. Controversy started again in 1988 when the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society produced a video called \"Graveyard of the Great Lakes\" that included extensive footage of the skeletons of the Superior City crew. The controversy continued as late as 1996 over artifacts removed from her wreck. She is now a protected shipwreck in the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve.","title":"SS Superior City"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superior_City_on_the_ways.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superior_City_launch_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Ship Building Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ship_Building_Company"},{"link_name":"Lorain, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen-1"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Soo Locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo_Locks"},{"link_name":"quarantined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantined"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"Michigan Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Superior City on the ways prior to her launchLaunching of the Superior CityThe Superior City launched 13 April 1898 in the yards of the Cleveland Ship Building Company (later named the American Ship Building Company) at Lorain, Ohio.[1]\nThe Superior City was a pioneer vessel representing the steady progression of bigger, longer, and stronger craft from the days of ships powered by sails.[2] At her launching, she was the largest vessel ever built on freshwater. The whole town of Lorain crowded the river front to watch her launch.[1]On April 26, 1909, Dr. Griffin, the local health officer at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan received reports that boats tied up at the Soo Locks had been quarantined and a couple of the lockmen said that they heard that the Superior City had displayed a smallpox sign for a few hours on the previous night. Dr. Griffin boarded the Superior City and had a heated conference in which everyone denied any knowledge of a smallpox sign. Dr. Griffin issued a warning that any misuse of a contagious disease sign would be immediately reported to the Michigan Secretary of State. Shipwreck historian Wes Oleszewski reported, \"In the ensuing days, there were far fewer uninvited guests aboard any of the boats tied up at the Soo Locks, especially the Superior City.\"[3]The Superior City sailed the lakes for twenty-two years before she came to an untimely end in the worst collision ever occurring on Lake Superior.[1][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willis_L._King_underway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Bay"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"Two Harbors, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Harbors,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Ashtabula, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aft"},{"link_name":"midships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midships"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-6"}],"text":"Willis L. King prior to its collision with Superior CityAt 9:10 PM on 20 August 1920, the steamers Superior City and Willis L. King collided in Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior. The Superior City was downbound and heavy with 7600 tons of iron ore loaded at Two Harbors, Minnesota. The steamer Willis L. King was upbound and light after unloading ore at Ashtabula, Ohio. Maritime historian Boyer wrote that the Superior City was, \"[R]ammed on her port side, aft of midships … [causing] … a tremendous explosion when the terrible inrushing wall of cold water burst her aft bulkheads and hit the boilers. The vessel’s stern was literally blown off…. [and she] was nearly halved in the collision.\" [5] Immediately following the collision, the crew was struggling to lower the lifeboats that were located over the boilers and this concentrated them precisely over the explosion, resulting in the loss of life of most of the crew.[6]","title":"Collision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_mate"},{"link_name":"life preserver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifebuoy"},{"link_name":"lifeboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"Boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Casualties and survivors","text":"The Superior City sank rapidly with the loss of lives of 28 men and one woman, the worst loss of life in the history of the Pittsburg Steamship Company. Of the four survivors, Captain Sawyer, second mate G.G. Lehnt, and watchman Peter Jacobsen were forward and jumped for their lives. Captain Sawyer was found clinging to a life preserver that he never had time to put on. Second mate Lehnt was found clinging to the bottom of a capsized lifeboat. Watchman Jacobson fought his way back to the surface after being dragged down with the ship and swam for about 20 minutes until the King's lifeboat picked him up. Boatswain Walter Richter was sleeping in his bunk wearing only long underwear when alarm bells sounded. When he raced to the deck, the explosion blew him overboard, blowing off his underwear. The steamer J.J. Turner picked him up clinging to a hatch cover that he rode as a raft.[5][6] Crewmembers on the Turner reported that wooden ports in the interior of the ship had been blown through her steel sides. Most of the crewmembers were likely blown to pieces by the boiler explosion or were trapped in the suction of the powerful whirlpool when the Superior City sank. No bodies were ever recovered.[7]","title":"Collision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starboard"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"aport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_and_starboard"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"},{"link_name":"Marquette, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolff-6"},{"link_name":"proctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctors"},{"link_name":"admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_court"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"}],"text":"The vessels sighted each other about ten minutes before the collision and exchanged steam whistle signals. Captain Sawyer of the Superior City and Captain Nelson of the Willis L. King offered conflicting statements about the weather and the whistle signals prior to the collision. Captain Sawyer said that the weather was clear at the time of the accident while Captain Nelson said that the night had been foggy and hazy. Captain Sawyer maintained that the two vessels exchanged one blast signals indicating the conventional port-to-port passing signal. Captain Nelson asserted that the vessels exchanged two blast signals for a starboard-to-starboard passing. At the time impact, the Superior City was swinging across the King's bow while Captain Nelson swung his bow hard aport and rang the telegraph to stop and then full astern. The estimated speed at the time of impact was 12 miles (19 km) per hour for the King, and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) per hour for the Superior City.[5]\nThe accident was investigated by U.S. Steamboat Inspectors Gooding and Hanson of Marquette, Michigan.[6] After their initial statements, both captains communicated only in depositions to the proctors-in-admiralty representatives of the owners of the vessels. Officers and crew of the nearby J.J. Turner and the Midvale witnessed the collision and heard the exchange of passing signals. It was determined that although very early in the night there had been haze and some fog, at the time of the collision the night was crystal clear with unlimited visibility.[5]\nWhen the Willis L. King made to the Superior Shipbuilding Company's drydock for repairs of a twisted, broken stern, seventeen shell plates and frames destroyed, interior forward decks buckled, and numerous angles and stringers that required replacement, Captain Nelson ordered that no member of the crew was to discuss the accident with anyone but representatives of the vessel's owner or agents.[5]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"},{"link_name":"underwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters"},{"link_name":"porters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(carrier)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyer-5"}],"sub_title":"Rulings","text":"After many months of investigation and litigation, United States District Court, the Western District of Wisconsin Judge C. Z. Luce ruled that both masters were guilty of failing to follow the \"Rules of the Road\" regulations that if there is doubt about the course or intention of the other, the pilot is required give the danger signal and slow to a speed barely sufficient for passageway and/or stop and reverse course.[5] \nAfter more haggling by underwriters and proctors, the Superior City was valued at $300,000 and her tonnage was valued at $42,922.95. The King's damage was $42,520. The loss-of-life claims were not paid until late in 1923. The lawyers of victim's estates had little muscle against the legal maneuverings of the admiralty proctors and they settled for $5,000 to the families of deckhands and porters, $3,700 for the wife of the second engineer, $11,205 for the second engineer, and $25,000 for the chief engineer.[5]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Department_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Shipwreck_Museum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Michigan State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Police"},{"link_name":"SS Edmund Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The wreck of the Superior City was initially discovered in 1972 by diver John Steele. The wreck was rediscovered in 1980 by Tom Farnquist and Gary Shumbarger of the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society who extensively photographed the wreck.[8] The Shipwreck Society produced a video in 1988 about the wreck of the Superior City called \"Graveyard of the Great Lakes\" that showed extensive footage of skeletons of the crew and the removal of a wedding ring from a skeleton. The Shipwreck Society still claims accolades for the \"Graveyard of the Great Lakes\" video but they no longer sell it to the public.[9]The Evening News reported a Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment raid on the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum and its offices that found evidence of 150 artifacts illegally removed from the state-claimed bottomlands. Artifacts from the Superior City and other shipwrecks are on display at the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum as a loan from the state following a 1993 settlement agreement with the Michigan Department of State and Department of Natural Resources.[10][11]The controversy surrounding artifacts from the Superior City continued in 1996 over the ownership of her telegraph. The telegraph was on loan to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum. When the owner's representative, Great Lakes shipwreck diver Steve Harrington, removed the telegraph from the museum, the museum's director, Tom Farnquist, notified the Michigan State Police who held the telegraph until ownership was determined. Both men admitted that the controversy really stemmed from proposed legislation over the photography of dead bodies in Michigan waters that included the wrecks of the Superior City and SS Edmund Fitzgerald.[12]For a number of years the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society used a wedding ring from a skeleton on the Superior City to promote its museum. In a 2000 interview Farnquist likened the identity of the skeleton and the owner of the wedding ring to a shipwreck mystery that may never be solved. The ring and other artifacts from the Superior City are still on display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum.[13]","title":"Wreck controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"46°43.51′N 84°52.37′W / 46.72517°N 84.87283°W / 46.72517; -84.87283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Superior_City&params=46_43.51_N_84_52.37_W_"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefish_Point_Underwater_Preserve"}],"text":"Scuba diving to the Superior City wreck requires advanced technical diving skills as it is among the most dangerous and difficult dives among the many wrecks in Whitefish Bay. Twenty-six-year-old Scott Michael Snow lost his life while exploring the Superior City wreck in 2001. His body was retrieved from the wreck in 230 feet of water by the robotic arm of a remote vehicle.[14]The wreck of the Superior City lies in 190 feet (58 m) to 270 feet (82 m) of water in Whitefish Bay of Lake Superior at 46°43.51′N 84°52.37′W / 46.72517°N 84.87283°W / 46.72517; -84.87283.[15] The Superior City wreck is protected for future generations by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve as part of an underwater museum.","title":"Wreck diving"}]
[{"image_text":"Superior City on the ways prior to her launch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Superior_City_on_the_ways.jpg/250px-Superior_City_on_the_ways.jpg"},{"image_text":"Launching of the Superior City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Superior_City_launch_1.jpg/250px-Superior_City_launch_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Willis L. King prior to its collision with Superior City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Willis_L._King_underway.jpg/250px-Willis_L._King_underway.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Thompson, Mark (1994). Queen of the Lakes. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814323936. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=irtD2o_uQ88C&q=Superior+City","url_text":"Queen of the Lakes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814323936","url_text":"0814323936"}]},{"reference":"\"Shipwreck Society Awards\". Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society. Retrieved 18 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shipwreckmuseum.com/awards-and-accolades-59/","url_text":"\"Shipwreck Society Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Loranger Gaska, Carrie (11 November 2000). \"Recovering Mysteries of the Great Lakes\". American Profile. Retrieved 20 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanprofile.com/heroes/article/357.html","url_text":"\"Recovering Mysteries of the Great Lakes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan Preserve\". Michigan Underwater Preserves Council. Retrieved 11 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michiganpreserves.org/whitefish.htm","url_text":"\"Michigan Preserve\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SS_Superior_City&params=46_43.51_N_84_52.37_W_","external_links_name":"46°43.51′N 84°52.37′W / 46.72517°N 84.87283°W / 46.72517; -84.87283"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=irtD2o_uQ88C&q=Superior+City","external_links_name":"Queen of the Lakes"},{"Link":"http://www.shipwreckmuseum.com/awards-and-accolades-59/","external_links_name":"\"Shipwreck Society Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanprofile.com/heroes/article/357.html","external_links_name":"\"Recovering Mysteries of the Great Lakes\""},{"Link":"http://www.michiganpreserves.org/whitefish.htm","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Preserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBfcjpsCQos","external_links_name":"Video footage of the wreck Superior City"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinshui_District
Jinshui, Zhengzhou
["1 Administrative divisions","2 Education","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°46′22.59″N 113°43′9.62″E / 34.7729417°N 113.7193389°E / 34.7729417; 113.7193389District in Henan, People's Republic of ChinaJinshui 金水区DistrictHuayuan RoadLocation in ZhengzhouZhengzhou in HenanCoordinates: 34°46′22.59″N 113°43′9.62″E / 34.7729417°N 113.7193389°E / 34.7729417; 113.7193389CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceHenanPrefecture-level cityZhengzhouArea • District242 km2 (93 sq mi) • Urban70.65 km2 (27.28 sq mi)Population (2019) • District1,764,700 • Density7,300/km2 (19,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code450003Area code0371Websitewww.jinshui.gov.cn Jinshui District (Chinese: 金水区; pinyin: Jīnshuǐ Qū) is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, South Central China. The District is 135.3 square km, in which the urban area is 70.65 square km. The total population is 1.4 million. The district is seat to the Henan provincial government as well as the most developed city district in Zhengzhou and the province. Administrative divisions Jinshui District has 17 subdistricts : Subdistricts: Jingba Road Subdistrict (经八路街道) Huayuan Road Subdistrict (花园路街道) Renmin Road Subdistrict (人民路街道) Duling Street Subdistrict (杜岭街街道) Dashiqiao Subdistrict (大石桥街道) Nanyang Road Subdistrict (南阳路街道) Nanyang New Village Subdistrict (南阳新村街道) Wenhua Road Subdistrict (文化路街道) Fengchan Road Subdistrict (丰产路街道) Dongfeng Road Subdistrict (东风路街道) Beilin Road Subdistrict (北林路街道) Weilai Road Subdistrict (未来路街道) Longzihu Subdistrict (龙子湖街道) Zhaicheng Road Subdistrict (祭城路街道) Fenghuangtai Subdistrict (凤凰台街道) Yangjin Road Subdistrict (杨金路街道) Fengqing Road Subdistrict (丰庆路街道) Former Subdistricts Jicheng Road Subdistrict (祭城路街道) and Xingda Road Subdistrict (兴达路街道) Education The area around Jianxue Street (Chinese: 俭学街), is a main educational area. The famous Henan Experimental Middle School, No.8 Middle School, No.9 Middle School, the Henan Foreign Trade School, Henan Experimental Primary School and the No.1 Primary School of Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou are in the district. Gallery Henan Museum, located in Jinshui District Street scene of Jinshui District (Puqing Road) References ^ 金水简介 (in Simplified Chinese). Jinshui District People's Government. Retrieved 2018-05-17. ^ "Profile of Jinshui District" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-19. External links Official website of Jinshui District Government vteCity of ZhengzhouAdministrative divisionsDistricts Zhongyuan Jinshui Erqi Guancheng Huiji Shangjie Zhengdong New Area* Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone* County-level cities Xingyang Xinzheng Xinmi Dengfeng Gongyi County Zhongmu AttractionsMuseums Henan Museum Zhengzhou Museum Geological Museum of Henan Historical sites Zhengzhou Shang City Zhengzhou Confucius Temple Shaolin Monastery Pagoda Forest Fawang Temple Songyue Pagoda Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory Kangbaiwan's Mansion Mausoleums of the Song dynasty Dahuting Han Tombs Mountains and scenic areas Mount Song Zhengzhou Yellow River Scenic Area Theme parks Century Amusement Park (Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel) Fantawild Adventure Fantawild Dreamland Landmarks and skyscrapers Erqi Memorial Tower Emperors Yan and Huang Zhongyuan Tower Zhengzhou Greenland Plaza Zhengzhou Greenland Central Plaza Yuda International Trade Center Shopping areas and malls Dehua Pedestrian Street David Plaza The MixC CityOn Grand Emporium Public parks People's Park Bishagang Park Lücheng Square Zijingshan Park Zhengzhou Zoo Garden Expo Park Zhengzhou Yellow River National Wetland Park History Erligang culture Peiligang culture Battle of Guandu 1938 Yellow River flood Culture and demographics Shaolin kung fu Yu Opera Henan dialect Henan cuisine Hui mian Henan F.C. Universities Zhengzhou University Henan University (Longzi Lake Campus) PLA Information Engineering University Henan Agricultural University Henan University of Finance and Economics Henan University of Technology North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Henan University of Chinese Medicine Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management Zhongyuan University of Technology Transport Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport Zhengzhou Metro Zhengzhou BRT Railway stations Zhengzhou railway station Zhengzhou East railway station Zhengzhou Hangkonggang railway station Zhengzhou West railway station Major roads and expressways Longhai Expressway Jingguang Expressway Nongye Expressway Zhongzhou Avenue 3rd Ring Road ^* Not formal division vteCounty-level divisions of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou (capital)Prefecture-level citiesZhengzhou Zhongyuan District Erqi District Guancheng Hui District Jinshui District Shangjie District Huiji District Xinzheng city Dengfeng city Xinmi city Gongyi city Xingyang city Zhongmu County Kaifeng Gulou District Longting District Shunhe Hui District Yuwangtai District Xiangfu District Qi County Tongxu County Weishi County Lankao County Luoyang Xigong District Laocheng District Chanhe Hui District Jianxi District Jili District Luolong District Yanshi District Mengjin District Xin'an County Luanchuan County Song County Ruyang County Yiyang County Luoning County Yichuan County Pingdingshan Xinhua District Weidong District Zhanhe District Shilong District Wugang city Ruzhou city Baofeng County Ye County Lushan County Jia County Anyang Beiguan District Wenfeng District Yindu District Long'an District Linzhou city Anyang County Tangyin County Hua County Neihuang County Hebi Qibin District Shancheng District Heshan District Xun County Qi County Xinxiang Weibin District Hongqi District Fengquan District Muye District Weihui city Huixian city Changyuan city Xinxiang County Huojia County Yuanyang County Yanjin County Fengqiu County Jiaozuo Jiefang District Shanyang District Zhongzhan District Macun District Mengzhou city Qinyang city Xiuwu County Bo'ai County Wuzhi County Wen County Puyang Hualong District Qingfeng County Nanle County Fan County Taiqian County Puyang County Xuchang Weidu District Jian'an District Yuzhou city Changge city Yanling County Xiangcheng County Luohe Yuanhui District Yancheng District Shaoling District Wuyang County Linying County Sanmenxia Hubin District Shanzhou District Yima city Lingbao city Mianchi County Lushi County Nanyang Wolong District Wancheng District Dengzhou city Nanzhao County Fangcheng County Xixia County Zhenping County Neixiang County Xichuan County Sheqi County Tanghe County Xinye County Tongbai County Shangqiu Liangyuan District Suiyang District Yongcheng city Yucheng County Minquan County Ningling County Sui County Xiayi County Zhecheng County Xinyang Shihe District Pingqiao District Xi County Huaibin County Huangchuan County Guangshan County Gushi County Shangcheng County Luoshan County Xin County Zhoukou Chuanhui District Huaiyang District Xiangcheng city Fugou County Xihua County Shangshui County Taikang County Luyi County Dancheng County Shenqiu County Zhumadian Yicheng District Queshan County Biyang County Suiping County Xiping County Shangcai County Runan County Pingyu County Xincai County Zhengyang County Provincial administeredcounty-level city Jiyuan city Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States This Henan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"urban districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(China)"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Henan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_China"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"District in Henan, People's Republic of ChinaJinshui District (Chinese: 金水区; pinyin: Jīnshuǐ Qū) is one of 6 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, South Central China. The District is 135.3 square km, in which the urban area is 70.65 square km. The total population is 1.4 million.[1]The district is seat to the Henan provincial government as well as the most developed city district in Zhengzhou and the province.","title":"Jinshui, Zhengzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jingba Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingba_Road_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Huayuan Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayuan_Road_Subdistrict,_Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Renmin Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renmin_Road_Subdistrict,_Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Duling Street Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duling_Street_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Dashiqiao Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashiqiao_Subdistrict,_Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanyang_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nanyang New Village Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanyang_New_Village_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wenhua Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wenhua_Road_Subdistrict,_Zhengzhou&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fengchan Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fengchan_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dongfeng Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dongfeng_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beilin Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilin_Road_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Weilai Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weilai_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Longzihu Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longzihu_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zhaicheng Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhacheng_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fenghuangtai Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fenghuangtai_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yangjin Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangjin_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fengqing Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fengqing_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jicheng Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jicheng_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xingda Road Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xingda_Road_Subdistrict&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Jinshui District has 17 subdistricts :[2]Subdistricts:\nJingba Road Subdistrict (经八路街道)\nHuayuan Road Subdistrict (花园路街道)\nRenmin Road Subdistrict (人民路街道)\nDuling Street Subdistrict (杜岭街街道)\nDashiqiao Subdistrict (大石桥街道)\nNanyang Road Subdistrict (南阳路街道)\nNanyang New Village Subdistrict (南阳新村街道)\nWenhua Road Subdistrict (文化路街道)\nFengchan Road Subdistrict (丰产路街道)\nDongfeng Road Subdistrict (东风路街道)\nBeilin Road Subdistrict (北林路街道)\nWeilai Road Subdistrict (未来路街道)\nLongzihu Subdistrict (龙子湖街道)\nZhaicheng Road Subdistrict (祭城路街道)\nFenghuangtai Subdistrict (凤凰台街道)\nYangjin Road Subdistrict (杨金路街道)\nFengqing Road Subdistrict (丰庆路街道)Former SubdistrictsJicheng Road Subdistrict (祭城路街道) and Xingda Road Subdistrict (兴达路街道)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jianxue Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jianxue_Street&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Henan Experimental Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan_Experimental_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"No.8 Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou_No.8_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"No.9 Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_No._9_Middle_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henan Foreign Trade School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henan_Foreign_Trade_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henan Experimental Primary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan_Experimental_Primary_School"},{"link_name":"No.1 Primary School of Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.1_Primary_School_of_Wenhua_Road,_Zhengzhou"}],"text":"The area around Jianxue Street (Chinese: 俭学街), is a main educational area. The famous Henan Experimental Middle School, No.8 Middle School, No.9 Middle School, the Henan Foreign Trade School, Henan Experimental Primary School and the No.1 Primary School of Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou are in the district.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henan_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henan Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_scene_of_Jinshui_District.jpg"}],"text":"Henan Museum, located in Jinshui District\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet scene of Jinshui District (Puqing Road)","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"金水简介 (in Simplified Chinese). Jinshui District People's Government. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jinshui.gov.cn/jsjj.jhtml","url_text":"金水简介"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Jinshui District\" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080606095511/http://www.xzqh.org/QUHUA/41hn/0105js.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of Jinshui District\""},{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/QUHUA/41hn/0105js.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LongRun
LongRun
["1 References","2 External links"]
LongRun and LongRun2 are power management technologies introduced by Transmeta. LongRun was introduced with the Crusoe processor, while LongRun2 was introduced with the Efficeon processor. LongRun2 has since been licensed to Fujitsu, NEC, Sony, Toshiba, and NVIDIA. LongRun automatically adjusted the processor, moving between higher performance but higher power, and lower power but lower performance. The goals of the automation could be adjusted. One control offered processor frequency levels, and the ability to set a minimum and maximum "window", where the automatic controls would not adjust the speed outside of the window. A second control offered a target of either "economy" or "performance". Some versions offered a third control that adjusted the processor based on power rather than speed. LongRun was based primarily on reducing the clock frequency and voltage supplied to the processor, now commonly called DVFS. Lower frequency reduces performance but also allows voltage reduction, and can yield both power savings and improved efficiency. LongRun2 built further on this by incorporating process technology aimed at reducing variations in the manufacturing process and thereby improving yields. References ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (2007-07-05). "Transmeta to finally see licensing revenues". TG Daily. Tigervision Media. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2008-03-04. ^ "LongRunHowTo". Retrieved 2020-10-25. External links Official description of LongRun2, recovered from the Internet Archive as of 2009. vteComputer processor power management technologiesStandards Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) Advanced Power Management (APM) Techniques Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Overclocking Underclocking ImplementationsPower Saving AMD Cool'n'Quiet (desktop) AMD PowerNow! (laptop) Intel SpeedStep Transmeta LongRun VIA LongHaul Performance Intel Turbo Boost AMD Turbo Core Graphics AMD PowerPlay AMD PowerTune This microcomputer- or microprocessor-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This computer hardware article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"DVFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_management#DVFS"}],"text":"LongRun automatically adjusted the processor, moving between higher performance but higher power, and lower power but lower performance. The goals of the automation could be adjusted. One control offered processor frequency levels, and the ability to set a minimum and maximum \"window\", where the automatic controls would not adjust the speed outside of the window. A second control offered a target of either \"economy\" or \"performance\". Some versions offered a third control that adjusted the processor based on power rather than speed.[2]LongRun was based primarily on reducing the clock frequency and voltage supplied to the processor, now commonly called DVFS. Lower frequency reduces performance but also allows voltage reduction, and can yield both power savings and improved efficiency. LongRun2 built further on this by incorporating process technology aimed at reducing variations in the manufacturing process and thereby improving yields.","title":"LongRun"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Gruener, Wolfgang (2007-07-05). \"Transmeta to finally see licensing revenues\". TG Daily. Tigervision Media. Archived from the original on 2007-09-12. Retrieved 2008-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070912090112/http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/32774/118/","url_text":"\"Transmeta to finally see licensing revenues\""},{"url":"http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/32774/118/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LongRunHowTo\". Retrieved 2020-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LongRunHowTo","url_text":"\"LongRunHowTo\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070912090112/http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/32774/118/","external_links_name":"\"Transmeta to finally see licensing revenues\""},{"Link":"http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/32774/118/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LongRunHowTo","external_links_name":"\"LongRunHowTo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090116223654/http://www.transmeta.com/tech/longrun2.html","external_links_name":"Official description of LongRun2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LongRun&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LongRun&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Juhasz
Alexandra Juhasz
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
This biographical article is written like a résumé. Please help improve it by revising it to be neutral and encyclopedic. (May 2022) Alexandra Jeanne "Alex" Juhasz (born March 12, 1964) is a feminist writer and theorist of media production. Education Juhasz received her B.A. in American Studies and English at Amherst College in 1986. Shortly after graduating she participated in a year-long artist's program sponsored by the Whitney Museum (1987–1988). Juhasz also attended New York University and earned her doctorate with distinction in Cinema Studies (1992). She was awarded the Society for Cinema Studies' First Prize in 1993 for her doctoral dissertation: "Re-Mediating AIDS: The Politics of Community Produced Video." Career Juhasz began her career at New York University in 1990 as adjunct instructor in cinema studies. From 1991 to 1994 she worked as an assistant professor (English and women's studies) at Swarthmore College. She then took a position at Pitzer College, where she was an assistant professor from 1995 to 1997 and an associate professor from 1997 to 2003. She was a full professor in media history, theory, and production at Pitzer College from 2003 to 2016, as well as a professor in the Cultural Studies, Art, and English Departments at Claremont Graduate University. In Fall 2016, she became Chairperson of the Department of Film at Brooklyn College. In December 2019, Juhasz was named a distinguished professor by CUNY's board of trustees. Juhasz's research interests include documentary video production, women's film, and feminist film theory. She has written a variety of articles focusing on feminist issues such as teenage sexuality, AIDS, and sex education. Her work concentrates on online feminist pedagogy, learning from YouTube, and other common uses of digital media. Juhasz has taught courses at multiple locations and institutions including NYU, Bryn Mawr College, Swarthmore College, Pitzer College, Claremont Graduate University, and on YouTube. Her courses incorporate activist media, documentary, media archives, and feminist media. She is the co-founder, with Anne Balsamo of FemTechNet, a network of scholars and artists engaged with issues related to technology and gender. Juhasz has produced two feature films: The Owls and The Watermelon Woman. She has also produced over a dozen educational documentaries that focus on feminist concerns ranging from teen pregnancy to AIDS, such as Video Remains. Publications “#cut/paste+bleed: Entangling Feminist Affect, Action and Production On and Offline,” in Jentery Sayers, ed. Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities (Routledge: 2018): 18-32. Blackwell Companion to Film Studies: Documentary and Documentary Histories. Co-edited with Alisa Lebow (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Press, forthcoming 2014/16). Learning from YouTube. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2011. F is for Phony: Fake Documentary and Truth's Undoing, Edited with Jesse Lerner (University of Minnesota Press, 2006). Women of Vision: Histories in Feminist Media Transcripts from 20 interviews in feminist film and video history. (University of Minnesota Press, 2001). AIDS TV: Identity, Community, and Alternative Video. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. "The Contained Threat: Women in Mainstream AIDS Documentary." Journal of Sex Research, 27:1, 1990. Special issue: Feminist Perspectives on Sexuality. References ^ Alexandra Juhasz: Resume ^ "Film". ^ "Alexandra Juhasz Named Distinguished Professor". CUNY Newswire. Retrieved 6 February 2020. ^ a b Juhasz, Alexandra. "Learning from YouTube" The MIT Press Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ McPherson, Tara. "Introduction: Media Studies and the Digital Humanities." Cinema Journal, 48:2, Winter 2009. ^ a b c "Alexandra Juhasz". The Huffington Post, Oct. 16, 2013 ^ Juhasz, Alexandra. "A Lesbian Collective Aesthetic: Making and Teaching The Owls" Signs, no. 2.1, 2010. ^ "The Owls (2010)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ Hilderbrand, Lucas. "Retroactivism." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 12.2 (2006): 303-317. ^ a b c "Detailed curriculum vitae including works and publications. Media Studies, Pitzer College online" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2017-05-31. External links Alexandra Juhasz at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alexandra Jeanne \"Alex\" Juhasz (born March 12, 1964) is a feminist writer and theorist of media production.","title":"Alexandra Juhasz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-resume-1"}],"text":"Juhasz received her B.A. in American Studies and English at Amherst College in 1986. Shortly after graduating she participated in a year-long artist's program sponsored by the Whitney Museum (1987–1988). Juhasz also attended New York University and earned her doctorate with distinction in Cinema Studies (1992). She was awarded the Society for Cinema Studies' First Prize in 1993 for her doctoral dissertation: \"Re-Mediating AIDS: The Politics of Community Produced Video.\"[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swarthmore College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarthmore_College"},{"link_name":"Pitzer College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_College"},{"link_name":"Claremont Graduate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CUNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"women's film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_film"},{"link_name":"feminist film theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_film_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-6"},{"link_name":"Anne Balsamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Balsamo"},{"link_name":"FemTechNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FemTechNet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Watermelon Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Watermelon_Woman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-9"}],"text":"Juhasz began her career at New York University in 1990 as adjunct instructor in cinema studies. From 1991 to 1994 she worked as an assistant professor (English and women's studies) at Swarthmore College.She then took a position at Pitzer College, where she was an assistant professor from 1995 to 1997 and an associate professor from 1997 to 2003. She was a full professor in media history, theory, and production at Pitzer College from 2003 to 2016, as well as a professor in the Cultural Studies, Art, and English Departments at Claremont Graduate University. In Fall 2016, she became Chairperson of the Department of Film at Brooklyn College.[2] In December 2019, Juhasz was named a distinguished professor by CUNY's board of trustees.[3]Juhasz's research interests include documentary video production, women's film, and feminist film theory. She has written a variety of articles focusing on feminist issues such as teenage sexuality, AIDS, and sex education.[4] Her work concentrates on online feminist pedagogy, learning from YouTube, and other common uses of digital media.[5] Juhasz has taught courses at multiple locations and institutions including NYU, Bryn Mawr College, Swarthmore College, Pitzer College, Claremont Graduate University, and on YouTube. Her courses incorporate activist media, documentary, media archives, and feminist media.[6] She is the co-founder, with Anne Balsamo of FemTechNet, a network of scholars and artists engaged with issues related to technology and gender.Juhasz has produced two feature films: The Owls[7][8] and The Watermelon Woman. She has also produced over a dozen educational documentaries that focus on feminist concerns ranging from teen pregnancy to AIDS, such as Video Remains.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"“#cut/paste+bleed: Entangling Feminist Affect, Action and Production On and Offline,” in Jentery Sayers, ed. Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities (Routledge: 2018): 18-32.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academicworks.cuny.edu/bc_pubs/163/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitzer-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitzer-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huff-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitzer-10"}],"text":"“#cut/paste+bleed: Entangling Feminist Affect, Action and Production On and Offline,” in Jentery Sayers, ed. Routledge Companion to Media Studies and Digital Humanities (Routledge: 2018): 18-32.\nBlackwell Companion to Film Studies: Documentary and Documentary Histories. Co-edited with Alisa Lebow (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Press, forthcoming 2014/16).[10]\nLearning from YouTube. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2011.[4][10]\nF is for Phony: Fake Documentary and Truth's Undoing, Edited with Jesse Lerner (University of Minnesota Press, 2006).[6]\nWomen of Vision: Histories in Feminist Media Transcripts from 20 interviews in feminist film and video history. (University of Minnesota Press, 2001).[6]\nAIDS TV: Identity, Community, and Alternative Video. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995.[10]\n\"The Contained Threat: Women in Mainstream AIDS Documentary.\" Journal of Sex Research, 27:1, 1990. Special issue: Feminist Perspectives on Sexuality.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_beetle
Stag beetle
["1 Overview","2 Evolution","3 Antler allometry","4 References","5 External links"]
Family of insects Stag beetleTemporal range: Middle Jurassic–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N A male specimen of Lamprima aurata, otherwise known as the golden stag beetle Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Polyphaga Infraorder: Scarabaeiformia Superfamily: Scarabaeoidea Family: LucanidaeLatreille, 1804 Subfamilies Aesalinae Lampriminae Lucaninae Syndesinae Stag beetles are a family of about 1,200 species of beetles in the family Lucanidae, currently classified in four subfamilies. Some species grow to over 12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches), but most to about 5 cm (2 in). Overview Dorcus curvidens male (left) and female (right) Paralissotes sp. illustrated by Des HelmoreSee also: Taxonomy of LucanidaeThe English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags. A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, referred to in some European countries (including the United Kingdom) as the stag beetle; it is the largest terrestrial insect in Europe. Pliny the Elder noted that Nigidius called the beetle lucanus after the Italian region of Lucania where they were used as amulets. The scientific name of Lucanus cervus adds cervus, deer. Male stag beetles are known for their oversize mandibles used to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a way that parallels the way stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not normally aggressive to humans. During a battle between the two males, the main objective is to dislodge its opponent's tarsal claws with its mandible, thus disrupting their balance. Because its mandibles are capable of exceeding its own body size, stag beetles are generally inefficient runners and are very slow, and typically feel the need to fly from one location to another. Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles that are much more powerful than the males'. As larvae, females are distinguished by their cream-coloured, fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down their back. The larvae feed for several years on rotting wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, "L3", the surviving grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger. In England’s New Forest, it was once believed that the stag beetle, dubbed the "devil's imp", was sent to do some evil to the corn crops. The superstition led to stoning the insects on sight, as observed by a writer in the Notes and Queries. Along with rhinoceros beetles, stag beetles are often bought as pets in South Korea and Japan. Evolution The oldest known fossil of the group is Juraesalus from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China. While initially interpreted as a member of Aesalinae, it was later interpreted to be a basal member of the family. Litholamprima, the only genus in the subfamily Litholampriminae, is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, China. Antler allometry Antler allometry in Prosopocoilus savagei The Lucanidae males have large antlers. Their size often varies among individuals. Such variation is termed a scaling relationship or static allometry. Environmental conditions and genetic factors affect antler size. References ^ Smith, A.B.T. (2006). A review of the family-group names for the superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) with corrections to nomenclature and a current classification. The Coleopterists Bulletin 60:144–204. ^ :Goyens J, Van Wassenbergh S, Dirckx J, Aerts P. 2015 Cost of flight and the evolution of stag beetle weaponry. J. R. Soc. Interface 12: 20150222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0222 ^ "How to help stag beetles" (PDF). wildlondon.org.uk. London Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017. ^ Cowan, Frank (December 15, 2012). "Curious Facts in the History of Insects; Including Spiders and Scorpions, by Frank Cowan—A Project Gutenberg eBook". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-03-16. ^ "곤충도 '황금알'을 낳는다". 시사저널 (in Korean). 2001-09-28. Retrieved 2020-07-26. ^ Lombardi, Linda (26 May 2014). "How to Care for Your Beetle". tofugu.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ Kim, Sang Il; Farrell, Brian D. (May 2015). "Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 86: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015. PMID 25732069. ^ G.V. Nikolajev, D. Ren (2015). "A new fossil Lucanidae subfamily (Coleoptera) from the Mesozoic of China" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin (in Russian). 11 (11): 15-18. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2015-11-1-15-18. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2024. ^ Kawano, Kazuo (1 March 2006). "Sexual Dimorphism and the Making of Oversized Male Characters in Beetles (Coleoptera)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (2): 327–341. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)0992.0.CO;2. External links Data related to Lucanidae at Wikispecies Media related to Lucanidae at Wikimedia Commons Flickr Images Stag beetle info Research site containing much information on the stag beetle as well as information on current conservation schemes. M.J. Paulsen. "Annotated Checklist of the New World Lucanidae". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-09-14. Checklist of New World stag beetles with links to pages with additional information and images. Toma Libich. "Goliathus.com: gallery of Lucanidae". "Gallery of Lucanidae". Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. J M Maes. "Biodiversity: section on Lucanidae with a world catalogue and a world bibliography". Asahinet Stag beetles on postage stamps and species illustrations. Lucanes du Monde Image rich French blog TOL Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine UNL Generic Guide to New World Scarabs- Lucanidae, vteExtant Coleoptera families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Neoptera Superorder: Holometabola Suborder Archostemata Crowsoniellidae (Crowsoniella relicta) Cupedidae (reticulated beetles) Jurodidae (Sikhotealinia zhiltzovae) Micromalthidae Ommatidae Suborder AdephagaExtant families Amphizoidae (trout-stream beetles) Aspidytidae Carabidae (ground beetles) Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) Haliplidae (crawling water beetles) Hygrobiidae Meruidae (Meru phyllisae) Noteridae (burrowing water beetles) Trachypachidae (false ground beetles) Suborder Myxophaga Hydroscaphidae (skiff beetles) Lepiceridae Sphaeriusidae Torridincolidae Suborder PolyphagaBostrichiformiaBostrichoidea Bostrichidae (auger beetles) Dermestidae (skin beetles) Endecatomidae Jacobsoniidae (Jacobson's beetles) Nosodendridae (wounded-tree beetles) Ptiniidae (furniture beetles, death watch beetles, spider beetles) Derodontoidea Derodontidae (tooth-necked fungus beetles) CucujiformiaChrysomeloidea Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles) Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) Disteniidae Megalopodidae Orsodacnidae Oxypeltidae Vesperidae Cleroidea Acanthocnemidae (Acanthocnemus nigricans) Biphyllidae (false skin beetles) Byturidae (fruitworm beetles) Chaetosomatidae Cleridae (checkered beetles) Lophocateridae Mauroniscidae Melyridae (soft-wing flower beetles) Metaxinidae (Metaxina ornata) Peltidae Phloiophilidae (Phloiophilus edwardsi) Phycosecidae Prionoceridae Protopeltidae Rentoniidae Rhadalidae Thanerocleridae Thymalidae Trogossitidae (bark-gnawing beetles) Coccinelloidea Akalyptoischiidae Alexiidae Anamorphidae Bothrideridae (dry bark beetles) Cerylonidae (minute bark beetles) Coccinellidae (lady beetles, or God's cows) Corylophidae (minute fungus beetles) Discolomatidae Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Eupsilobiidae Euxestidae (well polished beetles) Latridiidae (minute brown scavenger beetles) Murmidiidae Mycetaeidae Teredidae Cucujoidea Agapythidae (Agapytho foveicollis) Boganiidae Cavognathidae Cryptophagidae (silken fungus beetles) Cucujidae (flat bark beetles) Cybocephalidae Cyclaxyridae Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Helotidae Hobartiidae Kateretidae (short-winged flower beetles) Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles) Lamingtoniidae (Lamingtonium binnaberrense) Monotomidae (root-eating beetles) Myraboliidae Nitidulidae (sap beetles) Passandridae (parasitic flat bark beetles) Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Phloeostichidae Priasilphidae Propalticidae Protocucujidae Silvanidae (silvanid flat bark beetles) Smicripidae (palmetto beetles) Sphindidae (dry-fungus beetles) Tasmosalpingidae Curculionoidea(weevils) Anthribidae (fungus weevils) Attelabidae (leaf-rolling weevils) Belidae (primitive weevils) Brentidae (straight snout weevils, New York weevil) Caridae Curculionidae (true weevils, bark beetles, ambrosia beetles) Nemonychidae (pine flower weevils) Lymexyloidea Lymexylidae (ship-timber beetles) Tenebrionoidea Aderidae (ant-like leaf beetles) Anthicidae (ant-like flower beetles) Archeocrypticidae (cryptic fungus beetles) Boridae (conifer bark beetles) Chalcodryidae Ciidae (minute tree-fungus beetles) Melandryidae (false darkling beetles) Meloidae (blister beetles) Mordellidae (tumbling flower beetles) Mycetophagidae (hairy fungus beetles) Mycteridae (palm and flower beetles) Oedemeridae (false blister beetle) Perimylopidae, or Promecheilidae Prostomidae (jugular-horned beetles) Pterogeniidae Pyrochroidae (fire-coloured beetles) Pythidae (dead log bark beetles) Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Scraptiidae (false flower beetles) Stenotrachelidae (false longhorn beetles) Synchroidae (synchroa bark beetles) Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Tetratomidae (polypore fungus beetles) Trictenotomidae Ulodidae Zopheridae (ironclad beetles, cylindrical bark beetles) ElateriformiaBuprestoidea Buprestidae (jewel beetles, or metallic wood-boring beetles) Schizopodidae Byrrhoidea Byrrhidae (pill beetles) Callirhipidae (cedar beetles) Chelonariidae (turtle beetles) Cneoglossidae Dryopidae (long-toed water beetles) Elmidae (riffle beetles) Eulichadidae (forest stream beetles) Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) Limnichidae (minute mud beetles) Lutrochidae (travertine beetles) Psephenidae (water-penny beetles) Ptilodactylidae Dascilloidea Dascillidae (soft bodied plant beetles) Rhipiceridae (cicada beetle, cicada parasite beetles) Elateroidea Artematopodidae (soft-bodied plant beetles) Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) Cantharidae (soldier beetles) Cerophytidae (rare click beetles) Elateridae (click beetles) Eucnemidae (false click beetles) Jurasaidae Lampyridae (fireflies) Lycidae (net-winged beetles) Omethidae (false fireflies, long-lipped beetles) Phengodidae (glowworm beetles) Rhagophthalmidae Sinopyrophoridae Throscidae (false metallic wood-boring beetles) Rhinorhipoidea Rhinorhipidae (Rhinorhipus tamborinensis) Scirtoidea Clambidae Decliniidae (Declinia relicta) Eucinetidae (plate-thigh beetles) Scirtidae ScarabaeiformiaScarabaeoidea Belohinidae (Belohina inexpectata) Bolboceratidae Diphyllostomatidae (false stag beetles) Geotrupidae (dor beetles) Glaphyridae (bumble bee scarab beetles) Glaresidae (enigmatic scarab beetles) Hybosoridae (scavenger scarab beetles) Lucanidae (stag beetles) Ochodaeidae (sand-loving scarab beetles) Passalidae (betsy beetles) Pleocomidae (rain beetles) Scarabaeidae (scarabs) Trogidae (hide beetles) StaphyliniformiaHisteroidea Histeridae (clown beetles) Sphaeritidae (false clown beetles) Synteliidae Hydrophiloidea Epimetopidae Georissidae (minute mud-loving beetles) Helophoridae Hydrochidae Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) Spercheidae Staphylinoidea Agyrtidae (primitive carrion beetles) Hydraenidae Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) Ptiliidae (feather-winged beetles) Silphidae (carrion beetles) Staphylinidae (rove beetles) List of subgroups of the order Coleoptera Taxon identifiersLucanidae Wikidata: Q208786 Wikispecies: Lucanidae ADW: Lucanidae AFD: Lucanidae BioLib: 7841 BOLD: 1063 BugGuide: 3103 CoL: C8B EoL: 2655184 EPPO: 1LUCAF Fauna Europaea: 11116 Fauna Europaea (new): 97631e66-14dd-4f36-9423-cc73f1166ed4 GBIF: 3263244 iNaturalist: 49083 IRMNG: 100200 ITIS: 114487 NBN: NHMSYS0001718880 NCBI: 41105 NZOR: ce67d063-150f-4a8b-858f-735f5208bbf5 Open Tree of Life: 867950 Paleobiology Database: 69301 Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany United States Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2006-1"}],"text":"Stag beetles are a family of about 1,200 species of beetles in the family Lucanidae, currently classified in four subfamilies.[1] Some species grow to over 12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches), but most to about 5 cm (2 in).","title":"Stag beetle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorcus_curvidens_hopei_sjh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorcus curvidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorcus_curvidens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLE_Lucanidae_Lissotes.png"},{"link_name":"Des Helmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Helmore"},{"link_name":"Taxonomy of Lucanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Lucanidae"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts"},{"link_name":"antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlers"},{"link_name":"stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Lucanus cervus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucanus_cervus"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Nigidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius"},{"link_name":"Lucania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucania"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus"},{"link_name":"parallels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_evolution"},{"link_name":"stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer#Antlers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_Wildlife_Trust-3"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"grubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"Prosopocoilus giraffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopocoilus_giraffa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rhinoceros beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastinae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dorcus curvidens male (left) and female (right)Paralissotes sp. illustrated by Des HelmoreSee also: Taxonomy of LucanidaeThe English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags.A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, referred to in some European countries (including the United Kingdom) as the stag beetle; it is the largest terrestrial insect in Europe. Pliny the Elder noted that Nigidius called the beetle lucanus after the Italian region of Lucania where they were used as amulets. The scientific name of Lucanus cervus adds cervus, deer.Male stag beetles are known for their oversize mandibles used to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a way that parallels the way stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not normally aggressive to humans. During a battle between the two males, the main objective is to dislodge its opponent's tarsal claws with its mandible, thus disrupting their balance. Because its mandibles are capable of exceeding its own body size, stag beetles are generally inefficient runners and are very slow, and typically feel the need to fly from one location to another. [2]Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles that are much more powerful than the males'.[3] As larvae, females are distinguished by their cream-coloured, fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down their back.The larvae feed for several years on rotting wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, \"L3\", the surviving grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger.In England’s New Forest, it was once believed that the stag beetle, dubbed the \"devil's imp\", was sent to do some evil to the corn crops. The superstition led to stoning the insects on sight, as observed by a writer in the Notes and Queries.[4] \nAlong with rhinoceros beetles, stag beetles are often bought as pets in South Korea and Japan.[5][6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juraesalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juraesalus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Callovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callovian"},{"link_name":"Daohugou Beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daohugou_Beds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Litholamprima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Litholamprima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yixian Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yixian_Formation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The oldest known fossil of the group is Juraesalus from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China. While initially interpreted as a member of Aesalinae, it was later interpreted to be a basal member of the family.[7] Litholamprima, the only genus in the subfamily Litholampriminae, is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, China.[8]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metopodontus_savagei-Mus%C3%A9e_royal_de_l%27Afrique_centrale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prosopocoilus savagei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopocoilus_savagei"},{"link_name":"allometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allometry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Antler allometry in Prosopocoilus savageiThe Lucanidae males have large antlers. Their size often varies among individuals. Such variation is termed a scaling relationship or static allometry. Environmental conditions and genetic factors affect antler size.[9]","title":"Antler allometry"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"How to help stag beetles\" (PDF). wildlondon.org.uk. London Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000642/http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Stag%20beetle%20advice%20note.pdf","url_text":"\"How to help stag beetles\""},{"url":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Stag%20beetle%20advice%20note.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Frank (December 15, 2012). \"Curious Facts in the History of Insects; Including Spiders and Scorpions, by Frank Cowan—A Project Gutenberg eBook\". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2022-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41625/41625-h/41625-h.htm#Marker_36","url_text":"\"Curious Facts in the History of Insects; Including Spiders and Scorpions, by Frank Cowan—A Project Gutenberg eBook\""}]},{"reference":"\"[남상호 자연 다큐/곤충 세계 여행④]곤충도 '황금알'을 낳는다\". 시사저널 (in Korean). 2001-09-28. Retrieved 2020-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sisajournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=99926","url_text":"\"[남상호 자연 다큐/곤충 세계 여행④]곤충도 '황금알'을 낳는다\""}]},{"reference":"Lombardi, Linda (26 May 2014). \"How to Care for Your Beetle\". tofugu.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180306165325/https://www.tofugu.com/japan/pet-beetles-in-japan/","url_text":"\"How to Care for Your Beetle\""},{"url":"https://www.tofugu.com/japan/pet-beetles-in-japan/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Sang Il; Farrell, Brian D. (May 2015). \"Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 86: 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015. PMID 25732069.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790315000457","url_text":"\"Phylogeny of world stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) reveals a Gondwanan origin of Darwin's stag beetle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2015.02.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2015.02.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25732069","url_text":"25732069"}]},{"reference":"G.V. Nikolajev, D. Ren (2015). \"A new fossil Lucanidae subfamily (Coleoptera) from the Mesozoic of China\" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin (in Russian). 11 (11): 15-18. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2015-11-1-15-18. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://old.ssc-ras.ru/files/files/Nikolaev_Jen_KEB_11_1.pdf","url_text":"\"A new fossil Lucanidae subfamily (Coleoptera) from the Mesozoic of China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.23885%2F1814-3326-2015-11-1-15-18","url_text":"10.23885/1814-3326-2015-11-1-15-18"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227091111/https://old.ssc-ras.ru/files/files/Nikolaev_Jen_KEB_11_1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kawano, Kazuo (1 March 2006). \"Sexual Dimorphism and the Making of Oversized Male Characters in Beetles (Coleoptera)\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (2): 327–341. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0327:SDATMO]2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/99/2/327/2759206?login=true","url_text":"\"Sexual Dimorphism and the Making of Oversized Male Characters in Beetles (Coleoptera)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0013-8746%282006%29099%5B0327%3ASDATMO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0327:SDATMO]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"M.J. Paulsen. \"Annotated Checklist of the New World Lucanidae\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207164520/http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Lucanidae/Lucanidae-Catalog/LucanidaeC.htm","url_text":"\"Annotated Checklist of the New World Lucanidae\""},{"url":"http://www-museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Guide/Scarabaeoidea/Lucanidae/Lucanidae-Catalog/LucanidaeC.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toma Libich. \"Goliathus.com: gallery of Lucanidae\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goliathus.com/en/en-lucanidae.html","url_text":"\"Goliathus.com: gallery of Lucanidae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gallery of Lucanidae\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061020115522/http://www.goliathus.cz/en/museum-lucanidae-2.html","url_text":"\"Gallery of Lucanidae\""},{"url":"http://www.goliathus.cz/en/museum-lucanidae-2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"J M Maes. \"Biodiversity: section on Lucanidae with a world catalogue and a world bibliography\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bio-nica.info/","url_text":"\"Biodiversity: section on Lucanidae with a world catalogue and a world bibliography\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vie_de_Marianne
La Vie de Marianne
["1 Analysis","2 Plot","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
Fourth part of La Vie de Marianne (1736). La Vie de Marianne (The life of Marianne: or, the adventures of the Countess of ***) is an unfinished novel by Pierre de Marivaux and illustrated by Jakob van der Schley. The novel was written in sections, eleven of which appeared between 1731 and 1745. A Continuation was produced by Madame Riccoboni, but this too is incomplete. Analysis The success of La Vie de Marianne owes much to the perfect alignment between the author, his era, the characters, and the readers. In this work, Marvaux displayed a level of insight and eloquence that surpassed many, skillfully depicting the subject with rich details that closely adhere to reality. The narrative, with its intricate twists, seamlessly weaves through numerous incidents, intricately connected to the plot, enhancing its appeal while delaying the resolution. Marivaux effortlessly portrays characters that not only resemble specific individuals but also capture the essence of people in general, particularly those of his time. La Vie de Marianne resonated with its contemporaries, who enjoyed following the journey of a young orphan from humble beginnings, facing challenging trials before achieving recognition and fortune, even if the specifics remain unknown due to the unfinished nature of the novel. Marivaux effectively utilized the novel genre to paint a vivid and never monotonous picture of the diverse 18th-century world. In a novel innovation, intellect breathes life into the narrative alongside passion, interwoven with insightful reflections seamlessly integrated into the action. Representations, reflections, and anecdotes charmingly intertwine, enhancing each other. Characters are meticulously studied, granting them tangible life. The author's complete withdrawal from the narrative, allowing Marianne to speak directly, enhances the illusion and undoubtedly sustains it in the reader's mind. Marianne feels so authentic that it's challenging for the reader not to believe they are reading an account from someone who genuinely played a pivotal role in the recounted adventures. The characters are well-defined, firm, and supported. Marivaux crafts his heroine as an epitome of premature reason, intelligence, distinction, and beauty. The mystery surrounding her birth adds credibility to the attributes attributed to her, intensifying the interest she evokes. Marianne embodies a mix of frankness, pride, and reason, infused with a hint of coquetry that feels natural and effortless. La Vie de Marianne exhibits artistry, with the first-person narrative proving an excellent choice for a woman of the world to share her confidences as she reflects on the passage of time. When recounting her youthful impressions, Marianne exudes the aura of a great lady. Though the years may have tempered Marianne's vivacity, now a countess, and introduced a touch of detachment from the habit of happiness into her expression, the remarks, reflections, and sentiment analyses she weaves into her story would seem to cool passion if the reader imagined they came from the pen of a naive observer. The twelfth part of La Vie de Marianne was entirely written by Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni. In her time, she received praise for adeptly adopting Marivaux's style, yet this impression of fidelity to the original did not endure into the modern age. Plot Soon after leasing a countryside residence near Rennes, the narrator discovers several notebooks within the house, chronicling the narrative of a lady presented in her own handwriting. Responding to the request of his friends, he consents to edit and publish her memoir. The lady, identifying herself as Marianne in the autobiography, is a countess, approximately fifty years old at the time of her writing. She clarifies that she recounts her past at the behest of a close friend who urged her to share the complete story of her life. In that story, Marianne, following her friend's advice, takes up writing despite fearing her inadequacy. The tragic event from her early years, surviving a robbery that killed her parents, leaves her origins shrouded in mystery. Raised by a village priest's sister, Marianne grows into a graceful, obedient girl. Circumstances force them to Paris, but the priest's sister's death leaves Marianne alone. Desperate, she seeks help from a monk who introduces her to Mr. Klimal, a wealthy man willing to support her education. Grateful but humiliated, Marianne accepts gifts from Klimal, unaware of his romantic intentions. Soon, Marianne realizes Klimal's love but decides not to encourage him. A twist of fate introduces her to Valville, a young nobleman she encountered in church. Unable to reveal her situation or her connection to Klimal, Marianne finds herself entangled in a complex web of relationships. Klimal's proposal and Valville's unexpected arrival expose the tangled situation. In a bid to salvage her reputation, Marianne implores Klimal to explain to Valville, leading to a public confrontation. Humiliated and abandoned, Marianne seeks refuge with an abbess, where a kind lady offers to support her. This lady turns out to be Valville's mother, Madame de Miran. She admires Marianne's virtue and innocence, learning of her son's love for Marianne. Madame de Miran seeks Marianne's help to convince Valville to marry her, acknowledging the societal challenges they will face. Marianne, for the sake of love and Madame de Miran, sacrifices her relationship with Valville and persuades him to forget her. Madame de Miran, impressed by Marianne's nobility, consents to their union, ready to defend their love against societal judgments. Tragedy strikes when Klimal, Madame de Miran's brother, confesses his wrongdoing towards Marianne before his death, leaving her a small fortune. Marianne continues to live in a convent, introduced as the daughter of Madame de Miran's friend. However, rumors spread, and Marianne is kidnapped, taken to another monastery, and given an ultimatum: become a nun or marry someone else. Marianne chooses neither and is placed under the care of a mediocre man, leading to a trial orchestrated by the minister. Madame de Miran and Valville arrive to support Marianne, showcasing her virtue and devotion. The minister, impressed by Marianne, decides not to interfere further. Marianne's misfortunes continue when Valville becomes infatuated with a new boarder, Mademoiselle Wharton. Marianne, heartbroken, receives proposals from two suitors but chooses to distance herself from Valville, even though she still loves him. The notes end with hints of further adventures in Marianne's life, leaving much untold. Bibliography (in Italian) Maria Rosaria Ansalone, Una Donna, una vita, un romanzo : saggio su “La Vie de Marianne” di Marivaux, Fasano: Schena, 1985. Patrick Brady, Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction : essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne, Bern; Las Vegas: P. Lang, 1978. Patrick Brady, Rococo Style versus enlightenment novel : with essays on Lettres persanes, La Vie de Marianne, Candide, La Nouvelle Héloïse, Le Neveu de Rameau, Geneva, Slatkine, 1984. Peter Brooks, The Novel of worldliness; Crébillon, Marivaux, Laclos, Stendhal, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969. David Coward, Marivaux, La Vie de Marianne and Le paysan parvenu, London: Grant & Cutler, 1982. (in French) Anne Deneys-Tunney, Écritures du corps : de Descartes à Laclos, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1992 ISBN 978-2-13-044216-5. (in French) Béatrice Didier, La Voix de Marianne : essai sur Marivaux, Paris: J. Corti, 1987 ISBN 978-2-7143-0229-8. (in French) Annick Jugan, Les Variations du récit dans La Vie de Marianne de Marivaux, Paris: Klincksieck, 1978. Marie-Paule Laden, Self-imitation in the eighteenth-century novel, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987 ISBN 978-0-691-06705-6. Leo Spitzer, Alban K. Forcione, Herbert Samuel Lindenberger, et al. Representative essays, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988 ISBN 978-0-8047-1367-2. Theodore E. D. Braun, John A. McCarthy, Disrupted patterns : on chaos and order in the Enlightenment, Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 2000 ISBN 978-90-420-0550-1. Nancy K. Miller, The Heroine's text: readings in the French and English novel, 1722-1782, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980 ISBN 978-0-231-04910-8. (in French) Annie Rivara, Les Sœurs de Marianne : suites, imitations, variations, 1731-1761, Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1991 ISBN 978-0-7294-0413-6. Philip Stewart, Half-told tales : Dilemmas of meaning in three French novels, Chapel Hill: U.N.C. Dept. of Romance Languages, 1987 ISBN 978-0-8078-9232-9. (in French) Loïc Thommeret, La Mémoire créatrice. Essai sur l’écriture de soi au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006, ISBN 978-2-296-00826-7. Arnold L. Weinstein, Fictions of the self, 1550-1800, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981 ISBN 978-0-691-06448-2. External links English translations, Internet Archive Authority control databases: National France BnF data
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A Continuation was produced by Madame Riccoboni, but this too is incomplete.","title":"La Vie de Marianne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jeanne_Riccoboni"}],"text":"The success of La Vie de Marianne owes much to the perfect alignment between the author, his era, the characters, and the readers. In this work, Marvaux displayed a level of insight and eloquence that surpassed many, skillfully depicting the subject with rich details that closely adhere to reality. The narrative, with its intricate twists, seamlessly weaves through numerous incidents, intricately connected to the plot, enhancing its appeal while delaying the resolution. Marivaux effortlessly portrays characters that not only resemble specific individuals but also capture the essence of people in general, particularly those of his time.La Vie de Marianne resonated with its contemporaries, who enjoyed following the journey of a young orphan from humble beginnings, facing challenging trials before achieving recognition and fortune, even if the specifics remain unknown due to the unfinished nature of the novel.Marivaux effectively utilized the novel genre to paint a vivid and never monotonous picture of the diverse 18th-century world. In a novel innovation, intellect breathes life into the narrative alongside passion, interwoven with insightful reflections seamlessly integrated into the action. Representations, reflections, and anecdotes charmingly intertwine, enhancing each other. Characters are meticulously studied, granting them tangible life.The author's complete withdrawal from the narrative, allowing Marianne to speak directly, enhances the illusion and undoubtedly sustains it in the reader's mind. Marianne feels so authentic that it's challenging for the reader not to believe they are reading an account from someone who genuinely played a pivotal role in the recounted adventures.The characters are well-defined, firm, and supported. Marivaux crafts his heroine as an epitome of premature reason, intelligence, distinction, and beauty. The mystery surrounding her birth adds credibility to the attributes attributed to her, intensifying the interest she evokes. Marianne embodies a mix of frankness, pride, and reason, infused with a hint of coquetry that feels natural and effortless.La Vie de Marianne exhibits artistry, with the first-person narrative proving an excellent choice for a woman of the world to share her confidences as she reflects on the passage of time. When recounting her youthful impressions, Marianne exudes the aura of a great lady. Though the years may have tempered Marianne's vivacity, now a countess, and introduced a touch of detachment from the habit of happiness into her expression, the remarks, reflections, and sentiment analyses she weaves into her story would seem to cool passion if the reader imagined they came from the pen of a naive observer.The twelfth part of La Vie de Marianne was entirely written by Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni. In her time, she received praise for adeptly adopting Marivaux's style, yet this impression of fidelity to the original did not endure into the modern age.","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Soon after leasing a countryside residence near Rennes, the narrator discovers several notebooks within the house, chronicling the narrative of a lady presented in her own handwriting. Responding to the request of his friends, he consents to edit and publish her memoir. The lady, identifying herself as Marianne in the autobiography, is a countess, approximately fifty years old at the time of her writing. She clarifies that she recounts her past at the behest of a close friend who urged her to share the complete story of her life.In that story, Marianne, following her friend's advice, takes up writing despite fearing her inadequacy. The tragic event from her early years, surviving a robbery that killed her parents, leaves her origins shrouded in mystery. Raised by a village priest's sister, Marianne grows into a graceful, obedient girl. Circumstances force them to Paris, but the priest's sister's death leaves Marianne alone. Desperate, she seeks help from a monk who introduces her to Mr. Klimal, a wealthy man willing to support her education. Grateful but humiliated, Marianne accepts gifts from Klimal, unaware of his romantic intentions.Soon, Marianne realizes Klimal's love but decides not to encourage him. A twist of fate introduces her to Valville, a young nobleman she encountered in church. Unable to reveal her situation or her connection to Klimal, Marianne finds herself entangled in a complex web of relationships. Klimal's proposal and Valville's unexpected arrival expose the tangled situation. In a bid to salvage her reputation, Marianne implores Klimal to explain to Valville, leading to a public confrontation. Humiliated and abandoned, Marianne seeks refuge with an abbess, where a kind lady offers to support her.This lady turns out to be Valville's mother, Madame de Miran. She admires Marianne's virtue and innocence, learning of her son's love for Marianne. Madame de Miran seeks Marianne's help to convince Valville to marry her, acknowledging the societal challenges they will face. Marianne, for the sake of love and Madame de Miran, sacrifices her relationship with Valville and persuades him to forget her. Madame de Miran, impressed by Marianne's nobility, consents to their union, ready to defend their love against societal judgments.Tragedy strikes when Klimal, Madame de Miran's brother, confesses his wrongdoing towards Marianne before his death, leaving her a small fortune. Marianne continues to live in a convent, introduced as the daughter of Madame de Miran's friend. However, rumors spread, and Marianne is kidnapped, taken to another monastery, and given an ultimatum: become a nun or marry someone else. Marianne chooses neither and is placed under the care of a mediocre man, leading to a trial orchestrated by the minister.Madame de Miran and Valville arrive to support Marianne, showcasing her virtue and devotion. The minister, impressed by Marianne, decides not to interfere further. Marianne's misfortunes continue when Valville becomes infatuated with a new boarder, Mademoiselle Wharton. Marianne, heartbroken, receives proposals from two suitors but chooses to distance herself from Valville, even though she still loves him. The notes end with hints of further adventures in Marianne's life, leaving much untold.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-13-044216-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-044216-5"},{"link_name":"Béatrice Didier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Didier"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7143-0229-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7143-0229-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-06705-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06705-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8047-1367-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1367-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-420-0550-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0550-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-04910-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04910-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7294-0413-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7294-0413-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-9232-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9232-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-296-00826-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-00826-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-06448-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06448-2"}],"text":"(in Italian) Maria Rosaria Ansalone, Una Donna, una vita, un romanzo : saggio su “La Vie de Marianne” di Marivaux, Fasano: Schena, 1985.\nPatrick Brady, Structuralist perspectives in criticism of fiction : essays on Manon Lescaut and La Vie de Marianne, Bern; Las Vegas: P. Lang, 1978.\nPatrick Brady, Rococo Style versus enlightenment novel : with essays on Lettres persanes, La Vie de Marianne, Candide, La Nouvelle Héloïse, Le Neveu de Rameau, Geneva, Slatkine, 1984.\nPeter Brooks, The Novel of worldliness; Crébillon, Marivaux, Laclos, Stendhal, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969.\nDavid Coward, Marivaux, La Vie de Marianne and Le paysan parvenu, London: Grant & Cutler, 1982.\n(in French) Anne Deneys-Tunney, Écritures du corps : de Descartes à Laclos, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1992 ISBN 978-2-13-044216-5.\n(in French) Béatrice Didier, La Voix de Marianne : essai sur Marivaux, Paris: J. Corti, 1987 ISBN 978-2-7143-0229-8.\n(in French) Annick Jugan, Les Variations du récit dans La Vie de Marianne de Marivaux, Paris: Klincksieck, 1978.\nMarie-Paule Laden, Self-imitation in the eighteenth-century novel, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987 ISBN 978-0-691-06705-6.\nLeo Spitzer, Alban K. Forcione, Herbert Samuel Lindenberger, et al. Representative essays, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988 ISBN 978-0-8047-1367-2.\nTheodore E. D. Braun, John A. McCarthy, Disrupted patterns : on chaos and order in the Enlightenment, Amsterdam; Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 2000 ISBN 978-90-420-0550-1.\nNancy K. Miller, The Heroine's text: readings in the French and English novel, 1722-1782, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980 ISBN 978-0-231-04910-8.\n(in French) Annie Rivara, Les Sœurs de Marianne : suites, imitations, variations, 1731-1761, Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1991 ISBN 978-0-7294-0413-6.\nPhilip Stewart, Half-told tales : Dilemmas of meaning in three French novels, Chapel Hill: U.N.C. Dept. of Romance Languages, 1987 ISBN 978-0-8078-9232-9.\n(in French) Loïc Thommeret, La Mémoire créatrice. Essai sur l’écriture de soi au XVIIIe siècle, Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006, ISBN 978-2-296-00826-7.\nArnold L. Weinstein, Fictions of the self, 1550-1800, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981 ISBN 978-0-691-06448-2.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Fourth part of La Vie de Marianne (1736).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ViedeMarianne1.jpg/200px-ViedeMarianne1.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jstor-433141","external_links_name":"English translations"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120655399","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120655399","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_art_in_South_Asia
Truck art in South Asia
["1 History and origin","2 Practice","2.1 Artists","2.2 Regional styles","3 Influence","3.1 Cars","3.2 Buses","3.3 Fashion","3.4 Print Design","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Decorated trucks in the Indian subcontinent A typical decorated truck in Pakistan; most Pakistani trucks have an augmented rooftop to increase space for decoration Front and rear view of two trucks in India, showing detail of various decorative symbols used in Indian truck art Truck art in South Asia is a popular form of regional decoration, with trucks featuring elaborate floral patterns and calligraphy. It is especially common in Pakistan and India. During the War in Afghanistan, Pakistani decorated trucks that ran services between Pakistan and Afghanistan came to be known as jingle trucks by American troops and contractors who were deployed across the latter country. History and origin The concept of decorating transportation and vehicles goes back to Indus valley civilization era, where people used different items for decorations on transportation, in Sindh the art of transportation decoration is very ancient, back in time the wooden traditional Sindhi boats were beautifully carved with amazing designs and patterns, small mirrors were applied on it, the ivory inlaid, metal bells, Ghungroo, Phundra, beads, shells, colors and metal plates with dotted designs were used on boats and carts. The domestic animals used for different carts are also adorned with different jewelries which are specially made for these animals, Sindhis are very fond of decorating their domestic animals and spend a lot of money for it, such jewelries are usually made of different metals but Silver and gold is also used. Another art of transportation decoration is camel hair cut, the camels were common in allover Sindh, the locals cut the hair on its skin in different floral designs and geometric patterns, and apply henna and black color. Traditional Sindhi handmade wooden boats with carvings and Ivory or elephant tooth designs and mirrors, made and used by MohanaClose look on the carvings and mirrorwork on the Sindhi boats.Woodcarving, metal petals with dotted design and mirrors on Sindhi boats. In early 20th century during British Raj the modern transportation like trucks were introduced in Sindh, in Karachi "General motors" first introduced trucks in 1930s, the locals started decorating these trucks, after partition Karachi became the biggest city and was hub of truck art. The concept of truck art itself generally goes back to the 1920s during British rule over South Asia. However, it wasn't until the 1950s in Karachi that it began to become widespread, by artist Hajji Hussain. The term "jingle truck" is military slang that was coined by American troops serving in Afghanistan, although it may also date back to the British colonial period. The term came to be because of the jingling sound that the trucks make due to the chains and pendants hanging from the bumpers of the vehicles. Practice Truck being painted in Kochi, India Many trucks and buses are highly customized and decorated by their owners. External truck decoration can cost thousands of dollars. The decoration often contains elements that remind the truck drivers of home, since they may be away from home for months at a time. The art is a mode of expression for the truck drivers. Decoration may include structural changes, paintings, calligraphy and ornamental-decor like mirror work on the front and back of vehicles and wooden carvings on the truck doors. Depictions of various historical scenes and poetic verses are also common. Outfitting is often completed at a coach workshop. Chains and pendants often dangle off the front bumper. In India, motifs depicting eagles, kites, cow nuzzling calf and nazar battu, and catchphrases like "Horn OK Please", "Blow Horn" and "Use Dipper at Night" are frequently seen. Religious iconography, poetry and political logos are also common. Artists One of the most prominent truck artists is Haider Ali. Trained by his father from his youth, he first came to international attention in 2002 when he painted a Pakistani truck as part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Nafees Ahmad Khan, a truck art artist in Indore, is well known throughout India and has been designing one truck every day for over thirty-two years. Mr. Syed Phool Badshah, also known as Phool ji, is a well known truck artist who is best known for his unique style of doing Fine Arts with Truck art. Regional styles A tanker truck in Bhutan with Tibetan buddhist symbols like the snow lion used for decoration In Pakistan, Karachi is a major city centre for truck art, though there are other hubs in Rawalpindi, Swat, Peshawar, Quetta and Lahore. Trucks from Balochistan and Peshawar are often heavily trimmed with wood, while trucks from Rawalpindi and Islamabad often feature plastic work. Camel bone ornamentation and predominance of red colours is commonly seen on trucks decorated in Sindh. In India, the Delhi-based artist Tilak Raj Dhir states that the slogans he adds to his truck art, which is prevalent throughout the National Capital Region, often change with the socio-political atmosphere. The state of Punjab is considered a major centre of truck art in India, with a distinctive style and expert artists. Poetry is commonly seen in truck art across northern India, and particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Truck art in Hindi and Urdu is sometimes called Phool Patti. Influence Truck art decorates the façade of a business in Peshawar, Pakistan. Truck art has extended beyond the decoration and ornamentation of trucks into other forms and media. Cars Though cars are not traditionally decorated in South Asia, there are examples of cars embellished in a truck art style. In 2009, The Foxy Shahzadi, a 1974 VW Beetle decorated in a truck art style, travelled from Pakistan to France in a 25-day journey. In the Indian city of Mumbai, some drivers decorate their taxis in a truck art style. Buses The buses in Asia are colorful wonders to behold. They are decorated with fancy paintings that blend spiritual images with nature motifs. In Pakistan, these ornate buses and trucks feature beloved folk art. The so-called "jingle trucks" of Pakistan showcase this art tradition all over the country. Each vehicle displays complex designs and patterns, made by talented local artisans. Fashion The lively colours of Pakistani trucks have inspired some fashion designers. The Italian fashion company Dolce & Gabbana used truck art-inspired displays in a 2015 campaign. Although used more often on women's fashion, some men's clothing have been inspired by South Asian truck art. Apart from clothing, truck art has also been incorporated into shoes by some. Print Design Farid Bawa, an Indian graphic designer, collaborates with Indian truck artists to make and sell prints of truck art online in a bid to preserve the tradition of truck art. Gallery Decorations can be highly detailed. All parts of the truck are highly embellished. Wood-paneling is often carved in high detail. The phrase "Horn Please" is used extensively in Indian truck art. The backs of Pakistani trucks are often intricately decorated. Decorated trucks can be found in even the most remote corners of Pakistan. Decorated trucks stuck in a traffic jam at the remote Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh. Truck art in Nepal often contains modern symbols alongside traditional ones. Two decorated trucks on Pakistan's N-5 National Highway. Decorated truck in Afghanistan. Decorated truck at a beach in Mumbai. Driver washing decorated truck near Bangalore. A decorated truck in the wood-paneled Khyber Pakhtunkhwa style. A decorated garbage truck in Kolkata, India. Decorated Indian fuel trucks in Ladakh Jingle truck in Delaram, Afghanistan. In Sikkim Many local buses in Pakistan are decorated with truck art. A public transport bus in El Gouna, Egypt customised and highly decorated in Pakistani style A Pakistani-decorated bus on Euston Road, London. The Karachi to Melbourne Tram, decorated by Pakistani truck artists, during the 2006 Commonwealth Games See also Karachi to Melbourne Tram Dekotora Tap tap References ^ Mughal, Owais (June 18, 2008). "Pakistan's Indigenous Art of Truck Painting". All Things Pakistan. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "Tracing Truck Art beyond 'Horn OK Please': India and Pakistan's Truck Art tradition". Creative Yatra. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2017. Largely a domestic art in its early years especially in North India and Pakistan, the ideation of beautifying trucks, lorries, and rickshaws with multifaceted patterns and calligraphy was common. ^ a b c McKenzie, Sheena (5 August 2015). "Pimp my ride: The psychedelic world of Indian truck art". CNN. Retrieved 31 July 2017. For truckers in India, that means a kaleidoscope of colors, slogans, and intricately painted symbols that are as much about bling -- as shrewd business sense. ..."A better looking truck attracts more business," says Shantanu Suman, graphic designer and filmmaker behind 2013 documentary "Horn Please," which explores India's spectacular truck art tradition. ^ a b c Rathnayake, Zinara (2022-09-01). "Pakistan's Trucks Are Vibrant, Bedazzled Works of Art". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2024-04-28. ^ "سنڌ جا زيور2 : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)". www.encyclopediasindhiana.org (in Sindhi). Retrieved 2024-04-28. ^ Hamdani, Anas (2018-08-22). "Eid makeover: The art of camel barbering". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-04-28. ^ "Pakistani barbers decorate camels with ancient motifs in elaborate Eid makeover". Arab News PK. 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2024-04-28. ^ Dianna, Wray (December 2021). "Pakistani Art Trucks on a Bridge of Culture". AramcoWorld. Retrieved January 28, 2024. ^ "Truck art from Pakistan". Zahra's Blog + Brown Lady Art Collective. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2024-01-29. ^ Sheikh, Ziyad (2021-11-05). "Pakistan's Truck Art: A Beautiful Expression..." Paradigm Shift. Retrieved 2024-01-29. ^ Barrett, Grant (26 May 2005). "A Way With Words". Retrieved 2 September 2017. ^ Elias, Jamal (2005). "On Wings of Diesel: The Decorated Trucks of Pakistan". Amherst Magazine. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ "Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-10-23. ^ a b "Inside the World of Indian Truck Art". Vice.com. 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ^ a b Covington, Richard (Spring 2005). "Masterpieces to Go: The Trucks of Pakistan". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ Nyland, Tim (October 19, 2006). "The Painted Trucks of Pakistan". Penn Current. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2015. ^ Pakistan's Dazzling 'Jingle Trucks' Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (www.rferl.org). June 14, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-06-19. ^ Iyengar, Radhika (2 June 2021). "India's Vibrant and Idiosyncratic Truck Art". hyperallergic.com. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ a b Kafle, Dinesh (22 March 2021). "Ode to the Road: Truck Art of North India". Sahapedia.org. Retrieved 17 May 2022. An example of such a space, the bumpers of the trucks in North India are often painted with couplets and quartets. Among North Indian trucks, those registered in Uttar Pradesh often carry writings that are closest to what we call truck literature: couplets and quartets. ^ Hart, Hugh (14 November 2014). "A Jingle Truck Artist Brings The Mobile Art Of Pakistan To America". Fast Company. Retrieved 17 August 2017. ^ "Syed Phool Badshah – Karachi Art Directory". Retrieved 2020-06-28. ^ Sharma, Manoj (20 April 2015). "Meet the men who convert trucks into colourful canvases". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 1 August 2017. ^ Harris, Johnny; Thornell, Christina (17 July 2019). "India's trucks are works of art". Vox. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ "HERITAGE: SAYING IT WITH FLOWERS". dawn.com. 22 April 2018. ^ "Dover Rug & Home Presents Truck Artist, Haider Ali". Wellesley Weston Magazine. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2019. In recent years, Ali and his students, and their students, have started a company they named Phool Patti, which translates to 'flowers leaves' in Urdu/Hindi. ^ "Foxy Shahzadi running away for good". The Dawn. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Walsh, Declan (9 November 2010). "From Pakistan to Paris, by VW Beetle". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 June 2014. ^ Kinsella, Eileen (5 August 2015). "Indian Truck Art and Taxi Design-artnet News". Artnet. Retrieved 1 August 2017. ^ "Did You Know These Surprising Facts About Buses?". bustiming.in. 30 November 2023. ^ "Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range". BBC. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2015. ^ Sheikh, Ibriz (30 May 2015). "Pakistani truck art takes over streets of Milan". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 13 September 2015. ^ "Truck art and fashion". pakistantruckart.com. Retrieved 16 October 2015. ^ "Pakistani truck artist gives new flair to kicks". Forbes India. Retrieved 17 May 2022. ^ Shrivastava, Cara (8 June 2021). "This Collective Is Taking India's Unique Truck Art To The World". Homegrown.co.in. Retrieved 17 May 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decorated trucks in Pakistan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decorated trucks in India. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decorated trucks in Afghanistan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Decorated vehicles in Pakistan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jingle trucks. Pictures of decorated Pakistani trucks In Pictures: The Colourful and Magnificent Truck Art of India by Tanaya Singh Horn Please (Documentary) Flickr photos More Flickr photos US Military blog, nice photos CNN site
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistani_truck.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_decorated_truck_in_India.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artwork_on_a_Rajasthan_truck_rear_view_(detail).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie2015-3"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"American troops and contractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"}],"text":"A typical decorated truck in Pakistan; most Pakistani trucks have an augmented rooftop to increase space for decorationFront and rear view of two trucks in India, showing detail of various decorative symbols used in Indian truck artTruck art in South Asia is a popular form of regional decoration, with trucks featuring elaborate floral patterns and calligraphy.[1][2] It is especially common in Pakistan and India.[3]During the War in Afghanistan, Pakistani decorated trucks that ran services between Pakistan and Afghanistan came to be known as jingle trucks by American troops and contractors who were deployed across the latter country.","title":"Truck art in South Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indus valley civilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Truck_art_in_South_Asia#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Ghungroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghungroo"},{"link_name":"Phundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom-pom"},{"link_name":"Sindhis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis"},{"link_name":"henna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SukkurHolz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Mohana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohana_(community)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SukkurIndus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PkSukkurIndusBoote3.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"military slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_slang"},{"link_name":"American troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"British colonial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-definition-11"}],"text":"The concept of decorating transportation and vehicles goes back to Indus valley civilization era, where people used different items for decorations on transportation,[4][dubious – discuss] in Sindh the art of transportation decoration is very ancient, back in time the wooden traditional Sindhi boats were beautifully carved with amazing designs and patterns, small mirrors were applied on it, the ivory inlaid, metal bells, Ghungroo, Phundra, beads, shells, colors and metal plates with dotted designs were used on boats and carts. The domestic animals used for different carts are also adorned with different jewelries which are specially made for these animals, Sindhis are very fond of decorating their domestic animals and spend a lot of money for it, such jewelries are usually made of different metals but Silver and gold is also used. Another art of transportation decoration is camel hair cut, the camels were common in allover Sindh, the locals cut the hair on its skin in different floral designs and geometric patterns, and apply henna and black color.[4][5][6][7]Traditional Sindhi handmade wooden boats with carvings and Ivory or elephant tooth designs and mirrors, made and used by MohanaClose look on the carvings and mirrorwork on the Sindhi boats.Woodcarving, metal petals with dotted design and mirrors on Sindhi boats.In early 20th century during British Raj the modern transportation like trucks were introduced in Sindh, in Karachi \"General motors\" first introduced trucks in 1930s, the locals started decorating these trucks, after partition Karachi became the biggest city and was hub of truck art.[4]The concept of truck art itself generally goes back to the 1920s during British rule over South Asia.[8][9] However, it wasn't until the 1950s in Karachi that it began to become widespread, by artist Hajji Hussain.[10]The term \"jingle truck\" is military slang that was coined by American troops serving in Afghanistan, although it may also date back to the British colonial period. The term came to be because of the jingling sound that the trucks make due to the chains and pendants hanging from the bumpers of the vehicles.[11]","title":"History and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_truck_being_painted_near_Cochin,_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice2019-14"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saudiaramcoworld.com-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"nazar battu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazar_battu"},{"link_name":"Horn OK Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_OK_Please"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie2015-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahapedia-19"}],"text":"Truck being painted in Kochi, IndiaMany trucks and buses are highly customized and decorated by their owners. External truck decoration can cost thousands of dollars.[12] The decoration often contains elements that remind the truck drivers of home, since they may be away from home for months at a time.[13] The art is a mode of expression for the truck drivers.[14] Decoration may include structural changes, paintings, calligraphy and ornamental-decor like mirror work on the front and back of vehicles and wooden carvings on the truck doors. Depictions of various historical scenes and poetic verses are also common.[15] Outfitting is often completed at a coach workshop.[16] Chains and pendants often dangle off the front bumper.[17] In India, motifs depicting eagles, kites, cow nuzzling calf and nazar battu, and catchphrases like \"Horn OK Please\", \"Blow Horn\" and \"Use Dipper at Night\" are frequently seen.[18] Religious iconography, poetry and political logos are also common.[3][19]","title":"Practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haider Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_Ali_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Folklife Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fastco-20"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice2019-14"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Artists","text":"One of the most prominent truck artists is Haider Ali. Trained by his father from his youth, he first came to international attention in 2002 when he painted a Pakistani truck as part of the Smithsonian Folklife Festival.[20] Nafees Ahmad Khan, a truck art artist in Indore, is well known throughout India and has been designing one truck every day for over thirty-two years.[14] Mr. Syed Phool Badshah, also known as Phool ji, is a well known truck artist who is best known for his unique style of doing Fine Arts with Truck art.[21]","title":"Practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tank_truck_on_Phuentsholing-Thimphu_highway,_Bhutan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Tibetan buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"snow lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Lion"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi"},{"link_name":"Swat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Quetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Balochistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Sindh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saudiaramcoworld.com-15"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"National Capital Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sahapedia-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Regional styles","text":"A tanker truck in Bhutan with Tibetan buddhist symbols like the snow lion used for decorationIn Pakistan, Karachi is a major city centre for truck art, though there are other hubs in Rawalpindi, Swat, Peshawar, Quetta and Lahore. Trucks from Balochistan and Peshawar are often heavily trimmed with wood, while trucks from Rawalpindi and Islamabad often feature plastic work. Camel bone ornamentation and predominance of red colours is commonly seen on trucks decorated in Sindh.[15]In India, the Delhi-based artist Tilak Raj Dhir states that the slogans he adds to his truck art, which is prevalent throughout the National Capital Region, often change with the socio-political atmosphere.[22] The state of Punjab is considered a major centre of truck art in India, with a distinctive style and expert artists.[23] Poetry is commonly seen in truck art across northern India, and particularly in Uttar Pradesh.[19] Truck art in Hindi and Urdu is sometimes called Phool Patti.[24][25]","title":"Practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naan_sense_peshawar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"}],"text":"Truck art decorates the façade of a business in Peshawar, Pakistan.Truck art has extended beyond the decoration and ornamentation of trucks into other forms and media.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-27"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Cars","text":"Though cars are not traditionally decorated in South Asia, there are examples of cars embellished in a truck art style. In 2009, The Foxy Shahzadi, a 1974 VW Beetle decorated in a truck art style, travelled from Pakistan to France in a 25-day journey.[26][27] In the Indian city of Mumbai, some drivers decorate their taxis in a truck art style.[28]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Buses","text":"The buses in Asia are colorful wonders to behold. They are decorated with fancy paintings that blend spiritual images with nature motifs. In Pakistan, these ornate buses and trucks feature beloved folk art. The so-called \"jingle trucks\" of Pakistan showcase this art tradition all over the country. Each vehicle displays complex designs and patterns, made by talented local artisans.[29]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.fashion-30"},{"link_name":"Dolce & Gabbana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fashion-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Fashion","text":"The lively colours of Pakistani trucks have inspired some fashion designers.[30] The Italian fashion company Dolce & Gabbana used truck art-inspired displays in a 2015 campaign.[31] Although used more often on women's fashion, some men's clothing have been inspired by South Asian truck art.[32] Apart from clothing, truck art has also been incorporated into shoes by some.[33]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Print Design","text":"Farid Bawa, an Indian graphic designer, collaborates with Indian truck artists to make and sell prints of truck art online in a bid to preserve the tradition of truck art.[34]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_symbol_of_art_(1015808925).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pakistani_decorated_Wheels_Trucks.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Such_beauty_(1015799377).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiatruck.jpg"},{"link_name":"Horn Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_OK_Please"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKenzie2015-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sisters_getting_ready.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gilgit-Skardu_road.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_on_the_Rohtang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rohtang pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtang_pass"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_Pulled_over_due_to_lockdown_in_Nepal-Shambhunath_Municipality_,_Nepal-4553.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PK_Truck_on_N-5_near_Thatta_asv2020-02_img2.jpg"},{"link_name":"N-5 National Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-5_National_Highway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colourful_afghan_truck.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goods_carrier_on_Chowpatty_beach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_truck_being_washed_near_Bangalore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W-P-AD20070217-16h21m13s-e.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KolkataTrash.JPG"},{"link_name":"garbage truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truck"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuel_trucks_(3879104430).jpg"},{"link_name":"fuel trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_truck"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jingle_truck_in_Delaram,_Afghanistan_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Truck_in_Rangpo,_Sikkim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_road_leads_to_Sharda,_Neelum_Valley_AJK.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Gouna_Bus_R01.jpg"},{"link_name":"El Gouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gouna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:London_-_Pakistani_decorated_bus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euston Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karachi_tram_nightime_melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karachi to Melbourne Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_to_Melbourne_Tram"},{"link_name":"2006 Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games"}],"text":"Decorations can be highly detailed.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAll parts of the truck are highly embellished.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWood-paneling is often carved in high detail.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe phrase \"Horn Please\" is used extensively in Indian truck art.[3]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe backs of Pakistani trucks are often intricately decorated.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated trucks can be found in even the most remote corners of Pakistan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated trucks stuck in a traffic jam at the remote Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTruck art in Nepal often contains modern symbols alongside traditional ones.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTwo decorated trucks on Pakistan's N-5 National Highway.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated truck in Afghanistan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated truck at a beach in Mumbai.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDriver washing decorated truck near Bangalore.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA decorated truck in the wood-paneled Khyber Pakhtunkhwa style.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA decorated garbage truck in Kolkata, India.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated Indian fuel trucks in Ladakh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJingle truck in Delaram, Afghanistan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Sikkim\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMany local buses in Pakistan are decorated with truck art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA public transport bus in El Gouna, Egypt customised and highly decorated in Pakistani style\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Pakistani-decorated bus on Euston Road, London.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Karachi to Melbourne Tram, decorated by Pakistani truck artists, during the 2006 Commonwealth Games","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"A typical decorated truck in Pakistan; most Pakistani trucks have an augmented rooftop to increase space for decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pakistani_truck.jpg/250px-Pakistani_truck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Truck being painted in Kochi, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/A_truck_being_painted_near_Cochin%2C_India.jpg/150px-A_truck_being_painted_near_Cochin%2C_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tanker truck in Bhutan with Tibetan buddhist symbols like the snow lion used for decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tank_truck_on_Phuentsholing-Thimphu_highway%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Tank_truck_on_Phuentsholing-Thimphu_highway%2C_Bhutan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Truck art decorates the façade of a business in Peshawar, Pakistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Naan_sense_peshawar.jpg/250px-Naan_sense_peshawar.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Karachi to Melbourne Tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi_to_Melbourne_Tram"},{"title":"Dekotora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekotora"},{"title":"Tap tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_tap"}]
[{"reference":"Mughal, Owais (June 18, 2008). \"Pakistan's Indigenous Art of Truck Painting\". All Things Pakistan. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakistaniat.com/2008/06/18/pakistans-indigenous-truck-art/","url_text":"\"Pakistan's Indigenous Art of Truck Painting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tracing Truck Art beyond 'Horn OK Please': India and Pakistan's Truck Art tradition\". Creative Yatra. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2017. Largely a domestic art in its early years especially in North India and Pakistan, the ideation of beautifying trucks, lorries, and rickshaws with multifaceted patterns and calligraphy was common.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativeyatra.com/culture/tracing-truck-art-beyond-horn-ok-please-india-and-pakistans-truck-art-tradition/","url_text":"\"Tracing Truck Art beyond 'Horn OK Please': India and Pakistan's Truck Art tradition\""}]},{"reference":"McKenzie, Sheena (5 August 2015). \"Pimp my ride: The psychedelic world of Indian truck art\". CNN. Retrieved 31 July 2017. For truckers in India, that means a kaleidoscope of colors, slogans, and intricately painted symbols that are as much about bling -- as shrewd business sense. ...\"A better looking truck attracts more business,\" says Shantanu Suman, graphic designer and filmmaker behind 2013 documentary \"Horn Please,\" which explores India's spectacular truck art tradition.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/india-truck-art-travel-design/index.html","url_text":"\"Pimp my ride: The psychedelic world of Indian truck art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Rathnayake, Zinara (2022-09-01). \"Pakistan's Trucks Are Vibrant, Bedazzled Works of Art\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2024-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pakistan-truck-art-phool-patti","url_text":"\"Pakistan's Trucks Are Vibrant, Bedazzled Works of Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"سنڌ جا زيور2 : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)\". www.encyclopediasindhiana.org (in Sindhi). Retrieved 2024-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%20%D8%AC%D8%A7%20%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B12","url_text":"\"سنڌ جا زيور2 : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)\""}]},{"reference":"Hamdani, Anas (2018-08-22). \"Eid makeover: The art of camel barbering\". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1208633","url_text":"\"Eid makeover: The art of camel barbering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistani barbers decorate camels with ancient motifs in elaborate Eid makeover\". Arab News PK. 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2024-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://arab.news/y78qk","url_text":"\"Pakistani barbers decorate camels with ancient motifs in elaborate Eid makeover\""}]},{"reference":"Dianna, Wray (December 2021). \"Pakistani Art Trucks on a Bridge of Culture\". AramcoWorld. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/November-2021/Pakistani-Art-Trucks-on-a-Bridge-of-Culture","url_text":"\"Pakistani Art Trucks on a Bridge of Culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Truck art from Pakistan\". Zahra's Blog + Brown Lady Art Collective. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2024-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://alifatelier.wordpress.com/category/truck-art-from-pakistan/","url_text":"\"Truck art from Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Sheikh, Ziyad (2021-11-05). \"Pakistan's Truck Art: A Beautiful Expression...\" Paradigm Shift. Retrieved 2024-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/pakistans-truck-art/","url_text":"\"Pakistan's Truck Art: A Beautiful Expression...\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Grant (26 May 2005). \"A Way With Words\". Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/citations/jingle_truck_1/","url_text":"\"A Way With Words\""}]},{"reference":"Elias, Jamal (2005). \"On Wings of Diesel: The Decorated Trucks of Pakistan\". Amherst Magazine. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517232757/http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html","url_text":"\"On Wings of Diesel: The Decorated Trucks of Pakistan\""},{"url":"http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range - BBC News\". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392","url_text":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside the World of Indian Truck Art\". Vice.com. 2019-07-05. Retrieved 2019-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/a3xpk5/inside-the-world-of-india-truck-art","url_text":"\"Inside the World of Indian Truck Art\""}]},{"reference":"Covington, Richard (Spring 2005). \"Masterpieces to Go: The Trucks of Pakistan\". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200502/masterpieces.to.go.the.trucks.of.pakistan.htm","url_text":"\"Masterpieces to Go: The Trucks of Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Nyland, Tim (October 19, 2006). \"The Painted Trucks of Pakistan\". Penn Current. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on January 13, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110113101127/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html","url_text":"\"The Painted Trucks of Pakistan\""},{"url":"http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Iyengar, Radhika (2 June 2021). \"India's Vibrant and Idiosyncratic Truck Art\". hyperallergic.com. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hyperallergic.com/649642/india-vibrant-idiosyncratic-truck-art","url_text":"\"India's Vibrant and Idiosyncratic Truck Art\""}]},{"reference":"Kafle, Dinesh (22 March 2021). \"Ode to the Road: Truck Art of North India\". Sahapedia.org. Retrieved 17 May 2022. An example of such a space, the bumpers of the trucks in North India are often painted with couplets and quartets. Among North Indian trucks, those registered in Uttar Pradesh often carry writings that are closest to what we call truck literature: couplets and quartets.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sahapedia.org/ode-road-truck-art-north-india","url_text":"\"Ode to the Road: Truck Art of North India\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Hugh (14 November 2014). \"A Jingle Truck Artist Brings The Mobile Art Of Pakistan To America\". Fast Company. Retrieved 17 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/3037627/a-jingle-truck-artist-brings-the-mobile-art-of-pakistan-to-america","url_text":"\"A Jingle Truck Artist Brings The Mobile Art Of Pakistan To America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syed Phool Badshah – Karachi Art Directory\". Retrieved 2020-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://karachiartdirectory.com/art-professionals/syed-phool-badshah/","url_text":"\"Syed Phool Badshah – Karachi Art Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Manoj (20 April 2015). \"Meet the men who convert trucks into colourful canvases\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 1 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-men-who-convert-trucks-into-colourful-canvases/story-mmF7FbEhGr2FUfpIwqTi1M.html","url_text":"\"Meet the men who convert trucks into colourful canvases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Johnny; Thornell, Christina (17 July 2019). \"India's trucks are works of art\". Vox. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/videos/2019/7/17/20697863/india-trucks-art-bedfords-borders","url_text":"\"India's trucks are works of art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"}]},{"reference":"\"HERITAGE: SAYING IT WITH FLOWERS\". dawn.com. 22 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1403009/heritage-saying-it-with-flowers","url_text":"\"HERITAGE: SAYING IT WITH FLOWERS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dover Rug & Home Presents Truck Artist, Haider Ali\". Wellesley Weston Magazine. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2019. In recent years, Ali and his students, and their students, have started a company they named Phool Patti, which translates to 'flowers leaves' in Urdu/Hindi.","urls":[{"url":"https://wellesleywestonmagazine.com/doverrug-truckartist/","url_text":"\"Dover Rug & Home Presents Truck Artist, Haider Ali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foxy Shahzadi running away for good\". The Dawn. 24 December 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dawn.com/news/880216/foxy-shahzadi-running-away-for-good","url_text":"\"Foxy Shahzadi running away for good\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Declan (9 November 2010). \"From Pakistan to Paris, by VW Beetle\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/09/pakistan-paris-vw-beetle","url_text":"\"From Pakistan to Paris, by VW Beetle\""}]},{"reference":"Kinsella, Eileen (5 August 2015). \"Indian Truck Art and Taxi Design-artnet News\". Artnet. Retrieved 1 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/indian-truck-art-and-taxi-fabric-project-322688","url_text":"\"Indian Truck Art and Taxi Design-artnet News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artnet","url_text":"Artnet"}]},{"reference":"\"Did You Know These Surprising Facts About Buses?\". bustiming.in. 30 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bustiming.in/surprising-facts-about-buses","url_text":"\"Did You Know These Surprising Facts About Buses?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range\". BBC. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392","url_text":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range\""}]},{"reference":"Sheikh, Ibriz (30 May 2015). \"Pakistani truck art takes over streets of Milan\". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 13 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/894788/pakistani-truck-art-takes-over-streets-of-milan/","url_text":"\"Pakistani truck art takes over streets of Milan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Truck art and fashion\". pakistantruckart.com. Retrieved 16 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://pakistantruckart.com/2010/03/06/truck-art-and-fashion/","url_text":"\"Truck art and fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pakistani truck artist gives new flair to kicks\". Forbes India. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/pakistani-truck-artist-gives-new-flair-to-kicks/74579/1","url_text":"\"Pakistani truck artist gives new flair to kicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_India","url_text":"Forbes India"}]},{"reference":"Shrivastava, Cara (8 June 2021). \"This Collective Is Taking India's Unique Truck Art To The World\". Homegrown.co.in. Retrieved 17 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://homegrown.co.in/article/802052/this-collective-is-taking-indias-unique-truck-art-to-the-world","url_text":"\"This Collective Is Taking India's Unique Truck Art To The World\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://pakistaniat.com/2008/06/18/pakistans-indigenous-truck-art/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's Indigenous Art of Truck Painting\""},{"Link":"https://creativeyatra.com/culture/tracing-truck-art-beyond-horn-ok-please-india-and-pakistans-truck-art-tradition/","external_links_name":"\"Tracing Truck Art beyond 'Horn OK Please': India and Pakistan's Truck Art tradition\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/travel/article/india-truck-art-travel-design/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Pimp my ride: The psychedelic world of Indian truck art\""},{"Link":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pakistan-truck-art-phool-patti","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's Trucks Are Vibrant, Bedazzled Works of Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%20%D8%AC%D8%A7%20%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B12","external_links_name":"\"سنڌ جا زيور2 : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1208633","external_links_name":"\"Eid makeover: The art of camel barbering\""},{"Link":"https://arab.news/y78qk","external_links_name":"\"Pakistani barbers decorate camels with ancient motifs in elaborate Eid makeover\""},{"Link":"https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/November-2021/Pakistani-Art-Trucks-on-a-Bridge-of-Culture","external_links_name":"\"Pakistani Art Trucks on a Bridge of Culture\""},{"Link":"https://alifatelier.wordpress.com/category/truck-art-from-pakistan/","external_links_name":"\"Truck art from Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/pakistans-truck-art/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's Truck Art: A Beautiful Expression...\""},{"Link":"http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/citations/jingle_truck_1/","external_links_name":"\"A Way With Words\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517232757/http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html","external_links_name":"\"On Wings of Diesel: The Decorated Trucks of Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://www3.amherst.edu/magazine/issues/05spring/trucks/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range - BBC News\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/a3xpk5/inside-the-world-of-india-truck-art","external_links_name":"\"Inside the World of Indian Truck Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200502/masterpieces.to.go.the.trucks.of.pakistan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Masterpieces to Go: The Trucks of Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110113101127/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html","external_links_name":"\"The Painted Trucks of Pakistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/research/101906.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/truck-art-tradition-in-pakistan/28548217.html","external_links_name":"Pakistan's Dazzling 'Jingle Trucks'"},{"Link":"https://hyperallergic.com/649642/india-vibrant-idiosyncratic-truck-art","external_links_name":"\"India's Vibrant and Idiosyncratic Truck Art\""},{"Link":"https://www.sahapedia.org/ode-road-truck-art-north-india","external_links_name":"\"Ode to the Road: Truck Art of North India\""},{"Link":"https://www.fastcompany.com/3037627/a-jingle-truck-artist-brings-the-mobile-art-of-pakistan-to-america","external_links_name":"\"A Jingle Truck Artist Brings The Mobile Art Of Pakistan To America\""},{"Link":"https://karachiartdirectory.com/art-professionals/syed-phool-badshah/","external_links_name":"\"Syed Phool Badshah – Karachi Art Directory\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/meet-the-men-who-convert-trucks-into-colourful-canvases/story-mmF7FbEhGr2FUfpIwqTi1M.html","external_links_name":"\"Meet the men who convert trucks into colourful canvases\""},{"Link":"https://www.vox.com/videos/2019/7/17/20697863/india-trucks-art-bedfords-borders","external_links_name":"\"India's trucks are works of art\""},{"Link":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1403009/heritage-saying-it-with-flowers","external_links_name":"\"HERITAGE: SAYING IT WITH FLOWERS\""},{"Link":"https://wellesleywestonmagazine.com/doverrug-truckartist/","external_links_name":"\"Dover Rug & Home Presents Truck Artist, Haider Ali\""},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/880216/foxy-shahzadi-running-away-for-good","external_links_name":"\"Foxy Shahzadi running away for good\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/09/pakistan-paris-vw-beetle","external_links_name":"\"From Pakistan to Paris, by VW Beetle\""},{"Link":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/indian-truck-art-and-taxi-fabric-project-322688","external_links_name":"\"Indian Truck Art and Taxi Design-artnet News\""},{"Link":"https://bustiming.in/surprising-facts-about-buses","external_links_name":"\"Did You Know These Surprising Facts About Buses?\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19292392","external_links_name":"\"Pakistan's truck art inspires catwalk fashion range\""},{"Link":"http://tribune.com.pk/story/894788/pakistani-truck-art-takes-over-streets-of-milan/","external_links_name":"\"Pakistani truck art takes over streets of Milan\""},{"Link":"http://pakistantruckart.com/2010/03/06/truck-art-and-fashion/","external_links_name":"\"Truck art and fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/pakistani-truck-artist-gives-new-flair-to-kicks/74579/1","external_links_name":"\"Pakistani truck artist gives new flair to kicks\""},{"Link":"https://homegrown.co.in/article/802052/this-collective-is-taking-indias-unique-truck-art-to-the-world","external_links_name":"\"This Collective Is Taking India's Unique Truck Art To The World\""},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/imranthetrekker/sets/72157602206725404/","external_links_name":"Pictures of decorated Pakistani trucks"},{"Link":"http://www.thebetterindia.com/44371/truck-art-india/","external_links_name":"In Pictures: The Colourful and Magnificent Truck Art of India by Tanaya Singh"},{"Link":"http://www.projecthornplease.com/about/","external_links_name":"Horn Please"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/imranthetrekker/sets/72157602206725404/","external_links_name":"Flickr photos"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/violinsoldier/222170582/","external_links_name":"More Flickr photos"},{"Link":"http://gocomics.typepad.com/the_sandbox/2007/05/the_most_colorf.html","external_links_name":"US Military blog, nice photos"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/anderson.cooper.360/blog/2006/09/hidden-dangers-of-jingle-trucks.html","external_links_name":"CNN site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury_Townhouse
Simsbury Townhouse
["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 41°52′18″N 72°48′17″W / 41.87167°N 72.80472°W / 41.87167; -72.80472 United States historic placeSimsbury TownhouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic districtContributing property Show map of ConnecticutShow map of the United StatesLocation695 Hopmeadow St., Simsbury, ConnecticutCoordinates41°52′18″N 72°48′17″W / 41.87167°N 72.80472°W / 41.87167; -72.80472Area0.6 acres (0.24 ha)Built1839 (1839)Architectural styleGreek RevivalPart ofSimsbury Center Historic District (ID96000356)NRHP reference No.93000209Significant datesAdded to NRHPApril 2, 1993Designated CPApril 12, 1996 The Simsbury Townhouse is a historic municipal building at 695 Hopmeadow Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. Built in 1839, it was Simsbury's town hall until 1931, and is a good local example of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It continues to serve as a community resource. Description and history The Simsbury Townhouse is located near the southern end of Simsbury's downtown area, just north of the First Church of Christ on the west side of Hopmeadow Street. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front facade is dominated by a projecting Greek temple portico, with fluted columns supporting an entablature and fully pedimented gable. The front facade sheltered by this portico is finished in flushboarding, and has a pair of symmetrically placed entrances. The interior consists of a large chamber with a stage at the far end. The walls have horizontally laid wainscoting to a height of four feet, and are plastered above. The ceiling is finished in wooden beadboard. Until the early 19th century, Simsbury's town meetings were held in the local Congregational church. When the congregation built a new church in 1833, it voted to disallow use of the space for town meetings, bringing about the need for a town hall. Town meetings were held in a variety of other spaces until this structure was built in 1839. It was originally located at the top of the hill near its present location, and was moved twice, once in 1843, and finally in 1869 to its present site. Although it was not formally referred to as such until 1882, it served from its construction until 1931 as town hall, when they moved to the new Eno Memorial Hall. It was adapted for other recreational uses by the early 20th century, and was rented to the local Boy Scout organization in 1934. It continues to be owned by the town today, and is available for rent. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ a b Jan Cunningham (July 15, 1992). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Simsbury Townhouse / Boy Scout Hall". National Park Service. and Accompanying 5 photos, exterior and interior, from 1992 (see captions page 7 of text document) vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simsbury, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsbury,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"town hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Simsbury Townhouse is a historic municipal building at 695 Hopmeadow Street in Simsbury, Connecticut. Built in 1839, it was Simsbury's town hall until 1931, and is a good local example of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.[1] It continues to serve as a community resource.","title":"Simsbury Townhouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"Eno Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"}],"text":"The Simsbury Townhouse is located near the southern end of Simsbury's downtown area, just north of the First Church of Christ on the west side of Hopmeadow Street. It is a single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front facade is dominated by a projecting Greek temple portico, with fluted columns supporting an entablature and fully pedimented gable. The front facade sheltered by this portico is finished in flushboarding, and has a pair of symmetrically placed entrances. The interior consists of a large chamber with a stage at the far end. The walls have horizontally laid wainscoting to a height of four feet, and are plastered above. The ceiling is finished in wooden beadboard.[2]Until the early 19th century, Simsbury's town meetings were held in the local Congregational church. When the congregation built a new church in 1833, it voted to disallow use of the space for town meetings, bringing about the need for a town hall. Town meetings were held in a variety of other spaces until this structure was built in 1839. It was originally located at the top of the hill near its present location, and was moved twice, once in 1843, and finally in 1869 to its present site. Although it was not formally referred to as such until 1882, it served from its construction until 1931 as town hall, when they moved to the new Eno Memorial Hall. It was adapted for other recreational uses by the early 20th century, and was rented to the local Boy Scout organization in 1934.[2] It continues to be owned by the town today, and is available for rent.","title":"Description and history"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hartford_County,_Connecticut"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabba_(band)
Gabba (band)
["1 History","2 Media attention","3 Members","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (October 2013) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gabba" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gabba is a London-based British tribute band performing ABBA songs in the stripped down punk style of the Ramones, a style of pop punk they dubbed discopunk and claim to have invented. They formed in 1996 and took their name in 1999. They have released one album as of 2006. History Gabba was informally formed in 1996 by Stig Honda, alleged "professor at the Osaka Rock 'n' Roll High School", who enrolled five students from all over the world to fuse the disco pop of Abba and the punk rock of the Ramones, creating "disco-punk". In 1999, the band took its name of "GABBA, The Discopunk Sensation". The name is an acrostic on the members' nicknames, echoing both the "gabba gabba hey!" chorus from the Ramones' song "Pinhead" and the name of ABBA. Their second recording and official debut album, the CD Leave Stockholm (1999), was produced by Stigma Records (UK) and sub-distributed by Rough Trade Records. According to a band statement, " GABBA release their complex 3rd album, the Spanish language "Tijuana Dance". However, the album was banned and withdrawn from sale after just 1 week for being "Anti-Establishment", due to some confusion over Bee Bee's appalling Spanish translations which inadvertently accused the Queen of England of being a Nazi Stormtrouper (in a stupor, no less). It is unclear if the album will ever be released again. " Some of the facts on their Internet Website are similar to real facts of ABBA and Ramones: They write that they wanted to win the European Snog Contest, but they got the wrong application form, so they won the Eurovision Song Contest. This is the reference to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which ABBA won. The song for the "wrong" contest was "Ring Ring", "which was basically 'Sing Sing (Like Joey Ramone)' but with new lyrics by Neil Sedated". ABBA tried first time to be at the contest in 1973 with "Ring Ring", but they were sent out in the national vote. Also about the Spanish language album Tijuana Dance. ABBA had recorded an album in Spanish. This GABBA-album was banned cause of lyrics about a "Nazi Stormtrouper" (referencing "Today Your Love, Tomorrow the World"). In 1980 ABBA was very popular in Russia (Soviet Union), until "Super Trouper". A radio announcer translated the title of the song word-by-word on air. He translated it as a Super (like "perfect", "very good" etc.) Trouper (Trouper from Stormtrouper). Once in the news in 2005 the site wrote: Geeky & Bjoey haven't spoken for almost 5 years. In fact Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone didn't talk since Johnny married Joey's girlfriend, an incident which led Joey to write "The KKK Took My Baby Away" In reference to the website, in New York is a musical based on the songs of GABBA called "Papa Mao Mao", which of course is a reference to both "Mamma Mia" and the backing vocals (Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow) of the Ramones' version of the Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird". Media attention They have been aired mostly in the UK, on Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 The Evening Session, on BBC Television's The Beat Room, on BBC Radio Scotland's The Beat Patrol, and webcast on Virtue TV (now Interoute TV). They have been written about in magazines such as Mojo, Melody Maker, NME, Time Out, Music365.com, CMJ New Music Monthly, The Ramones UK Fan Club Newsletter, and the London Evening Standard. They have played along bands such as Negativland, The Rezillos, and Chicks on Speed, in various outlets in London, and at the 1999 Christmas parties of Rough Trade Records and Fierce Panda Records. In related media, their autobiographical musical short film "Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment" (written and directed by Cliff Homow, alias "Cliffy Hormone", and Midge Devitt) won the 2003 "Special Independent Film Award" at London's counterculture Portobello Film Festival. Members This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) On stage, acrostically Geeky (Japan) - guitar (represents Johnny Ramone) Anneky (Sweden) - vocals, chorus (represents Agnetha Fältskog) Bjöey (US) - lead vocals (represents Björn Ulvaeus and Joey Ramone) Bee Bee (Germany) - bass, vocals (represents Benny Andersson and Dee Dee Ramone) Abby (German from Thailand) - drums, vocals, chorus (represents Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Tommy Ramone) Backstage Stig Honda (Japan) - business manager, lyrics (represents Stig Anderson, ABBA manager) Phil Smegma (UK) - production manager (represents Phil Ramone and Phil Spector, Ramones producers) Monte Malmönik (Sweden) - road manager (represents Monte Melnick, Ramones roadie) (The countries of origin are alleged by the members, who could possibly be all British.) Discography Albums (1999) Leave Stockholm (CD out-of-print, now in MP3s and BitTorrent) Singles and songs on compilations (2001) "Gabba Gabba" on Life's a Gas (international tribute album to Joey Ramone) (2005) "Gabba Gabba" single on iTunes UK References ^ a b "Archive". Gabba Inc. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. ^ "Bjoey". Gabba Inc. 1999. Archived from the original on 10 May 2000. ^ a b "Discography". Gabba Inc. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. ^ "Up and coming music bands". Alternative-Links. Archived from the original on 12 February 2005. ^ "BBC Radio Studios, Maida Vale - 26 July 1999". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000. ^ "G2, Glasgow - 23 November 1999". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2000. ^ "BBC Radio Scotland - 24 November 1999". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 19 January 2001. ^ "Live Broadcast: GABBA". VirtueTV.com. 2001. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001. ^ Irvin, Jim (September 1999). "One! Two! Three! Four! Five?". Mojo. Archived from the original on 19 June 2001 – via Gabba Inc. ^ "Naked Ruby/Gabba review". Melody Maker. 10 July 1999. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005 – via Gabba Inc. ^ "Gabba". NME. 14 August 1999. Archived from the original on 8 March 2001 – via Gabba Inc. ^ Jelbert, Steve (10 June 1999). "Gabba". Music365.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2004 – via Gabba Inc. ^ "Gabba". CMJ New Music Monthly. No. 83. July 2000. Archived from the original on 23 August 2003 – via Gabba Inc. ^ "Reviews! Gabba". The Ramones UK Fan Club Newsletter. No. 24. February 2000. Archived from the original on 19 June 2001 – via Gabba Inc. ^ "Notting Hill Arts Club, London - 13 December 1999". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000. ^ "Bull & Gate, London - 14 December 1999". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2000. ^ "Cliff Homow". IMDb. ^ Barnett, Jonathan (1 October 2003). "Portobello Film Festival Report (1st–21st August 2003)". Portobello Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004. ^ "Life's a Gas: Tribute To Joey". Gabba Inc. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2001. External links Official links Official website "Gabba's short film "Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment"". Gabba Inc. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Resource links "Gabba". Allmusic. "Gabba". UK Screen. Archived from the original on 19 March 2005. vteRamones Joey Ramone Johnny Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone Elvis Ramone C. J. Ramone Studio albums Ramones Leave Home Rocket to Russia Road to Ruin End of the Century Pleasant Dreams Subterranean Jungle Too Tough to Die Animal Boy Halfway to Sanity Brain Drain Mondo Bizarro Acid Eaters Adios Amigos Live albums It's Alive Loco Live Greatest Hits Live We're Outta Here! You Don't Come Close NYC 1978 Compilations Ramones Mania All the Stuff (And More!) Vol. 1 All the Stuff (And More!) Vol. 2 Hey! Ho! Let's Go: The Anthology Ramones Mania 2 Masters of Rock Best of the Chrysalis Years The Chrysalis Years Loud, Fast Ramones The Best of the Ramones Weird Tales of the Ramones Hey Ho Let's Go: Greatest Hits Essential Morrissey Curates The Ramones Songs "Blitzkrieg Bop" "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend" "Carbona Not Glue" "Rockaway Beach" "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker" "Teenage Lobotomy" "I Just Want to Have Something to Do" "I Wanna Be Sedated" "Rock 'n' Roll High School" "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?" "Danny Says" "The KKK Took My Baby Away" "Durango 95" "Somebody Put Something in My Drink" "Bonzo Goes to Bitburg" "Something to Believe In" "Pet Sematary" "Poison Heart" Films Rock 'n' Roll High School Lifestyles We're Outta Here! Around the World End of the Century Raw It's Alive 1974–1996 Tribute albums Ramones covers album series Gabba Gabba Hey Blitzkrieg Over You! Ramones Maniacs We're a Happy Family The Song Ramones the Same Brats on the Beat: Ramones for Kids File Under Ramones (by The Huntingtons) Osaka Ramones (by Shonen Knife) Associated personnel Jean Beauvoir Tony Bongiovi Danny Fields Gary Kurfirst Mickey Leigh Walter Lure Linda Ramone Daniel Rey Andy Shernoff Ed Stasium Linda Stein Seymour Stein Arturo Vega John Holmstrom Related articles Discography List of Ramones concerts "R.A.M.O.N.E.S." "Rosebud" (Simpsons episode) Gabba Gabba Gabba Hey Ramones Museum The Ramainz Chinese Rocks Schott Perfecto Danny Says CBGB Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"tribute band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_band"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"discopunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-punk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabba_(band)&action=edit"}],"text":"Gabba is a London-based British tribute band performing ABBA songs in the stripped down punk style of the Ramones, a style of pop punk they dubbed discopunk and claim to have invented.[1] They formed in 1996 and took their name in 1999. They have released one album as of 2006[update].","title":"Gabba (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Roll High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_High_School"},{"link_name":"disco-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-punk"},{"link_name":"acrostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disco-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Disco-3"},{"link_name":"an album in Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracias_Por_La_M%C3%BAsica"},{"link_name":"The KKK Took My Baby Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KKK_Took_My_Baby_Away"},{"link_name":"Mamma Mia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia_(ABBA_song)"},{"link_name":"Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow"},{"link_name":"Surfin' Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird"}],"text":"Gabba was informally formed in 1996[2] by Stig Honda, alleged \"professor at the Osaka Rock 'n' Roll High School\", who enrolled five students from all over the world to fuse the disco pop of Abba and the punk rock of the Ramones, creating \"disco-punk\".In 1999, the band took its name of \"GABBA, The Discopunk Sensation\". The name is an acrostic on the members' nicknames, echoing both the \"gabba gabba hey!\" chorus from the Ramones' song \"Pinhead\" and the name of ABBA.Their second recording and official debut album, the CD Leave Stockholm (1999), was produced by Stigma Records (UK) and sub-distributed by Rough Trade Records.According to a band statement, \" [In 2001] GABBA release their complex 3rd album, the Spanish language \"Tijuana Dance\". However, the album was banned and withdrawn from sale after just 1 week for being \"Anti-Establishment\", due to some confusion over Bee Bee's appalling Spanish translations which inadvertently accused the Queen of England [sic] of being a Nazi Stormtrouper (in a stupor, no less). It is unclear if the album will ever be released again. \"[3]Some of the facts on their Internet Website are similar to real facts of ABBA and Ramones:They write that they wanted to win the European Snog Contest, but they got the wrong application form, so they won the Eurovision Song Contest. This is the reference to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, which ABBA won.\nThe song for the \"wrong\" contest was \"Ring Ring\", \"which was basically 'Sing Sing (Like Joey Ramone)' but with new lyrics by Neil Sedated\".[3] ABBA tried first time to be at the contest in 1973 with \"Ring Ring\", but they were sent out in the national vote.\nAlso about the Spanish language album Tijuana Dance. ABBA had recorded an album in Spanish.\nThis GABBA-album was banned cause of lyrics about a \"Nazi Stormtrouper\" (referencing \"Today Your Love, Tomorrow the World\"). In 1980 ABBA was very popular in Russia (Soviet Union), until \"Super Trouper\". A radio announcer translated the title of the song word-by-word on air. He translated it as a Super (like \"perfect\", \"very good\" etc.) Trouper (Trouper from Stormtrouper).\nOnce in the news in 2005 the site wrote: Geeky & Bjoey haven't spoken for almost 5 years. In fact Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone didn't talk since Johnny married Joey's girlfriend, an incident which led Joey to write \"The KKK Took My Baby Away\"\nIn reference to the website, in New York is a musical based on the songs of GABBA called \"Papa Mao Mao\", which of course is a reference to both \"Mamma Mia\" and the backing vocals (Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow) of the Ramones' version of the Trashmen's \"Surfin' Bird\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Steve Lamacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lamacq"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Interoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoute"},{"link_name":"Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(company)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"CMJ New Music Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"London Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"Negativland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negativland"},{"link_name":"The Rezillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rezillos"},{"link_name":"Chicks on Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicks_on_Speed"},{"link_name":"Rough Trade Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Trade_Records"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fierce Panda Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce_Panda_Records"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cliff Homow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cliff_Homow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Midge Devitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midge_Devitt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"Portobello Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portobello_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"They have been aired mostly in the UK,[1][4] on Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 The Evening Session,[5] on BBC Television's The Beat Room,[6] on BBC Radio Scotland's The Beat Patrol,[7] and webcast on Virtue TV[8] (now Interoute TV).They have been written about in magazines such as Mojo,[9] Melody Maker,[10] NME,[11] Time Out, Music365.com,[12] CMJ New Music Monthly,[13] The Ramones UK Fan Club Newsletter,[14] and the London Evening Standard.They have played along bands such as Negativland, The Rezillos, and Chicks on Speed, in various outlets in London, and at the 1999 Christmas parties of Rough Trade Records[15] and Fierce Panda Records.[16]In related media, their autobiographical musical short film \"Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment\" (written and directed by Cliff Homow,[17] alias \"Cliffy Hormone\", and Midge Devitt) won the 2003 \"Special Independent Film Award\" at London's counterculture Portobello Film Festival.[18]","title":"Media attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acrostically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrostic"},{"link_name":"Johnny Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Agnetha Fältskog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnetha_F%C3%A4ltskog"},{"link_name":"Björn Ulvaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ulvaeus"},{"link_name":"Joey Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Benny Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Anni-Frid Lyngstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni-Frid_Lyngstad"},{"link_name":"Tommy Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Stig Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stig_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Phil Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Monte Melnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Melnick&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"On stage, acrosticallyGeeky (Japan) - guitar (represents Johnny Ramone)\nAnneky (Sweden) - vocals, chorus (represents Agnetha Fältskog)\nBjöey (US) - lead vocals (represents Björn Ulvaeus and Joey Ramone)\nBee Bee (Germany) - bass, vocals (represents Benny Andersson and Dee Dee Ramone)\nAbby (German from Thailand) - drums, vocals, chorus (represents Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Tommy Ramone)BackstageStig Honda (Japan) - business manager, lyrics (represents Stig Anderson, ABBA manager)\nPhil Smegma (UK) - production manager (represents Phil Ramone and Phil Spector, Ramones producers)\nMonte Malmönik (Sweden) - road manager (represents Monte Melnick, Ramones roadie)(The countries of origin are alleged by the members, who could possibly be all British.)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leave Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leave_Stockholm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Joey Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Ramone"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"Albums(1999) Leave Stockholm (CD out-of-print, now in MP3s and BitTorrent)Singles and songs on compilations(2001) \"Gabba Gabba\" on Life's a Gas (international tribute album[19] to Joey Ramone)\n(2005) \"Gabba Gabba\" single on iTunes UK","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Archive\". Gabba Inc. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161125014115/http://www.gabba.co.uk/archive.html","url_text":"\"Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/archive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bjoey\". Gabba Inc. 1999. Archived from the original on 10 May 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000510172207/http://www.gabba.co.uk/bjoey.html","url_text":"\"Bjoey\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/bjoey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography\". Gabba Inc. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161122170330/http://www.gabba.co.uk/disco.html","url_text":"\"Discography\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/disco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Up and coming music bands\". Alternative-Links. Archived from the original on 12 February 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050212181525/http://www.alternative-links.co.uk/upandcoming/","url_text":"\"Up and coming music bands\""},{"url":"http://www.alternative-links.co.uk/upandcoming/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio Studios, Maida Vale - 26 July 1999\". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001026202839/http://www.gabba.co.uk/radio1.html","url_text":"\"BBC Radio Studios, Maida Vale - 26 July 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/radio1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"G2, Glasgow - 23 November 1999\". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001025201402/http://www.gabba.co.uk/beatroom.html","url_text":"\"G2, Glasgow - 23 November 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/beatroom.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Radio Scotland - 24 November 1999\". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 19 January 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010119131700/http://www.gabba.co.uk/patrol.html","url_text":"\"BBC Radio Scotland - 24 November 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/patrol.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Live Broadcast: GABBA\". VirtueTV.com. 2001. Archived from the original on 10 February 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010210143545/http://www.virtuetv.com/music/concerts/gabba/index.html","url_text":"\"Live Broadcast: GABBA\""},{"url":"http://www.virtuetv.com/music/concerts/gabba/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Irvin, Jim (September 1999). \"One! Two! Three! Four! Five?\". Mojo. Archived from the original on 19 June 2001 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010619075359/http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/MOJO.jpg","url_text":"\"One! Two! Three! Four! Five?\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/MOJO.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Naked Ruby/Gabba review\". Melody Maker. 10 July 1999. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050318025345/http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/MM.jpg","url_text":"\"Naked Ruby/Gabba review\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/MM.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabba\". NME. 14 August 1999. Archived from the original on 8 March 2001 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010308213859/http://www.gabba.co.uk/nme.html","url_text":"\"Gabba\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/MM.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jelbert, Steve (10 June 1999). \"Gabba\". Music365.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2004 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040712181439/http://www.gabba.co.uk/gig1/365.jpg","url_text":"\"Gabba\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/gig1/365.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabba\". CMJ New Music Monthly. No. 83. July 2000. Archived from the original on 23 August 2003 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030823205804/http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/CMJ.jpg","url_text":"\"Gabba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMJ_New_Music_Monthly","url_text":"CMJ New Music Monthly"},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/CMJ.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews! Gabba\". The Ramones UK Fan Club Newsletter. No. 24. February 2000. Archived from the original on 19 June 2001 – via Gabba Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010619080057/http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/rukfc.jpg","url_text":"\"Reviews! Gabba\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/temp/rukfc.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Notting Hill Arts Club, London - 13 December 1999\". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 26 October 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001026214725/http://www.gabba.co.uk/roughtrade.html","url_text":"\"Notting Hill Arts Club, London - 13 December 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/roughtrade.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bull & Gate, London - 14 December 1999\". Gabba Inc. 2000. Archived from the original on 25 October 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001025223301/http://www.gabba.co.uk/bullgate.html","url_text":"\"Bull & Gate, London - 14 December 1999\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/bullgate.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Homow\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://imdb.com/name/nm1435799/","url_text":"\"Cliff Homow\""}]},{"reference":"Barnett, Jonathan (1 October 2003). \"Portobello Film Festival Report (1st–21st August 2003)\". Portobello Film Festival. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2003/2003report.html","url_text":"\"Portobello Film Festival Report (1st–21st August 2003)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040202185312/http://www.portobellofilmfestival.com/2003/2003report.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Life's a Gas: Tribute To Joey\". Gabba Inc. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011212134048/http://www.gabba.co.uk/gas.html","url_text":"\"Life's a Gas: Tribute To Joey\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/gas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabba's short film \"Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment\"\". Gabba Inc. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160119085244/http://www.gabba.co.uk/film.html","url_text":"\"Gabba's short film \"Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment\"\""},{"url":"http://www.gabba.co.uk/film.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabba\". Allmusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p510916","url_text":"\"Gabba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Gabba\". UK Screen. Archived from the original on 19 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050319094026/http://www.ukscreen.com/band/gabba","url_text":"\"Gabba\""},{"url":"http://www.ukscreen.com/band/gabba","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucadendron_loranthifolium
Leucadendron loranthifolium
["1 References"]
Species of plant Leucadendron loranthifolium Conservation status Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Genus: Leucadendron Species: L. loranthifolium Binomial name Leucadendron loranthifolium(Salisb. ex Knight) I.Williams Leucadendron loranthifolium, commonly known as the green-flower sunbush, is a flower-bearing shrub belonging to the genus Leucadendron and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape where it occurs in the Gifberg, Cederberg, Sandveld, and Hex River Mountains. The shrub grows 2.0 m (6.6 ft) tall and flowers from July to September. The plant dies after a fire but the seeds survive. The seeds are stored in a toll on the female plant and fall out of the toll soil after two months where they are spread by rodents. The plant is unisexual and there are separate plants with male and female flowers, which are pollinated by small beetles. The plant grows in sandy or rocky sandstone soils at altitudes of 80–1000 m. In Afrikaans, it is known as Botterknoppietolbos. The tree's national number is 81.5. References ^ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (2020). "Leucadendron loranthifolium". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113168971A185553733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168971A185553733.en. Retrieved 23 September 2021. ^ "National List of Indigenous Trees in South Africa". ^ "Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants". redlist.sanbi.org. ^ "Leucadendron loranthifolium (Green-flower sunbush)". biodiversityexplorer.info. ^ "Sun Conebushes". www.proteaatlas.org.za. Taxon identifiersLeucadendron loranthifolium Wikidata: Q15582939 ARKive: leucadendron-loranthifolium BOLD: 331248 CoL: 724K4 GBIF: 5637913 iNaturalist: 589074 IPNI: 704851-1 IUCN: 113168971 NCBI: 206264 Observation.org: 504094 Open Tree of Life: 29330 Plant List: tro-26500720 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:704851-1 SANBI: 794-79 Tropicos: 26500720 WFO: wfo-0001106990 This Proteaceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"Leucadendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucadendron"},{"link_name":"Hex River Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_River_Mountains"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Leucadendron loranthifolium, commonly known as the green-flower sunbush, is a flower-bearing shrub belonging to the genus Leucadendron and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape where it occurs in the Gifberg, Cederberg, Sandveld, and Hex River Mountains.The shrub grows 2.0 m (6.6 ft) tall and flowers from July to September. The plant dies after a fire but the seeds survive. The seeds are stored in a toll on the female plant and fall out of the toll soil after two months where they are spread by rodents. The plant is unisexual and there are separate plants with male and female flowers, which are pollinated by small beetles. The plant grows in sandy or rocky sandstone soils at altitudes of 80–1000 m.In Afrikaans, it is known as Botterknoppietolbos.[citation needed] The tree's national number is 81.5.[2]","title":"Leucadendron loranthifolium"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (2020). \"Leucadendron loranthifolium\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113168971A185553733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168971A185553733.en. Retrieved 23 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/113168971/185553733","url_text":"\"Leucadendron loranthifolium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168971A185553733.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168971A185553733.en"}]},{"reference":"\"National List of Indigenous Trees in South Africa\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treetags.co.za/national-list-of-indigenous-trees/","url_text":"\"National List of Indigenous Trees in South Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants\". redlist.sanbi.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=794-79","url_text":"\"Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leucadendron loranthifolium (Green-flower sunbush)\". biodiversityexplorer.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://biodiversityexplorer.info/plants/proteaceae/leucadendron_loranthifolium.htm","url_text":"\"Leucadendron loranthifolium (Green-flower sunbush)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sun Conebushes\". www.proteaatlas.org.za.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proteaatlas.org.za/conebu5.htm","url_text":"\"Sun Conebushes\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Sales_Tax
Sales taxes in Canada
["1 Provincial sales taxes","2 New housing rebate","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Type of taxation in Canada Part of a series onTaxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies Government revenue Property tax equalization Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Flat tax Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax amnesty Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Tax withholding Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Economics General Theory Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theories Optimal capital income taxation Distribution of Tax Tax rate Flat Progressive Regressive Proportional Collection Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Tax collector Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance General Tax avoidance Repatriation tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax shelter Debtors' prison Smuggling Black market Unreported employment Corporate Tax inversion Transfer mispricing Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Single Malt CAIA Locations Tax havens Corporate havens Offshore financial centres (OFCs) Offshore magic circle Conduit and sink OFCs Financial centres Financial Secrecy Index Major examples Ireland as a tax haven Ireland v. Commission Leprechaun economics Liechtenstein tax affair Luxembourg Leaks Offshore Leaks Paradise Papers Panama Papers Swiss Leaks United States as a tax haven Panama as a tax haven Types Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem Aviation Airport improvement Landing Solidarity Capital gains Expatriation Consumption Departure Hotel Sales Stamp Television Tourist Value-added Dividend Environmental tax Carbon Eco-tariff Landfill Natural resources consumption Severance Steering Stumpage Excise Alcohol Cigarette Fat Meat Sin Sugary drink Tobacco General Georgist Gift Gross receipts Hypothecated Income Inheritance (estate) Land value Luxury Payroll Pigouvian Property Resource rent Single Surtax Turnover Use User charge/fee Congestion Fuel Road/GNSS Toll Vehicle miles traveled Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall Negative (income) Wealth International Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) Global minimum corporate tax rate Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Exchange of Information Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free-trade zone Trade agreement ATA Carnet Research Academic Mihir A. Desai Dhammika Dharmapala James R. Hines Jr. Ronen Palan Joel Slemrod Gabriel Zucman Advocacy groups Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) Oxfam (UK) Tax Foundation (US) Tax Justice Network (TJN) Tax Policy Center (US) Religious Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country All Countries List of countries by tax rates Tax revenue to GDP ratio Tax rates in Europe Individual Countries Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Morocco Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Russia South Africa Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Business portal Money portalvte In Canada, there are two types of sales taxes levied. These are : Provincial sales taxes (PST), levied by the provinces. Goods and services tax (GST)/harmonized sales tax (HST), a value-added tax levied by the federal government. The GST applies nationally. The HST includes the provincial portion of the sales tax but is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and is applied under the same legislation as the GST. The HST is in effect in Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Every province except Alberta has implemented either a provincial sales tax or the Harmonized Sales Tax. The federal GST rate is 5 percent, effective January 1, 2008. The territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut have no territorial sales taxes, so only the GST is collected. The three northern jurisdictions are partially subsidized by the federal government, and their residents receive some additional tax concessions due to the high cost of living in the north. Provincial sales taxes Separate provincial sales taxes (PST) are collected in the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba (retail sales tax or RST) and Quebec (Quebec sales tax or QST, French: Taxe de vente du Québec or TVQ). Prince Edward Island switched to a HST on April 1, 2013, the same date that British Columbia reverted to a separate GST/PST after their adoption of a HST in 2010 was rejected in a referendum. Goods to which the tax is applied vary by province, as does the rate. In all provinces where the provincial sales tax is collected, the tax is imposed on the sale price without GST (in the past, in Quebec and in Prince Edward Island, PST was applied to the combined sum of sale price and GST). Of the provincial sales taxes, only the QST (and the HST) are value-added; the rest are cascading taxes. Province Type Prov. rate (%) Total tax rate (%) Notes Alberta GST 0 5 There is a 4% tax on lodging and 4% tax on hotel room fees. British Columbia GST + PST 7 12 Main article: Sales taxes in British Columbia Reverted to a separate GST/PST on April 1, 2013, with a PST of 7%, after their adoption of a HST in 2010 was rejected in a referendum. Manitoba GST + RST 7 12 The RST was increased one point to 8% on July 1, 2013. It reverted to 7% as of July 1, 2019 and although it was planned to drop to 6% as of July 1, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic the province has deferred the reduction until further notice.There is a 5% tax on lodging and 5% tax on hotel room fees. New Brunswick HST 10 15 The HST was increased two points to 10% with an overall tax of 15% on July 1, 2016. Newfoundland and Labrador HST 10 15 The HST was increased two points to 10% with an overall tax of 15% on July 1, 2016. Northwest Territories GST 0 5 Nova Scotia HST 10 15 Rates were meant to be reduced to 14 and 13% on July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2015 respectively. However, the government has stated that the province cannot afford reductions. Nunavut GST 0 5 Ontario HST 8 13 Prince Edward Island HST 10 15 The HST was increased one point to 15% on October 1, 2016. Quebec GST + QST 9.975 14.975 Books are taxed at 5.0% (considered essential goods for QST but not for GST). There is an additional tax on tourist lodgings such as hotels which is usually 3.5%. This tax does not apply in Nunavik. Saskatchewan GST + PST 6 11 The 6% rate is effective for goods and services effective March 23, 2017. Effective April 1, 2017, New Homes, restaurant meals and other prepared food and beverages are subject to PST. There is a separate 10% liquor consumption tax. PST is not applicable for any exempt business in Lloydminster. Yukon GST 0 5 New housing rebate Sales taxes on new or significantly renovated housing used as a primary residence may be eligible to have a portion of charged federal and provincial sales taxes rebated. New homes valued up to $450,000 may be eligible for a 36% rebate on GST charged up to a maximum of $6,300. Provincial sales tax rebate programs on new housing are offered in Ontario, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and Quebec (for QST). Terms and conditions vary by province. References ^ a b c "P.E.I. budget announces increase in HST". CBC News. April 19, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016. ^ "Retail Sales Tax". Manitoba Finance. Manitoba Ministry of Finance. 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013. ^ Siragusa, Austin. "Manitoba provincial sales tax rate drops to 7% on Canada Day". Global News. Retrieved July 8, 2019. ^ Froese, Ian. "Pallister Government to cut PST by 1 percentage point using revenues from its own carbon tax". CBC Manitoba. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "Information Bulletin 120" (PDF). Retrieved September 17, 2020. ^ "Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) - Finance". February 11, 2013. ^ "Harmonized Sales Tax". July 22, 2019. ^ "HST hike highlights N.S. budget". CBC News. April 6, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010. ^ "Nova Scotia books in no shape for legislated cut to HST: finance minister | News957". www.news957.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. ^ Public Treasury, Prince Edward Island Department of (January 7, 2008). "Tax and Land Information Website: Revenue Tax (PST)". Retrieved September 26, 2009. ^ As of January 1, 2013, Quebec officially changed the QST rate to 9.975. Previously, it had a nominal rate of 9.5 (Quebec raised the QST from 7.5 to 8.5 on Jan 1 2011, and then from 8.5 to 9.5 on Jan 1 2012), but the QST was applied to the combined sum of sale price and GST, making the effective QST rate 9.975. As of January 1, 2013, the rate no longer applies to the combined sum of sale price and GST, and is simply 9.975. ^ "QST and GST/HST". Revenu Quebec. Retrieved January 3, 2013. ^ "Revenu Québec - Calculating and Collecting the Tax on Lodging". ^ "Revenu Québec - Establishments Subject to the Tax on Lodging". ^ "IN 2017-01 PST Transitional Rules" (PDF). SK PST. Retrieved March 24, 2017. ^ "Restaurants, Caterers and Other Businesses Selling Prepared Food and Beverage" (PDF). Saskatchewan Ministry of Finance. March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017. ^ Agency, Canada Revenue (June 22, 2017). "GST/HST New Housing Rebate". aem. Retrieved June 30, 2020. Further reading Bird, R. M. (2012). The GST/HST: Creating an Integrated Sales Tax in a Federal Country. Rotman School of Management Working Paper, (2115620). External links Canada portal GST/HST rates table at the Canada Revenue Agency Government of British Columbia: Sales Taxes Revenu Quebec website Revenu Québec (General Information Concerning the QST and the GST/HST vteSales taxes in North AmericaSovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"sales taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Goods and services tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"harmonized sales tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonized_sales_tax"},{"link_name":"value-added tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_tax"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_rate"},{"link_name":"territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"cost of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living"}],"text":"In Canada, there are two types of sales taxes levied. These are :Provincial sales taxes (PST), levied by the provinces.\nGoods and services tax (GST)/harmonized sales tax (HST), a value-added tax levied by the federal government. The GST applies nationally. The HST includes the provincial portion of the sales tax but is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and is applied under the same legislation as the GST. The HST is in effect in Ontario, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.Every province except Alberta has implemented either a provincial sales tax or the Harmonized Sales Tax. The federal GST rate is 5 percent, effective January 1, 2008.The territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut have no territorial sales taxes, so only the GST is collected. The three northern jurisdictions are partially subsidized by the federal government, and their residents receive some additional tax concessions due to the high cost of living in the north.","title":"Sales taxes in Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_British_Columbia_sales_tax_referendum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEI-1"},{"link_name":"combined sum of sale price and GST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtax"},{"link_name":"value-added","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added_tax"},{"link_name":"cascading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_tax"}],"text":"Separate provincial sales taxes (PST) are collected in the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba (retail sales tax or RST) and Quebec (Quebec sales tax or QST, French: Taxe de vente du Québec or TVQ). Prince Edward Island switched to a HST on April 1, 2013, the same date that British Columbia reverted to a separate GST/PST after their adoption of a HST in 2010 was rejected in a referendum.[1] Goods to which the tax is applied vary by province, as does the rate. In all provinces where the provincial sales tax is collected, the tax is imposed on the sale price without GST (in the past, in Quebec and in Prince Edward Island, PST was applied to the combined sum of sale price and GST). Of the provincial sales taxes, only the QST (and the HST) are value-added; the rest are cascading taxes.","title":"Provincial sales taxes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Sales taxes on new or significantly renovated housing used as a primary residence may be eligible to have a portion of charged federal and provincial sales taxes rebated. New homes valued up to $450,000 may be eligible for a 36% rebate on GST charged up to a maximum of $6,300.[17] Provincial sales tax rebate programs on new housing are offered in Ontario, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, and Quebec (for QST). Terms and conditions vary by province.","title":"New housing rebate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The GST/HST: Creating an Integrated Sales Tax in a Federal Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=icepp"}],"text":"Bird, R. M. (2012). The GST/HST: Creating an Integrated Sales Tax in a Federal Country. Rotman School of Management Working Paper, (2115620).","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"P.E.I. budget announces increase in HST\". CBC News. April 19, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-budget-2016-1.3542573","url_text":"\"P.E.I. budget announces increase in HST\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Retail Sales Tax\". Manitoba Finance. Manitoba Ministry of Finance. 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/finance/taxation/taxes/retail.html","url_text":"\"Retail Sales Tax\""}]},{"reference":"Siragusa, Austin. \"Manitoba provincial sales tax rate drops to 7% on Canada Day\". Global News. Retrieved July 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/5449555/manitoba-provincial-sales-tax-canada-day/","url_text":"\"Manitoba provincial sales tax rate drops to 7% on Canada Day\""}]},{"reference":"Froese, Ian. \"Pallister Government to cut PST by 1 percentage point using revenues from its own carbon tax\". CBC Manitoba. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-pst-green-levy-1.5486838","url_text":"\"Pallister Government to cut PST by 1 percentage point using revenues from its own carbon tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"Information Bulletin 120\" (PDF). Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/finance/taxation/pubs/bulletins/2020budget.pdf","url_text":"\"Information Bulletin 120\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) - Finance\". February 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/finance/taxes/hst.html","url_text":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) - Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax\". July 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fin.gov.nl.ca/fin/tax_programs_incentives/personal/hst.html","url_text":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax\""}]},{"reference":"\"HST hike highlights N.S. budget\". CBC News. April 6, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/n-s-budget-makes-hst-highest-in-canada-1.902107","url_text":"\"HST hike highlights N.S. budget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia books in no shape for legislated cut to HST: finance minister | News957\". www.news957.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205804/http://www.news957.com/2013/12/17/nova-scotia-books-in-no-shape-for-legislated-cut-to-hst-finance-minister/","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia books in no shape for legislated cut to HST: finance minister | News957\""},{"url":"http://www.news957.com/2013/12/17/nova-scotia-books-in-no-shape-for-legislated-cut-to-hst-finance-minister/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Public Treasury, Prince Edward Island Department of (January 7, 2008). \"Tax and Land Information Website: Revenue Tax (PST)\". Retrieved September 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/pt/taxandland/index.php3?number=76948&lang=E","url_text":"\"Tax and Land Information Website: Revenue Tax (PST)\""}]},{"reference":"\"QST and GST/HST\". Revenu Quebec. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/gsthst-and-qst/basic-rules-for-applying-the-gsthst-and-qst/","url_text":"\"QST and GST/HST\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revenu Québec - Calculating and Collecting the Tax on Lodging\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/tax-on-lodging/calculating-and-collecting/","url_text":"\"Revenu Québec - Calculating and Collecting the Tax on Lodging\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revenu Québec - Establishments Subject to the Tax on Lodging\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/tax-on-lodging/establishments-subject-to-the-tax-on-lodging/","url_text":"\"Revenu Québec - Establishments Subject to the Tax on Lodging\""}]},{"reference":"\"IN 2017-01 PST Transitional Rules\" (PDF). SK PST. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finance.gov.sk.ca/revenue/pst/IN2017-01-PSTRateTransitionRules.pdf","url_text":"\"IN 2017-01 PST Transitional Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Restaurants, Caterers and Other Businesses Selling Prepared Food and Beverage\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Ministry of Finance. March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://finance.gov.sk.ca/revenue/pst/bulletins/PST-33%20Restaurants.pdf","url_text":"\"Restaurants, Caterers and Other Businesses Selling Prepared Food and Beverage\""}]},{"reference":"Agency, Canada Revenue (June 22, 2017). \"GST/HST New Housing Rebate\". aem. Retrieved June 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/rc4028/gst-hst-new-housing-rebate.html","url_text":"\"GST/HST New Housing Rebate\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-budget-2016-1.3542573","external_links_name":"\"P.E.I. budget announces increase in HST\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/finance/taxation/taxes/retail.html","external_links_name":"\"Retail Sales Tax\""},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/5449555/manitoba-provincial-sales-tax-canada-day/","external_links_name":"\"Manitoba provincial sales tax rate drops to 7% on Canada Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/manitoba-pst-green-levy-1.5486838","external_links_name":"\"Pallister Government to cut PST by 1 percentage point using revenues from its own carbon tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.mb.ca/finance/taxation/pubs/bulletins/2020budget.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Information Bulletin 120\""},{"Link":"http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/finance/taxes/hst.html","external_links_name":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) - Finance\""},{"Link":"http://www.fin.gov.nl.ca/fin/tax_programs_incentives/personal/hst.html","external_links_name":"\"Harmonized Sales Tax\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/n-s-budget-makes-hst-highest-in-canada-1.902107","external_links_name":"\"HST hike highlights N.S. budget\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205804/http://www.news957.com/2013/12/17/nova-scotia-books-in-no-shape-for-legislated-cut-to-hst-finance-minister/","external_links_name":"\"Nova Scotia books in no shape for legislated cut to HST: finance minister | News957\""},{"Link":"http://www.news957.com/2013/12/17/nova-scotia-books-in-no-shape-for-legislated-cut-to-hst-finance-minister/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gov.pe.ca/pt/taxandland/index.php3?number=76948&lang=E","external_links_name":"\"Tax and Land Information Website: Revenue Tax (PST)\""},{"Link":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/gsthst-and-qst/basic-rules-for-applying-the-gsthst-and-qst/","external_links_name":"\"QST and GST/HST\""},{"Link":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/tax-on-lodging/calculating-and-collecting/","external_links_name":"\"Revenu Québec - Calculating and Collecting the Tax on Lodging\""},{"Link":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/tax-on-lodging/establishments-subject-to-the-tax-on-lodging/","external_links_name":"\"Revenu Québec - Establishments Subject to the Tax on Lodging\""},{"Link":"http://www.finance.gov.sk.ca/revenue/pst/IN2017-01-PSTRateTransitionRules.pdf","external_links_name":"\"IN 2017-01 PST Transitional Rules\""},{"Link":"http://finance.gov.sk.ca/revenue/pst/bulletins/PST-33%20Restaurants.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Restaurants, Caterers and Other Businesses Selling Prepared Food and Beverage\""},{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/rc4028/gst-hst-new-housing-rebate.html","external_links_name":"\"GST/HST New Housing Rebate\""},{"Link":"http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=icepp","external_links_name":"The GST/HST: Creating an Integrated Sales Tax in a Federal Country"},{"Link":"http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/gst-tps/rts-eng.html#rt","external_links_name":"GST/HST rates table"},{"Link":"http://www.rev.gov.bc.ca/individuals/Consumer_Taxes/consumer_taxes.htm","external_links_name":"Government of British Columbia: Sales Taxes"},{"Link":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/","external_links_name":"Revenu Quebec website"},{"Link":"https://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/businesses/consumption-taxes/gsthst-and-qst/basic-rules-for-applying-the-gsthst-and-qst/","external_links_name":"Revenu Québec (General Information Concerning the QST and the GST/HST"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robertson
Tim Robertson
["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","2 References","3 External links"]
This article is about the actor. For the orienteering athlete, see Tim Robertson (orienteer). Tim Robertson is an Australian actor and writer. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (1965) and taught at Flinders University in Adelaide, where he began adapting and directing plays. He joined the Australian Performing Group at the Pram Factory in Melbourne, where he wrote, acted, and directed plays. In 2001 he published a history of the Pram Factory. Filmography Film The Cars That Ate Paris (1974) The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978) as Healey Phar Lap (1983) as Policeman Bliss (1985) as Alex Duval The Clean Machine (1988) The Big Steal (1990) Father (1990) as George Coleman Police Crop: The Winchester Conspiracy (1994 TV movie) as Detective Sergeant Brian Lockwood Holy Smoke (1999) as Gilbert Barron He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001) as Melbourne Detective 1 Television Catspaw (1978) Locusts and Wild Honey (1980 TV miniseries) as Reverend Charles Scales of Justice (1983 TV miniseries) as Detective Sergeant Mick Miles Special Squad (1984) as Roberts (episode "The Expert") The Last Bastion (1984 TV miniseries) A Thousand Skies (1985 TV miniseries) Vietnam (1986 TV miniseries) The Heroes (1989 TV miniseries) as Colonel Mott All the Rivers Run II (1990 TV miniseries) as Blackwell Chances (1991-92) as Jack Taylor (episodes 1-90) Halifax f.p. (1995) as Police Officer (episode "Hard Corps") Kangaroo Palace (1997 TV miniseries) References ^ a b c "Tim Robertson". AustLit. Retrieved 16 August 2021. ^ Tim Robertson. The Pram Factory External links Tim Robertson at IMDb Tim Robertson at Film Reference Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Australia Poland People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Robertson (orienteer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robertson_(orienteer)"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Performing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Performing_Group"},{"link_name":"the Pram Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pram_Factory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the actor. For the orienteering athlete, see Tim Robertson (orienteer).Tim Robertson is an Australian actor and writer.He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (1965) and taught at Flinders University in Adelaide, where he began adapting and directing plays.[1] He joined the Australian Performing Group at the Pram Factory in Melbourne, where he wrote, acted, and directed plays.[1]In 2001 he published a history of the Pram Factory.[2]","title":"Tim Robertson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cars That Ate Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cars_That_Ate_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-austlit-1"},{"link_name":"The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chant_of_Jimmie_Blacksmith_(film)"},{"link_name":"Phar Lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phar_Lap_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Clean Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clean_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Big Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Steal_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Police Crop: The Winchester Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Crop:_The_Winchester_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Holy Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Smoke!"},{"link_name":"He Died with a Felafel in His Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Died_with_a_Felafel_in_His_Hand_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"The Cars That Ate Paris (1974)[1]\nThe Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978) as Healey\nPhar Lap (1983) as Policeman\nBliss (1985) as Alex Duval\nThe Clean Machine (1988)\nThe Big Steal (1990)\nFather (1990) as George Coleman\nPolice Crop: The Winchester Conspiracy (1994 TV movie) as Detective Sergeant Brian Lockwood\nHoly Smoke (1999) as Gilbert Barron\nHe Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001) as Melbourne Detective 1","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catspaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catspaw_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Locusts and Wild Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusts_and_Wild_Honey"},{"link_name":"Scales of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scales_of_Justice_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Special Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Squad_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Last Bastion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Bastion"},{"link_name":"A Thousand Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_Skies"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heroes_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"All the Rivers Run II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Rivers_Run"},{"link_name":"Chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chances_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Halifax f.p.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_f.p."},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Catspaw (1978)\nLocusts and Wild Honey (1980 TV miniseries) as Reverend Charles\nScales of Justice (1983 TV miniseries) as Detective Sergeant Mick Miles\nSpecial Squad (1984) as Roberts (episode \"The Expert\")\nThe Last Bastion (1984 TV miniseries)\nA Thousand Skies (1985 TV miniseries)\nVietnam (1986 TV miniseries)\nThe Heroes (1989 TV miniseries) as Colonel Mott\nAll the Rivers Run II (1990 TV miniseries) as Blackwell\nChances (1991-92) as Jack Taylor (episodes 1-90)\nHalifax f.p. (1995) as Police Officer (episode \"Hard Corps\")\nKangaroo Palace (1997 TV miniseries)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Ortega_y_Sotomayor
Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]
Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1658) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal family name is Sotomayor. The Most ReverendPedro de Ortega y SotomayorBishop of CuzcoWatercolor portrait. Reproduced from the first volume of the Codex Martínez Compañón (c.1782).ChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseDiocese of CuzcoIn office1651–1658PredecessorJuan Alonso y OcónSuccessorAgustín Muñoz SandovalOrdersConsecration30 September 1646by Pedro de Villagómez VivancoPersonal detailsBornLima, PeruDied1658Cuzco, PeruPrevious post(s)Bishop of Trujillo (1645–1647) Bishop of Arequipa (1647–1651) Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor (died 1658) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuzco (1651–1658), Bishop of Arequipa (1647–1651), and Bishop of Trujillo (1645–1647). Biography Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor was born in Lima, Peru. On 19 February 1645, he was selected by the King of Spain as Bishop of Trujillo and on 21 August 1645 he was confirmed by Pope Innocent X. On 30 September 1646, he was consecrated bishop by Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Archbishop of Lima. On 26 December 1647, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Arequipa. On 27 November 1651, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Cuzco. He served as Bishop of Cuzco until his death in 1658. While a priest, he assisted in the consecration of Francisco de la Serna, Bishop of Paraguay (1637), and Gaspar de Villarroel, Bishop of Santiago de Chile (1638). References ^ a b c d e f Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). HIERARCHIA CATHOLICA MEDII ET RECENTIORIS AEVI Vol IV. Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. pp. 93, 171, and 347. (in Latin) ^ a b c d e f g h Cheney, David M. "Bishop Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.self-published External links and additional sources Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Trujillo". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Arequipa". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Arequipa". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Cuzco". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cusco (Peru)". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) Catholic Church titles Preceded byLuis Córdoba Ronquillo Bishop of Trujillo 1645–1647 Succeeded byAndrés García de Zurita Preceded byAgustín de Ugarte y Sarabia Bishop of Arequipa 1647–1651 Succeeded byGaspar de Villarroel Preceded byJuan Alonso y Ocón Bishop of Cuzco 1651–1658 Succeeded byAgustín Muñoz Sandoval This article about a Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cuzco"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Arequipa"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal family name is Sotomayor.Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor (died 1658) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuzco (1651–1658), Bishop of Arequipa (1647–1651), and Bishop of Trujillo (1645–1647).[1][2]","title":"Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Villag%C3%B3mez_Vivanco"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Arequipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Arequipa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Cuzco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIV-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"},{"link_name":"Francisco de la Serna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Serna"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de Villarroel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Villarroel"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Santiago de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierPedOrtSoto-2"}],"text":"Pedro de Ortega y Sotomayor was born in Lima, Peru.[2] \nOn 19 February 1645, he was selected by the King of Spain as Bishop of Trujillo and on 21 August 1645 he was confirmed by Pope Innocent X.[1][2] \nOn 30 September 1646, he was consecrated bishop by Pedro de Villagómez Vivanco, Archbishop of Lima.[1][2] \nOn 26 December 1647, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Arequipa.[1][2]\nOn 27 November 1651, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Cuzco.[1][2] \nHe served as Bishop of Cuzco until his death in 1658.[1][2]While a priest, he assisted in the consecration of Francisco de la Serna, Bishop of Paraguay (1637), and Gaspar de Villarroel, Bishop of Santiago de Chile (1638).[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Ortega_y_Sotomayor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RC-bishop-stub"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Trujillo\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Trujillo (Peru)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nCheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Arequipa\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Arequipa\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nCheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Cuzco\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Cusco (Peru)\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]This article about a Catholic bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and additional sources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben_H._Markham
Reuben H. Markham
["1 Early life","2 Years in Bulgaria","3 Foreign Correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor","4 World War II","5 The Cold War","6 Legacy","7 Publications","8 Awards","9 References"]
American journalistReuben H. MarkhamReuben Markham in 1943Born(1887-02-21)February 21, 1887Smith Center, Kansas, U.S.DiedDecember 29, 1949(1949-12-29) (aged 62)EducationWashburn CollegeColumbia UniversityOccupation(s)Journalist, authorNotable workThe Wave of the Past Reuben Henry Markham (February 21, 1887 – December 29, 1949) was a journalist for the Christian Science Monitor who wrote numerous books, including "an attack on fascism,"The Wave of the Past, which urged American intervention in World War II. After the war he published four works condemning the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe. Early life Reuben Markham was born on a farm in Smith County, Kansas on February 21, 1887. His grandfather, Reuben Fuller Markham, and his father, Lucius Markham, were both Congregational ministers. Markham family records show that Reuben Fuller Markham participated in the Underground Railroad. During Reconstruction era, he was a financial agent for the American Missionary Association, which founded eleven historically black colleges, including Beach Institute in Savannah, Georgia where he taught from 1875 to 1880. At 14, Markham was sent to Washburn Academy in Topeka, Kansas, where he also attended Washburn College, graduating in 1908, as valedictorian. The following year, he married Mary Gall, who had been the class salutatorian. Matriculating at Union Theological Seminary, Markham also received an M.A. in education from Columbia University. In 1912, Markham too was ordained as a minister in the Congregational church. Years in Bulgaria That same year, Markham and his wife volunteered as missionary-educators for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Samokov, Bulgaria, where the Board operated Western style Boys and Girls boarding schools on the same campus. Their three children, Eleonora, Helen and Jordan were born in Samokov. In 1918, the Markhams returned to America across war-torn Europe, with the assistance of the American legation in Sofia, and the Bulgarian government, which helped fund the trip, in order to support the position of the Wilson Administration, the Congregational church and Bulgaria that America not declare war on the Balkan nation. With the approval of the American Board, Markham testified in front of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, which decided to recommend American neutrality towards Bulgaria. After completing his testimony, he joined a government sponsored YMCA mission to provide agricultural expertise to Russia, but was turned back in Murmansk in 1918 by the revolutionary Soviet government. In order to finish the year of YMCA work, he assisted Russian prisoners of war in France. Markham returned to Bulgaria in 1920, where in addition to his teaching, he began to edit the Mission's publications, as well as write for Bulgarian newspapers, using them to criticize the Bulgarian regime's treatment of workers and peasants after a military coup in 1923. He "was forced to resign (from the Mission) in 1925… as a result of his outspoken opposition to official persecution of the peasants." Markham then started his own Bulgarian language newspaper, Svet, (World), which addressed Bulgaria's major issues, including governmental repression. He wrote about the "illegal" "slaughter" of prisoners "killed without trial or sentence." Markham was charged by the government for this reporting and put on trial in May 1927 in Sofia, but was acquitted. Svet shut down on August 2, 1928. Foreign Correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor From 1927 until his death in 1949, Markham worked primarily as a journalist for the Christian Science Monitor. After joining the Monitor's staff in 1927, he soon became correspondent for the Balkans. In 1931, he self-published Meet Bulgaria, describing Bulgarian history, economics and culture. In 1933, the Markhams moved from Sofia to Vienna, where Reuben became the Monitor's Central European correspondent. Vienna was the home of an active Anglo-American press corps during the interwar years, including Dorothy Thompson, William Shirer, and John Gunther. Here Markham was given several broader assignments as well. In 1935, he was sent to Ethiopia to cover the Italian invasion. The following year, he travelled to the Middle East, where he combined stories on current conditions with Biblical events. He turned this work into the Bulgarian language book, "The Cradle of Humanity, Past and Present." In 1938, Markham covered the Anschluss from Vienna, and afterwards moved his Monitor headquarters to Budapest. Returning to the United States in June, 1939, Markham conducted a lecture tour and wrote a series of articles in August for the Monitor entitled "Rediscovering America," in which he directly addressed his position in the looming war. "I had long observed the workings of the Nazi machine and had felt convinced that its builders would not pause in the expansionist program....If these states (Great Britain and France) are crushed, the foundations for democracy will be swept away....The issue is clear….self-government…is in danger of destruction....Humanity may again be thrust into the old abyss of absolutism....I believe that is my struggle too." The Markhams were caught by the outbreak of World War II and remained in the United States. For the next three years, he carried out assignments of feature articles about America, such as "Mr. Markham Goes to Washington," and "Mr. Markham Polls the People." World War II In March 1941, Markham weighed in on 'the Great Debate' over America's entry into World War II, when he published The Wave of the Past, his rebuttal to Anne Morrow Lindbergh's no. 1, non-fiction, best seller The Wave of the Future which President Franklin Roosevelt referenced in his third inaugural address. She called her book "a moral argument for isolationism." In contrast, Markham, whose "hostility to Nazism was instinctive and passionate," argued that isolationism would lead to the loss of American freedom. "In this issue," Markham wrote, "there are only two sides. No neutral course remains...he either opposes the onslaught of Hitlerism or supports it. If he makes no choice, that is a choice; if he takes no action, he is on Hitler's side; if he does not act, that is an act--for Hitler.... To prevent that will be our first step. Whatever it may cost, we shall take it." The Wave of the Past sold 70,000 copies in its first four months, making it too a best seller. By June, there were 123,000 copies printed, and it was mentioned by Eleanor Roosevelt in her daily column, My Day. "Another small book by an American who originally came from Kansas but has lived for many years in the Balkans is apparently inspired by Anne Lindbergh's book, 'The Wave of the Future.' Markham writes 'The Wave of the Past' and insists 'The past has its mark and the future has its mark. The one is slavery and the other is freedom.' I think you will find both of these books of interest." The Wave of the Past also states that "tyrants become world masters only when...men call...tyranny freedom." Explaining how dictatorships distort reality by equating opposites, Markham wrote in an article at this time in the Monitor that "the multitudes are told that chains give freedom, that slavery is liberty, that war is peace, that the black resurging past is the future." These concepts and phrasing anticipate the Ministry of Truth's slogans in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: "WAR IS PEACE, SLAVERY IS FREEDOM, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH" . Once the United States entered the war, Markham was able to participate in the national effort by joining the Office of War Information (OWI) as the Deputy Director for the Balkans. In February 1944, he returned to Europe, spending much of his time at a listening station in Bari, Italy. There he saw a great deal of the Partisan movement led by Communist Joseph Tito, and came to think it would install a dictatorial regime if it were to come to power. He wrote: "I have just spent months in direct contact with (the Partisans) and...I saw they are by no means democratic. They are among the world's most fanatical autocrats." As a result, "he was one of the first to perceive what was happening in Eastern Europe in 1944." When British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Roosevelt threw their support to Tito, and withdrew it from Serbian Chetnik leader Draza Mihailovic, Markham believed it meant that the post-war Yugoslavia would become Communist, as might all of southeastern Europe. He felt that Britain and "to a certain extent" America were complicit in helping Tito fight the Serbs in a civil war. "...the Serbs say," he wrote, "that in 1944 they went through another Kossovo, inflicted not by hostile invaders only but also by their allies, their Croat fellow-citizens and Serb Communists. If the Serbs didn't forget the old Kossovo, will they forget the new?...I am not saying this will be nice. I am not praising Serb nationalism....I am just reporting....someday it will explode." Unwilling to support this policy, Markham resigned from the government in October 1944. The Director of OWI, Elmer Davis, explained, "Eventually, he came to the conclusion that American policy in dealing with the Balkan countries—the support of all elements, including the Communists, that were resisting the Germans—was mistaken....The event proved that the policy which was followed led to precisely the unfortunate results which he foresaw." The Cold War In 1945, after the war ended, the Monitor posted Markham to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania where he wrote about Communist activities in Central and Southeastern Europe. The White House had also wanted to get him back into Eastern Europe, and once there, in addition to his journalism, he was able to send his findings directly to the President through the State Department's Mission in Sofia, Bulgaria, reporting that "the majority of Bulgaria considers itself in totalitarian prison." In June 1946, he was expelled from Romania and denied entrance to other Communist controlled nations: "his going from that scene was considered by all Romanians as a sort of national tragedy." Fellow journalist, Dorothy Thompson, described his work. "Mr. Markham has done the fairest and most objective reporting from any Russian-occupied area. He has been meticulous about details, figures and places....If, therefore, Mr. Markham...cannot operate in Russian and Russian-occupied territory, the burden is on the Russians to prove that any honest...reporter can." Meeting with reporters afterwards, the expelled Monitor correspondent described one incident telling them that after covering a peasant party meeting that was broken up by a 'band of ruffians,' he had spent the night with "the local leader of the peasant party in Bucovina....Later the 'band of ruffians'...came into the house at midnight and killed the political leader with bursts of machine gun fire." Shortly after his expulsion, on August 7, Markham met directly with President Truman at the White House. While in Bulgaria, Markham issued a call for the United States to provide economic assistance to a devastated Europe, predating the Marshall Plan by almost two years. "The choice clearly falls upon America. We must lead in the healing, restoring and recovering. It is the most onerous and the grandest task we ever performed. It is harder than Valley Forge or Gettysburg. We must give of our purse and larder and heart." Markham was known for "his outspoken stand against communism," writing and lecturing to warn the United States of the dangers of totalitarian Communist rule. He completed his book on Yugoslavia, Tito's Imperial Communism, in 1947. Writing about Yugoslavia was challenging, not only over the question of whether or not to support Tito, but also because of Yugoslavia's ethnic animosities, which exploded in the 1990s. Markham himself wrote, "Practically every point treated in this book is controversial...." In its announcement of its publication, the University of North Carolina Press stated that this "book presents more fully than ever before the Serb point of view...." A second work describing events in Eastern Europe, Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke came out in 1949. The New York Times wrote that Markham's volume "presents the facts of Soviet Communism in Rumania in stirring and human terms.…By writing about one country (of Eastern Europe) in detail and with understanding, Markham has written about them all." In 1949, he also self published a pamphlet entitled Let Us Protestants Awake! that criticized Protestant church leaders who lent their support to Communist-led regimes in Europe. In May 1949, Markham returned to government service on "the urgent insistence of Washington," in the newly created Central Intelligence Agency. He worked closely with the National Committee for a Free Europe, negotiating its covert relationship with the Office of Policy Coordination, along with its head Frank Wisner. One of Markham's primary responsibilities was to edit a "series of pamphlets on the influence of Communism on the different phases of life in Eastern and Southeastern Europe." He met frequently with Eastern European exiles, collecting information on the most recent Communist activity in their countries. The day before he suffered his heart attack he completed editing "Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe," the first in his projected series of booklets. After his death on December 29, 1949, the Christian Science Monitor published an editorial about Markham entitled "Friend of Humanity" saying: "Moscow understood how devastatingly its pretended regard for the 'little man,' its ideological abstractions and its massive brutality were shown up by this humanitarian scholar's genuine love of liberty and of his fellow men." Legacy Markham was "noted as a writer, lecturer, and author," according to the New York Times, and for opposing dictatorships from his days in Bulgaria in the 1920s, to Nazi Germany, to the Soviet Union after World War II. He had decades of experience in the Balkans and used his pen to bring attention to these countries as they fell under Communist rule. Erwin Canham, the Monitor's longest serving editor, wrote that Markham's "work stands almost alone in American journalism for its simplicity, integrity, and direct, personal knowledge." Publications A Poor Man's Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 1924 (In Bulgarian) Bulgaria Today and Tomorrow, 1926 Meet Bulgaria, 1931 The Cradle of Humanity, Past and Present, 1937 (In Bulgarian) The Wave of the Past, 1941 Tito's Imperial Communism, 1947 Let Us Protestants Awake!, 1949 Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke, 1949 Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe, 1950 Awards Distinguished Service Award, Washburn University Alumni Association, 1949 Royal Order of Civil Merit, Bulgaria, Commander, 1939 References ^ Raditsa, Bogdan (January 14, 1950). "R.H. Markham 1887-1949". The New Leader. ^ Van Dyke, Ted. "Friend of Humanity". Washburn University Alumni Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2021. ^ 44th Session, Minutes of the General Association, Congregational Ministers and Churches of Kansas. Kansas City, Kansas: E. E. Rowland, Pr. 1898. p. 48. ^ Chandler, D.L. (3 September 2018). "Little Known Black History Facts: American Missionary Association". Retrieved August 20, 2020. ^ Richardson, Joe (1986). Christian Reconstruction. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press. p. 206. ^ "Kansans Who Have Spent Last Six Years in Bulgaria". Topeka Daily Capital. April 25, 1918. ^ Velichkov, Alexander (2001). "Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162. ^ Hall, William (1938). Puritans in the Balkans. Sofia: Studia Historico-Philologica Serdicensia. p. 260-262. ^ Copeland, Jeffrey (2018). The YMCA at War. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 110. ^ "Obituary". New York Times. December 31, 1949. ^ Velichkov, Alexander (2001). "Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162. ^ Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 346. ^ Markham, Reuben (1931). Meet Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: The Author. ^ Durning, Dan. "Vienna's Cafe Louvre in the 1920s and 1930s: Meeting Place of Foreign Correspondents". Academia. Retrieved January 16, 2022. ^ "Two Mules and Saddles". Mary Baker Eddy Library. March 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ Markham, Reuben (1937). Past and Present: Cradle of Humanity. Sofia: Author. ^ Markham, Reuben (August 28, 1939). "Lincoln's Union Issue Returns In World Form". The Christian Science Monitor. ^ Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 347. ^ "The Great Debate". National WWII Museum. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ^ "Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address". The Avalon Project. Retrieved January 2, 2021. ^ Olson, Lynne (2013). Those Angry Days. New York: Random House. p. xvi, 243, 245. ^ Chamberlin, William (January 3, 1955). "Reuben Markham: Foe of Tyrants". The New Leader. ^ Singal, Daniel. From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919-1945. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 295. ^ Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 54,55. ^ Singal, Daniel. From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919-1945. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 295. ^ Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past (Third Printing ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ^ "Press Sells 100,000 Copies of Markham Book". The Chapel Hill Weekly. April 11, 1941. ^ Roosevelt, Eleanor. "My Day". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 7. ^ Markham, Reuben (March 1, 1941). "The World Looks to America". The Christian Science Monitor. ^ Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. p. 4. ^ Markham, Reuben (January 31, 1945). "Our Political Immorality". The Christian Century. ^ Page, John (Fall 1962). "Never a Neutralist in the Struggle Between Imperfect Right and Absolute Wrong". American Bulgarian Review. XII (2): 25. ^ Markham, Reuben (1949). Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. pp. 174, 175. ^ Markham, Reuben (May 19, 1945). "The Serbian Volcano". The New Leader. ^ Canham, Erwin (1958). Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 347. ^ "Obituary". Washington Post. December 31, 1949. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers". Office of the Historian State Department. Retrieved May 14, 2020. ^ "Obituary". New York Herald Tribune. December 31, 1949. ^ Andrica, Theodore (January 12, 1950). "Reuben Markham". The Christian Science Monitor. ^ Thompson, Dorothy (July 1, 1946). "On the Record". The Evening Star. ^ Associated Press (June 27, 1946). "Protests Rule in Bulgaria and Romania". The Times (Streator, Illinois). ^ "Daily Appointments, August 7, 1946". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved May 23, 2020. ^ Markham, Reuben (October 6, 1945). "American Century of Good Will". The Christian Science Monitor. ^ "Obituary". Washington Star. December 31, 1949. ^ Lehrman, Hal (Spring 1962). "Markham Honored as Educator, Journalist and Public Figure". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 22. ^ Markham, Reuben (1947). Tito's Imperial Communism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ^ Markham, Reuben (1947). Tito's Imperial Communism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. preface, vii. ^ University of North Carolina Press. Summer Releases, 1947 ^ Ebon, Martin (May 1, 1949). "The Rumanians and Soviet Policy: Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke". New York Times. ^ Markham, Reuben (1949). Let Us Protestants Awake!. 18 Fairfield St., Boston 16, Mass.: Author.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Lehrman, Hal (Spring 1962). "Markham Honored as Educator, Journalist and Public Figure". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 22. ^ Lulushi, Albert (2014). Operation Valuable Fiend. Arcade Publishing Co. p. Chapter 4. ^ "Memorandum, Oct. 4, 1949" (PDF). BGFIEND OPERATIONS. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2020. ^ "Letter from Frank Wisner to DeWitt Poole". Wilson Center Digital History Archive. Retrieved May 27, 2021. ^ Markham, Reuben (1950). Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. p. Back Cover. ^ Markham, Reuben. Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe. Boston: Meador Publishng Company. ^ "Editorial". The Christian Science Monitor. December 31, 1949. ^ "Obituary". New York Times. No. December 31, 1949. ^ Page, John (Fall 1962). "Never a Neutralist in the Struggle Between Imperfect Right and Absolute Wrong". American Bulgarian Review. XII (2): 25. ^ Barrett, Edward (Spring 1962). "RHM Could Have No Boss, But His Own Conscience". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 24. ^ Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 349–350. ^ "Past Alumni Award Honorees". Washburn University Alumni Association. Retrieved July 19, 2020. ^ Velichkov, Alexander (2001). "Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Croatia Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Science Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Reuben Henry Markham (February 21, 1887 – December 29, 1949) was a journalist for the Christian Science Monitor who wrote numerous books, including \"an attack on fascism,\"[1]The Wave of the Past, which urged American intervention in World War II. After the war he published four works condemning the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe.","title":"Reuben H. Markham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smith County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Congregational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American Missionary Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Missionary_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"historically black colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beach Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Institute"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Topeka, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Washburn College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn_University"},{"link_name":"valedictorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian"},{"link_name":"salutatorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutatorian"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"text":"Reuben Markham was born on a farm in Smith County, Kansas on February 21, 1887. His grandfather, Reuben Fuller Markham, and his father, Lucius Markham, were both Congregational ministers. Markham family records show that Reuben Fuller Markham participated in the Underground Railroad.[2] During Reconstruction era, he was a financial agent for the American Missionary Association,[3] which founded eleven historically black colleges,[4] including Beach Institute in Savannah, Georgia where he taught from 1875 to 1880.[5] At 14, Markham was sent to Washburn Academy in Topeka, Kansas, where he also attended Washburn College, graduating in 1908, as valedictorian. The following year, he married Mary Gall, who had been the class salutatorian. Matriculating at Union Theological Seminary, Markham also received an M.A. in education from Columbia University. In 1912, Markham too was ordained as a minister in the Congregational church.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions"},{"link_name":"Samokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samokov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Senate Committee on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Murmansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmansk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"That same year, Markham and his wife volunteered as missionary-educators for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Samokov, Bulgaria, where the Board operated Western style Boys and Girls boarding schools on the same campus. Their three children, Eleonora, Helen and Jordan were born in Samokov.In 1918, the Markhams returned to America across war-torn Europe,[6] with the assistance of the American legation in Sofia, and the Bulgarian government, which helped fund the trip, in order to support the position of the Wilson Administration, the Congregational church and Bulgaria that America not declare war on the Balkan nation.[7] With the approval of the American Board, Markham testified in front of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, which decided to recommend American neutrality towards Bulgaria.[8]After completing his testimony, he joined a government sponsored YMCA mission to provide agricultural expertise to Russia, but was turned back in Murmansk in 1918 by the revolutionary Soviet government.[9] In order to finish the year of YMCA work, he assisted Russian prisoners of war in France.Markham returned to Bulgaria in 1920, where in addition to his teaching, he began to edit the Mission's publications, as well as write for Bulgarian newspapers, using them to criticize the Bulgarian regime's treatment of workers and peasants after a military coup in 1923. He \"was forced to resign (from the Mission) in 1925… as a result of his outspoken opposition to official persecution of the peasants.\"[10] Markham then started his own Bulgarian language newspaper, Svet, (World), which addressed Bulgaria's major issues, including governmental repression. He wrote about the \"illegal\" \"slaughter\" of prisoners \"killed without trial or sentence.\" Markham was charged by the government for this reporting and put on trial in May 1927 in Sofia, but was acquitted. Svet shut down on August 2, 1928. [11]","title":"Years in Bulgaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Science Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"William Shirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shirer"},{"link_name":"John Gunther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gunther"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"From 1927 until his death in 1949, Markham worked primarily as a journalist for the Christian Science Monitor. \nAfter joining the Monitor's staff in 1927,[12] he soon became correspondent for the Balkans. In 1931, he self-published Meet Bulgaria,[13] describing Bulgarian history, economics and culture.In 1933, the Markhams moved from Sofia to Vienna, where Reuben became the Monitor's Central European correspondent. Vienna was the home of an active Anglo-American press corps during the interwar years, including Dorothy Thompson, William Shirer, and John Gunther.[14] Here Markham was given several broader assignments as well. In 1935, he was sent to Ethiopia to cover the Italian invasion.[15] The following year, he travelled to the Middle East, where he combined stories on current conditions with Biblical events. He turned this work into the Bulgarian language book, \"The Cradle of Humanity, Past and Present.\"[16] In 1938, Markham covered the Anschluss from Vienna, and afterwards moved his Monitor headquarters to Budapest.Returning to the United States in June, 1939, Markham conducted a lecture tour and wrote a series of articles in August for the Monitor entitled \"Rediscovering America,\" in which he directly addressed his position in the looming war. \"I had long observed the workings of the Nazi machine and had felt convinced that its builders would not pause in the expansionist program....If these states (Great Britain and France) are crushed, the foundations for democracy will be swept away....The issue is clear….self-government…is in danger of destruction....Humanity may again be thrust into the old abyss of absolutism....I believe that is my struggle too.\"[17] The Markhams were caught by the outbreak of World War II and remained in the United States. For the next three years, he carried out assignments of feature articles about America, such as \"Mr. Markham Goes to Washington,\" and \"Mr. Markham Polls the People.\"[18]","title":"Foreign Correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"President Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Franklin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"My Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Day"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Nineteen Eighty-Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Office of War Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_War_Information"},{"link_name":"Bari, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Tito"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Chetnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnik"},{"link_name":"Draza Mihailovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draza_Mihailovic"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Elmer Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Davis"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In March 1941, Markham weighed in on 'the Great Debate'[19] over America's entry into World War II, when he published The Wave of the Past,[20] his rebuttal to Anne Morrow Lindbergh's no. 1, non-fiction, best seller The Wave of the Future which President Franklin Roosevelt referenced in his third inaugural address.[21] She called her book \"a moral argument for isolationism.\"[22] In contrast, Markham, whose \"hostility to Nazism was instinctive and passionate,\"[23] argued that isolationism would lead to the loss of American freedom.[24] \"In this issue,\" Markham wrote, \"there are only two sides. No neutral course remains...he either opposes the onslaught of Hitlerism or supports it. If he makes no choice, that is a choice; if he takes no action, he is on Hitler's side; if he does not act, that is an act--for Hitler.... To prevent that will be our first step. Whatever it may cost, we shall take it.\"[25]The Wave of the Past sold 70,000 copies in its first four months, making it too a best seller.[26] By June, there were 123,000 copies printed,[27][28] and it was mentioned by Eleanor Roosevelt in her daily column, My Day. \"Another small book by an American who originally came from Kansas but has lived for many years in the Balkans is apparently inspired by Anne Lindbergh's book, 'The Wave of the Future.' Markham writes 'The Wave of the Past' and insists 'The past has its mark and the future has its mark. The one is slavery and the other is freedom.' I think you will find both of these books of interest.\"[29]The Wave of the Past also states that \"tyrants become world masters only when...men call...tyranny freedom.\"[30] Explaining how dictatorships distort reality by equating opposites, Markham wrote in an article at this time in the Monitor that \"the multitudes are told that chains give freedom, that slavery is liberty, that war is peace, that the black resurging past is the future.\"[31] These concepts and phrasing anticipate the Ministry of Truth's slogans in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: \"WAR IS PEACE, SLAVERY IS FREEDOM, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH\" .[32]Once the United States entered the war, Markham was able to participate in the national effort by joining the Office of War Information (OWI) as the Deputy Director for the Balkans. In February 1944, he returned to Europe, spending much of his time at a listening station in Bari, Italy. There he saw a great deal of the Partisan movement led by Communist Joseph Tito, and came to think it would install a dictatorial regime if it were to come to power. He wrote: \"I have just spent months in direct contact with (the Partisans) and...I saw they are by no means democratic. They are among the world's most fanatical autocrats.\"[33]As a result, \"he was one of the first to perceive what was happening in Eastern Europe in 1944.\"[34] When British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Roosevelt threw their support to Tito, and withdrew it from Serbian Chetnik leader Draza Mihailovic, Markham believed it meant that the post-war Yugoslavia would become Communist, as might all of southeastern Europe.[35] He felt that Britain and \"to a certain extent\" America were complicit in helping Tito fight the Serbs in a civil war. \"...the Serbs say,\" he wrote, \"that in 1944 they went through another Kossovo, inflicted not by hostile invaders only but also by their allies, their Croat fellow-citizens and Serb Communists. If the Serbs didn't forget the old Kossovo, will they forget the new?...I am not saying this will be nice. I am not praising Serb nationalism....I am just reporting....someday it will explode.\"[36]Unwilling to support this policy, Markham resigned from the government in October 1944. The Director of OWI, Elmer Davis, explained, \"Eventually, he came to the conclusion that American policy in dealing with the Balkan countries—the support of all elements, including the Communists, that were resisting the Germans—was mistaken....The event proved that the policy which was followed led to precisely the unfortunate results which he foresaw.\"[37]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"President Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Truman"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Marshall Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"National Committee for a Free Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe"},{"link_name":"Office of Policy Coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Policy_Coordination"},{"link_name":"Frank Wisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wisner"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"In 1945, after the war ended, the Monitor posted Markham to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania where he wrote about Communist activities in Central and Southeastern Europe. The White House had also wanted to get him back into Eastern Europe, and once there, in addition to his journalism, he was able to send his findings directly to the President[38] through the State Department's Mission in Sofia, Bulgaria, reporting that \"the majority of Bulgaria considers itself in totalitarian prison.\"[39] In June 1946, he was expelled from Romania and denied entrance to other Communist controlled nations:[40] \"his going from that scene was considered by all Romanians as a sort of national tragedy.\"[41] Fellow journalist, Dorothy Thompson, described his work. \"Mr. Markham has done the fairest and most objective reporting from any Russian-occupied area. He has been meticulous about details, figures and places....If, therefore, Mr. Markham...cannot operate in Russian and Russian-occupied territory, the burden is on the Russians to prove that any honest...reporter can.\"[42] Meeting with reporters afterwards, the expelled Monitor correspondent described one incident telling them that after covering a peasant party meeting that was broken up by a 'band of ruffians,' he had spent the night with \"the local leader of the peasant party in Bucovina....Later the 'band of ruffians'...came into the house at midnight and killed the political leader with bursts of machine gun fire.\"[43] Shortly after his expulsion, on August 7, Markham met directly with President Truman at the White House.[44]While in Bulgaria, Markham issued a call for the United States to provide economic assistance to a devastated Europe, predating the Marshall Plan by almost two years. \"The choice clearly falls upon America. We must lead in the healing, restoring and recovering. It is the most onerous and the grandest task we ever performed. It is harder than Valley Forge or Gettysburg. We must give of our purse and larder and heart.\"[45]Markham was known for \"his outspoken stand against communism,\"[46] writing and lecturing to warn the United States of the dangers of totalitarian Communist rule.[47] He completed his book on Yugoslavia, Tito's Imperial Communism, in 1947.[48] Writing about Yugoslavia was challenging, not only over the question of whether or not to support Tito, but also because of Yugoslavia's ethnic animosities, which exploded in the 1990s. Markham himself wrote, \"Practically every point treated in this book is controversial....\"[49] In its announcement of its publication, the University of North Carolina Press stated that this \"book presents more fully than ever before the Serb point of view....\"[50]A second work describing events in Eastern Europe, Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke came out in 1949. The New York Times wrote that Markham's volume \"presents the facts of Soviet Communism in Rumania in stirring and human terms.…By writing about one country (of Eastern Europe) in detail and with understanding, Markham has written about them all.\"[51] In 1949, he also self published a pamphlet entitled Let Us Protestants Awake! that criticized Protestant church leaders who lent their support to Communist-led regimes in Europe.[52]In May 1949, Markham returned to government service on \"the urgent insistence of Washington,\"[53] in the newly created Central Intelligence Agency.[54][55] He worked closely with the National Committee for a Free Europe, negotiating its covert relationship with the Office of Policy Coordination, along with its head Frank Wisner.[56] One of Markham's primary responsibilities was to edit a \"series of pamphlets on the influence of Communism on the different phases of life in Eastern and Southeastern Europe.\"[57] He met frequently with Eastern European exiles, collecting information on the most recent Communist activity in their countries. The day before he suffered his heart attack he completed editing \"Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe,\" the first in his projected series of booklets.[58]After his death on December 29, 1949, the Christian Science Monitor published an editorial about Markham entitled \"Friend of Humanity\" saying: \"Moscow understood how devastatingly its pretended regard for the 'little man,' its ideological abstractions and its massive brutality were shown up by this humanitarian scholar's genuine love of liberty and of his fellow men.\"[59]","title":"The Cold War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Erwin Canham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Canham"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Markham was \"noted as a writer, lecturer, and author,\" according to the New York Times,[60] and for opposing dictatorships from his days in Bulgaria in the 1920s, to Nazi Germany, to the Soviet Union after World War II.[61] He had decades of experience in the Balkans[62] and used his pen to bring attention to these countries as they fell under Communist rule. Erwin Canham, the Monitor's longest serving editor, wrote that Markham's \"work stands almost alone in American journalism for its simplicity, integrity, and direct, personal knowledge.\"[63]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A Poor Man's Pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 1924 (In Bulgarian)\nBulgaria Today and Tomorrow, 1926\nMeet Bulgaria, 1931\nThe Cradle of Humanity, Past and Present, 1937 (In Bulgarian)\nThe Wave of the Past, 1941\nTito's Imperial Communism, 1947\nLet Us Protestants Awake!, 1949\nRumania Under the Soviet Yoke, 1949\nCommunists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe, 1950","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"Distinguished Service Award, Washburn University Alumni Association, 1949[64]\nRoyal Order of Civil Merit, Bulgaria, Commander, 1939[65]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Raditsa, Bogdan (January 14, 1950). \"R.H. Markham 1887-1949\". The New Leader.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Dyke, Ted. \"Friend of Humanity\". Washburn University Alumni Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wualumni.org/historical-spotlight-friend-of-humanity","url_text":"\"Friend of Humanity\""}]},{"reference":"44th Session, Minutes of the General Association, Congregational Ministers and Churches of Kansas. Kansas City, Kansas: E. E. Rowland, Pr. 1898. p. 48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chandler, D.L. (3 September 2018). \"Little Known Black History Facts: American Missionary Association\". Retrieved August 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackamericaweb.com/2018/09/03/little-known-black-history-fact-american-missionary-association/","url_text":"\"Little Known Black History Facts: American Missionary Association\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Joe (1986). Christian Reconstruction. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press. p. 206.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kansans Who Have Spent Last Six Years in Bulgaria\". Topeka Daily Capital. April 25, 1918.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Velichkov, Alexander (2001). \"Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria\". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hall, William (1938). Puritans in the Balkans. Sofia: Studia Historico-Philologica Serdicensia. p. 260-262.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Copeland, Jeffrey (2018). The YMCA at War. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". New York Times. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Velichkov, Alexander (2001). \"Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria\". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 346.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1931). Meet Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: The Author.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Durning, Dan. \"Vienna's Cafe Louvre in the 1920s and 1930s: Meeting Place of Foreign Correspondents\". Academia. Retrieved January 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1370493","url_text":"\"Vienna's Cafe Louvre in the 1920s and 1930s: Meeting Place of Foreign Correspondents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Mules and Saddles\". Mary Baker Eddy Library. March 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/two-mules-and-saddles-a-monitor-reporters-journey-to-ethiopia","url_text":"\"Two Mules and Saddles\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1937). Past and Present: Cradle of Humanity. Sofia: Author.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (August 28, 1939). \"Lincoln's Union Issue Returns In World Form\". The Christian Science Monitor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 347.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Great Debate\". National WWII Museum. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-debate","url_text":"\"The Great Debate\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address\". The Avalon Project. Retrieved January 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/froos3.asp","url_text":"\"Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, Lynne (2013). Those Angry Days. New York: Random House. p. xvi, 243, 245.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chamberlin, William (January 3, 1955). \"Reuben Markham: Foe of Tyrants\". The New Leader.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singal, Daniel. From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919-1945. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 54,55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singal, Daniel. From Victorian to Modernist Thought in the South, 1919-1945. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past (Third Printing ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Press Sells 100,000 Copies of Markham Book\". The Chapel Hill Weekly. April 11, 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roosevelt, Eleanor. \"My Day\". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1941&_f=md055865","url_text":"\"My Day\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1941). The Wave of the Past. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (March 1, 1941). \"The World Looks to America\". The Christian Science Monitor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orwell, George (1949). Nineteen Eighty-Four. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (January 31, 1945). \"Our Political Immorality\". The Christian Century.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Page, John (Fall 1962). \"Never a Neutralist in the Struggle Between Imperfect Right and Absolute Wrong\". American Bulgarian Review. XII (2): 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1949). Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. pp. 174, 175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (May 19, 1945). \"The Serbian Volcano\". The New Leader.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Canham, Erwin (1958). Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 347.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". Washington Post. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers\". Office of the Historian State Department. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v04/d325","url_text":"\"Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". New York Herald Tribune. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrica, Theodore (January 12, 1950). \"Reuben Markham\". The Christian Science Monitor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, Dorothy (July 1, 1946). \"On the Record\". The Evening Star.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Associated Press (June 27, 1946). \"Protests Rule in Bulgaria and Romania\". The Times (Streator, Illinois).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Daily Appointments, August 7, 1946\". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/calendar?month=8&day=7&year=2","url_text":"\"Daily Appointments, August 7, 1946\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (October 6, 1945). \"American Century of Good Will\". The Christian Science Monitor.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". Washington Star. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lehrman, Hal (Spring 1962). \"Markham Honored as Educator, Journalist and Public Figure\". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1947). Tito's Imperial Communism. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1947). Tito's Imperial Communism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. preface, vii.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ebon, Martin (May 1, 1949). \"The Rumanians and Soviet Policy: Rumania Under the Soviet Yoke\". New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1949). Let Us Protestants Awake!. 18 Fairfield St., Boston 16, Mass.: Author.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lehrman, Hal (Spring 1962). \"Markham Honored as Educator, Journalist and Public Figure\". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lulushi, Albert (2014). Operation Valuable Fiend. Arcade Publishing Co. p. Chapter 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Memorandum, Oct. 4, 1949\" (PDF). BGFIEND OPERATIONS. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123140906/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/OBOPUS%20BGFIEND%20%20%20VOL.%2014%20%20%28BGFIEND%20OPERATIONS%29_0052.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorandum, Oct. 4, 1949\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/OBOPUS%20BGFIEND%20%20%20VOL.%2014%20%20(BGFIEND%20OPERATIONS)_0052.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from Frank Wisner to DeWitt Poole\". Wilson Center Digital History Archive. Retrieved May 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/208857","url_text":"\"Letter from Frank Wisner to DeWitt Poole\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben (1950). Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe. Boston: Meador Publishing Co. p. Back Cover.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Markham, Reuben. Communists Crush Churches in Eastern Europe. Boston: Meador Publishng Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Editorial\". The Christian Science Monitor. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". New York Times. No. December 31, 1949.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Page, John (Fall 1962). \"Never a Neutralist in the Struggle Between Imperfect Right and Absolute Wrong\". American Bulgarian Review. XII (2): 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barrett, Edward (Spring 1962). \"RHM Could Have No Boss, But His Own Conscience\". American Bulgarian Review. XII (1): 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Canham, Erwin (1958). The Commitment to Freedom. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 349–350.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Past Alumni Award Honorees\". Washburn University Alumni Association. Retrieved July 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wualumni.org/past-alumni-award-honorees","url_text":"\"Past Alumni Award Honorees\""}]},{"reference":"Velichkov, Alexander (2001). \"Reuben Henry Markham and Bulgaria\". Bulgarian Historical Review (1–2): 129-162.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicted_to_a_Dollar
Addicted to a Dollar
["1 Content","2 Music video","3 Critical reception","4 Chart positions","4.1 Year-end charts","5 References"]
1994 single by Doug Stone"Addicted to a Dollar"Single by Doug Stonefrom the album More Love B-side"That's a Lie"ReleasedFebruary 22, 1994GenreCountryLength3:05LabelEpic 77375Songwriter(s)Doug Stone, Ray Hood, Kim Tribble, Ray MaddoxProducer(s)James Stroud and Doug StoneDoug Stone singles chronology "I Never Knew Love" (1993) "Addicted to a Dollar" (1994) "More Love" (1994) "Addicted to a Dollar" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Doug Stone, who wrote it along with Ray Hood, Kim Tribble and Ray Maddox. It was released in February 1994 as the second single from his album More Love. The song was a number four country hit in the US, and number one in Canada. Content "Addicted to a Dollar" centralizes on the male narrator, a blue collar worker struggling to maintain financial stability. Music video The music video was directed by Marius Penczner, and features Doug Stone singing the song at a concert in at The Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee. Critical reception Dan Cooper of Allmusic cited "Addicted to a Dollar" as a standout track on More Love, saying that with the song, "Stone stakes his claim for 'hot country' status alongside all his Nashville peers." Tom Roland also described the song favorably in his review for New Country magazine, where he wrote that the song "captures the stalwart traditional voice behind the balladeer." Chart positions Chart (1994) Peakposition Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 1 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 4 Year-end charts Chart (1994) Position Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 7 US Country Songs (Billboard) 55 References ^ AOL Music profile for "Addicted to a Dollar" ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ More Love (cassette insert). Doug Stone. Epic Records. 1993. ET-57271.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ a b Roland, Tom (March 1994). "Album reviews: More Love". New Country. 1 (1): 48–49. ISSN 1074-536X. ^ Cooper, Dan. "More Love". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-05-05. ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2482." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. May 23, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013. ^ "Doug Stone Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013. ^ "Best of 1994: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013. vteDoug StoneStudio albums Doug Stone I Thought It Was You From the Heart The First Christmas More Love Faith in Me, Faith in You Make Up in Love The Long Way In a Different Light My Turn Compilation albums Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 Super Hits Live at Billy Bob's Texas Notable singles "I'd Be Better Off (In a Pine Box)" "Fourteen Minutes Old" "These Lips Don't Know How to Say Goodbye" "In a Different Light" "I Thought It Was You" "A Jukebox with a Country Song" "Come In Out of the Pain" "Warning Labels" "Too Busy Being in Love" "Made for Lovin' You" "Why Didn't I Think of That" "I Never Knew Love" "Addicted to a Dollar" "More Love" "Little Houses" "Faith in Me, Faith in You" "Born in the Dark" "Make Up in Love" "Take a Letter Maria" Related articles Discography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Doug Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Stone"},{"link_name":"Ray Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Hood"},{"link_name":"Kim Tribble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tribble"},{"link_name":"More Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Love_(album)"}],"text":"\"Addicted to a Dollar\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Doug Stone, who wrote it along with Ray Hood, Kim Tribble and Ray Maddox. It was released in February 1994 as the second single from his album More Love. The song was a number four country hit in the US, and number one in Canada.","title":"Addicted to a Dollar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue collar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_collar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-4"}],"text":"\"Addicted to a Dollar\" centralizes on the male narrator, a blue collar worker struggling to maintain financial stability.[4]","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The music video was directed by Marius Penczner, and features Doug Stone singing the song at a concert in at The Pyramid in Memphis, Tennessee.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new-4"}],"text":"Dan Cooper of Allmusic cited \"Addicted to a Dollar\" as a standout track on More Love, saying that with the song, \"Stone stakes his claim for 'hot country' status alongside all his Nashville peers.\"[5] Tom Roland also described the song favorably in his review for New Country magazine, where he wrote that the song \"captures the stalwart traditional voice behind the balladeer.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart positions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"More Love (cassette insert). Doug Stone. Epic Records. 1993. ET-57271.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roland, Tom (March 1994). \"Album reviews: More Love\". New Country. 1 (1): 48–49. ISSN 1074-536X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-536X","url_text":"1074-536X"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Dan. \"More Love\". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r189976","url_text":"\"More Love\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994\". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2685&type=1&interval=24","url_text":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 1994: Country Songs\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1994/hot-country-songs","url_text":"\"Best of 1994: Country Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]}]
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