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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Comfort_(T-AH-20)
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USNS Comfort
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["1 Complement","2 Construction and conversion","3 Deployments","3.1 Persian Gulf War (1990–91)","3.2 Operation Sea Signal (1994)","3.3 Operation Uphold Democracy (1994)","3.4 Operation Noble Eagle (2001)","3.5 Iraq War (2002–03)","3.6 Hurricane Katrina (2005)","3.7 Partnership for the Americas (2007)","3.8 Operation Unified Response (2010)","3.9 Operation Continuing Promise (2011)","3.10 Hurricane Maria (2017)","3.11 Operation Enduring Promise (2018)","3.12 New York COVID-19 response (2020)","4 Awards and decorations","5 General characteristics","6 References","7 External links"]
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Hospital ship of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Comfort.
USNS Comfort (T-AH-20)
USNS Comfort in Trinidad and Tobago waters in September 2019
History
United States
Name
1975–1987: Rose City
1987–1994: Comfort
1994–1996: Rose City
1996–present: Comfort
BuilderNational Steel and Shipbuilding
Laid down1 May 1975 (as Rose City MA-301)
Launched1 February 1976
In service1 December 1987 (with the U.S. Navy)
HomeportNaval Station Norfolk
Identification
Callsign: NCOM
IMO number: 7390478
MMSI number: 368817000
MottoCurare Aegra Permarinum (Care of the Sick on the Sea)
StatusActive
Badge
General characteristics
Class and typeMercy-class hospital ship
Displacement69,360 tons (70,470 t)
Length894 ft (272 m)
Beam105 ft 7 in (32.18 m)
Draft33 ft (10 m)
PropulsionTwo boilers, two GE turbines, one shaft, 24,500 hp (18.3 MW)
Speed17.5 knots (20.1 mph; 32.4 km/h)
Capacity1,000 patient beds
Complement63 civilian, 956 naval hospital staff, 258 naval support staff
Time to activate5 days
Aviation facilitiesA flight deck that can handle military helicopters (CH-53D, CH-53E, MH-53E, Mi-17, UH 60)
USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) is a Mercy-class hospital ship of the United States Navy.
Comfort's duties include providing emergency, on-site care for U.S. combatant forces deployed in war or other operations. Operated by the Military Sealift Command, Comfort provides rapid, flexible, and mobile medical and surgical services to support Marine Corps Air-Ground Task Forces and Army and Air Force units deployed ashore, and naval amphibious task forces and battle forces afloat. Secondarily, she provides mobile surgical hospital service for use by appropriate U.S. government agencies in disaster or humanitarian relief or limited humanitarian care incident to these missions or peacetime military operations. Comfort is more advanced than a field hospital but less capable than a traditional hospital on land.
From 30 March to 30 April 2020, Comfort was stationed in New York City to help combat the city's coronavirus pandemic by treating non-coronavirus, and later on, coronavirus-positive patients.
Complement
The USNS prefix identifies Comfort as a non-commissioned ship owned by the U.S. Navy and operationally crewed by civilians from the Military Sealift Command (MSC). A uniformed naval hospital staff and naval support staff is embarked when the Comfort is deployed, consisting primarily of naval officers from the Navy's Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Medical Service Corps, Nurse Corps, and Chaplain Corps, and naval enlisted personnel from the Hospital Corpsman rating and various administrative and technical support ratings (e.g., Yeoman, Personnel Specialist, Information Systems Technician, Religious Program Specialist, etc.).
In accordance with the Geneva Conventions, Comfort and her crew carry no offensive weapons. Firing upon Comfort would be considered a war crime as the ship only carries weapons for self-defense. In keeping with her status as a non-combatant vessel, naval personnel from the combat specialties are not assigned as regular crew or staff. Underway embarks by Navy Unrestricted Line officers (e.g., warfare qualified combat specialties), enlisted Naval Aviation, Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare, Special Operations or Special Warfare/SEAL personnel, or any Marine Corps officers or enlisted personnel, are typically limited to official visits, helicopter or tilt-rotor flight operations or as patients.
Construction and conversion
Like her sister ship USNS Mercy, Comfort was built as a San Clemente-class oil tanker in 1976 by the National Steel and Shipbuilding Company. Her original name was SS Rose City and she was launched from San Diego, California. She is the third United States Navy ship to bear the name Comfort, and the second Mercy-class hospital ship. Her career as an oil tanker ended when she was delivered to the U.S. Navy on 1 December 1987.
After a quarter-century in Baltimore, Maryland, Comfort changed her homeport to Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in March 2013. The move placed the ship closer to supplies, much of which come from Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, and to medical crew. Savings to the U.S. Navy are estimated at $2 million per year.
Deployments
Persian Gulf War (1990–91)
Main article: Persian Gulf War
During the Gulf War, Comfort received a call to activate for Desert Shield/Desert Storm 9 August 1990 and left Baltimore on 11 August. Comfort took station just off the coast of Saudi Arabia near Khafji and Kuwait. On 12 March 1991, Comfort headed home, arriving in Baltimore on 15 April 1991. She had traveled more than 30,000 nautical miles (35,000 mi; 56,000 km) and consumed almost 3 million U.S. gallons (2,500,000 imp gal; 11,000,000 L) of fuel. More than 8,000 outpatients were seen, and 700 inpatients were admitted, including four sailors injured in a high-pressure steam leak on USS Iwo Jima. 337 surgical procedures were performed. Other notable benchmarks include: more than 2,100 safe helicopter activities; 7,000 prescriptions filled; 17,000 laboratory tests completed; 1,600 eyeglasses made; 800,000 meals served and 1,340 radiographic studies, including 141 CT scans.
Operation Sea Signal (1994)
In 2001, USNS Comfort passes the Statue of Liberty en route to Manhattan to provide assistance to victims of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.
Main article: Operation Sea Signal
In 1994, Comfort was ordered to serve as a processing center for Haitian migrants, the first ship to act as such a center. She set out for the Caribbean with 928 military and civilian personnel from various federal government and international agencies. On 16 June 1994 the first Haitian migrants were taken aboard. Over the months, her population swelled to 1,100. Shortly thereafter, Comfort sailed for Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, to drop off the remaining 400 migrants.
Operation Uphold Democracy (1994)
Main article: Operation Uphold Democracy
On 2 September 1994, Comfort was directed to activate for an unprecedented second deployment in a year. Comfort was tasked to provide a 250-bed medically intensive patient capability for the 35,000 Cuban and Haitian migrants supported by Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Comfort departed Naval Base Norfolk, Virginia, with a specially configured crew of 566 personnel. Following the diplomatic agreement reached between the United States and Haiti, Comfort took up a position off Port-au-Prince ready to receive casualties that might result from the transfer of U.S. and allied forces ashore. From 16 September through 2 October 1994, Comfort personnel provided both medical and surgical support to U.S. and allied forces ashore and afloat, emergency humanitarian care to injured Haitian citizens, and participated in various aspects of the Civil Affairs Program in an effort to aid the rebuilding effort of the local healthcare system. She returned to Norfolk on 14 October 1994.
Operation Noble Eagle (2001)
Main article: Operation Noble Eagle
Comfort was activated the afternoon of 11 September 2001, in response to the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and sailed the next afternoon to serve as a 250-bed hospital facility at Pier 92 in midtown Manhattan. The ship arrived at Pier 92 in Manhattan about 8:30 p.m. 14 September. That evening a small number of relief workers arrived aboard the ship. As word about the ship spread, more workers began arriving over the next few days. The ship's clinic saw 561 guests for cuts, respiratory ailments, fractures, and other minor injuries, and Comfort's team of Navy psychology personnel provided 500 mental health consultations to relief workers. Comfort also hosted a group of volunteer New York area massage therapists who gave 1,359 therapeutic medical massages to ship guests.
Iraq War (2002–03)
Main article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Capt. Dean Bradford, master of Comfort, greets Princess Anne on 11 July 2002 while the ship was docked in Southampton, UK
Intensive care unit (ICU) aboard Comfort in 2003
Comfort was ordered to activate on 26 December 2002, and set sail for the U.S. Central Command area of operations on 6 January 2003. After stopping in Diego Garcia to embark additional medical personnel flown in from the National Naval Medical Center, the ship proceeded to the Persian Gulf to serve as an afloat trauma center in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Comfort remained in the Persian Gulf for 56 days providing expert medical care to wounded U.S. military personnel as well as injured Iraqi civilians and enemy prisoners of war. When Comfort returned to Baltimore on 12 June 2003, it marked the completion of a nearly six-month activation. During this time, the ship conducted more than 800 helicopter deck landings to bring aboard personnel, patients, and cargo. Comfort's Medical Treatment Facility had also performed 590 surgical procedures, transfused more than 600 units of blood, developed more than 8,000 radiographic images, and treated nearly 700 patients, including almost 200 Iraqi civilians and enemy prisoners of war.
Hurricane Katrina (2005)
Main article: Joint Task Force Katrina
USNS Comfort in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina
USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport, Florida en route to the Gulf Coast for victims of Hurricane Katrina.
Comfort deployed on 2 September 2005, after only a two-day preparation, to assist in Gulf Coast recovery efforts after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Starting in Pascagoula, Mississippi and then sailing to New Orleans, Comfort personnel saw 1,956 patients total. She returned on 13 October 2005 after a 7-week deployment.
Partnership for the Americas (2007)
Comfort's Partnership for the Americas humanitarian mission, which began on 15 June 2007, was a major component of the President's "Advancing the Cause of Social Justice in the Western Hemisphere" initiative. Comfort visited 12 Central American, South American, and Caribbean nations where her embarked medical crew provided free health care services to communities in need. The missions objective was to offer valuable training to U.S. military personnel while promoting U.S. goodwill in the region. In all, the civilian and military medical team treated more than 98,000 patients, provided 386,000 patient encounters and performed 1,100 surgeries.
The embarked medical crew was made up of more than 500 military and non-governmental organization (Project Hope and Operation Smile) doctors, nurses, and healthcare professionals. Their primary focus was to support medical humanitarian assistance efforts ashore. A secondary mission was outpatient shipboard health service support.
Also supporting Comfort's medical mission was a SEABEE detachment from the East Coast-based Mobile Construction Battalion Maintenance Unit 202, which performed civic action repair and minor construction projects in the host countries. Also on the deployment was the U.S. Navy Showband from Norfolk, Virginia, which performed in each port.
Comfort was operated and navigated by a crew of 68 civil service mariners (CIVMARS) from the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC).
This mission incorporated various non-government organizations and government agencies, such as Operation Smile, Project Hope, LDS Humanitarian Services, the Atlanta Rotary Club, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army, U.S. Health and Human Services and the Canadian Armed Forces.
Patient encounters included a single patient receiving multiple treatments, students in training sessions, and even veterinary care services.
Dentists and staff treated 25,000 patients, extracting 300 teeth, and performing 4,000 fillings, 7,000 sealings, and 20,000 fluoride applications. In addition to treating patients, bio-medical professionals fixed about a thousand pieces of medical equipment at local health facilities. The ship's crew also delivered nearly $200,000 worth of donated humanitarian aid.
Operation Unified Response (2010)
Main article: 2010 Haiti earthquake
USNS Comfort in Trinidad and Tobago waters
On 13 January 2010, Comfort was ordered to assist in the humanitarian relief efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake as part of Operation Unified Response. Three days later on 16 January Comfort left the Port of Baltimore bound for Haiti. She arrived Wednesday, 20 January 2010 and began medical treatment early that day. The deployment marks the first time the ship has reached full operational capacity, utilizing all 12 operating rooms and 1,000 beds, since she was delivered to the Navy in 1987. The mission also saw the ship's first on-board delivery, of a 4-pound, 5-ounce premature baby named Esther. Although the ship is less capable than a traditional hospital on land, she offered the most advanced medical care available in Haiti following the earthquake.
Between 19 January and 28 February 2010 the ship's staff treated 1,000 Haitian patients and performed 850 surgeries. By 8 March 2010, Comfort had discharged the last patient. On 10 March 2010, the ship ended her mission in the Joint Task Force Haiti area as part of Operation Unified Response, and returned to her home port.
Operation Continuing Promise (2011)
In 2011, the ship deployed on Operation Continuing Promise. The ship deployed for five months providing medical and surgical services to nine locations in the Caribbean and Latin America – Jamaica, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Haiti. The ship's crew set up medical and surgical civil action program sites. These temporary medical clinics included primary care, internal medicine, obstetrics, and pediatric physicians as well as optometry, physical therapy, dental, radiology, laboratory, and pharmacy services. On board the ship general surgery, ophthalmology, oral and maxillofacial, and orthopedic surgeries were performed on pre-screened patients.
The mission included a Navy SeaBee (Construction Battalion) Unit, a Navy helo squadron, the United States Navy Band and a Navy Security Force unit. US Army veterinarians and veterinary technicians, US Air Force biomedical repair technicians, and dentists and dental technicians from the Canadian Navy also participated.
Although it was primarily a medical/humanitarian mission, several programs and projects, commonly referred to as Community Relations (COMREL) projects were also provided to the local populace throughout the mission. Veterinarians worked with local farmers on pest control and vaccinations, SeaBees completed building improvements in local schools and other facilities, Navy Band was a staple in all programs involving US military personnel and local government officials.
Hurricane Maria (2017)
On 29 September 2017, the ship set sail for Puerto Rico to bring assistance to the island after Hurricane Maria had hit it nine days earlier. She arrived the evening of 3 October 2017. While in San Juan, Comfort hosted a summit with key stakeholders to synchronize efforts for the ship's mission throughout the area. The ship's 835 personnel partnered with Federal DMAT teams DMAT/COMFORT partnership and evaluated 6,003 patients, 1,912 patients were sent to Comfort 290 patients admitted, and 192 surgeries performed. She provided over 40,000 lab tests, over 16,000 prescriptions, 343 CT scans, and 1,169 radiology studies. Dental services provided acute dental care for 312 patients. However, she was there to support the sickest patients on the island. Comfort's 50-bed ICU had the highest acuity patients of any military hospital in the world. The ship acted as a support structure for all the islands hospitals taking their sickest ICU patients, the only oxygen producing plant on the island, she filled every hospital's oxygen tanks to help them support their patients. Additionally her sterilizers were used to sterilize, clean, and wrap surgery kits for multiple hospitals, using her ability to be a force multiplier allowing other hospitals to continue to provide care, and surgeries while they stabilized their power and facilities. She provided life saving care, including dialysis as well as fixed dialysis shunts and placed portacath shunts as the only working interventional radiology capability. This along with partnering with Puerto Rico's Health Department was able to diagnose cancers and assist in getting patients started on cancer therapy. She even had two births on board after receiving mothers who had been in labor in hallways for days. Her skilled providers provided necessary orthopedic surgeries, provided CT scans for her patients or ones referred from one of the other over 60 hospitals on island. This was at a cost of about $180,000 a day. As the island infrastructure improved the admission rate to the ship declined to 1% of patients presenting, she was ordered home on 17 November.
Operation Enduring Promise (2018)
Main article: Venezuelan refugee crisis
In October 2018, Comfort departed for an eleven-week operation in Latin America, with a primary mission being to assist countries that received refugees who fled the crisis in Venezuela. The main goal was to relieve health systems in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Honduras, which faced the arrival of thousands of Venezuelan migrants. She provided care for nearly 27,000 patients and performed 599 surgeries in 23 clinical days in five stops in four countries.
Hospital beds inside Comfort while in Peru in 2018
New York COVID-19 response (2020)
Main article: Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemicSee also: COVID-19 pandemic in New York City
Comfort began deployment from Norfolk, Virginia, to New York Harbor on 28 March to help deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Comfort arrived in New York on 30 March 2020. Initially, her mission was to treat patients who did not have the virus, freeing up land-based hospitals to focus on patients with COVID-19. But later half of the ship's 1000 beds were removed so that she could isolate and treat coronavirus patients. On 6 April 2020, COVID-19 patients were allowed onto the ship. One day later, the Navy announced that one crew member aboard Comfort had tested positive for the coronavirus and that several other crew members were put into isolation.
On 17 April the U.S. Northern Command announced that "the USNS COMFORT is prepared to admit patients within a one-hour traveling radius from the ship", and preparations were made to receive coronavirus patients from the Philadelphia area. On 21 April, Governor Andrew Cuomo told President Donald Trump that the ship was no longer needed in New York. Comfort departed on 30 April, having treated 179 patients.
Awards and decorations
Combat Action Ribbon – (26 Feb 1991)
Joint Meritorious Unit Award – (Apr 1991–Dec 1996) Operation Provide Comfort
Navy Unit Commendation – (Aug 1990–Mar 1991, May–Jul 1994)
Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation – (Sep 1994–Mar 1995, Sep 2001–Jun 2005, Jun–Oct 2007)
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal – (Sep–Oct 1994)
Southwest Asia Service Medal – (Aug 1990–Mar 1991)
Humanitarian Service Medal – (Sep–Oct 2001, Sep–Oct 2005, Jan–Feb 2010, Sep–Nov 2017)
1st Row
Combat Action Ribbon
Joint Meritorious Unit Award
Navy Unit Commendation w/1 service star
2nd Row
Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation w/2 service star
Navy E Ribbon 2nd award
National Defense Service Medal w/1 service star
3rd Row
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
Southwest Asia Service Medal w/3 campaign stars
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
4th Row
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Humanitarian Service Medal w/3 service stars
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
In 2008, the United Seamen's Service at its annual Admiral of the Ocean Sea Awards (AOTOS) event honored the masters and crews of hospital ships Comfort and Mercy with special Humanitarian Service Recognition Mariner's Plaques for their respective four-month humanitarian deployments to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2007 and Southeast Asia and the Pacific in 2008.
General characteristics
USNS Comfort's engine room
Specifications
Displacement:
Full Load: 69,390 Tons
Light: 24,275 Tons
Length:
Overall: 894 Feet (272.6 Meters)
Waterline: 854+5⁄6 Feet (260.6 Meters)
Beam: 105+3⁄4 Feet (32.25 Meters)
Draft: 32+5⁄6 Feet (10.0 Meters)
Propulsion: 1 Steam Turbine, 2 Boilers, 1 Shaft, 24,500 shaft horsepower (18,300 kW)
Speed: 17.5 Knots
Range: 13,400 Nautical Miles (24,817 Kilometers) at 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h)
Personnel:
Merchant Marine: 16 ROS; 61 Active
Navy Communications & Support: 58 (6 Officers, 52 Enlisted)
Medical and Dental (Active Only): 1,156
Aviation: Helicopter Landing Platform, 1 Spot
Radars: SPS-67 Surface Search
Patient capacity:
Intensive care wards: 80 beds
Recovery wards: 20 beds
Intermediate care wards: 280 beds
Light care wards: 120 beds
Limited care wards: 500 beds
Total Patient Capacity: 1000 beds
Operating Rooms: 12
Departments and facilities:
Casualty reception
Intensive care unit
Radiological services
Main laboratory plus satellite lab
Blood bank
Central sterile receiving
Medical supply/pharmacy
Physical therapy and burn care
Dental services
Optometry/lens lab
Morgue
Laundry
Oxygen producing plants (two)
Medical Photography
Four distilling plants to make drinking water from sea water (300,000 US gallons (1,100,000 L; 250,000 imp gal) per day)
References
^ @ameeicsnavy (4 November 2010). "America's Navy — Curare Aegra Permarinum means "Care of the Sick on" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ a b "USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) – Military Hospital Ship / Support Vessel". Military Factory. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
^ Little, Robert (25 January 2010). "Comfort's ability to help stretched to limit". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013.
^ a b "Trump allows coronavirus patients on Navy ship Comfort in New York after Cuomo asks". CNBC. 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
^ Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1949 "Chapter III: Hospital ships, Article 35 – Conditions not Depriving Hospital Ships of Protection". Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
^ "USNS Comfort (T-AH 20) website". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ "USNS Comfort's Move From Baltimore To Norfolk To Save Navy Time & Money « CBS Baltimore". cbslocal.com. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ Maurer, Ellen (22 August 2003). "Hospital Ship Receives Humanitarian Medal for September 11 Mission". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
^ Bacon, Lance M. (13 January 2010). "USS Carl Vinson and 6 Other Ships Head to Haiti to Provide Aid". Navy Times. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^ Garamone, Jim (16 January 2010). "Top Navy Doc Predicts Long USNS Comfort Deployment". US Department of Defense. Archived from the original (American Forces Press Service) on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
^ Matthew Jackson (20 January 2010). "Comfort Receives First Patients". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
^ Little, Robert (18 January 2010). "For USNS Comfort, a chance to prove something". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ Little, Robert (22 January 2010). "A baby for the USNS Comfort". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
^ Rosenthal, Dave (17 January 2010). "USNS Comfort to aid Haiti earthquake victims". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
^ "Hospital Ship USNS Comfort Completes Important Relief Mission in Haiti". United States Navy. 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Ben-Achour, Sabri (9 March 2010). "Hospital Ship To Return Home To Baltimore From Haiti". NBC4 Washington. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ Griggs, Travis (17 April 2011). "USNS Comfort Heading To Peru". Pensacola News Journal.
^ William, Kim (2 September 2011). "USNS Comfort to Arrive in Norfolk After Humanitarian Mission to Caribbean, Central and South America". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
^ Watson, Kathryn (29 September 2017). "USNS Comfort leaves for Puerto Rico". CBS News. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Enormous hospital ship USNS Comfort arrives in Puerto Rico". 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "USNS Comfort arrives in Puerto Rico". 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ Robles, Frances; Fink, Sheri (12 December 2017). "Amid Puerto Rico Disaster, Hospital Ship Admitted Just 6 Patients a Day". The New York Times. p. A16. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ Luzi, Iacopo (11 October 2018), "USNS Comfort Hospital Ship on Humanitarian Mission in South America", Voice of America, archived from the original on 7 November 2018, retrieved 7 November 2018
^ Parkin Daniels, Joe (18 November 2018). "US navy hospital ship stokes tensions by giving Venezuelan refugees free care". The Guardian. Bogotá. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Special Report: Enduring Promise". Navy Live. 23 October 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Hospital ship to depart Norfolk 11 Oct. for Enduring Promise mission i". U.S. Southern Command. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "U.S. Navy hospital ship set to deploy for 11-week medical assistance mission". 2 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Hospital ship USNS Comfort heads to Central and South Americas". 13newsnow.com. 10 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^
^ LaGrone, Sam (28 March 2020). "Trump Gives USNS Comfort a Send-Off as Hospital Ship Departs for New York". USNI News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
^ Eckstein, Megan (26 March 2020). "USNS Comfort Will Depart for New York on Saturday with Trump, Modly in Attendance". USNI News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ a b "Crowds Greet USNS Comfort in NYC Monday; Ship to Help Hospitals With Non-Coronavirus Patients". NBC New York. 30 March 2020. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
^ a b "USNS Comfort hospital ship ready for Philly COVID-19 patients". WPVI-TV. 17 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
^ Schwirtz, Michael (7 April 2020). "Crew member aboard U.S.N.S. Comfort is infected with coronavirus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020.
^ "Gov. Cuomo Tells Trump USNS Comfort No Longer Needed in NYC". NBC New York. 22 April 2020. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ Patrick Henderson, Meghan (December 2008). "Special AOTOS awards given to hospital ships". Military Sealift Command. United States Navy. Archived from the original (MSC Public Affairs) on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ Norman Polmar, The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet, Eighteenth Edition, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 2005 (ISBN 1-59114-685-2), pp. 264-266.
Notice: This article incorporates material taken from the public domain website of USNS Comfort at Comfort.navy.mil.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USNS Comfort (T-AH-20).
USNS Comfort Command Home Page
Naval Vessel Register entry for USNS Comfort
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Comfort"},{"link_name":"Mercy-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy-class_hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"hospital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air-Ground Task Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"field hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robert_Little_/_The_Baltimore_Sun-3"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"city's coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-covidallowed-4"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Comfort.USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) is a Mercy-class hospital ship of the United States Navy.Comfort's duties include providing emergency, on-site care for U.S. combatant forces deployed in war or other operations. Operated by the Military Sealift Command, Comfort provides rapid, flexible, and mobile medical and surgical services to support Marine Corps Air-Ground Task Forces and Army and Air Force units deployed ashore, and naval amphibious task forces and battle forces afloat. Secondarily, she provides mobile surgical hospital service for use by appropriate U.S. government agencies in disaster or humanitarian relief or limited humanitarian care incident to these missions or peacetime military operations. Comfort is more advanced than a field hospital but less capable than a traditional hospital on land.[3]From 30 March to 30 April 2020, Comfort was stationed in New York City to help combat the city's coronavirus pandemic by treating non-coronavirus, and later on, coronavirus-positive patients.[4]","title":"USNS Comfort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS"},{"link_name":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"link_name":"Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Dental Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps"},{"link_name":"Medical Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps"},{"link_name":"Nurse Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy_Nurse_Corps"},{"link_name":"Chaplain Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Chaplain_Corps"},{"link_name":"Hospital Corpsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Corpsman"},{"link_name":"Yeoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeoman_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Personnel Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_Specialist_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Information Systems Technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Systems_Technician_(United_States_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Religious Program Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Program_Specialist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Geneva Conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conventions"},{"link_name":"war crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"embarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarkation"},{"link_name":"Unrestricted Line officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_line_officer"},{"link_name":"SEAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"tilt-rotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-rotor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The USNS prefix identifies Comfort as a non-commissioned ship owned by the U.S. Navy and operationally crewed by civilians from the Military Sealift Command (MSC). A uniformed naval hospital staff and naval support staff is embarked when the Comfort is deployed, consisting primarily of naval officers from the Navy's Medical Corps, Dental Corps, Medical Service Corps, Nurse Corps, and Chaplain Corps, and naval enlisted personnel from the Hospital Corpsman rating and various administrative and technical support ratings (e.g., Yeoman, Personnel Specialist, Information Systems Technician, Religious Program Specialist, etc.).[citation needed]In accordance with the Geneva Conventions, Comfort and her crew carry no offensive weapons. Firing upon Comfort would be considered a war crime as the ship only carries weapons for self-defense.[5] In keeping with her status as a non-combatant vessel, naval personnel from the combat specialties are not assigned as regular crew or staff. Underway embarks by Navy Unrestricted Line officers (e.g., warfare qualified combat specialties), enlisted Naval Aviation, Surface Warfare, Submarine Warfare, Special Operations or Special Warfare/SEAL personnel, or any Marine Corps officers or enlisted personnel, are typically limited to official visits, helicopter or tilt-rotor flight operations or as patients.[citation needed]","title":"Complement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USNS Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Mercy"},{"link_name":"San Clemente-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Clemente-class_oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"oil tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tanker"},{"link_name":"National Steel and Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Steel_and_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inv-2"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Like her sister ship USNS Mercy, Comfort was built as a San Clemente-class oil tanker in 1976 by the National Steel and Shipbuilding Company. Her original name was SS Rose City and she was launched from San Diego, California.[2] She is the third United States Navy ship to bear the name Comfort, and the second Mercy-class hospital ship.[citation needed] Her career as an oil tanker ended when she was delivered to the U.S. Navy on 1 December 1987.After a quarter-century in Baltimore, Maryland, Comfort changed her homeport to Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in March 2013. The move placed the ship closer to supplies, much of which come from Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, and to medical crew. Savings to the U.S. Navy are estimated at $2 million per year.[6][7]","title":"Construction and conversion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Khafji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafji"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"USS Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iwo_Jima_(LPH-2)"},{"link_name":"CT scans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Persian Gulf War (1990–91)","text":"During the Gulf War, Comfort received a call to activate for Desert Shield/Desert Storm 9 August 1990 and left Baltimore on 11 August. Comfort took station just off the coast of Saudi Arabia near Khafji and Kuwait. On 12 March 1991, Comfort headed home, arriving in Baltimore on 15 April 1991. She had traveled more than 30,000 nautical miles (35,000 mi; 56,000 km) and consumed almost 3 million U.S. gallons (2,500,000 imp gal; 11,000,000 L) of fuel. More than 8,000 outpatients were seen, and 700 inpatients were admitted, including four sailors injured in a high-pressure steam leak on USS Iwo Jima. 337 surgical procedures were performed. Other notable benchmarks include: more than 2,100 safe helicopter activities; 7,000 prescriptions filled; 17,000 laboratory tests completed; 1,600 eyeglasses made; 800,000 meals served and 1,340 radiographic studies, including 141 CT scans.[citation needed]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Haitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Operation Sea Signal (1994)","text":"In 2001, USNS Comfort passes the Statue of Liberty en route to Manhattan to provide assistance to victims of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.In 1994, Comfort was ordered to serve as a processing center for Haitian migrants, the first ship to act as such a center. She set out for the Caribbean with 928 military and civilian personnel from various federal government and international agencies. On 16 June 1994 the first Haitian migrants were taken aboard. Over the months, her population swelled to 1,100. Shortly thereafter, Comfort sailed for Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, to drop off the remaining 400 migrants.[citation needed]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubans"},{"link_name":"Haitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Port-au-Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-au-Prince"}],"sub_title":"Operation Uphold Democracy (1994)","text":"On 2 September 1994, Comfort was directed to activate for an unprecedented second deployment in a year.[clarification needed] Comfort was tasked to provide a 250-bed medically intensive patient capability for the 35,000 Cuban and Haitian migrants supported by Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Comfort departed Naval Base Norfolk, Virginia, with a specially configured crew of 566 personnel. Following the diplomatic agreement reached between the United States and Haiti, Comfort took up a position off Port-au-Prince ready to receive casualties that might result from the transfer of U.S. and allied forces ashore. From 16 September through 2 October 1994, Comfort personnel provided both medical and surgical support to U.S. and allied forces ashore and afloat, emergency humanitarian care to injured Haitian citizens, and participated in various aspects of the Civil Affairs Program in an effort to aid the rebuilding effort of the local healthcare system. She returned to Norfolk on 14 October 1994.","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Operation Noble Eagle (2001)","text":"Comfort was activated the afternoon of 11 September 2001, in response to the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and sailed the next afternoon to serve as a 250-bed hospital facility at Pier 92 in midtown Manhattan. The ship arrived at Pier 92 in Manhattan about 8:30 p.m. 14 September. That evening a small number of relief workers arrived aboard the ship. As word about the ship spread, more workers began arriving over the next few days. The ship's clinic saw 561 guests for cuts, respiratory ailments, fractures, and other minor injuries, and Comfort's team of Navy psychology personnel provided 500 mental health consultations to relief workers.[8] Comfort also hosted a group of volunteer New York area massage therapists who gave 1,359 therapeutic medical massages to ship guests.","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dean_Bradford_and_Princess_Anne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030423-N-6967M-235_Hospital_Corpsman_Wade_Henry_gives_a_passdown_to_the_night_shift_in_the_Intensive_Care_Unit_(ICU)_aboard_USNS_Comfort_(T-AH_20).jpg"},{"link_name":"Intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"U.S. Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Central_Command"},{"link_name":"Diego Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"}],"sub_title":"Iraq War (2002–03)","text":"Capt. Dean Bradford, master of Comfort, greets Princess Anne on 11 July 2002 while the ship was docked in Southampton, UKIntensive care unit (ICU) aboard Comfort in 2003Comfort was ordered to activate on 26 December 2002, and set sail for the U.S. Central Command area of operations on 6 January 2003. After stopping in Diego Garcia to embark additional medical personnel flown in from the National Naval Medical Center, the ship proceeded to the Persian Gulf to serve as an afloat trauma center in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Comfort remained in the Persian Gulf for 56 days providing expert medical care to wounded U.S. military personnel as well as injured Iraqi civilians and enemy prisoners of war. When Comfort returned to Baltimore on 12 June 2003, it marked the completion of a nearly six-month activation. During this time, the ship conducted more than 800 helicopter deck landings to bring aboard personnel, patients, and cargo. Comfort's Medical Treatment Facility had also performed 590 surgical procedures, transfused more than 600 units of blood, developed more than 8,000 radiographic images, and treated nearly 700 patients, including almost 200 Iraqi civilians and enemy prisoners of war.","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_16869_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_10-06-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mayport, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayport,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Katrina (2005)","text":"USNS Comfort in New Orleans after Hurricane KatrinaUSNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport, Florida en route to the Gulf Coast for victims of Hurricane Katrina.Comfort deployed on 2 September 2005, after only a two-day preparation, to assist in Gulf Coast recovery efforts after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. Starting in Pascagoula, Mississippi and then sailing to New Orleans, Comfort personnel saw 1,956 patients total. She returned on 13 October 2005 after a 7-week deployment.[citation needed]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-governmental organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"SEABEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"LDS Humanitarian Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDS_Humanitarian_Services"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Partnership for the Americas (2007)","text":"Comfort's Partnership for the Americas humanitarian mission, which began on 15 June 2007, was a major component of the President's \"Advancing the Cause of Social Justice in the Western Hemisphere\" initiative. Comfort visited 12 Central American, South American, and Caribbean nations where her embarked medical crew provided free health care services to communities in need. The missions objective was to offer valuable training to U.S. military personnel while promoting U.S. goodwill in the region. In all, the civilian and military medical team treated more than 98,000 patients, provided 386,000 patient encounters and performed 1,100 surgeries.\nThe embarked medical crew was made up of more than 500 military and non-governmental organization (Project Hope and Operation Smile) doctors, nurses, and healthcare professionals. Their primary focus was to support medical humanitarian assistance efforts ashore. A secondary mission was outpatient shipboard health service support.\nAlso supporting Comfort's medical mission was a SEABEE detachment from the East Coast-based Mobile Construction Battalion Maintenance Unit 202, which performed civic action repair and minor construction projects in the host countries. Also on the deployment was the U.S. Navy Showband from Norfolk, Virginia, which performed in each port.Comfort was operated and navigated by a crew of 68 civil service mariners (CIVMARS) from the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC).\nThis mission incorporated various non-government organizations and government agencies, such as Operation Smile, Project Hope, LDS Humanitarian Services, the Atlanta Rotary Club, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army, U.S. Health and Human Services and the Canadian Armed Forces.\nPatient encounters included a single patient receiving multiple treatments, students in training sessions, and even veterinary care services.\nDentists and staff treated 25,000 patients, extracting 300 teeth, and performing 4,000 fillings, 7,000 sealings, and 20,000 fluoride applications. In addition to treating patients, bio-medical professionals fixed about a thousand pieces of medical equipment at local health facilities. The ship's crew also delivered nearly $200,000 worth of donated humanitarian aid.[citation needed]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_(T-AH_20)_is_anchored_off_the_coast_of_La_Brea,_Trinidad_and_Tobago._(48677005558).jpg"},{"link_name":"2010 Haiti earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Operation Unified Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Port of Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"premature baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_baby"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haiti_Complete-15"},{"link_name":"Joint Task Force Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Operation Unified Response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Response"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return-16"}],"sub_title":"Operation Unified Response (2010)","text":"USNS Comfort in Trinidad and Tobago watersOn 13 January 2010, Comfort was ordered to assist in the humanitarian relief efforts following the 2010 Haiti earthquake as part of Operation Unified Response.[9] Three days later on 16 January Comfort left the Port of Baltimore bound for Haiti. She arrived Wednesday, 20 January 2010 and began medical treatment early that day.[10][11] The deployment marks the first time the ship has reached full operational capacity, utilizing all 12 operating rooms and 1,000 beds, since she was delivered to the Navy in 1987.[12] The mission also saw the ship's first on-board delivery, of a 4-pound, 5-ounce premature baby named Esther.[13] Although the ship is less capable than a traditional hospital on land, she offered the most advanced medical care available in Haiti following the earthquake.\nBetween 19 January and 28 February 2010 the ship's staff treated 1,000 Haitian patients and performed 850 surgeries.[14] By 8 March 2010, Comfort had discharged the last patient.[15] On 10 March 2010, the ship ended her mission in the Joint Task Force Haiti area as part of Operation Unified Response, and returned to her home port.[16]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Continuing Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Continuing_Promise"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_Promise-18"},{"link_name":"SeaBee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaBee"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band"}],"sub_title":"Operation Continuing Promise (2011)","text":"In 2011, the ship deployed on Operation Continuing Promise. The ship deployed for five months providing medical and surgical services to nine locations in the Caribbean and Latin America – Jamaica, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Haiti.[17] The ship's crew set up medical and surgical civil action program sites. These temporary medical clinics included primary care, internal medicine, obstetrics, and pediatric physicians as well as optometry, physical therapy, dental, radiology, laboratory, and pharmacy services. On board the ship general surgery, ophthalmology, oral and maxillofacial, and orthopedic surgeries were performed on pre-screened patients.[18]The mission included a Navy SeaBee (Construction Battalion) Unit, a Navy helo squadron, the United States Navy Band and a Navy Security Force unit. US Army veterinarians and veterinary technicians, US Air Force biomedical repair technicians, and dentists and dental technicians from the Canadian Navy also participated.Although it was primarily a medical/humanitarian mission, several programs and projects, commonly referred to as Community Relations (COMREL) projects were also provided to the local populace throughout the mission. Veterinarians worked with local farmers on pest control and vaccinations, SeaBees completed building improvements in local schools and other facilities, Navy Band was a staple in all programs involving US military personnel and local government officials.","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt12dec17-22"}],"sub_title":"Hurricane Maria (2017)","text":"On 29 September 2017, the ship set sail for Puerto Rico to bring assistance to the island after Hurricane Maria had hit it nine days earlier.[19] She arrived the evening of 3 October 2017.[20] While in San Juan, Comfort hosted a summit with key stakeholders to synchronize efforts for the ship's mission throughout the area.[21] The ship's 835 personnel partnered with Federal DMAT teams DMAT/COMFORT partnership and evaluated 6,003 patients, 1,912 patients were sent to Comfort 290 patients admitted, and 192 surgeries performed. She provided over 40,000 lab tests, over 16,000 prescriptions, 343 CT scans, and 1,169 radiology studies. Dental services provided acute dental care for 312 patients. However, she was there to support the sickest patients on the island. Comfort's 50-bed ICU had the highest acuity patients of any military hospital in the world. The ship acted as a support structure for all the islands hospitals taking their sickest ICU patients, the only oxygen producing plant on the island, she filled every hospital's oxygen tanks to help them support their patients. Additionally her sterilizers were used to sterilize, clean, and wrap surgery kits for multiple hospitals, using her ability to be a force multiplier allowing other hospitals to continue to provide care, and surgeries while they stabilized their power and facilities. She provided life saving care, including dialysis as well as fixed dialysis shunts and placed portacath shunts as the only working interventional radiology capability. This along with partnering with Puerto Rico's Health Department was able to diagnose cancers and assist in getting patients started on cancer therapy. She even had two births on board after receiving mothers who had been in labor in hallways for days. Her skilled providers provided necessary orthopedic surgeries, provided CT scans for her patients or ones referred from one of the other over 60 hospitals on island. This was at a cost of about $180,000 a day. As the island infrastructure improved the admission rate to the ship declined to 1% of patients presenting, she was ordered home on 17 November.[22]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"crisis in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_in_Peru_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"}],"sub_title":"Operation Enduring Promise (2018)","text":"In October 2018, Comfort departed for an eleven-week operation in Latin America, with a primary mission being to assist countries that received refugees who fled the crisis in Venezuela. The main goal was to relieve health systems in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Honduras, which faced the arrival of thousands of Venezuelan migrants.[29] She provided care for nearly 27,000 patients and performed 599 surgeries in 23 clinical days in five stops in four countries.Hospital beds inside Comfort while in Peru in 2018","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comfortarrives-32"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comfortarrives-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpvi-33"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-covidallowed-4"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"U.S. Northern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Northern_Command"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpvi-33"},{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"New York COVID-19 response (2020)","text":"See also: COVID-19 pandemic in New York CityComfort began deployment from Norfolk, Virginia, to New York Harbor on 28 March to help deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.[30][31] Comfort arrived in New York on 30 March 2020.[32] Initially, her mission was to treat patients who did not have the virus, freeing up land-based hospitals to focus on patients with COVID-19.[32] But later half of the ship's 1000 beds were removed so that she could isolate and treat coronavirus patients.[33] On 6 April 2020, COVID-19 patients were allowed onto the ship.[4] One day later, the Navy announced that one crew member aboard Comfort had tested positive for the coronavirus and that several other crew members were put into isolation.[34]On 17 April the U.S. Northern Command announced that \"the USNS COMFORT is prepared to admit patients within a one-hour traveling radius from the ship\", and preparations were made to receive coronavirus patients from the Philadelphia area.[33] On 21 April, Governor Andrew Cuomo told President Donald Trump that the ship was no longer needed in New York. Comfort departed on 30 April, having treated 179 patients.[35]","title":"Deployments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat Action Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Joint Meritorious Unit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award"},{"link_name":"Operation Provide Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Meritorious Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritorious_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Expeditionary_Medal"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Seamen's Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Seamen%27s_Service"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sealift-36"}],"text":"Combat Action Ribbon – (26 Feb 1991)\nJoint Meritorious Unit Award – (Apr 1991–Dec 1996) Operation Provide Comfort\nNavy Unit Commendation – (Aug 1990–Mar 1991, May–Jul 1994)\nNavy Meritorious Unit Commendation – (Sep 1994–Mar 1995, Sep 2001–Jun 2005, Jun–Oct 2007)\nArmed Forces Expeditionary Medal – (Sep–Oct 1994)\nSouthwest Asia Service Medal – (Aug 1990–Mar 1991)\nHumanitarian Service Medal – (Sep–Oct 2001, Sep–Oct 2005, Jan–Feb 2010, Sep–Nov 2017)In 2008, the United Seamen's Service at its annual Admiral of the Ocean Sea Awards (AOTOS) event honored the masters and crews of hospital ships Comfort and Mercy with special Humanitarian Service Recognition Mariner's Plaques for their respective four-month humanitarian deployments to Latin America and the Caribbean in 2007 and Southeast Asia and the Pacific in 2008.[36]","title":"Awards and decorations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-USNS_Comfort_-_Engine_Room.jpg"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"USNS Comfort's engine roomSpecifications[37]\nDisplacement:\nFull Load: 69,390 Tons\nLight: 24,275 Tons\nLength:\nOverall: 894 Feet (272.6 Meters)\nWaterline: 854+5⁄6 Feet (260.6 Meters)\nBeam: 105+3⁄4 Feet (32.25 Meters)\nDraft: 32+5⁄6 Feet (10.0 Meters)\nPropulsion: 1 Steam Turbine, 2 Boilers, 1 Shaft, 24,500 shaft horsepower (18,300 kW)\nSpeed: 17.5 Knots\nRange: 13,400 Nautical Miles (24,817 Kilometers) at 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h)\nPersonnel:\nMerchant Marine: 16 ROS; 61 Active\nNavy Communications & Support: 58 (6 Officers, 52 Enlisted)\nMedical and Dental (Active Only): 1,156\nAviation: Helicopter Landing Platform, 1 Spot\nRadars: SPS-67 Surface Search\nPatient capacity:\nIntensive care wards: 80 beds\nRecovery wards: 20 beds\nIntermediate care wards: 280 beds\nLight care wards: 120 beds\nLimited care wards: 500 beds\nTotal Patient Capacity: 1000 beds\nOperating Rooms: 12\nDepartments and facilities:\nCasualty reception\nIntensive care unit\nRadiological services\nMain laboratory plus satellite lab\nBlood bank\nCentral sterile receiving\nMedical supply/pharmacy\nPhysical therapy and burn care\nDental services\nOptometry/lens lab\nMorgue\nLaundry\nOxygen producing plants (two)\nMedical Photography\nFour distilling plants to make drinking water from sea water (300,000 US gallons (1,100,000 L; 250,000 imp gal) per day)","title":"General characteristics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"In 2001, USNS Comfort passes the Statue of Liberty en route to Manhattan to provide assistance to victims of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/USNS_Comfort_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg"},{"image_text":"Capt. Dean Bradford, master of Comfort, greets Princess Anne on 11 July 2002 while the ship was docked in Southampton, UK","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dean_Bradford_and_Princess_Anne.jpg/220px-Dean_Bradford_and_Princess_Anne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Intensive care unit (ICU) aboard Comfort in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/US_Navy_030423-N-6967M-235_Hospital_Corpsman_Wade_Henry_gives_a_passdown_to_the_night_shift_in_the_Intensive_Care_Unit_%28ICU%29_aboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH_20%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030423-N-6967M-235_Hospital_Corpsman_Wade_Henry_gives_a_passdown_to_the_night_shift_in_the_Intensive_Care_Unit_%28ICU%29_aboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH_20%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Comfort in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FEMA_-_16869_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_10-06-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_16869_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_10-06-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Comfort takes on supplies at Mayport, Florida en route to the Gulf Coast for victims of Hurricane Katrina.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/USNS_Comfort_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Comfort in Trinidad and Tobago waters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH_20%29_is_anchored_off_the_coast_of_La_Brea%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago._%2848677005558%29.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH_20%29_is_anchored_off_the_coast_of_La_Brea%2C_Trinidad_and_Tobago._%2848677005558%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hospital beds inside Comfort while in Peru in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/USNS_Comfort_in_Peru_2018.jpg/220px-USNS_Comfort_in_Peru_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"USNS Comfort's engine room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Image-USNS_Comfort_-_Engine_Room.jpg/220px-Image-USNS_Comfort_-_Engine_Room.jpg"}]
| null |
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Retrieved 28 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2020/03/28/trump-gives-usns-comfort-a-send-off-as-hospital-ship-departs-for-new-york","url_text":"\"Trump Gives USNS Comfort a Send-Off as Hospital Ship Departs for New York\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200328211608/https://news.usni.org/2020/03/28/trump-gives-usns-comfort-a-send-off-as-hospital-ship-departs-for-new-york","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eckstein, Megan (26 March 2020). \"USNS Comfort Will Depart for New York on Saturday with Trump, Modly in Attendance\". USNI News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. 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Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/cuomo-tells-trump-usns-comfort-no-longer-needed-in-nyc/2384637/","url_text":"\"Gov. Cuomo Tells Trump USNS Comfort No Longer Needed in NYC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200426043321/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/cuomo-tells-trump-usns-comfort-no-longer-needed-in-nyc/2384637/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Henderson, Meghan (December 2008). \"Special AOTOS awards given to hospital ships\". Military Sealift Command. United States Navy. Archived from the original (MSC Public Affairs) on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200322234011/https://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2008/December/aotos.htm","url_text":"\"Special AOTOS awards given to hospital ships\""},{"url":"https://www.msc.navy.mil/sealift/2008/December/aotos.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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Patients\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50653","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080043/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/haiti-earthquake/2010/01/for_usns_comfort_a_chance_to_p.html","external_links_name":"\"For USNS Comfort, a chance to prove something\""},{"Link":"http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/haiti-earthquake/2010/01/for_usns_comfort_a_chance_to_p.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080200/http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/haiti-earthquake/2010/01/a_baby_for_the_usns_comfort.html","external_links_name":"\"A baby for the USNS Comfort\""},{"Link":"http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/haiti-earthquake/2010/01/a_baby_for_the_usns_comfort.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/bs-mtblog-2010-01-usns_comfort_to_aid_haiti_eart_1-story.html","external_links_name":"\"USNS Comfort to aid Haiti earthquake victims\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200319223749/https://www.baltimoresun.com/bs-mtblog-2010-01-usns_comfort_to_aid_haiti_eart_1-story.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=51807","external_links_name":"\"Hospital Ship USNS Comfort Completes Important Relief Mission in Haiti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120615145437/http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=51807","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/hospital_ship_to_return_home_to_baltimore_from_haiti/1863690/","external_links_name":"\"Hospital Ship To Return Home To Baltimore From Haiti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200319230559/https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/hospital_ship_to_return_home_to_baltimore_from_haiti/1863690/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=62522","external_links_name":"\"USNS Comfort to Arrive in 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharn:_City_of_Towers
|
Sharn: City of Towers
|
["1 Contents","2 Publication history","3 Reception","4 Reviews","5 References","6 External links"]
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Sharn: City of Towers GenreRole-playing gamePublisherWizards of the CoastPublication dateNovember 2004Media typePrintISBN0-7869-3434-4
Sharn: City of Towers is a supplement to the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.
Contents
Sharn: City of Towers is an accessory for the Eberron campaign setting that details Sharn, the most spectacular city of Khorvaire.
Publication history
Sharn: City of Towers was written by Keith Baker and James Wyatt, and published in November 2004 by Wizards of the Coast. Cover art is by Wayne Reynolds, with interior art by Jason Alexander, Tomm Coker, Eric Deschamps, Tomas Giorello, Howard Lyon, Charles P. Morrow, Lucio Parrillo, Steve Prescott, Francis Tsai, Anne Stokes, Anthony Waters, and James Zhang.
According to designer Keith Baker, "Sharn has always been a central part of the setting, and we'd put a lot of thought into it long before we started working on Sharn: City of Towers. Some of the organizations you'll find in Sharn were developed in the ten-page setting proposal way back in 2002."
Reception
The reviewer from Pyramid commented that: "The darkness that Wizards of the Coast tried for (and missed) in the Eberron core rulebook is actually starting to take shape in the second hardback in the series. Sharn: City of Towers brings more of that Dashiell Hammett feel to the surface by touring through the many levels of the lofty city."
Reviews
Backstab #51
References
^ Ryan, Michael (November 5, 2004). "Product Spotlight: Sharn: City of Towers". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
^ "Pyramid Review: Sharn: City of Towers (for Eberron)". February 25, 2005.
^ https://archive.org/details/backstab-051/page/n43/mode/2up
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy
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George W. Bush military service controversy
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["1 Timeline","2 Acceptance into the Air National Guard","3 Flight performance and flight status in 1972 and 1973","3.1 Final flights","3.2 Flight physical","4 Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973","4.1 Transfer request","4.2 Equivalent duty in Alabama","4.3 Return to Houston","5 Six-year service obligation","6 Release of military records","7 Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian","8 References","9 External links"]
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Controversy surrounding George W. Bush during his 2004 campaign
George Walker Bush1st Lt. George W. Bush in uniformService/branchUnited States Air Force (Air National Guard)Years of service1968–1974Rank First LieutenantUnit147th Reconnaissance Wing187th Fighter Wing
Controversy over George W. Bush's military service in the Air National Guard was an issue that first gained widespread public attention during the 2004 presidential campaign. The controversy centered on Texas Air National Guard, why he lost his flight status, and whether he fulfilled the requirements of his military service contract.
Timeline
George W. Bush joined the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968, during the Vietnam War. He committed to serve until May 26, 1974, with two years on active duty while training to fly and four years on part-time duty. In his 1968 Statement of Intent (undated), he wrote, "I have applied for pilot training to make flying a lifetime pursuit, and I believe I can best accomplish this to my satisfaction by serving as a member of the Air National Guard as long as possible."
Bush was quoted as saying elsewhere "I was not prepared to shoot my eardrum out with a shotgun to get a deferment. Nor was I willing to go to Canada ..." In his autobiography Bush states that he was willing to serve his country but preferred to do so as a combat pilot rather than "An infantryman wading across a paddy-field".
Following his six weeks of basic training, Bush began 54 weeks of flight training at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. In December 1969, Bush began twenty-one weeks of fighter-interceptor training on the F-102 in Houston at the 147th's Combat Crew Training School, soloing in March 1970 and graduating in June 1970. When he graduated, he had fulfilled his two-year active-duty commitment.
In November 1970, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, commander of the 111th Fighter Squadron, recommended that Bush be promoted to first lieutenant, calling him "a dynamic outstanding young officer" who stood out as "a top-notch fighter interceptor pilot." He said that "Lt. Bush's skills far exceed his contemporaries," and that "he is a natural leader whom his contemporaries look to for leadership. Lt. Bush is also a good follower with outstanding disciplinary traits and an impeccable military bearing." Bush was promoted.
Air National Guard members could volunteer for active duty service with the Air Force in a program called Palace Alert. The program deployed F-102 pilots to Europe and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and Thailand. Six Air National Guard squadrons were deployed to Korea and Vietnam during 1968. According to three pilots from Bush's squadron, Bush inquired about this program but was advised by the base commander that he did not have the necessary flying experience (500 hours) at the time and that the F-102 would soon be retired, all aircraft of the type withdrawn from Vietnam by the end of 1968.
Bush's four-year part-time obligation to serve required him to maintain his immediate readiness to be recalled to active duty in the event of a national emergency. Bush performed part-time Guard duty as an F-102 pilot through April 1972, logging a total of 336 flight hours.
Before April 1972, Bush had fulfilled more than the required hours of service, but with more than two years remaining before his discharge. He volunteered his services on several projects, including a political campaign. After April 1972, Bush may have failed to meet the attendance requirements established for members of the Air National Guard. In mid-1972, he failed to meet the Air Force requirement for an annual physical examination for pilots and lost his authorization to be a pilot. According to Bush's pay records, he did not attend any drills between mid-April and the end of October 1972. He drilled in Alabama in October and November 1972, and again in January 1973; what duties he performed are unknown. Bush returned to his home unit in Houston and was paid for his service in April 1973 through July 1973; again, what duties he performed are not documented in any way.
On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. He was discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, ending his military service.
Acceptance into the Air National Guard
During the 1968–1974 period, Presidents Johnson and Nixon decided against calling up National Guard units for service in Vietnam. However, military documents show during the Vietnam War, almost 23,000 Army and Air Guardsmen were called up for a year of active duty; some 8,700 were deployed to Vietnam.
In 1999, Ben Barnes, former Democratic Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives and Lieutenant Governor of Texas, gave testimony in a deposition for a lawsuit related to the Texas lottery; and following the deposition, his lawyer issued a statement to the press. According to the statement, Barnes had called the head of the Texas Air National Guard, Brigadier General James Rose, to recommend Bush for a pilot spot at the request of Bush family friend Sidney Adger. The statement also said, "Neither Congressman Bush nor any other member of the Bush family asked Barnes' help. Barnes has no knowledge that Governor Bush or President Bush knew of Barnes' recommendation." While working as an active fundraiser for John Kerry, Bush's opponent during the 2004 U.S. Presidential campaign, Barnes repeated that he used his political influence to preferentially refer people to the National Guard, including Bush.
Both George W. Bush and his father have stated that they did not ask Adger to intercede and were unaware of any action he may have taken. Walter Staudt, the colonel in command of Bush's squadron, has stated that he accepted Bush's application without receiving any outside pressure to do so.
In applying for pilot training, Bush took a standardized test on which he had a low score, in the 25th percentile. Also, Bush had two arrests for college pranks and four traffic offenses before applying for pilot training. In 2004, former and current military pilots said it was uncommon for an applicant to be accepted into pilot's school with such a record, though there was no specific score that disqualified a candidate.
Flight performance and flight status in 1972 and 1973
Final flights
Flight logs released in September 2004 in response to a lawsuit (see below) showed that Bush, who had been flying in the F-102A Delta Dagger, a single-seater interceptor, for most of his career, flew nine times in T-33 trainers in February and March 1972 – nearly twice as many times as he had flown in T-33s in the prior 18 months. The logs also show that on March 12 and April 10 of 1972, Bush took two passes to land his F-102 fighter. Although White House officials could not explain the changes in the flight logs in these final flights, Air Force experts said there could be any of a number of reasons for the change in Bush's flight pattern. Retired Major General Paul A. Weaver, a former head of the Air National Guard, said Bush could have just been practicing landing skills. "It doesn't mean anything to have multiple approaches," Weaver said.
The final two entries of Bush's official flight logs show him being assigned to work as an instructional pilot in late May 1972 at a Texas Air National Guard base. The entries were entered even though he had left for Alabama in mid-May (see below) and his pay records show nonpayment for any work on the two dates of the instructional pilot assignment. Coding on the logs showed these assignments were subsequently deleted from the official record.
Flight physical
By regulation, all Air Force pilots were required to take and pass an annual physical in order to remain in flight status, in the three months prior to a pilot's birthday (in Bush's case, July 6). Bush did not take this mandatory physical examination in mid-1972. As a result of his failure to take his physical, his flight status was suspended by his commander on August 1, 1972, confirmed by Colonel Bobby Hodges on September 5, 1972, and confirmed again by a National Guard Bureau order on September 29, 1972, which meant he no longer was authorized to fly as a pilot.
Air National Guard regulations require that "the local commander who has authority to convene a Flying Evaluation Board will direct an investigation as to why the individual failed to accomplish the medical examination." But there are no records of an investigation or of any requests to complete one.
Although flight surgeons did the previous two physicals that Bush had taken, Bush said in 2000 that he wanted to wait to take the examination until his private doctor could do it. But regulations required the physical to be performed by an Air Force doctor. Air Force flight surgeons were assigned to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, located across town from Maxwell AFB at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base at Dannelly Field airport, where Bush was paid for drilling in October and November 1972 and in January 1973, his only drilling dates between April 1972 and April 1973.
According to his released military records, after April 1972 Bush never flew again as an Air National Guard pilot.
Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973
During 2004, Democratic National Committee chairman Terry McAuliffe and others accused Bush of being absent without leave (AWOL) from the Air National Guard in 1972–73. White House communications director Dan Bartlett and others, who called the charge election-year propaganda, noted that Bush was honorably discharged and that no AWOL charge had ever been made against Bush by the National Guard.
Released military records show that Bush's documented service record through mid-April 1972 (Bush drilled on the 15th and 16th of that month) was without gaps; the period in question is from May 1972 forward.
Transfer request
On May 24, 1972, Bush submitted a form requesting a transfer to the 9921st Air Reserve Squadron in Montgomery, Alabama, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Reese R. Bricken. According to the request form, Bush was already in Alabama at work on the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount, who was a friend of his father. Jimmy Allison, a longtime family friend, helped Bush get the campaign work.
On May 26, Bricken approved Bush's application for transfer. Bricken wrote: "You already understand that this is a Training Category G, Pay Group None, Reserve Section MM proposition." As an obligated Reservist, Bush was in Training Category "fA", which required a minimum of 48 periods of inactive duty training, and 15 days of active duty training, and was required to remain in that Training Category. Training Category "G" offered no training at all. According to Air Force regulations (AFM 35-3, paragraph 14-6), being in "Training Category A" meant that "If a member...will be unable to further train with his unit because of an impending change of residence,...he is required to sign a statement that he has been counseled." That counseling included notifying Bush of his obligation to find a new unit with which he could fulfill his training obligations.
On July 31, the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC) rejected Bush's transfer request, saying that he could not be reassigned to an Air Reserve Squadron because of his obligated service. Bricken, asked about the matter in 2000, said that Bush made no effort to participate as a Guardsman with the 9921st.
Equivalent duty in Alabama
Bush remained obligated to train with his Texas unit or to perform substitute training elsewhere each month. On September 5, 1972, he requested permission to "perform equivalent duty" at the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in Alabama "for the months of September, October, and November." He did not receive approval to do so, though his commanding officer recommended he be granted permission. He would have reported to Lieutenant Colonel William Turnipseed, the base commander, for drills on October 7 and 8, and November 4 and 5 (the September drill dates of the unit had already passed). Bush's grandfather, former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, died of cancer on October 8, and Bush served as a pallbearer at the funeral in Greenwich, Connecticut. Turnipseed has said that he could not recall whether Bush reported on those occasions.
In 2004, John "Bill" Calhoun, a former Alabama Air National Guard officer who had served at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base said he had seen Bush report for duty "at least six times." He stated this happened in the spring and summer of 1972, a period Bush had not even applied for, and that Bush had spent time in his office. However, the payment and retirement records the White House handed out three days prior to Calhoun's claims show that Bush received no pay or attendance credits during that May to October period.
The U.S. Senate campaign in Alabama, on which Bush worked, ended on November 7, 1972, when Blount lost overwhelmingly. Released military records show that Bush was paid for service for the days of October 28–29 and November 11–14, 1973, and for January 4–6 and 8–10, 1973, and that he received a dental examination at Dannelly on January 6. All of those dates are outside of the period that was claimed for Bush's service in Alabama.
A 2006 column in the Birmingham News (Alabama) reported about people who remembered Bush when he was in Alabama, working for the Blount campaign: "None have specific recollections about Bush and the National Guard. Some heard he was serving but never saw for themselves." Opinions of him during his time working on the campaign ranged from good (amiable, well-liked, and fond of sports) to bad (bragging about drinking and allegations he trashed a cottage where he was living). Winton Blount's son Tom said "He was an attractive person, kind of a 'frat boy.' I didn't like him."
In 1972 and 1973, Bush dated Mavanee Bear, another member of Blount's campaign staff. Bear said in 2009 that "I know served" while in Alabama because he had to reschedule meetings regularly, but also said, "I didn't see him in uniform." When later back in Texas, she said she frequently saw him in uniform, stating "I think he was mostly just flying in circles over Houston."
In a document dated May 2, 1973, Bush's immediate superiors gave him his annual performance review for the period from May 1, 1972, to April 30, 1973. The review stated that "Lt. Bush has not been observed at this unit during the period of the report." Lt. Col. William D. Harris Jr. and Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian also wrote, "A civilian occupation made it necessary for him to move to Montgomery, Ala. He cleared this base on May 15, 1972, and has been performing equivalent training in a non-flying status with the 187 Tac Recon Gp. Dannelly ANG Base, Alabama."
Return to Houston
Back in Houston, in late 1972 or early 1973, Bush did unpaid volunteer work for a number of months with an inner-city poverty program, Project P.U.L.L. (Professional United Leadership League), the brainchild of John White, a former professional football player and civic leader.
Bush was paid for drilling on April 7–8, 1973. That service presumably occurred at his home base, Ellington Air Force Base, in Houston, in contradiction to the information in his performance review. For May 1973, Bush was paid for service on fifteen days: 1–3, 8–11, 19–20, 22–24, and 29-31. For June, he was paid for five days; for July (his last month of drilling) for 19 days. However, there is nothing in the released military documents that shows that he actually reported for duty on those days, or exactly where, or what duties he performed. As of the end of July 1973, Bush had been in the Air National Guard for a little over five years.
Six-year service obligation
On May 27, 1968, Bush signed a six-year obligation. That required him to complete "48 scheduled inactive-duty training periods" each fiscal year (typically consisting of four four-hour periods during one weekend each month), plus a minimum of 15 days of Annual Active Duty Training. For Bush, as a pilot, this was typically split into periods of duty of a few days each during the year.
The Boston Globe reported in September 2004 that "Bush fell well short of meeting his military obligation." They cite examples of Bush failing to meet Air National Guard commitments in 1972 and 1973. Bush's military records show that he was credited for attending Air National Guard drills during 1972 and 1973, but the time frame of these drills (see above) still left questions.
On July 30, 1973, his last day of paid service in the Texas Air National Guard, Bush signed a statement that "I have been counseled this date regarding my plans to leave my present Reserve of assignment due to moving from this area. I understand that: a. If I disassociate from my current Ready Reserve Assignment, it is my responsibility to locate and be assigned to another Reserve Forces unit or mobilization augmentation position. If I fail to do so, I am subject to involuntary order to active duty for up to 24 months under the provisions of AFM 35-3, chapter 14."
On September 5, 1973, Bush requested discharge from Texas Air National Guard service, to be effective on October 1. He wrote, "I am moving to Boston, Massachusetts to attend Harvard Business School as a full-time student." Jerry Killian recommended approval of the discharge the following day. Bush had completed five years, four months, and five days toward his six-year service obligation.
On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. On November 21, 1974, he was discharged from the Air Force Reserve, ending his military service.
In September 2004, Lawrence Korb, an Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan, after reviewing the payroll records for Bush's last two years of service, concluded that they indicated that Bush did not fulfill his obligations and could have been ordered to active duty as a result.
Release of military records
During the 2000 presidential campaign, various military records of Bush were made public by the Bush campaign.
On February 13, 2004, during Bush's re-election campaign, more than 700 additional pages of documents on Bush's service were released, including those from the National Personnel Records Center, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act. This release was claimed by some to contradict the statement that Bush made on February 8, 2004 to Meet the Press interviewer Tim Russert, that "We did in 2000, by the way." In response, Bush contended that he was referring only to documents already in his possession, as opposed to the newly released documents from military sources.
On June 22, 2004, The Associated Press sued the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Air Force, seeking access to all of Bush's records during his military service.
On July 8, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the microfilmed payroll records of Bush and numerous other service members had been inadvertently ruined in 1996 and 1997 by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service during a project to salvage deteriorating microfilm. The records lost included those covering July through September 1972, when Bush's claims of service in Alabama were in question, and the Pentagon reported that no paper backups were found.
On July 23, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the records it had previously reported destroyed had been found. A Pentagon official said the earlier statement that the records were destroyed was an "inadvertent oversight." The Pentagon released computerized payroll records covering Bush's 1972 service. Like the records released earlier by the White House, the newly released documents did not indicate that Bush performed any drills, in Alabama or elsewhere, during May through September 1972.
On September 7, 2004, the White House released the flight logs recording the flights done by Bush as a pilot. A Pentagon spokeswoman said the logs were found at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, which is the central repository for veterans' records. She said the logs were found among a batch of records sent to St. Louis from Norton Air Force Base in 1993, which were originally thought to contain records of active-duty officers rather than of National Guardsmen such as Bush.
On September 24, 2004, under court order resulting from an earlier FOIA lawsuit filed by the Associated Press, the Pentagon released more documents.
On September 29, 2004, the White House released a November 1974 document, saying it had been in Bush's personnel file and that the Pentagon had found it.
On October 5, 2004, more than a week after a court-imposed deadline to turn over all records of Bush's military service, the Texas Air National Guard produced two previously unreleased documents (four pages of records) that included Bush's orders for his last day of active duty in 1973.
On October 14, 2004, two weeks after Texas National Guard officials signed an oath swearing they had turned over all records, the Texas National Guard released 31 additional pages of documents found by two retired Army lawyers who went through Guard files under an agreement between the Texas National Guard and The Associated Press, which sued to gain access to the files. A Guard spokesman defended the continuing discoveries, saying Guard officials did not find all of Bush's records because they were disorganized and in poor shape. "These boxes are full of dirt and rat and dead bugs. They have never been sitting in an uncontrolled climate," said Lt. Col. John Stanford. "It's a tough task to go through archives that were not set up in a way that you could easily go through them."
Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian
See also: Killian documents authenticity issues
The "Killian documents" were initially claimed by CBS to have come from the "personal files" of the late Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander during Bush's Air National Guard service. They describe preferential treatment during Bush's service, including pressure on Killian to "sugar coat" an annual officer rating report for the then 1st Lt. Bush. CBS aired the story on September 8, 2004, amid more releases of Bush's official records by the Department of Defense, including one just the day before as the result of a FOIA lawsuit by the Associated Press.
The Killian documents are widely considered to be fake. Starting with a Free Republic web posting by Harry MacDougald, a conservative Republican lawyer posting under the blogger name "Buckhead." MacDougald and multiple fellow bloggers claimed that the formatting shown in the documents used proportional fonts that did not come into common use until the mid-to-late 1990s and alleged that the documents were therefore likely forgeries. While the widely publicized rationale of "Buckhead" was technically inaccurate, both related and unrelated serious challenges to the authenticity of the documents nonetheless exist. For instance, it is unlikely that the typewriters available to Killian's secretary could have produced such a document, and the documents contained U.S. Army, rather than U.S. Air Force, jargon.
The forgery allegations subsequently came to the attention of the mainstream media, especially after experts also questioned the documents' authenticity and lack of a chain of custody. The original documents have never been submitted for authentication. The man who delivered the copies, Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former officer in the Texas Army National Guard and outspoken Bush critic, claimed that he burned the originals. Burkett admitted lying to CBS and USA Today about where he had obtained the papers and eventually expressed doubts of his own about their authenticity.
CBS and Dan Rather initially defended the documents and the report, but on September 20, 2004 – less than two months before Election Day, CBS News stated that it had been "misled" and that it could not authenticate the documents and should not have used them. A later 60 Minutes broadcast an interview with Marian Carr Knox, secretary to Killian at the time, who stated that she "didn't type these memos", although she stated she had typed memos of similar content. CBS then formed an independent panel headed by former U.S. Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and retired Associated Press president Louis D. Boccardi to investigate the story and the handling of the Killian memos. The final report of the panel, while not addressing the authenticity of the documents, faulted many of the decisions made in developing the story, and producer Mary Mapes along with three others were forced to resign from CBS News.
Prior to the panel report being completed, Rather announced the date of his retirement, left 60 Minutes Wednesday, stepped down as anchor on March 9, 2006, and then left CBS altogether on June 20, 2006. The CBS news show that had aired the memos, 60 Minutes Wednesday, was canceled on May 18, 2005, allegedly due to poor ratings and not because of the memos broadcast.
In September 2007, Rather sued CBS and its former parent company, Viacom, for US$70 million, claiming that he had been made a "scapegoat" over the memos story. His legal fight with CBS ended in January 2010 when the New York State Supreme Court declined to hear his motion to reinstate his lawsuit.
References
^ a b c Lardner, George Jr.; Romano, Lois (July 28, 1999). "At Height of Vietnam, Bush Picks Guard". The Washington Post.
^ "Vietnam war draft game favoured affluent". Irish Times. February 19, 2004. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
^ George W. Bush (November 10, 2010). Decision Points. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7535-4482-2.
^ Byron York (February 18, 2004). "Bush and the National Guard: Case Closed". National Review. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Stevenson, Richard W. (February 14, 2004). "Files Offer Glimpse of Bush After College". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ c d e f g h i Rosenfield and Gross (2007), Cold Warriors
^ ^ "Speed (2006), Forgotten Heroes, US ANG Fighter Squadrons of Vietnam" (PDF). af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Stone, Isaac. "War Stories - Newsweek Campaign 2004". MSNBC. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ "Inside Politics". Washington Times. September 7, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ "Democratic Group's Ad Revives "AWOL" Allegation Against Bush". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
^ a b "Latest World & National News & Headlines" (PDF). Usatoday.Com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "The National Guard - About the National Guard". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
^ Holmes, Michael (September 27, 1999). "Man Says He OK'd Bush for Guard". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ Roberts, Joel (June 18, 2004). "Kerry Keeping Eye On Big Donors". CBS News. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "New Questions On Bush Guard Duty". CBS News. September 8, 2004. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
^ "Guard Officer Denies Seeking Help for Bush". ABC News. September 17, 2004. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
^ Moniz, Dave; Drinkard, Jim (February 15, 2004). "Why Bush stopped flying remains a mystery". USATODAY.com. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
^ a b c "Experts Examine Bush Pilot Logs". Associated Press. September 10, 2004. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ "Bush flew in training planes before losing pilot privileges" Archived October 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press, September 11, 2004.
^ Eastman, Susan Cooper (September 23, 2004). "Fear of Flying". WJWB. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005.
^ "FindLaw - Military Records of President George W. Bush". News.findlaw.com. February 10, 2004. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Yost, Pete (September 30, 2004). "Bush's Guard record clean, White House says". Deseret News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
^ "White House defends Bush service in Guard". Arizona Daily Star. February 12, 2004. Archived from the original on December 7, 2005.
^ Riechmann, Deb (February 11, 2004). "White House Releases '73 Bush Dental Exam". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
^ Lester, Beth (May 3, 2004). "Gaps Remain In Bush Guard Service". CBS News. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ a b c Roberts, Joel (May 3, 2004). "Gaps Remain In Bush Guard Service". CBS News. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Boehlert, Eric (September 20, 2004). "Bush in the National Guard: A primer". Salon. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ Elizabeth, Mary (September 2, 2004). "George W. Bush's missing year". Salon.com. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Gerald A. Lechliter (2004). "President George W. Bush's Military Service: A Critical Analysis" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Memo, Subject: Application for Reserve Assignment, Bush, George W., 1st Lt". Air Reserve Personnel Center. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Robinson, Walter V. (May 23, 2000). "1-year gap in Bush's Guard duty". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on November 4, 2005.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Robinson, Walter V. (February 10, 2004). "Bush credited for Guard drills". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006.
^ Romano, Lois (February 3, 2004). "Bush's Guard Service In Question". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "Former Guardsman: Bush served with me in Alabama". USA Today. February 13, 2004. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ "W's AWOL Spin Update!". Thenation.com. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Mike Feinsilber (November 9, 1972). "Nixon Went It Alone for Sweeping Victory". The Bryan Times. UPI.
^ "What Bush's Guard File Reveals". The Nation. February 19, 2004. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
^ a b "More Bush service documents found - Politics". NBC News. October 15, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Blackledge, Brett J. "Bush Remembered From Social Contacts". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.
^ "Dubya in 'Bama: 'God's Gift to Women'". Village Voice. February 11, 2004. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
^ Mayer, Jane (January 7, 2009). "Old Flames: The Guard Years". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Beth Lester (May 3, 2004). "Gaps Remain In Bush Guard Service". CBS News. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ Meg Laughlin (October 23, 2004). "Former Workers Dispute Bush's Pull in Project P.U.L.L." Knight-Ridder. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013.
^ a b Walter V. Robinson (September 8, 2004). "Bush fell short on duty at Guard". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Robinson, Walter V. (February 10, 2004). "Bush credited for Guard drills: But time frame leaves questions". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
^ "George W. Bush's letter of request for discharge for the Texas Air National Guard". September 5, 1973. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2006.
^ Roane, Kit R. "Bush's military service in question – again (9/8/04)". USNews.com. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (February 11, 2004). "Bush's National Guard Pay Records Are Released". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ a b Blumenthal, Ralph (July 9, 2004). "Pentagon Says Bush Records of Service Were Destroyed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Blumenthal, Ralph (July 24, 2004). "Bush Service Records From '72, Thought Lost, Are Discovered". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (September 8, 2004). "Pentagon Releases Bush's Long-Sought Military Records". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ "Judge orders all Bush records released". NBC News. September 16, 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE MILITARY RECORDS; Texas Unit Releases More on Bush". The New York Times. October 6, 2004. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ "New Questions On Bush Guard Duty". CBS News. September 8, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ "AP Sues for Bush Guard Records". Editorandpublisher.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Tom Zeller (May 23, 2005). "In blogs, smoking guns provide ammunition". The New York Times. Retrieved April 16, 2021. incidents like "Rathergate," in which the CBS television network was duped by forged documents related to the National Guard service of President George W. Bush
^ ""Buckhead," who said CBS memos were forged, is a GOP-linked attorney". The Seattle Times. March 18, 2002. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Kurtz, Howard (September 19, 2004). "After Blogs Got Hits, CBS Got a Black Eye". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Kevin Drum (April 16, 2012). "The Bush National Guard Story Lives!". Mother Jones. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Are the Bush Documents Fakes?". Site.xavier.edu. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Ex-'60 Minutes' Producer Is No Hollywood Hero". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg View. July 24, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Killian Finale?". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "Truth or Consequences". Texasmonthly.com. January 21, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ Dobbs, Michael (September 18, 2004). "The Paper Trail: A Comparison of Documents". Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2003.
^ Kurtz, Howard (September 15, 2004). "Document Experts Say CBS Ignored Memo 'Red Flags'". Washington Post. Retrieved June 9, 2003.
^ "Creativepro.com - the Digital Dish: Making Headlines, Not Setting Them". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
^ Moniz, Dave (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
^ "CBS Stands By Bush-Guard Memos". CBS News. September 11, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ "CBS: Bush Memo Story A 'Mistake'". CBS News. September 21, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ Leung, Rebecca (September 15, 2004). "For The Record: Bush Documents". CBS News. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
^ "CBS Names Memo Probe Panel". CBS News. September 6, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
^ "CBS Ousts 4 For Bush Guard Story". CBS News. October 4, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ Kurtz, Howard (November 23, 2004). "Dan Rather to Step Down at CBS". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ "Dan Rather Signs Off". CBS News. June 19, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
^ "'60 Minutes' Wednesday Canceled". CBS News. May 18, 2005. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
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^ Matea Gold (January 13, 2010). "Dan Rather loses bid in CBS lawsuit". Los Angeles Times.
External links
Official Department of Defense website with released documents
USA Today posting of released military records — A number of links to various documents in .PDF format.
"Group offers $50,000 for proof of Bush service" CNN.com – September 14, 2004
"Dan Rather interviews Marion Carr Knox - September 15, 2004" YouTube
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_U.S._presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Texas Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard"}],"text":"Controversy over George W. Bush's military service in the Air National Guard was an issue that first gained widespread public attention during the 2004 presidential campaign. The controversy centered on Texas Air National Guard, why he lost his flight status, and whether he fulfilled the requirements of his military service contract.","title":"George W. Bush military service controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"147th Fighter-Interceptor Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/147th_Fighter-Interceptor_Group"},{"link_name":"Texas Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lardner19990728-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bush2010-3"},{"link_name":"Moody Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"F-102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-102"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lardner19990728-1"},{"link_name":"Lt. Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"Jerry B. Killian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_B._Killian"},{"link_name":"111th Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lardner19990728-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"honorably discharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorable_discharge"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday1-11"}],"text":"George W. Bush joined the 147th Fighter-Interceptor Group of the Texas Air National Guard on May 27, 1968, during the Vietnam War. He committed to serve until May 26, 1974, with two years on active duty while training to fly and four years on part-time duty.[1] In his 1968 Statement of Intent (undated), he wrote, \"I have applied for pilot training to make flying a lifetime pursuit, and I believe I can best accomplish this to my satisfaction by serving as a member of the Air National Guard as long as possible.\"Bush was quoted as saying elsewhere \"I was not prepared to shoot my eardrum out with a shotgun to get a deferment. Nor was I willing to go to Canada ...\"[2] In his autobiography Bush states that he was willing to serve his country but preferred to do so as a combat pilot rather than \"An infantryman wading across a paddy-field\".[3]Following his six weeks of basic training, Bush began 54 weeks of flight training at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia.[4] In December 1969, Bush began twenty-one weeks of fighter-interceptor training on the F-102 in Houston at the 147th's Combat Crew Training School, soloing in March 1970 and graduating in June 1970. When he graduated, he had fulfilled his two-year active-duty commitment.[1]In November 1970, Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, commander of the 111th Fighter Squadron, recommended that Bush be promoted to first lieutenant, calling him \"a dynamic outstanding young officer\" who stood out as \"a top-notch fighter interceptor pilot.\" He said that \"Lt. Bush's skills far exceed his contemporaries,\" and that \"he is a natural leader whom his contemporaries look to for leadership. Lt. Bush is also a good follower with outstanding disciplinary traits and an impeccable military bearing.\" Bush was promoted.[5]Air National Guard members could volunteer for active duty service with the Air Force in a program called Palace Alert. The program deployed F-102 pilots to Europe and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam and Thailand. Six Air National Guard squadrons were deployed to Korea and Vietnam during 1968.[6][7] According to three pilots from Bush's squadron, Bush inquired about this program but was advised by the base commander that he did not have the necessary flying experience (500 hours) at the time and that the F-102 would soon be retired, all aircraft of the type withdrawn from Vietnam by the end of 1968.[1][8]Bush's four-year part-time obligation to serve required him to maintain his immediate readiness to be recalled to active duty in the event of a national emergency. Bush performed part-time Guard duty as an F-102 pilot through April 1972, logging a total of 336 flight hours.[9]Before April 1972, Bush had fulfilled more than the required hours of service, but with more than two years remaining before his discharge. He volunteered his services on several projects, including a political campaign. After April 1972, Bush may have failed to meet the attendance requirements established for members of the Air National Guard. In mid-1972, he failed to meet the Air Force requirement for an annual physical examination for pilots and lost his authorization to be a pilot.[10] According to Bush's pay records, he did not attend any drills between mid-April and the end of October 1972. He drilled in Alabama in October and November 1972, and again in January 1973; what duties he performed are unknown. Bush returned to his home unit in Houston and was paid for his service in April 1973 through July 1973; again, what duties he performed are not documented in any way.On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado.[11] He was discharged from the Air Force Reserve on November 21, 1974, ending his military service.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ben Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Barnes_(Texas_politician)"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"During the 1968–1974 period, Presidents Johnson and Nixon decided against calling up National Guard units for service in Vietnam. However, military documents show during the Vietnam War, almost 23,000 Army and Air Guardsmen were called up for a year of active duty; some 8,700 were deployed to Vietnam.[12]In 1999, Ben Barnes, former Democratic Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives and Lieutenant Governor of Texas, gave testimony in a deposition for a lawsuit related to the Texas lottery; and following the deposition, his lawyer issued a statement to the press. According to the statement, Barnes had called the head of the Texas Air National Guard, Brigadier General James Rose, to recommend Bush for a pilot spot at the request of Bush family friend Sidney Adger. The statement also said, \"Neither Congressman Bush nor any other member of the Bush family asked Barnes' help. Barnes has no knowledge that Governor Bush or President Bush knew of Barnes' recommendation.\"[13] While working as an active fundraiser for John Kerry, Bush's opponent during the 2004 U.S. Presidential campaign,[14] Barnes repeated that he used his political influence to preferentially refer people to the National Guard, including Bush.[15]Both George W. Bush and his father have stated that they did not ask Adger to intercede and were unaware of any action he may have taken. Walter Staudt, the colonel in command of Bush's squadron, has stated that he accepted Bush's application without receiving any outside pressure to do so.[16]In applying for pilot training, Bush took a standardized test on which he had a low score, in the 25th percentile. Also, Bush had two arrests for college pranks and four traffic offenses before applying for pilot training. In 2004, former and current military pilots said it was uncommon for an applicant to be accepted into pilot's school with such a record, though there was no specific score that disqualified a candidate.[17]","title":"Acceptance into the Air National Guard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flight performance and flight status in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Release_of_military_records"},{"link_name":"F-102A Delta Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-102_Delta_Dagger"},{"link_name":"interceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft"},{"link_name":"T-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_T-33"},{"link_name":"trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-9-10-04-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-9-11-2004-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJWB-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-9-10-04-18"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Equivalent_duty_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-9-10-04-18"}],"sub_title":"Final flights","text":"Flight logs released in September 2004 in response to a lawsuit (see below) showed that Bush, who had been flying in the F-102A Delta Dagger, a single-seater interceptor, for most of his career, flew nine times in T-33 trainers in February and March 1972 – nearly twice as many times as he had flown in T-33s in the prior 18 months.[18][19] The logs also show that on March 12 and April 10 of 1972, Bush took two passes to land his F-102 fighter.[20] Although White House officials could not explain the changes in the flight logs in these final flights, Air Force experts said there could be any of a number of reasons for the change in Bush's flight pattern. Retired Major General Paul A. Weaver, a former head of the Air National Guard, said Bush could have just been practicing landing skills. \"It doesn't mean anything to have multiple approaches,\" Weaver said.[18]The final two entries of Bush's official flight logs show him being assigned to work as an instructional pilot in late May 1972 at a Texas Air National Guard base. The entries were entered even though he had left for Alabama in mid-May (see below) and his pay records show nonpayment for any work on the two dates of the instructional pilot assignment. Coding on the logs showed these assignments were subsequently deleted from the official record.[18]","title":"Flight performance and flight status in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clean_record-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSGaps-26"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Dannelly Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Regional_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Flight physical","text":"By regulation, all Air Force pilots were required to take and pass an annual physical in order to remain in flight status, in the three months prior to a pilot's birthday (in Bush's case, July 6). Bush did not take this mandatory physical examination in mid-1972. As a result of his failure to take his physical, his flight status was suspended by his commander on August 1, 1972,[21] confirmed by Colonel Bobby Hodges on September 5, 1972, and confirmed again by a National Guard Bureau order on September 29, 1972, which meant he no longer was authorized to fly as a pilot.[22][23][24]Air National Guard regulations require that \"the local commander who has authority to convene a Flying Evaluation Board will direct an investigation as to why the individual failed to accomplish the medical examination.\" But there are no records of an investigation or of any requests to complete one.[25]Although flight surgeons did the previous two physicals that Bush had taken, Bush said in 2000 that he wanted to wait to take the examination until his private doctor could do it. But regulations required the physical to be performed by an Air Force doctor.[26] Air Force flight surgeons were assigned to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, located across town from Maxwell AFB at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base at Dannelly Field airport, where Bush was paid for drilling in October and November 1972 and in January 1973, his only drilling dates between April 1972 and April 1973.According to his released military records, after April 1972 Bush never flew again as an Air National Guard pilot.","title":"Flight performance and flight status in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Terry McAuliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe"},{"link_name":"AWOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWOL"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Dan Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday1-11"}],"text":"During 2004, Democratic National Committee chairman Terry McAuliffe and others accused Bush of being absent without leave (AWOL) from the Air National Guard in 1972–73.[27] White House communications director Dan Bartlett and others, who called the charge election-year propaganda, noted that Bush was honorably discharged[11] and that no AWOL charge had ever been made against Bush by the National Guard.Released military records show that Bush's documented service record through mid-April 1972 (Bush drilled on the 15th and 16th of that month) was without gaps; the period in question is from May 1972 forward.","title":"Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9921st Air Reserve Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9921st_Air_Reserve_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Winton M. Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton_M._Blount"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globe_gap-31"}],"sub_title":"Transfer request","text":"On May 24, 1972, Bush submitted a form requesting a transfer to the 9921st Air Reserve Squadron in Montgomery, Alabama, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Reese R. Bricken. According to the request form, Bush was already in Alabama at work on the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount, who was a friend of his father. Jimmy Allison, a longtime family friend, helped Bush get the campaign work.[28]On May 26, Bricken approved Bush's application for transfer. Bricken wrote: \"You already understand that this is a Training Category G, Pay Group None, Reserve Section MM proposition.\" As an obligated Reservist, Bush was in Training Category \"fA\", which required a minimum of 48 periods of inactive duty training, and 15 days of active duty training, and was required to remain in that Training Category. Training Category \"G\" offered no training at all. According to Air Force regulations (AFM 35-3, paragraph 14-6), being in \"Training Category A\" meant that \"If a member...will be unable to further train with his unit because of an impending change of residence,...he is required to sign a statement that he has been counseled.\" That counseling included notifying Bush of his obligation to find a new unit with which he could fulfill his training obligations.[29]On July 31, the Air Reserve Personnel Center (ARPC) rejected Bush's transfer request, saying that he could not be reassigned to an Air Reserve Squadron because of his obligated service.[30] Bricken, asked about the matter in 2000, said that Bush made no effort to participate as a Guardsman with the 9921st.[31]","title":"Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187th_Fighter_Wing"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Prescott Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescott_Bush"},{"link_name":"Greenwich, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Alabama Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"},{"link_name":"Birmingham News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_News"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birmingham_2004-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"annual performance review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_appraisal"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Jerry B. Killian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_B._Killian"}],"sub_title":"Equivalent duty in Alabama","text":"Bush remained obligated to train with his Texas unit or to perform substitute training elsewhere each month.[32] On September 5, 1972, he requested permission to \"perform equivalent duty\" at the 187th Tactical Reconnaissance Group in Alabama \"for the months of September, October, and November.\" He did not receive approval to do so, though his commanding officer recommended he be granted permission. He would have reported to Lieutenant Colonel William Turnipseed, the base commander, for drills on October 7 and 8, and November 4 and 5 (the September drill dates of the unit had already passed). Bush's grandfather, former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, died of cancer on October 8, and Bush served as a pallbearer at the funeral in Greenwich, Connecticut. Turnipseed has said that he could not recall whether Bush reported on those occasions.[33]In 2004, John \"Bill\" Calhoun, a former Alabama Air National Guard officer who had served at the Dannelly Field Air National Guard Base said he had seen Bush report for duty \"at least six times.\" He stated this happened in the spring and summer of 1972, a period Bush had not even applied for, and that Bush had spent time in his office. [34] However, the payment and retirement records the White House handed out three days prior to Calhoun's claims show that Bush received no pay or attendance credits during that May to October period.[35]The U.S. Senate campaign in Alabama, on which Bush worked, ended on November 7, 1972, when Blount lost overwhelmingly.[36] Released military records show that Bush was paid for service for the days of October 28–29 and November 11–14, 1973, and for January 4–6 and 8–10, 1973, and that he received a dental examination at Dannelly on January 6.[37][38] All of those dates are outside of the period that was claimed for Bush's service in Alabama.A 2006 column in the Birmingham News (Alabama) reported about people who remembered Bush when he was in Alabama, working for the Blount campaign: \"None have specific recollections about Bush and the National Guard. Some heard he was serving but never saw for themselves.\" Opinions of him during his time working on the campaign ranged from good (amiable, well-liked, and fond of sports) to bad (bragging about drinking and allegations he trashed a cottage where he was living).[39] Winton Blount's son Tom said \"He was an attractive person, kind of a 'frat boy.' I didn't like him.\"[40]In 1972 and 1973, Bush dated Mavanee Bear, another member of Blount's campaign staff. Bear said in 2009 that \"I know [Bush] served\" while in Alabama because he had to reschedule meetings regularly, but also said, \"I didn't see him in uniform.\" When later back in Texas, she said she frequently saw him in uniform, stating \"I think he was mostly just flying in circles over Houston.\"[41]In a document dated May 2, 1973, Bush's immediate superiors gave him his annual performance review for the period from May 1, 1972, to April 30, 1973. The review stated that \"Lt. Bush has not been observed at this unit during the period of the report.\"[42] Lt. Col. William D. Harris Jr. and Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian also wrote, \"A civilian occupation made it necessary for him to move to Montgomery, Ala. He cleared this base on May 15, 1972, and has been performing equivalent training in a non-flying status with the 187 Tac Recon Gp. Dannelly ANG Base, Alabama.\"","title":"Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_(tight_end)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ellington Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSGaps-26"}],"sub_title":"Return to Houston","text":"Back in Houston, in late 1972 or early 1973, Bush did unpaid volunteer work for a number of months with an inner-city poverty program, Project P.U.L.L. (Professional United Leadership League), the brainchild of John White, a former professional football player and civic leader.[43]Bush was paid for drilling on April 7–8, 1973. That service presumably occurred at his home base, Ellington Air Force Base, in Houston, in contradiction to the information in his performance review. For May 1973, Bush was paid for service on fifteen days: 1–3, 8–11, 19–20, 22–24, and 29-31. For June, he was paid for five days; for July (his last month of drilling) for 19 days. However, there is nothing in the released military documents that shows that he actually reported for duty on those days, or exactly where, or what duties he performed.[26] As of the end of July 1973, Bush had been in the Air National Guard for a little over five years.","title":"Drill attendance in 1972 and 1973"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobeShort-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BostonGlobeShort-44"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"honorably discharged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorable_discharge"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Korb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Korb"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"On May 27, 1968, Bush signed a six-year obligation. That required him to complete \"48 scheduled inactive-duty training periods\" each fiscal year (typically consisting of four four-hour periods during one weekend each month), plus a minimum of 15 days of Annual Active Duty Training. For Bush, as a pilot, this was typically split into periods of duty of a few days each during the year.The Boston Globe reported in September 2004 that \"Bush fell well short of meeting his military obligation.\" They cite examples of Bush failing to meet Air National Guard commitments in 1972 and 1973.[44] Bush's military records show that he was credited for attending Air National Guard drills during 1972 and 1973, but the time frame of these drills (see above) still left questions.[45]On July 30, 1973, his last day of paid service in the Texas Air National Guard, Bush signed a statement that \"I have been counseled this date regarding my plans to leave my present Reserve of [sic] assignment due to moving from this area. I understand that: a. If I disassociate from my current Ready Reserve Assignment, it is my responsibility to locate and be assigned to another Reserve Forces unit or mobilization augmentation position. If I fail to do so, I am subject to involuntary order to active duty for up to 24 months under the provisions of AFM 35-3, chapter 14.\"[44]On September 5, 1973, Bush requested discharge from Texas Air National Guard service, to be effective on October 1. He wrote, \"I am moving to Boston, Massachusetts to attend Harvard Business School as a full-time student.\"[46] Jerry Killian recommended approval of the discharge the following day. Bush had completed five years, four months, and five days toward his six-year service obligation.On October 1, 1973, Bush was honorably discharged from the Texas Air National Guard and transferred to the Air Force Reserve's inactive reserves in Denver, Colorado. On November 21, 1974, he was discharged from the Air Force Reserve, ending his military service.In September 2004, Lawrence Korb, an Assistant Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan, after reviewing the payroll records for Bush's last two years of service, concluded that they indicated that Bush did not fulfill his obligations and could have been ordered to active duty as a result.[47]","title":"Six-year service obligation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Personnel Records Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Personnel_Records_Center"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_FOIA"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Tim Russert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Russert"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"microfilmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilm"},{"link_name":"Defense Finance and Accounting Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Finance_and_Accounting_Service"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBSGaps-26"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-38"}],"text":"During the 2000 presidential campaign, various military records of Bush were made public by the Bush campaign.On February 13, 2004, during Bush's re-election campaign, more than 700 additional pages of documents on Bush's service were released, including those from the National Personnel Records Center, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act.[48] This release was claimed by some to contradict the statement that Bush made on February 8, 2004 to Meet the Press interviewer Tim Russert, that \"We did [authorize the release of everything] in 2000, by the way.\" In response, Bush contended that he was referring only to documents already in his possession, as opposed to the newly released documents from military sources.On June 22, 2004, The Associated Press sued the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Air Force, seeking access to all of Bush's records during his military service.[49]On July 8, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the microfilmed payroll records of Bush and numerous other service members had been inadvertently ruined in 1996 and 1997 by the Defense Finance and Accounting Service during a project to salvage deteriorating microfilm. The records lost included those covering July through September 1972, when Bush's claims of service in Alabama were in question, and the Pentagon reported that no paper backups were found.[26][49]On July 23, 2004, the Pentagon reported that the records it had previously reported destroyed had been found. A Pentagon official said the earlier statement that the records were destroyed was an \"inadvertent oversight.\" The Pentagon released computerized payroll records covering Bush's 1972 service. Like the records released earlier by the White House, the newly released documents did not indicate that Bush performed any drills, in Alabama or elsewhere, during May through September 1972.[50]On September 7, 2004, the White House released the flight logs recording the flights done by Bush as a pilot. A Pentagon spokeswoman said the logs were found at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, which is the central repository for veterans' records. She said the logs were found among a batch of records sent to St. Louis from Norton Air Force Base in 1993, which were originally thought to contain records of active-duty officers rather than of National Guardsmen such as Bush.[51]On September 24, 2004, under court order resulting from an earlier FOIA lawsuit filed by the Associated Press, the Pentagon released more documents.[52]On September 29, 2004, the White House released a November 1974 document, saying it had been in Bush's personnel file and that the Pentagon had found it.On October 5, 2004, more than a week after a court-imposed deadline to turn over all records of Bush's military service, the Texas Air National Guard produced two previously unreleased documents (four pages of records) that included Bush's orders for his last day of active duty in 1973.[53]On October 14, 2004, two weeks after Texas National Guard officials signed an oath swearing they had turned over all records, the Texas National Guard released 31 additional pages of documents found by two retired Army lawyers who went through Guard files under an agreement between the Texas National Guard and The Associated Press, which sued to gain access to the files. A Guard spokesman defended the continuing discoveries, saying Guard officials did not find all of Bush's records because they were disorganized and in poor shape. \"These boxes are full of dirt and rat [excrement] and dead bugs. They have never [sic] been sitting in an uncontrolled climate,\" said Lt. Col. John Stanford. \"It's a tough task to go through archives that were not set up in a way that you could easily go through them.\"[38]","title":"Release of military records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killian documents authenticity issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"FOIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Free Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Republic"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapoexpert-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Bill Burkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Burkett"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Dan Rather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Rather"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Mary Mapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mapes"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"scapegoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoat"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"See also: Killian documents authenticity issuesThe \"Killian documents\" were initially claimed by CBS to have come from the \"personal files\" of the late Lt. Col. Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander during Bush's Air National Guard service.[54] They describe preferential treatment during Bush's service, including pressure on Killian to \"sugar coat\" an annual officer rating report for the then 1st Lt. Bush. CBS aired the story on September 8, 2004, amid more releases of Bush's official records by the Department of Defense, including one just the day before as the result of a FOIA lawsuit by the Associated Press.[55]The Killian documents are widely considered to be fake.[56] Starting with a Free Republic web posting by Harry MacDougald, a conservative Republican lawyer posting under the blogger name \"Buckhead.\" MacDougald and multiple fellow bloggers claimed that the formatting shown in the documents used proportional fonts that did not come into common use until the mid-to-late 1990s and alleged that the documents were therefore likely forgeries. [57][58] While the widely publicized rationale of \"Buckhead\" was technically inaccurate, both related and unrelated serious challenges to the authenticity of the documents nonetheless exist. For instance, it is unlikely that the typewriters available to Killian's secretary could have produced such a document, and the documents contained U.S. Army, rather than U.S. Air Force, jargon.[59][60][61][62][63]The forgery allegations subsequently came to the attention of the mainstream media, especially after experts also questioned the documents' authenticity and lack of a chain of custody.[64][65][66] The original documents have never been submitted for authentication. The man who delivered the copies, Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former officer in the Texas Army National Guard and outspoken Bush critic, claimed that he burned the originals. Burkett admitted lying to CBS and USA Today about where he had obtained the papers and eventually expressed doubts of his own about their authenticity.[67]CBS and Dan Rather initially defended the documents and the report,[68] but on September 20, 2004 – less than two months before Election Day, CBS News stated that it had been \"misled\" and that it could not authenticate the documents and should not have used them.[69] A later 60 Minutes broadcast an interview with Marian Carr Knox, secretary to Killian at the time, who stated that she \"didn't type these memos\", although she stated she had typed memos of similar content.[70] CBS then formed an independent panel headed by former U.S. Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and retired Associated Press president Louis D. Boccardi to investigate the story and the handling of the Killian memos.[71] The final report of the panel, while not addressing the authenticity of the documents, faulted many of the decisions made in developing the story, and producer Mary Mapes along with three others were forced to resign from CBS News.[72]Prior to the panel report being completed, Rather announced the date of his retirement,[73] left 60 Minutes Wednesday, stepped down as anchor on March 9, 2006, and then left CBS altogether on June 20, 2006.[74] The CBS news show that had aired the memos, 60 Minutes Wednesday, was canceled on May 18, 2005, allegedly due to poor ratings and not because of the memos broadcast.[75]In September 2007, Rather sued CBS and its former parent company, Viacom, for US$70 million, claiming that he had been made a \"scapegoat\" over the memos story.[76] His legal fight with CBS ended in January 2010 when the New York State Supreme Court declined to hear his motion to reinstate his lawsuit.[77]","title":"Memos allegedly from Jerry Killian"}]
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|
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September 15, 2004\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Eisner_(producer)
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Eric Eisner (producer)
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Philanthropy","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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American film director
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Eric EisnerSpouse
Stacey Bendet (m. 2008)Children3Parent(s)Jane BreckenridgeMichael EisnerFamilyBreck Eisner (brother) Sigmund Eisner(great-great-grandfather)
Eric Eisner is the founder and CEO of Double E Pictures, and partner at The Tornante Company. He is the son of Disney magnate Michael Eisner and a producer.
Early life and education
Eisner is the son of Jane Breckenridge, a business advisor and computer programmer, and Michael Eisner. His mother is a Unitarian of Scottish and Swedish descent while his father is Jewish.
Eisner holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the UCLA Anderson School of Management.
Career
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Eric Eisner" producer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Eisner started his entertainment career in sports, working for the NHL team, the Anaheim (Mighty) Ducks. There he worked in the hockey operations department and helped renegotiate both the radio and television contracts. Eisner also spent two years as a talent scout and participated in the scout table during those NHL entry drafts.
Eisner founded the popular original content site Romp.com. The site produced original short form animations and live action shows. Eisner wrote and directed the film, Jake's Booty Call, an animated feature-length film based on a short on Romp.com and distributed by National Lampoon.
In 2006, Eisner founded Double E Pictures (formerly L+E Productions). The company’s production of Hamlet 2 won wide acclaim as a late entry to the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah, in January 2008. After the screening, an all-night bidding war took place for rights to distribution, which Focus Features won for a near-record $10 million, acquiring worldwide rights to the film. Hamlet 2 is the first Eisner film to be featured at Sundance. Eisner also created the television show Madden Nation, which aired on the ESPN Networks for four seasons.
Double E Pictures is currently developing a number of film projects about a wide variety of subjects including: The Grateful Dead (on which Eisner is lead producer); reputed organized crime figure Meyer Lansky; and Mossad agent and Israeli hero Eli Cohen.
Eisner is Partner at The Tornante Company, a privately held firm that invests in, acquires and operates companies in media and entertainment. Tornante was founded in 2005, and its portfolio includes: Clique Media Group (now Clique Brands - the brand umbrella for lifestyle sites including Byrdie and Who What Wear); Omaze; Portsmouth football club; TaskRabbit; Topps; Vuguru; and Tornante TV, which produces both original and syndicated television content. Among Tornante TV’s original projects is BoJack Horseman. Eisner was also on the board of Topps, which was acquired by Tornante in 2007.
Philanthropy
Eisner is on the Board of The Eisner Foundation, which was founded in 1996 and contributes to a number of non-profit organizations including SCORE (Spinal Cord Opportunities for Rehabilitation Endowment), which provides grants to people who have had sports-related spinal cord injuries. The foundation has also undertaken several special initiatives, including through partnerships with: The Aspen Institute, to advance arts programming nationwide and increase the role of arts in all aspects of America’s culture; California State University Northridge, to help prepare teachers, parents and clinicians in supporting the educational and emotional needs of all types of learners; Project GRAD (Graduation Really Achieves Dreams), a college outreach program that prepares K-12th grade students in the Northeast San Fernando Valley to enter and succeed in college; and The Eisner Pediatric & Family Medical Center, which offers comprehensive services including prenatal care, medical care for infants, children and adolescents, a women’s health center, adult medical, dental and mental health care, and child development centers at 11 sites across the county.
Additionally, The Eisner Foundation annually awards The Eisner Prize to non-profit programs or individuals that unite multiple generations.
Personal life
In 2008, he married fashion designer Stacey Bendet on the Caribbean island of Anguilla. They have three daughters: Eloise Breckenridge Eisner (b. 2008), Scarlet Haven Eisner (b. 2011), and Athena Belle Eisner (b. 2015).
See also
Michael Eisner
The Walt Disney Company
Hamlet 2
References
^ filmreference.com Michael Eisner
^ Pinsky, Mark I., The Gospel According to Disney: Faith, Trust, and Pixie Dust p. 123-129
^ "About Us". Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "About Us". Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "About Us". Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ Staff writer. "About Us". Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "TOPPS ANNOUNCES CLOSING OF ACQUISITION BY MICHAEL EISNER'S TORNANTE COMPANY AND MADISON DEARBORN PARTNERS". October 12, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^ "The Eisner Foundation". Retrieved November 29, 2016.
^ "Michael Eisner Creates $100k Annual Prize". hollywoodreporter.com. October 10, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
^ Elle: "Alice + Olivia Designer Stacey Bendet Eisner's New Pad – Being a grown-up doesn't mean you have to forsake fun" BY Miranda Purves March 31, 2010
^ Staff writer (May 6, 2008). "Alice + Olivia's Stacey Bendet expecting first child". People. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Sarah Michaud (April 10, 2011). "Stacey Bendet Welcomes Daughter Scarlet Haven". People. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
^ Anya Leon (September 22, 2015). "Stacey Bendet Welcomes Daughter Athena Belle". People. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
External links
Eric Eisner at IMDb
Double E Pictures
The Tornante Company
Authority control databases: Artists
Grammy Awards
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_Plant
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Record Plant
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["1 New York","2 Los Angeles","2.1 Jim Keltner Fan Club","2.2 1977 and beyond","3 Sausalito","3.1 The Pit","3.2 Mid- to late-1970s","3.3 1980s","3.4 Changes in ownership and management","4 Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant New York (by year)","5 Producers and engineers associated with Record Plant New York","6 Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Los Angeles (by year)","7 Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Sausalito (by year)","8 References","9 External links"]
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Recording studio in Los Angeles, California, United States
Record PlantThe PlantThe former Record Plant studio in Sausalito, CaliforniaAddress1032 N. Sycamore Ave, Los Angeles, California 90038321 W 44th St, New York City, New York 100362200 Bridgeway, Sausalito, California 94965LocationNew York City, New York, US (1968–1987)Los Angeles, California, US (1969–present)Sausalito, California, US (1972–2008)TypeRecording studio
The Record Plant is a recording studio established in New York City in 1968 and currently operating in Los Angeles, California. Known for innovations in the recording artists' workspace, it has produced highly influential albums, including the New York Dolls' New York Dolls, Bruce Springsteen's Born To Run, Blondie's Parallel Lines, Metallica's Load and Reload, the Eagles' Hotel California, Fleetwood Mac's Rumours, Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP, Guns N' Roses' Appetite for Destruction, and Kanye West's The College Dropout. More recent albums with songs recorded at Record Plant include Lady Gaga's ARTPOP, D'Angelo's Black Messiah, Justin Bieber's Purpose, Beyoncé's Lemonade, and Ariana Grande's Thank U, Next.
The studio was founded in 1968 in New York City by Gary Kellgren and Chris Stone, who opened a Los Angeles branch the following year and a Sausalito, California, location in 1972. During the 1980s, they sold the New York and Sausalito studios; the former closed in 1987, the latter in 2008. The Los Angeles studio remains in operation. As of 2024, the Sausalito recording site operates as "2200 Studios".
The Record Plant in New York was the first studio to give recording artists a comfortable, casual environment rather than the clinical setting that was normal practice through the 1960s. Kellgren and Stone brought this same vision to their Los Angeles and Sausalito properties, adding a Jacuzzi and billiard table. Stone later said of Kellgren, "He single-handedly was responsible for changing studios from what they were—fluorescent lights, white walls and hardwood floors—to the living rooms that they are today." The Los Angeles location has since added VIP lounges.
New York
In 1967, Gary Kellgren was a recording engineer working at several New York City studios, including Mayfair Studios on 701 Seventh Avenue at the edge of Times Square, a drab upstairs office, a single room which held the only professional 8-track recording system in New York. There, Kellgren worked with artists such as the Velvet Underground, who recorded "Sunday Morning" in November 1966; Frank Zappa; and Jimi Hendrix, engineering their recordings and also sweeping the floors. In late 1967, Chris Stone was introduced to Kellgren because Kellgren's wife, Marta, was seven months pregnant and scared of the upcoming birth and Stone's wife, Gloria, had just given birth. Mutual friends thought that the two couples could talk about being parents and ease Marta's worry.
Though they were "diametrically opposed" in nature (with Stone all business and Kellgren very creative), the two quickly became friends. Seeing him at work, Stone determined that Kellgren was not making full use of his genius for making recordings. Stone noticed that the small studio was charging its clients $5,000 per week, but Kellgren was making $200 per week. Stone suggested Kellgren ask for a raise and soon he was making $1,000 per week.
Stone held an MBA from the UCLA Anderson School of Management and was employed as the national sales representative of Revlon cosmetics. Stone convinced Kellgren that the two of them, with $100,000 borrowed from Johanna C.C. "Ancky" Revson Johnson, could start a new recording studio with a better atmosphere for creativity. Johnson was a former model and the second wife of Revlon founder Charles Revson. She divorced Revson and married Ben Johnson, a model 21 years her junior.
In early 1968, Kellgren and Stone began building a new studio at 321 West 44th Street, creating a living room type of environment for the musicians. It initially used an unusual and innovative 12-track machine built by Scully Recording Instruments and opened on March 13, 1968. As the studio was nearing completion, record producer Tom Wilson persuaded Hendrix producer Chas Chandler to book the Record Plant from April 18 to early July 1968 for the recording of the album Electric Ladyland. In early April, just prior to the start of the Hendrix session, the band Soft Machine spent four days recording The Soft Machine, their debut album produced by Wilson and Chandler with Kellgren engineering. When the Jimi Hendrix Experience arrived at the studio, Kellgren engineered the first few dates until Eddie Kramer, the band's familiar engineer, flew in from London. During the production of Electric Ladyland the studio added a new 16-track machine.
In 1969, Kellgren and Stone sold the New York operation to TeleVision Communications (TVC), a cable television company that was broadening its portfolio. The purpose of the sale was to gain cash for expansion into Los Angeles with a second studio.
The next big mixing assignment that the studio accepted was to mix the tracks recorded at the Woodstock Festival. These took more than a month to sort out in the studio, as recording conditions had been primitive and some tracks contained both voice and instruments, preventing separate processing for each.
In 1970, Studio A became the first recording studio designed for mixing quadraphonic sound.
On August 1, 1971, the studio made its first remote recordings at The Concert for Bangladesh at Madison Square Garden.
During the 1970s, house engineers Shelly Yakus and Roy Cicala also gave many local bands their start by donating session time and materials, engineering and producing their demo tapes.
In January 1972, Warner Communications bought the facility from TVC. Head engineer Cicala bought it from Warner.
In April 1973, the New York Dolls recorded their debut album there, produced by Todd Rundgren.
In late 1973, Aerosmith began recording Get Your Wings, their second album. Bob Ezrin, known for producing hits for Alice Cooper, was put in charge, but engineer Jack Douglas put so much into the project that he was called the sixth member of the band. (Douglas's career had started very humbly as janitor at the studio.) The song "Lord of the Thighs" was written and recorded inside the Record Plant's Studio C during an all-night session after the band realized they needed one more song for the album. When Aerosmith returned to the Record Plant in early 1975 to record Toys in the Attic, they named Douglas as sole producer.
The song "Walk This Way" was written after Douglas and the band, without Steven Tyler, went out to see the film Young Frankenstein and were struck by a humorous line spoken by Marty Feldman playing a hunchback. They returned to the studio to tell Tyler what the song's title must be, and Tyler wrote the words on the walls of the stairwell at the Record Plant. For the recording of Draw the Line in 1977, Douglas brought a truckload of Record Plant remote recording equipment to the Cenacle, a 300-room former convent in Armonk, New York.
In 1978, David Hewitt (Dir. of Remote Recording) and crew of John Venable, Phil Gitomer, Robert "Kooster" McAllister and Dave "DB" Brown built the Black Truck, a state of the art mobile studio. They recorded everyone from Aretha Franklin to Frank Zappa, also expanding the Record Plant's client list in live radio, television and films. Among these recorded performances were the first live MTV concert, the Tony Awards, the Grammy Awards, Live from the Met Opera and the films Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, the Rolling Stones' Let's Spend the Night Together, Neil Young's Rust Never Sleeps, No Nukes and Queen Rock Montreal.
John Lennon was recording "Walking on Thin Ice" at the Record Plant on December 8, 1980, the day he was shot and killed. Willie Nile was also recording Golden Down at the Record Plant the night Lennon was killed.
American pop singer Cyndi Lauper recorded her debut studio album She's So Unusual, one of the most iconic pop albums of the 1980s, at the Record Plant between December 1, 1982, and June 30, 1983.
In 1987, the New York studio was sold to George Martin and closed soon afterward.
Los Angeles
The opening celebration in Los Angeles, December 4, 1969. Pictured L to R: Attorney Tom Butler, producer Tom Wilson, investors Ben Johnson and Ancky Johnson (cutting cake), founders Chris Stone and Gary Kellgren.
Seeing the early success of the New York studio, Kellgren and Stone decided to move to the West Coast and open another studio in Los Angeles. To design the studio, they contracted with Tom Hidley, who had built TTG Studios in 1965 and was becoming known in L.A. for answering the high-decibel needs of rock music. Hidley was brought on board as the "third musketeer", according to Stone. One of the first employees of this studio was Chris Stone's nephew, Mike D. Stone, who would also work as a recording engineer.
On December 4, 1969, the new studio opened its doors on 8456 West Third Street near La Cienega Boulevard. Sometimes known as "Record Plant West", the new studio held a 16-track recorder, larger than the 12-track system in New York (occasionally called "Record Plant East"), and studio time was 20 to 25 percent less expensive than typical studios in New York. In 1970, to stay innovative and retain the prestige of an industry leader, the Record Plant installed a 24-track tape recorder. It was a very large machine assembled by Hidley at the cost of $42,000, but in the next three years it was used on only a few sessions.
Stone and Kellgren had profited enough to buy back their studio from Warner Communications and expand into Sausalito. They expanded with remote recording dates in 1973, including performances by Alice Cooper, Vikki Carr, Sly Stone, Todd Rundgren, Joe Walsh and Rod Stewart. At the same time, the studio worked on projects by the Gap Band for Shelter Records; Mary McCreary, a singer being produced by her husband Leon Russell; and the Partridge Family, in production for Bell Records under producer Wes Farrell.
Jim Keltner Fan Club
Letting off steam in 1974. Gary Kellgren, second from right, mugs for the camera.
In March 1973, when a third studio—Studio C—was installed at Third Street, Kellgren initiated a series of Sunday night jam sessions hosted by the Record Plant, featuring well-known studio drummer Jim Keltner, a good friend of Kellgren. The jams were known as the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour. Famous musicians would show up to play along with Keltner included Pete Townshend, Ronnie Wood, Billy Preston, Mick Jagger and George Harrison. Harrison jokingly referred to the sessions on the back cover of his album Living in the Material World. As a jab at Paul McCartney's self-promotion on the back of the album Red Rose Speedway, where it said "for more information on the Wings' Fun Club send a stamped self-addressed envelope...", Harrison wrote on his own album regarding the "Jim Keltner Fun Club", "send a stamped undressed elephant..."
Keyboardist William "Smitty" Smith said that there were regular jam sessions of musicians at Clover Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard near Vine Street in Hollywood, but that the increasing number of musicians outgrew the place and the group moved to the Record Plant for more space. Smith was a regular at the Studio C jams, but one Sunday he could not make it and he sent his friend, David Foster, to play keyboards. Foster was so well received by other musicians that he and three others—Paul Stallworth on bass, Danny Kortchmar on guitar and Keltner on drums—formed the band Attitudes.
One of the Keltner jam sessions in late December 1973 became known later as "Too Many Cooks". Under the leadership of John Lennon, an all-star lineup performed an extended version of the blues song "Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)", with Mick Jagger on lead vocals, Keltner on drums, Kortchmar and Jesse Ed Davis on guitars, Al Kooper on keyboards, Bobby Keys playing tenor saxophone, Trevor Lawrence on baritone saxophone, Jack Bruce on bass and Harry Nilsson singing background vocals.
Jagger was uncomfortable stretching to reach the top of his vocal range and he grew unhappy with the progress being made on the song. Journalist Lucian Truscott IV wrote in 1977 that Kellgren told Jagger to "sit on it", ending the complaints. After Lennon's personal assistant and lover, May Pang, brought the master tapes to light, the track "Too Many Cooks" was released in 2007 on Mick Jagger's album Very Best Of.... Musician and journalist Steven Van Zandt described Jagger's vocals as "ragged but still in control" and the song as "amazing", with "a painful soulfulness hits you and stays with you".
In March 1974, to celebrate the first anniversary of the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour jam series, Ringo Starr and Moose Johnson joined Keltner on drums; Lennon, Marc Benno and Davis played guitar, Ric Grech played bass, Keys played sax, Gene Clark vocalized, Joe Vitale played flute and Mal Evans supported the large group on percussion. Keltner was working on a solo project by Jack Bruce, formerly of Cream, laying down tracks for Out of the Storm under the direction of engineer and producer Andy Johns; Steve Hunter played guitar.
Also in the building was Stevie Wonder, shaping the mixes for Fulfillingness' First Finale, using Studio B, which was built specifically for him. Jack Bruce first met drummer Bruce Gary (later of the Knack fame) when he showed up at one of the jams hoping to play. Bruce described Gary as a "wannabe drummer", but befriended him and hired him when they were both back in England.
At Burbank Studios on March 28, 1974, a few weeks after the anniversary jam, some of those celebrating at the Record Plant came together again for another jam, also called "the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour", though it was not hosted or organized by Kellgren, nor was Keltner in attendance. Lennon played with Keys, Davis and Wonder, among others, and McCartney joined in part way through. The raw recordings with their uneven performances were issued as a bootleg album called A Toot and a Snore in '74, the final time that Lennon played with McCartney.
1977 and beyond
In July 1977, Kellgren drowned in the swimming pool at his Hollywood home. A business associate of Kellgren was in the house at the time; he called police and reported that Kellgren had recently been in surgery and that he had been swimming in the deep end of the pool. Kellgren's girlfriend and secretary, Kristianne Gaines, also drowned. Gaines, 34, a resident of Los Angeles, was last seen alive sitting on a raft in the pool because she could not swim. Guitarist Ronnie Wood wrote that Kellgren probably died of electric shock while trying to fix some underwater speakers in his pool and that Gaines drowned trying to help him.
The loss of his friend and business partner hit Stone hard. Stone was suddenly responsible for keeping all three studios operating, but he concentrated his attention on Los Angeles and slowly began to lose interest in the Sausalito location.
Studio C was destroyed by fire in January 1978.
Studio C was destroyed in an electrical fire on January 10, 1978. At the time, rocker Marshall Chapman was working with producer Al Kooper and bassist Tom Comet in Studio B on her album Jaded Virgin and helped other musicians and engineers carry priceless master recordings to safety outside the building. She said, "We might as well have been rescuing Rembrandts from the Louvre...I remember seeing 'Hotel California' on one, and 'John Lennon' on another. I nearly fainted when I saw I was holding a box containing the master tape from Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life."
During the next 13 months, Studio C was rebuilt and fitted with radical new gear. In February 1979, Stephen Stills became the first major-label American artist to record on digital recording and mastering equipment, a 3M system installed to replace the previous analog system. With engineer Michael Braunstein at the controls, Stills recorded a new version of the song "Cherokee", previously released on his first solo album Stephen Stills.
The L.A. operation expanded further in the early 1980s by equipping more remote recording trucks. In 1982, Stone leased sound stages M and L at the Paramount Pictures studio lot for film sound recordings. Soundtracks that the Record Plant tracked and mixed there included Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Annie, 48 Hrs., and An Officer and a Gentleman. The studio was outgrowing its Third Street location.
In 1985, the Record Plant's Third Street facility closed with hundreds of its customers and staff taking part in "The Last Jam". In January 1986, the Record Plant reopened at 1032 Sycamore Avenue in Hollywood in the former Radio Recorders "Annex", a historic studio where Elvis Presley and Louis Armstrong recorded.
On December 8, 1987, Stone sold 50% plus one share of the Los Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility. In 1989, Stone sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management. In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium with a jacuzzi and a billiard table lit by skylight.
The studio's control room in 1988
In 2002, hip-hop artist Kanye West recorded his song "Through the Wire" at Record Plant, two weeks after a widely publicized car accident in which he was also driving home from the studio. The title and content of the song is a reference to the personal journey he faced after the accident, as well as the fact that he performed his lyrics with his jaw wired shut. The album the song was featured on, The College Dropout, as well as his next two albums, Late Registration and Graduation were also recorded at Record Plant.
In 2006, American artist Beyoncé recorded the songs "Green Light" and "Kitty Kat", in addition to parts of the song "Déjà Vu", from her second album B'Day at the Plant. In 2010, Beyoncé recorded parts of her 4 album at Record Plant. In 2013, although no songs recorded at Record Plant made it onto her self-titled album, she recorded the song "7/11" at the Plant, which she later released on Beyoncé: Platinum Edition. In 2015, Beyoncé recorded parts of her Lemonade album at Record Plant, including the songs "Hold Up" (which she later released as the album's third single) and "6 Inch" featuring the Weeknd.
Sausalito
On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going online. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager of Record Plant, and construction continued on the similarly equipped Studio B with completion expected in February 1973. The 10,700-square-foot (990 m2) building was a former office suite covered with diagonal redwood siding in an industrial park near Sausalito's harbor facilities. The legal corporation was named Sausalito Music Factory, doing business in Los Angeles and Sausalito as the Record Plant.
Kellgren worked with Hidley to design Studio A and Studio B to have the same size and the same "dead" acoustics and both were fitted with Hidley-designed Westlake monitors. Studio A was decorated with a sunburst pattern on the wall and white fabric draped from the ceiling. Studio B was more vibrant to the eye, having many multi-colored fabric layers on the ceiling and swirls of color on the walls. Kellgren and Stone sent party invitations out on slabs of redwood; among the guests were John Lennon and Yoko Ono, who both showed up dressed as trees.
The first recording was under producer Al Schmitt, who brought in Mike Finnigan and Jerry Wood as Finnigan & Wood, recording the album Crazed Hipsters. When Studio B went online, engineer Tom Flye went to California from New York and ran the room; his first customer was New Riders of the Purple Sage, who recorded The Adventures of Panama Red. Flye also helped Sly and the Family Stone make their album Fresh.
Guitarist Bob Welch and producer Jimmy Robinson at the Record Plant in 1979
The expansion into Sausalito was the result of drummer Buddy Miles and radio pioneer Tom "Big Daddy" Donahue asking Kellgren and Stone to put a studio in the San Francisco Bay Area. The intention was to have a getaway studio far from the pressures of the big city music industry. Miles and Donahue promised that their recording business would go to the new studio and that it would be promoted with a live radio show. "Live From the Plant", the resulting radio show, was broadcast on Donahue's album-oriented rock station KSAN from time to time over the next two years, primarily on Sunday nights, and featured various artists such as the Grateful Dead, Jerry Garcia, the Tubes, Peter Frampton, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Pablo Cruise, Rory Gallagher, the Marshall Tucker Band, Jimmy Buffett, Bonnie Raitt, Link Wray, Linda Ronstadt and Fleetwood Mac.
KSAN, known as "Jive 95", was the most popular radio station for Bay Area listeners from 18 to 34 years old and the Record Plant broadcasts were widely heard. Donahue died in April 1975 after which fewer concerts were broadcast. A notable later radio show was by Nils Lofgren and his band with a guest appearance by Al Kooper; they performed at the Record Plant's Halloween party in 1975.
Detail of the front door, showing whimsical animal musicians
The Record Plant in Sausalito soon became known as one of the top four recording studios in the San Francisco Bay Area, the other three being the CBS/Automatt (now defunct), Wally Heider Studios (now Hyde Street Studios) and Fantasy Studios in Berkeley. In the first year, the studio worked on projects by Buddy Miles, the Grateful Dead (who booked the whole building in August 1973 to record Wake of the Flood), and on Gregg Allman's first solo album, Laid Back.
The quirkiness of the studio extended in many directions. For transporting musicians, Stone owned a limousine with the custom license plate DEDUCT, while Kellgren kept a purple Rolls-Royce displaying GREED on the license plate. As in Los Angeles, the studio contained a jacuzzi, but Sausalito's conference room had a waterbed floor. For the musicians' meals, there were chefs ready to cook organic food; for their sleeping quarters, there were two guesthouses next to each other five minutes away in Mill Valley. In back, there was a basketball hoop and in the nearby harbor, a speedboat was kept ready.
The studio obtained industrial-grade nitrous oxide—pure, not mixed with oxygen as it is for dental anesthesia—from a local chemical supply company under the pretext that the gas was critical to the recording process, and fresh tanks were delivered weekly. The Grateful Dead and their engineer, Dan Healy, reportedly made use of this feature.
Al Kooper wrote that during the few days that he was helping Lofgren lay down tracks for Cry Tough, Kooper was so taken with the novel drug experience that he wheeled one of the tanks around and kept it next to him for refreshment between takes. He breathed in so much of it that acid collected in his stomach, aggravating his ulcers, and for a few days he was too sick to work. Kooper said that the studio's fun with nitrous oxide was stopped forever when a friend of Kellgren was found dead from asphyxia under one of the tanks, the tube still in his mouth.
The Pit
Jimmy Robinson and Gary Kellgren in the "Pit" in 1975
To satisfy the wishes of Sly Stone, one of the office spaces at the studio was turned into an unusual recording studio dubbed "the Pit". The Pit was a 140-square-foot (13 m2) acoustically dead room that had the engineer's controls sunk 10 feet (3.0 m) into the foundation of the building, surrounded on all sides by a ground level area intended for the musicians. Its appearance was futuristic, with bright maroon plush carpet on the floors, walls, ceiling and stairs. Psychedelic murals and embroidery added to the visual atmosphere.
There were no windows between the control room and the main studio area, previously considered a fundamental method of sound separation; instead, there was a partial cowling circling the control pit, also carpeted. A bunk bed was accessible from the perimeter of the Pit, reached only by climbing through a giant pair of red lips. At the head of the bed, audio jacks allowed for microphones to be connected to the console in the Pit so that an artist could vocalize from under the covers. Guitarist Bob Welch wrote that "it really was the height of '70s 'over-the-top-ness'."
Al Kooper said "it looked like something out of Thunderdome." Jack Bruce thought it was decorated to look like a human heart, "with all kinds of red, synthetic fur on the walls." Stone recorded in it from time to time, but mostly it remained an unused curiosity, a "white elephant" according to producer Jimmy Robinson, a room that new arrivals were shown to elicit an "oh wow, what a trip" response. The separation between engineer and musician frustrated Stone and he recorded as much as possible down in the actual pit next to the engineers, lowering a Hammond B3 organ into the pit for his own use or positioning the members of a horn section there.
Kellgren said it was like a Ferrari in that you had to know what you were doing in order to drive it. In late August 1975, Kellgren flew up from L.A. with bassist Bill Wyman, who had just finished a major tour with the Rolling Stones. In the Pit, Wyman jammed with Van Morrison, who played saxophone; guitarist Joe Walsh; former CSNY drummer Dallas Taylor; pianist Leon Russell; and the Tower of Power horn section. Some of the tracks contributed to Wyman's solo album Stone Alone. Wyman laid down his vocal tracks from a lying-down position, a bottle of brandy in his hand.
Mid- to late-1970s
In 1975, the Record Plant's hourly rate was $120. Stevie Wonder worked on Songs in the Key of Life in Record Plant Sausalito; Sammy Hagar used the Pit to record tracks his debut solo album Nine on a Ten Scale, and the Tower of Power cut In the Slot. Pure Prairie League recorded; Bob Welch's band, Paris, made Paris; and America produced Hearts. Remote recordings were made by Record Plant crews and gear for Dan Fogelberg, Sly Stone, Joe Walsh and the New Riders of the Purple Sage.
In February 1976, for the album that became Rumours, Fleetwood Mac blocked time at the studio to lay down tracks, bringing in engineers Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut. Caillat was responsible for most of the tracking and took a leave of absence from Wally Heider Studios in L.A. on the premise that Fleetwood Mac would use their facilities for mixing. Most band members complained about the windowless studio and wanted to record at their homes, but Mick Fleetwood blocked this. The band used Studio B with its 3M 24-track tape machine, various studio microphones and an API mixing console with 550A equalizers. Although Caillat was impressed with the setup, he felt that the room lacked ambiance because of its "very dead speakers" and large amounts of soundproofing. Fleetwood remarked of his time at the studio that his band did not go into the Pit, as it was usually occupied by strangers who were chopping powdered drugs into lines with razors.
In late 1977, 19-year-old Prince recorded his debut album, For You, in Record Plant Sausalito while renting a home nearby. He performed every instrument, every track and produced the album. He spent three times his allotted budget to make this first record, and responded defensively when more experienced producers made suggestions in the studio. At the Record Plant, he met Stone, Chaka Khan and Carlos Santana, three musicians he greatly admired. For You was criticized as over-produced and did not sell well.
Fleetwood Mac's Rumours went platinum in 1977. The band Pablo Cruise recorded two platinum-certified albums at the Record Plant, A Place in the Sun (1977) and Worlds Away (1978). Cory Lerios, keyboardist and vocalist for Pablo Cruise, said that in recording "the better part of four albums" at the Record Plant, drug use enabled jam sessions that could last up to 36 hours. "It was a great time, no question," Lerios said. Another platinum album that came out of Record Plant Sausalito in 1978 was Dan Fogelberg's Twin Sons of Different Mothers, a collaboration with Tim Weisberg on flute. Other albums did less well: Jimmy Cliff laid down the tracks for Give Thankx in Jamaica, but he came to Record Plant Sausalito to polish it up, with producers Bob Johnston and John Stronach giving guidance. Cliff loved the studio's laid-back atmosphere and said Give Thankx was his best work yet. The album did not chart.
1980s
Singer, composer and producer Rick James became a fixture at the Record Plant beginning in mid-1981. He recorded all of Street Songs in Studios A and B and it went multiple platinum, driven by its hit songs "Super Freak" and "Give It to Me Baby". James was known both for his quick work to create songs in the studio and his high level of cocaine consumption. For a time, James lived in the conference room with the waterbed floor.
Jim Gaines said that with James in residence, "bands that weren't even recording would come by just to see who was there and say 'hi'." James was known for walking through other artists' recording sessions wearing only a towel and sometimes dropping the towel for effect "in front of all the women," according to Gaines. Studio manager Shiloh Hobel said that Sly Stone made an appearance, meeting James for the first time. She said, "It was such an incredible moment, these two fabulous forces in music...Each of them was really taken with the other."
In 1981, Chris Stone sold the Record Plant Sausalito studio to Laurie Necochea. Necochea was a music fan who, as a teenager in 1978, received a $5.6 million malpractice settlement for being radiated too much during treatment for thyroid cancer, causing paralysis and quadriplegia. Stone said of the sale, "she bought Record Plant Sausalito because if she owned the studio she could go backstage at concerts."
The Record Plant Sausalito studio was managed by Steve Malcolm and Bob Hodas until 1982. The studio business became known as "The Plant Studios" or simply "The Plant". In 1982, Necochea funded two new Trident TSM mixing consoles for Studios A and B. In order to accommodate the hard rock band 707, studio manager and chief technician Terry Delsing redesigned and ordered extensive acoustic modifications to Studio A. This included adding louvered ceiling panels to control the reverberation characteristics. Studio B's control room was enlarged from 1,500 to 1,850 square feet (139 to 172 m2) and a new studio monitoring system was installed, the Meyer Sound Laboratories ACD, John Meyer's first loudspeaker product. Rick James was the first artist to use the refurbished Studio B. Huey Lewis and the News made their hugely successful album Sports primarily at the Plant.
Changes in ownership and management
In early 1984, the Necochea Trust determined that the money going to the Plant was being mishandled and they sold the property to Stanley Jacox. Necochea died a year later at age 23. Jacox selected Jim Gaines as general manager; Gaines was a Stax/Volt veteran and a past manager of the Automatt. The small rehearsal room that had been the Pit was turned into Studio C, first used by John Fogerty to record Centerfield. Some of the tracks for Aretha Franklin's Who's Zoomin' Who? were laid down at the Plant under the direction of Narada Michael Walden. Engineer Maureen Droney said that "there was an aura of magic and fun that came from the people who recorded there before."
Accompanying famous artists, a series of experienced engineers and producers came through the Plant: Tom Dowd, Bill Schnee, Alan Parsons, Ron Nevison, Mike Clink and Ted Templeman. In 1985, with projects in progress by Heart, Journey, Starship and Huey Lewis, the studio was seized by government agents based on an affidavit accusing Jacox of manufacturing methamphetamines at his home in Auburn and investing drug money in the studio.
After Jacox's arrest, the Record Plant Sausalito studio was owned by the federal government, who ran it with a skeleton crew for 14 months. Some observers jokingly called it "Club Fed" during this time, and among the recordings are unreleased tapes made by Buddy Miles known as the Club Fed Sessions. The government sold the studio (not the building or property) at auction to recording engineer Bob Skye in 1986, effective on the first day of 1987. In 1988, Skye recruited recording engineer Arne Frager as a partner and Frager bought him out in late 1993. Frager remodeled Studio A for Metallica and producer Bob Rock in 1993–1995, raising the roof from 14 to 32 feet (4.3 to 9.8 m) high for a bigger drum sound. The remodeling included the installation of an SSL 4000 G series console. He gave Studio B a vintage desk, a Neve 8068 with 64 inputs and GML Automation, purchased from the L.A. Record Plant.
The former Pit/Studio C, renamed Mix 1, was given an SSL 8000 G series board for stereo and surround sound mixes. The sunken control area that had been created for the Pit was fitted with custom subwoofers. Mix 1 was eventually renamed "the Garden", an oval-shaped mix room designed by Frager and Manny LaCarruba. The Garden was a reverse-design studio where the larger tracking room was the new control room and the old control room was used for overdubs. Metallica's S&M was mixed in the Garden. Recording artists who worked at the Plant during this period include Sammy Hagar, Kenny G, Mariah Carey, Michael Bolton, Luther Vandross, Jerry Harrison, Chris Isaak, the Dave Matthews Band, Papa Wheelie, Deftones and Booker T. Jones. Santana's huge comeback album, Supernatural, was made at the Plant and released in 1999. In 2007, Journey returned to the Plant with a new singer, Arnel Pineda, to create Revelation, their biggest album in over two decades.
In 2005, vintage guitar collector Michael Indelicato bought the building, with Frager continuing to run the studios, but large recording studios were no longer profiting from 1970s- and 1980s-era recording budgets. Bob Welch once observed, "You had to have a major-label budget to afford places like the Record Plant, with all of the perks – the Jacuzzi, the decor, the psychedelic atmosphere".
By the 2000s, bands were using their smaller budgets to buy their own recording gear. Metallica, formerly an important client, built their own recording studio and did not book any time at the Plant. Frager asked Indelicato to invest in what he saw as a much-needed rejuvenation of the building, but Indelicato was overextended in his finances and could not help. Indelicato shut the doors in March 2008 after the Fray finished recording in studio B. Shortly thereafter, Indelicato's $5.5 million home in Tiburon was reclaimed by his mortgage company and he used the Plant as his residence.
In March 2020, the Record Plant, Sausalito was purchased by a group of investors, spearheaded by Ken Caillat, the co-producer of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours at the Record Plant. On June 19, 2021, the Record Plant Sausalito's soft launch, its name was officially changed to the Record Factory.
As of 2024, the site is open for business as recording studios under the name "2200 Studios".
Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant New York (by year)
Soft Machine: The Soft Machine – 1968
The Jimi Hendrix Experience: Electric Ladyland – 1968
NRBQ: NRBQ – 1968
James Gang: James Gang Rides Again – 1970
Mountain: Climbing! – 1970
Sly and the Family Stone: There's a Riot Goin' On – 1971
Don McLean: American Pie – 1971
Alice Cooper: School's Out – 1972
Return to Forever: Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy – 1973
New York Dolls: New York Dolls – 1973
Elliott Murphy: Aquashow – 1973
The Allman Brothers Band: Brothers and Sisters – 1973
The Isley Brothers: 3 + 3 – 1973
Jonathan Edwards: Have a Good Time for Me – 1973
Stevie Wonder: Innervisions – 1973
Flo & Eddie: Flo & Eddie – 1972
Aerosmith: Get Your Wings – 1973–74
Three Dog Night: Hard Labor – 1974
Lou Reed: Rock 'n' Roll Animal Live Remote Recording – 1974
Return to Forever: No Mystery – 1975
Bruce Springsteen: Born to Run – 1975
Artful Dodger: Honor Among Thieves – 1975–76
Aerosmith: Toys in the Attic – 1975
Outlaws: Outlaws – 1975
Eric Clapton: EC Was Here Live Remote Recording – 1975
KISS: Destroyer – 1976
Patti Smith Group: Radio Ethiopia – 1976
Johnny Hartman: Johnny Hartman, Johnny Hartman – 1976
Moxy: Ridin' High – 1977
Cheap Trick: Cheap Trick – 1977
KISS: Love Gun – 1977
Blue Öyster Cult: Spectres – 1977
Bruce Springsteen: Darkness on the Edge of Town – 1977–78
Jackson Browne: Running on Empty Live Remote Recording – 1977
Patti Smith Group: Easter – 1977
Blondie: Parallel Lines – 1978
Prince: For You debut album – 1978
After the Fire: Laser Love – 1979
Jefferson Starship: Freedom at Point Zero – 1979
Neil Young: Rust Never Sleeps – 1979
Garland Jeffreys: American Boy & Girl – 1979
David Bowie: Lodger – 1979
KISS: Dynasty – 1979
Talking Heads: Fear of Music – 1979
Joan Armatrading: Me Myself I – 1980
Holly and the Italians: (album) – 1980
Jim Steinman: Bad for Good – 1981
Simon & Garfunkel: The Concert in Central Park Live Remote Recording – 1981
The Rolling Stones: Still Life Live Remote Recording – 1981
KISS: Unmasked – 1980
John Lennon and Yoko Ono: Double Fantasy – 1980
Iggy Pop: Soldier (mix) – 1980
Jefferson Starship: Modern Times – 1981
After the Fire: Batteries Not Included – 1982
After the Fire: "Der Kommissar" (Single)
Cyndi Lauper: She's So Unusual – 1983
Jefferson Starship: Nuclear Furniture – 1984
Queen: The Works – 1984
Prince: Purple Rain Live Remote Recording – 1983
Cock Robin: Cock Robin – 1985
Journey: Raised on Radio – 1986
Raging Slab: Raging Slab – 1988–1989
U2: Rattle and Hum Live Remote Recording – 1987
Beastie Boys: Part of Paul's Boutique – (1988–1989)
Guns N' Roses: Part of Use Your Illusion I and Part of Use Your Illusion II – (1990–1991)
Neil Young: Freedom – 1989
Guns N' Roses: Part of "The Spaghetti Incident?" – (1992–1993)
Producers and engineers associated with Record Plant New York
Gary Kellgren (co-founder, producer and engineer)
Carmine Rubino (lead engineer)
Shelly Yakus (house engineer)
Roy Cicala (house engineer)
Ray Colcord (producer)
Jack Douglas (producer)
Harry Maslin (record producer, house engineer)
Jimmy Iovine (engineer and producer)
Sandy Stone (house engineer and maintenance)
Tony Bongiovi (house engineer)
Jay Messina (engineer)
Jimmy Robinson (producer and engineer)
Sam Ginsberg (house engineer)
Ron Nevison (senior staff engineer (1974–1977), producer – Los Angeles/Sausalito)
Lillian Davis Douma (house engineer (a.k.a. Llyllianne Douma) New York/Los Angeles)
David Hewitt (remote engineer, director of remote recording, 1972–1985)
Mike D. Stone (engineer (Chris Stone's nephew) New York/Los Angeles)
David Hewitt, record plant remote truck, chief engineer
Norman Mershon, remote truck engineer
John L. Venable, remote truck engineer
Phil Gitomer, remote truck engineer
Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Los Angeles (by year)
James Gang: James Gang Rides Again – 1970
B.B. King: Indianola Mississippi Seeds – 1970
Mountain: Flowers of Evil – 1971
Black Sabbath: Black Sabbath Vol. 4 – 1972
America: Homecoming – 1972
The Isley Brothers: 3 + 3 – 1973
Bee Gees: Life in a Tin Can – 1973
America: Hat Trick – 1973
Billy Joel: Piano Man – 1973
Deep Purple: Stormbringer – 1974
Eagles: On the Border – 1974
Lynyrd Skynyrd: Second Helping – 1974
Joe Walsh: So What – 1974
Frank Zappa: One Size Fits All – 1974
Frank Zappa: Bongo Fury – 1974
Frank Zappa: Studio Tan – 1974
Tom Waits: Nighthawks at the Diner – 1975
The Tubes: The Tubes – 1975
The Allman Brothers Band: Win, Lose or Draw – 1975
Paris: Paris Recorded in Studio "C" in Los Angeles and the "Pit" in Sausalito 1975–76
Boston: Boston – 1975–76
Fleetwood Mac: Rumours – 1976
Eagles: Hotel California – 1976
Dave Mason: Let It Flow – 1977
Supertramp: Even in the Quietest Moments... – 1977
Peter Criss: Peter Criss – 1978
Paul Stanley: Paul Stanley – 1978
Cheap Trick: Heaven Tonight – 1978
Moody Blues: Octave – 1978
Cheap Trick: Dream Police – 1979
REO Speedwagon – 1979
Rod Stewart – 1979
Blue Öyster Cult: Mirrors – 1979
Jefferson Starship: Freedom at Point Zero – 1979
Devo: Freedom of Choice – 1980
Survivor: Survivor – 1980
Ozark Mountain Daredevils: Ozark Mountain Daredevils – 1980
Chicago: Chicago XIV – 1980
Rod Stewart: Tonight I'm Yours – 1981
Black Sabbath: Mob Rules – 1981
Jefferson Starship: Modern Times – 1981
Quarterflash: Quarterflash – 1981
Devo: New Traditionalists – 1981
Kiss: Killers – 1982
Fleetwood Mac: Mirage – 1982
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers: Long After Dark – 1982
Kiss: Creatures of the Night – 1982
Rod Stewart: Body Wishes – 1983
Brian May + Friends: Star Fleet Project – 1983
Queen: The Works – 1984
Devo: Shout – 1984
Survivor: Vital Signs – 1984
Yngwie J. Malmsteen: Rising Force – 1984
Rough Cutt: Rough Cutt – 1984
Heart: Heart – 1985 (also in Sausalito)
Twisted Sister: Come Out and Play – 1985
Autograph: That's the Stuff – 1985
Judas Priest: Turbo – 1985–1986
Andy Taylor: Thunder – 1987
Suicidal Tendencies: Join the Army – 1987
Guns N' Roses: Appetite for Destruction – 1987
Rod Stewart: Out of Order – 1988
Jefferson Airplane: Jefferson Airplane – 1989
Beastie Boys: "Paul's Boutique" – 1989
Whitesnake: Slip of the Tongue – 1989
Crosby, Stills & Nash: Live It Up – 1990
Stephen Stills: Stills Alone – 1991
Danzig: Danzig III: How the Gods Kill – 1992
Damn Yankees: Don't Tread – 1992
Nine Inch Nails: The Downward Spiral – 1994
Luis Miguel: Segundo Romance – 1994
Tears for Fears: Raoul and the Kings of Spain – 1994
Marilyn Manson: Portrait of an American Family – 1994
Luis Miguel: Nada Es Igual – 1996
Hole: Celebrity Skin – 1998
Elton John & Tim Rice: The Road to El Dorado (soundtrack) – 2000
Mushroomhead: XX – 2001
Robbie Williams: Escapology – 2002
Brandy: Afrodisiac – 2004
Vanessa Carlton: Harmonium – 2004
Kanye West: The College Dropout – 2004
Kanye West: Late Registration – 2005
Evanescence: The Open Door – 2006
Ayumi Hamasaki: Secret – 2006
Christina Aguilera: Back to Basics – 2006
Beyoncé: B'Day – 2006
Kanye West: Graduation – 2007
will.i.am: Songs About Girls – 2007
Ayumi Hamasaki: Guilty – 2008
Lady Gaga: The Fame – 2008
Ayumi Hamasaki: Next Level – 2009
Amerie: In Love & War – 2009
Lady Gaga: The Fame Monster – 2009
Mos Def: The Ecstatic – 2009
Britney Spears: Femme Fatale – 2011
Beyoncé: 4 – 2011
The Offspring: Days Go By – 2012
Lady Gaga: ARTPOP – 2013
Jamie Drastik: Jump The Decision – 2015
Justin Bieber: Purpose – 2015
Travis Scott: "Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight" – 2016
Beyoncé: Lemonade – 2016
Ariana Grande: Thank U, Next – 2019
Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Sausalito (by year)
Side door, opens onto Marinship Way, across from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model
Some notable albums recorded and/or mixed at the Plant Studios include:
Pharoah Sanders: Thembi – 1971
New Riders of the Purple Sage: The Adventures of Panama Red – 1972
Sly and the Family Stone: Fresh – 1972–73
The Wailers: Talkin' Blues – 1973
Gregg Allman: Laid Back – 1973
America: Hearts – 1975
Paris: Paris – 1975–76
Fleetwood Mac: Rumours – 1976 (finished at Wally Heiders Studios, Sound City Los Angeles, California)
Skyhooks: Straight in a Gay Gay World – 1976
Stevie Wonder: Songs in the Key of Life – 1976
Dan Fogelberg and Tim Weisberg: Twin Sons of Different Mothers – 1978
Prince: For You – 1978
Rick James: Fire It Up – 1979
Rick James: Garden of Love – 1980
Rick James: Street Songs – 1981 (tracking also at Motown/Hitsville, W. Hollywood, California)
Maze: Joy and Pain – 1980
Marty Balin: Balin – 1981
Huey Lewis and the News: Sports – 1983 (one track recorded at the Automatt, San Francisco, California)
The Mary Jane Girls: Mary Jane Girls – 1983
Grace Slick: Software – 1984
Jefferson Airplane: Nuclear Furniture – 1984
Heart: Heart – 1985 (also in Los Angeles)
John Fogerty: Centerfield – 1985
Huey Lewis and the News: Fore! – 1986
Todd Rundgren: Nearly Human – 1989
Queen Ida: ‘’ Cookin’ with’’ – 1989
Mother Love Bone: Apple – 1990
Mariah Carey: Emotions – 1991
Mariah Carey: Music Box – 1993
The Verve Pipe: Villains – 1996
Metallica: Load – 1996
Metallica: ReLoad – 1997
Bralalalala: Well Come to the Galaxy – 1997
Joe Satriani: Crystal Planet – 1998
Dave Matthews Band: Before These Crowded Streets – 1998
Guster: Lost and Gone Forever – 1999
Carlos Santana: Supernatural – 1999 (also tracked at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, California)
Third Eye Blind: Blue – 1999
Deftones: White Pony – 2000
Dave Matthews Band: Busted Stuff – 2002
Papa Wheelie: Live Lycanthropy – 2002
The Fray: The Fray – 2009
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^ Draper, Jason (2011). Prince: Chaos, Disorder, and Revolution. Backbeat Books. pp. 23–26. ISBN 9781458429414.
^ Nilsen, Per (2004). Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade (2 ed.). SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 46. ISBN 0-946719-64-0.
^ a b "Music notables who have recorded at the Plant". San Jose Mercury News. June 4, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
^ Sullivan, James (March 1998). "If These Walls Could Sing". Pulse.
^ Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1991). Rock movers & shakers. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0-87436-661-5.
^ a b c d McDonough, Jack (March 6, 1982). "Record Plant's Studio B Gets $250,000 Facelift". Billboard. Vol. 94, no. 9. Nielsen Business Media. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Harris, Scott (April 16, 1986). "Jury decided defects were caused by failure to diagnose and treat 'hypoxia,' a lack of oxygen during childbirth: $8.4 Million Won Over Birth Defects". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^ Harold Dow (1978). Malpractice Award (Television). San Francisco, California: CBS Evening News.
^ Liberatore, Paul (September 14, 1985), "Chaos at Marin Record Studio After Drug Raid", San Francisco Chronicle
^ a b c Selvin, Joel (1996). San Francisco, the musical history tour: A guide to over 200 of the Bay Area's most memorable music sites. Chronicle Books. p. 48. ISBN 0-8118-1007-0.
^ Jarvis, Birney (September 13, 1985), "Recording Studio In Sausalito Seized By Drug Probers", San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8
^ "Famed Studio Celebrates 25 Years of Music, Et Cetera", Los Angeles Sentinel, p. B4, November 12, 1997
^ "Sausalito's historic Record Plant may rock 'n' roll again soon". Marinij.com. November 5, 2020.
^ "Record Plant reopens under new name, new management in Sausalito". Kronon.tv. May 2, 2022.
^ "2200 Studios". 2200 Studios. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
^ Anon. (n.d.). "Mos Def – The Ecstatic". Downtown Music. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
External links
The Record Plant, Los Angeles
Video tour of the Record Plant, Los Angeles
The Plant Studios, Record Plant Sausalito
2200 Studios, Sausalito. History with picture gallery of album covers.
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz place
2
3
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recording studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Born To Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_To_Run"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Parallel Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lines"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_(album)"},{"link_name":"Reload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reload_(Metallica_album)"},{"link_name":"the Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hotel California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_California_(Eagles_album)"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Rumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumours_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eminem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem"},{"link_name":"The Marshall Mathers LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshall_Mathers_LP"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Appetite for Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite_for_Destruction"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"The College Dropout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Dropout"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"ARTPOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artpop"},{"link_name":"D'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"Black Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Messiah_(D%27Angelo_album)"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpose_(Justin_Bieber_album)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Thank U, Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_U,_Next"},{"link_name":"Gary Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"Chris Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stone_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Sausalito, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausalito,_California"},{"link_name":"Jacuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacuzzi"},{"link_name":"billiard table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_table"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buskin2009-1"}],"text":"The Record Plant is a recording studio established in New York City in 1968 and currently operating in Los Angeles, California. Known for innovations in the recording artists' workspace, it has produced highly influential albums, including the New York Dolls' New York Dolls, Bruce Springsteen's Born To Run, Blondie's Parallel Lines, Metallica's Load and Reload, the Eagles' Hotel California, Fleetwood Mac's Rumours, Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP, Guns N' Roses' Appetite for Destruction, and Kanye West's The College Dropout. More recent albums with songs recorded at Record Plant include Lady Gaga's ARTPOP, D'Angelo's Black Messiah, Justin Bieber's Purpose, Beyoncé's Lemonade, and Ariana Grande's Thank U, Next.The studio was founded in 1968 in New York City by Gary Kellgren and Chris Stone, who opened a Los Angeles branch the following year and a Sausalito, California, location in 1972. During the 1980s, they sold the New York and Sausalito studios; the former closed in 1987, the latter in 2008. The Los Angeles studio remains in operation. As of 2024, the Sausalito recording site operates as \"2200 Studios\".The Record Plant in New York was the first studio to give recording artists a comfortable, casual environment rather than the clinical setting that was normal practice through the 1960s. Kellgren and Stone brought this same vision to their Los Angeles and Sausalito properties, adding a Jacuzzi and billiard table. Stone later said of Kellgren, \"He single-handedly was responsible for changing studios from what they were—fluorescent lights, white walls and hardwood floors—to the living rooms that they are today.\"[1] The Los Angeles location has since added VIP lounges.","title":"Record Plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"Mayfair Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair_Studios"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"8-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"the Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Sunday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Morning_(The_Velvet_Underground_song)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goggin1988-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz1978-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit267-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goggin1988-4"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"UCLA Anderson School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Anderson_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"Revlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revlon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goggin1988-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Revson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Revson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"living room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_room"},{"link_name":"12-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"Scully Recording Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scully_Recording_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit267-6"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Chas Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chas_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Electric Ladyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Ladyland"},{"link_name":"Soft Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Soft Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soft_Machine_(Soft_Machine_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"the Jimi Hendrix Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"Eddie Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Kramer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1972-10"},{"link_name":"Woodstock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goggin1988-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"quadraphonic sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz1978-5"},{"link_name":"remote recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_recording"},{"link_name":"The Concert for Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_for_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goggin1988-4"},{"link_name":"Shelly Yakus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Yakus"},{"link_name":"Roy Cicala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cicala"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1972-10"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Get Your Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Wings"},{"link_name":"Bob Ezrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ezrin"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jack Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Douglas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Lord of the Thighs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Thighs"},{"link_name":"Toys in the Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_in_the_Attic_(album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huxley1995-12"},{"link_name":"Walk This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_This_Way"},{"link_name":"Steven Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Young Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"Marty Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Feldman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huxley1995-12"},{"link_name":"Draw the Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_the_Line_(Aerosmith_album)"},{"link_name":"Armonk, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armonk,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Live from the Met Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_the_Met_Opera"},{"link_name":"Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail!_Hail!_Rock_%27n%27_Roll"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Let's Spend the Night Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Spend_the_Night_Together_(film)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Rust Never Sleeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps"},{"link_name":"No Nukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Nukes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Queen Rock Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Rock_Montreal"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Walking on Thin Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_on_Thin_Ice"},{"link_name":"he was shot and killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Willie Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nile"},{"link_name":"Golden Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Down"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autograph-14"},{"link_name":"Cyndi Lauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper"},{"link_name":"She's So Unusual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_So_Unusual"},{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin"}],"text":"In 1967, Gary Kellgren was a recording engineer working at several New York City studios, including Mayfair Studios on 701 Seventh Avenue at the edge of Times Square, a drab upstairs office, a single room which held the only professional 8-track recording system in New York.[2] There, Kellgren worked with artists such as the Velvet Underground, who recorded \"Sunday Morning\" in November 1966; Frank Zappa; and Jimi Hendrix, engineering their recordings and also sweeping the floors. In late 1967, Chris Stone was introduced to Kellgren because Kellgren's wife, Marta, was seven months pregnant and scared of the upcoming birth and Stone's wife, Gloria, had just given birth. Mutual friends thought that the two couples could talk about being parents and ease Marta's worry.[3][4]Though they were \"diametrically opposed\" in nature (with Stone all business and Kellgren very creative), the two quickly became friends.[5] Seeing him at work, Stone determined that Kellgren was not making full use of his genius for making recordings. Stone noticed that the small studio was charging its clients $5,000 per week, but Kellgren was making $200 per week.[6] Stone suggested Kellgren ask for a raise and soon he was making $1,000 per week.[4]Stone held an MBA from the UCLA Anderson School of Management and was employed as the national sales representative of Revlon cosmetics. Stone convinced Kellgren that the two of them, with $100,000[4] borrowed from Johanna C.C. \"Ancky\" Revson Johnson, could start a new recording studio with a better atmosphere for creativity. Johnson was a former model and the second wife of Revlon founder Charles Revson. She divorced Revson and married Ben Johnson, a model 21 years her junior.[7]In early 1968, Kellgren and Stone began building a new studio at 321 West 44th Street, creating a living room type of environment for the musicians. It initially used an unusual and innovative 12-track machine built by Scully Recording Instruments and opened on March 13, 1968.[6] As the studio was nearing completion, record producer Tom Wilson persuaded Hendrix producer Chas Chandler to book the Record Plant from April 18 to early July 1968 for the recording of the album Electric Ladyland. In early April, just prior to the start of the Hendrix session, the band Soft Machine spent four days recording The Soft Machine, their debut album produced by Wilson and Chandler with Kellgren engineering.[8] When the Jimi Hendrix Experience arrived at the studio, Kellgren engineered the first few dates until Eddie Kramer, the band's familiar engineer, flew in from London.[9] During the production of Electric Ladyland the studio added a new 16-track machine.In 1969, Kellgren and Stone sold the New York operation to TeleVision Communications (TVC), a cable television company that was broadening its portfolio.[10] The purpose of the sale was to gain cash for expansion into Los Angeles with a second studio.The next big mixing assignment that the studio accepted was to mix the tracks recorded at the Woodstock Festival.[4] These took more than a month to sort out in the studio, as recording conditions had been primitive and some tracks contained both voice and instruments, preventing separate processing for each.[11]In 1970, Studio A became the first recording studio designed for mixing quadraphonic sound.[5]On August 1, 1971, the studio made its first remote recordings at The Concert for Bangladesh at Madison Square Garden.[4]During the 1970s, house engineers Shelly Yakus and Roy Cicala also gave many local bands their start by donating session time and materials, engineering and producing their demo tapes.In January 1972, Warner Communications bought the facility from TVC. Head engineer Cicala bought it from Warner.[10]In April 1973, the New York Dolls recorded their debut album there, produced by Todd Rundgren.In late 1973, Aerosmith began recording Get Your Wings, their second album. Bob Ezrin, known for producing hits for Alice Cooper, was put in charge, but engineer Jack Douglas put so much into the project that he was called the sixth member of the band. (Douglas's career had started very humbly as janitor at the studio.) The song \"Lord of the Thighs\" was written and recorded inside the Record Plant's Studio C during an all-night session after the band realized they needed one more song for the album. When Aerosmith returned to the Record Plant in early 1975 to record Toys in the Attic, they named Douglas as sole producer.[12]The song \"Walk This Way\" was written after Douglas and the band, without Steven Tyler, went out to see the film Young Frankenstein and were struck by a humorous line spoken by Marty Feldman playing a hunchback. They returned to the studio to tell Tyler what the song's title must be, and Tyler wrote the words on the walls of the stairwell at the Record Plant.[12] For the recording of Draw the Line in 1977, Douglas brought a truckload of Record Plant remote recording equipment to the Cenacle, a 300-room former convent in Armonk, New York.[13]In 1978, David Hewitt (Dir. of Remote Recording) and crew of John Venable, Phil Gitomer, Robert \"Kooster\" McAllister and Dave \"DB\" Brown built the Black Truck, a state of the art mobile studio. They recorded everyone from Aretha Franklin to Frank Zappa, also expanding the Record Plant's client list in live radio, television and films. Among these recorded performances were the first live MTV concert, the Tony Awards, the Grammy Awards, Live from the Met Opera and the films Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, the Rolling Stones' Let's Spend the Night Together, Neil Young's Rust Never Sleeps, No Nukes and Queen Rock Montreal.John Lennon was recording \"Walking on Thin Ice\" at the Record Plant on December 8, 1980, the day he was shot and killed. Willie Nile was also recording Golden Down at the Record Plant the night Lennon was killed.[14]American pop singer Cyndi Lauper recorded her debut studio album She's So Unusual, one of the most iconic pop albums of the 1980s, at the Record Plant between December 1, 1982, and June 30, 1983.In 1987, the New York studio was sold to George Martin and closed soon afterward.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Record_Plant_opening_celebration,_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wilson_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Chris Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stone_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"Gary Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tom Hidley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hidley"},{"link_name":"TTG Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTG_Studios"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savona-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit235-16"},{"link_name":"West Third Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Street,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savona-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz1978-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1972-10"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vikki Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikki_Carr"},{"link_name":"Sly Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_Stone"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1973-17"},{"link_name":"the Gap Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gap_Band"},{"link_name":"Shelter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Records"},{"link_name":"Mary McCreary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McCreary"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"the Partridge Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Partridge_Family"},{"link_name":"Bell Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Records"},{"link_name":"Wes Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Farrell"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1973-17"}],"text":"The opening celebration in Los Angeles, December 4, 1969. Pictured L to R: Attorney Tom Butler, producer Tom Wilson, investors Ben Johnson and Ancky Johnson (cutting cake), founders Chris Stone and Gary Kellgren.Seeing the early success of the New York studio, Kellgren and Stone decided to move to the West Coast and open another studio in Los Angeles. To design the studio, they contracted with Tom Hidley, who had built TTG Studios in 1965 and was becoming known in L.A. for answering the high-decibel needs of rock music.[15] Hidley was brought on board as the \"third musketeer\", according to Stone.[16] One of the first employees of this studio was Chris Stone's nephew, Mike D. Stone, who would also work as a recording engineer.On December 4, 1969, the new studio opened its doors on 8456 West Third Street near La Cienega Boulevard. Sometimes known as \"Record Plant West\", the new studio held a 16-track recorder, larger than the 12-track system in New York (occasionally called \"Record Plant East\"), and studio time was 20 to 25 percent less expensive than typical studios in New York.[15] In 1970, to stay innovative and retain the prestige of an industry leader, the Record Plant installed a 24-track tape recorder. It was a very large machine assembled by Hidley at the cost of $42,000, but in the next three years it was used on only a few sessions.[5]Stone and Kellgren had profited enough to buy back their studio from Warner Communications and expand into Sausalito.[10] They expanded with remote recording dates in 1973, including performances by Alice Cooper, Vikki Carr, Sly Stone, Todd Rundgren, Joe Walsh and Rod Stewart.[17] At the same time, the studio worked on projects by the Gap Band for Shelter Records; Mary McCreary, a singer being produced by her husband Leon Russell; and the Partridge Family, in production for Bell Records under producer Wes Farrell.[17]","title":"Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Gary_Kellgren_Record_Plant_LA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gary Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"jam sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam_session"},{"link_name":"Jim Keltner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Keltner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schwartz1978-5"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"Billy Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Preston"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Living in the Material World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_in_the_Material_World"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Red Rose Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rose_Speedway"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"William \"Smitty\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%22Smitty%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"Vine Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_Street"},{"link_name":"David Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster"},{"link_name":"Danny Kortchmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Kortchmar"},{"link_name":"Attitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitudes_(band)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Jesse Ed Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Ed_Davis"},{"link_name":"Al Kooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper"},{"link_name":"Bobby Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Keys"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Harry Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Nilsson"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooManyCooks-20"},{"link_name":"Lucian Truscott IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_Truscott_IV"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellgren-21"},{"link_name":"May Pang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Pang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooManyCooks-20"},{"link_name":"Steven Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooManyCooks-20"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"Marc Benno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benno"},{"link_name":"Ric Grech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Grech"},{"link_name":"Gene Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Clark"},{"link_name":"Joe Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Vitale_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Mal Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Evans"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1974-22"},{"link_name":"Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Out of the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Storm_(Jack_Bruce_album)"},{"link_name":"Andy Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Johns"},{"link_name":"Steve Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1974-22"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Fulfillingness' First Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulfillingness%27_First_Finale"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1974-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellgren-21"},{"link_name":"Bruce Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Gary"},{"link_name":"the Knack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knack"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JackBruce-23"},{"link_name":"A Toot and a Snore in '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Toot_and_a_Snore_in_%2774"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Jim Keltner Fan Club","text":"Letting off steam in 1974. Gary Kellgren, second from right, mugs for the camera.In March 1973, when a third studio—Studio C—was installed at Third Street, Kellgren initiated a series of Sunday night jam sessions hosted by the Record Plant, featuring well-known studio drummer Jim Keltner, a good friend of Kellgren. The jams were known as the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour. Famous musicians would show up to play along with Keltner included[5] Pete Townshend, Ronnie Wood, Billy Preston, Mick Jagger and George Harrison. Harrison jokingly referred to the sessions on the back cover of his album Living in the Material World. As a jab at Paul McCartney's self-promotion on the back of the album Red Rose Speedway, where it said \"for more information on the Wings' Fun Club send a stamped self-addressed envelope...\", Harrison wrote on his own album regarding the \"Jim Keltner Fun Club\", \"send a stamped undressed elephant...\"[18]Keyboardist William \"Smitty\" Smith said that there were regular jam sessions of musicians at Clover Studios on Santa Monica Boulevard near Vine Street in Hollywood, but that the increasing number of musicians outgrew the place and the group moved to the Record Plant for more space. Smith was a regular at the Studio C jams, but one Sunday he could not make it and he sent his friend, David Foster, to play keyboards. Foster was so well received by other musicians that he and three others—Paul Stallworth on bass, Danny Kortchmar on guitar and Keltner on drums—formed the band Attitudes.[19][self-published source?]One of the Keltner jam sessions in late December 1973 became known later as \"Too Many Cooks\". Under the leadership of John Lennon, an all-star lineup performed an extended version of the blues song \"Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)\", with Mick Jagger on lead vocals, Keltner on drums, Kortchmar and Jesse Ed Davis on guitars, Al Kooper on keyboards, Bobby Keys playing tenor saxophone, Trevor Lawrence on baritone saxophone, Jack Bruce on bass and Harry Nilsson singing background vocals.[20]Jagger was uncomfortable stretching to reach the top of his vocal range and he grew unhappy with the progress being made on the song. Journalist Lucian Truscott IV wrote in 1977 that Kellgren told Jagger to \"sit on it\", ending the complaints.[21] After Lennon's personal assistant and lover, May Pang, brought the master tapes to light, the track \"Too Many Cooks\" was released in 2007 on Mick Jagger's album Very Best Of....[20] Musician and journalist Steven Van Zandt described Jagger's vocals as \"ragged but still in control\" and the song as \"amazing\", with \"a painful soulfulness [that] hits you and stays with you\".[20]In March 1974, to celebrate the first anniversary of the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour jam series, Ringo Starr and Moose Johnson joined Keltner on drums; Lennon, Marc Benno and Davis played guitar, Ric Grech played bass, Keys played sax, Gene Clark vocalized, Joe Vitale played flute and Mal Evans supported the large group on percussion.[22] Keltner was working on a solo project by Jack Bruce, formerly of Cream, laying down tracks for Out of the Storm under the direction of engineer and producer Andy Johns; Steve Hunter played guitar.[22]Also in the building was Stevie Wonder, shaping the mixes for Fulfillingness' First Finale,[22] using Studio B, which was built specifically for him.[21] Jack Bruce first met drummer Bruce Gary (later of the Knack fame) when he showed up at one of the jams hoping to play. Bruce described Gary as a \"wannabe drummer\", but befriended him and hired him when they were both back in England.[23]At Burbank Studios on March 28, 1974, a few weeks after the anniversary jam, some of those celebrating at the Record Plant came together again for another jam, also called \"the Jim Keltner Fan Club Hour\", though it was not hosted or organized by Kellgren, nor was Keltner in attendance. Lennon played with Keys, Davis and Wonder, among others, and McCartney joined in part way through. The raw recordings with their uneven performances were issued as a bootleg album called A Toot and a Snore in '74, the final time that Lennon played with McCartney.[24]","title":"Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Southland-25"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood"},{"link_name":"electric shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_injury"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wood2007-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Record_Plant_Studio_C_fire_on_Third_Street,_LA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marshall Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Chapman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills"},{"link_name":"digital recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_recording"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1979-28"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills_(album)"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan"},{"link_name":"Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"48 Hrs.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_Hrs."},{"link_name":"An Officer and a Gentleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Officer_and_a_Gentleman"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"link_name":"billiard table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_table"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profit270-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Record_Plant_Studios_control_room.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Through the Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Wire"},{"link_name":"The College Dropout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Dropout"},{"link_name":"Late Registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Registration"},{"link_name":"Graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_(album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Green Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Light_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Kat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Kat_(song)"},{"link_name":"Déjà Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"B'Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Day_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_(album)"},{"link_name":"7/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7/11_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé: Platinum Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9:_Platinum_Edition"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Hold Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"6 Inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Inch_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)"},{"link_name":"the Weeknd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeknd"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"1977 and beyond","text":"In July 1977, Kellgren drowned in the swimming pool at his Hollywood home. A business associate of Kellgren was in the house at the time; he called police and reported that Kellgren had recently been in surgery and that he had been swimming in the deep end of the pool. Kellgren's girlfriend and secretary, Kristianne Gaines, also drowned. Gaines, 34, a resident of Los Angeles, was last seen alive sitting on a raft in the pool because she could not swim.[25] Guitarist Ronnie Wood wrote that Kellgren probably died of electric shock while trying to fix some underwater speakers in his pool and that Gaines drowned trying to help him.[26]The loss of his friend and business partner hit Stone hard. Stone was suddenly responsible for keeping all three studios operating, but he concentrated his attention on Los Angeles and slowly began to lose interest in the Sausalito location.[3]Studio C was destroyed by fire in January 1978.Studio C was destroyed in an electrical fire on January 10, 1978. At the time, rocker Marshall Chapman was working with producer Al Kooper and bassist Tom Comet in Studio B on her album Jaded Virgin and helped other musicians and engineers carry priceless master recordings to safety outside the building. She said, \"We might as well have been rescuing Rembrandts from the Louvre...I remember seeing 'Hotel California' [marked] on one, and 'John Lennon' on another. I nearly fainted when I saw I was holding a box containing the master tape from Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life.\"[27]During the next 13 months, Studio C was rebuilt and fitted with radical new gear. In February 1979, Stephen Stills became the first major-label American artist to record on digital recording and mastering equipment, a 3M system installed to replace the previous analog system.[28] With engineer Michael Braunstein at the controls, Stills recorded a new version of the song \"Cherokee\", previously released on his first solo album Stephen Stills.The L.A. operation expanded further in the early 1980s by equipping more remote recording trucks. In 1982, Stone leased sound stages M and L at the Paramount Pictures studio lot for film sound recordings. Soundtracks that the Record Plant tracked and mixed there included Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Annie, 48 Hrs., and An Officer and a Gentleman. The studio was outgrowing its Third Street location.[29]In 1985, the Record Plant's Third Street facility closed with hundreds of its customers and staff taking part in \"The Last Jam\".[29] In January 1986, the Record Plant reopened at 1032 Sycamore Avenue in Hollywood in the former Radio Recorders \"Annex\", a historic studio where Elvis Presley and Louis Armstrong recorded.[29]On December 8, 1987, Stone sold 50% plus one share of the Los Angeles studio to Chrysalis Records under George Martin, with Stone continuing to manage the facility.[29] In 1989, Stone sold the remainder and left it under Chrysalis management.[29] In 1991, Rick Stevens, ex-president of Summa Music Group publishing, bought the Record Plant; he refurbished it in 1993. Stevens added private lounges and an atrium with a jacuzzi and a billiard table lit by skylight.[29]The studio's control room in 1988In 2002, hip-hop artist Kanye West recorded his song \"Through the Wire\" at Record Plant, two weeks after a widely publicized car accident in which he was also driving home from the studio. The title and content of the song is a reference to the personal journey he faced after the accident, as well as the fact that he performed his lyrics with his jaw wired shut. The album the song was featured on, The College Dropout, as well as his next two albums, Late Registration and Graduation were also recorded at Record Plant.[30][31]In 2006, American artist Beyoncé recorded the songs \"Green Light\" and \"Kitty Kat\", in addition to parts of the song \"Déjà Vu\", from her second album B'Day at the Plant.[citation needed] In 2010, Beyoncé recorded parts of her 4 album at Record Plant. In 2013, although no songs recorded at Record Plant made it onto her self-titled album, she recorded the song \"7/11\" at the Plant, which she later released on Beyoncé: Platinum Edition. In 2015, Beyoncé recorded parts of her Lemonade album at Record Plant, including the songs \"Hold Up\" (which she later released as the album's third single) and \"6 Inch\" featuring the Weeknd.[32]","title":"Los Angeles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard1972-10"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"Al Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"Mike Finnigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Finnigan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"New Riders of the Purple Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Riders_of_the_Purple_Sage"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Panama Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Panama_Red"},{"link_name":"Sly and the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_(Sly_and_the_Family_Stone_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Welch_and_Jimmy_Robinson_at_the_Record_Plant_in_Sausilito_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bob Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Welch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robinson_(recording_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Miles"},{"link_name":"Tom \"Big Daddy\" Donahue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Donahue_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shepherd2003-35"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"the Tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tubes"},{"link_name":"Peter Frampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Frampton"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley and the Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Pablo Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Cruise"},{"link_name":"Rory Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"the Marshall Tucker Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshall_Tucker_Band"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Buffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Buffett"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"link_name":"Link Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Wray"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"KSAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYLD#KSAN"},{"link_name":"Nils Lofgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Lofgren"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_front_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Automatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automatt"},{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios"},{"link_name":"Fantasy Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_Studios"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Wake of the Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_of_the_Flood"},{"link_name":"Gregg Allman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Allman"},{"link_name":"Laid Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_Back_(album)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sutherland1973-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"jacuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacuzzi"},{"link_name":"waterbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"Mill Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"speedboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorboat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"nitrous oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kooper2008-39"},{"link_name":"Dan Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Healy_(soundman)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"Cry Tough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Tough_(Nils_Lofgren_album)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kooper2008-39"},{"link_name":"asphyxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kooper2008-39"}],"text":"On October 28, 1972, Kellgren and Stone opened the Northern California location in Sausalito, throwing a Halloween party to celebrate Studio A going online. Ginger Mews, ex-manager of Wally Heider Studios, was named studio manager of Record Plant, and construction continued on the similarly equipped Studio B with completion expected in February 1973.[10] The 10,700-square-foot (990 m2) building was a former office suite covered with diagonal redwood siding in an industrial park near Sausalito's harbor facilities.[33] The legal corporation was named Sausalito Music Factory, doing business in Los Angeles and Sausalito as the Record Plant.Kellgren worked with Hidley to design Studio A and Studio B to have the same size and the same \"dead\" acoustics and both were fitted with Hidley-designed Westlake monitors.[3] Studio A was decorated with a sunburst pattern on the wall and white fabric draped from the ceiling. Studio B was more vibrant to the eye, having many multi-colored fabric layers on the ceiling and swirls of color on the walls.[3] Kellgren and Stone sent party invitations out on slabs of redwood; among the guests were John Lennon and Yoko Ono, who both showed up dressed as trees.[34]The first recording was under producer Al Schmitt, who brought in Mike Finnigan and Jerry Wood as Finnigan & Wood, recording the album Crazed Hipsters.[3] When Studio B went online, engineer Tom Flye went to California from New York and ran the room; his first customer was New Riders of the Purple Sage, who recorded The Adventures of Panama Red. Flye also helped Sly and the Family Stone make their album Fresh.[3]Guitarist Bob Welch and producer Jimmy Robinson at the Record Plant in 1979The expansion into Sausalito was the result of drummer Buddy Miles and radio pioneer Tom \"Big Daddy\" Donahue asking Kellgren and Stone to put a studio in the San Francisco Bay Area. The intention was to have a getaway studio far from the pressures of the big city music industry.[35] Miles and Donahue promised that their recording business would go to the new studio and that it would be promoted with a live radio show. \"Live From the Plant\", the resulting radio show, was broadcast on Donahue's album-oriented rock station KSAN from time to time over the next two years, primarily on Sunday nights, and featured various artists such as the Grateful Dead, Jerry Garcia, the Tubes, Peter Frampton, Bob Marley and the Wailers, Pablo Cruise, Rory Gallagher, the Marshall Tucker Band, Jimmy Buffett, Bonnie Raitt, Link Wray, Linda Ronstadt and Fleetwood Mac.[34][36]KSAN, known as \"Jive 95\", was the most popular radio station for Bay Area listeners from 18 to 34 years old and the Record Plant broadcasts were widely heard. Donahue died in April 1975 after which fewer concerts were broadcast. A notable later radio show was by Nils Lofgren and his band with a guest appearance by Al Kooper; they performed at the Record Plant's Halloween party in 1975.[37]Detail of the front door, showing whimsical animal musiciansThe Record Plant in Sausalito soon became known as one of the top four recording studios in the San Francisco Bay Area, the other three being the CBS/Automatt (now defunct), Wally Heider Studios (now Hyde Street Studios) and Fantasy Studios in Berkeley.[38] In the first year, the studio worked on projects by Buddy Miles, the Grateful Dead (who booked the whole building in August 1973 to record Wake of the Flood), and on Gregg Allman's first solo album, Laid Back.[17]The quirkiness of the studio extended in many directions. For transporting musicians, Stone owned a limousine with the custom license plate DEDUCT, while Kellgren kept a purple Rolls-Royce displaying GREED on the license plate.[3] As in Los Angeles, the studio contained a jacuzzi, but Sausalito's conference room had a waterbed floor.[33] For the musicians' meals, there were chefs ready to cook organic food; for their sleeping quarters, there were two guesthouses next to each other five minutes away in Mill Valley.[3] In back, there was a basketball hoop and in the nearby harbor, a speedboat was kept ready.[3][33]The studio obtained industrial-grade nitrous oxide—pure, not mixed with oxygen as it is for dental anesthesia—from a local chemical supply company under the pretext that the gas was critical to the recording process, and fresh tanks were delivered weekly.[39] The Grateful Dead and their engineer, Dan Healy, reportedly made use of this feature.[3]Al Kooper wrote that during the few days that he was helping Lofgren lay down tracks for Cry Tough, Kooper was so taken with the novel drug experience that he wheeled one of the tanks around and kept it next to him for refreshment between takes.[39] He breathed in so much of it that acid collected in his stomach, aggravating his ulcers, and for a few days he was too sick to work. Kooper said that the studio's fun with nitrous oxide was stopped forever when a friend of Kellgren was found dead from asphyxia under one of the tanks, the tube still in his mouth.[39]","title":"Sausalito"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Robinson_and_Gary_Kellgren_1974_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"bunk bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunk_bed"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"Bob Welch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Welch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Thunderdome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Max_Beyond_Thunderdome"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kooper2008-39"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JackBruce-23"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robinson_(recording_engineer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellgren-21"},{"link_name":"Hammond B3 organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellgren-21"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"CSNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSNY"},{"link_name":"Dallas Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Taylor_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Leon Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Russell"},{"link_name":"Tower of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Stone Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Alone"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1975-41"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"}],"sub_title":"The Pit","text":"Jimmy Robinson and Gary Kellgren in the \"Pit\" in 1975To satisfy the wishes of Sly Stone, one of the office spaces at the studio was turned into an unusual recording studio dubbed \"the Pit\".[3] The Pit was a 140-square-foot (13 m2) acoustically dead room that had the engineer's controls sunk 10 feet (3.0 m) into the foundation of the building, surrounded on all sides by a ground level area intended for the musicians. Its appearance was futuristic, with bright maroon plush carpet on the floors, walls, ceiling and stairs.[3] Psychedelic murals and embroidery added to the visual atmosphere.[3]There were no windows between the control room and the main studio area, previously considered a fundamental method of sound separation; instead, there was a partial cowling circling the control pit, also carpeted.[3] A bunk bed was accessible from the perimeter of the Pit, reached only by climbing through a giant pair of red lips.[33] At the head of the bed, audio jacks allowed for microphones to be connected to the console in the Pit so that an artist could vocalize from under the covers. Guitarist Bob Welch wrote that \"it really was the height of '70s 'over-the-top-ness'.\"[40]Al Kooper said \"it looked like something out of Thunderdome.\"[39] Jack Bruce thought it was decorated to look like a human heart, \"with all kinds of red, synthetic fur on the walls.\"[23] Stone recorded in it from time to time, but mostly it remained an unused curiosity, a \"white elephant\" according to producer Jimmy Robinson, a room that new arrivals were shown to elicit an \"oh wow, what a trip\" response.[21] The separation between engineer and musician frustrated Stone and he recorded as much as possible down in the actual pit next to the engineers, lowering a Hammond B3 organ into the pit for his own use or positioning the members of a horn section there.[3]Kellgren said it was like a Ferrari in that you had to know what you were doing in order to drive it.[21] In late August 1975, Kellgren flew up from L.A. with bassist Bill Wyman, who had just finished a major tour with the Rolling Stones. In the Pit, Wyman jammed with Van Morrison, who played saxophone; guitarist Joe Walsh; former CSNY drummer Dallas Taylor; pianist Leon Russell; and the Tower of Power horn section. Some of the tracks contributed to Wyman's solo album Stone Alone.[41] Wyman laid down his vocal tracks from a lying-down position, a bottle of brandy in his hand.[3]","title":"Sausalito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1975-41"},{"link_name":"Songs in the Key of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Nine on a Ten Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_on_a_Ten_Scale"},{"link_name":"In the Slot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Slot"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1975-41"},{"link_name":"Pure Prairie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Prairie_League"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(Paris_album)"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_(America_album)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1975-41"},{"link_name":"Dan Fogelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Fogelberg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1975-41"},{"link_name":"Rumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumours_(album)"},{"link_name":"Ken Caillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Caillat"},{"link_name":"Richard Dashut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dashut"},{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Studios"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOS-42"},{"link_name":"Mick Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"24-track tape machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitrack_recording"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Processes,_Inc."},{"link_name":"mixing console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixing_console"},{"link_name":"soundproofing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundproofing"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOS-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_You_(Prince_album)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Chaka Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khan"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"Pablo Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Cruise"},{"link_name":"A Place in the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Place_in_the_Sun_(Pablo_Cruise_album)"},{"link_name":"Worlds Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_Away_(Pablo_Cruise_album)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notables-46"},{"link_name":"Cory Lerios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Lerios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Twin Sons of Different Mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Sons_of_Different_Mothers"},{"link_name":"Tim Weisberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weisberg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Notables-46"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Cliff"},{"link_name":"Give Thankx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_Thankx"},{"link_name":"Bob Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Johnston"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Mid- to late-1970s","text":"In 1975, the Record Plant's hourly rate was $120.[41] Stevie Wonder worked on Songs in the Key of Life in Record Plant Sausalito; Sammy Hagar used the Pit to record tracks his debut solo album Nine on a Ten Scale, and the Tower of Power cut In the Slot.[41] Pure Prairie League recorded; Bob Welch's band, Paris, made Paris; and America produced Hearts.[41] Remote recordings were made by Record Plant crews and gear for Dan Fogelberg, Sly Stone, Joe Walsh and the New Riders of the Purple Sage.[41]In February 1976, for the album that became Rumours, Fleetwood Mac blocked time at the studio to lay down tracks, bringing in engineers Ken Caillat and Richard Dashut. Caillat was responsible for most of the tracking and took a leave of absence from Wally Heider Studios in L.A. on the premise that Fleetwood Mac would use their facilities for mixing.[42] Most band members complained about the windowless studio and wanted to record at their homes, but Mick Fleetwood blocked this. The band used Studio B with its 3M 24-track tape machine, various studio microphones and an API mixing console with 550A equalizers. Although Caillat was impressed with the setup, he felt that the room lacked ambiance because of its \"very dead speakers\" and large amounts of soundproofing.[42] Fleetwood remarked of his time at the studio that his band did not go into the Pit, as it was usually occupied by strangers who were chopping powdered drugs into lines with razors.[43]In late 1977, 19-year-old Prince recorded his debut album, For You, in Record Plant Sausalito while renting a home nearby. He performed every instrument, every track and produced the album. He spent three times his allotted budget to make this first record,[44] and responded defensively when more experienced producers made suggestions in the studio. At the Record Plant, he met Stone, Chaka Khan and Carlos Santana, three musicians he greatly admired. For You was criticized as over-produced and did not sell well.[45]Fleetwood Mac's Rumours went platinum in 1977. The band Pablo Cruise recorded two platinum-certified albums at the Record Plant, A Place in the Sun (1977) and Worlds Away (1978).[46] Cory Lerios, keyboardist and vocalist for Pablo Cruise, said that in recording \"the better part of four albums\" at the Record Plant, drug use enabled jam sessions that could last up to 36 hours. \"It was a great time, no question,\" Lerios said.[3][47] Another platinum album that came out of Record Plant Sausalito in 1978 was Dan Fogelberg's Twin Sons of Different Mothers, a collaboration with Tim Weisberg on flute.[46] Other albums did less well: Jimmy Cliff laid down the tracks for Give Thankx in Jamaica, but he came to Record Plant Sausalito to polish it up, with producers Bob Johnston and John Stronach giving guidance. Cliff loved the studio's laid-back atmosphere[33] and said Give Thankx was his best work yet. The album did not chart.[48]","title":"Sausalito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Street Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Songs_(album)"},{"link_name":"Super Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Freak"},{"link_name":"Give It to Me Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_It_to_Me_Baby"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1982-49"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS-51"},{"link_name":"Trident TSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident_Studios"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1982-49"},{"link_name":"studio monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_monitor"},{"link_name":"Meyer Sound Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Sound_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"John Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Meyer_(audio_engineer)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1982-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough1982-49"},{"link_name":"Huey Lewis and the News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_(Huey_Lewis_and_the_News_album)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Singer, composer and producer Rick James became a fixture at the Record Plant beginning in mid-1981. He recorded all of Street Songs in Studios A and B and it went multiple platinum, driven by its hit songs \"Super Freak\" and \"Give It to Me Baby\".[49] James was known both for his quick work to create songs in the studio and his high level of cocaine consumption.[33] For a time, James lived in the conference room with the waterbed floor.[3]Jim Gaines said that with James in residence, \"bands that weren't even recording would come by just to see who was there and say 'hi'.\"[33] James was known for walking through other artists' recording sessions wearing only a towel and sometimes dropping the towel for effect \"in front of all the women,\" according to Gaines.[3] Studio manager Shiloh Hobel said that Sly Stone made an appearance, meeting James for the first time. She said, \"It was such an incredible moment, these two fabulous forces in music...Each of them was really taken with the other.\"[33]In 1981, Chris Stone sold the Record Plant Sausalito studio to Laurie Necochea.[34] Necochea was a music fan who, as a teenager in 1978, received a $5.6 million malpractice settlement for being radiated too much during treatment for thyroid cancer, causing paralysis and quadriplegia.[50] Stone said of the sale, \"she bought Record Plant Sausalito because if she owned the studio she could go backstage at concerts.\"[34]The Record Plant Sausalito studio was managed by Steve Malcolm and Bob Hodas until 1982.[51] The studio business became known as \"The Plant Studios\" or simply \"The Plant\". In 1982, Necochea funded two new Trident TSM mixing consoles for Studios A and B. In order to accommodate the hard rock band 707, studio manager and chief technician Terry Delsing redesigned and ordered extensive acoustic modifications to Studio A. This included adding louvered ceiling panels to control the reverberation characteristics.[34][49] Studio B's control room was enlarged from 1,500 to 1,850 square feet (139 to 172 m2) and a new studio monitoring system was installed, the Meyer Sound Laboratories ACD, John Meyer's first loudspeaker product.[49] Rick James was the first artist to use the refurbished Studio B.[49] Huey Lewis and the News made their hugely successful album Sports primarily at the Plant.[33]","title":"Sausalito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selvin1996-53"},{"link_name":"Stax/Volt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax_Records"},{"link_name":"the Automatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automatt"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"John Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"Centerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerfield_(album)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Who's Zoomin' Who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Zoomin%27_Who%3F"},{"link_name":"Narada Michael Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Michael_Walden"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"Tom Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dowd"},{"link_name":"Bill Schnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Schnee"},{"link_name":"Alan Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Ron Nevison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nevison"},{"link_name":"Mike Clink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Clink"},{"link_name":"Ted Templeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Templeman"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_(band)"},{"link_name":"Huey Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"methamphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn,_California"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selvin1996-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Bob Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Rock"},{"link_name":"SSL 4000 G series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Logic"},{"link_name":"Neve 8068","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve_Electronics"},{"link_name":"GML Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Massenburg#GML"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verna1997-34"},{"link_name":"S&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26M_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sammy Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Hagar"},{"link_name":"Kenny G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_G"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Michael Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bolton"},{"link_name":"Luther Vandross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Vandross"},{"link_name":"Jerry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Chris Isaak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Isaak"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band"},{"link_name":"Papa Wheelie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Wheelie"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Jones"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selvin1996-53"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"Arnel Pineda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnel_Pineda"},{"link_name":"Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation_(Journey_album)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-3"},{"link_name":"the Fray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fray"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tiburon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburon,_California"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welte2009-33"},{"link_name":"Ken Caillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Caillat"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2200Studios-58"}],"sub_title":"Changes in ownership and management","text":"In early 1984, the Necochea Trust determined that the money going to the Plant was being mishandled and they sold the property to Stanley Jacox.[34][52] Necochea died a year later at age 23.[53] Jacox selected Jim Gaines as general manager; Gaines was a Stax/Volt veteran and a past manager of the Automatt.[34] The small rehearsal room that had been the Pit was turned into Studio C, first used by John Fogerty to record Centerfield.[34] Some of the tracks for Aretha Franklin's Who's Zoomin' Who? were laid down at the Plant under the direction of Narada Michael Walden. Engineer Maureen Droney said that \"there was an aura of magic and fun that came from the people who recorded there before.\"[33]Accompanying famous artists, a series of experienced engineers and producers came through the Plant: Tom Dowd, Bill Schnee, Alan Parsons, Ron Nevison, Mike Clink and Ted Templeman. In 1985, with projects in progress by Heart, Journey, Starship and Huey Lewis,[34] the studio was seized by government agents based on an affidavit accusing Jacox of manufacturing methamphetamines at his home in Auburn and investing drug money in the studio.[54]After Jacox's arrest, the Record Plant Sausalito studio was owned by the federal government, who ran it with a skeleton crew for 14 months. Some observers jokingly called it \"Club Fed\" during this time,[53] and among the recordings are unreleased tapes made by Buddy Miles known as the Club Fed Sessions. The government sold the studio (not the building or property) at auction to recording engineer Bob Skye in 1986,[55] effective on the first day of 1987.[34] In 1988, Skye recruited recording engineer Arne Frager as a partner and Frager bought him out in late 1993.[34] Frager remodeled Studio A for Metallica and producer Bob Rock in 1993–1995, raising the roof from 14 to 32 feet (4.3 to 9.8 m) high for a bigger drum sound. The remodeling included the installation of an SSL 4000 G series console. He gave Studio B a vintage desk, a Neve 8068 with 64 inputs and GML Automation, purchased from the L.A. Record Plant.[34]The former Pit/Studio C, renamed Mix 1, was given an SSL 8000 G series board for stereo and surround sound mixes.[34] The sunken control area that had been created for the Pit was fitted with custom subwoofers. Mix 1 was eventually renamed \"the Garden\", an oval-shaped mix room designed by Frager and Manny LaCarruba. The Garden was a reverse-design studio where the larger tracking room was the new control room and the old control room was used for overdubs. Metallica's S&M was mixed in the Garden.[citation needed] Recording artists who worked at the Plant during this period include Sammy Hagar, Kenny G, Mariah Carey, Michael Bolton, Luther Vandross, Jerry Harrison, Chris Isaak, the Dave Matthews Band, Papa Wheelie, Deftones and Booker T. Jones.[53] Santana's huge comeback album, Supernatural, was made at the Plant and released in 1999.[33] In 2007, Journey returned to the Plant with a new singer, Arnel Pineda, to create Revelation, their biggest album in over two decades.[33]In 2005, vintage guitar collector Michael Indelicato bought the building, with Frager continuing to run the studios, but large recording studios were no longer profiting from 1970s- and 1980s-era recording budgets. Bob Welch once observed, \"You had to have a major-label budget to afford places like the Record Plant, with all of the perks – the Jacuzzi, the decor, the psychedelic atmosphere\".[3]By the 2000s, bands were using their smaller budgets to buy their own recording gear. Metallica, formerly an important client, built their own recording studio and did not book any time at the Plant. Frager asked Indelicato to invest in what he saw as a much-needed rejuvenation of the building, but Indelicato was overextended in his finances and could not help. Indelicato shut the doors in March 2008 after the Fray finished recording in studio B.[citation needed] Shortly thereafter, Indelicato's $5.5 million home in Tiburon was reclaimed by his mortgage company and he used the Plant as his residence.[33]In March 2020, the Record Plant, Sausalito was purchased by a group of investors, spearheaded by Ken Caillat, the co-producer of Fleetwood Mac's Rumours at the Record Plant.[56] On June 19, 2021, the Record Plant Sausalito's soft launch, its name was officially changed to the Record Factory.[57]As of 2024, the site is open for business as recording studios under the name \"2200 Studios\".[58]","title":"Sausalito"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soft Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Machine"},{"link_name":"The Soft Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soft_Machine_(Soft_Machine_album)"},{"link_name":"The Jimi Hendrix Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"Electric Ladyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Ladyland"},{"link_name":"NRBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRBQ"},{"link_name":"James Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gang"},{"link_name":"James Gang Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gang_Rides_Again"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Climbing!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing!"},{"link_name":"Sly and the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"There's a Riot Goin' On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_Riot_Goin%27_On"},{"link_name":"Don McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McLean"},{"link_name":"American Pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Pie_(Don_McLean_album)"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper_(band)"},{"link_name":"School's Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%27s_Out_(album)"},{"link_name":"Return to Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Forever"},{"link_name":"Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Seventh_Galaxy"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls"},{"link_name":"New York Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Dolls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Elliott Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Aquashow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquashow"},{"link_name":"The Allman Brothers Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band"},{"link_name":"Brothers and Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"3 + 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_%2B_3"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Have a Good Time for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_a_Good_Time_for_Me"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Innervisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innervisions"},{"link_name":"Flo & Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_%26_Eddie"},{"link_name":"Flo & Eddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_%26_Eddie_(album)"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Get Your Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Your_Wings"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"Hard Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Labor"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"Rock 'n' Roll Animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Animal"},{"link_name":"Return to Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Forever"},{"link_name":"No Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Born to Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_to_Run"},{"link_name":"Artful Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artful_Dodger_(US_band)"},{"link_name":"Honor Among Thieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Among_Thieves_(Artful_Dodger_album)"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Toys in the Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_in_the_Attic_(album)"},{"link_name":"Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_(band)"},{"link_name":"Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_(The_Outlaws_album)"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"EC Was Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_Was_Here"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(Kiss_album)"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Radio Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Johnny Hartman, Johnny Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hartman,_Johnny_Hartman"},{"link_name":"Moxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ridin' High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridin%27_High_(Moxy_album)"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick_(1977_album)"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Love Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Gun"},{"link_name":"Blue Öyster Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult"},{"link_name":"Spectres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectres_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Darkness on the Edge of Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness_on_the_Edge_of_Town"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"Running on Empty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_on_Empty_(album)"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_(Patti_Smith_Group_album)"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"Parallel Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lines"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_You_(Prince_album)"},{"link_name":"After the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"Laser Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Love"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Freedom at Point Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_at_Point_Zero"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Rust Never Sleeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Never_Sleeps"},{"link_name":"Garland Jeffreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Jeffreys"},{"link_name":"American Boy & Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Boy_%26_Girl"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Lodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodger_(album)"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_(Kiss_album)"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Fear of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Joan Armatrading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Armatrading"},{"link_name":"Me Myself I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Myself_I"},{"link_name":"Holly and the Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_and_the_Italians"},{"link_name":"Jim Steinman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Steinman"},{"link_name":"Bad for Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_for_Good"},{"link_name":"Simon & Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"The Concert in Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concert_in_Central_Park"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Still Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_(Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Unmasked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmasked_(Kiss_album)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"Double Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Soldier (mix)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Modern Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(Jefferson_Starship_album)"},{"link_name":"After the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"Batteries Not Included","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteries_Not_Included_(album)"},{"link_name":"After the Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Fire"},{"link_name":"Cyndi Lauper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper"},{"link_name":"She's So Unusual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_So_Unusual"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_(Queen_album)"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Purple Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Rain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Cock Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Robin"},{"link_name":"Cock Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cock_Robin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_(band)"},{"link_name":"Raised on Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_on_Radio"},{"link_name":"Raging Slab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Slab"},{"link_name":"Raging Slab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raging_Slab_(album)"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Rattle and Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattle_and_Hum"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Paul's Boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%27s_Boutique"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Use Your Illusion I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_I"},{"link_name":"Use Your Illusion II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_Your_Illusion_II"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"\"The Spaghetti Incident?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22The_Spaghetti_Incident%3F%22"}],"text":"Soft Machine: The Soft Machine – 1968\nThe Jimi Hendrix Experience: Electric Ladyland – 1968\nNRBQ: NRBQ – 1968\nJames Gang: James Gang Rides Again – 1970\nMountain: Climbing! – 1970\nSly and the Family Stone: There's a Riot Goin' On – 1971\nDon McLean: American Pie – 1971\nAlice Cooper: School's Out – 1972\nReturn to Forever: Hymn of the Seventh Galaxy – 1973\nNew York Dolls: New York Dolls – 1973\nElliott Murphy: Aquashow – 1973\nThe Allman Brothers Band: Brothers and Sisters – 1973\nThe Isley Brothers: 3 + 3 – 1973\nJonathan Edwards: Have a Good Time for Me – 1973\nStevie Wonder: Innervisions – 1973\nFlo & Eddie: Flo & Eddie – 1972\nAerosmith: Get Your Wings – 1973–74\nThree Dog Night: Hard Labor – 1974\nLou Reed: Rock 'n' Roll Animal Live Remote Recording – 1974\nReturn to Forever: No Mystery – 1975\nBruce Springsteen: Born to Run – 1975\nArtful Dodger: Honor Among Thieves – 1975–76\nAerosmith: Toys in the Attic – 1975\nOutlaws: Outlaws – 1975\nEric Clapton: EC Was Here Live Remote Recording – 1975\nKISS: Destroyer – 1976\nPatti Smith Group: Radio Ethiopia – 1976\nJohnny Hartman: Johnny Hartman, Johnny Hartman – 1976\nMoxy: Ridin' High – 1977\nCheap Trick: Cheap Trick – 1977\nKISS: Love Gun – 1977\nBlue Öyster Cult: Spectres – 1977\nBruce Springsteen: Darkness on the Edge of Town – 1977–78\nJackson Browne: Running on Empty Live Remote Recording – 1977\nPatti Smith Group: Easter – 1977\nBlondie: Parallel Lines – 1978\nPrince: For You debut album – 1978\nAfter the Fire: Laser Love – 1979\nJefferson Starship: Freedom at Point Zero – 1979\nNeil Young: Rust Never Sleeps – 1979\nGarland Jeffreys: American Boy & Girl – 1979\nDavid Bowie: Lodger – 1979\nKISS: Dynasty – 1979\nTalking Heads: Fear of Music – 1979\nJoan Armatrading: Me Myself I – 1980\nHolly and the Italians: (album) – 1980\nJim Steinman: Bad for Good – 1981\nSimon & Garfunkel: The Concert in Central Park Live Remote Recording – 1981\nThe Rolling Stones: Still Life Live Remote Recording – 1981\nKISS: Unmasked – 1980\nJohn Lennon and Yoko Ono: Double Fantasy – 1980\nIggy Pop: Soldier (mix) – 1980\nJefferson Starship: Modern Times – 1981\nAfter the Fire: Batteries Not Included – 1982\nAfter the Fire: \"Der Kommissar\" (Single)\nCyndi Lauper: She's So Unusual – 1983\nJefferson Starship: Nuclear Furniture – 1984\nQueen: The Works – 1984\nPrince: Purple Rain Live Remote Recording – 1983\nCock Robin: Cock Robin – 1985\nJourney: Raised on Radio – 1986\nRaging Slab: Raging Slab – 1988–1989\nU2: Rattle and Hum Live Remote Recording – 1987\nBeastie Boys: Part of Paul's Boutique – (1988–1989)\nGuns N' Roses: Part of Use Your Illusion I and Part of Use Your Illusion II – (1990–1991)\nNeil Young: Freedom – 1989\nGuns N' Roses: Part of \"The Spaghetti Incident?\" – (1992–1993)","title":"Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant New York (by year)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"Shelly Yakus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Yakus"},{"link_name":"Roy Cicala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cicala"},{"link_name":"Ray Colcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Colcord"},{"link_name":"Jack Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Douglas_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Maslin"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Iovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Iovine"},{"link_name":"Sandy Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tony Bongiovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bongiovi"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robinson_(Recording_Engineer)"},{"link_name":"Ron Nevison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Nevison"},{"link_name":"Mike D. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_D._Stone"},{"link_name":"Chris Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stone_(entrepreneur)"}],"text":"Gary Kellgren (co-founder, producer and engineer)\nCarmine Rubino (lead engineer)\nShelly Yakus (house engineer)\nRoy Cicala (house engineer)\nRay Colcord (producer)\nJack Douglas (producer)\nHarry Maslin (record producer, house engineer)\nJimmy Iovine (engineer and producer)\nSandy Stone (house engineer and maintenance)\nTony Bongiovi (house engineer)\nJay Messina (engineer)\nJimmy Robinson (producer and engineer)\nSam Ginsberg (house engineer)\nRon Nevison (senior staff engineer (1974–1977), producer – Los Angeles/Sausalito)\nLillian Davis Douma (house engineer (a.k.a. Llyllianne Douma) New York/Los Angeles)\nDavid Hewitt (remote engineer, director of remote recording, 1972–1985)\nMike D. Stone (engineer (Chris Stone's nephew) New York/Los Angeles)\nDavid Hewitt, record plant remote truck, chief engineer\nNorman Mershon, remote truck engineer\nJohn L. Venable, remote truck engineer\nPhil Gitomer, remote truck engineer","title":"Producers and engineers associated with Record Plant New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gang"},{"link_name":"James Gang Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gang_Rides_Again"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Indianola Mississippi Seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianola_Mississippi_Seeds"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_(band)"},{"link_name":"Flowers of Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_of_Evil_(Mountain_album)"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath Vol. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath_Vol._4"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_(America_album)"},{"link_name":"The Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"3 + 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_%2B_3"},{"link_name":"Bee Gees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Gees"},{"link_name":"Life in a Tin Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_a_Tin_Can"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hat Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Trick_(America_album)"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Piano Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Man_(Billy_Joel_album)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Stormbringer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormbringer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"On the Border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Border"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Second Helping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Helping"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Joe_Walsh_album)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"One Size Fits All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Size_Fits_All_(Frank_Zappa_album)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Bongo Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo_Fury"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Studio Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Tan"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Nighthawks at the Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nighthawks_at_the_Diner"},{"link_name":"The Tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tubes"},{"link_name":"The Tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tubes_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Allman Brothers Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Allman_Brothers_Band"},{"link_name":"Win, Lose or Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win,_Lose_or_Draw_(album)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(Paris_album)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(band)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(album)"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Rumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumours_(album)"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hotel California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_California_(Eagles_album)"},{"link_name":"Dave Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mason"},{"link_name":"Let It 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Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"Dream Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Police"},{"link_name":"REO Speedwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Blue Öyster Cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult"},{"link_name":"Mirrors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_(Blue_%C3%96yster_Cult_album)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Freedom at Point Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_at_Point_Zero"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Choice_(album)"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(band)"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Survivor_album)"},{"link_name":"Ozark Mountain Daredevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Mountain_Daredevils"},{"link_name":"Ozark Mountain Daredevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_Mountain_Daredevils_(1980_album)"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chicago XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_XIV"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Tonight I'm Yours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight_I%27m_Yours"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Mob Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_Rules_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Modern Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Times_(Jefferson_Starship_album)"},{"link_name":"Quarterflash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterflash"},{"link_name":"Quarterflash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterflash_(album)"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"New Traditionalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Traditionalists"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killers_(Kiss_album)"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_(Fleetwood_Mac_album)"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers"},{"link_name":"Long After Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_After_Dark"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Creatures of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatures_of_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Body Wishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Wishes"},{"link_name":"Brian May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_May"},{"link_name":"Star Fleet Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Fleet_Project"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_(Queen_album)"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_(Devo_album)"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vital Signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital_Signs_(Survivor_album)"},{"link_name":"Yngwie J. Malmsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngwie_J._Malmsteen"},{"link_name":"Rising Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Force"},{"link_name":"Rough Cutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Cutt"},{"link_name":"Rough Cutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Cutt_(album)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(Heart_album)"},{"link_name":"Twisted Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister"},{"link_name":"Come Out and Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Out_and_Play_(Twisted_Sister_album)"},{"link_name":"Autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"That's the Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_the_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo_(Judas_Priest_album)"},{"link_name":"Andy Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Taylor_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_(Andy_Taylor_album)"},{"link_name":"Suicidal Tendencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies"},{"link_name":"Join the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Appetite for Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appetite_for_Destruction"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Out of Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Order_(Rod_Stewart_album)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane_(album)"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Paul's Boutique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%27s_Boutique"},{"link_name":"Whitesnake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesnake"},{"link_name":"Slip of the Tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_of_the_Tongue"},{"link_name":"Crosby, Stills & Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Stills_%26_Nash"},{"link_name":"Live It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_It_Up_(Crosby,_Stills_%26_Nash_album)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills"},{"link_name":"Stills Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stills_Alone"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"Danzig III: How the Gods Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_III:_How_the_Gods_Kill"},{"link_name":"Damn Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Yankees_(band)"},{"link_name":"Don't Tread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Tread"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"The Downward Spiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Downward_Spiral"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Segundo Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Romance"},{"link_name":"Tears for Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_for_Fears"},{"link_name":"Raoul and the Kings of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_and_the_Kings_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Manson"},{"link_name":"Portrait of an American Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_an_American_Family"},{"link_name":"Luis Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Nada Es Igual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nada_Es_Igual_(Luis_Miguel_album)"},{"link_name":"Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_(band)"},{"link_name":"Celebrity Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity_Skin"},{"link_name":"Elton John & Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"The Road to El Dorado (soundtrack)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_El_Dorado"},{"link_name":"Mushroomhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroomhead"},{"link_name":"XX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_(Mushroomhead_album)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Escapology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology_(album)"},{"link_name":"Brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy_Norwood"},{"link_name":"Afrodisiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrodisiac_(Brandy_album)"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Carlton"},{"link_name":"Harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonium_(Vanessa_Carlton_album)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"The College Dropout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_Dropout"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Late Registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Registration"},{"link_name":"Evanescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanescence"},{"link_name":"The Open Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Door"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Hamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki"},{"link_name":"Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_(Ayumi_Hamasaki_album)"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Back to Basics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_To_Basics_(Christina_Aguilera_album)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"B'Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27Day_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_(album)"},{"link_name":"will.i.am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will.i.am"},{"link_name":"Songs About Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_About_Girls"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Hamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki"},{"link_name":"Guilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilty_(Ayumi_Hamasaki_album)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"The Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Hamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki"},{"link_name":"Next Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Level_(Ayumi_Hamasaki_album)"},{"link_name":"Amerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerie"},{"link_name":"In Love & War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Love_%26_War_(Amerie_album)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"The Fame Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fame_Monster"},{"link_name":"Mos Def","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos_Def"},{"link_name":"The Ecstatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecstatic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Femme Fatale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_Fatale_(Britney_Spears_album)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_(Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles_album)"},{"link_name":"The Offspring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Offspring"},{"link_name":"Days Go By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_Go_By_(The_Offspring_album)"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"ARTPOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARTPOP"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"Purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpose_(Justin_Bieber_album)"},{"link_name":"Travis Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Scott"},{"link_name":"Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_in_the_Trap_Sing_McKnight"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Lemonade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Thank U, Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_U,_Next"}],"text":"James Gang: James Gang Rides Again – 1970\nB.B. King: Indianola Mississippi Seeds – 1970\nMountain: Flowers of Evil – 1971\nBlack Sabbath: Black Sabbath Vol. 4 – 1972\nAmerica: Homecoming – 1972\nThe Isley Brothers: 3 + 3 – 1973\nBee Gees: Life in a Tin Can – 1973\nAmerica: Hat Trick – 1973\nBilly Joel: Piano Man – 1973\nDeep Purple: Stormbringer – 1974\nEagles: On the Border – 1974\nLynyrd Skynyrd: Second Helping – 1974\nJoe Walsh: So What – 1974\nFrank Zappa: One Size Fits All – 1974\nFrank Zappa: Bongo Fury – 1974\nFrank Zappa: Studio Tan – 1974\nTom Waits: Nighthawks at the Diner – 1975\nThe Tubes: The Tubes – 1975\nThe Allman Brothers Band: Win, Lose or Draw – 1975\nParis: Paris Recorded in Studio \"C\" in Los Angeles and the \"Pit\" in Sausalito 1975–76\nBoston: Boston – 1975–76\nFleetwood Mac: Rumours – 1976\nEagles: Hotel California – 1976\nDave Mason: Let It Flow – 1977\nSupertramp: Even in the Quietest Moments... – 1977\nPeter Criss: Peter Criss – 1978\nPaul Stanley: Paul Stanley – 1978\nCheap Trick: Heaven Tonight – 1978\nMoody Blues: Octave – 1978\nCheap Trick: Dream Police – 1979\nREO Speedwagon – 1979\nRod Stewart – 1979\nBlue Öyster Cult: Mirrors – 1979\nJefferson Starship: Freedom at Point Zero – 1979\nDevo: Freedom of Choice – 1980\nSurvivor: Survivor – 1980\nOzark Mountain Daredevils: Ozark Mountain Daredevils – 1980\nChicago: Chicago XIV – 1980\nRod Stewart: Tonight I'm Yours – 1981\nBlack Sabbath: Mob Rules – 1981\nJefferson Starship: Modern Times – 1981\nQuarterflash: Quarterflash – 1981\nDevo: New Traditionalists – 1981\nKiss: Killers – 1982\nFleetwood Mac: Mirage – 1982\nTom Petty and the Heartbreakers: Long After Dark – 1982\nKiss: Creatures of the Night – 1982\nRod Stewart: Body Wishes – 1983\nBrian May + Friends: Star Fleet Project – 1983\nQueen: The Works – 1984\nDevo: Shout – 1984\nSurvivor: Vital Signs – 1984\nYngwie J. Malmsteen: Rising Force – 1984\nRough Cutt: Rough Cutt – 1984\nHeart: Heart – 1985 (also in Sausalito)\nTwisted Sister: Come Out and Play – 1985\nAutograph: That's the Stuff – 1985\nJudas Priest: Turbo – 1985–1986\nAndy Taylor: Thunder – 1987\nSuicidal Tendencies: Join the Army – 1987\nGuns N' Roses: Appetite for Destruction – 1987\nRod Stewart: Out of Order – 1988\nJefferson Airplane: Jefferson Airplane – 1989\nBeastie Boys: \"Paul's Boutique\" – 1989\nWhitesnake: Slip of the Tongue – 1989\nCrosby, Stills & Nash: Live It Up – 1990\nStephen Stills: Stills Alone – 1991\nDanzig: Danzig III: How the Gods Kill – 1992\nDamn Yankees: Don't Tread – 1992\nNine Inch Nails: The Downward Spiral – 1994\nLuis Miguel: Segundo Romance – 1994\nTears for Fears: Raoul and the Kings of Spain – 1994\nMarilyn Manson: Portrait of an American Family – 1994\nLuis Miguel: Nada Es Igual – 1996\nHole: Celebrity Skin – 1998\nElton John & Tim Rice: The Road to El Dorado (soundtrack) – 2000\nMushroomhead: XX – 2001\nRobbie Williams: Escapology – 2002\nBrandy: Afrodisiac – 2004\nVanessa Carlton: Harmonium – 2004\nKanye West: The College Dropout – 2004\nKanye West: Late Registration – 2005\nEvanescence: The Open Door – 2006\nAyumi Hamasaki: Secret – 2006\nChristina Aguilera: Back to Basics – 2006\nBeyoncé: B'Day – 2006\nKanye West: Graduation – 2007\nwill.i.am: Songs About Girls – 2007\nAyumi Hamasaki: Guilty – 2008\nLady Gaga: The Fame – 2008\nAyumi Hamasaki: Next Level – 2009\nAmerie: In Love & War – 2009\nLady Gaga: The Fame Monster – 2009\nMos Def: The Ecstatic – 2009[59]\nBritney Spears: Femme Fatale – 2011\nBeyoncé: 4 – 2011\nThe Offspring: Days Go By – 2012\nLady Gaga: ARTPOP – 2013\nJamie Drastik: Jump The Decision – 2015\nJustin Bieber: Purpose – 2015\nTravis Scott: \"Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight\" – 2016\nBeyoncé: Lemonade – 2016\nAriana Grande: Thank U, Next – 2019","title":"Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Los Angeles (by year)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_side_door_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Bay_Model"},{"link_name":"Pharoah Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Thembi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thembi"},{"link_name":"New Riders of the Purple Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Riders_of_the_Purple_Sage"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Panama Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Panama_Red"},{"link_name":"Sly and the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"Fresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_(Sly_and_the_Family_Stone_album)"},{"link_name":"The Wailers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wailers"},{"link_name":"Talkin' Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkin%27_Blues"},{"link_name":"Gregg Allman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregg_Allman"},{"link_name":"Laid Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_Back_(Gregg_Allman_album)"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_(band)"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearts_(America_album)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_(Paris_album)"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Rumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumours_(album)"},{"link_name":"Skyhooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyhooks_(band)"},{"link_name":"Straight in a Gay Gay World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_in_a_Gay_Gay_World"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Songs in the Key of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_in_the_Key_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shepherd2003-35"},{"link_name":"Dan Fogelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Fogelberg"},{"link_name":"Tim Weisberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weisberg"},{"link_name":"Twin Sons of Different Mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Sons_of_Different_Mothers"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_You_(Prince_album)"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Fire It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_It_Up_(Rick_James_album)"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Garden of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Love_(Rick_James_album)"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Street Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Songs_(album)"},{"link_name":"Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_(band)"},{"link_name":"Joy and Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_and_Pain"},{"link_name":"Marty Balin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Balin"},{"link_name":"Balin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balin_(album)"},{"link_name":"Huey Lewis and the News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News"},{"link_name":"Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_(Huey_Lewis_and_the_News_album)"},{"link_name":"the Automatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automatt"},{"link_name":"The Mary Jane Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Girls"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Girls_(album)"},{"link_name":"Grace Slick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Slick"},{"link_name":"Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Airplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(Heart_album)"},{"link_name":"John Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"Centerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerfield_(album)"},{"link_name":"Huey Lewis and the News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Lewis_and_the_News"},{"link_name":"Fore!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore!"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Nearly Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearly_Human"},{"link_name":"Queen Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Ida"},{"link_name":"Cookin’ with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cookin%E2%80%99_with&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mother Love Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Love_Bone"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_(Mother_Love_Bone_album)"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Emotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_(Mariah_Carey_album)"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Music Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Box_(Mariah_Carey_album)"},{"link_name":"The Verve Pipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verve_Pipe"},{"link_name":"Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villains_(The_Verve_Pipe_album)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"Load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_(album)"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"ReLoad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reload_(Metallica_album)"},{"link_name":"Bralalalala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bralalalala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Well Come to the Galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well_Come_to_the_Galaxy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joe Satriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Satriani"},{"link_name":"Crystal Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Planet"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band"},{"link_name":"Before These Crowded Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_These_Crowded_Streets"},{"link_name":"Guster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guster"},{"link_name":"Lost and Gone Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_and_Gone_Forever"},{"link_name":"Carlos Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Santana"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(Santana_album)"},{"link_name":"Third Eye Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Eye_Blind"},{"link_name":"Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(Third_Eye_Blind_album)"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"White Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Pony"},{"link_name":"Dave Matthews Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band"},{"link_name":"Busted Stuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busted_Stuff"},{"link_name":"Papa Wheelie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Wheelie"},{"link_name":"The Fray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fray"},{"link_name":"The Fray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fray"}],"text":"Side door, opens onto Marinship Way, across from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay ModelSome notable albums recorded and/or mixed at the Plant Studios include:Pharoah Sanders: Thembi – 1971\nNew Riders of the Purple Sage: The Adventures of Panama Red – 1972\nSly and the Family Stone: Fresh – 1972–73\nThe Wailers: Talkin' Blues – 1973\nGregg Allman: Laid Back – 1973\nAmerica: Hearts – 1975\nParis: Paris – 1975–76\nFleetwood Mac: Rumours – 1976 (finished at Wally Heiders Studios, Sound City Los Angeles, California)\nSkyhooks: Straight in a Gay Gay World – 1976\nStevie Wonder: Songs in the Key of Life – 1976[35]\nDan Fogelberg and Tim Weisberg: Twin Sons of Different Mothers – 1978\nPrince: For You – 1978\nRick James: Fire It Up – 1979\nRick James: Garden of Love – 1980\nRick James: Street Songs – 1981 (tracking also at Motown/Hitsville, W. Hollywood, California)\nMaze: Joy and Pain – 1980\nMarty Balin: Balin – 1981\nHuey Lewis and the News: Sports – 1983 (one track recorded at the Automatt, San Francisco, California)\nThe Mary Jane Girls: Mary Jane Girls – 1983\nGrace Slick: Software – 1984\nJefferson Airplane: Nuclear Furniture – 1984\nHeart: Heart – 1985 (also in Los Angeles)\nJohn Fogerty: Centerfield – 1985\nHuey Lewis and the News: Fore! – 1986\nTodd Rundgren: Nearly Human – 1989\nQueen Ida: ‘’ Cookin’ with’’ – 1989\nMother Love Bone: Apple – 1990\nMariah Carey: Emotions – 1991\nMariah Carey: Music Box – 1993\nThe Verve Pipe: Villains – 1996\nMetallica: Load – 1996\nMetallica: ReLoad – 1997\nBralalalala: Well Come to the Galaxy – 1997\nJoe Satriani: Crystal Planet – 1998\nDave Matthews Band: Before These Crowded Streets – 1998\nGuster: Lost and Gone Forever – 1999\nCarlos Santana: Supernatural – 1999 (also tracked at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, California)\nThird Eye Blind: Blue – 1999\nDeftones: White Pony – 2000\nDave Matthews Band: Busted Stuff – 2002\nPapa Wheelie: Live Lycanthropy – 2002\nThe Fray: The Fray – 2009","title":"Selected list of albums recorded at Record Plant Sausalito (by year)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The opening celebration in Los Angeles, December 4, 1969. Pictured L to R: Attorney Tom Butler, producer Tom Wilson, investors Ben Johnson and Ancky Johnson (cutting cake), founders Chris Stone and Gary Kellgren.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Record_Plant_opening_celebration%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Record_Plant_opening_celebration%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letting off steam in 1974. Gary Kellgren, second from right, mugs for the camera.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jimmy_Gary_Kellgren_Record_Plant_LA.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Gary_Kellgren_Record_Plant_LA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Studio C was destroyed by fire in January 1978.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Record_Plant_Studio_C_fire_on_Third_Street%2C_LA.JPG/220px-Record_Plant_Studio_C_fire_on_Third_Street%2C_LA.JPG"},{"image_text":"The studio's control room in 1988","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Record_Plant_Studios_control_room.jpg/170px-Record_Plant_Studios_control_room.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guitarist Bob Welch and producer Jimmy Robinson at the Record Plant in 1979","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bob_Welch_and_Jimmy_Robinson_at_the_Record_Plant_in_Sausilito_CA.jpg/220px-Bob_Welch_and_Jimmy_Robinson_at_the_Record_Plant_in_Sausilito_CA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the front door, showing whimsical animal musicians","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_front_1.jpg/170px-The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_front_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jimmy Robinson and Gary Kellgren in the \"Pit\" in 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Jimmy_Robinson_and_Gary_Kellgren_1974_%281%29.jpg/170px-Jimmy_Robinson_and_Gary_Kellgren_1974_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Side door, opens onto Marinship Way, across from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_side_door_1.jpg/170px-The_Plant_-_Sausalito_-_side_door_1.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Buskin, Richard (June 2009). \"Classic Tracks: John Lennon 'Whatever Gets You Thru The Night'\". Sound On Sound. Retrieved June 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun09/articles/classictracks_0609.htm","url_text":"\"Classic Tracks: John Lennon 'Whatever Gets You Thru The Night'\""}]},{"reference":"Miles, Barry (2005). Zappa: A Biography. Grove Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-8021-4215-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BW1Jom4nswwC&pg=PA150","url_text":"Zappa: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-4215-X","url_text":"0-8021-4215-X"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Heather (2006). \"16 – The Record Plant: New Roots\". If These Halls Could Talk: A Historical Tour Through San Francisco Recording Studios. Thomson Course Technology. pp. 191–204. ISBN 1-59863-141-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat","url_text":"If These Halls Could Talk: A Historical Tour Through San Francisco Recording Studios"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ifthesehallscoul00heat/page/n205","url_text":"191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59863-141-1","url_text":"1-59863-141-1"}]},{"reference":"Goggin, David (1988). \"The Record Plant at 20\". Mix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)","url_text":"Mix"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, David (September 1978). \"Chris Stone interview\". Mix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)","url_text":"Mix"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Chris; Goggin, David (2000). Audio recording for profit: the sound of money. Focal Press. p. 267. ISBN 0-240-80386-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/audiorecordingfo0000ston","url_text":"Audio recording for profit: the sound of money"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/audiorecordingfo0000ston/page/267","url_text":"267"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80386-8","url_text":"0-240-80386-8"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Ronald (2000). The Season: The Secret Life of Palm Beach and America's Richest Society. HarperCollins. p. 19. ISBN 0-06-109842-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pjw7YRg23w0C&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Season: The Secret Life of Palm Beach and America's Richest Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-109842-6","url_text":"0-06-109842-6"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Graham (2005). Soft machine: out-bloody-rageous. SAF Publishing Ltd. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-946719-84-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JVCZsK9bAh0C&pg=PA134","url_text":"Soft machine: out-bloody-rageous"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946719-84-5","url_text":"0-946719-84-5"}]},{"reference":"Geldeart, Gary; Rodham, Steve (2008). \"Appendix G\". Jimi Hendrix – From The Benjamin Franklin Studios Part 1 (3 ed.). Jimpress. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-9527686-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEdeJ6TcNM8C&pg=PA291","url_text":"\"Appendix G\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9527686-5-4","url_text":"978-0-9527686-5-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Buy Back Record Plant\". Billboard. Vol. 84, no. 44. Nielsen Business Media. October 28, 1972. p. 22. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7A4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"\"Buy Back Record Plant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Dale (1999). Woodstock: An inside look at the movie that shook up the world and defined a generation. Michael Wiese Productions. p. 202. ISBN 0-941188-71-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941188-71-X","url_text":"0-941188-71-X"}]},{"reference":"Huxley, Martin (1995). Aerosmith: the fall and the rise of rock's greatest band. Macmillan. pp. 41–44. ISBN 0-312-11737-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kVkWVpPMmB4C&pg=PA41","url_text":"Aerosmith: the fall and the rise of rock's greatest band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11737-X","url_text":"0-312-11737-X"}]},{"reference":"\"John Lennon's last autograph on sale\". Paul Fraser Collectibles. September 15, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paulfrasercollectibles.com/News/Memorabilia/John-Lennon%27s-last-ever-autograph-on-sale-and-priced-at-nearly-%C2%A3100,000/4482.page","url_text":"\"John Lennon's last autograph on sale\""}]},{"reference":"Stone, Chris (2005). \"The L.A. Gold (Record) Rush: A quarter century of studio excellence from La La Land\". In Savona, Anthony (ed.). Console confessions: the great music producers in their own words. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 49–53. ISBN 0-87930-860-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KIfrupI2_qsC&pg=PA52","url_text":"\"The L.A. Gold (Record) Rush: A quarter century of studio excellence from La La Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-860-5","url_text":"0-87930-860-5"}]},{"reference":"Sutherland, Sam (October 6, 1973). \"Studio Track\". Billboard. Vol. 85, no. 40. Nielsen Business Media. p. 14. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AgkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"\"Studio Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1977). The Beatles again?. Rock & Roll Reference Series. Vol. 2. Pierian Press. p. 201.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, William D.; Smith, Marvin (2008). A Stroke of Luck. Lulu.com. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-615-23565-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Marvin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IDdoFXYiCR8C&pg=PA63","url_text":"A Stroke of Luck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-23565-3","url_text":"978-0-615-23565-3"}]},{"reference":"Van Zandt, Steven (October 6, 2007). \"Little Steven's Underground Garage: Garage Rock\". Billboard. Vol. 119, no. 40. Nielsen Business Media. p. 14. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt","url_text":"Van Zandt, Steven"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14","url_text":"\"Little Steven's Underground Garage: Garage Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Gary Kellgren\". garykellgren.com. Retrieved June 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.garykellgren.com/articles.asp","url_text":"\"Gary Kellgren\""}]},{"reference":"Sutherland, Sam (March 9, 1974). \"Studio Track\". Billboard. Vol. 86, no. 10. Nielsen Business Media. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vAcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"Studio Track\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Harry (2009). Jack Bruce Composing Himself: The Authorized Biography. Jawbone Publishing. pp. 181, 189. ISBN 978-1-906002-26-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C2qnHbrDXA8C&pg=PA189","url_text":"Jack Bruce Composing Himself: The Authorized Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-26-8","url_text":"978-1-906002-26-8"}]},{"reference":"Pang, May; Edwards, Henry (1983). Loving John. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-37916-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Pang","url_text":"Pang, May"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-37916-6","url_text":"0-446-37916-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Southland\". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 1977. p. C2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wood, Ronnie (2007). Ronnie: The Autobiography. Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-312-36652-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Wood","url_text":"Wood, Ronnie"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=isLKT1iHw9AC&pg=PA100","url_text":"Ronnie: The Autobiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36652-0","url_text":"978-0-312-36652-0"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Marshall (2004). Goodbye, Little Rock and Roller. Macmillan. p. 167. ISBN 0-312-31569-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Chapman","url_text":"Chapman, Marshall"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tBfXEm-T9A0C&pg=PA167","url_text":"Goodbye, Little Rock and Roller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-31569-4","url_text":"0-312-31569-4"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS-Stills In 1st Rock Digital Date\". Billboard. Vol. 91, no. 7. Nielsen Business Media. February 17, 1979. p. 1. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LSUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PP1","url_text":"\"CBS-Stills In 1st Rock Digital Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Shaheem. \"Kanye West Raps Through His Broken Jaw, Lays Beats For Scarface, Ludacris\". MTV News. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/1459071/kanye-west-raps-through-his-broken-jaw-lays-beats-for-scarface-ludacris/","url_text":"\"Kanye West Raps Through His Broken Jaw, Lays Beats For Scarface, Ludacris\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Making of Kanye West's \"The College Dropout\"\"Slow Jamz\" f/ Jamie Foxx & Twista\". Complex. Retrieved February 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2014/02/kanye-west-college-dropout-making-of/slow-jamz","url_text":"\"The Making of Kanye West's \"The College Dropout\"\"Slow Jamz\" f/ Jamie Foxx & Twista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beyoncé: LEMONADE: Credits: LEMONADE\". Beyoncé. Retrieved October 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/credits/","url_text":"\"Beyoncé: LEMONADE: Credits: LEMONADE\""}]},{"reference":"Welte, Jim (December 2009). \"Call of the Wild\". San Francisco. Retrieved June 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfranmag.com/story/call-of-the-wild","url_text":"\"Call of the Wild\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_(magazine)","url_text":"San Francisco"}]},{"reference":"Verna, Paul (November 8, 1997). \"Bay Area's Plant Marks 25 Years: Studio's History As Colorful As Its Hit Acts\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 45. Nielsen Business Media. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7QkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45","url_text":"\"Bay Area's Plant Marks 25 Years: Studio's History As Colorful As Its Hit Acts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, John (2003). Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world. Vol. 1: Media, Industry and Society. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 667. ISBN 0-8264-6321-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0tz5YpijuksC&pg=PA667","url_text":"Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5","url_text":"0-8264-6321-5"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Blair (November 1, 2004). \"The '70s\". Mix. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604150602/http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_article_2/","url_text":"\"The '70s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mix_(magazine)","url_text":"Mix"},{"url":"http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_article_2/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nils Lofgren Concert, Record Plant\". Sausalito, California: Wolfgang's Vault. October 31, 1975. Retrieved June 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wolfgangsvault.com/nils-lofgren/concerts/record-plant-october-31-1975.html","url_text":"\"Nils Lofgren Concert, Record Plant\""}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Jack (1985). San Francisco rock: The illustrated history of San Francisco rock music. Chronicle Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-87701-286-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscorock00mcdo","url_text":"San Francisco rock: The illustrated history of San Francisco rock music"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscorock00mcdo/page/71","url_text":"71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87701-286-5","url_text":"0-87701-286-5"}]},{"reference":"Kooper, Al (2008). Backstage Passes & Backstabbing Bastards: Memoirs of a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 202–203. ISBN 978-0-87930-922-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kooper","url_text":"Kooper, Al"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bmMg41BuFnoC&pg=PA202","url_text":"Backstage Passes & Backstabbing Bastards: Memoirs of a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-922-0","url_text":"978-0-87930-922-0"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Bob. \"About Paris\". Bob Welch (musician). Retrieved June 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Welch_(musician)","url_text":"Welch, Bob"},{"url":"http://www.bobwelch.com/about_paris.htm","url_text":"\"About Paris\""}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Jack (November 15, 1975). \"Bay Area Studios In Steady Growth\". Billboard. Vol. 87, no. 46. Nielsen Business Media. pp. 3, 22, 76. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=exEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22","url_text":"\"Bay Area Studios In Steady Growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Buskin, Richard (August 2007). \"Classic Tracks: Fleetwood Mac 'Go Your Own Way'\". Sound on Sound. Retrieved December 30, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug07/articles/classictracks_0807.htm","url_text":"\"Classic Tracks: Fleetwood Mac 'Go Your Own Way'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_on_Sound","url_text":"Sound on Sound"}]},{"reference":"Fleetwood, Mick; Davis, Stephen (1991). Fleetwood: My life and adventures in Fleetwood Mac. HarperCollins. p. 171. ISBN 0-380-71616-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Fleetwood","url_text":"Fleetwood, Mick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-71616-X","url_text":"0-380-71616-X"}]},{"reference":"Draper, Jason (2011). Prince: Chaos, Disorder, and Revolution. Backbeat Books. pp. 23–26. ISBN 9781458429414.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/princechaosdisor00jaso","url_text":"Prince: Chaos, Disorder, and Revolution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/princechaosdisor00jaso/page/23","url_text":"23–26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781458429414","url_text":"9781458429414"}]},{"reference":"Nilsen, Per (2004). Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade (2 ed.). SAF Publishing Ltd. p. 46. ISBN 0-946719-64-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dkgVlMQkBE0C&pg=PA46","url_text":"Dance Music Sex Romance: Prince: The First Decade"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946719-64-0","url_text":"0-946719-64-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Music notables who have recorded at the Plant\". San Jose Mercury News. June 4, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_12524557?nclick_check=1","url_text":"\"Music notables who have recorded at the Plant\""}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, James (March 1998). \"If These Walls Could Sing\". Pulse.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1991). Rock movers & shakers. ABC-CLIO. p. 111. ISBN 0-87436-661-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87436-661-5","url_text":"0-87436-661-5"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, Jack (March 6, 1982). \"Record Plant's Studio B Gets $250,000 Facelift\". Billboard. Vol. 94, no. 9. Nielsen Business Media. p. 58. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SCQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58","url_text":"\"Record Plant's Studio B Gets $250,000 Facelift\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Scott (April 16, 1986). \"Jury decided defects were caused by failure to diagnose and treat 'hypoxia,' a lack of oxygen during childbirth: $8.4 Million Won Over Birth Defects\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-04-16/local/me-109_1_birth-defects","url_text":"\"Jury decided defects were caused by failure to diagnose and treat 'hypoxia,' a lack of oxygen during childbirth: $8.4 Million Won Over Birth Defects\""}]},{"reference":"Harold Dow (1978). Malpractice Award (Television). San Francisco, California: CBS Evening News.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=255174","url_text":"Malpractice Award"}]},{"reference":"Liberatore, Paul (September 14, 1985), \"Chaos at Marin Record Studio After Drug Raid\", San Francisco Chronicle","urls":[]},{"reference":"Selvin, Joel (1996). San Francisco, the musical history tour: A guide to over 200 of the Bay Area's most memorable music sites. Chronicle Books. p. 48. ISBN 0-8118-1007-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Selvin","url_text":"Selvin, Joel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxCLmGXGuHIC&pg=PA148","url_text":"San Francisco, the musical history tour: A guide to over 200 of the Bay Area's most memorable music sites"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8118-1007-0","url_text":"0-8118-1007-0"}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Birney (September 13, 1985), \"Recording Studio In Sausalito Seized By Drug Probers\", San Francisco Chronicle, p. 8","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Famed Studio Celebrates 25 Years of Music, Et Cetera\", Los Angeles Sentinel, p. B4, November 12, 1997","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sausalito's historic Record Plant may rock 'n' roll again soon\". Marinij.com. November 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinij.com/2020/11/05/sausalitos-historic-record-plant-may-rock-n-roll-again-soon/","url_text":"\"Sausalito's historic Record Plant may rock 'n' roll again soon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record Plant reopens under new name, new management in Sausalito\". Kronon.tv. May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kronon.tv/videos/record-plant-reopens-under-new-name-new-management-in-sausalito-6762298","url_text":"\"Record Plant reopens under new name, new management in Sausalito\""}]},{"reference":"\"2200 Studios\". 2200 Studios. Retrieved April 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://2200studios.com/","url_text":"\"2200 Studios\""}]},{"reference":"Anon.[f] (n.d.). \"Mos Def – The Ecstatic\". Downtown Music. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090624215146/http://www.downtownmusic.com/mosdef/","url_text":"\"Mos Def – The Ecstatic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Music","url_text":"Downtown Music"},{"url":"http://www.downtownmusic.com/mosdef","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan
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Germans of Kazakhstan
|
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 See also","4 References"]
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Germanic ethnic group in Kazakhstan
Ethnic group
Germans of KazakhstanKasachstandeutscheҚазақстандық немістерRegions with significant populations Germany~1.3 million (2022) Kazakhstan226,092 (2021) Kyrgyzstan~10,000LanguagesGerman, Kazakh and RussianReligionProtestantism; minorities of Roman Catholics, IrreligiousRelated ethnic groupsVolga Germans, Germans in Russia and Kyrgyzstan Germans
The Germans of Kazakhstan (German: Kasachstandeutsche; Kazakh: Қазақстандық немістер) are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up a small percentage of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of Astana and Oskemen, the majority being urban dwellers.
Their number peaked at nearly 1 million (957 thousand people per 1989 census) near the time of the Soviet dissolution, but most have emigrated since then, usually to Germany or Russia. However, after a significant decrease from 1989 to 2009, by 2015 the number had seen a slight increase of a few thousand, the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Between 2009 and 2021 the German population had increased by 26.7%, though mostly due to changes in patterns of ethnic identity rather than actual population growth.
History
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Most of them are the offspring of Volga Germans, who were deported to the then Soviet republic of Kazakhstan from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic soon after the Nazi German Invasion during World War II. Large portions of the community were imprisoned in the Soviet labor camp system.
After the deportation, Volga Germans, as well as other deported minorities, were subject to imposed cultural assimilation into the Russian culture. The methods to achieve that goal included the prohibition of public use of the German language and education in German, the abolition of German ethnic holidays and a prohibition on their observance in public and a ban on relocation among others.
Those measures had been enacted by Joseph Stalin, even though the Volga German community as a whole was in no way affiliated with Nazi Germany, and Volga Germans had been loyal citizens of the Russian Empire (and later the Soviet Union) for centuries. These restrictions ended, however, during the "Khrushchev Thaw".
In 1972, over 3,500 German Russians sent a petition to Moscow again requesting an autonomous republic in the Volga regions. The government responded with an ad hoc committee
to study this request. In 1976, the commission finally agreed to create an autonomous oblast (county) in Northern Kazakhstan, centered in Ereymentau, 140 kilometers from
Tselinograd (Virgin Land City and capital of the virgin lands district). The district would be partially located in the “virgin lands,” which had already put 41.8 million hectares into
agricultural production, although this area had been one of the least developed in Kazakhstan.
The success of Khrushchev's agricultural focus was largely due to the
labor of the ethnic Germans exiled there. This government proposal created much opposition in Kazakhstan from residents, including a public protest, a rarity in the Soviet Union; every effort was made to keep the demonstration secret. Local Communist Party leaders also strongly opposed the plan, as it would diminish their authority in the Kazakh SSR. Ultimately, nothing came of the idea, which lacked support from even the German Russians, who tended to believe that reconstitution of the Volga Republic was the only way toward full rehabilitation and restoration of their rights.
According to a 1989 census, more citizens of ethnic German origin lived in Kazakhstan (numbering 957,518, or 5.8% of the total population) than in the whole of Russia, including Siberia (841,295).
Due to the German right of return law that enables ethnic Germans abroad who had been forcibly deported to return to Germany, Volga Germans could immigrate to Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. But due to widespread abuse of the system and the lack of interest on the part of the heavily-Russified newly arrived immigrants to assimilate, Germany abolished the policy during the early 21st century. By 2009 Russia had replaced Germany as the major immigrant destination for German Kazakhstanis. In 1999, there were 353,441 Germans remaining in Kazakhstan.
A small number of Germans have returned to Kazakhstan from Germany during the last several years, unable to assimilate into the German cultural sphere. The Rebirth organization, founded in 1989, handles cultural and community affairs of the ethnic German community.
Most Germans of Kazakhstan speak only Russian. Most were historically followers of Protestantism, but some are Roman Catholic. Today many, possibly the majority, are irreligious. The heaviest concentrations of Germans in Kazakhstan can be found along the cities and villages in the Northern region, such as Uspen (11.19%), Taran (10.14%), and Borodulikha (11.40%).
The 2021 Census revealed for the first time since the dissolution of the USSR, that the ethnic German population of Kazakhstan had increased to 226,092 from 178,409 in 2009.
Demographics
German historical population of KazakhstanYearPop.±%18972,613— 192651,094+1855.4%193992,571+81.2%1959659,751+612.7%1970839,649+27.3%1979900,207+7.2%1989957,518+6.4%1999353,441−63.1%2009178,409−49.5%2021226,092+26.7%Source:
Source:
Population
Live births
Deaths
Natural change
Crude birth rate (per 1000)
Crude death rate (per 1000)
Natural change (per 1000)
Net migration
1999
353,441
4 765
3 524
1 241
14.0
10.5
3.5
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
4 267
2 606
1 661
19.3
12.1
7.2
2008
4 810
2 585
2 225
21.8
11.9
9.9
2009
178,476
2010
179,398
4 573
2 469
2 104
25.5
13.8
11.7
−1,111
2011
180,376
4 405
2 481
1 924
24.4
13.8
10.6
−1,465
2012
180,832
4 380
2 405
1 975
24.2
13.3
10.9
−1,484
2013
181,348
4 319
2 213
2 106
23.8
12.2
11.6
−1,468
2014
181,928
4 241
2 110
2 131
23.3
11.6
11.7
−2,101
2015
181,958
2016
2017
2018
179,476
2021
226,092
See also
Germany–Kazakhstan relations
Demographics of Kazakhstan
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
German as a minority language
References
^
"Population in private households by migrant background in the wider sense and by selected countries of birth". German Federal Statistical Office. 20 April 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ The population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by individual ethnic groups at the beginning of 2022 Archived 27 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (in Russian)
^ Assessment for Germans in Kazakhstan Archived 2011-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, The MAR Project
^ Merten, Ulrich (2015). Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union. Lincoln, Nebraska: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia. pp. 285, 279, 280. ISBN 978-0-692-60337-6.
^ KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans, IRIN Asia
^ Russian-Germans: Back to the Heimat Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, kazakhstan.neweurasia.net
^ "Демографический ежегодник Казахстана" (PDF). www.stat.kz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010.
^ National Census of 2009, Kazakhstan
^ "Население Казахстана снова растет, повышается процент казахов". www.languages-study.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ "Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.
^ "2014 жылғы мұрағат". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ "GazStat". Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ "2015 жыл басындағы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының жекелеген этностары бойынша саны". Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
^ a b c Қазақстанның демографиялық жылнамалығы Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine p. 123
^ Қазақстанның демографиялық жылнамалығы Archived 29 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine p. 244
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2018 года". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
vteGerman peopleHistorical
Bundesdeutsche
Reichsdeutsche
Palatines
Volksdeutsche
DiasporaEuropeCentral Europe
Czech Republic
Sudeten Germans
Hungary
Poland
Vistula
Olęders
Walddeutsche
Galicia
Slovakia
Zipser
Switzerland
Eastern Europe
Belarus
Moldova
Black Sea
Romania
Transylvanian Saxons
Landlers
Danube (including Banat, Highland, and Walser)
Satu Mare
Bukovina
Dobruja
Regat
Zipser
Russia
Volga
North Caucasus
Ukraine
Bessarabia
Black Sea
Russian Mennonite
Crimea
Galicia
Northern Europe
Baltic states
Denmark
North Schleswig
Potato Germans
Norway
Finland
Sweden
Southern Europe
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bulgaria
Georgia
Italy (South Tyrol)
Yugoslavia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
Serbia
Slovenia (Gottscheers)
Turkey
Bosporus
Western Europe
Belgium
France (Alsatians and Lotharingians)
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Multinational dimension
Central and Eastern
Americas
Argentina
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Hutterites
British Columbia
Chile
Los Ríos Region (including German, Swiss and Austrians)
Los Lagos Region (including German, Swiss and Austrians)
Colombia
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Peru
Pozuzo
Puerto Rico
United States
Pennsylvania Dutch
Nebraska
Texas
Omaha
Palatines
by city
Uruguay
Venezuela
Colonia Tovar
Africa
Angola
Cameroon
Douala
Yaoundé
Ghana
Guinea
Kapitaï and Koba
Ivory Coast
Namibia
Nigeria
Lagos
Senegal
Kapitaï and Koba
South Africa
Afrikaners
Tanzania
Bagamoyo
Dar es Salaam
Zanzibar
Togo
Baguida
Sebe
Lomé
Asia
China
Beijing
Qingdao
Tianjin
India
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan
Philippines
United Arab Emirates
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Kokopo
Rabaul
German Samoans
Apia
See also
Ostsiedlung
Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
vteKazakhstan articlesHistoryPrehistory
Saka
Kangju
Wusun
Huns
Early history
Tele
Rouran Khaganate
Göktürks
Kangar union
Kimek Khanate
Karluks
Oghuz Yabgu State
Xueyantuo Khaganate
Uyghur Khaganate
Kyrgyz Khaganate
Kara-Khanid Khanate
Mongol Empire
Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde
White Horde
Uzbek Khanate
Since 1465
Kazakh Khanate
List of Kazakh khans
Jüz
Russian Turkestan
Alash Autonomy
Kazakh ASSR
Kazakh SSR
Republic of Kazakhstan
By topic
Postal
Geography
Aktogay Canyon
Altay (Altai) Mountains
Aral Karakum Desert
Borders
Caspian Sea
Kazakh Steppe
Khan Tangiri Shyngy
Kyzylkum Desert
Lake Balkhash
Sharyn Canyon
Syr Darya
Tien (Tian) Shan
Ural River
Zhetysu
Subdivisions
Cities and towns
Districts
Regions
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Government
President
Prime Minister
Human rights
Freedom of speech
LGBT
Law enforcement
Military
Parliament
Political parties
Economy
Agriculture
Energy policy
National Bank
Stock Exchange
Science and technology
Telecommunications
Tenge (currency)
Transport
Waste management
Culture
Alphabet
Anthem
Architecture
Clothing
Coat of arms
Cuisine (wine)
Flag
Kaznet (Internet)
Kazakhs
Media
Music
Religion
Sport
Squatting
Television
Wedding ceremony
Y-DNA
Kazakh tribes
Demographics
Education
Health
Language
Women
Peoples
Armenians
Azerbaijanis
Dungan
Germans
Greeks
Jews
Kazakhs
Koreans
Poles
Russians
Tatars
Turks
Ukrainians
Uyghurs
OutlineIndex
Category
vte Ethnic groups in KazakhstanMajority
Kazakhs
Chala Kazakh
Oralman
Minorities >1%
Germans
Russians
Tatars
Ukrainians
Uyghurs
Kashgartsy
Uzbeks
Minorities <1%
Armenians
Azerbaijanis
Bulgarians
Chinese
Dungan
Greeks
Jews
Koreans
Kurds
Madjars
Poles
Roma
Romanians
Turks
Demographics of Central AsiaDemographics of KazakhstanAssembly of People of Kazakhstan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"Oskemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskemen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Germans of Kazakhstan (German: Kasachstandeutsche; Kazakh: Қазақстандық немістер) are a minority in Kazakhstan, and make up a small percentage of the population. Today they live mostly in the northeastern part of the country between the cities of Astana and Oskemen, the majority being urban dwellers.[3]Their number peaked at nearly 1 million (957 thousand people per 1989 census) near the time of the Soviet dissolution, but most have emigrated since then, usually to Germany or Russia. However, after a significant decrease from 1989 to 2009, by 2015 the number had seen a slight increase of a few thousand, the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Between 2009 and 2021 the German population had increased by 26.7%, though mostly due to changes in patterns of ethnic identity rather than actual population growth.","title":"Germans of Kazakhstan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volga Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nazi German Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Soviet labor camp system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"cultural assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"Russian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Khrushchev Thaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw"},{"link_name":"Ereymentau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereymentau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"German right of return law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussiedler"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Russified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Uspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uspen_District"},{"link_name":"Taran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taran_District"},{"link_name":"Borodulikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borodulikha_District"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Most of them are the offspring of Volga Germans, who were deported to the then Soviet republic of Kazakhstan from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic soon after the Nazi German Invasion during World War II. Large portions of the community were imprisoned in the Soviet labor camp system.After the deportation, Volga Germans, as well as other deported minorities, were subject to imposed cultural assimilation into the Russian culture. The methods to achieve that goal included the prohibition of public use of the German language and education in German, the abolition of German ethnic holidays and a prohibition on their observance in public and a ban on relocation among others.Those measures had been enacted by Joseph Stalin, even though the Volga German community as a whole was in no way affiliated with Nazi Germany, and Volga Germans had been loyal citizens of the Russian Empire (and later the Soviet Union) for centuries. These restrictions ended, however, during the \"Khrushchev Thaw\".In 1972, over 3,500 German Russians sent a petition to Moscow again requesting an autonomous republic in the Volga regions. The government responded with an ad hoc committee \nto study this request. In 1976, the commission finally agreed to create an autonomous oblast (county) in Northern Kazakhstan, centered in Ereymentau, 140 kilometers from \nTselinograd (Virgin Land City and capital of the virgin lands district). The district would be partially located in the “virgin lands,” which had already put 41.8 million hectares into\nagricultural production, although this area had been one of the least developed in Kazakhstan.The success of Khrushchev's agricultural focus was largely due to the\nlabor of the ethnic Germans exiled there. This government proposal created much opposition in Kazakhstan from residents, including a public protest, a rarity in the Soviet Union; every effort was made to keep the demonstration secret. Local Communist Party leaders also strongly opposed the plan, as it would diminish their authority in the Kazakh SSR. Ultimately, nothing came of the idea, which lacked support from even the German Russians, who tended to believe that reconstitution of the Volga Republic was the only way[4] toward full rehabilitation and restoration of their rights.According to a 1989 census, more citizens of ethnic German origin lived in Kazakhstan (numbering 957,518, or 5.8% of the total population) than in the whole of Russia, including Siberia (841,295).[5]Due to the German right of return law that enables ethnic Germans abroad who had been forcibly deported to return to Germany, Volga Germans could immigrate to Germany after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[6] But due to widespread abuse of the system and the lack of interest on the part of the heavily-Russified newly arrived immigrants to assimilate, Germany abolished the policy during the early 21st century. By 2009 Russia had replaced Germany as the major immigrant destination for German Kazakhstanis.[7] In 1999, there were 353,441 Germans remaining in Kazakhstan.A small number of Germans have returned to Kazakhstan from Germany during the last several years, unable to assimilate into the German cultural sphere. The Rebirth organization, founded in 1989, handles cultural and community affairs of the ethnic German community.Most Germans of Kazakhstan speak only Russian. Most were historically followers of Protestantism, but some are Roman Catholic. Today many, possibly the majority, are irreligious. The heaviest concentrations of Germans in Kazakhstan can be found along the cities and villages in the Northern region, such as Uspen (11.19%), Taran (10.14%), and Borodulikha (11.40%).[8]The 2021 Census revealed for the first time since the dissolution of the USSR, that the ethnic German population of Kazakhstan had increased to 226,092 from 178,409 in 2009.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Germany–Kazakhstan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations"},{"title":"Demographics of Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan"},{"title":"Population transfer in the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"German as a minority language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_as_a_minority_language"}]
|
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Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705041402/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf","url_text":"\"Демографический ежегодник Казахстана\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Население Казахстана снова растет, повышается процент казахов\". www.languages-study.com. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.languages-study.com/demography/kazakhstan.html","url_text":"\"Население Казахстана снова растет, повышается процент казахов\""}]},{"reference":"\"Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115130347/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar","url_text":"\"Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2014 жылғы мұрағат\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123855/http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2014;jsessionid=QF98WSNdvqZJvVpvzr04VgbHDp5GnfKkfY3GjC1mmLB9pJbt5JM4!1219296013?_adf.ctrl-state=zg0yillq1_89&_afrLoop=24317659378066032#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24317659378066032%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dfc7wdzcbx_4","url_text":"\"2014 жылғы мұрағат\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2014;jsessionid=QF98WSNdvqZJvVpvzr04VgbHDp5GnfKkfY3GjC1mmLB9pJbt5JM4!1219296013?_adf.ctrl-state=zg0yillq1_89&_afrLoop=24317659378066032#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24317659378066032%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dfc7wdzcbx_4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GazStat\". Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826235108/http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publicationsCompilations;jsessionid=cPJxWXMcwJR8hDFG8X7lHR4NDr0Rny1ynJZcYLS7Qzr1nHQBJ7nQ!-151526296?_adf.ctrl-state=jg2wt3e3e_4&_afrLoop=24645115182195031#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24645115182195031%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsh3mk7qyt_4","url_text":"\"GazStat\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publicationsCompilations;jsessionid=cPJxWXMcwJR8hDFG8X7lHR4NDr0Rny1ynJZcYLS7Qzr1nHQBJ7nQ!-151526296?_adf.ctrl-state=jg2wt3e3e_4&_afrLoop=24645115182195031#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D24645115182195031%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dsh3mk7qyt_4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015 жыл басындағы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының жекелеген этностары бойынша саны\". Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200929070514/https://stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2015?_afrLoop=5924673733803346#%40%3F_adf.ctrl-state%3D8opxxffpc_230","url_text":"\"2015 жыл басындағы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының жекелеген этностары бойынша саны\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/wcnav_externalId/publBullS14-2015?_afrLoop=5924673733803346#%40%3F_adf.ctrl-state%3D8opxxffpc_230","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705041402/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.stat.kz/publishing/DocLib/Dem_Ezegod_2009%20CD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2018 года\". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_AG
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Bremer Straßenbahn
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["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
|
Logo of the Bremer Straßenbahn AG
Bremer Straßenbahn AG (translates from German as Bremen Tramways Corporation), often abbreviated BSAG, is the public transport provider for Bremen, Germany, offering tramway and bus services. As of 2020, BSAG operated 8 tram lines in Bremen, operating on 111.5 kilometres (69.3 mi) of route (down from 115.4 kilometres (71.7 mi) of route in 2013). It also operates 38 bus lines on 492.3 kilometres (305.9 mi) of route.
See also
List of town tramway systems in Germany
Trams in Bremen
Trams in Germany
References
Notes
^ a b "BSAG in Zahlen 2020" (PDF). Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG). Retrieved 2021-09-17.
^ "BSAG IN ZAHLEN 2014" (PDF) (in German). Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG). 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-17.
Bibliography
Höltge, Dieter (1992). Straßen- und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland (in German). Vol. Band 2: Niedersachsen/Bremen (2nd ed.). Freiburg i. B., Germany: EK-Verlag. ISBN 3882553367.
External links
BSAG official website
Tram Travels: Bremer Straßenbahn (BSAG)
Documents and clippings about Bremer Straßenbahn in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Portals: Transport Germany
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
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|
[{"image_text":"Logo of the Bremer Straßenbahn AG","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bsag-logo.svg/200px-Bsag-logo.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"List of town tramway systems in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Germany"},{"title":"Trams in Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Bremen"},{"title":"Trams in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Germany"}]
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[{"reference":"\"BSAG in Zahlen 2020\" (PDF). Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG). Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bsag.de/fileadmin/user_upload/redakteure/unternehmen/berichte/2020/BSAG_in_Zahlen_2020_WEB.pdf","url_text":"\"BSAG in Zahlen 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"BSAG IN ZAHLEN 2014\" [BSAG IN FIGURES 2014] (PDF) (in German). Bremer Straßenbahn AG (BSAG). 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bsag.de/fileadmin/user_upload/redakteure/unternehmen/berichte/2015/BSAG_in_Zahlen_2014.pdf","url_text":"\"BSAG IN ZAHLEN 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Höltge, Dieter (1992). Straßen- und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland [Tramways and Stadtbahnen in Germany] (in German). Vol. Band 2: Niedersachsen/Bremen [Volume 2: Lower Saxony/Bremen] (2nd ed.). Freiburg i. B., Germany: EK-Verlag. ISBN 3882553367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3882553367","url_text":"3882553367"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremer_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.bsag.de/fileadmin/user_upload/redakteure/unternehmen/berichte/2020/BSAG_in_Zahlen_2020_WEB.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BSAG in Zahlen 2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.bsag.de/fileadmin/user_upload/redakteure/unternehmen/berichte/2015/BSAG_in_Zahlen_2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BSAG IN ZAHLEN 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113133/http://www.bsag.de/eng/index.php","external_links_name":"BSAG official website"},{"Link":"https://en.sporvognsrejser.dk/company/bremer-strassenbahn-bsag","external_links_name":"Tram Travels: Bremer Straßenbahn (BSAG)"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/003485","external_links_name":"Documents and clippings about Bremer Straßenbahn"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133111204","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/17803-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004109568","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wynne
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Thomas Wynne
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["1 Early life and education","2 Immigration to Pennsylvania","3 Career","4 Death","5 Family","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
17th century English physician
For the American-Irish photographer, see Thomas Joseph Wynne.
Thomas WynneBorn(1627-07-20)July 20, 1627Caerwys, WalesDiedJanuary 16, 1692(1692-01-16) (aged 64)Philadelphia, Province of PennsylvaniaOccupation(s)Physician, politicianSignature
Thomas Wynne (July 20, 1627 – January 16, 1692) was personal physician of William Penn and one of the original settlers of Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania. Born in Ysceifiog, Wales, where his family dated back seventeen generations to Owain Gwynedd, he accompanied Penn on his original journey to America on the ship Welcome.
Early life and education
According to church records, Thomas Wynne was the fourth of five sons of Thomas Wynne, Sr.; Thomas Wynne lost his father at the age of 11. While attracted to the study of medicine early on, heavy taxes levied on his family originally made the acquisition of proper learning materials difficult. His trade was that of cooper. He was later able to make the acquaintance of an established surgeon by the name of Richard Moore, and soon he was able to apprentice until he was deemed worthy of licensing. He was licensed in Shropshire by Drs. Hollins, Needham and Moore. Wynne in turn, after the death of Dr. Richard Moore, apprenticed Moore's son Mordecai.
Immigration to Pennsylvania
Born into the Anglican Church, he in 1655 married Quaker Martha Buttall (1627–1670) and found himself profoundly converted. Henceforth a devout Quaker and author of several pamphlets on Quaker doctrine, Wynne faced persecution and even six years' imprisonment in England in the 1680s. After Martha died, he married a woman twice widowed, Mrs. Elizabeth Rowden Maude (b. 1637; d. after 1691), on July 20, 1676, and she accompanied him as he joined Penn on his trip to America, leaving on August 30 and landing on October 27, 1682.
Career
Wynne was notable for erecting the first brick house in the colony of Philadelphia, on his "Liberty Lot" at Front and Chestnut streets (known as Wynne Street until renamed by Penn in 1684). He built a home at 52nd Street and Woodbine Avenue in 1690 named "Wynnestay" (a reference to the famous Wynnstay estate in Wales owned by Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet, a collateral cousin), and several surrounding communities in the greater Philadelphia Area now bear his name. He returned to England with Penn in 1684. He served as speaker for the first two Pennsylvania Assemblies of the Province in Philadelphia in 1687 and 1688 and acted as Justice of Sussex county, now a county in Delaware, from 1687 to 1691. He was appointed a justice of the peace in January 1690 and held the position of justice of the provincial court from September 1690 until his death.
Death
His time in America lasted only nine years. His death is noted by the meeting of Radnor Friends Meetinghouse then at Duckett's Farm which in 1950 was located at the West Philadelphia train station not far from his home at Wynnestay. Thomas Wynne's burial is noted in the Philadelphia Meeting records at Ducketts Farm Burial Ground.
Family
Coat of Arms of Thomas Wynne
Among his descendants, through Mary Wynne and Dr. Edward Jones,: John Cadwalader, Lambert Cadwalader, John Dickinson, Sally Wister; through his daughter Rebecca: Charles Dickinson; through his daughter Hannah Joshua Humphreys and Charles Humphreys; through his step daughter Margery Maude Joshua Fisher; great-grandsons, Thomas, and Warner Wynne, through his son Jonathan, son Jonathan all served in the Pennsylvania "Flying Camp" and were taken prisoner by the British at the Battle of Fort Washington and Thomas was held on the prison ships in New York Harbor. His great-grandson Thomas through his son Jonathan, son Thomas died shortly after Washington's crossing of the Delaware from him Gustavus Wynne Cook. This Thomas is remembered on the Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial.
See also
Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
Penn Wynne, Pennsylvania
Wynnefield, Philadelphia
Wynnefield Heights, Philadelphia
References
^ a b Wynn, Sir John (1878). History of the Gwydir family and memoirs.
^ Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). "Wynne, Thomas" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
^ Thomas Allen Glenn, Welsh Founders of Pennsylvania, 1970 reprint, 1911 original.
^ William Mac Lean Jr., 1901, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, p. 104.
^ Charles Browning, Welsh Settlement of Pennsylvania, 1912.
^ Dallett, Francis James. "Mrs. Thomas Wynne of Philadelphia and Her Family: Corrections to the Pedigrees of Wynne and Maude." In Sheppard, Walter Lee, Jr., comp., Passengers and Ships Prior to 1684. Baltimore, MD, USA: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970.
^ Wynne is an approved ancestor for the Welcome Society.
^ Some Records of Sussex County Delaware, compiled by C.H.B. Turner 1909
^ Flintshire Historical Society Journal, 1977–1978, Volume 28, From Ysgeifiog to Pennsylvania : The rise of Thomas Wynne, Quaker Barber
^ Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Vol. 3. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Company. p. 2358. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Joseph Jackson (1918) Market Street, Philadelphia: The Most Historic Highway in America, Its Merchants and Its Story; page 197.
^ Walker, Gavin Morton. "Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial". Lower Merion Baptist Church. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
External links
Listen to this article (4 minutes)
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Dr. Thomas Wynne's Will
Dr. Thomas Wynne's Biography in "The National Cyclopedia"
West Philly On-line
Wynnestay homepage
Wynne Genealogical Society
Wynne website, Becky Thill
Town of Caerwys, Flintshire, North Wales website
Biography
vteSpeakers of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly (1682–1775)
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Born in Ysceifiog, Wales, where his family dated back seventeen generations to Owain Gwynedd,[1] he accompanied Penn on his original journey to America on the ship Welcome.[2]","title":"Thomas Wynne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to church records, Thomas Wynne was the fourth of five sons of Thomas Wynne, Sr.; Thomas Wynne lost his father at the age of 11.[3] While attracted to the study of medicine early on, heavy taxes levied on his family originally made the acquisition of proper learning materials difficult. His trade was that of cooper. He was later able to make the acquaintance of an established surgeon by the name of Richard Moore, and soon he was able to apprentice until he was deemed worthy of licensing. He was licensed in Shropshire by Drs. Hollins, Needham and Moore.[4] Wynne in turn, after the death of Dr. Richard Moore, apprenticed Moore's son Mordecai.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Born into the Anglican Church, he in 1655 married Quaker Martha Buttall (1627–1670) and found himself profoundly converted. Henceforth a devout Quaker and author of several pamphlets on Quaker doctrine, Wynne faced persecution and even six years' imprisonment in England in the 1680s. After Martha died, he married a woman twice widowed, Mrs. Elizabeth Rowden Maude (b. 1637; d. after 1691),[6] on July 20, 1676, and she accompanied him as he joined Penn on his trip to America, leaving on August 30 and landing on October 27, 1682.[7]","title":"Immigration to Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chestnut streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Wynnestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnestay"},{"link_name":"Wynnstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnstay"},{"link_name":"Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Wynn,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wynnhist-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government"},{"link_name":"Sussex county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"provincial court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Wynne was notable for erecting the first brick house in the colony of Philadelphia, on his \"Liberty Lot\" at Front and Chestnut streets (known as Wynne Street until renamed by Penn in 1684). He built a home at 52nd Street and Woodbine Avenue in 1690 named \"Wynnestay\" (a reference to the famous Wynnstay estate in Wales owned by Sir John Wynn, 1st Baronet, a collateral cousin[1]), and several surrounding communities in the greater Philadelphia Area now bear his name. He returned to England with Penn in 1684. He served as speaker for the first two Pennsylvania Assemblies of the Province in Philadelphia in 1687 and 1688 and acted as Justice of Sussex county, now a county in Delaware, from 1687 to 1691.[8][9] He was appointed a justice of the peace in January 1690 and held the position of justice of the provincial court from September 1690 until his death.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radnor Friends Meetinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radnor_Friends_Meetinghouse"},{"link_name":"West Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Wynnestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnestay"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"His time in America lasted only nine years. His death is noted by the meeting of Radnor Friends Meetinghouse then at Duckett's Farm which in 1950 was located at the West Philadelphia train station not far from his home at Wynnestay.[10] Thomas Wynne's burial is noted in the Philadelphia Meeting records at Ducketts Farm Burial Ground.[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wynne.svg"},{"link_name":"John Cadwalader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cadwalader_(general)"},{"link_name":"Lambert Cadwalader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Cadwalader"},{"link_name":"John Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(Pennsylvania_and_Delaware)"},{"link_name":"Sally Wister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Wister"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickinson_(historical_figure)"},{"link_name":"Joshua Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Charles Humphreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Humphreys"},{"link_name":"Joshua Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Fisher_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Flying Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Camp"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fort Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington's crossing of the Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Wynne Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Wynne_Cook"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-12"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Thomas WynneAmong his descendants, through Mary Wynne and Dr. Edward Jones,: John Cadwalader, Lambert Cadwalader, John Dickinson, Sally Wister; through his daughter Rebecca: Charles Dickinson; through his daughter Hannah Joshua Humphreys and Charles Humphreys; through his step daughter Margery Maude Joshua Fisher; great-grandsons, Thomas, and Warner Wynne, through his son Jonathan, son Jonathan all served in the Pennsylvania \"Flying Camp\" and were taken prisoner by the British at the Battle of Fort Washington and Thomas was held on the prison ships in New York Harbor. His great-grandson Thomas through his son Jonathan, son Thomas died shortly after Washington's crossing of the Delaware from him Gustavus Wynne Cook. This Thomas is remembered on the Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial.[12]","title":"Family"}]
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[{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Thomas Wynne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wynne.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Thomas_Wynne.svg.png"},{}]
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[{"title":"Wynnewood, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnewood,_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Penn Wynne, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Wynne,_Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Wynnefield, Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnefield,_Philadelphia"},{"title":"Wynnefield Heights, Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnefield_Heights,_Philadelphia"}]
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[{"reference":"Wynn, Sir John (1878). History of the Gwydir family and memoirs.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). \"Wynne, Thomas\" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies/Wynne,_Thomas","url_text":"\"Wynne, Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies","url_text":"American Medical Biographies"}]},{"reference":"Scharf, John Thomas; Westcott, Thompson (1884). History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Vol. 3. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Company. p. 2358. Retrieved January 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYkAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2358","url_text":"History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Vol. 3"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Gavin Morton. \"Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial\". Lower Merion Baptist Church. Retrieved December 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://lowermerionbaptist.org/memorial.htm","url_text":"\"Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies/Wynne,_Thomas","external_links_name":"\"Wynne, Thomas\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/American_Medical_Biographies","external_links_name":"American Medical Biographies"},{"Link":"http://www.welcomesociety.org/Welcome_ancestors.htm","external_links_name":"approved ancestor"},{"Link":"http://www.welcomesociety.org/","external_links_name":"Welcome Society"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYkAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2358","external_links_name":"History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Vol. 3"},{"Link":"http://lowermerionbaptist.org/memorial.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lower Merion Revolutionary War Memorial\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ttg13/archives/drthomaswill.html/","external_links_name":"Dr. Thomas Wynne's Will"},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ttg13/archives/nationalcyclopaediadrtwynne.jpg/","external_links_name":"Dr. Thomas Wynne's Biography in \"The National Cyclopedia\""},{"Link":"http://partners.upenn.edu/wp/woli/Hoods/WOLI_Hoods-Wynfld_Main.html","external_links_name":"West Philly On-line"},{"Link":"http://www.wynnestay.com/","external_links_name":"Wynnestay homepage"},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~ttg13/wynnegensociety.html","external_links_name":"Wynne Genealogical Society"},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ttg13/index.html","external_links_name":"Wynne website, Becky Thill"},{"Link":"http://www.caerwys-town.com/","external_links_name":"Town of Caerwys, Flintshire, North Wales website"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1UcrAAAAYAAJ&dq=Thomas+Wynne+imprisoned+in+London&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1859011/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24470929","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxwyKhFFDb7HKChH4wmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93012256","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68p7pnn","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunus_laticlavius
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Tribunus laticlavius
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["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References"]
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Military-political office in ancient Rome
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Ancient Rome portalvte
In the Roman army of the late Republic and the Principate, the tribunus laticlavius ("broad-striped tribune") was one of the six military tribunes in a legion. Usually, it consisted of young men around age 20 who belonged to a wealthy family or were friends with the legate. The position of tribunus laticlavius was the first step on the Cursus honorum. Tribunus laticlavius are typically depicted wearing a purple cloak.
Overview
The tribunus laticlavius were second in command to the legatus legionis, the legion's commander. They were also above the other five tribuni angusticlavii and later the praefectus castrorum. It was common for the tribunus laticlavius to be a Roman noble younger than 25 years old, usually around the age of 20. They were commonly either part of the richest families in Rome or a close friend to the legionary commander. It was also common for the tribune to have no previous military experience.
Members of the tribunus laticlavius were part of the senatorial aristocracy. It was common for the tribune to return to Rome and run for a political office, usually a quaestorship after two or three years as a tribune. The position was the first step of the traditional cursus honorum. By the middle of 250s AD, at the earliest, the post of the tribunus laticlavius had disappeared from the Roman army, following the general trend of removal of the senatorial class from military commands.
See also
Ancient Rome portal
List of Roman army unit types
Centurion
Legatus
Primus Pilus
Decanus
Praefectus castrorum
Tribune
References
^ Powell, Lindsay (2013). Germanicus: The Magnificent Life and Mysterious Death of Rome's Most Popular General. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen&Sword Books. ISBN 978-147-382-692-2.
^ Breeze, David (2013). Roman Frontiers in Britain. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-147-253-871-0.
^ a b c Adkins, Lesley (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. OUP USA.
^ Erdkamp, Paul (2007). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8.
^ Bohec, Yann Le (1994). The Roman Imperial Army. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22295-8.
^ Birley, Eric (1988). The Roman Army. J.C. Gieben.
^ Greenley, Ben (2017). Myth and Religion. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-135-001-489-3.
^ Millet, Martin (1990). The Romanization of Britain: An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052-142-864-4.
^ D'Amato, Raffaele (2009). Arms and Armor of the Imperial Roman Soldier. Pen&Sword Books: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-147-381-189-8.
^ Brewer, Richard (2000). Caerleon and the Roman Army: Roman Legionary Museum: a Guide. National Museums & Galleries of Wales. ISBN 978-072-000-488-5.
^ Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. London and New York: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 0-203-45159-7.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_army"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Principate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principate"},{"link_name":"military tribunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion"},{"link_name":"legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"link_name":"Cursus honorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursus_honorum"}],"text":"In the Roman army of the late Republic and the Principate, the tribunus laticlavius (\"broad-striped tribune\") was one of the six military tribunes in a legion. Usually, it consisted of young men around age 20 who belonged to a wealthy family or were friends with the legate. The position of tribunus laticlavius was the first step on the Cursus honorum. Tribunus laticlavius are typically depicted wearing a purple cloak.","title":"Tribunus laticlavius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legatus legionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus_legionis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tribuni angusticlavii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_angusticlavii"},{"link_name":"praefectus castrorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_castrorum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"senatorial aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Senate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"quaestorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The tribunus laticlavius were second in command to the legatus legionis,[1][2] the legion's commander. They were also above the other five tribuni angusticlavii and later the praefectus castrorum. It was common for the tribunus laticlavius to be a Roman noble younger than 25 years old, usually around the age of 20.[3][4] They were commonly either part of the richest families in Rome or a close friend to the legionary commander. It was also common for the tribune to have no previous military experience.[3]Members of the tribunus laticlavius were part of the senatorial aristocracy.[5] It was common for the tribune to return to Rome and run for a political office, usually a quaestorship after two or three years as a tribune.[6] The position was the first step of the traditional cursus honorum.[3][7][8][9][10] By the middle of 250s AD, at the earliest, the post of the tribunus laticlavius had disappeared from the Roman army, following the general trend of removal of the senatorial class from military commands.[11]","title":"Overview"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Ancient Rome portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome"},{"title":"List of Roman army unit types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_army_unit_types"},{"title":"Centurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion"},{"title":"Legatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legatus"},{"title":"Primus Pilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_pilus"},{"title":"Decanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanus"},{"title":"Praefectus castrorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praefectus_castrorum"},{"title":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune"}]
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[{"reference":"Powell, Lindsay (2013). Germanicus: The Magnificent Life and Mysterious Death of Rome's Most Popular General. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen&Sword Books. ISBN 978-147-382-692-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-382-692-2","url_text":"978-147-382-692-2"}]},{"reference":"Breeze, David (2013). Roman Frontiers in Britain. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-147-253-871-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-253-871-0","url_text":"978-147-253-871-0"}]},{"reference":"Adkins, Lesley (1998). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. OUP USA.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Erdkamp, Paul (2007). A Companion to the Roman Army. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2153-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2153-8","url_text":"978-1-4051-2153-8"}]},{"reference":"Bohec, Yann Le (1994). The Roman Imperial Army. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22295-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22295-8","url_text":"0-415-22295-8"}]},{"reference":"Birley, Eric (1988). The Roman Army. J.C. Gieben.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Greenley, Ben (2017). Myth and Religion. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-135-001-489-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-135-001-489-3","url_text":"978-135-001-489-3"}]},{"reference":"Millet, Martin (1990). The Romanization of Britain: An Essay in Archaeological Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052-142-864-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052-142-864-4","url_text":"978-052-142-864-4"}]},{"reference":"D'Amato, Raffaele (2009). Arms and Armor of the Imperial Roman Soldier. Pen&Sword Books: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-147-381-189-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-147-381-189-8","url_text":"978-147-381-189-8"}]},{"reference":"Brewer, Richard (2000). Caerleon and the Roman Army: Roman Legionary Museum: a Guide. National Museums & Galleries of Wales. ISBN 978-072-000-488-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-072-000-488-5","url_text":"978-072-000-488-5"}]},{"reference":"Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. London and New York: Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 0-203-45159-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-45159-7","url_text":"0-203-45159-7"}]}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hird
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Anne Hird
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["1 Professional career","2 Personal life","3 References"]
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Retired female middle and long distance runner
Anne Hird (née Sullivan, born April 8, 1959) is a retired American middle-distance and long-distance runner who was the U.S. national champion for the distances of 30 kilometers and 10 miles. She has won multiple national and international races.
Professional career
As a high schooler, Anne Sullivan won races and set records in the Rhode Island high schools. She would later be inducted into the state's interscholastic hall of fame (in 2006). She began college at Harvard University, where she was the fastest on her team and an All-American, but transferred to Brown University where she ran for the Brown Bears in track and cross country. She set records in the 3,000 and 5,000 meter races for the Ivy League Conference during the 1979 Outdoor Championships. She went to the woman's national final that year for the 10,000 meter race, finishing sixth.
While she was a 20-year-old student at Brown, she took on the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run, which was the US National Championship for 1980. She led the crowd of 685 women to a fast finish in 55:34, busting Joan Benoit's previous course record by eight seconds. At the 25K New England Athletic's Congress race that year, she finished second to Nancy Conz, who set an American record in the race. She graduated in 1982, a year before women would be allowed to compete in the NCAA National Championships. In 1986, she would be added to the Brown University Athletics Hall of Fame.
From 1980-1983, she was a top finisher at the Eugene Marathon, the Montreal Marathon and the Tokyo Marathon, where she was just behind Jane Wipf.
In 1983, she won several races including the Brooklyn Half Marathon.
In 1984, she cruised to victory in the National Championship 30K at Albany, New York, finishing in 1:45:15.
It was a big year for her, though at the 1984 Olympic Trials Marathon in Olympia, Washington, she dropped out due to a stomach virus as Joan Benoit went on to win. She had been at the Boston Marathon in April, where she sought a training run, stopped a few times to fix her shoes, but finished as the first American woman, behind the winner from New Zealand, Lorraine Moller. She was the only American in the top 10 women that year.
Then she went to Duluth, Minnesota, for Grandma's Marathon, where she led Sissel Grottenberg and other top runners to win in 2:37:30. She went on to Toronto in September, where she raced on into a gusting wind against an international field to break the tape first and take home more than $4,000. She also won the Newport, Rhode Island, Ocean State Marathon that year in November. Her accolades prompted Sports Illustrated to feature her as a top American distance woman.
Personal life
Hird lives in Providence, Rhode Island, with her husband Jonathan. She proceeded to earn a Masters degree from Simmons College and a PhD at University of Rhode Island. She teaches Instructional Technology at Bridgewater State University and published "Learning from Cyber-Savvy Students" in 2000.
References
^ "Anne Hird". Monaco: World Athletics. 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ a b c d Ken Young; Andy Milroy, eds. (5 September 2022). "Anne Hird". Mattole Valley, California: Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ "Rhode Island Interscholastic League Hall of Fame Inductees". Rhode Island Interscholastic League. Warwick, Rhode Island. 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ Monahan, Bob (2 November 1978). "Harvard Season". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 45.
^ a b "Hall of Fame: Anne Sullivan Hird". Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island. 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ Concannon, Joe (18 October 1978). "Spirited Kick Propels Orman". Boston Evening Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 26.
^ Nearman, Steve (27 March 1983). "DeWald Top Woman in Cherry Blossom". Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia.
^ "10-Mile Records Fall". The Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. 31 March 1980. p. 15A.
^ "Owen's Condition Worsens—Running". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. 31 March 1980. p. D5.
^ "Conz Sets Record". The Daily News. New York, New York. 16 June 1980. p. 67.
^ "Robertson is First". New York Times. New York, New York. 13 June 1983. pp. C7.
^ a b Burfoot, Amby (17 April 1984). "State Runner Misses Trials by 66 Seconds". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. pp. D6.
^ Livingston, Terry (15 September 1984). "Maple Leaf Half-Marathon on Sunday Boasts Olympic Field". Bennington Banner. Bennington, Vermont. p. 9.
^ a b Roe, Jon (17 June 1984). "Briton Triumphs in Fog, Drizzle". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. C1, C6.
^ "Boston Winner Eyes LA". Press and Sun-Bulletin. Binghamton, New York. Press Wire Services. 17 April 1984. pp. 7B, 8B.
^ "Unkonwn British Runner Wins Grandma's Marathon". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. 17 June 1984. pp. 4B.
^ "Toronto Marathon". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. 1 October 1984. pp. 13C.
^ "Toronto Marathon Record Set". Morning Sentinel. Waterville, Maine. 1 October 1984. p. 15.
^ "Briton Charges Back to Win Toronto Race". Red Deer Advocate. Alberta, Canada. 1 October 1984. pp. 3C.
^ "Faces in the Crowd". Sports Illustrated. New York City, New York. 30 April 1984.
^ Bridgewater State University (2022). "Dr. Anne Hird". Bridgewater State University Department of Secondary Education & Educational Leadership. Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"middle-distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldathletics-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs-2"}],"text":"Anne Hird (née Sullivan, born April 8, 1959) is a retired American middle-distance and long-distance runner who was the U.S. national champion for the distances of 30 kilometers and 10 miles. She has won multiple national and international races.[1][2]","title":"Anne Hird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Brown Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears"},{"link_name":"3,000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3000_metres"},{"link_name":"5,000 meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres"},{"link_name":"Ivy League Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League"},{"link_name":"10,000 meter race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Blossom_Ten_Mile_Run"},{"link_name":"Joan Benoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Benoit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nancy Conz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Conz"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"NCAA National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NCAA_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"Eugene Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Montreal Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Jane Wipf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wipf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Olympia, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Joan Benoit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Benoit"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mpls-14"},{"link_name":"Lorraine Moller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Moller"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston-12"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Grandma's Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandma%27s_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Sissel Grottenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissel_Grottenberg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mpls-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arrs-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"As a high schooler, Anne Sullivan won races and set records in the Rhode Island high schools. She would later be inducted into the state's interscholastic hall of fame (in 2006).[3] She began college at Harvard University, where she was the fastest on her team and an All-American,[4] but transferred to Brown University where she ran for the Brown Bears in track and cross country. She set records in the 3,000 and 5,000 meter races for the Ivy League Conference during the 1979 Outdoor Championships. She went to the woman's national final that year for the 10,000 meter race, finishing sixth.[5][6]While she was a 20-year-old student at Brown, she took on the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run, which was the US National Championship for 1980. She led the crowd of 685 women to a fast finish in 55:34, busting Joan Benoit's previous course record by eight seconds.[7][2][8][9] At the 25K New England Athletic's Congress race that year, she finished second to Nancy Conz, who set an American record in the race.[10] She graduated in 1982, a year before women would be allowed to compete in the NCAA National Championships. In 1986, she would be added to the Brown University Athletics Hall of Fame.From 1980-1983, she was a top finisher at the Eugene Marathon, the Montreal Marathon and the Tokyo Marathon, where she was just behind Jane Wipf.[2]In 1983, she won several races including the Brooklyn Half Marathon.[11]In 1984, she cruised to victory in the National Championship 30K at Albany, New York, finishing in 1:45:15.[12][13]It was a big year for her, though at the 1984 Olympic Trials Marathon in Olympia, Washington, she dropped out due to a stomach virus as Joan Benoit went on to win.[14] She had been at the Boston Marathon in April, where she sought a training run, stopped a few times to fix her shoes, but finished as the first American woman, behind the winner from New Zealand, Lorraine Moller. She was the only American in the top 10 women that year. [15][12]Then she went to Duluth, Minnesota, for Grandma's Marathon, where she led Sissel Grottenberg and other top runners to win in 2:37:30.[14][16] She went on to Toronto in September, where she raced on into a gusting wind against an international field to break the tape first and take home more than $4,000.[17][2][18][19] She also won the Newport, Rhode Island, Ocean State Marathon that year in November. Her accolades prompted Sports Illustrated to feature her as a top American distance woman.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Simmons College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmons_College"},{"link_name":"University of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Bridgewater State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_State_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown-5"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Hird lives in Providence, Rhode Island, with her husband Jonathan. She proceeded to earn a Masters degree from Simmons College and a PhD at University of Rhode Island. She teaches Instructional Technology at Bridgewater State University and published \"Learning from Cyber-Savvy Students\" in 2000.[5][21]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Anne Hird\". Monaco: World Athletics. 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/anne-hird-14445274","url_text":"\"Anne Hird\""}]},{"reference":"Ken Young; Andy Milroy, eds. (5 September 2022). \"Anne Hird\". Mattole Valley, California: Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://more.arrs.run/runner/8009","url_text":"\"Anne Hird\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rhode Island Interscholastic League Hall of Fame Inductees\". Rhode Island Interscholastic League. Warwick, Rhode Island. 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riil.org/page/6651","url_text":"\"Rhode Island Interscholastic League Hall of Fame Inductees\""}]},{"reference":"Monahan, Bob (2 November 1978). \"Harvard Season\". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame: Anne Sullivan Hird\". Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island. 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://brownbears.com/honors/hall-of-fame/anne-sullivan-hird/188","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame: Anne Sullivan Hird\""}]},{"reference":"Concannon, Joe (18 October 1978). \"Spirited Kick Propels Orman\". Boston Evening Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nearman, Steve (27 March 1983). \"DeWald Top Woman in Cherry Blossom\". Washington Post. Washington, District of Columbia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"10-Mile Records Fall\". The Charlotte Observer. Charlotte, North Carolina. 31 March 1980. p. 15A.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Owen's Condition Worsens—Running\". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. 31 March 1980. p. D5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Conz Sets Record\". The Daily News. New York, New York. 16 June 1980. p. 67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Robertson is First\". New York Times. New York, New York. 13 June 1983. pp. C7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burfoot, Amby (17 April 1984). \"State Runner Misses Trials by 66 Seconds\". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. pp. D6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Livingston, Terry (15 September 1984). \"Maple Leaf Half-Marathon on Sunday Boasts Olympic Field\". Bennington Banner. Bennington, Vermont. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Roe, Jon (17 June 1984). \"Briton Triumphs in Fog, Drizzle\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp. C1, C6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Boston Winner Eyes LA\". Press and Sun-Bulletin. Binghamton, New York. Press Wire Services. 17 April 1984. pp. 7B, 8B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Unkonwn British Runner Wins Grandma's Marathon\". Argus Leader. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Associated Press. 17 June 1984. pp. 4B.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Marathon\". Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland. 1 October 1984. pp. 13C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Toronto Marathon Record Set\". Morning Sentinel. Waterville, Maine. 1 October 1984. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Briton Charges Back to Win Toronto Race\". Red Deer Advocate. Alberta, Canada. 1 October 1984. pp. 3C.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Faces in the Crowd\". Sports Illustrated. New York City, New York. 30 April 1984.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bridgewater State University (2022). \"Dr. Anne Hird\". Bridgewater State University Department of Secondary Education & Educational Leadership. Bridgewater, Massachusetts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridgew.edu/department/secondary-education-and-educational-leadership/dr-anne-hird","url_text":"\"Dr. Anne Hird\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_K2_disaster
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1986 K2 disaster
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["1 21 June–4 August 1986","2 6–10 August 1986","3 List of fatalities","3.1 21 June–4 August","3.2 6–10 August","4 See also","5 Books","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 35°52′55″N 76°30′41″E / 35.8820°N 76.5114°E / 35.8820; 76.5114Mountaineering expedition disaster on K2 in Pakistan
South face of K2 as seen from Concordia
The 1986 K2 disaster refers to a period from 6 August to 10 August 1986, when five mountaineers died on the eight-thousander K2, in the Karakoram during a severe storm. Eight other climbers were killed in the weeks preceding, bringing the total number of deaths that climbing season to 13.
21 June–4 August 1986
The first casualties of the summer occurred on an American expedition. Like many others that summer, the team hoped to be the first to summit via the technically demanding and as-yet-unclimbed Southwest Pillar, also known as the "Magic Line". Team leader John Smolich and Alan Pennington were killed in an avalanche on 21 June. Pennington's body was pulled out by climbers who had witnessed the incident, but Smolich's body has yet to be found. The rest of the team left the mountain shortly after the accident.
On 23 June, French climbers Liliane and Maurice Barrard reached the summit, just 30 minutes after their teammate Wanda Rutkiewicz became the first woman to summit K2. Both Liliane Barrard and Rutkiewicz were climbing without bottled oxygen. As darkness fell, all three, along with team member Michel Parmentier and two Basque climbers, Mari Abrego and Josema Casimiro, had to make an emergency bivouac shelter not far from the summit itself. While all six made it through the night, the Barrards disappeared at some point during the descent. Liliane's body was recovered three weeks later, but Maurice's was not found until 1998.
Polish climber Tadeusz Piotrowski fell to his death after a successful summit of the central rib of the south face on 10 July. Six days later, Italian soloist Renato Casarotto fell into a crevasse, after an unsuccessful attempt at climbing the Southwest Pillar. He was rescued from the crevasse, but died shortly thereafter. On 3 August, Wojciech Wróż, part of a combined Slovak-Polish team that successfully summitted the Southwest Pillar without using bottled oxygen, slipped off the end of a fixed rope and fell to his death. On 4 August, Muhammad Ali, Sardar for a South Korean expedition, was killed by falling rocks on the Abruzzi Spur. Difficult weather conditions caused many other injuries and near-fatalities throughout the summer.
6–10 August 1986
Alan Rouse was the leader of a British expedition. He obtained a permit to climb the difficult north-west ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur. After several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the group disbanded, leaving only Rouse and cameraman Jim Curran on the mountain. Curran returned to Base Camp, but Rouse chose to continue his summit bid.
Rouse's expedition was not the only one facing difficulties that summer on K2. While Rouse and the British expedition attempted the north-west ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various other routes, with and without oxygen. After his fellow team members left the mountain, Rouse joined forces with six climbers—Austrians Alfred Imitzer, Hannes Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger; a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf; and another British climber, Julie Tullis—in an attempt to summit via the conventional route, without a permit.
The newly formed team made it to Camp IV, the final staging post before the summit, but for reasons that are still unclear, the climbers decided to wait a day before making a summit push. Despite deteriorating weather conditions, Rouse and Wolf set out for the summit on 4 August. Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, and Rouse continued alone. Two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 m (330 ft) below the summit. Rouse fell in behind the Austrians, and the three reached the summit together at around 4:00 p.m. on 4 August. Rouse was the first Englishman to reach K2's summit.
On the way down, 150 m (500 ft) below the summit, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend. They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, who were still on their way up, and tried unsuccessfully to persuade them to turn back. Diemberger and Tullis summited around 7:00 p.m. On the descent, Tullis fell, and though she survived, both she and Diemberger were forced to spend the night bivouacked in the open.
Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV and rejoined Hannes Wieser, who had stayed behind. The seven waited for the storm to abate. Instead, the storm worsened, bringing heavy snowfall, winds over 160 km/h (99 mph), and sub-zero temperatures. With no food and no gas to melt the snow into water, the team members were in imminent peril. At an altitude of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) the body requires approximately six litres (1.3 imp gal; 1.6 US gal) of fluid per day to avoid dangerous thickening of the blood. Given that the oxygen saturation of the air at this altitude is only a third of that at sea level, the risk of death by hypoxia is great.
Tullis died during the night of 6–7 August, presumably of HAPE (high-altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen during physical exertion. The other six climbers stayed at Camp IV for the next three days, but remained barely conscious. On 10 August, the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated. Though weak and severely dehydrated, the remaining climbers decided they had no other choice but to descend.
Rouse, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers had to leave him behind in his tent to save their own lives. It was a decision for which the survivors, particularly Diemberger, would be severely criticized. Jim Curran, part of Rouse's British expedition, defended Diemberger, saying that "there was absolutely no way that either Diemberger or Willi Bauer could have gotten Rouse off the mountain alive." Imitzer and Wieser, blinded by the snow, collapsed just a few hundred feet from camp and could not be revived. Wolf, who was descending last, never made it back. A year later, members of a Japanese expedition found her attached to the fixed ropes, still standing upright and leaning against the wall.
Bauer and Diemberger, the two remaining climbers, found that Camp III had been blown away by the hurricane-force winds but were able to make it to the relative safety of Camp II during the evening of 10 August. Bauer made it to Base Camp under his own power, but Diemberger had to be brought down by Jim Curran and a pair of Polish climbers. Bauer and Diemberger were helicoptered to safety on 16 August. Both lost multiple fingers and toes as a result of severe frostbite.
List of fatalities
21 June–4 August
Name
Nationality
Date
Cause of death
John Smolich
United States
21 June
Avalanche
Alan Pennington
United States
Maurice Barrard
France
24 June
Disappeared on descent
Lilliane Barrard
France
Tadeusz Piotrowski
Poland
10 July
Fall
Renato Casarotto
Italy
16 July
Crevasse fall
Wojciech Wróż
Poland
3–4 August
Fall
Muhammad Ali
Pakistan
4 August
Stonefall
6–10 August
Name
Nationality
Date
Cause of death
Julie Tullis
United Kingdom
6–7 August
Precise details unknown: edemas, exposure and exhaustion most likely
Alan Rouse
United Kingdom
10 August
Hannes Wieser
Austria
Alfred Imitzer
Austria
Dobrosława Miodowicz-Wolf
Poland
See also
1995 K2 disaster
2008 K2 disaster
List of deaths on eight-thousanders
Books
Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy, Grafton, 1989, (ISBN 0-586-20569-1)
Diemberger, Kurt, The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny, Mountaineers Books, 1991 (ISBN 0-89886-300-7)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Greg Child and Jon Krakauer (March 1987). "The Dangerous Summer: On K2 last year, 27 climbers made it to the top--and 13 died. At the edge of Himalayan mountaineering, is there any room left to fail?". Outside Online: The News. Archived from the original on 2003-08-24. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
^ "ExWeb Tribute to the Women of K2: The Eve's of the Killer Mountain". K2climb.net. Jun 28, 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-10-23. Retrieved 2012-03-15.
^ a b "Remembering Liliane Barrard". K2 Climb News. ExplorersWeb. 2003-12-09. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14.
^ Ficha Libro: En la cima del K - 2 (Madteam.net -in Spanish-). Accessed 2009-09-30. Archived 2009-10-02.
^ ABREGO SANTESTEBAN, Mari (Auñamendi Encyclopedia -in Spanish-). Accessed 2009-09-30. Archived 2009-10-02.
^ Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy. pp. 187-88. Grafton, 1989. (ISBN 0-586-20569-1)
^ Kurt Diemberger, K2, Traum und Schicksal, 1989, (German edition), page 308.
External links
Mobashir Hussain Tarar. "Photo Album: K-2 South Pillar Expedition. 1986". Facebook. Pakistan.
vteK2Topography and landmarks
K2
Bottleneck couloir
House's Chimney
The Black Pyramid
Gilkey Memorial
Expeditions
1938 American
1939 American
1953 American
1954 Italian
controversy
Disasters and fatalities
1986 K2 disaster
1995 K2 disaster
2008 K2 disaster
List of deaths on K2
In media
List of books about K2
K2 (board game)
K2 (film)
K2: Siren of the Himalayas
The Summit (2012 film)
Vertical Limit
35°52′55″N 76°30′41″E / 35.8820°N 76.5114°E / 35.8820; 76.5114
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K2-big.jpg"},{"link_name":"Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"mountaineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"eight-thousander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"}],"text":"Mountaineering expedition disaster on K2 in PakistanSouth face of K2 as seen from ConcordiaThe 1986 K2 disaster refers to a period from 6 August to 10 August 1986, when five mountaineers died on the eight-thousander K2, in the Karakoram during a severe storm. Eight other climbers were killed in the weeks preceding, bringing the total number of deaths that climbing season to 13.","title":"1986 K2 disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"Liliane and Maurice Barrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliane_and_Maurice_Barrard"},{"link_name":"Wanda Rutkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Rutkiewicz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k2c-3"},{"link_name":"Michel Parmentier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Parmentier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mari Abrego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mari_Abrego&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Josema Casimiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josema_Casimiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bivouac shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivouac_shelter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k2c-3"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Piotrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(mountaineer)"},{"link_name":"Renato Casarotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renato_Casarotto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"crevasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Wróż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Wr%C3%B3%C5%BC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"Sardar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Abruzzi Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The first casualties of the summer occurred on an American expedition. Like many others that summer, the team hoped to be the first to summit via the technically demanding and as-yet-unclimbed Southwest Pillar, also known as the \"Magic Line\". Team leader John Smolich and Alan Pennington were killed in an avalanche on 21 June. Pennington's body was pulled out by climbers who had witnessed the incident, but Smolich's body has yet to be found. The rest of the team left the mountain shortly after the accident.[1]On 23 June, French climbers Liliane and Maurice Barrard reached the summit, just 30 minutes after their teammate Wanda Rutkiewicz became the first woman to summit K2.[2] Both Liliane Barrard and Rutkiewicz were climbing without bottled oxygen.[3] As darkness fell, all three, along with team member Michel Parmentier and two Basque[4] climbers, Mari Abrego[5] and Josema Casimiro, had to make an emergency bivouac shelter not far from the summit itself. While all six made it through the night, the Barrards disappeared at some point during the descent.[1] Liliane's body was recovered three weeks later, but Maurice's was not found until 1998.[3]Polish climber Tadeusz Piotrowski fell to his death after a successful summit of the central rib of the south face on 10 July. Six days later, Italian soloist Renato Casarotto fell into a crevasse, after an unsuccessful attempt at climbing the Southwest Pillar. He was rescued from the crevasse, but died shortly thereafter.[1] On 3 August, Wojciech Wróż, part of a combined Slovak-Polish team that successfully summitted the Southwest Pillar without using bottled oxygen, slipped off the end of a fixed rope and fell to his death.[1] On 4 August, Muhammad Ali, Sardar for a South Korean expedition, was killed by falling rocks on the Abruzzi Spur. Difficult weather conditions caused many other injuries and near-fatalities throughout the summer.[6]","title":"21 June–4 August 1986"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Rouse"},{"link_name":"Abruzzi Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzi_Spur"},{"link_name":"Base Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Camp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Alfred Imitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Imitzer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hannes Wieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannes_Wieser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willi Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willi_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurt Diemberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Diemberger"},{"link_name":"Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dobroslawa_Miodowicz-Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Julie Tullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Tullis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"bivouacked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivouac_shelter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"high-altitude pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diemberger-7"},{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outside-1"}],"text":"Alan Rouse was the leader of a British expedition. He obtained a permit to climb the difficult north-west ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur. After several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the group disbanded, leaving only Rouse and cameraman Jim Curran on the mountain. Curran returned to Base Camp, but Rouse chose to continue his summit bid.[1]Rouse's expedition was not the only one facing difficulties that summer on K2. While Rouse and the British expedition attempted the north-west ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various other routes, with and without oxygen. After his fellow team members left the mountain, Rouse joined forces with six climbers—Austrians Alfred Imitzer, Hannes Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger; a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf; and another British climber, Julie Tullis—in an attempt to summit via the conventional route, without a permit.The newly formed team made it to Camp IV, the final staging post before the summit, but for reasons that are still unclear, the climbers decided to wait a day before making a summit push. Despite deteriorating weather conditions, Rouse and Wolf set out for the summit on 4 August. Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, and Rouse continued alone. Two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 m (330 ft) below the summit. Rouse fell in behind the Austrians, and the three reached the summit together at around 4:00 p.m. on 4 August. Rouse was the first Englishman to reach K2's summit.[1]On the way down, 150 m (500 ft) below the summit, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend. They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, who were still on their way up, and tried unsuccessfully to persuade them to turn back. Diemberger and Tullis summited around 7:00 p.m. On the descent, Tullis fell, and though she survived, both she and Diemberger were forced to spend the night bivouacked in the open.[1]Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV and rejoined Hannes Wieser, who had stayed behind. The seven waited for the storm to abate. Instead, the storm worsened, bringing heavy snowfall, winds over 160 km/h (99 mph), and sub-zero temperatures. With no food and no gas to melt the snow into water, the team members were in imminent peril. At an altitude of 8,000 m (26,000 ft) the body requires approximately six litres (1.3 imp gal; 1.6 US gal) of fluid per day to avoid dangerous thickening of the blood. Given that the oxygen saturation of the air at this altitude is only a third of that at sea level, the risk of death by hypoxia is great.Tullis died during the night of 6–7 August, presumably of HAPE (high-altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen during physical exertion. The other six climbers stayed at Camp IV for the next three days, but remained barely conscious. On 10 August, the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated. Though weak and severely dehydrated, the remaining climbers decided they had no other choice but to descend.Rouse, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers had to leave him behind in his tent to save their own lives. It was a decision for which the survivors, particularly Diemberger, would be severely criticized. Jim Curran, part of Rouse's British expedition, defended Diemberger, saying that \"there was absolutely no way that either Diemberger or Willi Bauer could have gotten Rouse off the mountain alive.\"[1] Imitzer and Wieser, blinded by the snow, collapsed just a few hundred feet from camp and could not be revived. Wolf, who was descending last, never made it back. A year later, members of a Japanese expedition found her attached to the fixed ropes, still standing upright and leaning against the wall.[7]Bauer and Diemberger, the two remaining climbers, found that Camp III had been blown away by the hurricane-force winds but were able to make it to the relative safety of Camp II during the evening of 10 August. Bauer made it to Base Camp under his own power, but Diemberger had to be brought down by Jim Curran and a pair of Polish climbers. Bauer and Diemberger were helicoptered to safety on 16 August. Both lost multiple fingers and toes as a result of severe frostbite.[1]","title":"6–10 August 1986"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of fatalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"21 June–4 August","title":"List of fatalities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"6–10 August","title":"List of fatalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-586-20569-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-20569-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89886-300-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-300-7"}],"text":"Curran, Jim, K2: Triumph and Tragedy, Grafton, 1989, (ISBN 0-586-20569-1)\nDiemberger, Kurt, The Endless Knot: K2, Mountain of Dreams and Destiny, Mountaineers Books, 1991 (ISBN 0-89886-300-7)","title":"Books"}]
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[{"image_text":"South face of K2 as seen from Concordia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/K2-big.jpg/220px-K2-big.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"1995 K2 disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_K2_disaster"},{"title":"2008 K2 disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_K2_disaster"},{"title":"List of deaths on eight-thousanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders"}]
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[{"reference":"Greg Child and Jon Krakauer (March 1987). \"The Dangerous Summer: On K2 last year, 27 climbers made it to the top--and 13 died. At the edge of Himalayan mountaineering, is there any room left to fail?\". Outside Online: The News. Archived from the original on 2003-08-24. Retrieved 2012-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030824070929/http://web.outsideonline.com/news/specialreport/alison/K2omag.html","url_text":"\"The Dangerous Summer: On K2 last year, 27 climbers made it to the top--and 13 died. At the edge of Himalayan mountaineering, is there any room left to fail?\""},{"url":"http://outside.away.com/news/specialreport/alison/K2omag.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ExWeb Tribute to the Women of K2: The Eve's of the Killer Mountain\". K2climb.net. Jun 28, 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-10-23. Retrieved 2012-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051023063926/http://www.k2climb.net/story/stories/ExWebTributetotheWomenofK2TheEvesoftheKillerMountainJun282004.shtml","url_text":"\"ExWeb Tribute to the Women of K2: The Eve's of the Killer Mountain\""},{"url":"http://www.k2climb.net/story/stories/ExWebTributetotheWomenofK2TheEvesoftheKillerMountainJun282004.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Liliane Barrard\". K2 Climb News. ExplorersWeb. 2003-12-09. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050914052044/http://www.k2climb.net/story/RememberingLilianeBarrardDec92003.shtml","url_text":"\"Remembering Liliane Barrard\""},{"url":"http://www.k2climb.net/story/RememberingLilianeBarrardDec92003.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mobashir Hussain Tarar. \"Photo Album: K-2 South Pillar Expedition. 1986\". Facebook. Pakistan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3931292726142&set=a.1848953988975.2100896.1394475487&type=3&src=https%3A%2F%2Ffbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net%2Fhphotos-ak-ash4%2F250242_3931292726142_379800716_n.jpg&size=960%2C720","url_text":"\"Photo Album: K-2 South Pillar Expedition. 1986\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1986_K2_disaster¶ms=35.882_N_76.5114_E_type:event_globe:earth_region:PK","external_links_name":"35°52′55″N 76°30′41″E / 35.8820°N 76.5114°E / 35.8820; 76.5114"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030824070929/http://web.outsideonline.com/news/specialreport/alison/K2omag.html","external_links_name":"\"The Dangerous Summer: On K2 last year, 27 climbers made it to the top--and 13 died. At the edge of Himalayan mountaineering, is there any room left to fail?\""},{"Link":"http://outside.away.com/news/specialreport/alison/K2omag.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051023063926/http://www.k2climb.net/story/stories/ExWebTributetotheWomenofK2TheEvesoftheKillerMountainJun282004.shtml","external_links_name":"\"ExWeb Tribute to the Women of K2: The Eve's of the Killer Mountain\""},{"Link":"http://www.k2climb.net/story/stories/ExWebTributetotheWomenofK2TheEvesoftheKillerMountainJun282004.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050914052044/http://www.k2climb.net/story/RememberingLilianeBarrardDec92003.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Liliane Barrard\""},{"Link":"http://www.k2climb.net/story/RememberingLilianeBarrardDec92003.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.madteam.net/libros/file.php/88.html","external_links_name":"Ficha Libro: En la cima del K - 2"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402082911/http://www.madteam.net/libros/file.php/88.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/2086","external_links_name":"ABREGO SANTESTEBAN, Mari"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021090216/http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/2086","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3931292726142&set=a.1848953988975.2100896.1394475487&type=3&src=https%3A%2F%2Ffbcdn-sphotos-h-a.akamaihd.net%2Fhphotos-ak-ash4%2F250242_3931292726142_379800716_n.jpg&size=960%2C720","external_links_name":"\"Photo Album: K-2 South Pillar Expedition. 1986\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1986_K2_disaster¶ms=35.882_N_76.5114_E_type:event_globe:earth_region:PK","external_links_name":"35°52′55″N 76°30′41″E / 35.8820°N 76.5114°E / 35.8820; 76.5114"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucko
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Pucko
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["1 History","2 Description","2.1 Nutrition information","3 References","4 External links"]
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Swedish beverage
For the Polish village, see Pucko, Poland.
Standard logo in 2021.
Pucko is a classic Swedish drink made from milk, sugar and chocolate. It is currently manufactured by Cocio in Denmark.
History
Two glass bottles of Pucko with Cocio branding as well in 2011, one 20 cl bottle to the left and one 27 cl bottle to the right.
Pucko was created in 1953 by Mjölkcentralen, predecessor to Arla Foods, in Järlåsa and launched in 1954. The name is inspired and derived from an ice cream called Choklad-puck (chocolate puck), a business that Mjölkcentralen/Arla also had at the time. "Puck" was part of the name in some way of several of Mjölkcentralens products, among them a cheese. "Pucko" is a mild slang for "idiot" in Swedish.
During the 1955 consumer product exhibition, Sankt Eriks-Mässan 19 700 bottles were sold in 16 days. In the mid 1960s, sales tenfold.
The original bottle was inspired by the Coca-Cola bottle design, but it was abandoned shortly. The next design was used until 2000 when it was slightly altered to the current design.
In 1975 production responsibility was handed over to Semper , a subsidiary of Arla. In 1987 production was moved to Laholm and the factory in Järlåsa closed. Arla sold Semper in 2003 but kept the rights to Pucko, and production continued at Semper in Laholm.
1 July 2005 the production was transferred to Cocio in Esbjerg, Denmark. The move to a foreign company was met with criticism and upset Swedish hot dog sellers. 12 people were laid off in Laholm.
1 January 2008 Arla bought the remaining 50% of Cocio from E. Bank Lauridsen Holding A/S and IAT Holding A/S, making Cocio a wholly owned subsidiary of Arla and thus taking full control of the Pucko production, among other things.
During the Great Recession in 2008 sales of Arla's chocolate milks fell substantially.
There existed a Pucko ice cream from July 2009 until at least that year out by Hemglass.
For some time after the production move to Cocio, Pucko was branded with Cocio as well. As of 2021 Pucko is branded without Cocio.
Description
Pucko is a cold chocolate drink that is primarily available in 20 cl glass bottles with a screw top, but there is also a somewhat bigger bottle. Pucko is now also sold in cartons, 1 L bottles and 25 cl aluminium cans. The drink itself is also available in a few variants including a diet version, a dark chocolate version and a few versions with added flavour.
Pucko is made from standard pasteurised milk, which is pumped into the process via a heat exchanger. The milk is heated to 75°C and mixed with sugar, cocoa and caramel flavouring. The latter gives Pucko its mild taste. The mixture then goes into a homogeniser and is later autoclaved. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and is thus ready. Pucko with hel special.
While Pucko is sold in most Swedish shops that sells cold beverages, it has become especially associated with hot dog vendors. To order a hot dog with a Pucko is a common cliché although it is not known how many Swedes actually prefer this combo.
Stockholmare (Stockholmer) is used as local slang for Pucko when ordering in a hot dog stand in Göteborg. Pucko, or stockholmare, is closely associated with and often ordered together with a Gothenburg local popular dish called halv special and hel special, meaning half special and whole special, consisting of one or two hot dogs respectively in a sausage bread with mashed potatoes on top.
Pucko has been called a national beverage, a cult drink and a symbol for Sweden.
Nutrition information
Pucko 20 cl
Nourishment, per 100 g
Energy: 280 kJ/65 kcal
Carbohydrate: 10 g
Fat: 1.5 g
Protein: 3.5 g
References
^ Solomon, M.R.; Polegato, R.; Zaichkowsky, J.L. (1998). Consumer behaviour: buying, having, and being. Prentice Hall Canada Inc. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-13-758707-0. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Norberg, Kerstin. "Pucko - Arlas historia". Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ a b c d e f Lidén, Svante (1 April 2005). "Aftonbladet: Puckat med dansk Pucko" . Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ Bratthall, Erik (8 January 2008). "Arla köper Cocio". Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Bratthall, Erik (8 January 2008). "Arla köper Cocio" (Press release) (in Swedish). Sweden: Arla. Mynewsdesk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Arla blir helägare till Pucko". Fri Köpenskap (in Swedish). 8 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Arla köper Cocio". Jordbruksaktuellt (in Swedish). 9 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ "Färre köper Arlas chokladmjölk" . ATL (in Swedish). 15 June 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Bratthall, Erik (2 July 2009). "Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!" . Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Bratthall, Erik (2 July 2009). "Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!" (Press release) (in Swedish). Sweden: Arla. Mynewsdesk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ World Drinks Marketing Directory. Euromonitor. 1999. p. 435. ISBN 9780863388071. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ Eriksson, Leif, kock (2004). Korv, mos och människor : en bok om svenska korvkiosker. Jenny Nordquist. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 91-46-21100-4. OCLC 186331227.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Thorburn, G. (2012). Superpiss, Meltykiss, Spankers and Muff. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-78033-907-8. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ McDonough, J.; Egolf, K. (2015). The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Taylor & Francis. p. pt1212. ISBN 978-1-135-94913-6. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^ Eriksson (kock.), Leif (2004). Korv, mos och människor: en bok om svenska korvkiosker (in Swedish). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 978-91-46-21100-6. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ SaJo (22 March 2009). "Slangopedia: stockholmare". Slangopedia (in Swedish). p. 1. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^ Adam12312412312312 (26 September 2013). "Slangopedia: göteborgare". Slangopedia (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "33 – Halv special". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). 3 May 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2021. Däremot tillåts inte så stora variationer när det gäller den vidhängande drycken. En halv special ska drickas med en flaska kall pucko.
^ Johansson, Kristin (30 March 2017). "Hel eller Halv special & konsten att koka korv" . Kokaihop (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021. Sen verkar åsikterna gå isär när det kommer till tillbehör och extra topping. Men med i matchen är räksallad, drycken Pucko, rostad lök, Bostongurka och naturligtvis senap och ketchup.
External links
Pucko's Website (in Swedish)
vteChocolate drinksTraditional drinks(maize and cacao)
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Outline of chocolate
Category: Chocolate drinks
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Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pucko, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucko,_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pucko_logo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"chocolate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solomon_Polegato_Zaichkowsky_1998-1"},{"link_name":"Cocio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocio"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"}],"text":"For the Polish village, see Pucko, Poland.Standard logo in 2021.Pucko is a classic Swedish drink made from milk, sugar and chocolate.[1] It is currently manufactured by Cocio in Denmark.","title":"Pucko"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pucko_med_hand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arla Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arla_Foods"},{"link_name":"Järlåsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rl%C3%A5sa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"Pucko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sv:pucko"},{"link_name":"slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang"},{"link_name":"idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiot_(usage)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"Semper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semper_(food_brand)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semper"},{"link_name":"Laholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laholm"},{"link_name":"Järlåsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rl%C3%A5sa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"Esbjerg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbjerg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hemglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemglass"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Two glass bottles of Pucko with Cocio branding as well in 2011, one 20 cl bottle to the left and one 27 cl bottle to the right.Pucko was created in 1953 by Mjölkcentralen, predecessor to Arla Foods, in Järlåsa and launched in 1954.[2][3] The name is inspired and derived from an ice cream called Choklad-puck (chocolate puck), a business that Mjölkcentralen/Arla also had at the time.[2][3] \"Puck\" was part of the name in some way of several of Mjölkcentralens products, among them a cheese.[2] \"Pucko\" is a mild slang for \"idiot\" in Swedish.During the 1955 consumer product exhibition, Sankt Eriks-Mässan 19 700 bottles were sold in 16 days. In the mid 1960s, sales tenfold.[2]The original bottle was inspired by the Coca-Cola bottle design, but it was abandoned shortly. The next design was used until 2000 when it was slightly altered to the current design.[2]In 1975 production responsibility was handed over to Semper [sv], a subsidiary of Arla. In 1987 production was moved to Laholm and the factory in Järlåsa closed. Arla sold Semper in 2003 but kept the rights to Pucko, and production continued at Semper in Laholm.[2][3]1 July 2005 the production was transferred to Cocio in Esbjerg, Denmark. The move to a foreign company was met with criticism and upset Swedish hot dog sellers.[2][3] 12 people were laid off in Laholm.[3]1 January 2008 Arla bought the remaining 50% of Cocio from E. Bank Lauridsen Holding A/S and IAT Holding A/S, making Cocio a wholly owned subsidiary of Arla and thus taking full control of the Pucko production, among other things.[4][5][6][7]During the Great Recession in 2008 sales of Arla's chocolate milks fell substantially.[8]There existed a Pucko ice cream from July 2009 until at least that year out by Hemglass.[9][10]For some time after the production move to Cocio, Pucko was branded with Cocio as well. As of 2021 Pucko is branded without Cocio.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publications_Limited_1999-11"},{"link_name":"cl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hel_special_och_Pucko.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thorburn_2012_p._43-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDonough_Egolf_2015_p._1212-14"},{"link_name":"hot dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"cliché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clich%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Stockholmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stockholmer"},{"link_name":"hot dog stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog_stand"},{"link_name":"Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"hel special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_special"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lid%C3%A9n_2005-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arla_historia-2"}],"text":"Pucko is a cold chocolate drink[11] that is primarily available in 20 cl glass bottles with a screw top, but there is also a somewhat bigger bottle. Pucko is now also sold in cartons, 1 L bottles and 25 cl aluminium cans. The drink itself is also available in a few variants including a diet version, a dark chocolate version and a few versions with added flavour.Pucko is made from standard pasteurised milk, which is pumped into the process via a heat exchanger. The milk is heated to 75°C and mixed with sugar, cocoa and caramel flavouring. The latter gives Pucko its mild taste. The mixture then goes into a homogeniser and is later autoclaved. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature and is thus ready.[12]Pucko with hel special.While Pucko is sold in most Swedish shops that sells cold beverages,[13][14] it has become especially associated with hot dog vendors.[2][15] To order a hot dog with a Pucko is a common cliché although it is not known how many Swedes actually prefer this combo.Stockholmare (Stockholmer) is used as local slang for Pucko when ordering in a hot dog stand in Göteborg.[16][17] Pucko, or stockholmare, is closely associated with and often ordered together with a Gothenburg local popular dish called halv special and hel special, meaning half special and whole special, consisting of one or two hot dogs respectively in a sausage bread with mashed potatoes on top.[18][19]Pucko has been called a national beverage, a cult drink and a symbol for Sweden.[3][2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nutrition information","title":"Description"}]
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[{"image_text":"Standard logo in 2021.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pucko_logo.jpg/220px-Pucko_logo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two glass bottles of Pucko with Cocio branding as well in 2011, one 20 cl bottle to the left and one 27 cl bottle to the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pucko_med_hand.jpg/197px-Pucko_med_hand.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pucko with hel special.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Hel_special_och_Pucko.jpg/220px-Hel_special_och_Pucko.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Solomon, M.R.; Polegato, R.; Zaichkowsky, J.L. (1998). Consumer behaviour: buying, having, and being. Prentice Hall Canada Inc. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-13-758707-0. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fGgoA_9FK84C","url_text":"Consumer behaviour: buying, having, and being"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-758707-0","url_text":"978-0-13-758707-0"}]},{"reference":"Norberg, Kerstin. \"Pucko - Arlas historia\". Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/arlas-historia/produkterna/pucko/","url_text":"\"Pucko - Arlas historia\""}]},{"reference":"Lidén, Svante (1 April 2005). \"Aftonbladet: Puckat med dansk Pucko\" [Aftonbladet: Empty-headed with Danish Pucko]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050831100023/http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,625428,00.html","url_text":"\"Aftonbladet: Puckat med dansk Pucko\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftonbladet","url_text":"Aftonbladet"},{"url":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,625428,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bratthall, Erik (8 January 2008). \"Arla köper Cocio\". Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/nyheter-press/2008/pressrelease/arla-koeper-cocio-1126863/","url_text":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""}]},{"reference":"Bratthall, Erik (8 January 2008). \"Arla köper Cocio\" (Press release) (in Swedish). Sweden: Arla. Mynewsdesk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/arla/pressreleases/arla-koeper-cocio-1126863","url_text":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynewsdesk","url_text":"Mynewsdesk"}]},{"reference":"\"Arla blir helägare till Pucko\". Fri Köpenskap (in Swedish). 8 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fri-kopenskap.se/article/view/360547/arla_blir_helagare_till_pucko","url_text":"\"Arla blir helägare till Pucko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arla köper Cocio\". Jordbruksaktuellt (in Swedish). 9 January 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ja.se/artikel/27935/arla-koper-cocio.html","url_text":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Färre köper Arlas chokladmjölk\" [Fewer buys Arla's chocolate milk]. ATL (in Swedish). 15 June 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atl.nu/lantbruk/farre-koper-arlas-chokladmjolk/","url_text":"\"Färre köper Arlas chokladmjölk\""}]},{"reference":"Bratthall, Erik (2 July 2009). \"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\" [News in Hemglass' cars - The classic Pucko as ice cream - Pucko ice cream!]. Arla (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/nyheter-press/2009/pressrelease/nyhet-i-hemglass-bilar-klassikern-pucko-som-glass-puckoglass-306045/","url_text":"\"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\""}]},{"reference":"Bratthall, Erik (2 July 2009). \"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\" [News in Hemglass' cars - The classic Pucko as ice cream - Pucko ice cream!] (Press release) (in Swedish). Sweden: Arla. Mynewsdesk. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/arla/pressreleases/nyhet-i-hemglass-bilar-klassikern-pucko-som-glass-puckoglass-306045","url_text":"\"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynewsdesk","url_text":"Mynewsdesk"}]},{"reference":"World Drinks Marketing Directory. Euromonitor. 1999. p. 435. ISBN 9780863388071. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jj0tAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"World Drinks Marketing Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863388071","url_text":"9780863388071"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson, Leif, kock (2004). Korv, mos och människor : en bok om svenska korvkiosker. Jenny Nordquist. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 91-46-21100-4. OCLC 186331227.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186331227","url_text":"Korv, mos och människor : en bok om svenska korvkiosker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-46-21100-4","url_text":"91-46-21100-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186331227","url_text":"186331227"}]},{"reference":"Thorburn, G. (2012). Superpiss, Meltykiss, Spankers and Muff. Little, Brown Book Group. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-78033-907-8. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SufABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43","url_text":"Superpiss, Meltykiss, Spankers and Muff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78033-907-8","url_text":"978-1-78033-907-8"}]},{"reference":"McDonough, J.; Egolf, K. (2015). The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising. Taylor & Francis. p. pt1212. ISBN 978-1-135-94913-6. Retrieved 9 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QpLtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1212","url_text":"The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94913-6","url_text":"978-1-135-94913-6"}]},{"reference":"Eriksson (kock.), Leif (2004). Korv, mos och människor: en bok om svenska korvkiosker (in Swedish). Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN 978-91-46-21100-6. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdDmMQAACAAJ","url_text":"Korv, mos och människor: en bok om svenska korvkiosker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-46-21100-6","url_text":"978-91-46-21100-6"}]},{"reference":"SaJo (22 March 2009). \"Slangopedia: stockholmare\". Slangopedia (in Swedish). p. 1. Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slangopedia.se/ordlista/?ord=stockholmare","url_text":"\"Slangopedia: stockholmare\""}]},{"reference":"Adam12312412312312 (26 September 2013). \"Slangopedia: göteborgare\". Slangopedia (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slangopedia.se/ordlista/?ord=g%F6teborgare","url_text":"\"Slangopedia: göteborgare\""}]},{"reference":"\"33 – Halv special\". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). 3 May 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2021. Däremot tillåts inte så stora variationer när det gäller den vidhängande drycken. En halv special ska drickas med en flaska kall pucko.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/33-halv-special-1.535408","url_text":"\"33 – Halv special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs-Posten","url_text":"Göteborgs-Posten"}]},{"reference":"Johansson, Kristin (30 March 2017). \"Hel eller Halv special & konsten att koka korv\" [Whole or Half special & the art of boiling sausages]. Kokaihop (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 March 2021. Sen verkar åsikterna gå isär när det kommer till tillbehör och extra topping. Men med i matchen är räksallad, drycken Pucko, rostad lök, Bostongurka och naturligtvis senap och ketchup.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kokaihop.se/blogPost/show/kristin-johansson/hel-eller-halv-special-konsten-att-koka-korv","url_text":"\"Hel eller Halv special & konsten att koka korv\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fGgoA_9FK84C","external_links_name":"Consumer behaviour: buying, having, and being"},{"Link":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/arlas-historia/produkterna/pucko/","external_links_name":"\"Pucko - Arlas historia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050831100023/http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,625428,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Aftonbladet: Puckat med dansk Pucko\""},{"Link":"https://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,625428,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/nyheter-press/2008/pressrelease/arla-koeper-cocio-1126863/","external_links_name":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/arla/pressreleases/arla-koeper-cocio-1126863","external_links_name":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""},{"Link":"https://www.fri-kopenskap.se/article/view/360547/arla_blir_helagare_till_pucko","external_links_name":"\"Arla blir helägare till Pucko\""},{"Link":"https://www.ja.se/artikel/27935/arla-koper-cocio.html","external_links_name":"\"Arla köper Cocio\""},{"Link":"https://www.atl.nu/lantbruk/farre-koper-arlas-chokladmjolk/","external_links_name":"\"Färre köper Arlas chokladmjölk\""},{"Link":"https://www.arla.se/om-arla/nyheter-press/2009/pressrelease/nyhet-i-hemglass-bilar-klassikern-pucko-som-glass-puckoglass-306045/","external_links_name":"\"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\""},{"Link":"https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/arla/pressreleases/nyhet-i-hemglass-bilar-klassikern-pucko-som-glass-puckoglass-306045","external_links_name":"\"Nyhet i Hemglass bilar - Klassikern Pucko som glass - Puckoglass!\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jj0tAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"World Drinks Marketing Directory"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186331227","external_links_name":"Korv, mos och människor : en bok om svenska korvkiosker"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186331227","external_links_name":"186331227"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SufABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43","external_links_name":"Superpiss, Meltykiss, Spankers and Muff"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QpLtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1212","external_links_name":"The Advertising Age Encyclopedia of Advertising"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UdDmMQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Korv, mos och människor: en bok om svenska korvkiosker"},{"Link":"http://www.slangopedia.se/ordlista/?ord=stockholmare","external_links_name":"\"Slangopedia: stockholmare\""},{"Link":"http://www.slangopedia.se/ordlista/?ord=g%F6teborgare","external_links_name":"\"Slangopedia: göteborgare\""},{"Link":"https://www.gp.se/nyheter/g%C3%B6teborg/33-halv-special-1.535408","external_links_name":"\"33 – Halv special\""},{"Link":"https://www.kokaihop.se/blogPost/show/kristin-johansson/hel-eller-halv-special-konsten-att-koka-korv","external_links_name":"\"Hel eller Halv special & konsten att koka korv\""},{"Link":"http://www.pucko.se/","external_links_name":"Pucko's Website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Doury
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Claudine Doury
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["1 Life and work","2 Publications","2.1 Publications by Doury","2.2 Publications with contributions by Doury","3 Awards","4 Solo exhibitions","5 References","6 External links"]
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French photographer
Claudine Doury (born 1959) is a French photographer living in Paris. She has been a member of Agence Vu since 1991. In 1999, she received the Leica Oskar Barnack award as well as a World Press Photo award for her work on the "Peoples of Siberia", and the Niépce Prize in 2004. Her Siberian work has been shown in a solo exhibition at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
Life and work
Doury was born in 1959 in Blois, France.
Her work deals with the notions of memory, transition and passage, particularly around adolescence and travel, central themes in her work.
In 2017, she received the Prix Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière – Académie des beaux-arts , to carry out her project A Siberian Odyssey in 2018—published in 2020 as Amour—the story of a quest conducted for almost thirty years in this region of the world.
In 2006, she exhibited Beyond the Steppes at Rencontres d'Arles.
Doury has been a member of Agence Vu since 1991.
Publications
Publications by Doury
Peuples de Sibérie: Du fleuve Amour aux terres boréales. Seuil, 1999. ISBN 978-2020372251. With a preface by Christian Caujolle and an essay by Jean-Pierre Thibaudat.
Artek, un été en Crimée. La Martinière, 2004. ISBN 978-2732431215. With a preface by Christian Caujolle.
Loulan Beauty. Chêne, 2007. ISBN 978-2842777401.
Sasha. Caillou Bleu, 2011. ISBN 978-2930537115. With essays by Christian Caujolle and Melanie McWhorter.
L'homme nouveau. Filigranes, 2017 ISBN 978-2-35046-400-8.
Amour. Chose Commune, 2020. ISBN 979-10-96383-15-3.
Publications with contributions by Doury
Regards sur le Monde: les Visages de la Faim. Acropole Belfont, 2004. ISBN 2735702545.
Misère Urbaine: La Faim Cachée. Au Diable Vauvert, 2006. ISBN 978-2846261128.
Awards
1999: Leica Oskar Barnack award
1999: World Press Photo 2000
2004: Niépce Prize, for Artek, un été en Crimée
Solo exhibitions
Une odyssée sibérienne = A Siberian Odyssey, Académie des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 2018
References
^ a b c d "Winner 1999: Claudine Doury". leica-oskar-barnack-award.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
^ a b c "Claudine Doury: Meetings and encounters: Explorations for a creative notebook", "Photo workshops of Rencontres d'Arles 2008" (PDF), Rencontres d'Arles. Accessed 25 May 2014.
^ a b "2000 Claudine Doury NAS2-LL". www.worldpressphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
^ a b "Claudine Doury prix Niepce". Libération, 5 June 2004. Accessed 25 May 2014.
^ a b à 17h23, Par Olivier Corsan Le 16 novembre 2018 (16 November 2018). "Expo gratuite à Paris : l'odyssée sibérienne de Claudine Doury". Le Parisien. Retrieved 2021-12-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ""An endless love story": Claudine Doury returns to the Amur River to photograph its people". www.itsnicethat.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
^ "Amour: The transience of life and love along the Amur River". www.1854.photography. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
External links
Official website
Doury's page at Agence VU
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Artists
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leica-1"},{"link_name":"Agence Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_Vu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetings-2"},{"link_name":"Leica Oskar Barnack award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Barnack_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leica-1"},{"link_name":"World Press Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Photo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldpressphoto-3"},{"link_name":"Niépce Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A9pce_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liberation-4"},{"link_name":"Académie des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leparisien-5"}],"text":"Claudine Doury (born 1959) is a French photographer living in Paris.[1] She has been a member of Agence Vu since 1991.[2] In 1999, she received the Leica Oskar Barnack award[1] as well as a World Press Photo award for her work on the \"Peoples of Siberia\",[3] and the Niépce Prize in 2004.[4] Her Siberian work has been shown in a solo exhibition at the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris.[5]","title":"Claudine Doury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leica-1"},{"link_name":"Prix Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière – Académie des beaux-arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prix_Marc_Ladreit_de_Lacharri%C3%A8re_%E2%80%93_Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Marc_Ladreit_de_Lacharri%C3%A8re_%E2%80%93_Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts"},{"link_name":"Rencontres d'Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rencontres_d%27Arles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetings-2"},{"link_name":"Agence Vu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_Vu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetings-2"}],"text":"Doury was born in 1959 in Blois, France.[1]Her work deals with the notions of memory, transition and passage, particularly around adolescence and travel, central themes in her work.In 2017, she received the Prix Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière – Académie des beaux-arts [fr], to carry out her project A Siberian Odyssey in 2018—published in 2020 as Amour—the story of a quest conducted for almost thirty years in this region of the world.In 2006, she exhibited Beyond the Steppes at Rencontres d'Arles.[2]Doury has been a member of Agence Vu since 1991.[2]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2020372251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2020372251"},{"link_name":"La Martinière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Martini%C3%A8re_Groupe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2732431215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2732431215"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2842777401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2842777401"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2930537115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2930537115"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-35046-400-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35046-400-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"979-10-96383-15-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-96383-15-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Publications by Doury","text":"Peuples de Sibérie: Du fleuve Amour aux terres boréales. Seuil, 1999. ISBN 978-2020372251. With a preface by Christian Caujolle and an essay by Jean-Pierre Thibaudat.\nArtek, un été en Crimée. La Martinière, 2004. ISBN 978-2732431215. With a preface by Christian Caujolle.\nLoulan Beauty. Chêne, 2007. ISBN 978-2842777401.\nSasha. Caillou Bleu, 2011. ISBN 978-2930537115. With essays by Christian Caujolle and Melanie McWhorter.\nL'homme nouveau. Filigranes, 2017 ISBN 978-2-35046-400-8.\nAmour. Chose Commune, 2020. ISBN 979-10-96383-15-3.[6][7]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2735702545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2735702545"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2846261128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2846261128"}],"sub_title":"Publications with contributions by Doury","text":"Regards sur le Monde: les Visages de la Faim. Acropole Belfont, 2004. ISBN 2735702545.\nMisère Urbaine: La Faim Cachée. Au Diable Vauvert, 2006. ISBN 978-2846261128.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leica Oskar Barnack award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Barnack_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leica-1"},{"link_name":"World Press Photo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Press_Photo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldpressphoto-3"},{"link_name":"Niépce Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A9pce_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liberation-4"}],"text":"1999: Leica Oskar Barnack award[1]\n1999: World Press Photo 2000[3]\n2004: Niépce Prize, for Artek, un été en Crimée[4]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Académie des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leparisien-5"}],"text":"Une odyssée sibérienne = A Siberian Odyssey, Académie des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 2018[5]","title":"Solo exhibitions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Winner 1999: Claudine Doury\". leica-oskar-barnack-award.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leica-oskar-barnack-award.com/en/winners/winner-1999-claudine-doury.html","url_text":"\"Winner 1999: Claudine Doury\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Claudine Doury NAS2-LL\". www.worldpressphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2000/32109/12/2000-Claudine-Doury-NAS2-LL","url_text":"\"2000 Claudine Doury NAS2-LL\""}]},{"reference":"à 17h23, Par Olivier Corsan Le 16 novembre 2018 (16 November 2018). \"Expo gratuite à Paris : l'odyssée sibérienne de Claudine Doury\". Le Parisien. Retrieved 2021-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/expo-gratuite-a-paris-l-odyssee-siberienne-de-claudine-doury-16-11-2018-7944711.php","url_text":"\"Expo gratuite à Paris : l'odyssée sibérienne de Claudine Doury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Parisien","url_text":"Le Parisien"}]},{"reference":"\"\"An endless love story\": Claudine Doury returns to the Amur River to photograph its people\". www.itsnicethat.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/claudine-doury-amour-photography-131219","url_text":"\"\"An endless love story\": Claudine Doury returns to the Amur River to photograph its people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amour: The transience of life and love along the Amur River\". www.1854.photography. Retrieved 2021-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1854.photography/2019/11/claudine-doury-amour/","url_text":"\"Amour: The transience of life and love along the Amur River\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.leica-oskar-barnack-award.com/en/winners/winner-1999-claudine-doury.html","external_links_name":"\"Winner 1999: Claudine Doury\""},{"Link":"http://www.stagephoto-arles.com/files/workshoparles.pdf","external_links_name":"Photo workshops of Rencontres d'Arles 2008"},{"Link":"https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2000/32109/12/2000-Claudine-Doury-NAS2-LL","external_links_name":"\"2000 Claudine Doury NAS2-LL\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/culture/2004/06/05/claudine-doury-prix-niepce_481988","external_links_name":"Claudine Doury prix Niepce"},{"Link":"https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/sortir-region-parisienne/expo-gratuite-a-paris-l-odyssee-siberienne-de-claudine-doury-16-11-2018-7944711.php","external_links_name":"\"Expo gratuite à Paris : l'odyssée sibérienne de Claudine Doury\""},{"Link":"https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/claudine-doury-amour-photography-131219","external_links_name":"\"\"An endless love story\": Claudine Doury returns to the Amur River to photograph its people\""},{"Link":"https://www.1854.photography/2019/11/claudine-doury-amour/","external_links_name":"\"Amour: The transience of life and love along the Amur River\""},{"Link":"http://www.claudinedoury.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.agencevu.com/photographers/photographer.php?id=31","external_links_name":"Doury's page at Agence VU"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/34619831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536975w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13536975w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1102404047","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001031934","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/385981","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/251008","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_el_Kebir
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Ksar el-Kebir
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["1 History","2 Culture","3 Notable people","4 Twin towns","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 35°00′32″N 5°54′00″W / 35.009°N 5.900°W / 35.009; -5.900City in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, Morocco
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Place in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, MoroccoKsar el-Kebir
القصر الكبير
SealKsar el-KebirLocation in MoroccoShow map of MoroccoKsar el-KebirKsar el-Kebir (Africa)Show map of AfricaCoordinates: 34°59′56″N 5°54′10″W / 34.99889°N 5.90278°W / 34.99889; -5.90278Country MoroccoRegionTanger-Tetouan-Al HoceimaProvinceLaracheGovernment • MayorMohamed SimoPopulation (2014) • Total126,617 • Rank26th in Morocco • ReligionsIslamTime zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)WebsiteOfficial website
Ksar el-Kebir (Arabic: القصر الكبير, romanized: al-Qaṣr al-Kabīr), also known as al-Qasr al-Kabir, is a city in northwestern Morocco, about 160 km north of Rabat, 32 km east of Larache and 110 km south of Tangier. It recorded a population of 126,617 in the 2014 Moroccan census.
The name means "the big castle". The city is located nearby the Loukous river, making El-Ksar-el-Kebir one of Morocco's richest agricultural regions. El-Ksar el-Kebir provides almost 20% of the needed sugar of Morocco.
Neighbouring cities and towns include Larache, Chefchaouen, Arbawa and Tateft.
History
It was first established as a Phoenician colony in the 1st millennium BC. Following the Punic Wars, it came under Roman control with the name Oppidum Novum.
In 1578, King Sebastian of Portugal suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir at the hands of the King Abd al-Malik of Morocco, which ended Portugal's ambitions to invade and Christianize the Maghreb. Both kings died during the battle, as did Abdallah Mohammed, who was allied with Sebastian. The death of King Sebastian started the events which led to the temporary union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain under Philip II of Spain. King Abd al-Malik's victory gave Morocco substantial strength and international prestige.
The city experienced a substantial growth with the settling of an important Spanish garrison in 1911 as a part of the Spanish Morocco Protectorate in Morocco. After Morocco's independence and the building of the Oued el Makhazine reservoir by King Hassan II to manage the Loukkos' river regime, the city became an important regional agricultural distribution center.
12th century: City walls are built by the command of the Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, according to Leo Africanus.
1578: The Battle of the Three Kings is fought at the location of Ksar el-Kebir.
17th century: Sultan Moulay Ismail destroys the city walls of Ksar el-Kebir, after being angered by a local chief.
1911: Spain conquers Northern Morocco, and the town is rebuilt, and given a Spanish name, Alcazarquivir.
1956: With Morocco's independence, Alcazarquivir is transferred from Spanish control, and renamed Ksar el-Kebir.
Culture
El-Ksar el-Kebir is reputed for the leading artists, writers, poets and sportsmen on national plane.
In sports, football player Abdeslam Laghrissi still keeps his record as the best marksman in the Moroccan championship with 26 goals in 1986.
In music, Abdessalam Amer (died 1979) who is well known in the Arab world as a unique music composer. He left such eternal songs as: Red Moon, Beach, Leaving, The Last Oh!.
In poetry, Mohamed El Khammar El Guennouni (died 1991) was a pioneer in modern Moroccan poetry and is regarded as master of free poetry in Morocco. There is also poet Ouafae El Amrani in the new poetic generation.
In novel-writing, there are such novelists as Mohamed Aslim, Mohamed Harradi, Mohamed Tetouani, Mohamed Sibari and Moustafa Jebari.
In short-story writing, there is Mohamed Said Raihani, who is a trilingual writer (he writes in Arabic, French and English) and who has finished his fortieth manuscript before reaching the age of forty.
Education there is Mohammadia high school
Notable people
Achraf Hakimi, professional footballer
Ilias Bulaid, kickboxer and mixed martial artist
Abdeslam Laghrissi, professional footballer
Mohamed Katir, professional runner
Yehuda Benasouli, former Chief Rabbi of Madrid, Spain
Hamid El Kasri, Gnawa music singer
Twin towns
Lagos, Portugal
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ksar-el-Kebir.
^ a b "POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ M. Ponsich, "Territoires utiles du Maroc punique," in H. G. Niemeyer, ed. Phoenizier im Westen. Mainz, 1982, 438.
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Al Kasr al Kebir" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 686.
^ "Geminações". cm-lagos.pt (in Portuguese). Lagos. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
35°00′32″N 5°54′00″W / 35.009°N 5.900°W / 35.009; -5.900
vteLarache ProvinceCapital: LaracheMunicipalities
Ksar El Kebir
Larache
Rural communes
Ayacha
Bni Arouss
Bni Garfett
Bou Jedyane
Ksar Bjir
Laouamra
Oulad Ouchih
Rissana Chamalia
Rissana Janoubia
Sahel
Souaken
Souk L'Qolla
Souk Tolba
Tatoft
Tazroute
Zaaroura
Zouada
vte Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima regionCapital: TangierPrefecturesand provinces
Al Hoceima Province
Chefchaouen Province
Fahs-Anjra Province
Larache Province
M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture
Ouezzane Province
Tangier-Assilah Prefecture
Tetouan Province
Cities
Al Hoceima
Asilah
Bab Taza
Bni Bouayach
Brikcha
Chefchawn
Fnideq
Jebha
Imzouren
Karia Ba Mohamed
Khemis Sahel
Ksar El Kbir
Ksar es-Seghir
Larache
Martil
M'dyaq
Moqrisset
Ouad Laou
Ouezzane
Tangier
Targuist
Tétouan
Zoumi
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Larache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larache"},{"link_name":"Tangier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier"},{"link_name":"2014 Moroccan census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Moroccan_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2014-1"},{"link_name":"Loukous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukkos_River"}],"text":"City in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, MoroccoPlace in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, MoroccoKsar el-Kebir (Arabic: القصر الكبير, romanized: al-Qaṣr al-Kabīr), also known as al-Qasr al-Kabir, is a city in northwestern Morocco, about 160 km north of Rabat, 32 km east of Larache and 110 km south of Tangier. It recorded a population of 126,617 in the 2014 Moroccan census.[1]The name means \"the big castle\". The city is located nearby the Loukous river, making El-Ksar-el-Kebir one of Morocco's richest agricultural regions. El-Ksar el-Kebir provides almost 20% of the needed sugar of Morocco.\nNeighbouring cities and towns include Larache, Chefchaouen, Arbawa and Tateft.","title":"Ksar el-Kebir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sebastian of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Alcácer Quibir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir"},{"link_name":"King Abd al-Malik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Abdallah Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"union of the crowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"King Hassan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"Leo Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Africanus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Three Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir"}],"text":"It was first established as a Phoenician colony in the 1st millennium BC. Following the Punic Wars, it came under Roman control with the name Oppidum Novum.[2]In 1578, King Sebastian of Portugal suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir at the hands of the King Abd al-Malik of Morocco, which ended Portugal's ambitions to invade and Christianize the Maghreb. Both kings died during the battle, as did Abdallah Mohammed, who was allied with Sebastian.[3] The death of King Sebastian started the events which led to the temporary union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain under Philip II of Spain. King Abd al-Malik's victory gave Morocco substantial strength and international prestige.The city experienced a substantial growth with the settling of an important Spanish garrison in 1911 as a part of the Spanish Morocco Protectorate in Morocco. After Morocco's independence and the building of the Oued el Makhazine reservoir by King Hassan II to manage the Loukkos' river regime, the city became an important regional agricultural distribution center.12th century: City walls are built by the command of the Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, according to Leo Africanus.[3]\n1578: The Battle of the Three Kings is fought at the location of Ksar el-Kebir.\n17th century: Sultan Moulay Ismail destroys the city walls of Ksar el-Kebir, after being angered by a local chief.\n1911: Spain conquers Northern Morocco, and the town is rebuilt, and given a Spanish name, Alcazarquivir.\n1956: With Morocco's independence, Alcazarquivir is transferred from Spanish control, and renamed Ksar el-Kebir.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdeslam Laghrissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeslam_Laghrissi"},{"link_name":"Abdessalam Amer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdessalam_Amer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed El Khammar El Guennouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_El_Khammar_El_Guennouni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ouafae El Amrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ouafae_El_Amrani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Aslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Aslim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Harradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Harradi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Tetouani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Tetouani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Sibari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Sibari"},{"link_name":"Moustafa Jebari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moustafa_Jebari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Said Raihani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Raihani"}],"text":"El-Ksar el-Kebir is reputed for the leading artists, writers, poets and sportsmen on national plane.In sports, football player Abdeslam Laghrissi still keeps his record as the best marksman in the Moroccan championship with 26 goals in 1986.\nIn music, Abdessalam Amer (died 1979) who is well known in the Arab world as a unique music composer. He left such eternal songs as: Red Moon, Beach, Leaving, The Last Oh!.\nIn poetry, Mohamed El Khammar El Guennouni (died 1991) was a pioneer in modern Moroccan poetry and is regarded as master of free poetry in Morocco. There is also poet Ouafae El Amrani in the new poetic generation.\nIn novel-writing, there are such novelists as Mohamed Aslim, Mohamed Harradi, Mohamed Tetouani, Mohamed Sibari and Moustafa Jebari.\nIn short-story writing, there is Mohamed Said Raihani, who is a trilingual writer (he writes in Arabic, French and English) and who has finished his fortieth manuscript before reaching the age of forty.\nEducation there is Mohammadia high school","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achraf Hakimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achraf_Hakimi"},{"link_name":"Ilias Bulaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias_Bulaid"},{"link_name":"Abdeslam Laghrissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeslam_Laghrissi"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Katir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Katir"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Benasouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Benasouli"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Hamid El Kasri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_El_Kasri"},{"link_name":"Gnawa music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnawa_music"}],"text":"Achraf Hakimi, professional footballer\nIlias Bulaid, kickboxer and mixed martial artist\nAbdeslam Laghrissi, professional footballer\nMohamed Katir, professional runner\nYehuda Benasouli, former Chief Rabbi of Madrid, Spain\nHamid El Kasri, Gnawa music singer","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lagos, Portugal[4]","title":"Twin towns"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/","url_text":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut_Commissariat_au_Plan","url_text":"High Commission for Planning, Morocco"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Al Kasr al Kebir\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 686.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Al_Kasr_al_Kebir","url_text":"\"Al Kasr al Kebir\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Geminações\". cm-lagos.pt (in Portuguese). Lagos. Retrieved 2022-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cm-lagos.pt/municipio/relacoes-externas/geminacoes-cooperacoes-e-colaboracoes","url_text":"\"Geminações\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ksar_el-Kebir¶ms=35.009_N_5.900_W_source:eswiki","external_links_name":"35°00′32″N 5°54′00″W / 35.009°N 5.900°W / 35.009; -5.900"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22","external_links_name":"\"Ksar el-Kebir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ksar+el-Kebir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKsar_El_K%C3%A9bir&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ksar_el-Kebir¶ms=34_59_56_N_5_54_10_W_region:MA_type:city(126617)","external_links_name":"34°59′56″N 5°54′10″W / 34.99889°N 5.90278°W / 34.99889; -5.90278"},{"Link":"http://www.ksarelkbir.ma/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/","external_links_name":"\"POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Al_Kasr_al_Kebir","external_links_name":"\"Al Kasr al Kebir\""},{"Link":"https://www.cm-lagos.pt/municipio/relacoes-externas/geminacoes-cooperacoes-e-colaboracoes","external_links_name":"\"Geminações\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ksar_el-Kebir¶ms=35.009_N_5.900_W_source:eswiki","external_links_name":"35°00′32″N 5°54′00″W / 35.009°N 5.900°W / 35.009; -5.900"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131796661","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973805z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973805z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540482205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1043517&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027765598","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum_(disambiguation)
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Krum (disambiguation)
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["1 Places","2 People","3 Other"]
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Krum was the Khan of the First Bulgarian Empire from 803 to 814.
Krum may also refer to:
Places
Krum, Haskovo Province, a village in Bulgaria
Krum, Texas
People
Krum (rapper) (born 1977), American hip hop artist and musician
Krum (singer) (born 1986), Bulgarian singer
Krum Bibishkov (born 1982), Bulgarian footballer
Charles L. Krum, American engineer and key figure in the development of the teleprinter
Hobart Krum (1833–1914), New York politician
John Krum (1810–1883), mayor of St. Louis, Missouri
Paola Krum (born 1970), Argentine actress, singer, and dancer
Other
Viktor Krum, a Harry Potter character
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Krum.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Krum may also refer to:","title":"Krum (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krum, Haskovo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum,_Haskovo_Province"},{"link_name":"Krum, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum,_Texas"}],"text":"Krum, Haskovo Province, a village in Bulgaria\nKrum, Texas","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krum (rapper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Krum (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Krum Bibishkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum_Bibishkov"},{"link_name":"Charles L. Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_L._Krum"},{"link_name":"Hobart Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_Krum"},{"link_name":"John Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Krum"},{"link_name":"Paola Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Krum"}],"text":"Krum (rapper) (born 1977), American hip hop artist and musician\nKrum (singer) (born 1986), Bulgarian singer\nKrum Bibishkov (born 1982), Bulgarian footballer\nCharles L. Krum, American engineer and key figure in the development of the teleprinter\nHobart Krum (1833–1914), New York politician\nJohn Krum (1810–1883), mayor of St. Louis, Missouri\nPaola Krum (born 1970), Argentine actress, singer, and dancer","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viktor Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Krum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Krum_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Viktor Krum, a Harry Potter characterTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Krum.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Krum_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe_(crater)
|
Poe (crater)
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 43°46′N 200°54′W / 43.76°N 200.90°W / 43.76; -200.90Crater on Mercury
PoePhoto by MESSENGERFeature typeImpact craterLocationRaditladi quadrangle, MercuryCoordinates43°46′N 200°54′W / 43.76°N 200.90°W / 43.76; -200.90Diameter77 km (48 mi)EponymEdgar Allan Poe
MESSENGER NAC mosaic showing the central region of Poe
Oblique view
Poe is a crater on Mercury. It has diameter about 77 km and is situated in northern part of Caloris Planitia. It is centered on 43°46′N 159°06′E / 43.76°N 159.1°E / 43.76; 159.1
Hollows are scattered across Poe crater, and are abundant on the southern rim.
History
Poe is named after the famous author Edgar Allan Poe. The IAU named this crater in 2011 in honor of the Poe Toaster who put a bottle of cognac and roses at the grave of Poe.
References
^ "Poe (crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
^ a b A Toast to Dear Old Poe
vteMercury
Outline
GeographyGeneral
Albedo features
Atmosphere
Features
Magnetic field
Regions
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Quadrangles
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Derain
Discovery
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Mountains andvolcanoes
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To Ngoc Van
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Yeats
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Other
Geology
Ghost craters
Inter-crater plains
Moons
Hypothetical moon of Mercury
AstronomyTransits
Earth
Mars
Asteroids
Mercury-crossing asteroids
ExplorationCurrent and past
Mariner 10 (1973–1975)
MESSENGER (2004–2015)
BepiColombo (2018–present)
Proposed
Mercury-P (~2031)
See also
Colonization of Mercury
Related
Fiction
Sub-Earth
Category
Portal
This article about the planet Mercury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"image_text":"MESSENGER NAC mosaic showing the central region of Poe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Poe_crater_MESSENGER_NAC_mosaic.jpg/200px-Poe_crater_MESSENGER_NAC_mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oblique view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poe_crater_EN1056109422M.jpg/240px-Poe_crater_EN1056109422M.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Poe (crater)\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14517","url_text":"\"Poe (crater)\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Barry_Winchell
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Murder of Barry Winchell
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["1 Biography of Winchell","2 Perpetrators","3 Murder","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Murder of United States Army soldier
Murder of Barry WinchellVictim Barry WinchellLocationFort Campbell, Kentucky, U.S.DateJuly 6, 1999; 24 years ago (1999-07-06)Attack typeMurder by bludgeoningVictimBarry Winchell, aged 21Perpetrators
Calvin Neal Glover
Justin Robert Fisher
MotiveTransphobia over Winchell dating a trans woman; revenge after Winchell beat Glover in a fightVerdictGloverGuiltyFisherPleaded guiltyConvictionsGloverPremeditated murderFisherObstruction of justice (2 counts)Providing alcohol to a minorFalse swearing (3 counts)ChargesFisher (dropped after plea deal)
Participating as a principal to premeditated murder
Accessory after the fact to premeditated murderSentenceGloverLife imprisonment with the possibility of parole (1999; paroled in 2020)Fisher12+1⁄2 years in prison (paroled after 7 years)
On July 6, 1999, Barry Winchell, a 21-year-old infantry soldier in the United States Army, was murdered while he slept outside of his barracks by fellow soldier Calvin Glover for dating a transgender woman, Calpernia Addams, after a physical altercation between the two. The murder became a point of reference in the ongoing debate about the policy known as "don't ask, don't tell", which did not allow members of the U.S. military who were homosexual, bisexual, or even transgender, to be open about their sexual orientation.
Biography of Winchell
A native of Missouri, Winchell enlisted in the Army in 1997 and was transferred in 1998 to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. As a Private First Class, he was assigned to the 2nd Battalion 502nd Infantry of the 101st Airborne Division. While stationed there, he received a Dear John letter from his high school sweetheart.
Winchell later accompanied his roommate, Spc. Justin Robert Fisher, 25, and other soldiers for an excursion to Nashville's downtown bars. In 1999, Fisher and others took Winchell to a Nashville club, The Connection, which featured transgender performers, where Winchell met a trans woman showgirl named Calpernia Addams. The two began to date. Fisher began to spread rumors of the relationship at Ft. Campbell. Winchell then became a target of harassment which his superiors did almost nothing to stop.
Perpetrators
Perpetrators Calvin Glover (left) and Justin Fisher (right)
Calvin Neal Glover was born in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Justin Fisher was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Glover's parents separated when he was young, and he had a difficult upbringing. He often stayed at a youth home when his family was having issues. A psychologist later said Glover had low self-esteem and was more susceptible to alcohol abuse as a result. She also said he was easily influenced by others since he wanted attention.
When Glover was 13, he moved in with his father. "I saw an immediate change", his mother said. "He was out of control. He was drinking, and he was only 13. He wouldn't stay in school, and he was flunking. He was easily influenced by older people around him. He always ran with older groups." After Glover dropped out of school in 8th grade, his parents enrolled him in a youth counseling program. When he was 17, Glover joined the United States Army with his mother's permission.
Murder
The harassment of Winchell was continuous until the Fourth of July weekend, when Winchell and fellow soldier Calvin Neal Glover, 18, fought after Winchell accused a boasting Glover of being a fraud. Both had been drinking beer throughout the day. Glover was soundly defeated by Winchell, and Fisher harassed Glover about being beaten by "'a fucking faggot' like Winchell". Fisher and Winchell had their own history of physical altercations as roommates in the barracks of Ft. Campbell. Fisher continued to goad Glover. Subsequently, in the early hours of July 5, 1999, Glover took a baseball bat from Fisher's locker and struck Winchell in the head with it as he slept on a cot outside near the entry to the room Winchell shared with Fisher. Winchell died of massive head injuries on July 6 at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Glover pleaded guilty to unpremeditated murder for killing Winchell. During his plea hearing, he said Fisher had goaded him into attacking Winchell and that he didn't mean to kill him. Tearing up, Glover said "I was just so drunk ... and I had no intent for him to die. It was just a mistake, sir. ... I wasn't mad at him for any reason. I had nothing against him."
However, prosecutors decided to still take Glover to trial for premeditated murder. During the trial, his defense claimed Fisher had goaded him into committing the murder and that it wasn't intentional. "Fisher thought Glover would be an excellent candidate to get Pfc. Winchell", said defense attorney Captain Thomas Moshang. "He knew that Private Glover could be instigated. He was able to work him up, provoke him to the point that Glover said, 'Yeah, I'm going to hit him with this bat.'" The prosecution said Glover was still responsible for his own actions and that the murder was clearly intentional. Prosecutor Captain Gregg Engler said "It's premeditated – murder without a doubt. Glover is not a robot. Glover took the bat and went out there and killed Winchell. He intended to kill because of the massive, massive blows. The first blow. If not the first blow, the second. He could have walked away, but he didn't. He had a choice, and he chose to kill."
He faced a mandatory life sentence, with or without the possibility of parole. Arguing for a chance of parole, Glover's defense team pointed to his difficult upbringing, young age, and claimed that Fisher had used him as a pawn. After deliberating, military jurors decided to give Glover a chance at parole. A psychologist testified that he had gotten along with black youths and gay youths at his youth home, in contrast to previous claims that he was a racist homophobe.
Shortly before he was sentenced, Glover apologized to Winchell's family. His voice cracking, he said "If I had acted as half the man, even half the soldier as Barry was, he’d be with us right now. I have to apologize to Barry's parents. I'm deeply sorry for the pain I've brought your family. This is something that I'll have to remember for the rest of my life." Glover said he was drunk at the time of the murder and was recovering from alcoholism, and that he didn't know why he attacked Winchell. He said he had found God in prison. Glover's attorneys continued to argue that Fisher had goaded him into attacking Winchell. Winchell's parents testified during the hearing, describing him as a loving, compassionate man who enjoyed the Army and wanted to become a helicopter pilot.
Fisher pleaded guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice, one count of providing alcohol to a minor, and three counts of false swearing and was sentenced to 12.5 years in prison. As part of his plea agreement, charges of participating as a principal to premeditated murder and being an accessory after the fact to premeditated murder were dropped. Although Winchell's family was satisfied with Glover's sentence, they were outraged by Fisher's sentence. Winchell's parents, Wally and Patricia Kutteles said "Suddenly, the Army let him plead to nothing related to the actual murder ... justice was not served today." C. Dixon Osburn, then the co-executive director of the OutServe-SLDN, decried the sentence as a "travesty". "We're left with huge questions about why Fort Campbell cut this deal", he said.
In addition to their sentences, Glover and Fisher were also both dishonorably discharged, reduced in rank to private, and ordered to forfeit all of their pay and benefits. They were incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks. Fisher was denied clemency in 2003, released to a halfway house in August 2006, and released from custody in October 2006. Glover was later transferred to a civilian prison and paroled on August 27, 2020.
Aftermath
Winchell's murder led Secretary of Defense William Cohen to order a review of the "don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, which some asserted was a significant factor in Winchell's harassment and murder. The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network was a prominent critic of how the policy was implemented, and they demanded to know who, in higher ranks, was responsible for the climate on base.
Winchell's parents, Wally and Patricia Kutteles continued to press for a re-examination of "don't ask, don't tell". Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, a point man on LGBT issues for the U.S. Army, visited with Patricia Kutteles. Despite campaigning by the Kutteleses and LGBT activist groups, the Commanding General of Fort Campbell at the time of the murder, Major General Robert T. Clark, refused to take responsibility for the purported anti-gay climate at Fort Campbell under his command. In May 2003, he met with Patricia Kutteles, who opposed his promotion, saying: "He doesn't have the command authority or responsibility. The promotion would be another obstacle in the way of everything we have tried to do to honor our son." His promotion to lieutenant general was delayed in October 2002 and May 2003. After being exonerated, he was nominated and approved for promotion to lieutenant general on December 5, 2003.
The 2003 film Soldier's Girl is based on Winchell's murder and the events leading up to it. Troy Garity portrays Winchell with Lee Pace playing Calpernia Addams. The film received a Peabody Award and numerous Emmy and Golden Globe nominations and sparked the renewed debate of the effects of DADT during Clark's promotion hearings.
See also
Biography portalLGBT portal
Violence against LGBT people
Allen Schindler
Soldier's Girl
References
^ New York Times: David France, "An Inconvenient Woman," May 28, 2000, accessed March 12, 2012
^ New York Times: Francis X. Clines, "For Gay Soldier, a Daily Barrage of Threats and Slurs," December 12, 1999, accessed March 12, 2012
^ "Soldier enters plea in beating death". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ "Justin Fisher". Military Justice for All. 20 January 2003. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ a b c d "Glover". The Courier-Journal. 1999-12-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ "Glover". The Leaf-Chronicle. 1999-12-09. p. 3. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ Thomas Hackett. "The Execution of Private Barry Winchell: The Real Story Behind the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Murder". Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. Retrieved 2006-02-13.. Rolling Stone, 2 March 2000. At Archive.org.
^ "Lovers in a Dangerous Time", The Advocate, May 27, 2003, pp. 30 ff.
^ "Glover". The Courier-Journal. 1999-12-08. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ "Soldier Gets Life With Parole". AP News. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ "Soldier Gets 12 1/2 Years in Prison for His Role in Beating Death". Los Angeles Times. 2000-01-09. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
^ "Soldier Pleads Guilty In Gay Slaying Case". The New York Times, January 9, 2000, accessed March 12, 2012
^ U.S. v. Fisher, 58 M.J. 300 (U.S. Armed Forces Court of Appeals June 17, 2003).
^ "Episode 33 – Barry Winchell (Part 2)". Military Murder Podcast. 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
^ Black, Chris (December 13, 1999). "Pentagon to review 'don't ask, don't tell' policy" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. CNN.
^ Elizabeth Becker (February 2, 2000). "Pentagon Orders Training to Prevent Harassment of Gays". The New York Times. Accessed March 12, 2012
^ Robert Pear (December 12, 1999). "President Admits 'Don't Ask' Policy Has Been Failure". The New York Times. Accessed March 12, 2012.
^ Philip Shenon (August 14, 1999). "Revised Military Guidelines Fail to Quell Gay Concerns". The New York Times. Accessed March 12, 2012
^ John Files (October 24, 2003). "Committee Approves Promoting General In Gay-Bashing Case". The New York Times. Accessed March 12, 2012.
^ "Slain Gay Soldier's Case Slows a General's Rise". The New York Times (May 18, 2003). Accessed March 12, 2012.
^ John Files (November 19, 2003). "Washington: General's Delayed Promotion". The New York Times. Accessed March 12, 2012.
External links
Another memorial, with related LGBT subject links
Servicemembers' Legal Defense Network article about the murder
Calpernia Addams' home page
vteDon't ask, don't tell
Sexual orientation in the United States military
Law
Holmes v. California National Guard
McVeigh v. Cohen
Able v. United States
Military Readiness Enhancement Act
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
Cook v. Gates
Witt v. Department of the Air Force
2010 State of the Union Address
Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
Collins v. United States
Log Cabin Republicans v. United States
People
Jase Daniels
Margarethe Cammermeyer
Murder of Barry Winchell
Darren Manzella
Steve May
Malcom Gregory Scott
Josh Seefried
Randy Phillips
Related
Center for Military Readiness
Servicemembers United
National Equality March
United States v. Choi
United States Navy dog handler hazing scandal
Unfriendly Fire: How the Gay Ban Undermines the Military and Weakens America
Palm Center
See also
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
Category
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"Calpernia Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpernia_Addams"},{"link_name":"don't ask, don't tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"}],"text":"On July 6, 1999, Barry Winchell, a 21-year-old infantry soldier in the United States Army, was murdered while he slept outside of his barracks by fellow soldier Calvin Glover for dating a transgender woman, Calpernia Addams, after a physical altercation between the two. The murder became a point of reference in the ongoing debate about the policy known as \"don't ask, don't tell\", which did not allow members of the U.S. military who were homosexual, bisexual, or even transgender, to be open about their sexual orientation.","title":"Murder of Barry Winchell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Fort Campbell, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Campbell,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_First_Class"},{"link_name":"Dear John letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_John_letter"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"trans woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_woman"},{"link_name":"showgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showgirl"},{"link_name":"Calpernia Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpernia_Addams"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-France-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clines-2"}],"text":"A native of Missouri, Winchell enlisted in the Army in 1997 and was transferred in 1998 to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. As a Private First Class, he was assigned to the 2nd Battalion 502nd Infantry of the 101st Airborne Division. While stationed there, he received a Dear John letter from his high school sweetheart.Winchell later accompanied his roommate, Spc. Justin Robert Fisher, 25, and other soldiers for an excursion to Nashville's downtown bars. In 1999, Fisher and others took Winchell to a Nashville club, The Connection, which featured transgender performers, where Winchell met a trans woman showgirl named Calpernia Addams.[1] The two began to date. Fisher began to spread rumors of the relationship at Ft. Campbell. Winchell then became a target of harassment which his superiors did almost nothing to stop.[2]","title":"Biography of Winchell"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calvin_Glover.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justin_Fisher.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sulphur, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Lincoln, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Perpetrators Calvin Glover (left) and Justin Fisher (right)Calvin Neal Glover was born in Sulphur, Oklahoma. Justin Fisher was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.[3][4]Glover's parents separated when he was young, and he had a difficult upbringing. He often stayed at a youth home when his family was having issues. A psychologist later said Glover had low self-esteem and was more susceptible to alcohol abuse as a result. She also said he was easily influenced by others since he wanted attention.[5]When Glover was 13, he moved in with his father. \"I saw an immediate change\", his mother said. \"He was out of control. He was drinking, and he was only 13. He wouldn't stay in school, and he was flunking. He was easily influenced by older people around him. He always ran with older groups.\" After Glover dropped out of school in 8th grade, his parents enrolled him in a youth counseling program.[6] When he was 17, Glover joined the United States Army with his mother's permission.[5]","title":"Perpetrators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fourth of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_of_July"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beckett-7"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"OutServe-SLDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OutServe-SLDN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Disciplinary Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Disciplinary_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytverdict-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"clemency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"halfway house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfway_house"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The harassment of Winchell was continuous until the Fourth of July weekend, when Winchell and fellow soldier Calvin Neal Glover, 18, fought after Winchell accused a boasting Glover of being a fraud. Both had been drinking beer throughout the day. Glover was soundly defeated by Winchell, and Fisher harassed Glover about being beaten by \"'a fucking faggot' like Winchell\".[citation needed] Fisher and Winchell had their own history of physical altercations as roommates in the barracks of Ft. Campbell. Fisher continued to goad Glover. Subsequently, in the early hours of July 5, 1999, Glover took a baseball bat from Fisher's locker and struck Winchell in the head with it as he slept on a cot outside near the entry to the room Winchell shared with Fisher.[7] Winchell died of massive head injuries on July 6 at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center.[8]Glover pleaded guilty to unpremeditated murder for killing Winchell. During his plea hearing, he said Fisher had goaded him into attacking Winchell and that he didn't mean to kill him. Tearing up, Glover said \"I was just so drunk ... and I had no intent for him to die. It was just a mistake, sir. ... I wasn't mad at him for any reason. I had nothing against him.\"[9]However, prosecutors decided to still take Glover to trial for premeditated murder. During the trial, his defense claimed Fisher had goaded him into committing the murder and that it wasn't intentional. \"Fisher thought Glover would be an excellent candidate to get Pfc. Winchell\", said defense attorney Captain Thomas Moshang. \"He knew that Private Glover could be instigated. He was able to work him up, provoke him to the point that Glover said, 'Yeah, I'm going to hit him with this bat.'\" The prosecution said Glover was still responsible for his own actions and that the murder was clearly intentional. Prosecutor Captain Gregg Engler said \"It's premeditated – murder without a doubt. Glover is not a robot. Glover took the bat and went out there and killed Winchell. He intended to kill because of the massive, massive blows. The first blow. If not the first blow, the second. He could have walked away, but he didn't. He had a choice, and he chose to kill.\"[5]He faced a mandatory life sentence, with or without the possibility of parole. Arguing for a chance of parole, Glover's defense team pointed to his difficult upbringing, young age, and claimed that Fisher had used him as a pawn.[5] After deliberating, military jurors decided to give Glover a chance at parole. A psychologist testified that he had gotten along with black youths and gay youths at his youth home, in contrast to previous claims that he was a racist homophobe.Shortly before he was sentenced, Glover apologized to Winchell's family. His voice cracking, he said \"If I had acted as half the man, even half the soldier as Barry was, he’d be with us right now. I have to apologize to Barry's parents. I'm deeply sorry for the pain I've brought your family. This is something that I'll have to remember for the rest of my life.\" Glover said he was drunk at the time of the murder and was recovering from alcoholism, and that he didn't know why he attacked Winchell. He said he had found God in prison. Glover's attorneys continued to argue that Fisher had goaded him into attacking Winchell. Winchell's parents testified during the hearing, describing him as a loving, compassionate man who enjoyed the Army and wanted to become a helicopter pilot.[10]Fisher pleaded guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice, one count of providing alcohol to a minor, and three counts of false swearing and was sentenced to 12.5 years in prison. As part of his plea agreement, charges of participating as a principal to premeditated murder and being an accessory after the fact to premeditated murder were dropped. Although Winchell's family was satisfied with Glover's sentence, they were outraged by Fisher's sentence. Winchell's parents, Wally and Patricia Kutteles said \"Suddenly, the Army let him plead to nothing related to the actual murder ... justice was not served today.\" C. Dixon Osburn, then the co-executive director of the OutServe-SLDN, decried the sentence as a \"travesty\". \"We're left with huge questions about why Fort Campbell cut this deal\", he said.[11]In addition to their sentences, Glover and Fisher were also both dishonorably discharged, reduced in rank to private, and ordered to forfeit all of their pay and benefits. They were incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks.[12][13] Fisher was denied clemency in 2003, released to a halfway house in August 2006, and released from custody in October 2006. Glover was later transferred to a civilian prison and paroled on August 27, 2020.[14]","title":"Murder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cohen"},{"link_name":"don't ask, don't tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-black-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-becker-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clinton-17"},{"link_name":"Servicemembers Legal Defense Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicemembers_Legal_Defense_Network"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shenon-18"},{"link_name":"Timothy Maude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Maude"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Fort Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Campbell,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Robert T. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Clark"},{"link_name":"Fort Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Campbell,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-files1024-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Soldier's Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier%27s_Girl"},{"link_name":"Troy Garity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Garity"},{"link_name":"Lee Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pace"},{"link_name":"Calpernia Addams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpernia_Addams"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-files2-21"}],"text":"Winchell's murder led Secretary of Defense William Cohen to order a review of the \"don't ask, don't tell\" (DADT) policy, which some asserted was a significant factor in Winchell's harassment and murder.[15][16][17] The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network was a prominent critic of how the policy was implemented, and they demanded to know who, in higher ranks, was responsible for the climate on base.[18]Winchell's parents, Wally and Patricia Kutteles continued to press for a re-examination of \"don't ask, don't tell\". Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, a point man on LGBT issues for the U.S. Army, visited with Patricia Kutteles. Despite campaigning by the Kutteleses and LGBT activist groups, the Commanding General of Fort Campbell at the time of the murder, Major General Robert T. Clark, refused to take responsibility for the purported anti-gay climate at Fort Campbell under his command.[19] In May 2003, he met with Patricia Kutteles, who opposed his promotion, saying: \"He doesn't have the command authority or responsibility. The promotion would be another obstacle in the way of everything we have tried to do to honor our son.\" His promotion to lieutenant general was delayed in October 2002 and May 2003.[20] After being exonerated, he was nominated and approved for promotion to lieutenant general on December 5, 2003.The 2003 film Soldier's Girl is based on Winchell's murder and the events leading up to it. Troy Garity portrays Winchell with Lee Pace playing Calpernia Addams. The film received a Peabody Award and numerous Emmy and Golden Globe nominations and sparked the renewed debate of the effects of DADT during Clark's promotion hearings.[21]","title":"Aftermath"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"LGBT portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:LGBT"},{"title":"Violence against LGBT people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people"},{"title":"Allen Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Schindler"},{"title":"Soldier's Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier%27s_Girl"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Soldier enters plea in beating death\". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2000/01/09/soldier-enters-plea-in-beating-death/62214794007/","url_text":"\"Soldier enters plea in beating death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Fisher\". Military Justice for All. 20 January 2003. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://militaryjusticeforall.com/tag/justin-fisher/","url_text":"\"Justin Fisher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glover\". The Courier-Journal. 1999-12-10. p. 4. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99315062/glover/","url_text":"\"Glover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glover\". The Leaf-Chronicle. 1999-12-09. p. 3. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99315352/glover/","url_text":"\"Glover\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Execution of Private Barry Winchell: The Real Story Behind the \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" Murder\". Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. Retrieved 2006-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230320/http://www.davidclemens.com/gaymilitary/rolstobarry.htm","url_text":"\"The Execution of Private Barry Winchell: The Real Story Behind the \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" Murder\""},{"url":"http://www.davidclemens.com/gaymilitary/rolstobarry.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glover\". The Courier-Journal. 1999-12-08. p. 1. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99314693/glover/","url_text":"\"Glover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldier Gets Life With Parole\". AP News. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/b0e7fb150caf4a557d0e455348579788","url_text":"\"Soldier Gets Life With Parole\""}]},{"reference":"\"Soldier Gets 12 1/2 Years in Prison for His Role in Beating Death\". Los Angeles Times. 2000-01-09. Retrieved 2022-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jan-09-mn-52453-story.html","url_text":"\"Soldier Gets 12 1/2 Years in Prison for His Role in Beating Death\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. v. Fisher","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Episode 33 – Barry Winchell (Part 2)\". Military Murder Podcast. 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2021-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://militarymurderpodcast.com/episode-33-barry-winchell-part-2/","url_text":"\"Episode 33 – Barry Winchell (Part 2)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9902E5DB1E3AF93BA15756C0A9669C8B63","external_links_name":"David France, \"An Inconvenient Woman,\" May 28, 2000"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/us/for-gay-soldier-a-daily-barrage-of-threats-and-slurs.html","external_links_name":"Francis X. Clines, \"For Gay Soldier, a Daily Barrage of Threats and Slurs,\" December 12, 1999"},{"Link":"https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2000/01/09/soldier-enters-plea-in-beating-death/62214794007/","external_links_name":"\"Soldier enters plea in beating death\""},{"Link":"https://militaryjusticeforall.com/tag/justin-fisher/","external_links_name":"\"Justin Fisher\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99315062/glover/","external_links_name":"\"Glover\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99315352/glover/","external_links_name":"\"Glover\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060213230320/http://www.davidclemens.com/gaymilitary/rolstobarry.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Execution of Private Barry Winchell: The Real Story Behind the \"Don't Ask, Don't Tell\" Murder\""},{"Link":"http://www.davidclemens.com/gaymilitary/rolstobarry.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s2QEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40-IA7&","external_links_name":"\"Lovers in a Dangerous Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99314693/glover/","external_links_name":"\"Glover\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/b0e7fb150caf4a557d0e455348579788","external_links_name":"\"Soldier Gets Life With Parole\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jan-09-mn-52453-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Soldier Gets 12 1/2 Years in Prison for His Role in Beating Death\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E3DA113BF93AA35752C0A9669C8B63","external_links_name":"\"Soldier Pleads Guilty In Gay Slaying Case\""},{"Link":"http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/opinions/2003Term/03-0059.htm","external_links_name":"58 M.J. 300"},{"Link":"https://militarymurderpodcast.com/episode-33-barry-winchell-part-2/","external_links_name":"\"Episode 33 – Barry Winchell (Part 2)\""},{"Link":"http://archives.cnn.com/1999/US/12/13/pentagon.gays/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon to review 'don't ask, don't tell' policy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201133/http://archives.cnn.com/1999/US/12/13/pentagon.gays/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/02/us/pentagon-orders-training-to-prevent-harassment-of-gays.html","external_links_name":"\"Pentagon Orders Training to Prevent Harassment of Gays\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/12/us/president-admits-don-t-ask-policy-has-been-failure.html","external_links_name":"\"President Admits 'Don't Ask' Policy Has Been Failure\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/14/us/revised-military-guidelines-fail-to-quell-gay-concerns.html","external_links_name":"\"Revised Military Guidelines Fail to Quell Gay Concerns\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/24/us/committee-approves-promoting-general-in-gay-bashing-case.html","external_links_name":"\"Committee Approves Promoting General In Gay-Bashing Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/18/us/slain-gay-soldier-s-case-slows-a-general-s-rise.html","external_links_name":"\"Slain Gay Soldier's Case Slows a General's Rise\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/19/us/national-briefing-washington-general-s-delayed-promotion.html","external_links_name":"\"Washington: General's Delayed Promotion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060813091053/http://www.temenos.net/remember/winchell/","external_links_name":"Another memorial, with related LGBT subject links"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061014105348/http://www.sldn.org/templates/press/record.html?section=2&record=99","external_links_name":"Servicemembers' Legal Defense Network article about the murder"},{"Link":"http://www.calpernia.com/","external_links_name":"Calpernia Addams' home page"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/506211/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000044514098","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63715501","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmGvt3QRKHpdDgBQCJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004023915","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(steam_engine)
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Cylinder (locomotive)
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["1 Early locomotives","2 Direct drive","3 Inside or outside cylinders","4 Three or four cylinders","5 Crank angles","6 Valves","6.1 Inside cylinders","6.2 Outside cylinders","7 Valve gear","7.1 Inside cylinders","7.2 Outside cylinders","7.3 Three cylinders","7.4 Four cylinders","8 Other variations","9 See also","10 References"]
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Power-producing element of a steam locomotive
The 'motion' on the left-hand side of 60163 Tornado. The black casting to the left houses the cylinder, in which slides the piston; the piston rod is immediately above the wheel.
The cylinder is the power-producing element of the steam engine powering a steam locomotive. The cylinder is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder. Cylinders were initially cast iron, but later made of steel. The cylinder casting includes other features such as (in the case of Stephenson's Rocket) valve ports and mounting feet. The last big American locomotives incorporated the cylinders as part of huge one-piece steel castings that were the main frame of the locomotive. Renewable wearing surfaces were needed inside the cylinders and provided by cast-iron bushings.
The way the valve controlled the steam entering and leaving the cylinder was known as steam distribution and shown by the shape of the indicator diagram. What happened to the steam inside the cylinder was assessed separately from what happened in the boiler and how much friction the moving machinery had to cope with. This assessment was known as "engine performance" or "cylinder performance". The cylinder performance, together with the boiler and machinery performance, established the efficiency of the complete locomotive. The pressure of the steam in the cylinder was measured as the piston moved and the power moving the piston was calculated and known as cylinder power. The forces produced in the cylinder moved the train but were also damaging to the structure which held the cylinders in place. Bolted joints came loose, cylinder castings and frames cracked and reduced the availability of the locomotive.
Cylinders may be arranged in several different ways.
Early locomotives
On early locomotives, such as Puffing Billy, the cylinders were often set vertically and the motion was transmitted through beams, as in a beam engine.
Direct drive
French 2-2-2 locomotive with nearly horizontal cylinders, 1844
The next stage, for example Stephenson's Rocket, was to drive the wheels directly from steeply inclined cylinders placed at the back of the locomotive. Direct drive became the standard arrangement, but the cylinders were moved to the front and placed either horizontal or nearly horizontal.
Inside or outside cylinders
The front-mounted cylinders could be placed either inside (between the frames) or outside. Examples of each are:
Inside cylinders, on the Planet locomotive
Outside cylinders, on Stephenson's Rocket
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, inside cylinders were widely used in the United Kingdom, but outside cylinders were more common in Continental Europe and the United States due to their larger loading gauge. From about 1920, outside cylinders became more common in the UK but many inside-cylinder engines continued to be built. Inside cylinders give a more stable ride with less yaw or "nosing", but access for maintenance is more difficult. Some designers used inside cylinders for aesthetic reasons.
Three or four cylinders
The demand for more power led to the development of engines with three cylinders (two outside and one inside) or four cylinders (two outside and two inside). Examples:
Three cylinders, SR Class V, LNER Class A4, Merchant Navy class
Four Cylinders, LMS Princess Royal Class, LMS Coronation Class, GWR Castle Class
Crank angles
On a two-cylinder engine the cranks, whether inside or outside, are set at 90 degrees. As the cylinders are double-acting (i.e. fed with steam alternately at each end) this gives four impulses per revolution and ensures that there are no dead centres.
On a three-cylinder engine, two arrangements are possible:
cranks set to give six equally spaced impulses per revolution – the usual arrangement. If the three cylinder axes are parallel, the cranks will be 120 degrees apart, but if the centre cylinder does not drive the leading driving axle, it will probably be inclined (as on most US three-cylinder locomotives and on some of Gresley's three-cylinder locomotives in Great Britain), and the inside crank will be correspondingly shifted from 120 degrees. For a given tractive effort and adhesion factor, a three-cylinder locomotive of this design will be less prone to wheelslip when starting than a 2-cylinder locomotive.
outside cranks set at 90 degrees, inside crank set at 135 degrees, giving six unequally spaced impulses per revolution. This arrangement was sometimes used on three-cylinder compound locomotives which used the outside (low pressure) cylinders for starting. This will give evenly spaced exhausts when the engine is working compound.
Two arrangements are also possible on a four-cylinder engine:
all four cranks set at 90 degrees. With this arrangement the cylinders act in pairs, so there are four impulses per revolution, as with a two-cylinder engine. Most four-cylinder engines are of this type. It is cheaper and simpler to use only one set of valve gear on each side of the locomotive and to operate the second cylinder on that side by means of a rocking shaft from the first cylinder's valve spindle since the required valve events at the second cylinder are a mirror image of the first cylinder.
pairs of cranks set at 90 degrees with the inside pair set at 45 degrees to the outside pair. This gives eight impulses per revolution. It increases weight and complexity, by requiring four sets of valve gear, but gives smoother torque and reduces the risk of slipping. This was relatively unusual in British practice but was used on the SR Lord Nelson class. Such locomotives are easily distinguished by their exhaust beats, which occur at twice the frequency of a normal 2- or 4-cylinder engine.
Valves
The valve chests or steam chests which contain the slide valves or piston valves may be located in various positions.
Inside cylinders
If the cylinders are small, the valve chests may be located between the cylinders. For larger cylinders the valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in early locomotives, they were sometimes underneath the cylinders.
Outside cylinders
The valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in older locomotives, the valve chests were sometimes located alongside the cylinders and inserted through slots in the frames. This meant that, while the cylinders were outside, the valves were inside and could be driven by inside valve gear.
Valve gear
There are many variations in the location of the valve gear. In British practice, inside valve gear is usually of the Stephenson type while outside valve gear is usually of the Walschaerts type. However, this is not a rigid rule and most types of valve gear are capable of being used either inside or outside. Joy valve gear was once popular, e.g. on the LNWR G Class.
Inside cylinders
On inside-cylinder engines the valve gear is nearly always inside (between the frames), e.g. LMS Fowler Class 3F.
On some locomotives the valve gear is located outside the frames, e.g. Italian State Railways Class 640.
Outside cylinders
On engines with outside cylinders there are three possible variations:
A NYC switching locomotive with outside valves driven by inside valve gear (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907)
Inside valve gear driving inside valves, e.g. NER Class T2
Inside valve gear driving outside valves through rocking shafts, e.g. GWR 4900 Class
Outside valve gear driving outside valves, e.g. LSWR N15 Class
Three cylinders
There are three common variations:
Three sets of valve gear (two outside, one inside), e.g. LNER Peppercorn Class A2
Outside valve gear driving the outside valves. Inside valve driven by Gresley conjugated valve gear, e.g. LNER Class A1/A3
Three sets of inside valve gear (all valves inside), e.g. NER Class T3
Four cylinders
There are three common variations:
Four sets of valve gear (two outside, two inside), e.g. SR Lord Nelson class
Inside valve gear driving the inside valves directly and the outside valves via rocking shafts, e.g. GWR 4073 Class
Outside valve gear driving the outside valves directly and the inside valves via rocking shafts, e.g. LMS Princess Coronation Class
Other variations
The cylinders on a Shay locomotive.
There are many other variations, e.g. geared steam locomotives which may have only one cylinder.
The only conventional steam locomotive with one cylinder that is known is the Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive.
See also
Cylinder bore
Cylinder (engine)
Cylinder stroke
Hydrolock
Steam locomotive components
References
^ "The Engineering and History of Rocket, a survey report", Michael R Bailey and John P Glithero, National Railway Museum 2000, ISBN 1 900747 18 9, Drawing 4.37
^ 1941 Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice, Eleventh Edition, Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation, p. 667
^ Self, Douglas (27 May 2003). "The Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
vteSteam enginesOperating cycle
Atmospheric
Watt
Cornish
Compound
Uniflow
ValvesValves
Slide
D slide
Piston
Drop
Corliss
Poppet
Sleeve
Bash
Valve gear
Gab
Stephenson link
Joy
Walschaerts
Allan
Baker
Corliss
Lentz
Caprotti
Gresley conjugated
Southern
Mechanisms
Beam
Cataract
Centrifugal governor
Connecting rod
Crank
Crankshaft
Tusi couple hypocycloidal straight line mechanism
Link chain
Parallel motion
Plate chain
Rotative beam
Sun and planet gear
Watt's linkage
BoilersSimple boilers
Haystack
Wagon
Egg-ended
Box
Flued
Cornish
Lancashire
Fire-tube boilers
Locomotive
Scotch
Launch
Water-tube boilers
Babcock & Wilcox
Field-tube
Sentinel
Stirling
Thimble tube
Three-drum
Yarrow
Boiler feed
Feedwater heater
Feedwater pump
Injector
Cylinder
Locomotive
Oscillating
Single- and double-acting
Condenser
Condensing steam locomotive
Jet
Kirchweger
Watt's separate
"Pickle-pot"
Surface
Other
Blowback
Crosshead
Cutoff
Expansion valve
Hydrolock
Piston
Reciprocating engine
Return connecting rod engine
Six-column beam engine
Steeple engine
Safety valve
Steeple compound engine
Stroke
Working fluid
HistoryPrecursors
Savery Engine (1698)
Newcomen engine
Newcomen Memorial Engine (1725)
Fairbottom Bobs (1760)
Elsecar Engine (1795)
Watt engineBeam
Kinneil Engine (1768)
Old Bess (1777)
Chacewater Mine engine (1778)
Smethwick Engine (1779)
Resolution (1781)
Rotative beam
Soho Manufactory engine (1782)
Bradley Works engine (1783)
Whitbread Engine (1785)
National Museum of Scotland engine (1786)
Lap Engine (1788)
High-pressure
Richard Trevithick
Puffing Devil (1801)
London Steam Carriage (1803)
"Coalbrookdale Locomotive" (1803)
"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive (1804)
Compound
Woolf's compound engine (1803)
Murray
Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine (1805)
Salamanca (1812)
High-speed
Porter-Allen (1862)
Ljungström (1908)
See also
Glossary of steam locomotive components
History of steam road vehicles
Cugnot's fardier à vapeur (1769)
Murdoch's model steam carriage (1784)
Lean's Engine Reporter
List of steam technology patents
Modern steam
Stationary steam engine
Timeline of steam power
Water-returning engine
|
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The black casting to the left houses the cylinder, in which slides the piston; the piston rod is immediately above the wheel.The cylinder is the power-producing element of the steam engine powering a steam locomotive. The cylinder is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder. Cylinders were initially cast iron, but later made of steel. The cylinder casting includes other features such as (in the case of Stephenson's Rocket) valve ports and mounting feet.[1] The last big American locomotives incorporated the cylinders as part of huge one-piece steel castings that were the main frame of the locomotive.[2] Renewable wearing surfaces were needed inside the cylinders and provided by cast-iron bushings.The way the valve controlled the steam entering and leaving the cylinder was known as steam distribution and shown by the shape of the indicator diagram. What happened to the steam inside the cylinder was assessed separately from what happened in the boiler and how much friction the moving machinery had to cope with. This assessment was known as \"engine performance\" or \"cylinder performance\". The cylinder performance, together with the boiler and machinery performance, established the efficiency of the complete locomotive. The pressure of the steam in the cylinder was measured as the piston moved and the power moving the piston was calculated and known as cylinder power. The forces produced in the cylinder moved the train but were also damaging to the structure which held the cylinders in place. Bolted joints came loose, cylinder castings and frames cracked and reduced the availability of the locomotive.Cylinders may be arranged in several different ways.","title":"Cylinder (locomotive)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puffing Billy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puffing_Billy_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"vertically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_direction"},{"link_name":"beam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_engine"}],"text":"On early locomotives, such as Puffing Billy, the cylinders were often set vertically and the motion was transmitted through beams, as in a beam engine.","title":"Early locomotives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locomotive_n%C2%B0_0135_de_la_Cie_de_l%27Ouest.jpg"},{"link_name":"2-2-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-2-2"},{"link_name":"Stephenson's Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket"},{"link_name":"horizontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_plane"}],"text":"French 2-2-2 locomotive with nearly horizontal cylinders, 1844The next stage, for example Stephenson's Rocket, was to drive the wheels directly from steeply inclined cylinders placed at the back of the locomotive. Direct drive became the standard arrangement, but the cylinders were moved to the front and placed either horizontal or nearly horizontal.","title":"Direct drive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_(locomotive)"},{"link_name":"Stephenson's Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson%27s_Rocket"},{"link_name":"Continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"loading gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_gauge"}],"text":"The front-mounted cylinders could be placed either inside (between the frames) or outside. Examples of each are:Inside cylinders, on the Planet locomotive\nOutside cylinders, on Stephenson's RocketIn the 19th and early 20th centuries, inside cylinders were widely used in the United Kingdom, but outside cylinders were more common in Continental Europe and the United States due to their larger loading gauge. From about 1920, outside cylinders became more common in the UK but many inside-cylinder engines continued to be built. Inside cylinders give a more stable ride with less yaw or \"nosing\", but access for maintenance is more difficult. Some designers used inside cylinders for aesthetic reasons.","title":"Inside or outside cylinders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SR Class V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Class_V"},{"link_name":"LNER Class A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A4"},{"link_name":"Merchant Navy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Merchant_Navy_class"},{"link_name":"LMS Princess Royal Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Princess_Royal_Class"},{"link_name":"LMS Coronation Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Coronation_Class"},{"link_name":"GWR Castle Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_4073_Class"}],"text":"The demand for more power led to the development of engines with three cylinders (two outside and one inside) or four cylinders (two outside and two inside). Examples:Three cylinders, SR Class V, LNER Class A4, Merchant Navy class\nFour Cylinders, LMS Princess Royal Class, LMS Coronation Class, GWR Castle Class","title":"Three or four cylinders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cranks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"double-acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-acting_cylinder"},{"link_name":"dead centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Gresley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gresley"},{"link_name":"compound locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_locomotive"},{"link_name":"valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_gear"},{"link_name":"torque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque"},{"link_name":"slipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive_wheelslip"},{"link_name":"SR Lord Nelson class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class"}],"text":"On a two-cylinder engine the cranks, whether inside or outside, are set at 90 degrees. As the cylinders are double-acting (i.e. fed with steam alternately at each end) this gives four impulses per revolution and ensures that there are no dead centres.On a three-cylinder engine, two arrangements are possible:cranks set to give six equally spaced impulses per revolution – the usual arrangement. If the three cylinder axes are parallel, the cranks will be 120 degrees apart, but if the centre cylinder does not drive the leading driving axle, it will probably be inclined (as on most US three-cylinder locomotives and on some of Gresley's three-cylinder locomotives in Great Britain), and the inside crank will be correspondingly shifted from 120 degrees. For a given tractive effort and adhesion factor, a three-cylinder locomotive of this design will be less prone to wheelslip when starting than a 2-cylinder locomotive.\noutside cranks set at 90 degrees, inside crank set at 135 degrees, giving six unequally spaced impulses per revolution. This arrangement was sometimes used on three-cylinder compound locomotives which used the outside (low pressure) cylinders for starting. This will give evenly spaced exhausts when the engine is working compound.Two arrangements are also possible on a four-cylinder engine:all four cranks set at 90 degrees. With this arrangement the cylinders act in pairs, so there are four impulses per revolution, as with a two-cylinder engine. Most four-cylinder engines are of this type. It is cheaper and simpler to use only one set of valve gear on each side of the locomotive and to operate the second cylinder on that side by means of a rocking shaft from the first cylinder's valve spindle since the required valve events at the second cylinder are a mirror image of the first cylinder.\npairs of cranks set at 90 degrees with the inside pair set at 45 degrees to the outside pair. This gives eight impulses per revolution. It increases weight and complexity, by requiring four sets of valve gear, but gives smoother torque and reduces the risk of slipping. This was relatively unusual in British practice but was used on the SR Lord Nelson class. Such locomotives are easily distinguished by their exhaust beats, which occur at twice the frequency of a normal 2- or 4-cylinder engine.","title":"Crank angles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slide valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_valve"},{"link_name":"piston valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve"}],"text":"The valve chests or steam chests which contain the slide valves or piston valves may be located in various positions.","title":"Valves"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Inside cylinders","text":"If the cylinders are small, the valve chests may be located between the cylinders. For larger cylinders the valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in early locomotives, they were sometimes underneath the cylinders.","title":"Valves"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Outside cylinders","text":"The valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in older locomotives, the valve chests were sometimes located alongside the cylinders and inserted through slots in the frames. This meant that, while the cylinders were outside, the valves were inside and could be driven by inside valve gear.","title":"Valves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_gear"},{"link_name":"Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"Walschaerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"Joy valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"LNWR G Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNWR_G_Class"}],"text":"There are many variations in the location of the valve gear. In British practice, inside valve gear is usually of the Stephenson type while outside valve gear is usually of the Walschaerts type. However, this is not a rigid rule and most types of valve gear are capable of being used either inside or outside. Joy valve gear was once popular, e.g. on the LNWR G Class.","title":"Valve gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMS Fowler Class 3F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Fowler_Class_3F"},{"link_name":"Italian State Railways Class 640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS_Class_640_II"}],"sub_title":"Inside cylinders","text":"On inside-cylinder engines the valve gear is nearly always inside (between the frames), e.g. LMS Fowler Class 3F.On some locomotives the valve gear is located outside the frames, e.g. Italian State Railways Class 640.","title":"Valve gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_switching_locomotive_(Howden,_Boys%27_Book_of_Locomotives,_1907).jpg"},{"link_name":"NER Class T2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NER_Class_T2"},{"link_name":"GWR 4900 Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_4900_Class"},{"link_name":"LSWR N15 Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR_N15_Class"}],"sub_title":"Outside cylinders","text":"On engines with outside cylinders there are three possible variations:A NYC switching locomotive with outside valves driven by inside valve gear (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907)Inside valve gear driving inside valves, e.g. NER Class T2\nInside valve gear driving outside valves through rocking shafts, e.g. GWR 4900 Class\nOutside valve gear driving outside valves, e.g. LSWR N15 Class","title":"Valve gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LNER Peppercorn Class A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A2"},{"link_name":"Gresley conjugated valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"LNER Class A1/A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Class_A1/A3"},{"link_name":"NER Class T3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NER_Class_T3"}],"sub_title":"Three cylinders","text":"There are three common variations:Three sets of valve gear (two outside, one inside), e.g. LNER Peppercorn Class A2\nOutside valve gear driving the outside valves. Inside valve driven by Gresley conjugated valve gear, e.g. LNER Class A1/A3\nThree sets of inside valve gear (all valves inside), e.g. NER Class T3","title":"Valve gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SR Lord Nelson class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Lord_Nelson_class"},{"link_name":"GWR 4073 Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWR_4073_Class"},{"link_name":"LMS Princess Coronation Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Princess_Coronation_Class"}],"sub_title":"Four cylinders","text":"There are three common variations:Four sets of valve gear (two outside, two inside), e.g. SR Lord Nelson class\nInside valve gear driving the inside valves directly and the outside valves via rocking shafts, e.g. GWR 4073 Class\nOutside valve gear driving the outside valves directly and the inside valves via rocking shafts, e.g. LMS Princess Coronation Class","title":"Valve gear"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forks,_Washington_Shay_Locomotive_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shay locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_locomotive"},{"link_name":"geared steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geared_steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The cylinders on a Shay locomotive.There are many other variations, e.g. geared steam locomotives which may have only one cylinder.\nThe only conventional steam locomotive with one cylinder that is known is the Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive.[3]","title":"Other variations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The 'motion' on the left-hand side of 60163 Tornado. The black casting to the left houses the cylinder, in which slides the piston; the piston rod is immediately above the wheel.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/60163_Tornado_cylinder_rod.jpg/300px-60163_Tornado_cylinder_rod.jpg"},{"image_text":"French 2-2-2 locomotive with nearly horizontal cylinders, 1844","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Locomotive_n%C2%B0_0135_de_la_Cie_de_l%27Ouest.jpg/220px-Locomotive_n%C2%B0_0135_de_la_Cie_de_l%27Ouest.jpg"},{"image_text":"A NYC switching locomotive with outside valves driven by inside valve gear (Howden, Boys' Book of Locomotives, 1907)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NYC_switching_locomotive_%28Howden%2C_Boys%27_Book_of_Locomotives%2C_1907%29.jpg/220px-NYC_switching_locomotive_%28Howden%2C_Boys%27_Book_of_Locomotives%2C_1907%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The cylinders on a Shay locomotive.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Forks%2C_Washington_Shay_Locomotive_2.JPG/220px-Forks%2C_Washington_Shay_Locomotive_2.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Cylinder bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"title":"Cylinder (engine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)"},{"title":"Cylinder stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"title":"Hydrolock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolock"},{"title":"Steam locomotive components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive_components"}]
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[{"reference":"Self, Douglas (27 May 2003). \"The Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive\". Retrieved 2 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/onecylinder/onecylinder.htm","url_text":"\"The Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/onecylinder/onecylinder.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baden-Baden_Lesson_on_Consent
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The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent
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["1 Premiere","2 From Lehrstück to The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","5 References","6 External links"]
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Paul Hindemith, 1923
The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent (German: Badener Lehrstück vom Einverständnis) is a Lehrstück by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, written in collaboration with Slatan Dudow and Elisabeth Hauptmann. Under the title Lehrstück it was first performed, with music by Paul Hindemith, as part of the Baden-Baden festival on 28 July 1929, at the Stadthalle, Baden-Baden, directed by Brecht, designed by Heinz Porep.
Premiere
Brecht's programme note described the work as unfinished and as the "product of various theories of a musical, dramatic and political nature aiming at the collective practice of the arts". The 50-minute piece was conceived as a multi-media performance, including scenes of physical knockabout clowning, choral sections and a short film by Carl Koch, Dance of Death, featuring Valeska Gert.
Along with its companion, the radio cantata Lindbergh's Flight, the piece was offered as an example of a new genre, "the teaching-play or Lehrstück", in which the traditional division between actor and audience is abolished; the piece is intended for its participants only (Brecht specifically including the film makers and clowns along with the chorus.) The final chorus of Lindbergh's Flight appears at the beginning of The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent. "Cruelty, violence and death" are explored by the play, which "broaches the subject of complicity between the helper and the forces of power and violence." The action concerns a wrecked flight crew being brought to terms with their non-existence. While the pilot complains that he must not die, the others accept that their significance lies in being anonymous parts of a larger whole.
A grotesque clown scene, in which the first clown, called Smith, is violently dismembered by his two friends in an attempt to alleviate his pain, caused spectators at the Baden-Baden festival to riot, according to the actor who played Smith; the playwright Gerhart Hauptmann walked out. (This clown scene was later reworked by Heiner Müller in his Heartplay, 1981). Despite the controversy, the production was a critical success. Performances in Vienna, Munich, Mainz, Dresden, Breslau and Frankfurt followed. Schott Music published Lehrstück the same year with Hindemith's score.
From Lehrstück to The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent
Brecht almost immediately began revising, and took especial exception to Hindemith's performance notes sanctioning cuts. Brecht approached Schott directly and it was from the publisher that Hindemith learned of the demanded changes in the text, which he was not interested in setting to new music. Brecht's text was published in 1930 in volume two of his Versuche, and Schott was forced to take the score out of print.
One disagreement concerned the suitability of the clown scene. In two letters to his wife Hindemith observed that the scene was better spoken than played and, later, that with neither clowns nor film "the piece is beautiful and has the effect of an old classic." Brecht for his part objected to Hindemith's conception of Gebrauchsmusik which leaned toward Gemeinschaftsmusik or Hausmusik, that is, communal music written for the use of the players, in the case of Lehrstück an orchestra of amateurs who were advised to freely make cuts according to circumstances. While Brecht's conception of the Lehrstück form also aimed at engaging the participants, he naturally viewed the music's 'use' as incidental to the ideas in the play and criticised Hindemith's different end: "the cellist in the orchestra, father of a numerous family, now began to play not from philosophical conviction but for pleasure. The culinary principle was saved." Each dug in his heels and after a 1934 radio broadcast in Brussels neither allowed performances of the other's version. Brecht eventually published his revision in his Collected Plays but there were no public performances until a revival opened on 14 May 1958 in New York, nearly two years after Brecht's death.
Roles
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 28 July 1929Conductors: Alfons Dresseland Ernst Wolff
Pilot
tenor
Josef Witt
Leader of the chorus
bass-baritone
Oszkár Kálmán
Speaker
Gerda Müller-Scherchen
Three mechanics, also three clowns
(spoken)
Theo Lingen (Herr Schmitt), Karl Paulsen, Benno Carlé
Trained semichorus
mixed chorus
Hugo Holle's madrigal singers
Synopsis
As ultimately published by Brecht, the eleven scenes are:
The numbers in the score:
Report on the flight
The crash
Investigation into whether humans help their kind
Denial of help
Council
Contemplation of death
Reading of the commentary
The examination
Fame & expropriation
Ostracism
Consent
Report on the flight
1st investigation into whether humans help their kind
The chorus addresses the fallen
Contemplation of death (Film)
Reading of the commentary
2nd investigation into whether humans help their kind (Clowns)
Examination
The relation between these and the Lehrstück 'fragment' is not as straightforward as the table suggests. The first two are a simple splitting of Hindemith's #1, whereas Brecht's #3 is a merging of the original first and second investigations.
References
^ Brecht 1997, p. 22.
^ Willett 1967, p. 35 and Willett 1997, pp. 22, 326.
^ Willett 1997, p. 325.
^ Schott Music website, accessed 21 January 2008
^ Willett 1997, p. 330 and Mueller 1994
^ Willett 1997, pp. 325–326 and Brecht 1964, p. 80
^ See Willett (1967, 134).
^ Mueller 1994, p. 85
^ Schechter 1994, pp. 75–76, Mueller 1994, pp. 84–85, and Esslin 1960, p. 44
^ Müller 1995, pp. 123–125.
^ Mueller 1994, p. 84
^ Stephan 1982, p. xiv and Willett (1967, 35).
^ Skelton 1992.
^ cited in Stephan 1982
^ Hindemith spoke of writing "music with pedagogical or social tendencies: for amateurs, for children, for radio, mechanical instruments, etc." (Hindemith 1982, p. 147).
^ See Willett (1967, 128–130) for a description of Gemeinschaftsmusik and the related Gebrauchsmusik (or "applied music"), to which both the Baden-Baden festival in 1929 and the Neue Musik festival in 1930 were devoted.
^ Quoted by Willett (1967, 134–5).
^ Willett (1967, 35) and Skelton 1992
^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Lehrstück, 28 July 1929". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
^ In BBLvE the amateur chorus is dropped but the "Chor der Gelehrten" designation is kept. This has led to theories that Brecht borrowed the "Learned chorus" from Schiller, e.g. Lee Baxandall: B.B.'s J. B. reprinted from the Tulane Drama Review with a translation of "The Baden Play for Learning" in Brecht ed. Erika Munk (Bantam, 1972)
Sources
Brecht, Bertolt (1964). John Willett (ed.). Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-38800-X.
— (1997). John Willett (ed.). Collected Plays: Three. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-70460-2.
Esslin, Martin (1960). Brecht: The Man and His Work. New York: Doubleday.
Hindemith, Paul (1982). Dieter Rexroth (ed.). Briefe. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. ISBN 3-596-22146-3.. (Geoffrey Skelton has edited a selection in translation)
Müller, Heiner (1995). Marc von Henning (ed.). Theatremachine. London and Boston: Faber. ISBN 0-571-17528-7.
Schechter, Joel (1994). "Brecht's Clowns: Man is Man and After"". In Peter Thomson; Glendyr Sacks (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–78. ISBN 0-521-41446-6.
Skelton, Geoffrey (1992). "Lehrstück". In Stanley Sadie (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-73432-7.
Stephan, Rudolf. 1982. "Introduction." In Szenische Versuche (SW I,6). By Paul Hindemith, Rudolf Stephan, Bertolt Brecht, Marcellus Schiffer, and Kurt Weill. Mainz: Schott.
Willett, John (1967). The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects (3rd rev. ed.). London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-34360-X.
—. 1997. Editorial Notes. In Brecht 1997, pp. 330–332
External links
Schott's page on Hindemith's score.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Lehrstück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Bertolt Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Slatan Dudow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatan_Dudow"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht199722-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Baden-Baden festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaueschingen_Festival"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_in_literature#New_drama"},{"link_name":"Baden-Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent (German: Badener Lehrstück vom Einverständnis) is a Lehrstück by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, written in collaboration with Slatan Dudow and Elisabeth Hauptmann.[1] Under the title Lehrstück it was first performed, with music by Paul Hindemith, as part of the Baden-Baden festival on 28 July 1929, at the Stadthalle, Baden-Baden, directed by Brecht, designed by Heinz Porep.[2]","title":"The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1997325-3"},{"link_name":"clowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clown"},{"link_name":"choral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film"},{"link_name":"Carl Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Koch_(director)"},{"link_name":"Valeska Gert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeska_Gert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh's Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flight_Across_the_Ocean"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gerhart Hauptmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Heiner Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM%C3%BCller1995123%E2%80%93125-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Breslau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Schott Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schott_Music"}],"text":"Brecht's programme note described the work as unfinished and as the \"product of various theories of a musical, dramatic and political nature aiming at the collective practice of the arts\".[3] The 50-minute piece was conceived as a multi-media performance, including scenes of physical knockabout clowning, choral sections and a short film by Carl Koch, Dance of Death, featuring Valeska Gert.[4]Along with its companion, the radio cantata Lindbergh's Flight, the piece was offered as an example of a new genre, \"the teaching-play or Lehrstück\", in which the traditional division between actor and audience is abolished; the piece is intended for its participants only[5] (Brecht specifically including the film makers and clowns along with the chorus.)[6] The final chorus of Lindbergh's Flight appears at the beginning of The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent.[7] \"Cruelty, violence and death\" are explored by the play, which \"broaches the subject of complicity between the helper and the forces of power and violence.\"[8] The action concerns a wrecked flight crew being brought to terms with their non-existence. While the pilot complains that he must not die, the others accept that their significance lies in being anonymous parts of a larger whole.A grotesque clown scene, in which the first clown, called Smith, is violently dismembered by his two friends in an attempt to alleviate his pain, caused spectators at the Baden-Baden festival to riot, according to the actor who played Smith; the playwright Gerhart Hauptmann walked out.[9] (This clown scene was later reworked by Heiner Müller in his Heartplay, 1981).[10] Despite the controversy, the production was a critical success.[11] Performances in Vienna, Munich, Mainz, Dresden, Breslau and Frankfurt followed.[12] Schott Music published Lehrstück the same year with Hindemith's score.","title":"Premiere"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton1992-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gebrauchsmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebrauchsmusik"},{"link_name":"Hausmusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausmusik"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Brecht almost immediately began revising, and took especial exception to Hindemith's performance notes sanctioning cuts. Brecht approached Schott directly and it was from the publisher that Hindemith learned of the demanded changes in the text, which he was not interested in setting to new music. Brecht's text was published in 1930 in volume two of his Versuche, and Schott was forced to take the score out of print.One disagreement concerned the suitability of the clown scene.[13] In two letters to his wife [14] Hindemith observed that the scene was better spoken than played [acted] and, later, that with neither clowns nor film \"the piece is beautiful and has the effect of an old classic.\" Brecht for his part objected to Hindemith's conception of Gebrauchsmusik which leaned toward Gemeinschaftsmusik or Hausmusik,[15] that is, communal music written for the use of the players, in the case of Lehrstück an orchestra of amateurs who were advised to freely make cuts according to circumstances.[16] While Brecht's conception of the Lehrstück form also aimed at engaging the participants, he naturally viewed the music's 'use' as incidental to the ideas in the play and criticised Hindemith's different end: \"the cellist in the orchestra, father of a numerous family, now began to play not from philosophical conviction but for pleasure. The culinary principle was saved.\"[17] Each dug in his heels and after a 1934 radio broadcast in Brussels neither allowed performances of the other's version. Brecht eventually published his revision in his Collected Plays but there were no public performances until a revival opened on 14 May 1958 in New York, nearly two years after Brecht's death.[18]","title":"From Lehrstück to The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The relation between these and the Lehrstück 'fragment' is not as straightforward as the table suggests. The first two are a simple splitting of Hindemith's #1, whereas Brecht's #3 is a merging of the original first and second investigations.","title":"Synopsis"}]
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[{"image_text":"Paul Hindemith, 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg/220px-Paul_Hindemith_1923.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Yemen
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Yemeni cuisine
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["1 Customs","2 Food preparation","3 Fruits and vegetables","4 Meat and dairy","5 Legumes","6 Yemeni dishes","6.1 Breakfast dishes","6.2 Lunch dishes","7 National dish","8 Yemeni bread varieties","8.1 Other Yemeni grain dishes","9 Spices","10 Desserts and sweets","10.1 Honey","11 Beverages","12 See also","13 References"]
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Culinary traditions of Yemen
Part of a series on theCulture of Yemen
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Yemen portalvte
Location of Yemen
Yemeni cuisine is distinct from the wider Middle Eastern cuisines, but with a degree of regional variation. Although some foreign influences are evident in some regions of the country (with Ottoman influences showing in Sanaa, while Indian influence is evident in the southern areas around Aden and Mukalla), the Yemeni kitchen is based on similar foundations across the country.
Customs
The generous offering of food to guests is one of the customs in Yemeni culture, and a guest not accepting the offering is considered an insult. Meals are typically consumed while sitting on the floor or ground. Unlike the tradition in most Arab countries, lunch is the main meal of the day in Yemen, not dinner.
Food preparation
In Yemen, many kitchens have a tandoor (also called tannur), which is a round clay oven.
Fruits and vegetables
Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes are some of the staple fruits and vegetables in Yemen.
Meat and dairy
Homemade mandi is considered the national dish of Yemen; it is originally from the province of Hadhramaut, Yemen
Chicken, goat, and lamb are the staple meats in Yemen. They are eaten more often than beef. Fish is also eaten, especially in the coastal areas.
Cheese, butter, and other dairy products are less common in the Yemeni diet. Buttermilk, however, is enjoyed almost daily in some villages where it is most available. The most commonly used fats are vegetable oil and ghee used in savory dishes, while clarified butter, known as semn (سمن), is the choice of fat used in pastries.
Pork consumption is forbidden to Muslims in Yemen, in accordance with Islamic dietary laws.
Legumes
Broad beans are used in Yemeni dishes, such as bean salad. Lentils are also used in dishes such as stews.
Yemeni dishes
Breakfast dishes
Yemeni people prefer to have warm dishes in the morning. Typically, the meal consists of different types of pastries with a cup of Yemeni coffee or tea.
A more hearty meal often includes legumes, eggs, or even roasted meat or kebab, which is usually served with a type of bread either aside or as a sandwich. People in Yemen also make a breakfast dish that is made from lamb or beef liver, which is considered a bizarre delicacy to non-Yemenis.
A fatoot of fried bread with eggs
Dishes common at breakfast include fattah, fatoot, ful medames, mutabbaq, and shakshouka.
Lunch dishes
Unlike most countries and like Spain and Portugal, lunch is the main meal of the day in Yemen, not dinner. The largest amount of meat, poultry, and grains are consumed at lunch.
Jachnun served with oven-baked egg, fresh-grated tomato, and zhug
Dishes common at lunch include:
Aseed—a dish made from a cooked wheat-flour lump of dough, sometimes with added butter or honey
Fahsa—a Yemeni stew made from lamb cutlets with lamb broth
Kabsa is also known as machbūs in Arab countries in the Persian Gulf
Fattah—a dish made with pieces of fresh, toasted, grilled, or stale flatbread covered with other ingredients
Haneeth—a slow-roasted lamb dish cooked in a tannour with a spice rub, usually served on a plate of rice
Harees—boiled, cracked, or coarsely ground wheat, mixed with meat and seasoned
A dry preparation of lamb thareed
Jachnun—a Yemenite Jewish pastry, traditionally served on Shabbat morning
Kabsa—a mixed rice dish, served on a communal platter
Komroh—made with fava beans, garlic, ghee, black pepper, and salt
Mandi—meat and rice with a special blend of spices, cooked in a pit underground
Samak mofa- Yemeni style grilled fish
Shafut— typically made with lahoh (a sourdough flatbread) or shredded bread, hakeen (traditional buttermilk) or yogurt, zhug, and leek
Shawiyah- Yemeni style rotisserie chicken
Thareed—pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth
Zhug/skhug — a spicy green sauce made of fresh herbs, garlic, chilies, olive oil, lemon, and freshly ground spices.
Zurbiyan—a dish made with lamb, rice, and saffron
National dish
After Yemen united in 1990, both North and South Yemen had similar cuisines. Despite its regional variations, saltah is considered to be the national dish of Yemen. The most common dishes consumed all over Yemen are made with rice and lamb.
There are many ways of preparing lamb in Yemen. In general though, the lamb is usually bone-in large chunks. It can be boiled in its broth and called maraq, it can be roasted in an oven like haneeth, or underground like mandi.
Yemeni bread varieties
Lahuh
Breads are an integral part of Yemeni cuisine, most of which are prepared from local grains. Unleavened flatbreads are common. Ṣalūf, a flatbread made from wheat flour, is the most common of all breadstuffs. The dough is allowed to ferment with ḫamīra (yeast) , while some would baste the surface of the dough with a prepared batch of unseasoned fenugreek (ḥilba) prior to baking. These were almost always baked at home in an earthenware oven called tannour (تنور) in Arabic, the size of each bread roughly being 2 cm (0.79 in) in thickness with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) to 30 cm (12 in).
Khobz al tawa, tameez, malooga, kader, kubane, fateer, kudam, khameer, and mulawah are also popular breads eaten in Yemen. Malooj, khubz, and khamir are popular homemade breads. Store-bought pita bread and roti (bread rolls like French bread) are also common.
Other Yemeni grain dishes
ʻAṣīṭ—sorghum meal, cornmeal, or green barley meal made into a thick paste after being boiled in water. Before eating, samneh or oil is added. Some eat ʻaṣīṭ during the afternoon meal (usually scooped up with one's fingers), where soup and meat are served, while others place it in the soup, along with ḥilba ("fenugreek dollop").
Harīš—a thick dish (groats), made with cracked wheat, 1⁄4–1⁄3 of the kernel's full size, known collectively as ğašūš. There are some who add samneh (clarified butter), honey or sugar to harīš.
In Yemen, harīš is usually eaten on cold winter mornings, and, because of perceived health benefits, is given to women during the first weeks after childbirth, also to the infirm, the weak, and the frail.
Similarly, harīs is a thick grain dish (groats), made with broken wheat, rice, lentils or beans, pre-cooked in water with an added fatty portion of meat or bone marrow, along with vegetables—spring onions (scallions), garlic, tomatoes, and more.
Maṭīṭ—a thin, farinaceous dish (porridge), made with ground wheat or barley (maṭīṭ šiʻīr), drunk with samneh, and occasionally with grated onions or sweet marjoram, which gives it a bitter taste.
Našūf—a thin, grain-based dish (porridge), made with broken wheat, cooked with either samneh, sugar or honey, and sipped from a bowl, usually for breakfast. Villagers cook našūf with sour milk, adding zḥug (a hot cayenne-pepper sauce) for added flavoring, a dish known locally as našūf ʻalā zūm.
Spices
A spice mixture known as hawaij is employed in many Yemeni dishes. Hawaij includes aniseed, fennel seeds, ginger, and cardamom.
Yemeni cuisine is often prepared hot and spicy with the use of chili peppers, cumin, coriander seeds, turmeric, and other spices. Herbs such as fenugreek, mint, and cilantro are also used. Fenugreek is used as one of the main ingredients in the preparation of a paste or sauce called holba (also spelled hulba). A popular spice used in breads (including kubane and sabayah) is black cumin, which is also known by its Arabic name habasoda (habbat as sowda).
Desserts and sweets
Bint al-sahn (sabayah) is a sweet honey cake or bread from Yemeni cuisine. It is prepared from a dough with white flour, eggs, and yeast, which is then served dipped in a honey and butter mixture.
Other common desserts include fresh fruit (mangoes, bananas, grapes, etc.), baklawa, basbousa, kunafah, zalābiya, halwa, rawani, and masoob. Masoob is a banana-based dessert made from over-ripe bananas, ground flatbread, cream, cheese, dates, and honey.
Honey
In Yemen, honey is produced within the country, and is considered a delicacy. Locally produced honey is in high demand, and it is also considered as a status symbol in the country.
Beverages
Shahi haleeb (milk tea, served after qat), black tea (with cardamom, clove, or mint), qishr (coffee husks), qahwa (Arabic coffee), karkade (an infusion of dried hibiscus flowers), naqe'e al zabib (cold raisin drink), and diba'a (squash nectar) are examples of popular Yemeni drinks. Mango and guava juices are also popular.
Although coffee and tea are consumed throughout Yemen, coffee is the preferred drink in Sana'a, whereas black tea is the beverage of choice in Aden and Hadhramaut. Tea is consumed along with breakfast, after lunch (occasionally with sweets and pastries), and along with dinner. Popular flavorings include cloves with cardamom and mint. A drink made from coffee husks, called qishr, is also enjoyed.
Alcoholic beverages are considered improper due to cultural and religious reasons.
See also
Food portal
Arab cuisine
Halas (food)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Hestler, Anna; Spilling, Jo-Ann (2009). Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 125–131. ISBN 978-0761448501.
^ a b c d e Etheredge, Laura (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-1615303359.
^ a b c d e f Salloum, Habeeb (2014). Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond. Habeeb Salloum. pp. 154–162. ISBN 978-1591521341.
^ "Spicy Skhug Sauce (Zhug, Shug or Zhoug)". 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
^ Avshalom Mizrachi, The Yemenite Cuisine, First published in Bat-Teman (Heb. "Daughter of Yemen"), edited by Shalom Seri, Tel-Aviv 1993, p. 96 (Hebrew)
^ Qafih, Y. (1982). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 207. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860., s.v. צלוף
^ Avshalom Mizrachi, "The Yemenite Cuisine", in: Ascending the Palm Tree – An Anthology of the Yemenite Jewish Heritage, Rachel Yedid & Danny Bar-Maoz (ed.), E'ele BeTamar: Rehovot 2018, p. 135 OCLC 1041776317
^ a b Avshalom Mizrachi, The Yemenite Cuisine, first published in Bat-Teman (Heb. "Daughter of Yemen"), edited by Shalom Seri, Tel-Aviv 1993, p. 99 (Hebrew)
^ Avshalom Mizrachi, The Yemenite Cuisine, first published in Bat-Teman (Heb. "Daughter of Yemen"), edited by Shalom Seri, Tel-Aviv 1993, p. 98 (Hebrew)
^ Avshalom Mizrachi, The Yemenite Cuisine, first published in Bat-Teman (Heb. "Daughter of Yemen"), edited by Shalom Seri, Tel-Aviv 1993, pp. 98–99 (Hebrew)
^ "Revani (Ravani) cake recipe". 20 July 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationYemen.PNG"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern cuisines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Sanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Mukalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukalla"}],"text":"Location of YemenYemeni cuisine is distinct from the wider Middle Eastern cuisines, but with a degree of regional variation. Although some foreign influences are evident in some regions of the country (with Ottoman influences showing in Sanaa, while Indian influence is evident in the southern areas around Aden and Mukalla), the Yemeni kitchen is based on similar foundations across the country.","title":"Yemeni cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemeni culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"}],"text":"The generous offering of food to guests is one of the customs in Yemeni culture, and a guest not accepting the offering is considered an insult.[1] Meals are typically consumed while sitting on the floor or ground. Unlike the tradition in most Arab countries, lunch is the main meal of the day in Yemen, not dinner.[1]","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tandoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"}],"text":"In Yemen, many kitchens have a tandoor (also called tannur), which is a round clay oven.[1]","title":"Food preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etheredge-2"}],"text":"Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes are some of the staple fruits and vegetables in Yemen.[2]","title":"Fruits and vegetables"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandi.PNG"},{"link_name":"mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_(food)"},{"link_name":"Hadhramaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut"},{"link_name":"Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_(food)"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_meat"},{"link_name":"lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton"},{"link_name":"meats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etheredge-2"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)"},{"link_name":"Cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese"},{"link_name":"butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter"},{"link_name":"dairy products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product"},{"link_name":"Buttermilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk"},{"link_name":"fats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat"},{"link_name":"vegetable oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil"},{"link_name":"ghee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghee"},{"link_name":"clarified butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarified_butter"},{"link_name":"semn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smen"},{"link_name":"pastries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry"},{"link_name":"Islamic dietary laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws"}],"text":"Homemade mandi is considered the national dish of Yemen; it is originally from the province of Hadhramaut, YemenChicken, goat, and lamb are the staple meats in Yemen.[2] They are eaten more often than beef. Fish is also eaten, especially in the coastal areas.Cheese, butter, and other dairy products are less common in the Yemeni diet. Buttermilk, however, is enjoyed almost daily in some villages where it is most available. The most commonly used fats are vegetable oil and ghee used in savory dishes, while clarified butter, known as semn (سمن), is the choice of fat used in pastries.Pork consumption is forbidden to Muslims in Yemen, in accordance with Islamic dietary laws.","title":"Meat and dairy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broad beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba"},{"link_name":"bean salad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_salad"},{"link_name":"Lentils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentil"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"}],"text":"Broad beans are used in Yemeni dishes, such as bean salad. Lentils are also used in dishes such as stews.[3]","title":"Legumes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Yemeni dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"kebab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fatut.jpg"},{"link_name":"fatoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoot"},{"link_name":"fattah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatteh"},{"link_name":"fatoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"},{"link_name":"ful medames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ful_medames"},{"link_name":"mutabbaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak"},{"link_name":"shakshouka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakshouka"}],"sub_title":"Breakfast dishes","text":"Yemeni people prefer to have warm dishes in the morning. Typically, the meal consists of different types of pastries with a cup of Yemeni coffee or tea.A more hearty meal often includes legumes, eggs, or even roasted meat or kebab, which is usually served with a type of bread either aside or as a sandwich. People in Yemen also make a breakfast dish that is made from lamb or beef liver, which is considered a bizarre delicacy to non-Yemenis.A fatoot of fried bread with eggsDishes common at breakfast include fattah, fatoot,[3] ful medames, mutabbaq, and shakshouka.","title":"Yemeni dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jachnun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseed"},{"link_name":"Fahsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Machboos.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arab countries in the Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Fattah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatteh"},{"link_name":"Haneeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haneeth"},{"link_name":"Harees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LambTharid1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jachnun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jachnun"},{"link_name":"Shabbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat"},{"link_name":"Kabsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabsa"},{"link_name":"Mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_(food)"},{"link_name":"Shafut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafoot"},{"link_name":"lahoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahoh"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"yogurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt"},{"link_name":"zhug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhug"},{"link_name":"leek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek"},{"link_name":"Thareed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharid"},{"link_name":"Zhug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhug"},{"link_name":"skhug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skhug"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Lunch dishes","text":"Unlike most countries and like Spain and Portugal, lunch is the main meal of the day in Yemen, not dinner. The largest amount of meat, poultry, and grains are consumed at lunch.Jachnun served with oven-baked egg, fresh-grated tomato, and zhugDishes common at lunch include:Aseed—a dish made from a cooked wheat-flour lump of dough, sometimes with added butter or honey\nFahsa—a Yemeni stew made from lamb cutlets with lamb brothKabsa is also known as machbūs in Arab countries in the Persian GulfFattah—a dish made with pieces of fresh, toasted, grilled, or stale flatbread covered with other ingredients\nHaneeth—a slow-roasted lamb dish cooked in a tannour with a spice rub, usually served on a plate of rice\nHarees—boiled, cracked, or coarsely ground wheat, mixed with meat and seasonedA dry preparation of lamb thareedJachnun—a Yemenite Jewish pastry, traditionally served on Shabbat morning\nKabsa—a mixed rice dish, served on a communal platter\nKomroh—made with fava beans, garlic, ghee, black pepper, and salt\nMandi—meat and rice with a special blend of spices, cooked in a pit underground\nSamak mofa- Yemeni style grilled fish\nShafut— typically made with lahoh (a sourdough flatbread) or shredded bread, hakeen[clarification needed] (traditional buttermilk) or yogurt, zhug, and leek\nShawiyah- Yemeni style rotisserie chicken\nThareed—pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth\nZhug/skhug — a spicy green sauce made of fresh herbs, garlic, chilies, olive oil, lemon, and freshly ground spices.[4]\nZurbiyan—a dish made with lamb, rice, and saffron","title":"Yemeni dishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saltah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltah"},{"link_name":"national dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish"},{"link_name":"maraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraq_(dish)"},{"link_name":"haneeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haneeth"},{"link_name":"mandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandi_(food)"}],"text":"After Yemen united in 1990, both North and South Yemen had similar cuisines. Despite its regional variations, saltah is considered to be the national dish of Yemen. The most common dishes consumed all over Yemen are made with rice and lamb.There are many ways of preparing lamb in Yemen. In general though, the lamb is usually bone-in large chunks. It can be boiled in its broth and called maraq, it can be roasted in an oven like haneeth, or underground like mandi.","title":"National dish"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LahohS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"flatbreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbread"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etheredge-2"},{"link_name":"fenugreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"earthenware oven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_clay_oven"},{"link_name":"tannour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"malooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malooga"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"kubane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaneh"},{"link_name":"fateer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteer_meshaltet"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"mulawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khubz_mulawah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"khubz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khubz"},{"link_name":"pita bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita"},{"link_name":"roti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roti"},{"link_name":"French bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguette"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Yemeni_cuisine#Dubious"}],"text":"LahuhBreads are an integral part of Yemeni cuisine, most of which are prepared from local grains.[1] Unleavened flatbreads are common.[2] Ṣalūf, a flatbread made from wheat flour, is the most common of all breadstuffs. The dough is allowed to ferment with ḫamīra (yeast) , while some would baste the surface of the dough with a prepared batch of unseasoned fenugreek (ḥilba) prior to baking.[5] These were almost always baked at home in an earthenware oven called tannour (تنور) in Arabic, the size of each bread roughly being 2 cm (0.79 in) in thickness with a diameter of 20 cm (7.9 in) to 30 cm (12 in).[6]Khobz al tawa, tameez, malooga, kader[clarification needed], kubane, fateer, kudam[clarification needed], khameer, and mulawah[1] are also popular breads eaten in Yemen. Malooj, khubz, and khamir are popular homemade breads. Store-bought pita bread and roti (bread rolls like French bread[dubious – discuss]) are also common.","title":"Yemeni bread varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ʻAṣīṭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseed"},{"link_name":"sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"},{"link_name":"cornmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornmeal"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ḥilba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbah"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMizrachi1993-8"},{"link_name":"Harīš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harees"},{"link_name":"groats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groats"},{"link_name":"clarified butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarified_butter"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMizrachi1993-8"},{"link_name":"zḥug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhug"},{"link_name":"cayenne-pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayenne_pepper"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Other Yemeni grain dishes","text":"ʻAṣīṭ—sorghum meal, cornmeal, or green barley meal made into a thick paste after being boiled in water.[7] Before eating, samneh or oil is added. Some eat ʻaṣīṭ during the afternoon meal (usually scooped up with one's fingers), where soup and meat are served, while others place it in the soup, along with ḥilba (\"fenugreek dollop\").[8]\nHarīš—a thick dish (groats), made with cracked wheat, 1⁄4–1⁄3 of the kernel's full size, known collectively as ğašūš. There are some who add samneh (clarified butter), honey or sugar to harīš.In Yemen, harīš is usually eaten on cold winter mornings, and, because of perceived health benefits, is given to women during the first weeks after childbirth, also to the infirm, the weak, and the frail. \nSimilarly, harīs is a thick grain dish (groats), made with broken wheat, rice, lentils or beans, pre-cooked in water with an added fatty portion of meat or bone marrow, along with vegetables—spring onions (scallions), garlic, tomatoes, and more.[9]Maṭīṭ—a thin, farinaceous dish (porridge), made with ground wheat or barley (maṭīṭ šiʻīr), drunk with samneh, and occasionally with grated onions or sweet marjoram, which gives it a bitter taste.[8]\nNašūf—a thin, grain-based dish (porridge), made with broken wheat, cooked with either samneh, sugar or honey, and sipped from a bowl, usually for breakfast. Villagers cook našūf with sour milk, adding zḥug (a hot cayenne-pepper sauce) for added flavoring, a dish known locally as našūf ʻalā zūm.[10]","title":"Yemeni bread varieties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hawaij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaij"},{"link_name":"aniseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniseed"},{"link_name":"fennel seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel_seed"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"chili peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper"},{"link_name":"cumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumin"},{"link_name":"coriander seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander#Fruits"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"},{"link_name":"fenugreek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenugreek"},{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha"},{"link_name":"cilantro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander#Leaves"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"},{"link_name":"kubane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubaneh"},{"link_name":"sabayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bint_Al-Sahn"},{"link_name":"black cumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cumin"}],"text":"A spice mixture known as hawaij is employed in many Yemeni dishes. Hawaij includes aniseed, fennel seeds, ginger, and cardamom.Yemeni cuisine is often prepared hot and spicy with the use of chili peppers, cumin, coriander seeds, turmeric, and other spices.[3] Herbs such as fenugreek, mint, and cilantro are also used.[3] Fenugreek is used as one of the main ingredients in the preparation of a paste or sauce called holba (also spelled hulba).[3] A popular spice used in breads (including kubane and sabayah) is black cumin, which is also known by its Arabic name habasoda (habbat as sowda).","title":"Spices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bint al-sahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bint_al-sahn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salloum-3"},{"link_name":"white flour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"mangoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"baklawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baklava"},{"link_name":"basbousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basbousa"},{"link_name":"kunafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knafeh"},{"link_name":"zalābiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalabiyeh"},{"link_name":"halwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halva"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"masoob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoob"},{"link_name":"bananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana"},{"link_name":"flatbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbread"},{"link_name":"cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream"},{"link_name":"dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_(fruit)"}],"text":"Bint al-sahn (sabayah) is a sweet honey cake or bread from Yemeni cuisine.[1][3] It is prepared from a dough with white flour, eggs, and yeast, which is then served dipped in a honey and butter mixture.[1]Other common desserts include fresh fruit (mangoes, bananas, grapes, etc.), baklawa, basbousa, kunafah, zalābiya, halwa, rawani,[11] and masoob. Masoob is a banana-based dessert made from over-ripe bananas, ground flatbread, cream, cheese, dates, and honey.","title":"Desserts and sweets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"},{"link_name":"status symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_symbol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yemen-1"}],"sub_title":"Honey","text":"In Yemen, honey is produced within the country, and is considered a delicacy.[1] Locally produced honey is in high demand, and it is also considered as a status symbol in the country.[1]","title":"Desserts and sweets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shahi haleeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_haleeb"},{"link_name":"milk tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_tea"},{"link_name":"qat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khat"},{"link_name":"black tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea"},{"link_name":"cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"clove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove"},{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha"},{"link_name":"qishr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qishr"},{"link_name":"qahwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_coffee"},{"link_name":"karkade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkade"},{"link_name":"naqe'e al zabib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqe%27e_Al_Zabib"},{"link_name":"Mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"guava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guava"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etheredge-2"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"black tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tea"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"},{"link_name":"Hadhramaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut"},{"link_name":"cloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove"},{"link_name":"cardamom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom"},{"link_name":"mint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Etheredge-2"}],"text":"Shahi haleeb (milk tea, served after qat), black tea (with cardamom, clove, or mint), qishr (coffee husks), qahwa (Arabic coffee), karkade (an infusion of dried hibiscus flowers), naqe'e al zabib (cold raisin drink), and diba'a (squash nectar) are examples of popular Yemeni drinks. Mango and guava juices are also popular.Although coffee and tea are consumed throughout Yemen,[2] coffee is the preferred drink in Sana'a, whereas black tea is the beverage of choice in Aden and Hadhramaut. Tea is consumed along with breakfast, after lunch (occasionally with sweets and pastries), and along with dinner. Popular flavorings include cloves with cardamom and mint. A drink made from coffee husks, called qishr, is also enjoyed.Alcoholic beverages are considered improper due to cultural and religious reasons.[2]","title":"Beverages"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Yemen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/LocationYemen.PNG/220px-LocationYemen.PNG"},{"image_text":"Homemade mandi is considered the national dish of Yemen; it is originally from the province of Hadhramaut, Yemen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mandi.PNG/220px-Mandi.PNG"},{"image_text":"A fatoot of fried bread with eggs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fatut.jpg/220px-Fatut.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jachnun served with oven-baked egg, fresh-grated tomato, and zhug","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jachnun.jpg/220px-Jachnun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kabsa is also known as machbūs in Arab countries in the Persian Gulf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Machboos.JPG/220px-Machboos.JPG"},{"image_text":"A dry preparation of lamb thareed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/LambTharid1.jpg/220px-LambTharid1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lahuh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LahohS.jpg/220px-LahohS.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Arab cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_cuisine"},{"title":"Halas (food)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halas_(food)"}]
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[{"reference":"Hestler, Anna; Spilling, Jo-Ann (2009). Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 125–131. ISBN 978-0761448501.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA125","url_text":"Yemen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761448501","url_text":"978-0761448501"}]},{"reference":"Etheredge, Laura (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-1615303359.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=06XnUbJW6EMC&pg=PA111","url_text":"Saudi Arabia and Yemen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615303359","url_text":"978-1615303359"}]},{"reference":"Salloum, Habeeb (2014). Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond. Habeeb Salloum. pp. 154–162. ISBN 978-1591521341.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_cRKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","url_text":"Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591521341","url_text":"978-1591521341"}]},{"reference":"\"Spicy Skhug Sauce (Zhug, Shug or Zhoug)\". 2022-09-16. Retrieved 2023-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://jamilghar.com/skhug/","url_text":"\"Spicy Skhug Sauce (Zhug, Shug or Zhoug)\""}]},{"reference":"Qafih, Y. (1982). Halichot Teman (Jewish Life in Sanà) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. p. 207. ISBN 965-17-0137-4. OCLC 863513860.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih","url_text":"Qafih, Y."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben-Zvi_Institute","url_text":"Ben-Zvi Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-17-0137-4","url_text":"965-17-0137-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860","url_text":"863513860"}]},{"reference":"\"Revani (Ravani) cake recipe\". 20 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://amiraspantry.com/egyptian-rawani-cake/","url_text":"\"Revani (Ravani) cake recipe\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNJiTaTaEocC&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Yemen"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=06XnUbJW6EMC&pg=PA111","external_links_name":"Saudi Arabia and Yemen"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_cRKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154","external_links_name":"Asian Cooking Made Simple: A Culinary Journey along the Silk Road and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://jamilghar.com/skhug/","external_links_name":"\"Spicy Skhug Sauce (Zhug, Shug or Zhoug)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/863513860","external_links_name":"863513860"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041776317","external_links_name":"1041776317"},{"Link":"https://amiraspantry.com/egyptian-rawani-cake/","external_links_name":"\"Revani (Ravani) cake recipe\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560347505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85031929","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chat_(film)
|
Le Chat (film)
|
["1 Cast","2 Awards","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1971 film
Le ChatFilm posterDirected byPierre Granier-DeferreWritten byPierre Granier-DeferrePascal JardinGeorges SimenonProduced byRaymond DanonMaurice JacquinStarringJean GabinSimone SignoretAnnie CordyCinematographyWalter WottitzEdited byNino BaragliMusic byPhilippe SardeRelease date
24 April 1971 (1971-04-24)
Running time86 minutesCountriesFranceItalyLanguageFrenchBudget$6.2 million
Le Chat (, "The Cat") is a 1971 French-language drama film directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre and based on Georges Simenon's 1967 novel The Cat. It recounts the story of an elderly married couple, Julien Bouin, a former typographist, and his wife Clemence, who used to perform in a circus, who have been loathing each other for years. They hardly talk to each other in their small house, soon to be demolished. Their only form of communication being occasional notes on scraps of paper. A stray cat being the only one he still gives affection to, the cat becomes the object of Clemence's anger. However, they are soon to understand that they cannot live without each other. The storyline of The Cat is speculated to have originated from Georges Simenon's difficult relationship with his mother.
Cast
Jean Gabin as Julien Bouin
Simone Signoret as Clémence Bouin
Annie Cordy as Nelly, owner of a Florida hotel
Jacques Rispal as Le docteur / Doctor
Nicole Desailly as L'infirmière / Nurse
Harry-Max as Le retraité / Retiree
André Rouyer as Le délégué / Delegate
Carlo Nell as L'agent immobilier / Real-estate agent
Yves Barsacq as L'architecte / Architect
Florence Haguenauer as Germaine
Renate Birgo as La crémière / Dairywoman
Ermanno Casanova as Le patron du café / Café owner (as Ermano Casanova)
Georges Mansart as Le garçon à la moto / Boy on a motorcycle
Isabel del Río as La fille à la moto / Girl on a motorcycle
Awards
21st Berlin International Film Festival
Silver Bear for Best Actress (Simone Signoret - won)
Silver Bear for Best Actor (Jean Gabin - won)
Golden Bear (nominated)
References
^ "Le Chat". jpbox-office. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
^ "Encres Vagabondes". www.encres-vagabondes.com (in French). Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ "Berlinale 1971: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
External links
Le Chat at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
La Métamorphose des cloportes
La Horse
Le Chat
The Widow Couderc
The Train
Creezy
The French Detective
A Woman at Her Window
The Medic
Strange Affair
L'Étoile du Nord
L'Autrichienne
The Voice
This article related to a French film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an Italian film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lə ʃa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Pierre Granier-Deferre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Granier-Deferre"},{"link_name":"Georges Simenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Simenon"},{"link_name":"The Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cat_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Le Chat ([lə ʃa], \"The Cat\") is a 1971 French-language drama film directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre and based on Georges Simenon's 1967 novel The Cat.[2] It recounts the story of an elderly married couple, Julien Bouin, a former typographist, and his wife Clemence, who used to perform in a circus, who have been loathing each other for years. They hardly talk to each other in their small house, soon to be demolished. Their only form of communication being occasional notes on scraps of paper. A stray cat being the only one he still gives affection to, the cat becomes the object of Clemence's anger. However, they are soon to understand that they cannot live without each other. The storyline of The Cat is speculated to have originated from Georges Simenon's difficult relationship with his mother.","title":"Le Chat (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"Simone Signoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Signoret"},{"link_name":"Annie Cordy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Cordy"},{"link_name":"Jacques Rispal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Rispal"},{"link_name":"Nicole Desailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Desailly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry-Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry-Max"},{"link_name":"André Rouyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouyer"},{"link_name":"Carlo Nell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Nell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yves Barsacq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Barsacq"},{"link_name":"Florence Haguenauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Haguenauer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renate Birgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renate_Birgo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ermanno Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ermanno_Casanova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georges Mansart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Mansart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isabel del Río","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabel_del_R%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Jean Gabin as Julien Bouin\nSimone Signoret as Clémence Bouin\nAnnie Cordy as Nelly, owner of a Florida hotel\nJacques Rispal as Le docteur / Doctor\nNicole Desailly as L'infirmière / Nurse\nHarry-Max as Le retraité / Retiree\nAndré Rouyer as Le délégué / Delegate\nCarlo Nell as L'agent immobilier / Real-estate agent\nYves Barsacq as L'architecte / Architect\nFlorence Haguenauer as Germaine\nRenate Birgo as La crémière / Dairywoman\nErmanno Casanova as Le patron du café / Café owner (as Ermano Casanova)\nGeorges Mansart as Le garçon à la moto / Boy on a motorcycle\nIsabel del Río as La fille à la moto / Girl on a motorcycle","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21st Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinale_1971-3"},{"link_name":"Silver Bear for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Simone Signoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Signoret"},{"link_name":"Silver Bear for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Jean Gabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gabin"},{"link_name":"Golden Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear"}],"text":"21st Berlin International Film Festival[3]\nSilver Bear for Best Actress (Simone Signoret - won)\nSilver Bear for Best Actor (Jean Gabin - won)\nGolden Bear (nominated)","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Le Chat\". jpbox-office. Retrieved 9 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=8805","url_text":"\"Le Chat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Encres Vagabondes\". www.encres-vagabondes.com (in French). Retrieved 9 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encres-vagabondes.com/livredvd/simenon.htm","url_text":"\"Encres Vagabondes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlinale 1971: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 14 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1971/03_preistr_ger_1971/03_Preistraeger_1971.html","url_text":"\"Berlinale 1971: Prize Winners\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=8805","external_links_name":"\"Le Chat\""},{"Link":"http://www.encres-vagabondes.com/livredvd/simenon.htm","external_links_name":"\"Encres Vagabondes\""},{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1971/03_preistr_ger_1971/03_Preistraeger_1971.html","external_links_name":"\"Berlinale 1971: Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066906/","external_links_name":"Le Chat"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Chat_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Chat_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hart_(cricketer)
|
Richard Hart (cricketer)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
English cricketer
Richard HartPersonal informationFull nameRichard Joseph HartBorn (1967-12-07) 7 December 1967 (age 56)Beckenham, Kent, EnglandBattingLeft-handedBowlingSlow left-arm orthodoxDomestic team information
YearsTeam1987–1988Cambridge University
Career statistics
Competition
First-class
Matches
9
Runs scored
53
Batting average
4.41
100s/50s
–/–
Top score
12
Balls bowled
1,400
Wickets
13
Bowling average
54.46
5 wickets in innings
–
10 wickets in match
–
Best bowling
4/66
Catches/stumpings
1/–Source: Cricinfo, 10 January 2022
Richard Joseph Hart (born 7 December 1967) is an English former first-class cricketer.
Hart was born at Beckenham in December 1967. He was educated at Eltham College, before going up to Caius College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1987 and 1988, making nine appearances. Playing as a slow left-arm orthodox bowler, he took 13 wickets at an average of 54.56, with best figures of 4 for 66. As a lower order batsman, he scored 53 runs with a highest score of 12.
References
^ The Cambridge University List of Members for the Year 1991. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 591.
^ "First-Class Matches played by Richard Hart". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ "First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Richard Hart". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ "First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Richard Hart". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
External links
Richard Hart at ESPNcricinfo
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Cambridge University List of Members for the Year 1991. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 591.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=05AcAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Cambridge University List of Members for the Year 1991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Matches played by Richard Hart\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/First-Class_Matches.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Matches played by Richard Hart\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Richard Hart\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/f_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Richard Hart\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Richard Hart\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/f_Batting_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Richard Hart\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/14595.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=05AcAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Cambridge University List of Members for the Year 1991"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/First-Class_Matches.html","external_links_name":"\"First-Class Matches played by Richard Hart\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/f_Bowling_by_Team.html","external_links_name":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Richard Hart\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30023/f_Batting_by_Team.html","external_links_name":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Richard Hart\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/14595.html","external_links_name":"Richard Hart"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_(electoral_division)
|
Paddington (electoral division)
|
["1 History","2 Elections","2.1 1973 election","2.2 1977 election","2.3 1981 election","2.4 1984 by-election","3 References"]
|
Electoral division in Greater London, 1973–1986
PaddingtonFormer electoral divisionfor the Greater London CouncilPaddington electoral division boundariesDistrictWestminsterElectorate60,436 (1973)56,406 (1977)54,168 (1981)53,700 (1984)Major settlementsPaddingtonArea521 hectares (5.21 km2)Former electoral divisionCreated1973Abolished1986Member(s)1Created fromWestminster and the City of London
Paddington was an electoral division for the purposes of elections to the Greater London Council. The constituency elected one councillor for a four-year term in 1973, 1977 and 1981, with the final term extended for an extra year ahead of the abolition of the Greater London Council. Ken Livingstone, the leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 to 1986, was elected from the division in 1981 and at a by-election in 1984.
History
It was planned to use the same boundaries as the Westminster Parliament constituencies for election of councillors to the Greater London Council (GLC), as had been the practice for elections to the predecessor London County Council, but those that existed in 1965 crossed the Greater London boundary. Until new constituencies could be settled, the 32 London boroughs were used as electoral areas. The City of Westminster was joined with the City of London for this purpose, creating a constituency called Westminster and the City of London. This was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1964, 1967 and 1970.
The new constituencies were settled following the Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and the new electoral division matched the boundaries of the Paddington parliamentary constituency.
The area was in a long-term period of population decline that was yet to reverse. The electorate reduced from 60,436 in 1973 to 53,700 in 1984. It covered an area of 521 hectares (5.21 km2).
Elections
The Paddington constituency was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1973, 1977 and 1981. One councillor was elected at each election using first-past-the-post voting. Ken Livingstone, who was elected from the constituency in 1981, was Leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 to 1986. He was previously elected to represent Norwood in 1973 and Hackney North and Stoke Newington in 1977.
1973 election
The fourth election to the GLC (and first using revised boundaries) was held on 12 April 1973. The electorate was 60,436 and one Labour Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 33.1%. The councillor was elected for a three-year term. This was extended for an extra year in 1976 when the electoral cycle was switched to four-yearly.
1973 Greater London Council election: Paddington
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
J. Merriton
11,085
Conservative
H. H. Sandford
7,101
Liberal
J. H. Gover
1,609
Independent
D. J. B. Morgan
172
Turnout
Labour win (new seat)
1977 election
The fifth election to the GLC (and second using revised boundaries) was held on 5 May 1977. The electorate was 56,406 and one Conservative Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 39.7%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term.
1977 Greater London Council election: Paddington
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
P. M. Kirwan
11,437
Labour
J. Merriton
8,990
National Front
R. A. Martin
879
Liberal
Z. G. Kronbergs
712
GLC Abolitionist Campaign
H. M. Lye
284
Turnout
Conservative gain from Labour
Swing
1981 election
The sixth and final election to the GLC (and third using revised boundaries) was held on 7 May 1981. The electorate was 54,168 and one Labour Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 43.8%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term, extended by an extra year by the Local Government (Interim Provisions) Act 1984, ahead of the abolition of the council.
1981 Greater London Council election: Paddington
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Kenneth Robert Livingstone
11,864
Conservative
Patricia Mary Kirwan
8,467
Social Democratic Alliance
James Spillius
1,845
Liberal
Alastair John Brett
1,135
National Front
William T. Acton
237
Save London Action Group
David P. Green
109
Turnout
Labour gain from Conservative
Swing
1984 by-election
A by-election was held on 20 September 1984, following the resignation of Ken Livingstone. The by-election coincided with others in Edmonton, Hayes and Harlington and Lewisham West.
The electorate was 53,700 and one Labour Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 29.6%.
Paddington by-election, 1984
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Kenneth Robert Livingstone
12,414
Liberal
Stephen J Harris
2,729
Conservative, Anti-Common Market
R. Simmerson
287
Abolish the GLC
S. Banks
226
National Front
Roger L Denny
123
Reform schools
G. Clerick
55
Gaitskellite Labour
P. Nealton
45
Turnout
Labour hold
Swing
References
^ "The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 20 June 1972. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 12 April 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 5 May 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ "Greater London Council Election" (PDF). 7 May 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
^ Boothroyd, David. "Greater London Council Election results: Cities of London and Westminster". United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^ "The London Councillors Order 1976" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 17 February 1976. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ "Appendix B By-elections for Greater London councillors, May 1981 to May 1986" (PDF). London Datastore. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^ Clayton, Hugh (21 September 1984). "Livingstone poll win denounced as 'stunt'". The Times. No. 61942. London, England.
vteGreater London CouncilElections
1964
1967
1970
1973
1977
1981
By-elections
Members
Chairmen
Committee chairs
Members
Leadership
Bill Fiske
Desmond Plummer
Reg Goodwin
Horace Cutler
Ken Livingstone
Electoral divisions (1965–1973)
Barking
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Hackney
Hammersmith
Haringey
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Southwark
Sutton
Tower Hamlets
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
Westminster and the City of London
Electoral divisions (1973–1986)
Acton
Barking
Battersea North
Battersea South
Beckenham
Bermondsey
Bethnal Green and Bow
Bexleyheath
Brent East
Brent North
Brent South
Brentford and Isleworth
Carshalton
Chelsea
Chingford
Chipping Barnet
Chislehurst
City of London and Westminster South
Croydon Central
Croydon North East
Croydon North West
Croydon South
Dagenham
Deptford
Dulwich
Ealing North
Edmonton
Enfield North
Erith and Crayford
Feltham and Heston
Finchley
Fulham
Greenwich
Hackney Central
Hackney North and Stoke Newington
Hackney South and Shoreditch
Hammersmith North
Hampstead
Harrow Central
Harrow East
Harrow West
Hayes and Harlington
Hendon North
Hendon South
Holborn and St Pancras South
Hornchurch
Hornsey
Ilford North
Ilford South
Islington Central
Islington North
Islington South and Finsbury
Kensington
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth Central
Lewisham East
Lewisham West
Leyton
Mitcham and Morden
Newham North East
Newham North West
Newham South
Norwood
Orpington
Paddington
Peckham
Putney
Ravensbourne
Richmond
Romford
Ruislip-Northwood
St Marylebone
St Pancras North
Sidcup
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Uxbridge
Vauxhall
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Other topics
County Hall
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"Ken Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Livingstone"}],"text":"Paddington was an electoral division for the purposes of elections to the Greater London Council. The constituency elected one councillor for a four-year term in 1973, 1977 and 1981, with the final term extended for an extra year ahead of the abolition of the Greater London Council. Ken Livingstone, the leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 to 1986, was elected from the division in 1981 and at a by-election in 1984.","title":"Paddington (electoral division)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Westminster and the City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_and_the_City_of_London_(electoral_division)"},{"link_name":"Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Periodic_Review_of_Westminster_constituencies"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It was planned to use the same boundaries as the Westminster Parliament constituencies for election of councillors to the Greater London Council (GLC), as had been the practice for elections to the predecessor London County Council, but those that existed in 1965 crossed the Greater London boundary. Until new constituencies could be settled, the 32 London boroughs were used as electoral areas. The City of Westminster was joined with the City of London for this purpose, creating a constituency called Westminster and the City of London. This was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1964, 1967 and 1970.The new constituencies were settled following the Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies and the new electoral division matched the boundaries of the Paddington parliamentary constituency.[1]The area was in a long-term period of population decline that was yet to reverse. The electorate reduced from 60,436 in 1973 to 53,700 in 1984. It covered an area of 521 hectares (5.21 km2).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Greater_London_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Greater_London_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Greater_London_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ken Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Livingstone"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Greater London Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Greater_London_Council"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_(electoral_division)"},{"link_name":"Hackney North and Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_North_and_Stoke_Newington_(electoral_division)"}],"text":"The Paddington constituency was used for the Greater London Council elections in 1973,[2] 1977[3] and 1981.[4] One councillor was elected at each election using first-past-the-post voting.[5] Ken Livingstone, who was elected from the constituency in 1981, was Leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 to 1986. He was previously elected to represent Norwood in 1973 and Hackney North and Stoke Newington in 1977.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"1973 election","text":"The fourth election to the GLC (and first using revised boundaries) was held on 12 April 1973. The electorate was 60,436 and one Labour Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 33.1%. The councillor was elected for a three-year term. This was extended for an extra year in 1976 when the electoral cycle was switched to four-yearly.[6]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1977 election","text":"The fifth election to the GLC (and second using revised boundaries) was held on 5 May 1977. The electorate was 56,406 and one Conservative Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 39.7%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1981 election","text":"The sixth and final election to the GLC (and third using revised boundaries) was held on 7 May 1981. The electorate was 54,168 and one Labour Party councillor was elected. The turnout was 43.8%. The councillor was elected for a four-year term, extended by an extra year by the Local Government (Interim Provisions) Act 1984, ahead of the abolition of the council.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Edmonton_by-election"},{"link_name":"Hayes and Harlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Hayes_and_Harlington_by-election"},{"link_name":"Lewisham West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Lewisham_West_by-election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"1984 by-election","text":"A by-election was held on 20 September 1984, following the resignation of Ken Livingstone. The by-election coincided with others in Edmonton, Hayes and Harlington and Lewisham West.The electorate was 53,700 and one Labour Party councillor was elected.[7] The turnout was 29.6%.[8]","title":"Elections"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972\" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 20 June 1972. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/924/pdfs/uksi_19720924_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 12 April 1973. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822164806/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 5 May 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822160411/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greater London Council Election\" (PDF). 7 May 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822145946/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"url":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boothroyd, David. \"Greater London Council Election results: Cities of London and Westminster\". United Kingdom Election Results. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185944/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcct.html","url_text":"\"Greater London Council Election results: Cities of London and Westminster\""},{"url":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcct.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The London Councillors Order 1976\" (PDF). legislation.gov.uk. 17 February 1976. Retrieved 25 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1976/213/pdfs/uksi_19760213_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The London Councillors Order 1976\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix B By-elections for Greater London councillors, May 1981 to May 1986\" (PDF). London Datastore. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/ILEADE_1986-5-8.pdf","url_text":"\"Appendix B By-elections for Greater London councillors, May 1981 to May 1986\""}]},{"reference":"Clayton, Hugh (21 September 1984). \"Livingstone poll win denounced as 'stunt'\". The Times. No. 61942. London, England.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1972/924/pdfs/uksi_19720924_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Greater London (Electoral Areas) Order 1972\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822164806/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"Link":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1973-4-12.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822160411/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"Link":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1977-5-5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822145946/http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Greater London Council Election\""},{"Link":"http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/GLCE_1981-5-7.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185944/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcct.html","external_links_name":"\"Greater London Council Election results: Cities of London and Westminster\""},{"Link":"http://www.election.demon.co.uk/glc/glcct.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1976/213/pdfs/uksi_19760213_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The London Councillors Order 1976\""},{"Link":"https://londondatastore-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/ILEADE_1986-5-8.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Appendix B By-elections for Greater London councillors, May 1981 to May 1986\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimson
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Krimson
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["1 Debut","2 Biography and criminal record","3 Wealth","4 Nervous breakdowns","5 Appearances in spin-off series","6 Appearances in other media","7 Sources"]
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For the professional wrestler, see Krimson (wrestler).
Comics character
KrimsonPublication informationPublisherStandaard Uitgeverij (Belgium)First appearanceSuske en Wiske:Het Rijmende Paard (1963).Created byWilly Vandersteen
Krimson is a Flemish comic book character and the main antagonist in the Belgian comic strip series Suske en Wiske. He is a doctor, billionaire and supervillain who wants to take over the world.
Debut
Krimson made his debut in the album "Het Rijmende Paard" ("The Rhyming Horse" (1962-1963), in which he appears as a cranky millionaire with his own private chauffeur who nearly runs Suske and Wiske over with his car while the children try to cross a forest path on horseback. Later he sends the owner of their manège a threatening letter, signing it too. It's here that the audience first learns his name. When Suske and Wiske tell Tante Sidonia and Lambik about Krimson Lambik happens to have heard from him. In fact, he panics and tells them "he is the biggest criminal in the world." Later in the story Krimson becomes the protagonists' major opponent when he tries to catch the Rhyming Horse to use it for smuggling, but is defeated when his plane crashes. In the same story Krimson's dependence on pills and butler Achiel are introduced.
Krimson's physical appearance was based on a man, Henri Vinoelst, who often visited the manège where Vandersteen's daughter was a regular customer. Initially he resembled Vinoelst so much that the man complained about being misrepresented. As a result, Vandersteen was forced to make him less recognizable by stylizing Vinoelst's features and giving Krimson a goatee.
Krimson returned in "De Sissende Sampan" ("The Hissing Sampan") (1963), where it turns out he exploits children in Hong Kong as child laborers on local papaver fields for drug trafficking. However, this is only revealed on the next to final page when he explains that he survived the plane crash in the previous story. He ends up in jail, but in the next story, "Het Zoemende Ei" ("The Buzzing Egg") (1964) he escapes and tries to gain the mysterious Buzzing Egg, an extraterrestrial artefact which crash landed in the Brazilian jungle. The Egg eventually turns out to be a robot who will solve all of man's conflicts on Earth and bring world peace. Krimson is so humbled that he gives the robot a bouquet, but it turns out to be a bomb. To him war means money and therefore he doesn't want world peace. Jerom is able to dismantle the bomb in the nick of time, but the robot melts because it can't take the Earth's temperatures. From this album on he became the series' most recurring antagonist.
Biography and criminal record
Krimson was born in the fictional village Dievegem. He wanted to become a hero, but his father didn't support his dream, even when Krimson received his medical diploma. As a result, he decided to become the biggest criminal of all time. We get an impression of what he may have looked like as a child in "De Zeven Schaken" (1995).
Krimson runs a powerful and global criminal network. He employs many henchmen and has occasionally worked together with other recurring villains in the series, such as Savantas, De Zwarte Madam and professor Rosarius. He is mostly active in drug trafficking ("Het Rijmende Paard") ("The Rhyming Horse") (1963)), "De Sissende Sampan ("The Hissing Sampan") (1963)). He collaborated with Druon Antigoon in "De Zeven Schaken" (1995) and with weapon salesmen in "Kaapse Kaalkoppen" ("Baldheads from Kaapstad") (2004) to destroy a serum which can prevent people from xenophobia. Later stories often have him trying to steal certain magical objects, scientific inventions and/or treasures that he wants to use for his own personal gain.
Krimson favors world domination and has tried to gain it several times. In "De Kwaaie Kwieten" ("The Evil Weirdos") (1986) he attempts to gain all the communication satellites in the world. In "Het Enge Eiland" ("The Scary Island") (1999) he wants to force world governments to fulfill his demands or otherwise he'll use the Millennium Bug to dismantle the computer systems of all nuclear power plants in the world. In "De Kaduke Klonen" (2005) he tries to clone an army to invade other countries into submission. In "De Krimson-Crisis" ("The Krimson Crisis")(1988) Krimson succeeds in taking over the world and establishes a dictatorship. He is defeated in a large battle near the end of the story.
Krimson has resorted to enforcing child labor in "De Sissende Sampan" (1963) and is not above stealing objects or kidnapping people to fulfill his goals. He kidnapped Paul Geerts in "De Verdwenen Verteller" ("The Disappeared Narrator") (2002) and Tante Sidonia in "De Verwoede Verzamelaar" ("The Obsessive Collector") (2015). In "Krimsonia" (2012) he tried to give Tante Sidonia a potion to make her evil. In "De Spitse Bergen" ("The Steep Mountains") (2015) he wants to spread a gas that kills all plant life in the world.
In some stories Krimson merely wants to enlarge his fortune. In "Amoris van Amoras" ("Amoris of Amoras") (1984) by building apartment buildings in the medieval city of Amoras and trying to make the local cathedral collapse to make space. Krimson bought the second biggest mountain of the Alps in "De Begeerde Berg" ("The Desired Mountain") (1995) and wants to blow off the top of the Mont Blanc in order to own the highest mountain in Europe. In "De Ongelooflijke Thomas" ("The Unbelievable Thomas") (2000) he wants to use the micro-energetica of children to make older people younger again. He tries to steal the copyright of Suske en Wiske in "De Verdwenen Verteller" ("The Disappeared Narrator") (2002). He tries to sell an atomic aeroplane to international governments in "Het Machtige Monument" ("The Mighty Monument") (2008).
Krimson is often arrested near the end of the story, but always manages to escape from jail. Sometimes he is able to flee before anyone can stop him, usually taunting Suske, Wiske and their friends during his fleight by yelling: "Krimson always wins!"
In one story, "De Zwarte Tulp" ("The Black Tulip") (2014) he becomes temporarily cured of his evilness by drinking a serum extracted from a white tulip. However, since Krimson feels so much remorse for his past he is unable to eat, drink or sleep anymore. Fearing for his health Suske, Wiske and Lambik travel back in time to 1637 to find a black tulip as an antidote. At the end of the story Krimson's butler Achiel refuses to balance the white and black tulip serums out and only feeds his master the black serum, making Krimson evil again.
Wealth
Krimson is rich enough to live in a mansion and have his own personal butler, Achiel, under his employ. He has access to helicopters and many other hi tech machinery. He dresses himself as a dandy: high hat, black coat and a cane.
Nervous breakdowns
Krimson is easily agitated or unnerved and takes pills to calm him down. They are usually provided by his trusty butler Achiel who is ordered to quickly bring him his daily dose of pills. Krimson swallows a wide variety of pills, often for contradictive means such as calming down as well as make him feel happier again.
Appearances in spin-off series
In Jerom and Amoras, two spin-off series of Suske en Wiske, Krimson is also a major antagonist.
Appearances in other media
He was voiced by Wim Wama in the TV puppet series Suske en Wiske (1976). Contrary to his image in the comic books his puppet version acts more like a clumsy crook who constantly falls and trips over objects. He also operates alone, rather than with henchmen.
In the 1994 musical adaptation "De Stralende Sterren" Krimson's part was played by Guido Naessens in the Flemish version and Hans Wellens in the Dutch version.
In a card game based on Suske en Wiske, called "De Kaartendans", he fulfills the part of the joker.
Sources
^ Vandersteen, Willy, "Suske en Wiske: Het Rijmende Paard", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1963.
^ Van Hoeydonck, Peter, "Vandersteen: De Bruegel van het Beeldverhaal", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1994.
^ "Het rijmende paard".
^ Vandersteen, Willy, "Het Zoemende Ei", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1965.
^ This is revealed in the "Suske en Wiske" story "De Bloedbroeder" ("The Blood Brother"), Standaard Uitgeverij, (2013), where Krimson feels depressed and no longer wants to commit crimes. His butler Achiel acts as his shrink and Krimson confesses he had a miserable youth.
^ Vandersteen, Willy, "De Zeven Schaken", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1995.
^ The mad scientist Savantas made his debut in "De Sprietatoom" ("The Tiny Atom") (1947) and the witch De Zwarte Madam ("The Black Madame") in "De Zwarte Madam" (1947). They both make a pact with Krimson in the story "Amoris van Amoras" ("Amoris of Amoras") (1978), where they try to make the local cathedral collapse. In "De Verdwenen Verteller" ("The Disappeared Narrator") (2002) they and other recurring villains from the series try to kidnap Paul Geerts.
^ Rosarius was an antagonist from the spin-off series Jerom. In "De Kaduke Klonen", Standaard Uitgeverij (2005) he made his debut in Suske and Wiske, where he and Krimson try to clone an army of villains to take over the world.
^ In "De Malle Mergpijp" ("The Silly Marrowbone") (1973), he wants to use a magic marrowbone to give him a huge army. In "De Minilotten van Kokonera" ("The Minilottes of Kokonera") (1976) he tries to steal the golden flowers from the planet Kokonera and in "De Gouden Locomotief" ("The Golden Locomotive") (1976) he wants to be the first to get to a golden locomotive located in the Wild West. In "De Efteling-elfjes" ("The Efteling Elves") (1977) he wants a huge diamond which crash landed in the Dutch theme park Efteling. In "Het Laatste Dwaallicht" ("The Last Will-o'-the-wisp") (1979) he attempts to rob Oberon's treasure, while in "De Regenboogprinses" ("The Rainbow Princess") (1981) he tries to do the same for the treasure of the Rainbow Princess in the Caribbean. In the non-canon story, "Sprookjesnacht aan Zee" ("Fairy Tale Night By Sea") (1983) Krimson seeks the golden eggs of a group of sand gnomes. Another non-canon story, "De Gouden Friet" ("The Golden French Frie") (1990), has him trying to steal the "golden French Frie". In "Tazuur en Tazijn" (1991) (????) In the non-canon story "Spruiten voor Sprotje" ("Sprouts for Sprotje") (1991) he tries to get a scientific formula. In "De Pronte Professor" ("The Neat Professor") (2006) he tries to get his hands on a DNA-scanner. A super juice to make trees grow is his obsession in "De Bosbollebozen" ("The Forest Know-it-alls").
^ "Het rijmende paard".
^ "Suske en Wiske de Musical".
vteSpike and Suzy by Willy VandersteenArtists
Willy Vandersteen
Paul Geerts
Characters
Suske
Wiske
Lambik
Tante Sidonia
Jerom
Professor Barabas
Krimson
Schanulleke
Spike and Suzy series
The Red Series
The Blue Series
List of Spike and Suzy books in English
Other Vandersteen series
Jerom
Bessy
De Rode Ridder
De Geuzen
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krimson (wrestler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimson_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"Suske en Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suske_en_Wiske"},{"link_name":"supervillain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervillain"}],"text":"For the professional wrestler, see Krimson (wrestler).Comics characterKrimson is a Flemish comic book character and the main antagonist in the Belgian comic strip series Suske en Wiske. He is a doctor, billionaire and supervillain who wants to take over the world.","title":"Krimson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suske"},{"link_name":"Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiske"},{"link_name":"manège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_academy"},{"link_name":"Tante Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tante_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Lambik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambik"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"goatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sampan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"child laborers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor"},{"link_name":"papaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver"},{"link_name":"world peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_peace"},{"link_name":"bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_bouquet"},{"link_name":"Jerom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"}],"text":"Krimson made his debut in the album \"Het Rijmende Paard\" (\"The Rhyming Horse\" (1962-1963), in which he appears as a cranky millionaire with his own private chauffeur who nearly runs Suske and Wiske over with his car while the children try to cross a forest path on horseback. Later he sends the owner of their manège a threatening letter, signing it too. It's here that the audience first learns his name. When Suske and Wiske tell Tante Sidonia and Lambik about Krimson Lambik happens to have heard from him. In fact, he panics and tells them \"he is the biggest criminal in the world.\" Later in the story Krimson becomes the protagonists' major opponent when he tries to catch the Rhyming Horse to use it for smuggling, but is defeated when his plane crashes.[1] In the same story Krimson's dependence on pills and butler Achiel are introduced.Krimson's physical appearance was based on a man, Henri Vinoelst, who often visited the manège where Vandersteen's daughter was a regular customer. Initially he resembled Vinoelst so much that the man complained about being misrepresented. As a result, Vandersteen was forced to make him less recognizable [2] by stylizing Vinoelst's features and giving Krimson a goatee.[3]Krimson returned in \"De Sissende Sampan\" (\"The Hissing Sampan\") (1963), where it turns out he exploits children in Hong Kong as child laborers on local papaver fields for drug trafficking. However, this is only revealed on the next to final page when he explains that he survived the plane crash in the previous story. He ends up in jail, but in the next story, \"Het Zoemende Ei\" (\"The Buzzing Egg\") (1964) he escapes and tries to gain the mysterious Buzzing Egg, an extraterrestrial artefact which crash landed in the Brazilian jungle. The Egg eventually turns out to be a robot who will solve all of man's conflicts on Earth and bring world peace. Krimson is so humbled that he gives the robot a bouquet, but it turns out to be a bomb. To him war means money and therefore he doesn't want world peace. Jerom is able to dismantle the bomb in the nick of time, but the robot melts because it can't take the Earth's temperatures.[4] From this album on he became the series' most recurring antagonist.","title":"Debut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking"},{"link_name":"Sampan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampan"},{"link_name":"Druon Antigoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druon_Antigoon"},{"link_name":"Kaapstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaapstad"},{"link_name":"xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"communication satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_satellite"},{"link_name":"Millennium Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Bug"},{"link_name":"child labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor"},{"link_name":"kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"Paul Geerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Geerts"},{"link_name":"Tante Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tante_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Tante Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tante_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Mont Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc"},{"link_name":"serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"tulip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip"},{"link_name":"antidote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote"}],"text":"Krimson was born in the fictional village Dievegem. He wanted to become a hero, but his father didn't support his dream, even when Krimson received his medical diploma. As a result, he decided to become the biggest criminal of all time.[5] We get an impression of what he may have looked like as a child in \"De Zeven Schaken\" (1995).[6]Krimson runs a powerful and global criminal network. He employs many henchmen and has occasionally worked together with other recurring villains in the series, such as Savantas, De Zwarte Madam [7] and professor Rosarius.[8] He is mostly active in drug trafficking (\"Het Rijmende Paard\") (\"The Rhyming Horse\") (1963)), \"De Sissende Sampan (\"The Hissing Sampan\") (1963)). He collaborated with Druon Antigoon in \"De Zeven Schaken\" (1995) and with weapon salesmen in \"Kaapse Kaalkoppen\" (\"Baldheads from Kaapstad\") (2004) to destroy a serum which can prevent people from xenophobia. Later stories often have him trying to steal certain magical objects, scientific inventions and/or treasures that he wants to use for his own personal gain.[9]Krimson favors world domination and has tried to gain it several times. In \"De Kwaaie Kwieten\" (\"The Evil Weirdos\") (1986) he attempts to gain all the communication satellites in the world. In \"Het Enge Eiland\" (\"The Scary Island\") (1999) he wants to force world governments to fulfill his demands or otherwise he'll use the Millennium Bug to dismantle the computer systems of all nuclear power plants in the world. In \"De Kaduke Klonen\" (2005) he tries to clone an army to invade other countries into submission. In \"De Krimson-Crisis\" (\"The Krimson Crisis\")(1988) Krimson succeeds in taking over the world and establishes a dictatorship. He is defeated in a large battle near the end of the story.Krimson has resorted to enforcing child labor in \"De Sissende Sampan\" (1963) and is not above stealing objects or kidnapping people to fulfill his goals. He kidnapped Paul Geerts in \"De Verdwenen Verteller\" (\"The Disappeared Narrator\") (2002) and Tante Sidonia in \"De Verwoede Verzamelaar\" (\"The Obsessive Collector\") (2015). In \"Krimsonia\" (2012) he tried to give Tante Sidonia a potion to make her evil. In \"De Spitse Bergen\" (\"The Steep Mountains\") (2015) he wants to spread a gas that kills all plant life in the world.In some stories Krimson merely wants to enlarge his fortune. In \"Amoris van Amoras\" (\"Amoris of Amoras\") (1984) by building apartment buildings in the medieval city of Amoras and trying to make the local cathedral collapse to make space. Krimson bought the second biggest mountain of the Alps in \"De Begeerde Berg\" (\"The Desired Mountain\") (1995) and wants to blow off the top of the Mont Blanc in order to own the highest mountain in Europe. In \"De Ongelooflijke Thomas\" (\"The Unbelievable Thomas\") (2000) he wants to use the micro-energetica of children to make older people younger again. He tries to steal the copyright of Suske en Wiske in \"De Verdwenen Verteller\" (\"The Disappeared Narrator\") (2002). He tries to sell an atomic aeroplane to international governments in \"Het Machtige Monument\" (\"The Mighty Monument\") (2008).Krimson is often arrested near the end of the story, but always manages to escape from jail. Sometimes he is able to flee before anyone can stop him, usually taunting Suske, Wiske and their friends during his fleight by yelling: \"Krimson always wins!\"In one story, \"De Zwarte Tulp\" (\"The Black Tulip\") (2014) he becomes temporarily cured of his evilness by drinking a serum extracted from a white tulip. However, since Krimson feels so much remorse for his past he is unable to eat, drink or sleep anymore. Fearing for his health Suske, Wiske and Lambik travel back in time to 1637 to find a black tulip as an antidote. At the end of the story Krimson's butler Achiel refuses to balance the white and black tulip serums out and only feeds his master the black serum, making Krimson evil again.","title":"Biography and criminal record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy"},{"link_name":"high hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_hat"}],"text":"Krimson is rich enough to live in a mansion and have his own personal butler, Achiel, under his employ. He has access to helicopters and many other hi tech machinery. He dresses himself as a dandy: high hat, black coat and a cane.","title":"Wealth"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Krimson is easily agitated or unnerved and takes pills to calm him down. They are usually provided by his trusty butler Achiel who is ordered to quickly bring him his daily dose of pills. Krimson swallows a wide variety of pills, often for contradictive means such as calming down as well as make him feel happier again.","title":"Nervous breakdowns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerom"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Suske en Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suske_en_Wiske"}],"text":"In Jerom and Amoras, two spin-off series of Suske en Wiske, Krimson is also a major antagonist.","title":"Appearances in spin-off series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jester"}],"text":"He was voiced by Wim Wama in the TV puppet series Suske en Wiske (1976). Contrary to his image in the comic books his puppet version acts more like a clumsy crook who constantly falls and trips over objects. He also operates alone, rather than with henchmen.[10]In the 1994 musical adaptation \"De Stralende Sterren\" Krimson's part was played by Guido Naessens in the Flemish version and Hans Wellens in the Dutch version.[11]In a card game based on Suske en Wiske, called \"De Kaartendans\", he fulfills the part of the joker.","title":"Appearances in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Het rijmende paard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//suskeenwiske.ophetwww.net/albums/4kl/096.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Paul Geerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Geerts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Wild West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_West"},{"link_name":"Efteling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efteling"},{"link_name":"Efteling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efteling"},{"link_name":"Will-o'-the-wisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"gnomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Het rijmende paard\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//suskeenwiske.ophetwww.net/albums/4kl/096.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Suske en Wiske de Musical\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//suskeenwiske.ophetwww.net/musical/musical1.php"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spike_and_Suzy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Spike_and_Suzy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spike_and_Suzy"},{"link_name":"Spike and Suzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_and_Suzy"},{"link_name":"Willy Vandersteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Vandersteen"},{"link_name":"Willy Vandersteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Vandersteen"},{"link_name":"Paul Geerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Geerts"},{"link_name":"Suske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suske"},{"link_name":"Wiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiske"},{"link_name":"Lambik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambik"},{"link_name":"Tante Sidonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tante_Sidonia"},{"link_name":"Jerom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerom"},{"link_name":"Professor Barabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Barabas"},{"link_name":"Krimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Schanulleke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schanulleke"},{"link_name":"The Red Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Series"},{"link_name":"The Blue Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Series"},{"link_name":"List of Spike and Suzy books in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spike_and_Suzy_books_in_English"},{"link_name":"Jerom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerom"},{"link_name":"Bessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessy_(comics)"},{"link_name":"De Rode Ridder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Rode_Ridder"},{"link_name":"De Geuzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Geuzen"}],"text":"^ Vandersteen, Willy, \"Suske en Wiske: Het Rijmende Paard\", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1963.\n\n^ Van Hoeydonck, Peter, \"Vandersteen: De Bruegel van het Beeldverhaal\", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1994.\n\n^ \"Het rijmende paard\".\n\n^ Vandersteen, Willy, \"Het Zoemende Ei\", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1965.\n\n^ This is revealed in the \"Suske en Wiske\" story \"De Bloedbroeder\" (\"The Blood Brother\"), Standaard Uitgeverij, (2013), where Krimson feels depressed and no longer wants to commit crimes. His butler Achiel acts as his shrink and Krimson confesses he had a miserable youth.\n\n^ Vandersteen, Willy, \"De Zeven Schaken\", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1995.\n\n^ The mad scientist Savantas made his debut in \"De Sprietatoom\" (\"The Tiny Atom\") (1947) and the witch De Zwarte Madam (\"The Black Madame\") in \"De Zwarte Madam\" (1947). They both make a pact with Krimson in the story \"Amoris van Amoras\" (\"Amoris of Amoras\") (1978), where they try to make the local cathedral collapse. In \"De Verdwenen Verteller\" (\"The Disappeared Narrator\") (2002) they and other recurring villains from the series try to kidnap Paul Geerts.\n\n^ Rosarius was an antagonist from the spin-off series Jerom. In \"De Kaduke Klonen\", Standaard Uitgeverij (2005) he made his debut in Suske and Wiske, where he and Krimson try to clone an army of villains to take over the world.\n\n^ In \"De Malle Mergpijp\" (\"The Silly Marrowbone\") (1973), he wants to use a magic marrowbone to give him a huge army. In \"De Minilotten van Kokonera\" (\"The Minilottes of Kokonera\") (1976) he tries to steal the golden flowers from the planet Kokonera and in \"De Gouden Locomotief\" (\"The Golden Locomotive\") (1976) he wants to be the first to get to a golden locomotive located in the Wild West. In \"De Efteling-elfjes\" (\"The Efteling Elves\") (1977) he wants a huge diamond which crash landed in the Dutch theme park Efteling. In \"Het Laatste Dwaallicht\" (\"The Last Will-o'-the-wisp\") (1979) he attempts to rob Oberon's treasure, while in \"De Regenboogprinses\" (\"The Rainbow Princess\") (1981) he tries to do the same for the treasure of the Rainbow Princess in the Caribbean. In the non-canon story, \"Sprookjesnacht aan Zee\" (\"Fairy Tale Night By Sea\") (1983) Krimson seeks the golden eggs of a group of sand gnomes. Another non-canon story, \"De Gouden Friet\" (\"The Golden French Frie\") (1990), has him trying to steal the \"golden French Frie\". In \"Tazuur en Tazijn\" (1991) (????) In the non-canon story \"Spruiten voor Sprotje\" (\"Sprouts for Sprotje\") (1991) he tries to get a scientific formula. In \"De Pronte Professor\" (\"The Neat Professor\") (2006) he tries to get his hands on a DNA-scanner. A super juice to make trees grow is his obsession in \"De Bosbollebozen\" (\"The Forest Know-it-alls\").\n\n^ \"Het rijmende paard\".\n\n^ \"Suske en Wiske de Musical\".vteSpike and Suzy by Willy VandersteenArtists\nWilly Vandersteen\nPaul Geerts\nCharacters\nSuske\nWiske\nLambik\nTante Sidonia\nJerom\nProfessor Barabas\nKrimson\nSchanulleke\nSpike and Suzy series\nThe Red Series\nThe Blue Series\nList of Spike and Suzy books in English\nOther Vandersteen series\nJerom\nBessy\nDe Rode Ridder\nDe Geuzen","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Courtney_Selous
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Frederick Selous
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["1 Early life and exploration","1.1 Youth","1.2 African exploration","2 Military career","2.1 Rhodesia and First World War","2.2 Death and legacy","3 Hunter, naturalist and conservationist","3.1 Hunting icon","3.2 Naturalist","3.3 Conservationist","4 Selous as man and character","4.1 Portrait in literature","4.2 Appearance and character","5 Television accounts","6 Gallery of additional images","7 Chronology of works","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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British explorer, and conservationist (1851–1917)
Frederick SelousSelous circa 1911Birth nameFrederick Courteney SelousBorn31 December 1851London, EnglandDied4 January 1917(1917-01-04) (aged 65)Behobeho, German East Africa (now the Selous Game Reserve in southeastern Tanzania)Allegiance United KingdomRankCaptainCommands heldBulawayo Field Force, Matabeleland; 25th Royal Fusiliers, East AfricaBattles/warsFirst Matabele War, Second Matabele War, World War I: --East African CampaignAwardsFounder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society, British South Africa Company MedalDistinguished Service OrderSpouse(s)
Mary Maddy (m. 1894)Other workFamous African hunter and explorer, conservationist, writer
Frederick Courteney Selous, DSO (/səˈluː/; 31 December 1851 – 4 January 1917) was a British explorer, officer, professional hunter, and conservationist, famous for his exploits in Southeast Africa. His real-life adventures inspired Sir Henry Rider Haggard to create the fictional character Allan Quatermain. Selous was a friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Cecil Rhodes and Frederick Russell Burnham. He was pre-eminent within a group of big game hunters that included Abel Chapman and Arthur Henry Neumann. He was the older brother of the ornithologist and writer Edmund Selous.
Early life and exploration
Frederick Courteney Selous was born on 31 December 1851 at Regent's Park, London, as one of the five children of an upper middle class family, the third-generation descendant of a Huguenot immigrant. His father, Frederick Lokes Slous (original spelling) (1802–1892), was Chairman of the London Stock Exchange, and his mother, Ann Holgate Sherborn (1827–1913), was a published poet. One of his uncles was a painter, Henry Courtney Selous. Frederick had three sisters (Florence (born 1850), Annie Berryman (born 1853), and Sybil Jane (born 1862)), and one brother (Edmund Selous (1857–1934)) who became a famous ornithologist. Frederick's love for the outdoors and wildlife was shared only by his brother; however, all of the family members were artistically inclined, as well as being successful in business.
At 42, Selous settled in Worplesdon near Guildford in Surrey, and married 20-year-old Marie Catherine Gladys Maddy (born 1874), daughter of clergyman Canon Henry William Maddy. They had three sons: Frederick Hatherley Bruce Selous (1898–1918), Harold Sherborn Selous (1899-1954), and Bertrand Selous, who was born prematurely on 6 July 1915 and died five days later.
Youth
From a young age, Selous was drawn by stories of explorers and their adventures. Furthermore, while in school, he started establishing personal collections of various bird eggs and butterflies and studying natural history. One account is related by his schoolmaster at Northamptonshire when Selous was 10 years old:
... on going around the dormitories to see that all was in order, discovered Freddy Selous, laying bare on the floor clothed only in his nightshirt. On being asked the cause of this curious behavior, he replied "Well, you see, one day I am going to be a hunter in Africa and I am just hardening myself to sleep on the ground."
On 15 January 1867, 15-year-old Selous was one of the survivors of the Regent's Park skating disaster, when the ice covering the local lake broke with around 200 skaters on it, leaving 40 dead by drowning and freezing. He escaped by crawling on broken ice slabs to the shore.
He was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham, then at Rugby, and finally abroad in Germany and Austria. His parents hoped that he would become a doctor. However, his love for natural history led him to study the ways of wild animals in their native habitat. His imagination was strongly fuelled by the literature of African exploration and hunting, Dr. David Livingstone, and William Charles Baldwin in particular.
African exploration
Going to South Africa when he was 19, he traveled from the Cape of Good Hope to Matabeleland, which he reached early in 1872, and where (according to his own account) he was granted permission by Lobengula, King of the Ndebele, to shoot game anywhere in his dominions.
From then until 1890, Selous hunted and explored over the little-known regions north of the Transvaal and south of the Congo Basin (with a few brief intervals spent in England), shooting African elephants and collecting specimens of all kinds for museums and private collections. His travels added greatly to the knowledge of the country now known as Zimbabwe. He made valuable ethnological investigations, and throughout his wanderings—often among people who had never previously seen a white man—he maintained cordial relations with the chiefs and tribes, winning their confidence and esteem, notably so in the case of Lobengula.
In 1890, Selous entered the service of the British South Africa Company, at the request of magnate Cecil Rhodes, acting as a guide to the pioneer expedition to Mashonaland. Over 640 km (400 mi) of road were constructed through a country of forest, mountain, and swamp, and in two and a half months Selous took the column safely to its destination. He then went east to Manica, concluding arrangements that brought the country there under British control. Coming to England in December 1892, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in recognition of his extensive explorations and surveys, of which he gave a summary in a journal article entitled "Twenty Years in Zambesia".
Military career
Selous (front seated) leader of H Troops of Bulawayo Field Force, Matabeleland, 1890s.
Rhodesia and First World War
Selous returned to Africa to take part in the First Matabele War of 1893 and was wounded during the advance on Bulawayo. It was during this advance that he first met fellow scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who had only just arrived in Africa and who continued on with the small scouting party to Bulawayo and observed the self-destruction of the Ndebele settlement as ordered by Lobengula.
Selous returned to England, and married Mary Maddy in 1894. In 1896 he returned to Africa with his wife and settled on a landed property in Essexvale, Matabeleland, overlooking the Ncema River. When the Second Matabele War broke out, Selous took a prominent part in the fighting which followed, serving as a leader in the Bulawayo Field Force, and published an account of the campaign entitled Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia (1896). It was during this time that he met and fought alongside Robert Baden-Powell, who was then a Major and newly appointed to the British Army headquarters staff in Matabeleland.
During the First World War, after initially being rejected on account of his age (64), Selous rejoined the British Army as a subaltern and saw active service in the fighting against German colonial forces in the East Africa Campaign. On 23 August 1915, he was promoted to captain in the uniquely-composed 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, and on 26 September 1916 was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, the citation reading:
Capt. Frederick Courteney Selous, Royal Fusiliers.
For conspicuous gallantry, resource and endurance.
He has set a magnificent example to all ranks, and the value of his services with his battalion cannot be over-estimated.
Death and legacy
On 4 January 1917, Selous was fighting in the bush war on the banks of the Rufiji River against German colonial Schutztruppen, which outnumbered his troops five to one. That morning, he was creeping forward in combat during a minor engagement in which he raised his head and binoculars to locate the enemy. He was shot in the head by a German sniper and was killed instantly.
Upon getting the news, former US President Theodore Roosevelt, his close friend, wrote:
He led a singularly adventurous and fascinating life, with just the right alternations between the wilderness and civilization. He helped spread the borders of his people's land. He added much to the sum of human knowledge and interest. He closed his life exactly as such a life ought to be closed, by dying in battle for his country while rendering her valiant and effective service. Who could wish a better life or a better death, or desire to leave a more honorable heritage to his family and his nation?
He was buried under a tamarind tree near the place of his death, at Chokawali on the Rufiji River, in today's Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania, in a modest, flat stone grave with a simple bronze plaque reading: "CAPTAIN F.C. SELOUS D.S.O., 25TH ROYAL FUSILIERS, KILLED IN ACTION 4.1.17." Exactly a year later, on 4 January 1918, his son, Captain Frederick Hatherley Bruce MC, who was a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, was killed in a flight over Menin Road, Belgium.
Grave of Frederick C. Selous
Grave of Frederick Courtenay Selous, contemporary look
His private collection of trophies was given by his widow to the Natural History Museum, where in June 1920 a national memorial to him was unveiled, a bronze half-figure by William Colton. A Selous Scholarship was also founded at his old school, Rugby.
Hunter, naturalist and conservationist
A studio portrait of young Selous with his Boer 4 bore elephant gun and African spear, 1870s.
Hunting icon
Selous is remembered for his powerful ties, such as those with Theodore Roosevelt and Cecil Rhodes, as well as for his military achievements and the books that he left behind. However, he is best remembered as one of the world's most revered hunters, as he pursued big-game hunting in his southern African homelands and in wildernesses worldwide.
Accounts of his youth are filled with stories of trespassing, poaching, and brawling, almost all within romanticized and humorous portrayals, but one in particular from 1870 stands out as more serious. In Wiesbaden, Prussia, he knocked unconscious a Prussian game warden who tackled him while he was stealing buzzard eggs for his collection, and he had to leave the country at once to avoid imprisonment. Then, he moved to Austria, and in Salzburg, he went big game hunting for the first time in the nearby Alps, where he shot two chamois.
On 4 September 1871, at the age of 19, he left England with £400 in his pocket and was determined to earn his living as a professional elephant hunter. By the age of 25, he was known across South Africa as one of the most successful ivory hunters of the day.
Selous journeyed in pursuit of big game to Europe (Bavaria, Germany in 1870, Transylvania, then Hungary but now Romania in 1899, Mull Island, Scotland in 1894, Sardinia in 1902, Norway in 1907), Asia (Turkey, Persia, Caucasus in 1894–95, 1897, 1907), North America (Wyoming, Rocky Mountains in 1897 and 1898, Eastern Canada in 1900–1901, 1905, Alaska and Yukon in 1904, 1905) and the "dark continent" in a territory that extends from today's South Africa and Namibia all the way up into central Sudan where he collected specimens of virtually every medium and large African mammal species.
On 2 May 1902, Selous was elected Associate Member of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell in 1887.
Theodore Roosevelt and Selous in Africa, ca 1909.
In 1909–1910, Selous accompanied American ex-president Roosevelt in his famous African safari. Contrary to popular belief, Selous did not lead Roosevelt's 1909 expedition to British East Africa, the Congo, and Egypt. While Selous was a member of this expedition from time to time and helped organize the safari's logistics, the excursion was in fact led by R. J. Cunninghame. Roosevelt wrote of Selous:
Mr Selous is the last of the big game hunters of Southern Africa; the last of the mighty hunters whose experience lay in the greatest hunting ground which this world has seen since civilized man has appeared herein.
In 1909, Selous co-founded the Shikar Club, a big-game hunters' association, with two other British Army Captains, Charles Edward Radclyffe and P. B. Vanderbyl, and regularly met at the Savoy Hotel in London. The association's president was The 5th Earl of Lonsdale; another founding member included the artist, explorer, and Selous biographer John Guille Millais.
In 1910, he represented Britain at the Congress of Field Sports in Vienna.
He was a rifleman icon and a valued expert in firearms. Early in his hunting career, in the mid-1870s, Selous favored a four bore black powder muzzleloader for killing an elephant, a 6 kg (13 lb) short-barreled musket firing a 110 g (1⁄4 lb) bullet with as much as 20 drachms (35 g; 550 gr) of black powder, one of the largest hunting calibers fabricated. Between 1874 and 1876 he killed seventy-eight elephants with that gun, but eventually, there was a double loading incident together with other recoil problems from it, and he finally gave it up as too "upsetting my nerve". He used a ten-bore muzzleloader to hunt lions.
After black powder muzzleloader firearms became obsolete, he adopted a breech-loading 10 bore as shown in "A Hunters Wanderings in Africa" and by 1880 he was using his favorite, black powder breech-loading rifle a .461 No 1 Gibbs / Metford / Farquharson single shot later he was approached by both Birmingham and London gunmakers in hopes of his endorsement, with Holland and Holland providing two Holland and Woodward patent single-shot rifles (often confused in photos as Farquharson's) in the two calibers: a 303 and a 375 2 1/2" and later a .425 Westley Richards bolt-action rifle. There are quotes as to how Selous was not a crack shot, but a rather ordinary marksman, yet most agree that was just another personal statement of modesty from Selous himself. Regardless, he remains an iconic rifleman figure and, following in the tradition of others, the German gunmaker Blaser and the Italian gunmaker Perugini Visini chose to name their top line safari rifles the Selous after him.
Naturalist
Many of the Selous trophies entered into museums and international taxidermy and natural-history collections, notably that of the Natural History Museum in London. In their Selous Collection they have 524 mammals from three continents, all shot by him, including 19 lions. In the last year of his life, while in combat in 1916, he was known to carry his butterfly net in the evening and collect specimens, for the same institution. Overall, more than five thousand plants and animal specimens were donated by him to the Natural History section of the British Museum. This collection was held in 1881 in the new Natural History Museum in South Kensington (which became an independent institution in 1963). Here, posthumously in 1920, they unveiled a bronze bust of him in the Main Hall, where it stands to this day. He is mentioned widely in foremost taxidermist Rowland Wards catalogs for world's largest animal specimens hunted, where Selous is ranked in many trophy categories, including rhinoceros, elephant and many ungulates. He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 1893 "in recognition of twenty years' exploration and surveys in South Africa".
In 1896, British zoologist William Edward de Winton (1856–1922), named a new African small Carnivora, Paracynictis selousi or the Selous mongoose, in his honour. Also, a subspecies of the African Sitatunga antelope, (Tragelaphus spekii selousi), bears his name.
Conservationist
Selous noticed over time how the impact of European hunters was leading to a significant reduction in the amount of game available in Africa. In 1881, he commented that:
Every year elephants were becoming scarcer and wilder south of the Zambezi, so that it had become impossible to make a living by hunting at all.
This realization led Selous, and other big game hunters of his time, to become keen advocates of faunal conservation. Eventually, colonial governments passed laws enforcing hunting regulations and establishing game reserves, with the aim of preventing the outright extinction of certain species and of preserving animal stocks for future white sportsmen.
The Selous Game Reserve in southeastern Tanzania is a hunting reserve named in his honor. Established in 1922, it covers an area of 54,600 km2 (21,100 sq mi) along the rivers Kilombero, Ruaha, and Rufiji. The area first became a hunting reserve in 1905, although it is rarely visited by humans due to the significant presence of the Tsetse fly. In 1982 it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the diversity of its wildlife and undisturbed nature.
Selous as man and character
Portrait in literature
Frederick Courteney Selous's image remains a classic, romantic portrait of a proper Victorian period English gentleman of the colonies, one whose real-life adventures and exploits of almost epic proportions generated successful Lost World and Steampunk genre fictional characters like Allan Quatermain, to a large extent an embodiment of the popular "white hunter" concept of the times; yet he remained a modest and stoic pillar in personality all throughout his life. As for himself, he was featured in the "Young Indiana Jones" and "Rhodes" series. He was widely remembered in real tales of war, exploration, and big game hunting as a balanced blend between gentleman officer and epic wild man.
Selous, a gentleman's portrait on African safari, with two shots Kori bustards and his Holland and Woodward patent rifle. The 1890s.
Appearance and character
He excelled in cricket, rugby, cycling, swimming, and tennis. He loved the outdoors, developing a rugged and robust physique by trekking, packing, marching, and hunting. He was also an accomplished rider, and he waged war and hunted much on horses. To the African locals, he was the "best white runner" (in the endurance aspect, similar as to native bushmen's concept).
While in England, all his life he played sports, he still did half-day 100-mile bicycle races when almost sixty years old. Millais, friend and biographer, wrote: "As a sport, he loved cricket most, and played regularly for his club at Worplesdon taking part in all their matches until 1915…'Big Game Hunters' vs. 'Worplesdon' was always a great and solemn occasion."
If there was one striking feature in his physiognomy it was his wonderful eyes, as clear and as blue as the summer sea. Nearly every one who came in contact with him noticed his eyes. They were the eyes of the man who looks into the beyond vast spaces. Instinctively one saw in them the hunter and the man of wide views. In social intercourse, Selous had a presence that was apt to make other people look insignificant. He was adored by all his friends, and even perfect strangers seemed to come under his magnetism at the first introduction" - J. G. Millais, 1919. All his life, he sported a full beard, which together with his signature hats, makes him an easily recognizable icon:
He wore a double Terai grey slouch hat, slightly on the back of his head. Khaki knickerbockers, with no puttees, bare legs, except for his socks and shirt open at the neck, with a knotted handkerchief around the neck to keep the sun off, with a long native stick in his hand. He had a rooted objection to wearing a cork helmet. It is impossible to forget the impression he made. He was as straight as a guardsman, with a broad deep chest, with a beautiful healthy look in his face.— Capt. R. M. Haines of South African Force, 1917.
Television accounts
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (TV-Series, 1992–1993) ; played by Paul Freeman
British East Africa, September 1909 (1992)
Young Indiana Jones and the Phantom Train of Doom, German East Africa, November 1916 (1993)
Rhodes (TV Mini-Series, 1996) ; played by Paul Slabolepszy
Gallery of additional images
Studio portrait with his Gibbs Metford rifle and hunting attire.
Selous returning from stag hunt in Turkey, book illustration, 1908.
Captain Selous Memorial is in the wall just to the left of the elephant tusks. (The elephant is no longer displayed).
Close up picture of the Selous Memorial in the wall in the main hall of the Natural History Museum
Skull of a record white rhino, shot by Selous in Mashonaland, 1880.
Head of a wapiti, shot by Selous at Cabin Creek, Wyoming, 1897.
Chronology of works
By Frederick Courteney Selous:
Frontpage of 1st edition Travel And Adventure In South-East Africa, 1893, with Selous portrait and autograph.
A hunter's wanderings in Africa, being a narrative of nine years spent amongst the game of the far interior of South Africa, containing accounts of explorations beyond the Zambesi, on the river Chobe, and in the Matabele and Mashuna countries, with full notes upon the natural history and present distribution of all the large Mammalia. London: Richard Bentley & Son. 1881. OCLC 5781160 (all editions). The book has had many reprints. Annie Berryman Selous, Frederick's sister drew "ten illustrations, representing the hunting-scenes which embellish my pages, all of which were drawn under my own supervision"; they were engraved in wood by Edward Whymper. Other illustrations were produced by Joseph Smit. (p. viii/ix)
Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa: Being the Narrative of the Last Eleven Years Spent by the Author on the Zambesi and its Tributaries; With an Account of the Colonisation of Mashunaland and the Progress of the Gold Industry in That Country (1893)
Sunshine & Storm in Rhodesia: Being a Narrative of Events in Matabeleland Both Before and During the Recent Native Insurrection up to the Date of the Disbandment of the Bulawayo Field Force. (1896), ISBN 978-1-60355-059-8
Sport & Travel East and West (1900)
Living Animals of the World; A Popular Natural History With One Thousand Illustrations (London, 1902)
Newfoundland Guide Book (1905)
Recent Hunting Trips in British North America (1907)
African Nature Notes and Reminiscences with foreword by Theodore Roosevelt (1908)
Africa's Greatest Hunter: the Lost Writings of Frederick C. Selous, edited by Dr James A. Casada (1998)
Selous also wrote the foreword to Africa's most popular man-eater story: The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African Adventures by Lieut.-Col. J. H. Patterson, D.S.O. With a foreword by Frederick Courteney Selous (London, 1907).
Besides the works mentioned, Selous made numerous contributions to The Geographical Journal, the Field, and other journals.
Writings by others on Frederick Courtenay Selous
Big Game Shooting, volume. 1, edited by Clive Phillipps-Wolley (London, 1894)
Records of Big Game by Rowland Ward FZS (London, fifth edition, 1907)
The life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O. by John Guille Millais (London, 1919)
Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History) by J. G. Dollman (London, 1921)
Big Game Shooting Records by Edgar N. Barclay (London, 1932)
Frederick C. Selous, A Hunting Legend: Recollections By and About the Great Hunter by Dr. James A. Casada (Safari Press, 2000)
The Gun at Home and Abroad, vol. 3: Big Game of Africa (London, 1912–1915)
The African Adventurers by Peter Hathaway Capstick (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), chapter 1
The British Big-Game Hunting Tradition, Masculinity and Fraternalism with Particular Reference to "The Shikar Club" by Callum McKenzie (British Society of Sports History, May 2000)
The Mighty Nimrod by Stephen Taylor
See also
Selous Scouts
Pioneer Column
Shangani Patrol
Frederick Russell Burnham
Second Matabele War
List of famous big game hunters
References
^ Mandiringana, E.; Stapleton, T. J. (1998). "The Literary Legacy of Frederick Courteney Selous". History in Africa. 25: 199–218. doi:10.2307/3172188. JSTOR 3172188. S2CID 161701151.
^ Pearson, Edmund Lester. "Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter". Humanities Web. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
^ The Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., by J. G. Millais, pub. Longman, Greens & Co., London 1919, pp. 12 (Note: the book title misspells Selous's middle name.)
^ "Births" in The Times, Monday, 12 July 1915; pg. 1; Issue 40904; col A
^ The Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., J. G. Millais, pub. Longman, Greens & Co., London 1919, pp. 13
^ "Fearful Accident in the Regent's Park". The Times. No. 25709. 16 January 1867. p. 9.
^ The Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., J. G. Millais, pub. Longman, Greens & Co., London 1919, pp. 45
^ Joseph Comyns Carr, Some eminent Victorians: personal recollections in the world of art and letters (Duckworth & Co., 1908), p. 4
^ "Sketch of Frederick C. Selous". Appleton's Popular Science Monthly. 56 (12). Bonnier Corporation: 258–263. December 1899. ISSN 0161-7370.
^ The Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., J. G. Millais, pub. Longman, Greens & Co., London 1919
^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
^ Selous, Frederick Courtney (sic) (April 1893). "Twenty Years in Zambia". The Geographical Journal. 1 (4). The Royal Geographical Society: 289–322. Bibcode:1893GeogJ...1..289S. doi:10.2307/1773894. JSTOR 1773894. S2CID 3997636.
^ a b c d Chisholm 1922.
^ The outline of the foundations of his house there can be viewed on Google Earth at map reference 20°11′27.49″S 28°55′53.18″E / 20.1909694°S 28.9314389°E / -20.1909694; 28.9314389, approximately 5 m north of the track perched 80 feet above the Ncema River.
^ "No. 29370". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11438.
^ "No. 29765". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 September 1916. p. 9420.
^ "Casualty details—Selous, Frederick Hatherley Bruce". Debt of Honour. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
^ (Memorials of Rugbeians who fell in the Great War, Volume VI)
^ Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History), J. G. Dollman, London, 1921, preface page
^ Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History), J. G. Dollman, London, 1921, pp. 1-2
^ "Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club".
^ Callum McKenzie, The British Big-Game Hunting Tradition, Masculinity and Fraternalism with Reference to ‘The Shikar Club’ (University of Strathclyde)
^ Travel And Adventure In South-East Africa, by Frederick Courteney Selous, published by Rowland Ward And Co., London, 1893, pp. 32, 169, 187, 198, 428, 430-431, 485, 493,
^ Safaribronze.com
^ Bryden, H. A. (ed.) (1899). Great and small game of Africa Rowland Ward Ltd., London. Pp. 544–568.
^ Nowak, Ronald. Walker’s Carnivores of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 2005
^ a b BROWN, KAREN (November 2002). "Cultural Constructions of the Wild: The Rhetoric and Practice of Wildlife Conservation in the Cape Colony at the Turn of the Twentieth Century". South African Historical Journal. 47 (1): 78, 84. doi:10.1080/02582470208671435. ISSN 0258-2473. S2CID 144921285.
^ The fifth edition (1907) is online available in Biodiversity Heritage Library.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selous, Frederick Courtney". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 614.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). "Selous, Frederick Courtney". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 395.
Further reading
Roosevelt’s quest for wilderness: a comparison of Roosevelt’s visits to Yellowstone and Africa
Taps for the Great Selous, essay by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., and published in Hunting Trails on Three Continents, Grinnell, George Bird, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, and Prentiss N. Gray (editors). A Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. New York: The Derrydale Press, (1933)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick Courteney Selous.
Works by Frederick Courteney Selous at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Frederick Selous at Internet Archive
Newspaper clippings about Frederick Selous in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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His real-life adventures inspired Sir Henry Rider Haggard to create the fictional character Allan Quatermain.[1][2] Selous was a friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Cecil Rhodes and Frederick Russell Burnham. He was pre-eminent within a group of big game hunters that included Abel Chapman and Arthur Henry Neumann. He was the older brother of the ornithologist and writer Edmund Selous.","title":"Frederick Selous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regent's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"Frederick Lokes Slous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Lokes_Slous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Ann Holgate Sherborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Holgate_Sherborn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtney Selous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtney_Selous"},{"link_name":"Edmund Selous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Selous"},{"link_name":"ornithologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Worplesdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worplesdon"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Frederick Courteney Selous was born on 31 December 1851 at Regent's Park, London, as one of the five children of an upper middle class family, the third-generation descendant of a Huguenot immigrant. His father, Frederick Lokes Slous (original spelling) (1802–1892), was Chairman of the London Stock Exchange, and his mother, Ann Holgate Sherborn (1827–1913), was a published poet. One of his uncles was a painter, Henry Courtney Selous. Frederick had three sisters (Florence (born 1850), Annie Berryman (born 1853), and Sybil Jane (born 1862)), and one brother (Edmund Selous (1857–1934)) who became a famous ornithologist. Frederick's love for the outdoors and wildlife was shared only by his brother; however, all of the family members were artistically inclined, as well as being successful in business.[3]At 42, Selous settled in Worplesdon near Guildford in Surrey, and married 20-year-old Marie Catherine Gladys Maddy (born 1874), daughter of clergyman Canon Henry William Maddy. They had three sons: Frederick Hatherley Bruce Selous (1898–1918), Harold Sherborn Selous (1899-1954), and Bertrand Selous, who was born prematurely on 6 July 1915[4] and died five days later.","title":"Early life and exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park skating disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_skating_disaster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1867-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bruce Castle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Castle_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carr-8"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopularScience1899-9"},{"link_name":"David Livingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"From a young age, Selous was drawn by stories of explorers and their adventures. Furthermore, while in school, he started establishing personal collections of various bird eggs and butterflies and studying natural history. One account is related by his schoolmaster at Northamptonshire when Selous was 10 years old:[5]... on going around the dormitories to see that all was in order, discovered Freddy Selous, laying bare on the floor clothed only in his nightshirt. On being asked the cause of this curious behavior, he replied \"Well, you see, one day I am going to be a hunter in Africa and I am just hardening myself to sleep on the ground.\"On 15 January 1867, 15-year-old Selous was one of the survivors of the Regent's Park skating disaster,[6] when the ice covering the local lake broke with around 200 skaters on it, leaving 40 dead by drowning and freezing. He escaped by crawling on broken ice slabs to the shore.[7]He was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham,[8] then at Rugby, and finally abroad in Germany and Austria. His parents hoped that he would become a doctor.[9] However, his love for natural history led him to study the ways of wild animals in their native habitat. His imagination was strongly fuelled by the literature of African exploration and hunting, Dr. David Livingstone, and William Charles Baldwin in particular.","title":"Early life and exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland"},{"link_name":"Lobengula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobengula"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"Transvaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Congo Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basin"},{"link_name":"African elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_elephant"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"ethnological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"British South Africa Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company"},{"link_name":"Cecil Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Column"},{"link_name":"Mashonaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashonaland"},{"link_name":"Manica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manica,_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoJournal1893-12"}],"sub_title":"African exploration","text":"Going to South Africa when he was 19, he traveled from the Cape of Good Hope to Matabeleland, which he reached early in 1872, and where (according to his own account) he was granted permission by Lobengula, King of the Ndebele, to shoot game anywhere in his dominions.[10][11]From then until 1890, Selous hunted and explored over the little-known regions north of the Transvaal and south of the Congo Basin (with a few brief intervals spent in England), shooting African elephants and collecting specimens of all kinds for museums and private collections. His travels added greatly to the knowledge of the country now known as Zimbabwe. He made valuable ethnological investigations, and throughout his wanderings—often among people who had never previously seen a white man—he maintained cordial relations with the chiefs and tribes, winning their confidence and esteem, notably so in the case of Lobengula.[11]In 1890, Selous entered the service of the British South Africa Company, at the request of magnate Cecil Rhodes, acting as a guide to the pioneer expedition to Mashonaland. Over 640 km (400 mi) of road were constructed through a country of forest, mountain, and swamp, and in two and a half months Selous took the column safely to its destination. He then went east to Manica, concluding arrangements that brought the country there under British control. Coming to England in December 1892, he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in recognition of his extensive explorations and surveys, of which he gave a summary in a journal article entitled \"Twenty Years in Zambesia\".[11][12]","title":"Early life and exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulawayo-H-Troop-Selous.jpg"}],"text":"Selous (front seated) leader of H Troops of Bulawayo Field Force, Matabeleland, 1890s.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Matabele War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Matabele_War"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulawayo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people"},{"link_name":"Lobengula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobengula"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-13"},{"link_name":"Essexvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexvale"},{"link_name":"Matabeleland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matabeleland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Second Matabele War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Matabele_War"},{"link_name":"Bulawayo Field Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulawayo_Field_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-11"},{"link_name":"Robert Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"subaltern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern_(military)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-13"},{"link_name":"East Africa Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land_and_air)"},{"link_name":"25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_(Frontiersmen)_Battalion,_Royal_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Rhodesia and First World War","text":"Selous returned to Africa to take part in the First Matabele War of 1893 and was wounded during the advance on Bulawayo.[11] It was during this advance that he first met fellow scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who had only just arrived in Africa and who continued on with the small scouting party to Bulawayo and observed the self-destruction of the Ndebele settlement as ordered by Lobengula.Selous returned to England, and married Mary Maddy in 1894.[13] In 1896 he returned to Africa with his wife and settled on a landed property in Essexvale, Matabeleland, overlooking the Ncema River.[14] When the Second Matabele War broke out, Selous took a prominent part in the fighting which followed, serving as a leader in the Bulawayo Field Force, and published an account of the campaign entitled Sunshine and Storm in Rhodesia (1896).[11] It was during this time that he met and fought alongside Robert Baden-Powell, who was then a Major and newly appointed to the British Army headquarters staff in Matabeleland.During the First World War, after initially being rejected on account of his age (64), Selous rejoined the British Army as a subaltern[13] and saw active service in the fighting against German colonial forces in the East Africa Campaign. On 23 August 1915, he was promoted to captain in the uniquely-composed 25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers,[15] and on 26 September 1916 was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, the citation reading:[16]Capt. Frederick Courteney Selous, Royal Fusiliers.\nFor conspicuous gallantry, resource and endurance.\n\nHe has set a magnificent example to all ranks, and the value of his services with his battalion cannot be over-estimated.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rufiji River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River"},{"link_name":"Schutztruppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutztruppen"},{"link_name":"minor engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Behobeho"},{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Royal Flying Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps"},{"link_name":"Menin Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc.org-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_C._Selous_grave.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_06_30_Tanzanie_2019_04_Selous_156.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Colton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Colton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-13"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"On 4 January 1917, Selous was fighting in the bush war on the banks of the Rufiji River against German colonial Schutztruppen, which outnumbered his troops five to one. That morning, he was creeping forward in combat during a minor engagement in which he raised his head and binoculars to locate the enemy. He was shot in the head by a German sniper and was killed instantly.Upon getting the news, former US President Theodore Roosevelt, his close friend, wrote:He led a singularly adventurous and fascinating life, with just the right alternations between the wilderness and civilization. He helped spread the borders of his people's land. He added much to the sum of human knowledge and interest. He closed his life exactly as such a life ought to be closed, by dying in battle for his country while rendering her valiant and effective service. Who could wish a better life or a better death, or desire to leave a more honorable heritage to his family and his nation?He was buried under a tamarind tree near the place of his death, at Chokawali on the Rufiji River, in today's Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania, in a modest, flat stone grave with a simple bronze plaque reading: \"CAPTAIN F.C. SELOUS D.S.O., 25TH ROYAL FUSILIERS, KILLED IN ACTION 4.1.17.\" Exactly a year later, on 4 January 1918, his son, Captain Frederick Hatherley Bruce MC, who was a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, was killed in a flight over Menin Road, Belgium.[17][18]Grave of Frederick C. SelousGrave of Frederick Courtenay Selous, contemporary lookHis private collection of trophies was given by his widow to the Natural History Museum, where in June 1920 a national memorial to him was unveiled, a bronze half-figure by William Colton. A Selous Scholarship was also founded at his old school, Rugby.[13]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YoungFCSelous.jpg"},{"link_name":"elephant gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_gun"}],"text":"A studio portrait of young Selous with his Boer 4 bore elephant gun and African spear, 1870s.","title":"Hunter, naturalist and conservationist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cecil Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"big-game hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-game_hunting"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"buzzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzard"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"chamois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Eastern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Boone and Crockett Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club"},{"link_name":"George Bird Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SelousAndRoosevelt.jpg"},{"link_name":"1909 expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian-Roosevelt_African_Expedition"},{"link_name":"British East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shikar Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikar_Club"},{"link_name":"Savoy Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy_Hotel"},{"link_name":"The 5th Earl of Lonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Lowther,_5th_Earl_of_Lonsdale"},{"link_name":"John Guille Millais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Guille_Millais"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1922-13"},{"link_name":"four bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_bore"},{"link_name":"black powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_powder"},{"link_name":"muzzleloader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzleloader"},{"link_name":"drachms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dram_(unit)"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram"},{"link_name":"gr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(unit)"},{"link_name":"obsolete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolete"},{"link_name":".461 No 1 Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.461_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Westley Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westley_Richards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Blaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaser"}],"sub_title":"Hunting icon","text":"Selous is remembered for his powerful ties, such as those with Theodore Roosevelt and Cecil Rhodes, as well as for his military achievements and the books that he left behind. However, he is best remembered as one of the world's most revered hunters, as he pursued big-game hunting in his southern African homelands and in wildernesses worldwide.Accounts of his youth are filled with stories of trespassing, poaching, and brawling, almost all within romanticized and humorous portrayals, but one in particular from 1870 stands out as more serious. In Wiesbaden, Prussia, he knocked unconscious a Prussian game warden who tackled him while he was stealing buzzard eggs for his collection, and he had to leave the country at once to avoid imprisonment. Then, he moved to Austria, and in Salzburg, he went big game hunting for the first time in the nearby Alps, where he shot two chamois.On 4 September 1871, at the age of 19, he left England with £400 in his pocket and was determined to earn his living as a professional elephant hunter. By the age of 25, he was known across South Africa as one of the most successful ivory hunters of the day.[19]Selous journeyed in pursuit of big game to Europe (Bavaria, Germany in 1870, Transylvania, then Hungary but now Romania in 1899, Mull Island, Scotland in 1894, Sardinia in 1902, Norway in 1907), Asia (Turkey, Persia, Caucasus in 1894–95, 1897, 1907), North America (Wyoming, Rocky Mountains in 1897 and 1898, Eastern Canada in 1900–1901, 1905, Alaska and Yukon in 1904, 1905) and the \"dark continent\" in a territory that extends from today's South Africa and Namibia all the way up into central Sudan where he collected specimens of virtually every medium and large African mammal species.[20]On 2 May 1902, Selous was elected Associate Member of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization founded by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell in 1887.[21]Theodore Roosevelt and Selous in Africa, ca 1909.In 1909–1910, Selous accompanied American ex-president Roosevelt in his famous African safari. Contrary to popular belief, Selous did not lead Roosevelt's 1909 expedition to British East Africa, the Congo, and Egypt. While Selous was a member of this expedition from time to time and helped organize the safari's logistics, the excursion was in fact led by R. J. Cunninghame.[citation needed] Roosevelt wrote of Selous:Mr Selous is the last of the big game hunters of Southern Africa; the last of the mighty hunters whose experience lay in the greatest hunting ground which this world has seen since civilized man has appeared herein.In 1909, Selous co-founded the Shikar Club, a big-game hunters' association, with two other British Army Captains, Charles Edward Radclyffe and P. B. Vanderbyl, and regularly met at the Savoy Hotel in London. The association's president was The 5th Earl of Lonsdale; another founding member included the artist, explorer, and Selous biographer John Guille Millais.[22]In 1910, he represented Britain at the Congress of Field Sports in Vienna.[13]He was a rifleman icon and a valued expert in firearms. Early in his hunting career, in the mid-1870s, Selous favored a four bore black powder muzzleloader for killing an elephant, a 6 kg (13 lb) short-barreled musket firing a 110 g (1⁄4 lb) bullet with as much as 20 drachms (35 g; 550 gr) of black powder, one of the largest hunting calibers fabricated. Between 1874 and 1876 he killed seventy-eight elephants with that gun, but eventually, there was a double loading incident together with other recoil problems from it, and he finally gave it up as too \"upsetting my nerve\". He used a ten-bore muzzleloader to hunt lions.After black powder muzzleloader firearms became obsolete, he adopted a breech-loading 10 bore as shown in \"A Hunters Wanderings in Africa\" and by 1880 he was using his favorite, black powder breech-loading rifle a .461 No 1 Gibbs / Metford / Farquharson single shot later he was approached by both Birmingham and London gunmakers in hopes of his endorsement, with Holland and Holland providing two Holland and Woodward patent single-shot rifles (often confused in photos as Farquharson's) in the two calibers: a 303 and a 375 2 1/2\" and later a .425 Westley Richards bolt-action rifle.[23] There are quotes as to how Selous was not a crack shot, but a rather ordinary marksman, yet most agree that was just another personal statement of modesty from Selous himself. Regardless, he remains an iconic rifleman figure and, following in the tradition of others, the German gunmaker Blaser and the Italian gunmaker Perugini Visini chose to name their top line safari rifles the Selous after him.","title":"Hunter, naturalist and conservationist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Rowland Wards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Ward"},{"link_name":"rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"ungulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulates"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryden1899-25"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Founder's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder%27s_Medal"},{"link_name":"William Edward de Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_de_Winton"},{"link_name":"Carnivora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivora"},{"link_name":"Paracynictis selousi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracynictis_selousi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sitatunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitatunga"},{"link_name":"antelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope"}],"sub_title":"Naturalist","text":"Many of the Selous trophies entered into museums and international taxidermy and natural-history collections, notably that of the Natural History Museum in London. In their Selous Collection they have 524 mammals from three continents, all shot by him, including 19 lions. In the last year of his life, while in combat in 1916, he was known to carry his butterfly net in the evening and collect specimens, for the same institution. Overall, more than five thousand plants and animal specimens were donated by him to the Natural History section of the British Museum. This collection was held in 1881 in the new Natural History Museum in South Kensington (which became an independent institution in 1963). Here, posthumously in 1920, they unveiled a bronze bust of him in the Main Hall, where it stands to this day.[24] He is mentioned widely in foremost taxidermist Rowland Wards catalogs for world's largest animal specimens hunted, where Selous is ranked in many trophy categories, including rhinoceros, elephant and many ungulates.[25] He was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Medal in 1893 \"in recognition of twenty years' exploration and surveys in South Africa\".In 1896, British zoologist William Edward de Winton (1856–1922), named a new African small Carnivora, Paracynictis selousi or the Selous mongoose, in his honour.[26] Also, a subspecies of the African Sitatunga antelope, (Tragelaphus spekii selousi), bears his name.","title":"Hunter, naturalist and conservationist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zambezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"Selous Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Kilombero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulanga_River"},{"link_name":"Ruaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ruaha_River"},{"link_name":"Rufiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufiji_River"},{"link_name":"Tsetse fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_fly"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"}],"sub_title":"Conservationist","text":"Selous noticed over time how the impact of European hunters was leading to a significant reduction in the amount of game available in Africa. In 1881, he commented that:Every year elephants were becoming scarcer and wilder south of the Zambezi, so that it had become impossible to make a living by hunting at all.This realization led Selous, and other big game hunters of his time, to become keen advocates of faunal conservation.[27] Eventually, colonial governments passed laws enforcing hunting regulations and establishing game reserves, with the aim of preventing the outright extinction of certain species and of preserving animal stocks for future white sportsmen.[27]The Selous Game Reserve in southeastern Tanzania is a hunting reserve named in his honor. Established in 1922, it covers an area of 54,600 km2 (21,100 sq mi) along the rivers Kilombero, Ruaha, and Rufiji. The area first became a hunting reserve in 1905, although it is rarely visited by humans due to the significant presence of the Tsetse fly. In 1982 it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to the diversity of its wildlife and undisturbed nature.","title":"Hunter, naturalist and conservationist"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selous as man and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_World_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Steampunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steampunk"},{"link_name":"Allan Quatermain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Quatermain"},{"link_name":"white hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hunter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selous-Rifle-And-Bustards.jpg"},{"link_name":"safari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari"},{"link_name":"Kori bustards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kori_bustard"}],"sub_title":"Portrait in literature","text":"Frederick Courteney Selous's image remains a classic, romantic portrait of a proper Victorian period English gentleman of the colonies, one whose real-life adventures and exploits of almost epic proportions generated successful Lost World and Steampunk genre fictional characters like Allan Quatermain, to a large extent an embodiment of the popular \"white hunter\" concept of the times; yet he remained a modest and stoic pillar in personality all throughout his life. As for himself, he was featured in the \"Young Indiana Jones\" and \"Rhodes\" series. He was widely remembered in real tales of war, exploration, and big game hunting as a balanced blend between gentleman officer and epic wild man.Selous, a gentleman's portrait on African safari, with two shots Kori bustards and his Holland and Woodward patent rifle. The 1890s.","title":"Selous as man and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Appearance and character","text":"He excelled in cricket, rugby, cycling, swimming, and tennis. He loved the outdoors, developing a rugged and robust physique by trekking, packing, marching, and hunting. He was also an accomplished rider, and he waged war and hunted much on horses. To the African locals, he was the \"best white runner\" (in the endurance aspect, similar as to native bushmen's concept).\nWhile in England, all his life he played sports, he still did half-day 100-mile bicycle races when almost sixty years old.[citation needed] Millais, friend and biographer, wrote: \"As a sport, he loved cricket most, and played regularly for his club at Worplesdon taking part in all their matches until 1915…'Big Game Hunters' vs. 'Worplesdon' was always a great and solemn occasion.\"If there was one striking feature in his physiognomy it was his wonderful eyes, as clear and as blue as the summer sea. Nearly every one who came in contact with him noticed his eyes. They were the eyes of the man who looks into the beyond vast spaces. Instinctively one saw in them the hunter and the man of wide views. In social intercourse, Selous had a presence that was apt to make other people look insignificant. He was adored by all his friends, and even perfect strangers seemed to come under his magnetism at the first introduction\" - J. G. Millais, 1919. All his life, he sported a full beard, which together with his signature hats, makes him an easily recognizable icon:\nHe wore a double Terai grey slouch hat, slightly on the back of his head. Khaki knickerbockers, with no puttees, bare legs, except for his socks and shirt open at the neck, with a knotted handkerchief around the neck to keep the sun off, with a long native stick in his hand. He had a rooted objection to wearing a cork helmet. It is impossible to forget the impression he made. He was as straight as a guardsman, with a broad deep chest, with a beautiful healthy look in his face.— Capt. R. M. Haines of South African Force, 1917.","title":"Selous as man and character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Paul Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freeman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Paul Slabolepszy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Slabolepszy"}],"text":"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (TV-Series, 1992–1993) ; played by Paul Freeman\nBritish East Africa, September 1909 (1992)\nYoung Indiana Jones and the Phantom Train of Doom, German East Africa, November 1916 (1993)\nRhodes (TV Mini-Series, 1996) ; played by Paul Slabolepszy","title":"Television accounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SelousStudioPortrait2RoyalGeographicalSociety.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ReturnFromHuntingSelous.jpg"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selousmemorial.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captain_frederick_c_selous.jpg"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RhinoSelous.jpg"},{"link_name":"white rhino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_rhino"},{"link_name":"Mashonaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashonaland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElkSelous.jpg"},{"link_name":"wapiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapiti"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"}],"text":"Studio portrait with his Gibbs Metford rifle and hunting attire.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSelous returning from stag hunt in Turkey, book illustration, 1908.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaptain Selous Memorial is in the wall just to the left of the elephant tusks. (The elephant is no longer displayed).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tClose up picture of the Selous Memorial in the wall in the main hall of the Natural History Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSkull of a record white rhino, shot by Selous in Mashonaland, 1880.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHead of a wapiti, shot by Selous at Cabin Creek, Wyoming, 1897.","title":"Gallery of additional images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BookSelousTravelAdventure.jpg"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5781160 (all editions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5781160/editions"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selous1881-28"},{"link_name":"Edward Whymper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Whymper"},{"link_name":"Joseph Smit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smit"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-60355-059-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60355-059-8"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"The Geographical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Geographical_Journal"},{"link_name":"the Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Field_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"John Guille Millais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Guille_Millais"},{"link_name":"J. G. Dollman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Dollman"}],"text":"By Frederick Courteney Selous:Frontpage of 1st edition Travel And Adventure In South-East Africa, 1893, with Selous portrait and autograph.A hunter's wanderings in Africa, being a narrative of nine years spent amongst the game of the far interior of South Africa, containing accounts of explorations beyond the Zambesi, on the river Chobe, and in the Matabele and Mashuna countries, with full notes upon the natural history and present distribution of all the large Mammalia. London: Richard Bentley & Son. 1881. OCLC 5781160 (all editions). The book has had many reprints.[28] Annie Berryman Selous, Frederick's sister drew \"ten illustrations, representing the hunting-scenes which embellish my pages, all of which were drawn under my own supervision\"; they were engraved in wood by Edward Whymper. Other illustrations were produced by Joseph Smit. (p. viii/ix)\nTravel and Adventure in South-East Africa: Being the Narrative of the Last Eleven Years Spent by the Author on the Zambesi and its Tributaries; With an Account of the Colonisation of Mashunaland and the Progress of the Gold Industry in That Country (1893)\nSunshine & Storm in Rhodesia: Being a Narrative of Events in Matabeleland Both Before and During the Recent Native Insurrection up to the Date of the Disbandment of the Bulawayo Field Force. (1896), ISBN 978-1-60355-059-8\nSport & Travel East and West (1900)\nLiving Animals of the World; A Popular Natural History With One Thousand Illustrations (London, 1902)\nNewfoundland Guide Book (1905)\nRecent Hunting Trips in British North America (1907)\nAfrican Nature Notes and Reminiscences with foreword by Theodore Roosevelt (1908)\nAfrica's Greatest Hunter: the Lost Writings of Frederick C. Selous, edited by Dr James A. Casada (1998)Selous also wrote the foreword to Africa's most popular man-eater story: The man-eaters of Tsavo and other East African Adventures by Lieut.-Col. J. H. Patterson, D.S.O. With a foreword by Frederick Courteney Selous (London, 1907).Besides the works mentioned, Selous made numerous contributions to The Geographical Journal, the Field, and other journals.Writings by others on Frederick Courtenay SelousBig Game Shooting, volume. 1, edited by Clive Phillipps-Wolley (London, 1894)\nRecords of Big Game by Rowland Ward FZS (London, fifth edition, 1907)\nThe life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O. by John Guille Millais (London, 1919)\nCatalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History) by J. G. Dollman (London, 1921)\nBig Game Shooting Records by Edgar N. Barclay (London, 1932)\nFrederick C. Selous, A Hunting Legend: Recollections By and About the Great Hunter by Dr. James A. Casada (Safari Press, 2000)\nThe Gun at Home and Abroad, vol. 3: Big Game of Africa (London, 1912–1915)\nThe African Adventurers by Peter Hathaway Capstick (New York: St. Martins Press, 1992), chapter 1\nThe British Big-Game Hunting Tradition, Masculinity and Fraternalism with Particular Reference to \"The Shikar Club\" by Callum McKenzie (British Society of Sports History, May 2000)\nThe Mighty Nimrod by Stephen Taylor","title":"Chronology of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roosevelt’s quest for wilderness: a comparison of Roosevelt’s visits to Yellowstone and Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/upload/proceedingsJ-R.pdf"},{"link_name":"Frederick Russell Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Grinnell, George Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell"},{"link_name":"Kermit Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Boone and Crockett Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club"}],"text":"Roosevelt’s quest for wilderness: a comparison of Roosevelt’s visits to Yellowstone and Africa\nTaps for the Great Selous, essay by Major Frederick Russell Burnham, D.S.O., and published in Hunting Trails on Three Continents, Grinnell, George Bird, Kermit Roosevelt, W. Redmond Cross, and Prentiss N. Gray (editors). A Book of the Boone and Crockett Club. New York: The Derrydale Press, (1933)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Selous (front seated) leader of H Troops of Bulawayo Field Force, Matabeleland, 1890s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bulawayo-H-Troop-Selous.jpg/250px-Bulawayo-H-Troop-Selous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Frederick C. Selous","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Frederick_C._Selous_grave.jpg/220px-Frederick_C._Selous_grave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grave of Frederick Courtenay Selous, contemporary look","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/2019_06_30_Tanzanie_2019_04_Selous_156.jpg/220px-2019_06_30_Tanzanie_2019_04_Selous_156.jpg"},{"image_text":"A studio portrait of young Selous with his Boer 4 bore elephant gun and African spear, 1870s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/YoungFCSelous.jpg/200px-YoungFCSelous.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theodore Roosevelt and Selous in Africa, ca 1909.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/SelousAndRoosevelt.jpg/200px-SelousAndRoosevelt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Selous, a gentleman's portrait on African safari, with two shots Kori bustards and his Holland and Woodward patent rifle. The 1890s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Selous-Rifle-And-Bustards.jpg/300px-Selous-Rifle-And-Bustards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frontpage of 1st edition Travel And Adventure In South-East Africa, 1893, with Selous portrait and autograph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BookSelousTravelAdventure.jpg/270px-BookSelousTravelAdventure.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Selous Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selous_Scouts"},{"title":"Pioneer Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Column"},{"title":"Shangani Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangani_Patrol"},{"title":"Frederick Russell Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham"},{"title":"Second Matabele War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Matabele_War"},{"title":"List of famous big game hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_famous_big_game_hunters"}]
|
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S2CID 161701151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_in_Africa","url_text":"History in Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3172188","url_text":"10.2307/3172188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172188","url_text":"3172188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161701151","url_text":"161701151"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Edmund Lester. \"Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter\". Humanities Web. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pearson","url_text":"Pearson, Edmund Lester"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324123500/http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?a=c&id=1144&o=&p=l&s=s","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter XI: The Lion Hunter\""},{"url":"http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=s&p=l&a=c&ID=1144&o=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fearful Accident in the Regent's Park\". The Times. No. 25709. 16 January 1867. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sketch of Frederick C. Selous\". Appleton's Popular Science Monthly. 56 (12). Bonnier Corporation: 258–263. December 1899. ISSN 0161-7370.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=siUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA258","url_text":"\"Sketch of Frederick C. 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S2CID 3997636.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1449186","url_text":"\"Twenty Years in Zambia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1893GeogJ...1..289S","url_text":"1893GeogJ...1..289S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1773894","url_text":"10.2307/1773894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1773894","url_text":"1773894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3997636","url_text":"3997636"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29370\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 November 1915. p. 11438.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29370/supplement/11438","url_text":"\"No. 29370\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 29765\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 September 1916. p. 9420.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29765/supplement/9420","url_text":"\"No. 29765\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty details—Selous, Frederick Hatherley Bruce\". Debt of Honour. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 31 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1638654","url_text":"\"Casualty details—Selous, Frederick Hatherley Bruce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission","url_text":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club\".","urls":[{"url":"http://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p16013coll13/id/61/rec/1","url_text":"\"Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club\""}]},{"reference":"BROWN, KAREN (November 2002). \"Cultural Constructions of the Wild: The Rhetoric and Practice of Wildlife Conservation in the Cape Colony at the Turn of the Twentieth Century\". South African Historical Journal. 47 (1): 78, 84. doi:10.1080/02582470208671435. ISSN 0258-2473. S2CID 144921285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582470208671435","url_text":"10.1080/02582470208671435"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0258-2473","url_text":"0258-2473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144921285","url_text":"144921285"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Selous, Frederick Courtney\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 614.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Selous,_Frederick_Courtney","url_text":"Selous, Frederick Courtney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). \"Selous, Frederick Courtney\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 32 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 395.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiabri32newyrich/page/395/mode/1up?view=theater","url_text":"\"Selous, Frederick Courtney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Creek_(New_South_Wales)
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Eastern Creek (New South Wales)
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["1 Course and features","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°45′S 150°52′E / 33.750°S 150.867°E / -33.750; 150.867This article is about the watercourse. For the suburb, see Eastern Creek, New South Wales.
River in New South Wales, AustraliaEastern Creekat Nurragingy ReserveLocationCountryAustraliaStateNew South WalesRegionSydney basin (IBRA), Greater Western SydneyLocal government areasCumberland, Fairfield, BlacktownPhysical characteristicsSourcebelow Sugarloaf Ridge • locationnear Smithfield • coordinates33°51′48″S 150°51′39″E / 33.863195°S 150.860733°E / -33.863195; 150.860733 • elevation116 m (381 ft)
Mouthconfluence with South Creek • locationVineyard • coordinates33°38′38″S 150°49′39″E / 33.643844°S 150.827626°E / -33.643844; 150.827626 • elevation3 m (9.8 ft)Length30 km (19 mi)Basin size36.22 km2 (13.98 sq mi)Basin featuresRiver systemHawkesbury-Nepean catchmentTributaries • leftReedy Creek, Angus Creek, Bells Creek • rightBungarribee Creek, Breakfast Creek, Burdekin Creek, Quakers CreekNature reserveNurragingy Reserve
Eastern Creek, a watercourse that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Course and features
Eastern Creek rises in the western suburbs of Sydney, below Sugarloaf Ridge at Western Sydney Regional Park about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west by north of Smithfield. The creek flows generally north, joined by the Reedy, Angus, Bungarribee, Breakfast, Burdekin, Quakers, and Bells creeks, before reaching its confluence with South Creek, in the suburb of Vineyard. The creek descends 113 metres (371 ft) over its 30 kilometres (19 mi) course.
Eastern Creek is transversed by the M4 Western Motorway and the Great Western Highway between Prospect and Eastern Creek; and the Western railway line west of Doonside.
See also
New South Wales portal
Rivers of New South Wales
References
^ a b "Map of Eastern Creek, NSW". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
^ "Eastern Creek". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
External links
"Eastern Creek" (PDF). State of the waterways: Management plan. City of Blacktown. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
State of the waterways: Eastern Creek - Associated Map 1 (PDF) (Map). City of Blacktown. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
State of the waterways: Eastern Creek - Associated Map 2 (PDF) (Map). City of Blacktown. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
State of the waterways: Eastern Creek - Associated Map 3 (PDF) (Map). City of Blacktown. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
vteHawkesbury River region, New South Wales, AustraliaIslands
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vteWaterways of the Sydney Metropolitan catchment, New South Wales, AustraliaMajor inlets and harbours
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Category
33°45′S 150°52′E / 33.750°S 150.867°E / -33.750; 150.867
This article related to the geography of Sydney is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This New South Wales river or creek related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_D%27Amico
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Nicolò D'Amico
|
["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 References"]
|
Italian academic and astrophysicist (1953–2020)
Nicolò D'AmicoNicolò (front centre left) at an ESO signing eventBorn28 June 1953 Palermo Died15 September 2020 (aged 67)Cagliari Academic careerInstitutionsUniversity of Cagliari
Position heldpresident (National Institute for Astrophysics, 2015–2020), director (Cagliari Observatory), director (Sardinia Radio Telescope)
For the Italian rugby union player, see Nicolò D'Amico (rugby union).
Nicolò D'Amico (1953-2020), also known as Nichi D’Amico, was an astronomer and President of Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica.
Personal life
He was born on 28 June 1953 in Palermo. He was married and had a daughter. He died on 15 September 2020 in Cagliari.
Career
He was a professor of astrophysics at the University of Cagliari, and the director of the Cagliari Observatory and the Sardinia Radio Telescope. He was the president of Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica since 16 October 2015, with a second 4-year term confirmed on 30 December 2019.
References
^ "Addio a Nichi D'amico, papà del Sardinia Radio Telescope". la Repubblica (in Italian). 15 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ a b c "È morto Nicolò D'Amico, presidente dell'Inaf". Askanews (in Italian). 15 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ "In Memory of Prof. Nicolò D'Amico". Cherenkov Telescope Array. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2020/09/15/news/addio_a_nichi_d_amico_papa_del_sardinia_radio_telescope-267398408/","external_links_name":"\"Addio a Nichi D'amico, papà del Sardinia Radio Telescope\""},{"Link":"http://www.askanews.it/scienza-e-innovazione/2020/09/15/%c3%a8-morto-nicol%c3%b2-damico-presidente-dellinaf-pn_20200915_00227/","external_links_name":"\"È morto Nicolò D'Amico, presidente dell'Inaf\""},{"Link":"https://www.cta-observatory.org/memory-prof-nicolo-damico/","external_links_name":"\"In Memory of Prof. Nicolò D'Amico\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catbells
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Cat Bells
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["1 Name","2 Topography","3 Geology","4 Ascents","5 Summit","6 Mining","7 Literary associations","8 Memorials","9 References","10 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 54°34′07″N 3°10′15″W / 54.56865°N 3.17083°W / 54.56865; -3.17083For the bell attached to the collar of a cat, see cat bell.
Mountain in Cumbria, England
Cat BellsThe classic view of Cat Bells from near Friars' Crag on the opposite side of DerwentwaterHighest pointElevation451 m (1,480 ft)Prominence86 m (282 ft)Parent peakDale HeadListingWainwrightCoordinates54°34′07″N 3°10′15″W / 54.56865°N 3.17083°W / 54.56865; -3.17083GeographyCat BellsLocation in Lake District, UK
LocationCumbria, EnglandParent rangeLake District, North Western FellsOS gridNY244199Topo mapOS Landrangers 89, 90, Explorer OL4
Cat Bells is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a height of 451 metres (1,480 ft) and is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is situated on the western shore of Derwentwater within three miles (five kilometres) of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who feel compelled to climb to the summit after seeing it from the viewpoint of Friars' Crag on the opposite side of Derwentwater. The Lake District writer and walker Alfred Wainwright acknowledges the popularity of Cat Bells among fellwalkers of all abilities by saying:"It is one of the great favourites, a family fell where grandmothers and infants can climb the heights together, a place beloved. Its popularity is well deserved: its shapely topknott attracts the eye offering a steep but obviously simple scramble."
Name
The fell's unusual name may well have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wild cat, although this is not certain. The fell's name is sometimes written as Catbells.
Topography
Cat Bells is the last fell on the ridge separating Derwentwater from the Newlands valley. It rises due south from Hawse End, reaching the summit in two distinct steps. The lower top is named Skelgill Bank. Beyond the summit of Cat Bells is the steep-sided depression of Hause Gate, before the ridge broadens and twists south westward to Maiden Moor.
Geology
The Cat Bells ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.
Ascents
The ascent along the northern ridge facing the summit to the south
Nearly all ascents of Cat Bells start from Hawse End at the foot of the northern ridge; there is car parking here but the spaces soon get taken on busy summer days. Ascents can also be made from Grange and from Newlands. Hawse End is also served by the Derwentwater Motor Launch and this enables visitors to Keswick to combine a sail on the lake with an ascent of the fell. Many walkers who reach the top of Cat Bells return to their starting point after admiring the view: however, strong walkers can continue along the ridge to take in the fells of Maiden Moor, High Spy, Dale Head, Hindscarth and Robinson to give a horseshoe walk which ends in the Newlands valley close to Hawse End.
Summit
The summit is all rock with many loose stones lying amid the small outcrops. The view from the top of Cat Bells gives a fine panorama which is dominated by the aerial view of Derwentwater. Bassenthwaite Lake, the Newlands Valley, Skiddaw and Keswick all show well to the north, while the view south has a fine vista of Borrowdale.
A 360 degree view from the summit of Cat Bells. The view North of the summit (middle of the image) takes in Skiddaw, Blencathra and Keswick on the edge of Derwentwater.
Mining
Cat Bells and Skelgill Bank
Although Cat Bells is renowned as a "family fell" it does have some dangers especially from the disused lead mines on its slopes. The Yewthwaite mine, which is on the western side of the fell has extensive spoil heaps and shafts. Many of the shafts were previously open and dangerous but most have now been blocked off. The Brandlehow and Old Brandley Mine worked a lode for lead ore on the Derwentwater (eastern) side of the fell. All three mines ceased production in the 1890s.
Literary associations
On the lower slopes of the fell above Derwentwater stands Brackenburn Lodge, now holiday accommodation but formerly the home of Hugh Walpole who wrote the Herries series of books when he lived here from 1924 to his death in 1941, in what he called "a little paradise on Cat Bells".
Beatrix Potter placed the home of Mrs Tiggy-Winkle on the east slopes of Cat Bells.
A poem celebrating this wonderful fell Cat Bells - A Villanelle
Memorials
Memorial plaque to T. A. Leonard at Cat Bells
On the lower slopes of the fell is a memorial stone to Thomas Arthur Leonard (1864-1948), a pioneer of outdoor holidays for working people who founded the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship.
References
^ A Wainwright, The North-Western Fells (Kendall 1957) Catbells 2
^ A Wainwright, The North-Western Fells (Kendall 1957) Catbells 4
^ A Wainwright, The North-Western Fells (Kendall 1957) Catbells 8
^ British Geological Survey: 1:50,000 series maps, England & Wales Sheet 29: BGS (1999)
^ A Wainwright, The North-Western Fells (Kendall 1957) Catbells 6-7
^ J Parker More Walks in the Lakes (Edinburgh 1989) p. 22
^ A Wainwright, The North-Western Fells (Kendall 1957) Catbells 2-4
^ H Davies,A Walk Around the Lakes (London 1989) p. 165
^ G Lindop, A Literary Guide to the Lake District (London 1993) p. 198-9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cat Bells.
Further reading
A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, The North Western Fells, Alfred Wainwright ISBN 0-7112-2459-5
The Mountains of England and Wales, John and Anne Nuttall, ISBN 1-85284-037-4
vteWainwright's North Western Fells
Ard Crags
Barf
Barrow
Broom Fell
Castle Crag
Cat Bells
Causey Pike
Dale Head
Eel Crag (Crag Hill)
Grasmoor
Graystones
Grisedale Pike
High Spy
Hindscarth
Hopegill Head
Knott Rigg
Ling Fell
Lord's Seat
Maiden Moor
Outerside
Rannerdale Knotts
Robinson
Sail
Sale Fell
Scar Crags
Wandope
Whinlatter
Whiteless Pike
Whiteside
Full list of Wainwrights by area
vteHills of the North Western Lake DistrictLord's Seat
Whinlatter
Ullister Hill
Barf
Graystones
Ling Fell
Sale Fell
Ladies Table
Harrot
Powter How
Watch Hill
Cockermouth Golf Course
Slate Fell
Grasmoor
Crag Hill
Sail
Wandope
Scar Crags
Whiteless Pike
Causey Pike
Ard Crags
Outerside
Knott Rigg
Barrow
Stile End
Rannerdale Knotts
Brackenthwaite Hows
Grisedale Pike
Hopegill Head
Hobcarton Crag
Whiteside
Dodd
Braithwaite How
Dale Head
Hindscarth
High Spy
Cat Bells
Castle Crag
High Doat
Holm Crag
Robinson
High Snockrigg
Swinside
|
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It has a height of 451 metres (1,480 ft) and is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is situated on the western shore of Derwentwater within three miles (five kilometres) of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who feel compelled to climb to the summit after seeing it from the viewpoint of Friars' Crag on the opposite side of Derwentwater. The Lake District writer and walker Alfred Wainwright acknowledges the popularity of Cat Bells among fellwalkers of all abilities by saying:[1]\"It is one of the great favourites, a family fell where grandmothers and infants can climb the heights together, a place beloved. Its popularity is well deserved: its shapely topknott attracts the eye offering a steep but obviously simple scramble.\"","title":"Cat Bells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The fell's unusual name may well have come from a distortion of \"Cat Bields\" meaning shelter of the wild cat, although this is not certain.[2] The fell's name is sometimes written as Catbells.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derwentwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwentwater"},{"link_name":"Hause Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hause_Gate"},{"link_name":"Maiden Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Moor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cat Bells is the last fell on the ridge separating Derwentwater from the Newlands valley. It rises due south from Hawse End, reaching the summit in two distinct steps. The lower top is named Skelgill Bank. Beyond the summit of Cat Bells is the steep-sided depression of Hause Gate, before the ridge broadens and twists south westward to Maiden Moor.[3]","title":"Topography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"olistostrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olistostrome"},{"link_name":"mudstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone"},{"link_name":"siltstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BGS-4"}],"text":"The Cat Bells ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.[4]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catbells_Northern_Ascent,_Lake_District_-_June_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Maiden Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Moor"},{"link_name":"High Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Spy"},{"link_name":"Dale Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Head"},{"link_name":"Hindscarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindscarth"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"horseshoe walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_horseshoe"}],"text":"The ascent along the northern ridge facing the summit to the southNearly all ascents of Cat Bells start from Hawse End at the foot of the northern ridge; there is car parking here but the spaces soon get taken on busy summer days. Ascents can also be made from Grange and from Newlands.[5] Hawse End is also served by the Derwentwater Motor Launch and this enables visitors to Keswick to combine a sail on the lake with an ascent of the fell.[6] Many walkers who reach the top of Cat Bells return to their starting point after admiring the view: however, strong walkers can continue along the ridge to take in the fells of Maiden Moor, High Spy, Dale Head, Hindscarth and Robinson to give a horseshoe walk which ends in the Newlands valley close to Hawse End.","title":"Ascents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bassenthwaite Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassenthwaite_Lake"},{"link_name":"Newlands Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Valley"},{"link_name":"Skiddaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiddaw"},{"link_name":"Borrowdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowdale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catbells_360_panorama,_Lake_District_-_June_2009.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catbells_360_panorama,_Lake_District_-_June_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skiddaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiddaw"},{"link_name":"Blencathra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blencathra"},{"link_name":"Keswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Derwentwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwentwater"}],"text":"The summit is all rock with many loose stones lying amid the small outcrops. The view from the top of Cat Bells gives a fine panorama which is dominated by the aerial view of Derwentwater. Bassenthwaite Lake, the Newlands Valley, Skiddaw and Keswick all show well to the north, while the view south has a fine vista of Borrowdale.A 360 degree view from the summit of Cat Bells. The view North of the summit (middle of the image) takes in Skiddaw, Blencathra and Keswick on the edge of Derwentwater.","title":"Summit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catbells_and_Skelgill_Bank.JPG"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cat Bells and Skelgill BankAlthough Cat Bells is renowned as a \"family fell\" it does have some dangers especially from the disused lead mines on its slopes.[7] The Yewthwaite mine, which is on the western side of the fell has extensive spoil heaps and shafts. Many of the shafts were previously open and dangerous but most have now been blocked off. The Brandlehow and Old Brandley Mine worked a lode for lead ore on the Derwentwater (eastern) side of the fell. 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A. Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Leonard"},{"link_name":"Thomas Arthur Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Arthur_Leonard"}],"text":"Memorial plaque to T. A. Leonard at Cat BellsOn the lower slopes of the fell is a memorial stone to Thomas Arthur Leonard (1864-1948), a pioneer of outdoor holidays for working people who founded the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship.","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7112-2459-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2459-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85284-037-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85284-037-4"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_Western_Fells"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_Western_Fells"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Western_Fells"},{"link_name":"Wainwright's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"North Western Fells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Western_Fells"},{"link_name":"Ard Crags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_Crags"},{"link_name":"Barf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barf_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Broom Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom_Fell"},{"link_name":"Castle Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Crag"},{"link_name":"Cat Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Causey Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causey_Pike"},{"link_name":"Dale Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Head"},{"link_name":"Eel Crag (Crag Hill)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crag_Hill"},{"link_name":"Grasmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasmoor"},{"link_name":"Graystones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graystones"},{"link_name":"Grisedale Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisedale_Pike"},{"link_name":"High Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Spy"},{"link_name":"Hindscarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindscarth"},{"link_name":"Hopegill Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopegill_Head"},{"link_name":"Knott Rigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott_Rigg"},{"link_name":"Ling Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Fell"},{"link_name":"Lord's Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Seat"},{"link_name":"Maiden Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Moor"},{"link_name":"Outerside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outerside"},{"link_name":"Rannerdale Knotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannerdale_Knotts"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Sale Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Fell"},{"link_name":"Scar Crags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_Crags"},{"link_name":"Wandope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandope"},{"link_name":"Whinlatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinlatter"},{"link_name":"Whiteless Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteless_Pike"},{"link_name":"Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteside_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Full list of Wainwrights by area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wainwrights"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lake_District_North_West"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lake_District_North_West"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lake_District_North_West"},{"link_name":"Hills of the North Western Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hills_in_the_Lake_District#North_Western_Fells"},{"link_name":"Lord's Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Seat"},{"link_name":"Whinlatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whinlatter"},{"link_name":"Ullister Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ullister_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barf_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Graystones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graystones"},{"link_name":"Ling Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling_Fell"},{"link_name":"Sale Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Fell"},{"link_name":"Ladies Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladies_Table&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Powter How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powter_How&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Watch Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_Hill_(Cockermouth)"},{"link_name":"Cockermouth Golf Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cockermouth_Golf_Course&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slate Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_Fell"},{"link_name":"Grasmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasmoor"},{"link_name":"Crag Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crag_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Wandope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandope"},{"link_name":"Scar Crags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar_Crags"},{"link_name":"Whiteless Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteless_Pike"},{"link_name":"Causey Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causey_Pike"},{"link_name":"Ard Crags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard_Crags"},{"link_name":"Outerside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outerside"},{"link_name":"Knott Rigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott_Rigg"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Stile End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stile_End&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rannerdale Knotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannerdale_Knotts"},{"link_name":"Brackenthwaite Hows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackenthwaite_Hows"},{"link_name":"Grisedale Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisedale_Pike"},{"link_name":"Hopegill Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopegill_Head"},{"link_name":"Hobcarton Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisedale_Pike"},{"link_name":"Whiteside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteside_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pike_(Buttermere)"},{"link_name":"Braithwaite How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braithwaite_How&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dale Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Head"},{"link_name":"Hindscarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindscarth"},{"link_name":"High Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Spy"},{"link_name":"Cat Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Castle Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Crag"},{"link_name":"High Doat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Doat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holm Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holm_Crag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_(Lake_District)"},{"link_name":"High Snockrigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Snockrigg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Swinside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinside_(Derwent_Water)"}],"text":"A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, The North Western Fells, Alfred Wainwright ISBN 0-7112-2459-5\nThe Mountains of England and Wales, John and Anne Nuttall, ISBN 1-85284-037-4vteWainwright's North Western Fells\nArd Crags\nBarf\nBarrow\nBroom Fell\nCastle Crag\nCat Bells\nCausey Pike\nDale Head\nEel Crag (Crag Hill)\nGrasmoor\nGraystones\nGrisedale Pike\nHigh Spy\nHindscarth\nHopegill Head\nKnott Rigg\nLing Fell\nLord's Seat\nMaiden Moor\nOuterside\nRannerdale Knotts\nRobinson\nSail\nSale Fell\nScar Crags\nWandope\nWhinlatter\nWhiteless Pike\nWhiteside\nFull list of Wainwrights by areavteHills of the North Western Lake DistrictLord's Seat\nWhinlatter\nUllister Hill\nBarf\nGraystones\nLing Fell\nSale Fell\nLadies Table\nHarrot\nPowter How\nWatch Hill\nCockermouth Golf Course\nSlate Fell\nGrasmoor\nCrag Hill\nSail\nWandope\nScar Crags\nWhiteless Pike\nCausey Pike\nArd Crags\nOuterside\nKnott Rigg\nBarrow\nStile End\nRannerdale Knotts\nBrackenthwaite Hows\nGrisedale Pike\nHopegill Head\nHobcarton Crag\nWhiteside\nDodd\nBraithwaite How\nDale Head\nHindscarth\nHigh Spy\nCat Bells\nCastle Crag\nHigh Doat\nHolm Crag\nRobinson\nHigh Snockrigg\nSwinside","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The ascent along the northern ridge facing the summit to the south","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Catbells_Northern_Ascent%2C_Lake_District_-_June_2009.jpg/220px-Catbells_Northern_Ascent%2C_Lake_District_-_June_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cat Bells and Skelgill Bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Catbells_and_Skelgill_Bank.JPG/220px-Catbells_and_Skelgill_Bank.JPG"},{"image_text":"Memorial plaque to T. A. Leonard at Cat Bells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Memorial_Plaque_on_Skelgill_Bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778921.jpg/220px-Memorial_Plaque_on_Skelgill_Bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_778921.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cat_Bells¶ms=54.56865_N_3.17083_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°34′07″N 3°10′15″W / 54.56865°N 3.17083°W / 54.56865; -3.17083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cat_Bells¶ms=54.56865_N_3.17083_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"54°34′07″N 3°10′15″W / 54.56865°N 3.17083°W / 54.56865; -3.17083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cat_Bells¶ms=54.568647_N_3.170826_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Cat+Bells","external_links_name":"NY244199"},{"Link":"https://vocal.media/poets/cat-bells?via=mike","external_links_name":"Cat Bells - A Villanelle"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Venezuela
|
National symbols of Venezuela
|
["1 References"]
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Flor de Mayo (Cattleya mossiae), the Venezuelan national flower.
The national symbols of Venezuela are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem. Since Venezuela's diversity of flora and fauna is remarkable, the government also officially declared these national symbols:
The national flower is the orchid Cattleya mossiae, known as flor de Mayo ("May flower"). It was first discovered in the northern land in 1849 and was given the status of national flower on 23 May 1951.
The national tree is the araguaney (Tabebuia chrysantha). Called aravanei by the Caribes, it can be found mostly in regions with temperate weather. It can reach a height between 6 and 12 m. The araguaney flourishes within the period following a rainy season, mostly in the first months of the year. Rómulo Gallegos referred to these months as "La primavera de oro de los araguaneyes" ("the golden spring of the araguaneyes"). It was declared the national tree on 29 May 1945.
The Venezuelan troupial
The national bird is the Venezuelan troupial (Icterus icterus). Fully coloured with yellow-orange tones except in the head and the wings, which are black with a few tones in white; also has a blue spot surrounding the eyes. It can be found in woods, the Llanos, at the shores of jungles, and in northern and southern Orinoco.
References
^ Patriotic Symbols Venezuelan Embassy in the United States Accessed 22 August 2006.
^ National Symbols Archived 23 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Venezuelan Embassy in the United States Accessed 22 August 2006.
vteNational symbols of South AmericaSovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
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Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
vteVenezuela articlesHistory
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This Venezuela-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[{"image_text":"Flor de Mayo (Cattleya mossiae), the Venezuelan national flower.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg/220px-Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Venezuelan troupial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG/220px-Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.embavenez-us.org/?pagina=kids.venezuela/patriotic.symbols.htm&titulo=Travel%20Advisory","external_links_name":"Patriotic Symbols"},{"Link":"http://www.embavenez-us.org/kids.venezuela/natural.symbols.htm","external_links_name":"National Symbols"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070623080900/http://www.embavenez-us.org/kids.venezuela/natural.symbols.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Venezuela&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_Stakes
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Pocahontas Stakes
|
["1 History","2 Records","3 Winners","4 See also","5 References"]
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Horse race
Pocahontas StakesGrade III raceLocationChurchill DownsLouisville, Kentucky, United StatesInaugurated1969Race typeThoroughbred – Flat racingWebsiteChurchill DownsRace informationDistance1 mileSurfaceDirtTrackleft-handedQualificationTwo-years-old filliesWeight122lbs with allowancesPurseUS$300,000 (since 2021)BonusesWin and You're In Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies
The Pocahontas Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old fillies over a distance of 1+1⁄16 one mile on the dirt scheduled annually in September at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.
History
The race was first held on Thanksgiving Day, 27 November 1969, and was fittingly named for Pocahontas, the daughter of Native-American chief Powhatan, who aided the early American settlers, and the same-named Pocahontas, the 19th-century British-bred thoroughbred mare, who had a great influence on the breed.
The stakes race remained a Thanksgiving Day event until 1982, when it was moved to the early weeks of the Fall Meet.
The event was first classified as a Grade III race in 2005 and a Grade II race in 2010. In 2020, the event was downgraded back to Grade III.
The distance of the race originated at 7 furlongs and was run at that distance for the first 13 years, from 1969 to 1981. The distance was changed to one mile beginning in 1982 and continued at that distance through 2012. In 2013, the distance was increased to 1+1⁄16 miles. In 2020 and 2023, the event was reduced back to 1 mile.
The event was split into divisions eight times, with the last occurrence in 1983.
The new scheduling allowed the Pocahontas to become a major prep for the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. It is a "Win and You're In" race in the Breeders' Cup Challenge series.
The Pocahontas is the first step on the annual Road to the Kentucky Oaks, a points system to qualify for the Kentucky Oaks at Churchill Downs in the spring of the following year.
Records
Speed record
1+1⁄16 miles: 1:43.78 – Hidden Connection (2021)
1 mile: 1:34.57 – Sara Louise (2008)
7 furlongs: 1:22.40 – Fair Ye Well (1970)
Margins
19+1⁄2 lengths – Serengeti Empress (2018)
Most wins by a jockey
7 – Pat Day (1983 div.1, 1983 div.2, 1984, 1987, 1994, 1995, 2004)
Most wins by a trainer
4 – Kenneth G. McPeek (2015, 2016, 2022, 2023)
Most wins by an owner
3 – Wilmott Stables (1991, 1996, 1997)
Winners
Year
Winner
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance
Time
Purse
Grade
Ref
2023
V V's Dream
Brian Hernandez Jr.
Kenneth G. McPeek
MJM Racing
1 mile
1:36.45
$300,000
III
2022
Fun and Feisty
Julien Leparoux
Kenneth G. McPeek
Lucky Seven Stable
1+1⁄16 miles
1:45.86
$297,536
III
2021
Hidden Connection
Reylu Gutierrez
W. Bret Calhoun
Hidden Brook Farm and Black Type Thoroughbreds
1+1⁄16 miles
1:43.78
$299,700
III
2020
Girl Daddy
Joseph Talamo
Dale Romans
Albaugh Family Stables LLC
1 mile
1:34.94
$200,000
III
2019
Lazy Daisy
Abel Cedillo
Doug F. O'Neill
ERJ Racing, Great Friends Stable & Tom Mansor
1+1⁄16 miles
1:44.89
$200,000
II
2018
Serengeti Empress
Corey J. Lanerie
Thomas M. Amoss
Joel Politi
1+1⁄16 miles
1:45.47
$200,000
II
2017
Patrona Margarita
Brian Hernandez Jr.
W. Bret Calhoun
Craig D. Upham
1+1⁄16 miles
1:46.35
$200,000
II
2016
Daddys Lil Darling
Corey J. Lanerie
Kenneth G. McPeek
Normandy Farm
1+1⁄16 miles
1:47.19
$200,000
II
2015
Dothraki Queen
Corey J. Lanerie
Kenneth G. McPeek
Magdalena Racing
1+1⁄16 miles
1:45.80
$200,000
II
2014
Cristina's Journey
Miguel Mena
Dale L. Romans
GSN Racing
1+1⁄16 miles
1:46.37
$231,000
II
2013
Untapable
Rosie Napravnik
Steven M. Asmussen
Winchell Thoroughbreds
1+1⁄16 miles
1:44.38
$168,150
II
2012
Sign
Rosie Napravnik
Albert Stall Jr.
Claiborne Farm & Adele B. Dilschneider
1 mile
1:38.63
$168,150
II
2011
On Fire Baby
Joe M. Johnson
Gary G. Hartlage
Anita Cauley
1 mile
1:37.17
$173,400
II
2010
Dancinginherdreams
Julien R. Leparoux
John T. Ward Jr.
John C. Oxley
1 mile
1:38.59
$165,450
II
2009
Sassy Image
Robby Albarado
Dale L. Romans
Jerry Romans Jr.
1 mile
1:38.62
$115,900
III
2008
Sara Louise
Robby Albarado
Dale L. Romans
Eldon Farm
1 mile
1:34.57
$110,400
III
2007
Pure Clan
Julien R. Leparoux
Robert E. Holthus
Lewis G. Lakin
1 mile
1:38.30
$185,700
III
2006
Change Up
Garrett K. Gomez
Steven B. Flint
Richard, Bertram & Elaine Klein
1 mile
1:35.97
$114,300
III
2005
French Park
Mark Guidry
Helen Pitts-Blasi
Steve Stan Stables
1 mile
1:37.19
$120,600
III
2004
Punch Appeal
Pat Day
Steven M. Asmussen
Heiligbrodt Racing & Burning Day Farm
1 mile
1:37.77
$109,500
Listed
2003
Stellar Jayne
Cornelio Velásquez
D. Wayne Lukas
Spendthrift Farm, Chuck Kidder, Nancy Cole & Nick Strong
1 mile
1:38.97
$112,300
Listed
2002
Belle of Perintown
Mark Guidry
Eddie Kenneally
Ken Mahler & Jamie Schloss
1 mile
1:36.52
$111,100
Listed
2001
Lotta Rhythm
Marlon St. Julien
Hal R. Wiggins
Dolphus Morrison
1 mile
1:37.96
$111,500
Listed
2000
Unbridled Elaine
Shane Sellers
Dallas Stewart
Roger J. Devenport
1 mile
1:34.82
$113,000
Listed
1999
Crown of Crimson
Robby Albarado
Bob Baffert
Golden Eagle Farm
1 mile
1:37.81
$112,600
Listed
1998
The Happy Hopper
Willie Martinez
Robert E. Holthus
Kerry & Linda Ozment
1 mile
1:37.73
$113,300
Listed
1997
Mission Park
Calvin H. Borel
Peter M. Vestal
Willmott Stables
1 mile
1:38.55
$113,600
Listed
1996
Water Street
Craig Perret
Peter M. Vestal
Willmott Stables
1 mile
1:36.90
$112,800
Listed
1995
Birr
Pat Day
W. Elliott Walden
Prestonwood Farm
1 mile
1:36.84
$113,200
Listed
1994
Minister Wife
Pat Day
D. Wayne Lukas
Fares Farm
1 mile
1:38.64
$112,900
Listed
1993
At the Half
Shane Sellers
Carl Bowman
Wayne G. Lyster, III
1 mile
1:38.13
$116,400
Listed
1992
Coni Bug
Shane Sellers
Anthony J. Granitz
Wheeler Farm
1 mile
1:37.85
$84,150
Listed
1991
Fretina
James Edward Bruin
Peter M. Vestal
Peter S. Willmott
1 mile
1:40.25
$85,350
Listed
1990
Middlefork Rapids
Roberto M. Gonzalez
Terry Knight
Dame Construction Company
1 mile
1:38.00
$58,000
1989
Crowned
Mike E. Smith
William I. Mott
Bohemia Stable
1 mile
1:39.80
$55,400
1988
§ Solid Eight
Randy Romero
D. Wayne Lukas
D. Wayne Lukas & Paternostro
1 mile
1:40.60
$55,800
1987
Epitome
Pat Day
Philip M. Hauswald
John A. Bell III
1 mile
1:38.20
$53,775
1986
Bestofbothworlds
Patricia Cooksey
Irvin Jack
Judy Owens
1 mile
1:42.60
$54,345
1985
Prime Union
Darrell Ellis Foster
Thomas M. Upton
John McGarrah
1 mile
1:38.40
$43,050
1984
Gallant Libby
Pat Day
Mickey A. Goldfine
Arthur I. Appleton
1 mile
1:41.80
$30,650
1983
Geevilla
Pat Day
William I. Mott
J. C. Clements
1 mile
1:40.20
$28,687
Division 1
Flippers
Pat Day
Steven C. Penrod
Claiborne Farm
1 mile
1:39.80
$30,187
Division 2
1982
Brindy Brindy
Julio C. Espinoza
Jack Van Berg
Wajima Farm
1 mile
1:38.20
$29,375
Division 1
Weekend Surprise
Don Brumfield
Del W. Carroll II
William S. Farish III & William S. Kilroy
1 mile
1:37.80
$29,750
Division 2
1981
Majestic Gold
Julio C. Espinoza
William E. Adams
Frederick Lehmann
7 furlongs
1:26.80
$31,075
Division 1
Taylor Park
James McKnight
Stanley M. Rieser
Indian Creek Farm
7 furlongs
1:26.40
$31,700
Division 2
1980
Kathy T.
Larry Melancon
Doug Udouj
Mrs. Carl Udouj
7 furlongs
1:27.60
$28,800
Division 1
Masters Dream
Gerland Gallitano
William E. Adams
Golden Chance Farm (Robert & Verna Lehmann)
7 furlongs
1:27.40
$30,925
Division 2
1979
Dancing Blade
Anthony Black
Hoss Inman
Sunrise Farm & Hoss Inman
7 furlongs
1:26.80
$26,150
1978
Starclock
Richard Depass
Charles R. Werstler
Mary V. Fisher
7 furlongs
1:25.40
$22,800
Division 1
Safe
Earlie Fires
Joseph M. Bollero
Elizabeth Brisbine
7 furlongs
1:25.60
$23,050
Division 2
1977
Plains and Simple
Alexander L. Fernandez
John T. Ward Jr.
Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney
7 furlongs
1:25.20
$22,938
† Division 1
Rainy Princess
Larry Snyder
Frank L. Brothers
W. H. Snyder
7 furlongs
1:25.20
$22,938
† Division 2
1976
Sweet Alliance
Chris McCarron
Bud Delp
Windfields Farm
7 furlongs
1:25.60
$22,538
† Division 1
Ciao
William Gavidia
Alice Chandler
Mill Ridge Farm
7 furlongs
1:27.00
$22,788
† Division 2
1975
Alvarada
Don Brumfield
Don Combs
Thomas McKinley & Alex Parker
7 furlongs
1:27.60
$24,525
1974
My Juliet
Alan Hill
Steve A. Long
George Weasel
7 furlongs
1:23.60
$24,525
1973
Fairway Fable
David Whited
John J. Greely III
William Floyd
7 furlongs
1:26.00
$23,550
† Division 1
§ Shoo Dear
Donald Brumfield
George T. Poole
Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney
7 furlongs
1:27.80
$23,550
† Division 2
1972
Vaguely Familiar
German Vasquez
Mickey Goldfine
Arthur I. Appleton
7 furlongs
1:25.80
$25,100
1971
Candid Catherine
Earl J. Knapp
Everett W. King
Mrs. Lloyd I. Miller
7 furlongs
1:25.80
$24,125
1970
Fair Ye Well
David Niblick
Harvey L. Vanier
Dr. Louis F. Aitken
7 furlongs
1:22.40
$22,550
1969
Artists Proof
Doug Richard
Del W. Carroll
Michael G. Phipps
7 furlongs
1:24.20
$23,825
Notes:
† Divisions of the event in 1973, 1976 and 1977 were run on different days
§ Ran as part of an entry
See also
Road to the Kentucky Oaks
List of American and Canadian Graded races
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Churchill Downs (2019). "$200,000 Pocahontas (Grade II)" (PDF). KentuckyDerby.com. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ a b "Pocahontas Stakes Profile". Equibase. 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ "POCAHONTAS STAKES – MULTIPLE TRACKS". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ LaMarra, Tom (3 December 2009). "Arkansas Derby Among Three New Grade I Stakes".
^ "POCAHONTAS STAKES (2ND. DIV.) – CHURCHILL DOWNS, KY". Thoroughbred Pedigree Online. 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
^ "2016 Breeders' Cup Challenge Features 59 Grade/Group 1 Races in 12 Countries". breederscup.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ "Sam F. Davis Joins 'Road to Kentucky Derby'". Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ "2023 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 7)". Equibase. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
^ "2022 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 11)". Equibase. 17 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
^ "2021 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 8)". Equibase. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
^ "2020 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 10)". Equibase. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
^ "2019 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9)". Equibase. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2018 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 11)". Equibase. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2017 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 11)". Equibase. 16 September 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2016 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 10)". Equibase. 17 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2015 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 8)". Equibase. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2014 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 10)". Equibase. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2013 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 6)". Equibase. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2012 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 8)". Equibase. 28 October 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2011 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 10)". Equibase. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2010 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 10)". Equibase. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2009 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 8)". Equibase. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2008 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 9)". Equibase. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2007 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 10)". Equibase. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2006 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 10)". Equibase. 29 October 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2005 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 8)". Equibase. 5 November 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2004 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 6 November 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2003 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 9)". Equibase. 1 November 2003. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2002 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 9)". Equibase. 2 November 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2001 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 7)". Equibase. 3 November 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "2000 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 10)". Equibase. 3 November 2000. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1999 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 9)". Equibase. 7 November 1999. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1998 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 6 November 1998. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1997 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 2 November 1997. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1996 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 3 November 1996. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1995 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 4 November 1995. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1994 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 4 November 1994. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1993 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 5)". Equibase. 6 November 1993. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1992 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ "1991 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)". Equibase. 1 November 1991. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
^ Berry, Jack (29 October 1990). "Middlefork Rapids does it with ease, rolling to 4-length win in Pocahontas (1990 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1990)". The Courier-Journal. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Berry, Jack (30 October 1989). "Crowned captures Churchill's Pocahontas (1989 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1989)". The Courier-Journal. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Berry, Jack (31 October 1988). "Lukas' fillies finish 1-2 in Pocahontas (1988 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 30 October 1988)". The Courier-Journal. p. 30. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Rees, Jennie (9 November 1987). "Epitome recovers from layoff to nab Pocahontas by 2½ (1987 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 8 November 1987)". The Courier-Journal. p. 13. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Rees, Jennie (27 October 1986). "Bestofbothworlds win for Cooksey (1986 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1986)". The Courier-Journal. p. 28. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1985 Pocahontas Stakes – Race 8: held 27 October 1985
^ 1984 Pocahontas Stakes – Race 8: held 4 November 1984
^ Rees, Jennie (13 November 1983). "Day rules again, sweeping pair in Pocahontas (1983 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 12 November 1983)". The Courier-Journal. p. 11. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1983 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – Race 8: held 12 November 1983
^ Sewers, Richard (12 November 1982). "Pocahontas winners share Downs limelight ... (1982 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 11 November 1982)". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1982 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – Race 8: held 11 November 1982
^ Sewers, Richard (27 November 1981). "Taylor Park, Majestic Gold beat Day to take Pocahontas (1981 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 26 November 1981)". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1981 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – Race 8: held 26 November 1981
^ Koerner, Dave (28 November 1980). "Kathy T., Masters Dream romp in Pocahontas (1980 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 27 November 1980)". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1980 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – Race 8: held 27 November 1980
^ Koerner, Dave (23 November 1979). "Dancing Blade waltzes in Pocahontas (1979 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 22 November 1979)". The Courier-Journal. p. 43. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Bolus, Jim (24 November 1978). "No. 4 is lucky as Starclock, Safe win Pocahontas Stakes (1978 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 23 November 1978)". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1978 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – Race 8: held 23 November 1978
^ Adair, Bob (25 November 1977). "Plains and Simple wins stakes stylishly (1977 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 24 November 1977)". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ 1977 Mint Julep Handicap Division 2 – Race 8: held 25 November 1978
^ Adair, Bob (26 November 1976). "McCarron 'settles' for Pocahontas aboard Sweet Alliance (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 25 November 1976)". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (27 November 1976). "...; Ciao Triumphs (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 26 November 1976)". The Courier-Journal. p. 18. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Bolus, Jim (28 November 1975). "Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1975 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1975)". The Courier-Journal. p. 43. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Bolus, Jim (29 November 1974). "Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1974 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 November 1974)". The Courier-Journal. p. 38. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (23 November 1973). "Fairway Fable wins first division of Pocahontas (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 22 November 1973)". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (24 November 1973). "12,242 watch Shoo Dear 'scoot' (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 23 November 1973)". The Courier-Journal. p. 17. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (24 November 1972). "Pocahontas heap-big for Lou! (1972 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 23 November 1972)". The Courier-Journal. p. 38. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (26 November 1971). "Knapp lauds Pocahontas winner (1971 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 25 November 1971)". The Courier-Journal. p. 39. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (27 November 1970). "Fair Ye Well romps to 1½-Lengths Win ; Magdabid 2nd in Pocahontas Stakes (1970 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 November 1970)". The Courier-Journal. p. 39. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ Adair, Bob (28 November 1969). "Artists Proof First in First Pocahontas (1969 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1969)". The Courier-Journal. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred horse race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred_horse_race"},{"link_name":"fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"Churchill Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Downs"},{"link_name":"Louisville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"}],"text":"The Pocahontas Stakes is a Grade III American Thoroughbred horse race for two-year-old fillies over a distance of 1+1⁄16 one mile on the dirt scheduled annually in September at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky.","title":"Pocahontas Stakes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas"},{"link_name":"Native-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Powhatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Powhatan"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Churchill-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase-2"},{"link_name":"Grade III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_stakes_race"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pedigree-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-equibase-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Divisions-5"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Juvenile_Fillies"},{"link_name":"Breeders' Cup Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeders%27_Cup_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016Announcement-6"},{"link_name":"Road to the Kentucky Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_to_the_Kentucky_Oaks"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Oaks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017RoadAnnouncement-7"}],"text":"The race was first held on Thanksgiving Day, 27 November 1969, and was fittingly named for Pocahontas, the daughter of Native-American chief Powhatan, who aided the early American settlers, and the same-named Pocahontas, the 19th-century British-bred thoroughbred mare, who had a great influence on the breed.[1]The stakes race remained a Thanksgiving Day event until 1982, when it was moved to the early weeks of the Fall Meet.[2]The event was first classified as a Grade III race in 2005[3] and a Grade II race in 2010.[4] In 2020, the event was downgraded back to Grade III.The distance of the race originated at 7 furlongs and was run at that distance for the first 13 years, from 1969 to 1981. The distance was changed to one mile beginning in 1982 and continued at that distance through 2012. In 2013, the distance was increased to 1+1⁄16 miles.[2] In 2020 and 2023, the event was reduced back to 1 mile.The event was split into divisions eight times, with the last occurrence in 1983.[5]The new scheduling allowed the Pocahontas to become a major prep for the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies. It is a \"Win and You're In\" race in the Breeders' Cup Challenge series.[6]The Pocahontas is the first step on the annual Road to the Kentucky Oaks, a points system to qualify for the Kentucky Oaks at Churchill Downs in the spring of the following year.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey"},{"link_name":"Pat Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Day"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trainer"},{"link_name":"Kenneth G. McPeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_G._McPeek"}],"text":"Speed record1+1⁄16 miles: \t1:43.78 – Hidden Connection (2021)\n1 mile: 1:34.57 – Sara Louise (2008)\n7 furlongs: 1:22.40 – Fair Ye Well (1970)Margins19+1⁄2 lengths – Serengeti Empress (2018)Most wins by a jockey7 – Pat Day (1983 div.1, 1983 div.2, 1984, 1987, 1994, 1995, 2004)Most wins by a trainer4 – Kenneth G. McPeek (2015, 2016, 2022, 2023)Most wins by an owner3 – Wilmott Stables (1991, 1996, 1997)","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notes:\n\n† Divisions of the event in 1973, 1976 and 1977 were run on different days\n\n§ Ran as part of an entry","title":"Winners"}]
|
[]
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Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breederscup.com/article/2016-breeders-cup-challenge-features-59-gradegroup-1-races-12-countries","url_text":"\"2016 Breeders' Cup Challenge Features 59 Grade/Group 1 Races in 12 Countries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam F. Davis Joins 'Road to Kentucky Derby'\". Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/214959/sam-f-davis-joins-road-to-kentucky-derby","url_text":"\"Sam F. Davis Joins 'Road to Kentucky Derby'\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 7)\". Equibase. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=7&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=09/16/2023&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2023 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 7)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 11)\". Equibase. 17 September 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=11&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=09/17/2020&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2022 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 11)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 8)\". Equibase. Retrieved 19 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equibase.com/premium/chartEmb.cfm?track=CD&raceDate=09/18/2021&cy=USA&rn=8","url_text":"\"2021 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 10)\". Equibase. 3 September 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=10&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=09/03/2020&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"2020 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 3 – (race 10)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Pocahontas Stakes Grade 2 – (race 9)\". Equibase. 14 September 2019. 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Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/06/1998&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1998 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1997 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 2 November 1997. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/02/1997&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1997 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 3 November 1996. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/03/1996&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1996 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1995 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 4 November 1995. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/04/1995&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1995 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1994 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 4 November 1994. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/04/1994&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1994 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1993 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 5)\". Equibase. 6 November 1993. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=5&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/06/1993&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1993 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 5)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/01/1992&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1992 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\". Equibase. 1 November 1991. Retrieved 22 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbPDFChartPlus.cfm?RACE=8&BorP=P&TID=CD&CTRY=USA&DT=11/01/1991&DAY=D&STYLE=EQB","url_text":"\"1991 Pocahontas Stakes Listed – (race 8)\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jack (29 October 1990). \"Middlefork Rapids does it with ease, rolling to 4-length win in Pocahontas (1990 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1990)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Middlefork+Rapids+Pocahontas&ymd=1990-10-29","url_text":"\"Middlefork Rapids does it with ease, rolling to 4-length win in Pocahontas (1990 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 October 1990)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jack (30 October 1989). \"Crowned captures Churchill's Pocahontas (1989 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1989)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 31. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Crowned+Pocahontas&ymd=1989-10-30","url_text":"\"Crowned captures Churchill's Pocahontas (1989 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 29 October 1989)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Jack (31 October 1988). \"Lukas' fillies finish 1-2 in Pocahontas (1988 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 30 October 1988)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 30. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Solid+Box+Office+Pocahontas&ymd=1988-10-31","url_text":"\"Lukas' fillies finish 1-2 in Pocahontas (1988 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 30 October 1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (9 November 1987). \"Epitome recovers from layoff to nab Pocahontas by 2½ (1987 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 8 November 1987)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 13. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Epitome++Pocahontas&ymd=1987-11-09&offset=2","url_text":"\"Epitome recovers from layoff to nab Pocahontas by 2½ (1987 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 8 November 1987)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (27 October 1986). \"Bestofbothworlds win for Cooksey (1986 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1986)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 28. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Bestofbothworlds+Pocahontas&ymd=1986-10-27","url_text":"\"Bestofbothworlds win for Cooksey (1986 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 October 1986)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jennie (13 November 1983). \"Day rules again, sweeping pair in Pocahontas (1983 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 12 November 1983)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 11. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Geevilla+Flippers++Day+Pocahontas&ymd=1983-11-13&offset=2","url_text":"\"Day rules again, sweeping pair in Pocahontas (1983 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 12 November 1983)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Sewers, Richard (12 November 1982). \"Pocahontas winners share Downs limelight ... (1982 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 11 November 1982)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Brindy+Brindy+Weekend+Surprise++Pocahontas+share+Downs+limelight&ymd=1982-11-12","url_text":"\"Pocahontas winners share Downs limelight ... (1982 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 6: held 11 November 1982)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Sewers, Richard (27 November 1981). \"Taylor Park, Majestic Gold beat Day to take Pocahontas (1981 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 26 November 1981)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Majestic+Gold++Taylor+Park+Pocahontas&ymd=1981-11-27","url_text":"\"Taylor Park, Majestic Gold beat Day to take Pocahontas (1981 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 26 November 1981)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Koerner, Dave (28 November 1980). \"Kathy T., Masters Dream romp in Pocahontas (1980 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 27 November 1980)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Kathy+Masters+Dream+Pocahontas&ymd=1980-11-28","url_text":"\"Kathy T., Masters Dream romp in Pocahontas (1980 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 7: held 27 November 1980)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Koerner, Dave (23 November 1979). \"Dancing Blade waltzes in Pocahontas (1979 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 22 November 1979)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 43. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Dancing+Blade+Pocahontas&ymd=1979-11-23","url_text":"\"Dancing Blade waltzes in Pocahontas (1979 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 22 November 1979)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bolus, Jim (24 November 1978). \"No. 4 is lucky as Starclock, Safe win Pocahontas Stakes (1978 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 23 November 1978)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 15. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Starclock++Safe++Pocahontas&ymd=1978-11-24","url_text":"\"No. 4 is lucky as Starclock, Safe win Pocahontas Stakes (1978 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 23 November 1978)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (25 November 1977). \"Plains and Simple wins stakes stylishly (1977 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 24 November 1977)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Plains+Simple+Pocahontas&ymd=1977-11-25&offset=3","url_text":"\"Plains and Simple wins stakes stylishly (1977 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 24 November 1977)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (26 November 1976). \"McCarron 'settles' for Pocahontas aboard Sweet Alliance (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 25 November 1976)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=McCarron+Sweet+Alliance+Pocahontas&ymd=1976-11-26","url_text":"\"McCarron 'settles' for Pocahontas aboard Sweet Alliance (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 25 November 1976)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (27 November 1976). \"...; Ciao Triumphs (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 26 November 1976)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 18. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=McCarron+Sweet+Alliance+Pocahontas&ymd=1976-11-26","url_text":"\"...; Ciao Triumphs (1976 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 26 November 1976)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bolus, Jim (28 November 1975). \"Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1975 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1975)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 43. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Alvarada++Pocahontas&ymd=1975-11-28&offset=2","url_text":"\"Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1975 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1975)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Bolus, Jim (29 November 1974). \"Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1974 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 November 1974)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 38. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=My+Juliet+Pocahontas&ymd=1974-11-29","url_text":"\"Alvarada outduels Confort Zone to win Pocahontas Stakes (1974 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 28 November 1974)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (23 November 1973). \"Fairway Fable wins first division of Pocahontas (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 22 November 1973)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 42. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Fairway+Fable+Pocahontas&ymd=1973-11-23","url_text":"\"Fairway Fable wins first division of Pocahontas (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 1 – race 8: held 22 November 1973)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (24 November 1973). \"12,242 watch Shoo Dear 'scoot' (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 23 November 1973)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 17. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Shoo+Dear+Pocahontas+Golden+Don&ymd=1973-11-24","url_text":"\"12,242 watch Shoo Dear 'scoot' (1973 Pocahontas Stakes Division 2 – race 8: held 23 November 1973)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (24 November 1972). \"Pocahontas heap-big for Lou! (1972 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 23 November 1972)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 38. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Pocahontas++%09Vaguely+Familiar+Downs+feature&ymd=1972-11-24","url_text":"\"Pocahontas heap-big for Lou! (1972 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 23 November 1972)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (26 November 1971). \"Knapp lauds Pocahontas winner (1971 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 25 November 1971)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 39. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Pocahontas++%09Candid+Catherine&ymd=1971-11-26&offset=1","url_text":"\"Knapp lauds Pocahontas winner (1971 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 25 November 1971)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (27 November 1970). \"Fair Ye Well romps to 1½-Lengths Win ; Magdabid 2nd in Pocahontas Stakes (1970 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 November 1970)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 39. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Pocahontas++%09Fair+Ye+Well&ymd=1970-11-27&offset=1","url_text":"\"Fair Ye Well romps to 1½-Lengths Win ; Magdabid 2nd in Pocahontas Stakes (1970 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 26 November 1970)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]},{"reference":"Adair, Bob (28 November 1969). \"Artists Proof First in First Pocahontas (1969 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1969)\". The Courier-Journal. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Pocahontas++%09Artists+Proof&ymd=1969-11-28&offset=2","url_text":"\"Artists Proof First in First Pocahontas (1969 Pocahontas Stakes – race 8: held 27 November 1969)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal","url_text":"The Courier-Journal"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS18
|
SS18
|
["1 Function","2 Clinical significance","3 Interactions","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
SS18IdentifiersAliasesSS18, SSXT, SYT, nBAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit, SS18 subunit of BAF chromatin remodeling complex, SMARCL1External IDsOMIM: 600192; MGI: 107708; HomoloGene: 38080; GeneCards: SS18; OMA:SS18 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 18 (human)Band18q11.2Start26,016,253 bpEnd26,091,217 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 18 (mouse)Band18|18 A1Start14,757,255 bpEnd14,815,971 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inright adrenal cortexstromal cell of endometriumleft ovaryAchilles tendonleft adrenal glandright ovaryleft adrenal cortexskin of abdomengallbladdertibial nerveTop expressed inzygoteventricular zoneesophagustail of embryogenital tuberclelipyolk sacright kidneymorulablastocystMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
protein binding
nuclear receptor coactivator activity
transcription coactivator activity
Cellular component
cytoplasmic microtubule
npBAF complex
nucleus
SWI/SNF complex
Biological process
ephrin receptor signaling pathway
intracellular signal transduction
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
cytoskeleton organization
microtubule cytoskeleton organization
cell morphogenesis
transcription, DNA-templated
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
neuronal stem cell population maintenance
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez6760268996EnsemblENSG00000141380ENSMUSG00000037013UniProtQ15532Q4VAX0Q62280RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001007559NM_001308201NM_005637NM_001161369NM_001161370NM_001161371NM_009280RefSeq (protein)NP_001007560NP_001295130NP_005628NP_005628.2NP_001154841NP_001154842NP_001154843NP_033306Location (UCSC)Chr 18: 26.02 – 26.09 MbChr 18: 14.76 – 14.82 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Protein SSXT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SS18 gene.
Function
SS18 is a member of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.
Clinical significance
SS18 is involved in a chromosomal translocation commonly found in synovial sarcoma.
Interactions
SS18 has been shown to interact with:
EP300,
MLLT10,
SMARCA2, and
SMARCB1.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000141380 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037013 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Shipley JM, Clark J, Crew AJ, Birdsall S, Rocques PJ, Gill S, Chelly J, Monaco AP, Abe S, Gusterson BA (May 1994). "The t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcomas involves two distinct loci on the X chromosome". Oncogene. 9 (5): 1447–53. PMID 8152806.
^ Clark J, Rocques PJ, Crew AJ, Gill S, Shipley J, Chan AM, Gusterson BA, Cooper CS (Aug 1994). "Identification of novel genes, SYT and SSX, involved in the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcoma". Nature Genetics. 7 (4): 502–8. doi:10.1038/ng0894-502. PMID 7951320. S2CID 20503729.
^ de Bruijn DR, Geurts van Kessel A (2006). "Common origin of the human synovial sarcoma associated SS18 and SS18L1 gene loci". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 112 (3–4): 222–6. doi:10.1159/000089874. PMID 16484776.
^ Middeljans E, Wan X, Jansen PW, Sharma V, Stunnenberg HG, Logie C (2012). "SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33834. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733834M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033834. PMC 3307773. PMID 22442726.
^ a b Kato H, Tjernberg A, Zhang W, Krutchinsky AN, An W, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Sugano S, de Bruijn DR, Chait BT, Roeder RG (Feb 2002). "SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 5498–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108702200. hdl:2066/170683. PMID 11734557.
^ a b Perani M, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Nov 2003). "Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers". Oncogene. 22 (50): 8156–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207031. PMID 14603256.
^ Yang K, Lui WO, Xie Y, Zhang A, Skytting B, Mandahl N, Larsson C, Larsson O (Jun 2002). "Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas". Oncogene. 21 (26): 4181–90. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205569. PMID 12037676.
^ Eid JE, Kung AL, Scully R, Livingston DM (Sep 2000). "p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion". Cell. 102 (6): 839–48. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6. PMID 11030627. S2CID 17342132.
^ de Bruijn DR, dos Santos NR, Thijssen J, Balemans M, Debernardi S, Linder B, Young BD, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2001). "The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10". Oncogene. 20 (25): 3281–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204419. PMID 11423977.
Further reading
Fligman I, Lonardo F, Jhanwar SC, Gerald WL, Woodruff J, Ladanyi M (Dec 1995). "Molecular diagnosis of synovial sarcoma and characterization of a variant SYT-SSX2 fusion transcript". The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (6): 1592–9. PMC 1869933. PMID 7495284.
Brett D, Whitehouse S, Antonson P, Shipley J, Cooper C, Goodwin G (Sep 1997). "The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (9): 1559–64. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.9.1559. PMID 9285794.
Thaete C, Brett D, Monaghan P, Whitehouse S, Rennie G, Rayner E, Cooper CS, Goodwin G (Apr 1999). "Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM in the nucleus". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (4): 585–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.4.585. PMID 10072425.
Eid JE, Kung AL, Scully R, Livingston DM (Sep 2000). "p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion". Cell. 102 (6): 839–48. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6. PMID 11030627. S2CID 17342132.
Tamborini E, Agus V, Mezzelani A, Riva C, Sozzi G, Azzarelli A, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S (Apr 2001). "Identification of a novel spliced variant of the SYT gene expressed in normal tissues and in synovial sarcoma". British Journal of Cancer. 84 (8): 1087–94. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1710. PMC 2363857. PMID 11308259.
Brodin B, Haslam K, Yang K, Bartolazzi A, Xie Y, Starborg M, Lundeberg J, Larsson O (May 2001). "Cloning and characterization of spliced fusion transcript variants of synovial sarcoma: SYT/SSX4, SYT/SSX4v, and SYT/SSX2v. Possible regulatory role of the fusion gene product in wild type SYT expression". Gene. 268 (1–2): 173–82. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00412-7. PMID 11368913.
de Bruijn DR, dos Santos NR, Thijssen J, Balemans M, Debernardi S, Linder B, Young BD, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2001). "The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10". Oncogene. 20 (25): 3281–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204419. PMID 11423977.
Suzuki H, Fukunishi Y, Kagawa I, Saito R, Oda H, Endo T, Kondo S, Bono H, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y (Oct 2001). "Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs" (PDF). Genome Research. 11 (10): 1758–65. doi:10.1101/gr.180101. PMC 311163. PMID 11591653.
Kato H, Tjernberg A, Zhang W, Krutchinsky AN, An W, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Sugano S, de Bruijn DR, Chait BT, Roeder RG (Feb 2002). "SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 5498–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108702200. hdl:2066/170683. PMID 11734557.
Yang K, Lui WO, Xie Y, Zhang A, Skytting B, Mandahl N, Larsson C, Larsson O (Jun 2002). "Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas". Oncogene. 21 (26): 4181–90. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205569. PMID 12037676.
Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, Kiyono T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Isogai T, Hata J, Toyama Y, Umezawa A (Aug 2003). "Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis". Experimental Cell Research. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.
Perani M, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Nov 2003). "Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers". Oncogene. 22 (50): 8156–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207031. PMID 14603256.
Iwasaki T, Koibuchi N, Chin WW (Sep 2005). "Synovial sarcoma translocation (SYT) encodes a nuclear receptor coactivator". Endocrinology. 146 (9): 3892–9. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1513. PMID 15919756.
Fernebro J, Francis P, Edén P, Borg A, Panagopoulos I, Mertens F, Vallon-Christersson J, Akerman M, Rydholm A, Bauer HC, Mandahl N, Nilbert M (Mar 2006). "Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (5): 1165–72. doi:10.1002/ijc.21475. PMID 16152617. S2CID 12084422.
Perani M, Antonson P, Hamoudi R, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Dec 2005). "The proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), a human nuclear receptor co-activator with similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS family of proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (52): 42863–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502963200. PMID 16227627.
Sun Y, Gao D, Liu Y, Huang J, Lessnick S, Tanaka S (Feb 2006). "IGF2 is critical for tumorigenesis by synovial sarcoma oncoprotein SYT-SSX1". Oncogene. 25 (7): 1042–52. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209143. PMID 16247461.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8152806-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7951320-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16484776-7"}],"text":"Protein SSXT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SS18 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"SS18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SWI/SNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWI/SNF"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22442726-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11734557-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14603256-10"}],"text":"SS18 is a member of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex.[8][9][10]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chromosomal translocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation"},{"link_name":"synovial sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12037676-11"}],"text":"SS18 is involved in a chromosomal translocation commonly found in synovial sarcoma.[11]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"EP300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP300"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11030627-12"},{"link_name":"MLLT10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLLT10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11423977-13"},{"link_name":"SMARCA2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARCA2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14603256-10"},{"link_name":"SMARCB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARCB1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11734557-9"}],"text":"SS18 has been shown to interact with:EP300,[12]\nMLLT10,[13]\nSMARCA2,[10] and\nSMARCB1.[9]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Molecular diagnosis of synovial sarcoma and characterization of a variant SYT-SSX2 fusion transcript\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1869933"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1869933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1869933"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7495284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7495284"},{"link_name":"\"The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear 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synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1204419","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11423977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11423977"},{"link_name":"\"Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/50027/1/2_1758.full.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.180101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.180101"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"311163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311163"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11591653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11591653"},{"link_name":"\"SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M108702200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2066/170683","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2066%2F170683"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11734557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734557"},{"link_name":"\"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1205569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12037676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037676"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4827%2803%2900130-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12878157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12878157"},{"link_name":"\"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1207031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14603256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14603256"},{"link_name":"\"Synovial sarcoma translocation (SYT) encodes a nuclear receptor coactivator\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2004-1513"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/en.2004-1513","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2004-1513"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15919756","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919756"},{"link_name":"\"Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.21475"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/ijc.21475","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.21475"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16152617","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16152617"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12084422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12084422"},{"link_name":"\"The proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), a human nuclear receptor co-activator with similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS family of proteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M502963200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M502963200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M502963200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16227627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16227627"},{"link_name":"\"IGF2 is critical for tumorigenesis by synovial sarcoma oncoprotein SYT-SSX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209143"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/sj.onc.1209143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209143"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16247461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16247461"}],"text":"Fligman I, Lonardo F, Jhanwar SC, Gerald WL, Woodruff J, Ladanyi M (Dec 1995). \"Molecular diagnosis of synovial sarcoma and characterization of a variant SYT-SSX2 fusion transcript\". The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (6): 1592–9. PMC 1869933. PMID 7495284.\nBrett D, Whitehouse S, Antonson P, Shipley J, Cooper C, Goodwin G (Sep 1997). \"The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies\". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (9): 1559–64. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.9.1559. PMID 9285794.\nThaete C, Brett D, Monaghan P, Whitehouse S, Rennie G, Rayner E, Cooper CS, Goodwin G (Apr 1999). \"Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM in the nucleus\". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (4): 585–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.4.585. PMID 10072425.\nEid JE, Kung AL, Scully R, Livingston DM (Sep 2000). \"p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion\". Cell. 102 (6): 839–48. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6. PMID 11030627. S2CID 17342132.\nTamborini E, Agus V, Mezzelani A, Riva C, Sozzi G, Azzarelli A, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S (Apr 2001). \"Identification of a novel spliced variant of the SYT gene expressed in normal tissues and in synovial sarcoma\". British Journal of Cancer. 84 (8): 1087–94. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1710. PMC 2363857. PMID 11308259.\nBrodin B, Haslam K, Yang K, Bartolazzi A, Xie Y, Starborg M, Lundeberg J, Larsson O (May 2001). \"Cloning and characterization of spliced fusion transcript variants of synovial sarcoma: SYT/SSX4, SYT/SSX4v, and SYT/SSX2v. Possible regulatory role of the fusion gene product in wild type SYT expression\". Gene. 268 (1–2): 173–82. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00412-7. PMID 11368913.\nde Bruijn DR, dos Santos NR, Thijssen J, Balemans M, Debernardi S, Linder B, Young BD, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2001). \"The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\". Oncogene. 20 (25): 3281–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204419. PMID 11423977.\nSuzuki H, Fukunishi Y, Kagawa I, Saito R, Oda H, Endo T, Kondo S, Bono H, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y (Oct 2001). \"Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs\" (PDF). Genome Research. 11 (10): 1758–65. doi:10.1101/gr.180101. PMC 311163. PMID 11591653.\nKato H, Tjernberg A, Zhang W, Krutchinsky AN, An W, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Sugano S, de Bruijn DR, Chait BT, Roeder RG (Feb 2002). \"SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 5498–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108702200. hdl:2066/170683. PMID 11734557.\nYang K, Lui WO, Xie Y, Zhang A, Skytting B, Mandahl N, Larsson C, Larsson O (Jun 2002). \"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\". Oncogene. 21 (26): 4181–90. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205569. PMID 12037676.\nImabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, Kiyono T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Isogai T, Hata J, Toyama Y, Umezawa A (Aug 2003). \"Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis\". Experimental Cell Research. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.\nPerani M, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Nov 2003). \"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\". Oncogene. 22 (50): 8156–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207031. PMID 14603256.\nIwasaki T, Koibuchi N, Chin WW (Sep 2005). \"Synovial sarcoma translocation (SYT) encodes a nuclear receptor coactivator\". Endocrinology. 146 (9): 3892–9. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1513. PMID 15919756.\nFernebro J, Francis P, Edén P, Borg A, Panagopoulos I, Mertens F, Vallon-Christersson J, Akerman M, Rydholm A, Bauer HC, Mandahl N, Nilbert M (Mar 2006). \"Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma\". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (5): 1165–72. doi:10.1002/ijc.21475. PMID 16152617. S2CID 12084422.\nPerani M, Antonson P, Hamoudi R, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Dec 2005). \"The proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), a human nuclear receptor co-activator with similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS family of proteins\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (52): 42863–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502963200. PMID 16227627.\nSun Y, Gao D, Liu Y, Huang J, Lessnick S, Tanaka S (Feb 2006). \"IGF2 is critical for tumorigenesis by synovial sarcoma oncoprotein SYT-SSX1\". Oncogene. 25 (7): 1042–52. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209143. PMID 16247461.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=6760","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=268996","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Shipley JM, Clark J, Crew AJ, Birdsall S, Rocques PJ, Gill S, Chelly J, Monaco AP, Abe S, Gusterson BA (May 1994). \"The t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcomas involves two distinct loci on the X chromosome\". Oncogene. 9 (5): 1447–53. PMID 8152806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8152806","url_text":"8152806"}]},{"reference":"Clark J, Rocques PJ, Crew AJ, Gill S, Shipley J, Chan AM, Gusterson BA, Cooper CS (Aug 1994). \"Identification of novel genes, SYT and SSX, involved in the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcoma\". Nature Genetics. 7 (4): 502–8. doi:10.1038/ng0894-502. PMID 7951320. S2CID 20503729.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng0894-502","url_text":"10.1038/ng0894-502"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7951320","url_text":"7951320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20503729","url_text":"20503729"}]},{"reference":"de Bruijn DR, Geurts van Kessel A (2006). \"Common origin of the human synovial sarcoma associated SS18 and SS18L1 gene loci\". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 112 (3–4): 222–6. doi:10.1159/000089874. PMID 16484776.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000089874","url_text":"10.1159/000089874"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16484776","url_text":"16484776"}]},{"reference":"Middeljans E, Wan X, Jansen PW, Sharma V, Stunnenberg HG, Logie C (2012). \"SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes\". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33834. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733834M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033834. PMC 3307773. PMID 22442726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307773","url_text":"\"SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...733834M","url_text":"2012PLoSO...733834M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033834","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0033834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307773","url_text":"3307773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442726","url_text":"22442726"}]},{"reference":"Kato H, Tjernberg A, Zhang W, Krutchinsky AN, An W, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Sugano S, de Bruijn DR, Chait BT, Roeder RG (Feb 2002). \"SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 5498–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108702200. hdl:2066/170683. PMID 11734557.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200","url_text":"\"SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M108702200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F170683","url_text":"2066/170683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734557","url_text":"11734557"}]},{"reference":"Perani M, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Nov 2003). \"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\". Oncogene. 22 (50): 8156–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207031. PMID 14603256.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031","url_text":"\"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1207031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14603256","url_text":"14603256"}]},{"reference":"Yang K, Lui WO, Xie Y, Zhang A, Skytting B, Mandahl N, Larsson C, Larsson O (Jun 2002). \"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\". Oncogene. 21 (26): 4181–90. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205569. PMID 12037676.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569","url_text":"\"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1205569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037676","url_text":"12037676"}]},{"reference":"Eid JE, Kung AL, Scully R, Livingston DM (Sep 2000). \"p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion\". Cell. 102 (6): 839–48. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6. PMID 11030627. S2CID 17342132.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900072-6","url_text":"\"p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900072-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030627","url_text":"11030627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17342132","url_text":"17342132"}]},{"reference":"de Bruijn DR, dos Santos NR, Thijssen J, Balemans M, Debernardi S, Linder B, Young BD, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2001). \"The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\". Oncogene. 20 (25): 3281–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204419. PMID 11423977.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419","url_text":"\"The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1204419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11423977","url_text":"11423977"}]},{"reference":"Fligman I, Lonardo F, Jhanwar SC, Gerald WL, Woodruff J, Ladanyi M (Dec 1995). \"Molecular diagnosis of synovial sarcoma and characterization of a variant SYT-SSX2 fusion transcript\". The American Journal of Pathology. 147 (6): 1592–9. PMC 1869933. 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PMID 9285794.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F6.9.1559","url_text":"\"The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F6.9.1559","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/6.9.1559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9285794","url_text":"9285794"}]},{"reference":"Thaete C, Brett D, Monaghan P, Whitehouse S, Rennie G, Rayner E, Cooper CS, Goodwin G (Apr 1999). \"Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM in the nucleus\". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (4): 585–91. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.4.585. PMID 10072425.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F8.4.585","url_text":"\"Functional domains of the SYT and SYT-SSX synovial sarcoma translocation proteins and co-localization with the SNF protein BRM in the nucleus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F8.4.585","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/8.4.585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10072425","url_text":"10072425"}]},{"reference":"Eid JE, Kung AL, Scully R, Livingston DM (Sep 2000). \"p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion\". Cell. 102 (6): 839–48. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6. PMID 11030627. S2CID 17342132.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900072-6","url_text":"\"p300 interacts with the nuclear proto-oncoprotein SYT as part of the active control of cell adhesion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2900072-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00072-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11030627","url_text":"11030627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17342132","url_text":"17342132"}]},{"reference":"Tamborini E, Agus V, Mezzelani A, Riva C, Sozzi G, Azzarelli A, Pierotti MA, Pilotti S (Apr 2001). \"Identification of a novel spliced variant of the SYT gene expressed in normal tissues and in synovial sarcoma\". British Journal of Cancer. 84 (8): 1087–94. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1710. PMC 2363857. PMID 11308259.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2363857","url_text":"\"Identification of a novel spliced variant of the SYT gene expressed in normal tissues and in synovial sarcoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1054%2Fbjoc.2000.1710","url_text":"10.1054/bjoc.2000.1710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2363857","url_text":"2363857"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11308259","url_text":"11308259"}]},{"reference":"Brodin B, Haslam K, Yang K, Bartolazzi A, Xie Y, Starborg M, Lundeberg J, Larsson O (May 2001). \"Cloning and characterization of spliced fusion transcript variants of synovial sarcoma: SYT/SSX4, SYT/SSX4v, and SYT/SSX2v. Possible regulatory role of the fusion gene product in wild type SYT expression\". Gene. 268 (1–2): 173–82. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00412-7. PMID 11368913.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2801%2900412-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00412-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11368913","url_text":"11368913"}]},{"reference":"de Bruijn DR, dos Santos NR, Thijssen J, Balemans M, Debernardi S, Linder B, Young BD, Geurts van Kessel A (May 2001). \"The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\". Oncogene. 20 (25): 3281–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204419. PMID 11423977.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419","url_text":"\"The synovial sarcoma associated protein SYT interacts with the acute leukemia associated protein AF10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1204419","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1204419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11423977","url_text":"11423977"}]},{"reference":"Suzuki H, Fukunishi Y, Kagawa I, Saito R, Oda H, Endo T, Kondo S, Bono H, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y (Oct 2001). \"Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs\" (PDF). Genome Research. 11 (10): 1758–65. doi:10.1101/gr.180101. PMC 311163. 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The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (7): 5498–505. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108702200. hdl:2066/170683. PMID 11734557.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200","url_text":"\"SYT associates with human SNF/SWI complexes and the C-terminal region of its fusion partner SSX1 targets histones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M108702200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M108702200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F170683","url_text":"2066/170683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734557","url_text":"11734557"}]},{"reference":"Yang K, Lui WO, Xie Y, Zhang A, Skytting B, Mandahl N, Larsson C, Larsson O (Jun 2002). \"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\". Oncogene. 21 (26): 4181–90. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205569. PMID 12037676.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569","url_text":"\"Co-existence of SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2 fusions in synovial sarcomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1205569","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1205569"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037676","url_text":"12037676"}]},{"reference":"Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, Kiyono T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Isogai T, Hata J, Toyama Y, Umezawa A (Aug 2003). \"Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells via chondrosphere formation with expression profiling by large-scale cDNA analysis\". Experimental Cell Research. 288 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7. PMID 12878157.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4827%2803%2900130-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00130-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12878157","url_text":"12878157"}]},{"reference":"Perani M, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Nov 2003). \"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\". Oncogene. 22 (50): 8156–67. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207031. PMID 14603256.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031","url_text":"\"Conserved SNH domain of the proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with components of the human chromatin remodelling complexes, while the QPGY repeat domain forms homo-oligomers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1207031","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1207031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14603256","url_text":"14603256"}]},{"reference":"Iwasaki T, Koibuchi N, Chin WW (Sep 2005). \"Synovial sarcoma translocation (SYT) encodes a nuclear receptor coactivator\". Endocrinology. 146 (9): 3892–9. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1513. PMID 15919756.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2004-1513","url_text":"\"Synovial sarcoma translocation (SYT) encodes a nuclear receptor coactivator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2004-1513","url_text":"10.1210/en.2004-1513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919756","url_text":"15919756"}]},{"reference":"Fernebro J, Francis P, Edén P, Borg A, Panagopoulos I, Mertens F, Vallon-Christersson J, Akerman M, Rydholm A, Bauer HC, Mandahl N, Nilbert M (Mar 2006). \"Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma\". International Journal of Cancer. 118 (5): 1165–72. doi:10.1002/ijc.21475. PMID 16152617. S2CID 12084422.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.21475","url_text":"\"Gene expression profiles relate to SS18/SSX fusion type in synovial sarcoma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.21475","url_text":"10.1002/ijc.21475"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16152617","url_text":"16152617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12084422","url_text":"12084422"}]},{"reference":"Perani M, Antonson P, Hamoudi R, Ingram CJ, Cooper CS, Garrett MD, Goodwin GH (Dec 2005). \"The proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), a human nuclear receptor co-activator with similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS family of proteins\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (52): 42863–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502963200. PMID 16227627.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M502963200","url_text":"\"The proto-oncoprotein SYT interacts with SYT-interacting protein/co-activator activator (SIP/CoAA), a human nuclear receptor co-activator with similarity to EWS and TLS/FUS family of proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M502963200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M502963200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16227627","url_text":"16227627"}]},{"reference":"Sun Y, Gao D, Liu Y, Huang J, Lessnick S, Tanaka S (Feb 2006). \"IGF2 is critical for tumorigenesis by synovial sarcoma oncoprotein SYT-SSX1\". Oncogene. 25 (7): 1042–52. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209143. PMID 16247461.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209143","url_text":"\"IGF2 is critical for tumorigenesis by synovial sarcoma oncoprotein SYT-SSX1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1209143","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1209143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16247461","url_text":"16247461"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_J._Zable
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Walter J. Zable
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["1 Early life and college","2 Post college","2.1 Football and business careers","2.2 Philanthropy","2.3 Death","3 Awards and honors","4 References","5 External links"]
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American businessman and entrepreneur (1915–2012)
Walter J. ZablePhoto courtesy of Cubic CorporationBorn(1915-06-17)June 17, 1915Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedJune 23, 2012(2012-06-23) (aged 97)San Diego, California, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materCollege of William & Mary (B.S)University of Florida (M.S.)Occupation(s)Founder, chairman and CEO of Cubic CorporationYears active1951–2012Known forWorld's oldest public company CEO at time of death; All-American college football player; semi-professional football player for the Richmond ArrowsBoard member ofUniversity of San DiegoSpouse(s)Betty Virginia Carter Zable(1942–2007)Children2WebsiteCubic Corporation bio
Walter Joseph Zable (June 17, 1915 – June 23, 2012) was an American businessman, entrepreneur, semi-professional football player and college athlete. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Cubic Corporation, a public corporation providing military defense equipment and automated fare collection equipment. At the time of Zable's death, he was the world's oldest public company CEO and Cubic was worth 1.28 billion dollars. Earlier in his life he had played semi-professional football for the Richmond Arrows in the Dixie League. Some sources also mention him as having played for the National Football League's New York Giants, although no official Giants records exist of his having played for the team.
Early life and college
Walter J. Zable was born in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Boston, Massachusetts during the Great Depression while his father worked in a mill. Before Zable reached high school he had taken an interest in electronics. During the day he worked on his athletic ability—specifically his football, baseball and track and field prowess—and at night he was enrolled in Boston Trade School where he took classes at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Wentworth Institute of Technology. Years later Zable recounted that "electronics and athletics were life." He graduated from high school in 1933.
Zable earned a full athletic scholarship to the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He chose William & Mary over Harvard University which was much closer to home and also offered him an academic scholarship. Zable suited up for the Indians football team from 1934 through 1936. He enjoyed success on the gridiron and earned honorable mention All-America accolades his senior year. In addition to football, Zable also lettered in baseball, basketball, and track and field.
Post college
Football and business careers
After graduating college in 1937 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics, Zable played semi-professional football. He played for the Richmond Arrows in the short-lived Dixie League. After a year of playing football, he enrolled in the University of Florida Graduate School and earned his Master of Science degree in physics in 1939. Zable then moved on to business. Prior to starting Cubic Corporation in 1951, Zable worked for Sperry Gyroscope Company, Federal Telecommunications Laboratories of ITT, Flight Research Company, and Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Along the way he married his wife, Betty Virginia (Carter) Zable, and then they moved to southern California. He began Cubic Corporation in 1951 to launch his first product, a device used to measure and test microwave output. Over the next six decades, Zable expanded Cubic Corporation into a billion dollar-plus engineering giant that employs approximately 8,000 people worldwide.
Philanthropy
Walter J. Zable and his late wife, Betty Virginia Zable, were philanthropists. In 1990, for instance, they donated $10 million to their alma mater, the College of William & Mary, and in return the college named their football stadium after him. Back in 1971, he "established the Walter J. Zable/San Diego Chapter of the National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame (NFFCHF) to help preserve the genuine sportsmanship and integrity exhibited in high school and college football," according to an official San Diego City Council proclamation in honor of his 90th birthday. Players such as Junior Seau and Mark Malone benefited directly from this NFF chapter. Recognizing his contribution to both athletics and his fellow man, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) bestowed him with the Theodore Roosevelt Award in 1987, which is the highest honor the NCAA confers. Past winners include George H. W. Bush, John Wooden, and Bob Dole.
Death
On June 23, 2012, Zable died at age 97 from natural causes. At the time of his death he was survived by his son Walter C. Zable, daughter Karen (Zable) Cox and 5 grandchildren. He was the world's oldest public company CEO and Cubic was worth 1.28 billion dollars.
Awards and honors
Sports Illustrated Silver Anniversary All-American Football Team (1962)
William & Mary Sports Hall of Fame (1969)
San Diego Chapter of the National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award (1979)
Theodore Roosevelt Award (1987)
Honored with a "Walter J. Zable Day" in San Diego in June 2005
Ernst & Young's "Entrepreneur of the Year" (2006)
In 2007, Zable was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
References
^ a b c d Freeman, Mike (June 26, 2012). "CUBIC FOUNDER, WORLD'S OLDEST CEO BUILT EMPIRE". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bigelow, Bruce V. (June 26, 2012). "Remembering Walter Zable and Cubic's Era of Electronics Innovation". Xconomy.com. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h "A TRIBUTE TO WALTER J. ZABLE ON HIS 90TH BIRTHDAY". Congressional Record Volume 151, Number 81 (Friday, June 17, 2005). Government Printing Office. June 17, 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
^ a b c d e "W&M benefactor Walt Zable dies". The Virginia Gazette. Daily Press. June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ a b c "Walter J. Zable". Cubic Corporation. 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
^ a b c "Walter J. Zable Stadium at Cary Field". TribeAthletics.com. The College of William & Mary. January 1, 1999. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
External links
Official website of Cubic Corporation
William & Mary Tribe Athletics
vteNational Football Foundation Gold Medal winners
1958: Dwight D. Eisenhower
1959: Douglas MacArthur
1960: Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg
1961: John F. Kennedy
1962: Byron "Whizzer" White
1963: Roger Blough
1964: Donold B. Lourie
1965: Juan T. Trippe
1966: Earl H. "Red" Blaik
1967: Frederick L. Hovde
1968: Chester J. LaRoche
1969: Richard Nixon
1970: Thomas J. Hamilton
1971: Ronald Reagan
1972: Gerald Ford
1973: John Wayne
1974: Gerald B. Zornow
1975: David Packard
1976: Edgar B. Speer
1977: Louis H. Wilson
1978: Vincent dePaul Draddy
1979: William P. Lawrence
1980: Walter J. Zable
1981: Justin W. Dart
1982: Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA) - All Honored Jim Brown, Willie Davis, Jack Kemp, Ron Kramer, Jim Swink
1983: Jack Kemp
1984: John F. McGillicuddy
1985: William I. Spencer
1986: William H. Morton
1987: Charles R. Meyer
1988: Clinton E. Frank
1989: Paul Brown
1990: Thomas H. Moorer
1991: George H. W. Bush
1992: Donald R. Keough
1993: Norman Schwarzkopf
1994: Thomas S. Murphy
1995: Harold Alfond
1996: Gene Corrigan
1997: Jackie Robinson
1998: John H. McConnell
1999: Keith Jackson
2000: Fred M. Kirby II
2001: Billy Joe "Red" McCombs
2002: George Steinbrenner
2003: Tommy Franks
2004: William V. Campbell
2005: Jon F. Hanson
2006: Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden
2007: Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach
2008: John Glenn
2009: Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman
2010: Bill Cosby
2011: Robert Gates
2012: Roscoe Brown
2013: National Football League & Roger Goodell
2014: Tom Catena & George Weiss
2015: Condoleezza Rice
2016: Archie Manning
2017: None awarded
2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman
2019: Mark Harmon
vteTheodore Roosevelt Award winners
1967: Eisenhower
1968: Saltonstall
1969: White
1970: Hovde
1971: Kraft Jr.
1972: Holland
1973: Omar Bradley
1974: Owens
1975: Ford
1976: Hamilton
1977: Tom Bradley
1978: Zornow
1979: Chandler
1980: Cooley
1981: Linkletter
1982: Cosby
1983: Palmer
1984: Lawrence
1985: Fleming
1986: Bush
1987: Zable
1988: Not presented
1989: Ebert
1990: Reagan
1991: Gibson
1992: Kemp
1993: Alexander
1994: Johnson
1995: Mathias
1996: Wooden
1997: Payne
1998: Dole
1999: Richardson
2000: Staubach
2001: Cohen
2002: Shriver
2003: de Varona
2004: Page
2005: Ride
2006: Kraft
2007: Tagliabue
2008: Glenn
2009: Albright
2010: Mitchell
2011: Dunwoody
2012: Allen
2013: Dungy
2014: Mills
2015: Jackson
2016: Ueberroth
2017: Brooke-Marciniak
2018: Wilmore
2019: Caslen
2020: Delaney
2021: McLendon
2022: Boudreaux
2023: Shields
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Cubic Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_Corporation"},{"link_name":"dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTSD-1"},{"link_name":"Dixie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"}],"text":"Walter Joseph Zable (June 17, 1915 – June 23, 2012) was an American businessman, entrepreneur, semi-professional football player and college athlete. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Cubic Corporation, a public corporation providing military defense equipment and automated fare collection equipment. At the time of Zable's death, he was the world's oldest public company CEO and Cubic was worth 1.28 billion dollars.[1] Earlier in his life he had played semi-professional football for the Richmond Arrows in the Dixie League. Some sources also mention him as having played for the National Football League's New York Giants, although no official Giants records exist of his having played for the team.","title":"Walter J. Zable"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"the College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTSD-1"},{"link_name":"Indians football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Tribe_football"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_William_%26_Mary_Indians_football_team"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_William_%26_Mary_Indians_football_team"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-4"},{"link_name":"senior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_(education)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-4"}],"text":"Walter J. Zable was born in Los Angeles, California.[2] He grew up in Boston, Massachusetts during the Great Depression while his father worked in a mill.[2] Before Zable reached high school he had taken an interest in electronics.[2] During the day he worked on his athletic ability—specifically his football, baseball and track and field prowess—and at night he was enrolled in Boston Trade School where he took classes at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Wentworth Institute of Technology.[2] Years later Zable recounted that \"electronics and athletics were [his] life.\"[2] He graduated from high school in 1933.Zable earned a full athletic scholarship to the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.[3] He chose William & Mary over Harvard University which was much closer to home and also offered him an academic scholarship.[1] Zable suited up for the Indians football team from 1934 through 1936.[4] He enjoyed success on the gridiron and earned honorable mention All-America accolades his senior year.[4] In addition to football, Zable also lettered in baseball, basketball, and track and field.[4]","title":"Early life and college"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"Dixie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"Sperry Gyroscope Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_Gyroscope_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUBICBIO-5"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-XCONOMY-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"}],"sub_title":"Football and business careers","text":"After graduating college in 1937 with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics, Zable played semi-professional football.[2][3] He played for the Richmond Arrows in the short-lived Dixie League.[3] After a year of playing football, he enrolled in the University of Florida Graduate School and earned his Master of Science degree in physics in 1939.[2] Zable then moved on to business. Prior to starting Cubic Corporation in 1951, Zable worked for Sperry Gyroscope Company, Federal Telecommunications Laboratories of ITT, Flight Research Company, and Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company.[5] Along the way he married his wife, Betty Virginia (Carter) Zable, and then they moved to southern California.[2] He began Cubic Corporation in 1951 to launch his first product, a device used to measure and test microwave output.[2] Over the next six decades, Zable expanded Cubic Corporation into a billion dollar-plus engineering giant that employs approximately 8,000 people worldwide.[3]","title":"Post college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zable_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STADIUM-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"Junior Seau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Seau"},{"link_name":"Mark Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Malone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John Wooden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wooden"},{"link_name":"Bob Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dole"}],"sub_title":"Philanthropy","text":"Walter J. Zable and his late wife, Betty Virginia Zable, were philanthropists. In 1990, for instance, they donated $10 million to their alma mater, the College of William & Mary, and in return the college named their football stadium after him.[6] Back in 1971, he \"established the Walter J. Zable/San Diego Chapter of the National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame (NFFCHF) to help preserve the genuine sportsmanship and integrity exhibited in high school and college football,\" according to an official San Diego City Council proclamation in honor of his 90th birthday.[3] Players such as Junior Seau and Mark Malone benefited directly from this NFF chapter.[3] Recognizing his contribution to both athletics and his fellow man, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) bestowed him with the Theodore Roosevelt Award in 1987, which is the highest honor the NCAA confers.[3] Past winners include George H. W. Bush, John Wooden, and Bob Dole.","title":"Post college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural causes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_death#Terminology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTSD-1"},{"link_name":"dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UTSD-1"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"On June 23, 2012, Zable died at age 97 from natural causes.[4] At the time of his death he was survived by his son Walter C. Zable, daughter Karen (Zable) Cox and 5 grandchildren.[1] He was the world's oldest public company CEO and Cubic was worth 1.28 billion dollars.[1]","title":"Post college"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STADIUM-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CONGRESS-3"},{"link_name":"National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Distinguished_American_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAZETTE-4"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STADIUM-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUBICBIO-5"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUBICBIO-5"},{"link_name":"International Air & Space Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"San Diego Air & Space Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Air_%26_Space_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sports Illustrated Silver Anniversary All-American Football Team (1962)[6]\nWilliam & Mary Sports Hall of Fame (1969)[3]\nSan Diego Chapter of the National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award (1979)[4]\nTheodore Roosevelt Award (1987)[6]\nHonored with a \"Walter J. Zable Day\" in San Diego in June 2005[5]\nErnst & Young's \"Entrepreneur of the Year\" (2006)[5]\nIn 2007, Zable was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[7]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Freeman, Mike (June 26, 2012). \"CUBIC FOUNDER, WORLD'S OLDEST CEO BUILT EMPIRE\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/technology/sdut-cubic-founder-ceo-zable-dies-97-2012jun25-story.html","url_text":"\"CUBIC FOUNDER, WORLD'S OLDEST CEO BUILT EMPIRE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"San Diego Union-Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220821105829/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/technology/sdut-cubic-founder-ceo-zable-dies-97-2012jun25-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bigelow, Bruce V. (June 26, 2012). \"Remembering Walter Zable and Cubic's Era of Electronics Innovation\". Xconomy.com. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xconomy.com/san-diego/2012/06/26/remembering-walter-zable-and-cubics-era-of-electronics-innovation/","url_text":"\"Remembering Walter Zable and Cubic's Era of Electronics Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"\"A TRIBUTE TO WALTER J. ZABLE ON HIS 90TH BIRTHDAY\". Congressional Record Volume 151, Number 81 (Friday, June 17, 2005). Government Printing Office. June 17, 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-2005-06-17/html/CREC-2005-06-17-pt1-PgE1268-4.htm","url_text":"\"A TRIBUTE TO WALTER J. ZABLE ON HIS 90TH BIRTHDAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"W&M benefactor Walt Zable dies\". The Virginia Gazette. Daily Press. June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vagazette.com/articles/2012/06/25/news/doc4fe91e1c94cdf248036791.txt","url_text":"\"W&M benefactor Walt Zable dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette","url_text":"The Virginia Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Walter J. Zable\". Cubic Corporation. 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cubic.com/About-Us/Biographies/Walter-J.-Zable","url_text":"\"Walter J. Zable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter J. Zable Stadium at Cary Field\". TribeAthletics.com. The College of William & Mary. January 1, 1999. Retrieved June 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribeathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=25100&ATCLID=205060945","url_text":"\"Walter J. Zable Stadium at Cary Field\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Helquist
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Brett Helquist
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["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Children's books","2.2 Middle grade books","2.3 Young adult books","3 References","4 External links"]
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American illustrator and artist
Brett L. Helquist (born November 1965) is an American illustrator best known for his work in the children's book series A Series of Unfortunate Events. As such, his illustrations for that series have appeared in multiple media, including the books, the audio book covers, and the calendars. Helquist graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) with a BFA in illustration in 1993. After graduation, he moved to New York City where he worked full-time as a graphic designer, occasionally drawing for newspapers and magazines. Helquist's work has been featured in children's magazines, along with The New York Times. He has illustrated almost 50 books.
Biography
Helquist was born in Ganado, Arizona, in 1965, and grew up in Orem, Utah, with his six sisters. His love of art and his desire to become an illustrator came from reading comic strips in newspapers as a child. Helquist served as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hong Kong, then earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts from Brigham Young University in 1993. Prior to entering the illustration program at BYU, Helquist studied as an engineering student. He took a year off during his time as a student to take a job in Taiwan where he illustrated a textbook. This experience helped him make the decision to switch to illustration and the visual arts. From there, he worked closely with Utah artist and BYU professor of illustration Robert Barrett.
Helquist has lived in New York City since 1993. Immediately after graduating from BYU, Helquist was an intern for illustrator Robert Neubecker. For six years, he worked as a graphic designer, drawing for magazines and newspapers in his spare time. He has been published in the children's magazine Cricket, and in The New York Times. He is represented by Steven Malk of Writers House in New York City.
In 2011, it was announced that Helquist would be producing images for a new edition of the infamous Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark series by Alvin Schwartz. The series was beloved for its terrifying artwork by Stephen Gammell, which caused universal backlash against Helquist's comparatively tame illustrations. The new release proved overwhelmingly unsuccessful, and in 2017 subsequent printings restored Gammell's illustrations.
In August 2017, Helquist donated several boxes filled with early sketches of his illustrations for A Series of Unfortunate Events to BYU's Special Collections department. These sketches were displayed at BYU until the end of September 2017.
In February 2019, Helquist was the Artist Guest of Honor and Keynote Speaker at the 37th annual Life, the Universe, & Everything science fiction and fantasy arts symposium.
Works
Besides the 13 A Series of Unfortunate Events books, Helquist has provided illustrations for nearly 50 books, varying from children's books to young adult novels.
Children's books
Milly and the Macy's Parade (2001), ISBN 0-439-29754-0
A Christmas Carol (2009), ISBN 0-061-65099-4
The Three Musketeers (2011), ISBN 0-062-06013-9
The Fort That Jack Built (2013), ISBN 1-419-70795-7
Groundhog's Day Off (2015), ISBN 1-619-63289-6
Bear's Big Breakfast (2016), ISBN 0-062-26455-9
Martina & Chrissie: The Greatest Rivalry in the History of Sports (2017), ISBN 0-763-67308-0
The Nutcracker Mice (2017), ISBN 0-763-68519-4
Middle grade books
Smith (2000), ISBN 0-374-46762-5
The Beejum Book (2002), ISBN 0-880-10505-4
Brainboy and the Deathmaster (2003), ISBN 0-060-29181-8
Books in the Tales from the House of Bunnicula series by James Howe:
It Came from Beneath the Bed! (2003), ISBN 0-689-83948-0
Invasion of the Mind Swappers from Asteroid 6! (2003), ISBN 0-689-83950-2
Howie Monroe and the Doghouse of Doom (2003), ISBN 0-689-83952-9
Screaming Mummies of the Pharaoh's Tomb II (2004), ISBN 0-689-83953-7
Bud Barkin, Private Eye (2004), ISBN 0-689-86989-4
The Odorous Adventures of Stinky Dog (2004), ISBN 0-689-87412-X
The Revenge of Randal Reese-Rat (2004), ISBN 0-06-050867-1
Books in the Chasing Vermeer series by Blue Balliett:
Chasing Vermeer (2004), ISBN 0-439-37294-1
The Wright 3 (2006), ISBN 0-439-69367-5
The Calder Game (2008), ISBN 0-439-85207-2
Pieces and Players (2015), ISBN 0-545-29991-8
Fly by Night (2005), ISBN 1-4050-2078-4
Capt. Hook: Adventures of a Notorious Youth (2005), ISBN 0-060-00221-2
The Spoon in the Bathroom Wall (2006), ISBN 0-152-05625-4
Listening for Lions (2006), ISBN 0-06-058176-X
Odd and the Frost Giants (2009), ISBN 0-061-67173-8
Guys Read: Thriller (2011), ISBN 0-061-96375-5
The Rise and Fall of Mount Majestic (2011), ISBN 0-142-41934-6
The Storm Makers (2013), ISBN 0-316-17959-0
Books in The Vengekeep Prophecies series by Brian Farrey:
The Vengekeep Prophecies (2013), ISBN 0-062-04929-1
The Shadowhand Covenant (2014), ISBN 0-062-04932-1
The Grimjinx Rebellion (2015), ISBN 0-062-04935-6
Books in The League of Seven series by Alan Gratz:
The League of Seven (2015), ISBN 0-765-33825-4
The Dragon Lantern (2016), ISBN 0-765-33826-2
The Monster War (2016), ISBN 0-765-33824-6
Books in the Myrtle Hardcastle Mystery series by Elizabeth C. Bunce:
Premeditated Myrtle (2020), ISBN 1-643-75187-5
How to Get Away with Myrtle (2020), ISBN 1-643-75188-3
Cold-Blooded Myrtle (2021), ISBN 1-643-75306-1
In Myrtle Peril (2022), ISBN 1-616-20921-6
Myrtle, Means, and Opportunity (2023), ISBN 1-643-75314-2
Young adult books
The Strange Affair of Adelaide Harris (2001), ISBN 0-374-37277-2
The Floating Island (The Lost Journals of Ven Polypheme) (2006), ISBN 0-765-30867-3
Helquist produced new cover illustrations for a reprint of the 1954–1976 Green Knowe series by Lucy M. Boston (Harcourt, 2002; retaining the original interior illustrations by the writer's son Peter Boston):
The Children of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202468-9
The Treasure of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202601-0 (a.k.a. The Chimneys of Green Knowe)
The River at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202607-X
A Stranger at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202589-8
An Enemy at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202481-6
The Stones of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-205566-5
He also produced new illustrations for a reprint of the 1981–1991 Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark series by Alvin Schwartz (Harper & Row, 2011):
Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, ISBN 978-0-397-31927-5
More Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, ISBN 978-0-8124-4914-3
Scary Stories 3: More Tales to Chill Your Bones, ISBN 978-0-7607-3418-6
Helquist also wrote and illustrated Roger, the Jolly Pirate, ISBN 0-06-623805-6, published in 2004; Bedtime for Bear, ISBN 0-060-50205-3, published in 2010; and Grumpy Goat, ISBN 0-061-13953-X, published in 2013.
References
^ Portfolio, Brett Helquist, retrieved 2012-02-07
^ a b Helquist: FAQs, retrieved February 21, 2010
^ Gleeful in a Grim Business, 2005
^ a b Nielsen, Erica. "BYU grad illustrates 'Lemony Snicket's'". The Universe. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.
^ Astle, Randy (April 2010), "Interview: Brett Helquist", Mormon Artist (9)
^ a b Hale, James (September 7, 2017), BYU extends Mormon illustrator's 'Unfortunate' exhibit one more month
^ Brett Helquist, Writers House Literary Agency, retrieved February 21, 2010
^ BYU grad, 'Lemony Snicket' artist Brett Helquist donates book's sketches to BYU, August 19, 2017
^ "Life, the Universe, & Everything 37: The Marion K. "Doc" Smith Symposium on Science Fiction and Fantasy" (PDF). LTUE Press. February 1, 2019.
^ "Green Knowe – Series Bibliography". ISFDB. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
External links
Official website
Brett Helquist at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Brett Helquist at Library of Congress, with 50 library catalog records (1999–present)
Children's literature portal
vteWorks by Lemony SnicketA Series ofUnfortunate EventsNovels
The Bad Beginning
The Reptile Room
The Wide Window
The Miserable Mill
The Austere Academy
The Ersatz Elevator
The Vile Village
The Hostile Hospital
The Carnivorous Carnival
The Slippery Slope
The Grim Grotto
The Penultimate Peril
The End
Related works
The Unauthorized Autobiography
The Beatrice Letters
Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid
Media
Feature film
Soundtrack
Video game
The Tragic Treasury
TV series
Other
Characters
All the WrongQuestions
Who Could That Be at This Hour?
When Did You See Her Last?
Shouldn't You Be in School?
Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights?
Other works
The Latke Who Couldn't Stop Screaming
The Lump of Coal
The Composer Is Dead
Related
Daniel Handler
Brett Helquist
Seth
Category
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Series of Unfortunate Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helquist_Portfolio-1"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"Brett L. Helquist (born November 1965) is an American illustrator best known for his work in the children's book series A Series of Unfortunate Events.[1] As such, his illustrations for that series have appeared in multiple media, including the books, the audio book covers, and the calendars. Helquist graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) with a BFA in illustration in 1993. After graduation, he moved to New York City where he worked full-time as a graphic designer, occasionally drawing for newspapers and magazines. Helquist's work has been featured in children's magazines, along with The New York Times. He has illustrated almost 50 books.","title":"Brett Helquist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganado, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganado,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Orem, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orem,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helquist_FAQs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helquist_universe-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Barrett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helquist_universe-4"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Helquist_FAQs-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hale-6"},{"link_name":"Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scary_Stories_to_Tell_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Alvin Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Schwartz_(children%27s_author)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gammell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gammell"},{"link_name":"BYU's Special Collections department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections_Library"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hale-6"},{"link_name":"Life, the Universe, & Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life,_the_Universe,_%26_Everything_(symposium)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LTUE_program_#37-9"}],"text":"Helquist was born in Ganado, Arizona, in 1965, and grew up in Orem, Utah, with his six sisters. His love of art and his desire to become an illustrator came from reading comic strips in newspapers as a child.[2] Helquist served as a missionary for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hong Kong, then earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts from Brigham Young University in 1993. Prior to entering the illustration program at BYU, Helquist studied as an engineering student.[3] He took a year off during his time as a student to take a job in Taiwan where he illustrated a textbook.[4] This experience helped him make the decision to switch to illustration and the visual arts. From there, he worked closely with Utah artist and BYU professor of illustration Robert Barrett.[4]Helquist has lived in New York City since 1993.[5] Immediately after graduating from BYU, Helquist was an intern for illustrator Robert Neubecker.[2] For six years, he worked as a graphic designer, drawing for magazines and newspapers in his spare time.[6] He has been published in the children's magazine Cricket, and in The New York Times. He is represented by Steven Malk of Writers House in New York City.[7]In 2011, it was announced that Helquist would be producing images for a new edition of the infamous Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark series by Alvin Schwartz. The series was beloved for its terrifying artwork by Stephen Gammell, which caused universal backlash against Helquist's comparatively tame illustrations. The new release proved overwhelmingly unsuccessful, and in 2017 subsequent printings restored Gammell's illustrations.In August 2017, Helquist donated several boxes filled with early sketches of his illustrations for A Series of Unfortunate Events to BYU's Special Collections department.[8] These sketches were displayed at BYU until the end of September 2017.[6]In February 2019, Helquist was the Artist Guest of Honor and Keynote Speaker at the 37th annual Life, the Universe, & Everything science fiction and fantasy arts symposium.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Series of Unfortunate Events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events"}],"text":"Besides the 13 A Series of Unfortunate Events books, Helquist has provided illustrations for nearly 50 books, varying from children's books to young adult novels.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-439-29754-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-439-29754-0"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-061-65099-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-061-65099-4"},{"link_name":"The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-062-06013-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-06013-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-419-70795-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-419-70795-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-619-63289-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-619-63289-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-062-26455-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-26455-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-763-67308-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-763-67308-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-763-68519-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-763-68519-4"}],"sub_title":"Children's books","text":"Milly and the Macy's Parade (2001), ISBN 0-439-29754-0\nA Christmas Carol (2009), ISBN 0-061-65099-4\nThe Three Musketeers (2011), ISBN 0-062-06013-9\nThe Fort That Jack Built (2013), ISBN 1-419-70795-7\nGroundhog's Day Off (2015), ISBN 1-619-63289-6\nBear's Big Breakfast (2016), ISBN 0-062-26455-9\nMartina & Chrissie: The Greatest Rivalry in the History of Sports (2017), ISBN 0-763-67308-0\nThe Nutcracker Mice (2017), ISBN 0-763-68519-4","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-46762-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-46762-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-880-10505-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-880-10505-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-060-29181-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-060-29181-8"},{"link_name":"Bunnicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnicula"},{"link_name":"James Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Howe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-83948-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-83948-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-83950-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-83950-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-83952-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-83952-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-83953-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-83953-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-86989-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-86989-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-689-87412-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-87412-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-050867-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050867-1"},{"link_name":"Blue Balliett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Balliett"},{"link_name":"Chasing Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Vermeer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-439-37294-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-439-37294-1"},{"link_name":"The Wright 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wright_3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-439-69367-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-439-69367-5"},{"link_name":"The Calder Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calder_Game"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-439-85207-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-439-85207-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-545-29991-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-545-29991-8"},{"link_name":"Fly by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_by_Night_(Hardinge_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4050-2078-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4050-2078-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-060-00221-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-060-00221-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-152-05625-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-152-05625-4"},{"link_name":"Listening for Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listening_for_Lions"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-058176-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-058176-X"},{"link_name":"Odd and the Frost Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_and_the_Frost_Giants"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-061-67173-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-061-67173-8"},{"link_name":"Guys Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_Read"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-061-96375-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-061-96375-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-142-41934-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-142-41934-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-316-17959-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-17959-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-062-04929-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-04929-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-062-04932-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-04932-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-062-04935-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-062-04935-6"},{"link_name":"Alan Gratz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gratz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-765-33825-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-33825-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-765-33826-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-33826-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-765-33824-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-33824-6"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth C. Bunce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_C._Bunce"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-643-75187-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-643-75187-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-643-75188-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-643-75188-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-643-75306-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-643-75306-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-616-20921-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-616-20921-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-643-75314-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-643-75314-2"}],"sub_title":"Middle grade books","text":"Smith (2000), ISBN 0-374-46762-5\nThe Beejum Book (2002), ISBN 0-880-10505-4\nBrainboy and the Deathmaster (2003), ISBN 0-060-29181-8\nBooks in the Tales from the House of Bunnicula series by James Howe:\nIt Came from Beneath the Bed! (2003), ISBN 0-689-83948-0\nInvasion of the Mind Swappers from Asteroid 6! (2003), ISBN 0-689-83950-2\nHowie Monroe and the Doghouse of Doom (2003), ISBN 0-689-83952-9\nScreaming Mummies of the Pharaoh's Tomb II (2004), ISBN 0-689-83953-7\nBud Barkin, Private Eye (2004), ISBN 0-689-86989-4\nThe Odorous Adventures of Stinky Dog (2004), ISBN 0-689-87412-X\nThe Revenge of Randal Reese-Rat (2004), ISBN 0-06-050867-1\nBooks in the Chasing Vermeer series by Blue Balliett:\nChasing Vermeer (2004), ISBN 0-439-37294-1\nThe Wright 3 (2006), ISBN 0-439-69367-5\nThe Calder Game (2008), ISBN 0-439-85207-2\nPieces and Players (2015), ISBN 0-545-29991-8\nFly by Night (2005), ISBN 1-4050-2078-4\nCapt. Hook: Adventures of a Notorious Youth (2005), ISBN 0-060-00221-2\nThe Spoon in the Bathroom Wall (2006), ISBN 0-152-05625-4\nListening for Lions (2006), ISBN 0-06-058176-X\nOdd and the Frost Giants (2009), ISBN 0-061-67173-8\nGuys Read: Thriller (2011), ISBN 0-061-96375-5\nThe Rise and Fall of Mount Majestic (2011), ISBN 0-142-41934-6\nThe Storm Makers (2013), ISBN 0-316-17959-0\nBooks in The Vengekeep Prophecies series by Brian Farrey:\nThe Vengekeep Prophecies (2013), ISBN 0-062-04929-1\nThe Shadowhand Covenant (2014), ISBN 0-062-04932-1\nThe Grimjinx Rebellion (2015), ISBN 0-062-04935-6\nBooks in The League of Seven series by Alan Gratz:\nThe League of Seven (2015), ISBN 0-765-33825-4\nThe Dragon Lantern (2016), ISBN 0-765-33826-2\nThe Monster War (2016), ISBN 0-765-33824-6\nBooks in the Myrtle Hardcastle Mystery series by Elizabeth C. Bunce:\nPremeditated Myrtle (2020), ISBN 1-643-75187-5\nHow to Get Away with Myrtle (2020), ISBN 1-643-75188-3\nCold-Blooded Myrtle (2021), ISBN 1-643-75306-1\nIn Myrtle Peril (2022), ISBN 1-616-20921-6\nMyrtle, Means, and Opportunity (2023), ISBN 1-643-75314-2","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-37277-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-37277-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-765-30867-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-30867-3"},{"link_name":"Green Knowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Knowe"},{"link_name":"Lucy M. Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_M._Boston"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-202468-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-202468-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-202601-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-202601-0"},{"link_name":"The River at Green Knowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_at_Green_Knowe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-202607-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-202607-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-202589-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-202589-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-202481-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-202481-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-205566-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-205566-5"},{"link_name":"Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scary_Stories_to_Tell_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Alvin Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Schwartz_(children%27s_author)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-397-31927-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-31927-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8124-4914-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8124-4914-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7607-3418-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-3418-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-623805-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-623805-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-060-50205-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-060-50205-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-061-13953-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-061-13953-X"}],"sub_title":"Young adult books","text":"The Strange Affair of Adelaide Harris (2001), ISBN 0-374-37277-2\nThe Floating Island (The Lost Journals of Ven Polypheme) (2006), ISBN 0-765-30867-3Helquist produced new cover illustrations for a reprint of the 1954–1976 Green Knowe series by Lucy M. Boston (Harcourt, 2002; retaining the original interior illustrations by the writer's son Peter Boston):[10]The Children of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202468-9\nThe Treasure of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202601-0 (a.k.a. The Chimneys of Green Knowe)\nThe River at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202607-X\nA Stranger at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202589-8\nAn Enemy at Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-202481-6\nThe Stones of Green Knowe, ISBN 0-15-205566-5He also produced new illustrations for a reprint of the 1981–1991 Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark series by Alvin Schwartz (Harper & Row, 2011):Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, ISBN 978-0-397-31927-5\nMore Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark, ISBN 978-0-8124-4914-3\nScary Stories 3: More Tales to Chill Your Bones, ISBN 978-0-7607-3418-6Helquist also wrote and illustrated Roger, the Jolly Pirate, ISBN 0-06-623805-6, published in 2004; Bedtime for Bear, ISBN 0-060-50205-3, published in 2010; and Grumpy Goat, ISBN 0-061-13953-X, published in 2013.","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Portfolio, Brett Helquist, retrieved 2012-02-07","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bretthelquist.com/portfolio1b.html","url_text":"Portfolio"}]},{"reference":"Helquist: FAQs, retrieved February 21, 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bretthelquist.com/helquist%20faqs.html","url_text":"Helquist: FAQs"}]},{"reference":"Gleeful in a Grim Business, 2005","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.byu.edu/article/gleeful-in-a-grim-business/","url_text":"Gleeful in a Grim Business"}]},{"reference":"Nielsen, Erica. \"BYU grad illustrates 'Lemony Snicket's'\". The Universe. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120207182831/http://newsnet.byu.edu/story.cfm/53967","url_text":"\"BYU grad illustrates 'Lemony Snicket's'\""},{"url":"http://newsnet.byu.edu/story.cfm/53967","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Astle, Randy (April 2010), \"Interview: Brett Helquist\", Mormon Artist (9)","urls":[{"url":"http://mormonartist.net/issue-9/brett-helquist/","url_text":"\"Interview: Brett Helquist\""}]},{"reference":"Hale, James (September 7, 2017), BYU extends Mormon illustrator's 'Unfortunate' exhibit one more month","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865688254/BYU-extends-Mormon-illustrators-Unfortunate-exhibit-one-more-month.html","url_text":"BYU extends Mormon illustrator's 'Unfortunate' exhibit one more month"}]},{"reference":"Brett Helquist, Writers House Literary Agency, retrieved February 21, 2010","urls":[{"url":"http://www.writershouseart.com/brett-helquist/","url_text":"Brett Helquist"}]},{"reference":"BYU grad, 'Lemony Snicket' artist Brett Helquist donates book's sketches to BYU, August 19, 2017","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldextra.com/sports/college/byu/byu-grad-lemony-snicket-artist-brett-helquist-donates-book-s/article_2a68abe4-acfe-5f0a-8056-1ff918b126b2.html","url_text":"BYU grad, 'Lemony Snicket' artist Brett Helquist donates book's sketches to BYU"}]},{"reference":"\"Life, the Universe, & Everything 37: The Marion K. \"Doc\" Smith Symposium on Science Fiction and Fantasy\" (PDF). LTUE Press. February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ltue.info/progbookpdfs/LTUEProgramBook2019.pdf","url_text":"\"Life, the Universe, & Everything 37: The Marion K. \"Doc\" Smith Symposium on Science Fiction and Fantasy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian_Booksellers_Association
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Antiquarian Booksellers' Association
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["1 History","2 ABA standards","3 Definition","4 Members with entries on Wikipedia","5 See also","6 External links"]
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Senior trade body in Ireland and Great Britain
Antiquarian Booksellers' AssociationAbbreviationABAFormation1906TypeTrade associationLegal statusNon-profit companyPurposeAntiquarian booksellers in the UKHeadquartersLondon, WC2United KingdomRegion served Great Britain IrelandMembership UK antiquarian booksellersAffiliationsInternational League of Antiquarian BooksellersWebsiteABA
The Antiquarian Booksellers' Association (ABA) is the senior trade body in the Ireland and Great Britain for dealers in antiquarian and rare books, manuscripts and allied materials. The ABA organises a number of book fairs every year including its flagship fair held at Olympia, London in May, which features exhibitors from all around the world, and the Chelsea Antiquarian Book Fair in November. Fairs are held in Edinburgh in March and Bristol in July in conjunction with the Provincial Book Fairs Association. The ABA sponsors the London Rare Books School, the York Antiquarian Book Seminar, and a series of seminars at the University of London. The ABA Office is located on Bell Yard, off Fleet Street and next to the Royal Courts of Justice.
History
It was founded in 1906 and is the oldest organisation of its kind in the world. Its membership also extends to many leading booksellers overseas. The ABA is run by a professional secretariat under the overall control of an elected President and Council.
Presidents originally served for one year, although the term increased to two years from the 1940s. The first President of the association was Henry N Stevens in 1907, who was followed by B. D. Maggs of London Booksellers Maggs Bros. Other notable past presidents include Robert Bowes of Bowes & Bowes (1914), Sir Basil Blackwell (1925-6), Frederic Sutherland Ferguson (1934), Percy Muir of Elkin Mathews (1946-7), Anthony Rota (1971-2), Hylton Bayntun-Coward (1980-2 and 1992-3) and Adrian Harrington (2001-3).
ABA standards
Members are elected solely on the basis of proven experience, expertise and integrity. They are expected to observe the highest professional and ethical standards and to foster mutual trust between the trade and the public. Applicants for membership must have been full-time professional antiquarian booksellers for five consecutive years before becoming eligible. Applicants for Associate membership must have been full-time professional antiquarian booksellers for a minimum of two consecutive years before becoming eligible. Members are bound by the Articles of Association and Rules, as well as the most stringent Code of Good Practice yet adopted anywhere in the world of books.
The display of the ABA badge, which is a Registered Trade Mark, pledges members to:
the authenticity of all material offered for sale
the expert and proper description of all such material
the disclosure of all significant defects or restorations
the clear, accurate and professional pricing of all material
the fairness and honesty of offers to purchase.
Definition
Antiquarian booksellers are defined as individuals, sole traders, partnerships, companies, and corporations having antiquarian book departments, routinely and professionally engaged in purchasing, valuing, pricing and selling antiquarian books.
Members with entries on Wikipedia
Sir David Attenborough (Honorary Member)
George Bayntun
Simon Beattie
Robert Bowes
Clive Farahar
Colin Franklin (writer and bibliographer)
Rick Gekoski
Jon Gilbert (bibliographer)
Adrian Harrington
Maggs Bros Ltd
Neil Pearson
Bernard Quaritch
Robert Temple Booksellers
Hyraxia Books
See also
List of booksellers associations
Book trade in the United Kingdom
Books in the United Kingdom
External links
Official website
International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB)
Terms of the Trade
vteBooksProduction
Binding
Covers
dust jackets
Design
Editing
Illustration
Illuminated manuscripts
Printing
edition
history
incunabula
instant book
limited edition
Publishing
advance copy
hardcover
paperback
Size
Typesetting
Volume (bibliography)
Collection (publishing)
Book series
Consumption
Awards
Bestsellers
list
Bibliography
Bibliomania (tsundoku)
Bibliophilia
Bibliotherapy
Bookmarks
Bookselling
blurbs
book towns
history
used
Censorship
Clubs
Collecting
Digitizing
Bookworm (insect)
Furniture
bookcases
bookends
Library
Print culture
Reading
literacy
Reviews
By country
Brazil
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
Pakistan
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Other
Genres
fictional
miniature
pop-up
textbook
Grimoire
Formats
audiobooks
Ebooks
Folio
Coffee table book
Related
Banned books
Book burning
incidents
Nazi
Book curses
Book packaging
Book swapping
Book tour
Conservation and restoration
Dog ears
History of books
scroll
codex
Intellectual property
ISBN
Novel
Outline
Preservation
The Philobiblon
World Book Day
World Book Capital
Outline
Category
Portal
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
|
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The ABA organises a number of book fairs every year including its flagship fair held at Olympia, London in May, which features exhibitors from all around the world, and the Chelsea Antiquarian Book Fair in November. Fairs are held in Edinburgh in March and Bristol in July in conjunction with the Provincial Book Fairs Association. The ABA sponsors the London Rare Books School, the York Antiquarian Book Seminar, and a series of seminars at the University of London. The ABA Office is located on Bell Yard, off Fleet Street and next to the Royal Courts of Justice.","title":"Antiquarian Booksellers' Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maggs Bros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggs_Bros"},{"link_name":"Bowes & Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowes_%26_Bowes"},{"link_name":"Basil Blackwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Blackwell"},{"link_name":"Frederic Sutherland Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Sutherland_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Percy Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Muir"},{"link_name":"Adrian Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Harrington"}],"text":"It was founded in 1906 and is the oldest organisation of its kind in the world. Its membership also extends to many leading booksellers overseas. The ABA is run by a professional secretariat under the overall control of an elected President and Council.Presidents originally served for one year, although the term increased to two years from the 1940s. The first President of the association was Henry N Stevens in 1907, who was followed by B. D. Maggs of London Booksellers Maggs Bros. Other notable past presidents include Robert Bowes of Bowes & Bowes (1914), Sir Basil Blackwell (1925-6), Frederic Sutherland Ferguson (1934), Percy Muir of Elkin Mathews (1946-7), Anthony Rota (1971-2), Hylton Bayntun-Coward (1980-2 and 1992-3) and Adrian Harrington (2001-3).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Members are elected solely on the basis of proven experience, expertise and integrity. They are expected to observe the highest professional and ethical standards and to foster mutual trust between the trade and the public. Applicants for membership must have been full-time professional antiquarian booksellers for five consecutive years before becoming eligible. Applicants for Associate membership must have been full-time professional antiquarian booksellers for a minimum of two consecutive years before becoming eligible. Members are bound by the Articles of Association and Rules, as well as the most stringent Code of Good Practice yet adopted anywhere in the world of books.The display of the ABA badge, which is a Registered Trade Mark, pledges members to:the authenticity of all material offered for sale\nthe expert and proper description of all such material\nthe disclosure of all significant defects or restorations\nthe clear, accurate and professional pricing of all material\nthe fairness and honesty of offers to purchase.","title":"ABA standards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Antiquarian booksellers are defined as individuals, sole traders, partnerships, companies, and corporations having antiquarian book departments, routinely and professionally engaged in purchasing, valuing, pricing and selling antiquarian books.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir David Attenborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_David_Attenborough"},{"link_name":"George Bayntun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bayntun"},{"link_name":"Simon Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Robert Bowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bowes_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Clive Farahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Farahar"},{"link_name":"Colin Franklin (writer and bibliographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Franklin_(writer_and_bibliographer)"},{"link_name":"Rick Gekoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Gekoski"},{"link_name":"Jon Gilbert (bibliographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Gilbert_(bibliographer)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Maggs Bros Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggs_Bros_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Neil Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Bernard Quaritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Quaritch"},{"link_name":"Robert Temple Booksellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Temple_Booksellers"},{"link_name":"Hyraxia Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyraxia_Books"}],"text":"Sir David Attenborough (Honorary Member)\nGeorge Bayntun\nSimon Beattie\nRobert Bowes\nClive Farahar\nColin Franklin (writer and bibliographer)\nRick Gekoski\nJon Gilbert (bibliographer)\nAdrian Harrington\nMaggs Bros Ltd\nNeil Pearson\nBernard Quaritch\nRobert Temple Booksellers\nHyraxia Books","title":"Members with entries on Wikipedia"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carroll_(journalist)
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John Carroll (journalist)
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["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Lexington Herald-Leader","4 Los Angeles Times","5 Later life and death","6 Honors","7 In popular culture","8 References","9 External links"]
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American newspaper editor (1942–2015)
This article is about the Los Angeles Times editor. For the San Francisco Chronicle columnist, see Jon Carroll.
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2017)
John Sawyer Carroll (January 23, 1942 – June 14, 2015) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, known for his work as the editor of the Lexington Herald-Leader, the Los Angeles Times and The Baltimore Sun.
Early life
John S. Carroll was born in New York City on January 23, 1942, to Wallace Carroll, the editor and publisher of the Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel, and the former Margaret Sawyer. The family lived in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, until John was about 13, when they moved to Washington, D.C., where his father began working with the New York Times bureau. In 1963, the younger Carroll was graduated from Haverford College in Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in English.
When he was at Haverford, he and two friends were arrested and jailed when they entered the playing field during a baseball game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Giants in an attempt to shake the hand of baseball player Willie Mays, according to Norman Pearlstine, a friend and classmate, later editor-in-chief of Time magazine.
Early career
Upon graduation from college, Carroll went to work as a cub reporter for The Providence Journal but left within a year to serve for two years in the Army. In 1966 he was hired by The Baltimore Sun, where he covered the Vietnam War during which time he was accused of violating a news embargo and his credentials were removed by the U.S. military.
He also covered the Middle East and the Nixon White House. In 1971-72 he was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. In 1973 he took his first editing job with The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Lexington Herald-Leader
Carroll was an editor at the Inquirer until 1979, when he left for the Lexington Herald-Leader, where he was editor and vice-president. During his tenure in Lexington, he spearheaded an investigative series of reports titled "Cheating Our Children," which exposed flaws in Kentucky's public-education system. The newspaper won two awards for the series, which helped lead to the passage of the Kentucky Education Reform Act of 1990. The ten reporters involved with the series donated the $26,500 in prize money to Alice Lloyd College in Pippa Passes, Kentucky, to establish the John S. Carroll Scholarship Fund to aid needy students from Kentucky's 5th congressional district, which is a part of Appalachia. In 1985 the newspaper published a series on widespread cheating in the University of Kentucky basketball program, which in 1986 won a Pulitzer Prize for its authors, Jeffrey Marx and Michael York.
In fall 1988, Carroll took a sabbatical from the newspaper as a member of the University of Oxford's Visiting Journalist Fellowship Programme (now the Thomson Reuters Fellowship Programme). In 1991 he became senior vice-president and editor of The Baltimore Sun, and in 1998, he became a vice-president of the Sun's parent company, Times Mirror. In 2000, Times Mirror, which also owned the Los Angeles Times, was purchased by the Tribune Company.
In 2000, after nearly 10 years as editor of the Sun, Carroll was considering leaving to run Harvard's Nieman Fellowship program. He had already begun house-hunting in Cambridge when he was recruited to be editor of the Los Angeles Times.
Los Angeles Times
Carroll took over the Times when the paper's morale was said to be at an all-time low. In particular, the credibility of the Times had been hurt by revelations in 1999 of a revenue-sharing arrangement between the newspaper and Staples Center in the preparation of a 168-page magazine about the opening of the sports arena. The agreement was seen as violating the separation between advertising and journalism.
Carroll began by hiring top talent from papers on the East Coast, such as Dean Baquet, the national editor of The New York Times, whom Carroll appointed as managing editor. Carroll aimed to compete with the East Coast papers on major national and international stories. The slogan he wanted for the paper was, "A National Paper From the West."
During Carroll's five years, the newspaper earned 13 Pulitzer Prizes,
compared to eight in the 1990s. The Pulitzer streak was considered to indicate a dramatic improvement in quality at the paper.
In 2003, however, Carroll began to clash with the Tribune Company's management. Because of struggles in advertising and circulation, the company wanted to reduce costs. One proposal was to use stories written at other Tribune newspapers in the Times. Carroll opposed this move because he believed top-tier newspapers investigate and write their own stories. The company also wanted to consolidate all the Washington, D.C., bureaus of the newspapers that it owned.
Financial pressures continued; during the last year-and-a-half of Carroll's editorship, the stock price of the Tribune Company declined from $50 to $36. During Carroll's tenure, nearly two hundred positions were reduced in the newsroom. In early 2005, Carroll and Baquet went through a difficult round of negotiations with the Tribune management. They reportedly proposed a plan that included staff cuts, but which was rejected by Tribune for not going far enough.
On July 20, 2005, Carroll announced that he would resign effective August 15, 2005. Baquet reportedly considered resigning as well, but decided to remain and become the paper's top editor. After leaving the Times, Carroll became a Knight Visiting Lecturer at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Later life and death
Carroll had married Lee Huston of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1985. Carroll had two daughters, Maggie Vaughan and Katita Strathmann from a previous marriage. After he left the Los Angeles Times in 2005, Carroll and his wife returned to Lexington, where he died in his home on June 14, 2015. According to his wife, the cause was Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which had been diagnosed about six months before his death.
Honors
From 1994 to 2003, Carroll was a member of the Pulitzer Prize board, and in 2002 he was board chairman. In 1998 he was named Editor of the Year by the National Press Foundation. In 2003 he was elected an American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow. In 2004 he received the Committee to Protect Journalists' Burton Benjamin Award for lifetime achievement in defense of press freedom. Also in 2004, Carroll received the American Society of Newspaper Editors Leadership Award. In 2009 he received the Richard Clurman Award as a mentor of young journalists. A New York Times obituary described Carroll as "one of the most influential newspaper editors of his era" who saw journalists "almost as public servants and a free press as essential to a self-governing nation."
In popular culture
According to television producer David Simon, Carroll was the basis for the character of "prize-hungry" James Whiting on the HBO show The Wire, which Simon created.
References
^ a b Elaine Woo, "John Carroll, Editor Who Led L.A. Times to 13 Pulitzers, Dies at 73
^ a b c "A Legacy in Print". Haverford Alumni Magazine (Winter 2003). Archived from the original on 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
^ a b c Bill Estep, "John Carroll, a 'Truly Great' Editor Who Transformed the Herald-Leader, Dies From Rare Disease," Lexington Herald-Leader, June 14, 2015
^ "John Carroll, Former Newspaper Editor, Dies at 73". Time. 14 June 2015. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
^ a b Schudel, Matt (June 14, 2015). "John S. Carroll, acclaimed newspaper editor in Baltimore and L.A., dies at 73". The Washington Post.
^ a b c "Left-Coast Makeover". Time Magazine. 2004-05-09. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
^ "Meltdown at the L.A. Times". Salon. 1999-11-05. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ a b c Katharine Q. Seelye (2005-07-21). "Editor at Los Angeles Times Stepping Down After 5 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
^ a b c Ken Auletta (2005-10-10). "Fault Line; Can the Los Angeles Times survive its owners?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
^ a b c Jonathan Mahler, "John Carroll, Editor Who Reinvigorated The Los Angeles Times, Is Dead at 73," The New York Times, June 14, 2015]
^ Rasmussen, Frederick (14 June 2015). "John S. Carroll, former Sun editor, dies at 73". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "John S. Carroll". Los Angeles Times. 5 February 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Richard M. Clurman Award". Livingston Awards for Young Journalists. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ John Carroll obituary NYTimes, retrieved June 14, 2015
^ Jesse Pearson (2 December 2009). "David Simon". www.vice.com. Vice Media Inc. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ Carr, David (2008-01-21). "Ex-Newsman Laments a Dying Craft". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
External links
Rick Edmonds, "5 Things John Carroll Taught Me About Great Investigative Projects," Poynter.org, June 16, 2014
Appearances on C-SPAN
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Carroll"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"Lexington Herald-Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"The Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun"}],"text":"This article is about the Los Angeles Times editor. For the San Francisco Chronicle columnist, see Jon Carroll.John Sawyer Carroll (January 23, 1942 – June 14, 2015) was an American journalist and newspaper editor, known for his work as the editor of the Lexington Herald-Leader, the Los Angeles Times and The Baltimore Sun.","title":"John Carroll (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallace Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Journal"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Haverford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"shake the hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake"},{"link_name":"Willie Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mays"},{"link_name":"Norman Pearlstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Pearlstine"},{"link_name":"Time magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimesObit-1"}],"text":"John S. Carroll was born in New York City on January 23, 1942, to Wallace Carroll, the editor and publisher of the Winston-Salem Journal and Sentinel, and the former Margaret Sawyer. The family lived in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, until John was about 13, when they moved to Washington, D.C., where his father began working with the New York Times bureau. In 1963, the younger Carroll was graduated from Haverford College in Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in English.[1]When he was at Haverford, he and two friends were arrested and jailed when they entered the playing field during a baseball game between the Philadelphia Phillies and the New York Giants in an attempt to shake the hand of baseball player Willie Mays, according to Norman Pearlstine, a friend and classmate, later editor-in-chief of Time magazine.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Providence Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Providence_Journal"},{"link_name":"The Baltimore Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alum-2"},{"link_name":"news embargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_embargo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EstepObit-3"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Nixon White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon"},{"link_name":"Nieman Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieman_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alum-2"}],"text":"Upon graduation from college, Carroll went to work as a cub reporter for The Providence Journal but left within a year to serve for two years in the Army. In 1966 he was hired by The Baltimore Sun, where he covered the Vietnam War[2] during which time he was accused of violating a news embargo and his credentials were removed by the U.S. military.[3]He also covered the Middle East and the Nixon White House. In 1971-72 he was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. In 1973 he took his first editing job with The Philadelphia Inquirer.[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington Herald-Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Herald-Leader"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Education Reform Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Education_Reform_Act"},{"link_name":"Alice Lloyd College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lloyd_College"},{"link_name":"Pippa Passes, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pippa_Passes,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Appalachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky basketball program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"in 1986 won a Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Pulitzer_Prize#Journalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-5"},{"link_name":"sabbatical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical"},{"link_name":"Thomson Reuters Fellowship Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism"},{"link_name":"Times Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Mirror"},{"link_name":"Tribune Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_Company"},{"link_name":"Nieman Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieman_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alum-2"}],"text":"Carroll was an editor at the Inquirer until 1979, when he left for the Lexington Herald-Leader, where he was editor and vice-president. During his tenure in Lexington, he spearheaded an investigative series of reports titled \"Cheating Our Children,\" which exposed flaws in Kentucky's public-education system.[4] The newspaper won two awards for the series, which helped lead to the passage of the Kentucky Education Reform Act of 1990. The ten reporters involved with the series donated the $26,500 in prize money to Alice Lloyd College in Pippa Passes, Kentucky, to establish the John S. Carroll Scholarship Fund to aid needy students from Kentucky's 5th congressional district, which is a part of Appalachia. In 1985 the newspaper published a series on widespread cheating in the University of Kentucky basketball program, which in 1986 won a Pulitzer Prize for its authors, Jeffrey Marx and Michael York.[5]In fall 1988, Carroll took a sabbatical from the newspaper as a member of the University of Oxford's Visiting Journalist Fellowship Programme (now the Thomson Reuters Fellowship Programme). In 1991 he became senior vice-president and editor of The Baltimore Sun, and in 1998, he became a vice-president of the Sun's parent company, Times Mirror. In 2000, Times Mirror, which also owned the Los Angeles Times, was purchased by the Tribune Company.In 2000, after nearly 10 years as editor of the Sun, Carroll was considering leaving to run Harvard's Nieman Fellowship program. He had already begun house-hunting in Cambridge when he was recruited to be editor of the Los Angeles Times.[2]","title":"Lexington Herald-Leader"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-6"},{"link_name":"Staples Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Center"},{"link_name":"separation between advertising and journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_independence"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salon-7"},{"link_name":"Dean Baquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Baquet"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-6"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorker-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-8"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government"}],"text":"Carroll took over the Times when the paper's morale was said to be at an all-time low.[6] In particular, the credibility of the Times had been hurt by revelations in 1999 of a revenue-sharing arrangement between the newspaper and Staples Center in the preparation of a 168-page magazine about the opening of the sports arena. The agreement was seen as violating the separation between advertising and journalism.[7]Carroll began by hiring top talent from papers on the East Coast, such as Dean Baquet, the national editor of The New York Times, whom Carroll appointed as managing editor. Carroll aimed to compete with the East Coast papers on major national and international stories. The slogan he wanted for the paper was, \"A National Paper From the West.\"[6]During Carroll's five years, the newspaper earned 13 Pulitzer Prizes,[8]\ncompared to eight in the 1990s. The Pulitzer streak was considered to indicate a dramatic improvement in quality at the paper.[6]In 2003, however, Carroll began to clash with the Tribune Company's management.[9] Because of struggles in advertising and circulation, the company wanted to reduce costs. One proposal was to use stories written at other Tribune newspapers in the Times. Carroll opposed this move because he believed top-tier newspapers investigate and write their own stories. The company also wanted to consolidate all the Washington, D.C., bureaus of the newspapers that it owned.[9]Financial pressures continued; during the last year-and-a-half of Carroll's editorship, the stock price of the Tribune Company declined from $50 to $36. During Carroll's tenure, nearly two hundred positions were reduced in the newsroom. In early 2005, Carroll and Baquet went through a difficult round of negotiations with the Tribune management. They reportedly proposed a plan that included staff cuts, but which was rejected by Tribune for not going far enough.[8][9]On July 20, 2005, Carroll announced that he would resign effective August 15, 2005. Baquet reportedly considered resigning as well, but decided to remain and become the paper's top editor.[8] After leaving the Times, Carroll became a Knight Visiting Lecturer at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government.","title":"Los Angeles Times"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimesObit-10"},{"link_name":"Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EstepObit-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-5"}],"text":"Carroll had married Lee Huston of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1985. Carroll had two daughters, Maggie Vaughan and Katita Strathmann from a previous marriage.[10] After he left the Los Angeles Times in 2005, Carroll and his wife returned to Lexington, where he died in his home on June 14, 2015. According to his wife, the cause was Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which had been diagnosed about six months before his death.[3][5]","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EstepObit-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Committee to Protect Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists"},{"link_name":"American Society of Newspaper Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Newspaper_Editors"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimesObit-10"}],"text":"From 1994 to 2003, Carroll was a member of the Pulitzer Prize board, and in 2002 he was board chairman.[11] In 1998 he was named Editor of the Year by the National Press Foundation.[3] In 2003 he was elected an American Academy of Arts and Sciences fellow. In 2004 he received the Committee to Protect Journalists' Burton Benjamin Award for lifetime achievement in defense of press freedom. Also in 2004, Carroll received the American Society of Newspaper Editors Leadership Award.[12] In 2009 he received the Richard Clurman Award as a mentor of young journalists.[13] A New York Times obituary described Carroll as \"one of the most influential newspaper editors of his era\" who saw journalists \"almost as public servants and a free press as essential to a self-governing nation.\"[10]","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Simon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimesObit-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT2-16"}],"text":"According to television producer David Simon, Carroll was the basis for the character of \"prize-hungry\"[14] James Whiting on the HBO show The Wire, which Simon created.[10][15][16]","title":"In popular culture"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"A Legacy in Print\". Haverford Alumni Magazine (Winter 2003). Archived from the original on 2007-08-30. Retrieved 2007-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070830053718/http://www.haverford.edu/publications/winter03/lead.htm","url_text":"\"A Legacy in Print\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverford_College","url_text":"Haverford Alumni Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.haverford.edu/publications/winter03/lead.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Carroll, Former Newspaper Editor, Dies at 73\". Time. 14 June 2015. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150615104014/http://time.com/3920671/john-carroll-dead/","url_text":"\"John Carroll, Former Newspaper Editor, Dies at 73\""},{"url":"http://time.com/3920671/john-carroll-dead/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (June 14, 2015). \"John S. Carroll, acclaimed newspaper editor in Baltimore and L.A., dies at 73\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/john-s-carroll-edited-newspapers-in-baltimore-and-los-angeles-dies-at-73/2015/06/14/65bd5c1a-eac7-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html","url_text":"\"John S. Carroll, acclaimed newspaper editor in Baltimore and L.A., dies at 73\""}]},{"reference":"\"Left-Coast Makeover\". Time Magazine. 2004-05-09. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061125022950/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040517-634675,00.html","url_text":"\"Left-Coast Makeover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine","url_text":"Time Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040517-634675,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meltdown at the L.A. Times\". Salon. 1999-11-05. Retrieved 2007-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/media/log/1999/11/05/media/","url_text":"\"Meltdown at the L.A. Times\""}]},{"reference":"Katharine Q. Seelye (2005-07-21). \"Editor at Los Angeles Times Stepping Down After 5 Years\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/business/media/21paper.html?ex=1279598400&en=c10578004b52d587&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss","url_text":"\"Editor at Los Angeles Times Stepping Down After 5 Years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ken Auletta (2005-10-10). \"Fault Line; Can the Los Angeles Times survive its owners?\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Auletta","url_text":"Ken Auletta"},{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/10/051010fa_fact1?currentPage=1","url_text":"\"Fault Line; Can the Los Angeles Times survive its owners?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Rasmussen, Frederick (14 June 2015). \"John S. Carroll, former Sun editor, dies at 73\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-john-carroll-20150614-story.html#page=2","url_text":"\"John S. Carroll, former Sun editor, dies at 73\""}]},{"reference":"\"John S. Carroll\". Los Angeles Times. 5 February 2003. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/la-mediacenter-carroll-story.html","url_text":"\"John S. Carroll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard M. Clurman Award\". Livingston Awards for Young Journalists. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150607181858/http://www.livawards.org/clurman/","url_text":"\"Richard M. Clurman Award\""},{"url":"http://www.livawards.org/clurman/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jesse Pearson (2 December 2009). \"David Simon\". www.vice.com. Vice Media Inc. Retrieved 6 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/read/david-simon-280-v16n12","url_text":"\"David Simon\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, David (2008-01-21). \"Ex-Newsman Laments a Dying Craft\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/21/business/media/21carr.html?_r=1","url_text":"\"Ex-Newsman Laments a Dying Craft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-john-carroll-dies-20150614-story.html#page=1","external_links_name":"Elaine Woo, \"John Carroll, Editor Who Led L.A. Times to 13 Pulitzers, Dies at 73"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070830053718/http://www.haverford.edu/publications/winter03/lead.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Legacy in Print\""},{"Link":"http://www.haverford.edu/publications/winter03/lead.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kentucky.com/2015/06/14/3900051_john-carroll-former-herald-leader.html?rh=1","external_links_name":"Bill Estep, \"John Carroll, a 'Truly Great' Editor Who Transformed the Herald-Leader, Dies From Rare Disease,\" Lexington Herald-Leader, June 14, 2015"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150615104014/http://time.com/3920671/john-carroll-dead/","external_links_name":"\"John Carroll, Former Newspaper Editor, Dies at 73\""},{"Link":"http://time.com/3920671/john-carroll-dead/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/john-s-carroll-edited-newspapers-in-baltimore-and-los-angeles-dies-at-73/2015/06/14/65bd5c1a-eac7-11e4-9a6a-c1ab95a0600b_story.html","external_links_name":"\"John S. Carroll, acclaimed newspaper editor in Baltimore and L.A., dies at 73\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061125022950/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040517-634675,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Left-Coast Makeover\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101040517-634675,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.salon.com/media/log/1999/11/05/media/","external_links_name":"\"Meltdown at the L.A. Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/business/media/21paper.html?ex=1279598400&en=c10578004b52d587&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss","external_links_name":"\"Editor at Los Angeles Times Stepping Down After 5 Years\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/10/051010fa_fact1?currentPage=1","external_links_name":"\"Fault Line; Can the Los Angeles Times survive its owners?\""},{"Link":"http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/obituaries/bs-md-ob-john-carroll-20150614-story.html#page=2","external_links_name":"\"John S. Carroll, former Sun editor, dies at 73\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/la-mediacenter-carroll-story.html","external_links_name":"\"John S. Carroll\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150607181858/http://www.livawards.org/clurman/","external_links_name":"\"Richard M. Clurman Award\""},{"Link":"http://www.livawards.org/clurman/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/15/business/media/john-carroll-former-editor-of-los-angeles-times-dies-at-73.html?&hpw&rref=obituaries&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region®ion=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well","external_links_name":"John Carroll obituary"},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/read/david-simon-280-v16n12","external_links_name":"\"David Simon\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/21/business/media/21carr.html?_r=1","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Newsman Laments a Dying Craft\""},{"Link":"http://www.poynter.org/how-tos/leadership-management/349833/five-things-john-carroll-taught-me-about-great-investigative-projects","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?1004872","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3523150808962119000000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/114139331X","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1198th_Operational_Evaluation_and_Training_Squadron
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1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron
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["1 History","2 References"]
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The 1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron was a unit at Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, California from 1965 to 1972 which conducted the initial testing of Lockheed C-130 Hercules transports modified for special operations. This went on under the project names of Thin Slice and Heavy Chain which led to the MC-130 Combat Talons, still a key component of Air Force Special Operations Command. Its initial commander was Lt. Col. Robert Marks.
History
With the onset of operations interdicting supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the need for aircraft specially modified for night missions became apparent, amongst other tasks. In 1964 Lockheed had modified six C-123B Providers for "unconventional warfare" under Project Duck Hook and then been tasked with adapting the C-130E when the Duck Hook aircraft proved inadequate for the newly launched MACV-SOG. Two C-130Es, 64-0506 and -0507, c/ns 3990 and 3991, were transferred to "another agency" in December 1964, generally assumed to be the Central Intelligence Agency, and were "sanitized" (stripped of all identifying marks and plates to ensure deniability if the airframes were lost on discrete operations).
Modifications were made by Lockheed Air Services at Ontario International Airport, Ontario, California, and the aircraft were operated by the 1198th OE&TS out of Area II on the northeast side of Norton AFB, thirty miles east of Ontario.
In April 1967, two On Mark Marksman, civilianized A-26 Invaders, were transferred from Intermountain Aviation, an air service related the US Central Intelligence Agency, to Air America, another air service connected to the Agency. The official role of these aircraft as stated in the specifications provided to Air America from Intermountain in March 1967 was "Aerial resupply, low-level penetration." Both aircraft had been highly modified with a variety of navigation and other electronic equipment for this role.
Between June and October 1967, the first aircraft, re-registered from N900V to N46598, conducted low-level night time supply drops to CIA related forces in Laos during the so-called "Secret War". The program was discontinued because the aircraft was too fast for accurate drops even with the special onboard equipment, and looked too much like a type of strike aircraft known to operate in the theatre. This was cited as often causing forces on the ground to be wary of turning on their marking lamps. The aircraft was damaged on takeoff at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base after being transferred to Overseas Aeromarine, Inc.
The second aircraft, officially re-registered from N800V to N67623, was intended for the same role but never used. Both aircraft were initially painted in Insignia Blue, plus white trim areas outlined with black pinstripe that led the type to be nicknamed "the Blue Goose."
In the end, both aircraft were handed over to the 1198th OETS at Norton Air Force Base, a unit known for alleged participation in agent dropping and other clandestine missions in Southeast Asia (Project Heavy Chain). The Squadron evaluated the two Marksman, but apparently found no use for them and scrapped both aircraft, which suffered from a chronic Invader issue of nose gear failure.
References
^ Thigpen, Col. Jerry L. (2001). The Praetorian STARShip: The Untold Story of the Combat Talon, Air University Press/Diane Publishing. ISBN 1-58566-103-1, p. 19. Thigpen commanded the 8th SOS during Operation Just Cause and spent more than 10 years in the Combat Talon program.
^ Thigpen (2001), p. 20.
^ Olausson, Lars, Lockheed Hercules Production List - 1954-2011 - 27th ed., Såtenäs, Sweden, April 2009. Self-published.
^ Olausson, Lars, Lockheed Hercules Production List - 1954-2008 - 25th ed., Såtenäs, Sweden, April 2007. Self-published. .
^ Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I - Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982; Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington, D.C., 1989, page 447. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
^ a b c d Leeker, Dr. Joe. Retrieved: 17 April 2014.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1198th Operational Evaluation and Training Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"C-123B Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"MACV-SOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studies_and_Observation_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct20-2"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Air Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ontario International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Ontario, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario,_California"},{"link_name":"Norton AFB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_AFB"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"On Mark Marksman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Mark_Marksman"},{"link_name":"A-26 Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-26_Invader"},{"link_name":"Intermountain Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermountain_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"Air America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_America_(airline)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeker_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"\"Secret War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhli_Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeker_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeker_PDF-6"},{"link_name":"Norton Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leeker_PDF-6"}],"text":"With the onset of operations interdicting supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War, the need for aircraft specially modified for night missions became apparent, amongst other tasks. In 1964 Lockheed had modified six C-123B Providers for \"unconventional warfare\" under Project Duck Hook and then been tasked with adapting the C-130E when the Duck Hook aircraft proved inadequate for the newly launched MACV-SOG.[2] Two C-130Es, 64-0506 and -0507, c/ns 3990 and 3991, were transferred to \"another agency\" in December 1964, generally assumed to be the Central Intelligence Agency, and were \"sanitized\" (stripped of all identifying marks and plates to ensure deniability if the airframes were lost on discrete operations).[3]Modifications were made by Lockheed Air Services at Ontario International Airport, Ontario, California, and the aircraft were operated by the 1198th OE&TS out of Area II on the northeast side of Norton AFB, thirty miles east of Ontario.[4][5]In April 1967, two On Mark Marksman, civilianized A-26 Invaders, were transferred from Intermountain Aviation, an air service related the US Central Intelligence Agency, to Air America, another air service connected to the Agency. The official role of these aircraft as stated in the specifications provided to Air America from Intermountain in March 1967 was \"Aerial resupply, [and] low-level penetration.\" Both aircraft had been highly modified with a variety of navigation and other electronic equipment for this role.[6]Between June and October 1967, the first aircraft, re-registered from N900V to N46598, conducted low-level night time supply drops to CIA related forces in Laos during the so-called \"Secret War\". The program was discontinued because the aircraft was too fast for accurate drops even with the special onboard equipment, and looked too much like a type of strike aircraft known to operate in the theatre. This was cited as often causing forces on the ground to be wary of turning on their marking lamps. The aircraft was damaged on takeoff at Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base after being transferred to Overseas Aeromarine, Inc.The second aircraft, officially re-registered from N800V to N67623, was intended for the same role but never used.[6] Both aircraft were initially painted in Insignia Blue, plus white trim areas outlined with black pinstripe that led the type to be nicknamed \"the Blue Goose.\"[6]In the end, both aircraft were handed over to the 1198th OETS at Norton Air Force Base, a unit known for alleged participation in agent dropping and other clandestine missions in Southeast Asia (Project Heavy Chain). The Squadron evaluated the two Marksman, but apparently found no use for them and scrapped both aircraft, which suffered from a chronic Invader issue of nose gear failure.[6]","title":"History"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.utdallas.edu/library/specialcollections/hac/cataam/Leeker/aircraft/b26b.pdf","external_links_name":"Retrieved: 17 April 2014."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertner_Woodson_Tandy
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Vertner Woodson Tandy
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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American architect
Vertner Woodson TandyTandy circa 1920BornMay 17, 1885Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.DiedNovember 7, 1949(1949-11-07) (aged 64)Manhattan, New York City, U.S.MonumentsHistoric marker in Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.Known forFirst registered African-American architect in New York State; Co-founder of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity at Cornell UniversitySpouseSadie TandyChildrenVertner Woodson Tandy Jr.
Vertner Woodson Tandy (May 17, 1885 – November 7, 1949) was an American architect. He was one of the seven founders (commonly referred to as "The Seven Jewels") of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity at Cornell University in 1906. He was the first African American registered architect in New York State. Tandy served as the first treasurer of the Alpha chapter and the designer of the fraternity pin. The fraternity became incorporated under his auspices.
Early life and education
He was born on May 17, 1885, in Lexington, Kentucky. His parents were Henry A. Tandy and Emma Brice Tandy. Henry Tandy was a successful entrepreneur and building contractor. Born enslaved, in 1893 he established the firm Tandy & Byrd in Lexington. Among prominent projects of the firm are the Lexington Opera House and the Fayette County Courthouse, now the site of the Lexington Visitor Center.
In 1904, Tandy attended Tuskegee Institute studying architectural drawing. He married Sadie Dorsette, a daughter of the Montgomery physician Cornelius N. Dorsette. In 1905, he transferred to Cornell University, which he graduated from in 1907 with a degree in architecture. He was one of the founding members, who were collectively called the "Seven Jewels," of the Alpha Phi Alpha Society the first African-American fraternity in 1906.
Career
After graduation, Tandy and George Washington Foster started their own firm, Tandy & Foster, with offices on Broadway in New York City. Tandy became the State of New York's first registered black architect.
Historic marker installed 2009 honoring Tandy, sponsored by Alpha Phi Alpha, the oldest African American fraternity
Tandy's most famous commission was probably Villa Lewaro, the $250,000 mansion for the daughter of the Harlem millionairess Madam C. J. Walker, in Irvington on Hudson, New York. The Italianate-style mansion was completed in 1918 and became important in the Harlem Renaissance prior to Walker's death. Among his other extant work are the Ivey Delph Apartments, and St. Philip's Episcopal Church at 204 West 134th Street in Harlem, through his architectural firm of Tandy & Foster. The Ivey Delph Apartments, designed in 1948, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
Tandy also holds the distinction of being the first African American to pass the military commissioning examination and was commissioned First Lieutenant in the 15th Infantry of the New York State National Guard.
Death
Vertner W. Tandy died of pneumonia on November 7, 1949, aged 64, in Manhattan, New York City. He is honored with a historic marker in Lexington, Kentucky, installed in 2009.
References
^ a b c "Vertner Woodson Tandy". New York Times. November 8, 1949.
^ Parks, Gregory (2012-01-01). Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813134574.
^ "Tandy, Henry A. · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database". nkaa.uky.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
^ Weiss, Ellen (2012-01-01). Robert R. Taylor and Tuskegee: An African American Architect Designs for Booker T. Washington. NewSouth Books. ISBN 9781588382481.
^ Cobb, William (1960). "Cornelius Nathaniel Dorsette M.D., 1852-97". Journal of the National Medical Association. 52 (6): 456–9. PMID 13694185.
^ Woods, Mary N. (1999-07-20). From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-century America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520921405.
^ a b c d Okocha, Victor (2007-03-15). "Vertner Woodson Tandy (1885-1949) •". Retrieved 2021-03-31.
^ a b c d "Pioneering Architects: Vertner Woodson Tandy - AIA". www.aia.org. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
^ Harlem Renaissance : art of Black America. Driskell, David C., Lewis, David Levering, 1936-, Willis, Deborah, 1948-, Studio Museum in Harlem. New York: The Studio Museum in Harlem. 1987. ISBN 0810910993. OCLC 13945412.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Vertner Woodson Tandy Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
Further reading
Wesley, Charles H. (1981). The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life (14th ed.). Chicago: Foundation. ASIN: B000ESQ14W.
Mason, Herman (1999). "The Outspoken Jewel—Vertner Woodson Tandy". The Talented Tenth: The Founders and Presidents of Alpha (2nd ed.). Winter Park, Florida: Four-G. ISBN 1-885066-63-5.
Gray, Christopher (1994-04-24). "Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vertner Woodson Tandy.
Alpha Phi Alpha website
vteFounding members of Alpha Phi Alpha
Henry Arthur Callis
Charles Henry Chapman
Eugene Kinckle Jones
George Biddle Kelley
Nathaniel Allison Murray
Robert Harold Ogle
Vertner Woodson Tandy
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"seven founders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alpha_Phi_Alpha_founders"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha#Chapters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"incorporated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_(business)"},{"link_name":"auspices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auspice"}],"text":"Vertner Woodson Tandy (May 17, 1885 – November 7, 1949) was an American architect.[1] He was one of the seven founders (commonly referred to as \"The Seven Jewels\") of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity at Cornell University in 1906. He was the first African American registered architect in New York State. Tandy served as the first treasurer of the Alpha chapter and the designer of the fraternity pin.[2] The fraternity became incorporated under his auspices.","title":"Vertner Woodson Tandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Henry A. Tandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Tandy"},{"link_name":"Lexington Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tuskegee Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cornelius N. Dorsette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_N._Dorsette"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cobb-5"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"He was born on May 17, 1885, in Lexington, Kentucky.[1] His parents were Henry A. Tandy and Emma Brice Tandy. Henry Tandy was a successful entrepreneur and building contractor. Born enslaved, in 1893 he established the firm Tandy & Byrd in Lexington. Among prominent projects of the firm are the Lexington Opera House and the Fayette County Courthouse, now the site of the Lexington Visitor Center.[3]In 1904, Tandy attended Tuskegee Institute studying architectural drawing.[4] He married Sadie Dorsette, a daughter of the Montgomery physician Cornelius N. Dorsette.[5] In 1905, he transferred to Cornell University, which he graduated from in 1907 with a degree in architecture.[6] He was one of the founding members, who were collectively called the \"Seven Jewels,\" of the Alpha Phi Alpha Society the first African-American fraternity in 1906.[7][8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Washington Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Foster"},{"link_name":"Tandy & Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_%26_Foster"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"State of New York's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_(people)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertner_Woodson_Tandy_historic_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Villa Lewaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Lewaro"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Madam C. J. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker"},{"link_name":"Irvington on Hudson, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Italianate-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Ivey Delph Apartments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivey_Delph_Apartments"},{"link_name":"St. Philip's Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Philip%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Harlem,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Tandy & Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy_%26_Foster"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-10"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"After graduation, Tandy and George Washington Foster started their own firm, Tandy & Foster, with offices on Broadway in New York City.[8][7] Tandy became the State of New York's first registered black architect.[7]Historic marker installed 2009 honoring Tandy, sponsored by Alpha Phi Alpha, the oldest African American fraternityTandy's most famous commission was probably Villa Lewaro, the $250,000 mansion for the daughter of the Harlem millionairess Madam C. J. Walker, in Irvington on Hudson, New York.[9][8] The Italianate-style mansion was completed in 1918 and became important in the Harlem Renaissance prior to Walker's death.[8] Among his other extant work are the Ivey Delph Apartments, and St. Philip's Episcopal Church at 204 West 134th Street in Harlem, through his architectural firm of Tandy & Foster. The Ivey Delph Apartments, designed in 1948, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.[10]Tandy also holds the distinction of being the first African American to pass the military commissioning examination and was commissioned First Lieutenant in the 15th Infantry of the New York State National Guard.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan, New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Vertner W. Tandy died of pneumonia on November 7, 1949, aged 64, in Manhattan, New York City.[1] He is honored with a historic marker in Lexington, Kentucky, installed in 2009.[11]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wesley, Charles H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley"},{"link_name":"Winter Park, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-885066-63-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885066-63-5"},{"link_name":"\"Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E0DF1331F937A15757C0A962958260"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}],"text":"Wesley, Charles H. (1981). The History of Alpha Phi Alpha, A Development in College Life (14th ed.). Chicago: Foundation. ASIN: B000ESQ14W.\nMason, Herman (1999). \"The Outspoken Jewel—Vertner Woodson Tandy\". The Talented Tenth: The Founders and Presidents of Alpha (2nd ed.). Winter Park, Florida: Four-G. ISBN 1-885066-63-5.\nGray, Christopher (1994-04-24). \"Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur\". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","title":"Further reading"}]
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ISBN 1-885066-63-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Park,_Florida","url_text":"Winter Park, Florida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885066-63-5","url_text":"1-885066-63-5"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Christopher (1994-04-24). \"Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur\". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E0DF1331F937A15757C0A962958260","url_text":"\"Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E5DB1E3BE23BBC4053DFB7678382659EDE&legacy=true","external_links_name":"\"Vertner Woodson Tandy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcKJ7LTWjm8C","external_links_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha: A Legacy of Greatness, The Demands of Transcendence"},{"Link":"https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/68","external_links_name":"\"Tandy, Henry A. · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XGYKEFz8Cd0C","external_links_name":"Robert R. Taylor and Tuskegee: An African American Architect Designs for Booker T. Washington"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13694185","external_links_name":"13694185"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CT3a0_l6VD0C","external_links_name":"From Craft to Profession: The Practice of Architecture in Nineteenth-century America"},{"Link":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/tandy-vertner-woodson-1885-1949/","external_links_name":"\"Vertner Woodson Tandy (1885-1949) •\""},{"Link":"https://www.aia.org/articles/6409616-pioneering-architects-vertner-woodson-tand","external_links_name":"\"Pioneering Architects: Vertner Woodson Tandy - AIA\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harlemrenaissanc0000unse_f3u5","external_links_name":"Harlem Renaissance : art of Black America"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13945412","external_links_name":"13945412"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=61032","external_links_name":"\"Vertner Woodson Tandy Historical Marker\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E0DF1331F937A15757C0A962958260","external_links_name":"\"Streetscapes/The Walker Town House; The Grand Mansion of an Early Black Entrepreneur\""},{"Link":"http://www.alphaphialpha.net/","external_links_name":"Alpha Phi Alpha website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1516678/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012209507X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24481744","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFRYy7CGbhgbDqFF69Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94014774","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500259300","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60k4tqj","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objection_to_the_consideration_of_a_question
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Objection to the consideration of a question
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[]
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Type of motion in parliamentary procedure
This article is about a motion in parliamentary procedure. For other uses of "Objection", see Objection.
Objection to the consideration of a question (RONR)ClassIncidental motionIn order when another has the floor?When another has been assigned the floor, until debate has begun or a subsidiary motion has been stated by the chairRequires second?NoDebatable?NoMay be reconsidered?Negative vote (sustaining objection) onlyAmendable?NoVote requiredTwo-thirds against consideration sustains objection
In parliamentary procedure, an objection to the consideration of a question is a motion that is adopted to prevent an original main motion from coming before the assembly. This motion is different from an objection to a unanimous consent request.
Explanation and use
If a member feels that an original main motion should not be considered, an objection to the consideration of a question could be made. It is often used to prevent an embarrassing question from being introduced and debated in the assembly.
According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR), this motion is not debatable and requires a two-thirds vote against consideration. This objection may be applied only to an original main motion, that is, a motion that brings a new substantive issue before the assembly. The objection may be raised only before debate has begun on the motion, as the purpose is to completely suppress debate on the motion.
According to Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure, the purpose of the objection to consideration is to bar from discussion or consideration "any matter that is considered irrelevant, contentious or unprofitable, or that, for any reason, is thought not advisable to discuss."
This motion is different from an objection to a unanimous consent request.
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure does not have this motion and provides alternative motions for accomplishing the same purpose.
Improper use of tabling a motion
Using the rules in RONR, a main motion is improperly killed by tabling it. In this case, before debate has begun, it would have been proper to make an objection to the consideration of the question.
See also
Debate (parliamentary procedure)
Postpone indefinitely
Previous question
Table (parliamentary procedure)
References
^ Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.
^ a b c d Robert 2011, p. 268
^
National Conference of State Legislatures
(2000).
Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure, 2000 ed., p. 218
^
Sturgis, Alice
(2001).
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure, 4th ed., p. 233–234
^ Robert III, Henry M. (2011). "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 13)". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
vteParliamentary procedureMajor concepts
History of parliamentary procedure
Principles of parliamentary procedure
Deliberative assembly
Committee
Session
Quorum
Chair
Floor
Recognition
Motion
Second
Debate
Main motion
Order of business
Minutes
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Majority
Unanimous consent
Subsidiary motions
Postpone indefinitely
Amend
Commit
Postpone to a certain time
Limit or extend limits of debate
Previous question
Cloture
Lay on the table
Privileged motions
Call for the orders of the day
Raise a question of privilege
Recess
Adjourn
Fix the time to which to adjourn
Incidental motions
Point of order
Appeal
Suspend the rules
Objection to the consideration of a question
Division of a question
Consideration by paragraph or seriatim
Division of the assembly
Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls
Motions relating to nominations
Prayer motion
Request to be excused from a duty
Requests and inquiries (Parliamentary inquiry, Request for information, Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion, Request to read papers, Request for any other privilege)
Motions that bring a questionagain before the assembly
Take from the table
Rescind, repeal, annul or amend something previously adopted
Discharge a committee
Reconsider
Legislative procedures
Call of the house
Hoist
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Recall of Parliament
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Censure
Declare the chair vacant
Impeach
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Parliamentary authorities
Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (RONR)
The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure (TSC or Sturgis)
Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure
Riddick's Rules of Procedure
Mason's Manual of Legislative Procedure
Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice
Jefferson's Manual
Lex Parliamentaria
Odgers' Australian Senate Practice
House of Representatives Practice
Bourinot's Rules of Order
Beauchesne's Parliamentary Rules and Forms
Morin code
ABC of Chairmanship
Politics portal
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Debate (parliamentary procedure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_(parliamentary_procedure)"},{"title":"Postpone indefinitely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpone_indefinitely"},{"title":"Previous question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Previous_question"},{"title":"Table (parliamentary procedure)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%27s_Rules_of_Order","url_text":"Robert's Rules of Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82020-5","url_text":"978-0-306-82020-5"}]},{"reference":"Robert III, Henry M. (2011). \"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 13)\". The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Association. Retrieved 2016-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#13","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 13)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#13","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 13)\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_%26_Schenck
|
Van and Schenck
|
["1 History","2 Selected discography","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American entertainers
Van and Schenck.
Van and Schenck horsing around in 1918
Van and Schenck were popular American entertainers in the 1910s and 1920s: Gus Van (born August Von Glahn, August 12, 1886 – March 12, 1968), baritone, and Joe Schenck (pronounced "skenk"; born Joseph Thuma Schenck, (June 2, 1891– June 28, 1930), tenor. They were vaudeville stars and made appearances in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. They made numerous phonograph records for the Emerson, Victor, and Columbia record companies.
History
With Schenck on piano, the duo sang and performed comedy routines. Van was especially adept at dialect humor, and could imitate any number of regional and continental accents. One of the team's typical novelty hits was Pastafazoola, in praise of Italian food and sung in the appropriate style. Van's hearty baritone and Schenck's high tenor harmonized well, and the team became known as "the pennant-winning battery of songland." They performed on radio shows and appeared in early talking motion pictures, including several musical shorts—in both Vitaphone and MGM Movietone—and one feature, the MGM film They Learned About Women (1930).
During World War I, they recorded humorous songs such as "I Don't Want to Get Well" which told the tale of a wounded soldier who did not want to recover, as he was comfortable in hospital and in love with a nurse.
After Schenck's death in 1930 of heart disease, Van continued to perform as a solo artist on stage, screen, and radio. He appeared in many New York-produced Soundies in 1941. Schenck was buried in The Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.
Van and Schenck gained a modern-day resurgence after their 1920 recording of Irving Berlin's "After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It" was sampled in the soundtrack of the indie video game Pizza Tower.
Selected discography
"It's Been a Long, Long Time Since I've Been Home" (1916)
"Hawaiian Sunshine" (1916)
"For Me and My Gal" (1917)
"Yaddie Kaddie Kiddie Kaddie Koo" (1917)
"Huckleberry Finn" (1917)
"That's How You Can Tell They're Irish" (1917)
"My Little China Doll" (1917)
"Mother, May I Go in to Swim?" (1917)
"Dance and Grow Thin" (1917)
"There's Something Nice about the South" (1917)
"Far Away in Honolulu" (1917)
"Mulberry Rose" (1917)
"The Ragtime Volunteers are Off to War" (1917)
"I Don't Want to Get Well" (1917)
"Southern Gals" (1917)
"I Miss the Old Folks Now" (1917)
"In the Land O' Yamo Yamo" (1917)
"Where Do They Get 'Em and How Do They Get 'Em?" (1918)
"My Mind's Made Up to Marry Carolina" (1918)
"Ragtime Moses Old-Time Bomboshay" (1918)
"I Always Think I'm Up in Heaven" (1918)
"Tackin 'Em Down" (1918)
"They Were All Out of Step But Jim" (1918)
"Why Do They Call Them Babies?" (1918)
"You'll Always Find A Lot of Sunshine in My Old Kentucky Home" (1918)
"You'll Find Old Dixieland in France" (1918)
"Oh, How She Can Sing" (1919)
"Mandy" (1919)
"Open Up The Golden Gates To Dixieland" (1919)
"Sweet Kisses" (1919)
"They're All Sweeties" (1919)
"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It" (1920)
"All The Boys Love Mary" (1920)
"In Napoli" (1920)
"You Tell 'em" (1920)
"Ain't We Got Fun" (1921)
"Ain't You Coming Out Malinda?" (1921)
"All She'd Say Was Umh Hum" (1921)
"O'Reilly (I'm Ashamed of You)" (1921)
"She Walks in Her Husband's Sleep" (1921)
"Sweet Love" (1921)
"What's A Gonna Be Next?" (1921)
"Who's Been Around" (1921)
"Carolina in The Morning" (1923)
"Steamboat Sal" (1923)
"You Tell Her-I Stutter" (1923)
"Away Down East in Maine" (1923)
"Take 'em To The Door Blues" (1925)
"That Red Head Gal" (1926)
"Magnolia" (1927)
"Pastafazoola" (1927)
"Stay Out of the South" (1929)
References
^ "Gus Van, Stage and Vaudeville Headliner, Dead. Teamed With Joe Schenck in Hit Song and Comedy Act. Starred in 'Follies'". New York Times. March 13, 1968. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
^ Paas, John Roger (2014). America Sings of War: American Sheet Music from World War I. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 138, ISBN 9783447102780.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Van and Schenck.
Van & Schenck on vintage-recordings.com – RealAudio of two of their early recordings
Joe Schenck at IMDb
Gus Van at IMDb
Joe Schenck at the Internet Broadway Database
Gus Van at the Internet Broadway Database
Van & Schenck (as team) at the Internet Broadway Database
Collected Works of Van & Schenck
Collected Works of Van & Schenck (2nd edition)
Van and Schenck at Archeophone Records
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VanSchenck22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_and_Schenck_horsing_around_in_1918.jpg"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"Ziegfeld Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegfeld_Follies"},{"link_name":"phonograph records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Records"},{"link_name":"Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Van and Schenck.Van and Schenck horsing around in 1918Van and Schenck were popular American entertainers in the 1910s and 1920s: Gus Van (born August Von Glahn, August 12, 1886 – March 12, 1968), baritone, and Joe Schenck (pronounced \"skenk\"; born Joseph Thuma Schenck, (June 2, 1891– June 28, 1930), tenor. They were vaudeville stars and made appearances in the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. They made numerous phonograph records for the Emerson, Victor, and Columbia record companies.[1]","title":"Van and Schenck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy"},{"link_name":"Pastafazoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastafazoola"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Vitaphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaphone"},{"link_name":"MGM Movietone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movietone_sound_system"},{"link_name":"They Learned About Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Learned_About_Women"},{"link_name":"Soundies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundies"},{"link_name":"Cemetery of the Evergreens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_of_the_Evergreens"},{"link_name":"indie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"Pizza Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Tower"}],"text":"With Schenck on piano, the duo sang and performed comedy routines. Van was especially adept at dialect humor, and could imitate any number of regional and continental accents. One of the team's typical novelty hits was Pastafazoola, in praise of Italian food and sung in the appropriate style. Van's hearty baritone and Schenck's high tenor harmonized well, and the team became known as \"the pennant-winning battery of songland.\" They performed on radio shows and appeared in early talking motion pictures, including several musical shorts—in both Vitaphone and MGM Movietone—and one feature, the MGM film They Learned About Women (1930).During World War I, they recorded humorous songs such as \"I Don't Want to Get Well\" which told the tale of a wounded soldier who did not want to recover, as he was comfortable in hospital and in love with a nurse.After Schenck's death in 1930 of heart disease, Van continued to perform as a solo artist on stage, screen, and radio. He appeared in many New York-produced Soundies in 1941. Schenck was buried in The Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.Van and Schenck gained a modern-day resurgence after their 1920 recording of Irving Berlin's \"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It\" was sampled in the soundtrack of the indie video game Pizza Tower.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"For Me and My Gal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Me_and_My_Gal_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Don't Want to Get Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Want_to_Get_Well"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"In the Land O' Yamo Yamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Land_O%27_Yamo_Yamo"},{"link_name":"They Were All Out of Step But Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Were_All_Out_of_Step_But_Jim"},{"link_name":"Ain't We Got Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_We_Got_Fun"},{"link_name":"Carolina in The Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_in_the_Morning"},{"link_name":"Pastafazoola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastafazoola"},{"link_name":"Stay Out of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_Out_of_the_South"}],"text":"\"It's Been a Long, Long Time Since I've Been Home\" (1916)\n\"Hawaiian Sunshine\" (1916)\n\"For Me and My Gal\" (1917)\n\"Yaddie Kaddie Kiddie Kaddie Koo\" (1917)\n\"Huckleberry Finn\" (1917)\n\"That's How You Can Tell They're Irish\" (1917)\n\"My Little China Doll\" (1917)\n\"Mother, May I Go in to Swim?\" (1917)\n\"Dance and Grow Thin\" (1917)\n\"There's Something Nice about the South\" (1917)\n\"Far Away in Honolulu\" (1917)\n\"Mulberry Rose\" (1917)\n\"The Ragtime Volunteers are Off to War\" (1917)\n\"I Don't Want to Get Well\" (1917)[2]\n\"Southern Gals\" (1917)\n\"I Miss the Old Folks Now\" (1917)\n\"In the Land O' Yamo Yamo\" (1917)\n\"Where Do They Get 'Em and How Do They Get 'Em?\" (1918)\n\"My Mind's Made Up to Marry Carolina\" (1918)\n\"Ragtime Moses Old-Time Bomboshay\" (1918)\n\"I Always Think I'm Up in Heaven\" (1918)\n\"Tackin 'Em Down\" (1918)\n\"They Were All Out of Step But Jim\" (1918)\n\"Why Do They Call Them Babies?\" (1918)\n\"You'll Always Find A Lot of Sunshine in My Old Kentucky Home\" (1918)\n\"You'll Find Old Dixieland in France\" (1918)\n\"Oh, How She Can Sing\" (1919)\n\"Mandy\" (1919)\n\"Open Up The Golden Gates To Dixieland\" (1919)\n\"Sweet Kisses\" (1919)\n\"They're All Sweeties\" (1919)\n\"After You Get What You Want, You Don't Want It\" (1920)\n\"All The Boys Love Mary\" (1920)\n\"In Napoli\" (1920)\n\"You Tell 'em\" (1920)\n\"Ain't We Got Fun\" (1921)\n\"Ain't You Coming Out Malinda?\" (1921)\n\"All She'd Say Was Umh Hum\" (1921)\n\"O'Reilly (I'm Ashamed of You)\" (1921)\n\"She Walks in Her Husband's Sleep\" (1921)\n\"Sweet Love\" (1921)\n\"What's A Gonna Be Next?\" (1921)\n\"Who's Been Around\" (1921)\n\"Carolina in The Morning\" (1923)\n\"Steamboat Sal\" (1923)\n\"You Tell Her-I Stutter\" (1923)\n\"Away Down East in Maine\" (1923)\n\"Take 'em To The Door Blues\" (1925)\n\"That Red Head Gal\" (1926)\n\"Magnolia\" (1927)\n\"Pastafazoola\" (1927)\n\"Stay Out of the South\" (1929)","title":"Selected discography"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gus Van, Stage and Vaudeville Headliner, Dead. Teamed With Joe Schenck in Hit Song and Comedy Act. Starred in 'Follies'\". New York Times. March 13, 1968. Retrieved 2014-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05EEDF1638E134BC4B52DFB5668383679EDE","url_text":"\"Gus Van, Stage and Vaudeville Headliner, Dead. Teamed With Joe Schenck in Hit Song and Comedy Act. Starred in 'Follies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B05EEDF1638E134BC4B52DFB5668383679EDE","external_links_name":"\"Gus Van, Stage and Vaudeville Headliner, Dead. Teamed With Joe Schenck in Hit Song and Comedy Act. Starred in 'Follies'\""},{"Link":"http://vintage-recordings.com/realaudio/vocalshow6a07.ram","external_links_name":"Van & Schenck on vintage-recordings.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0770850/","external_links_name":"Joe Schenck"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0888408/","external_links_name":"Gus Van"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/77073","external_links_name":"Joe Schenck"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/63060","external_links_name":"Gus Van"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/63055","external_links_name":"Van & Schenck (as team)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/VanSchenck","external_links_name":"Collected Works of Van & Schenck"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/VanAndSchenck","external_links_name":"Collected Works of Van & Schenck (2nd edition)"},{"Link":"http://www.archeophone.com/product_info.php?products_id=116","external_links_name":"Van and Schenck at Archeophone Records"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/121171516","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008157730","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9dd35133-6f40-48d1-808b-f7c411b2da1f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Tizard
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Richard Henry Tizard
|
["1 Life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British engineer and academic
Dick Tizard
Richard Henry Tizard (25 June 1917 – 5 September 2005) was a distinguished engineer and founding Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.
Life
Dick Tizard was the son of Sir Henry Tizard. He was chosen by Sir John Cockcroft as a founding Fellow of Churchill College, a new science-focused college at the University of Cambridge. He offered a fellowship to John Arundel Barnes.
The 1960s were a period of student unrest and turbulence in academic governance. Tizard came from a family of high achievers with a productive stubborn streak. He used his political skills to marshal his grammar, state and public school intake behind a programme of historic renewal and reform in the University. In 1969, he led his colleagues to accept students into membership of the College Council and to admit women, the first Cambridge men's college to do so.
The same year, the Labour government's Representation of the People Act 1969 reduced the voting age to 18 years. Under Tizard's guidance, in 1970 Churchill's student union, the Junior Common Room (JCR), inspired by the worldwide student democracy movement, led the National Union of Students (NUS) in taking the Cambridge Town Clerk to the High Court to overturn a 19th-century precedent that won students the right to vote in their university towns.
As Senior Tutor, Tizard pioneered outreach, admitting 600 men from 300 schools. After his retirement, he discussed with non-resident members of the JCR the possibility of their extending this outreach activity to 30 primary schools.
Churchill College later named a room after him.
See also
Arthur Ransome
Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)
Thomas Henry Tizard
References
^ Bollard, Alan (18 April 2016). A Few Hares to Chase: The Life and Economics of Bill Phillips. Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-77558-784-2.
^ a b c "Dick Tizard". The Independent. 9 October 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ Barnes, J. A. (2007). Humping My Drum. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-4092-0400-8.
^ a b Loughran, Thomas; Mycock, Andrew; Tonge, Jonathan (3 April 2021). "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds". Contemporary British History. 35 (2): 284–313. doi:10.1080/13619462.2021.1890589. ISSN 1361-9462. S2CID 233956982.
^ Marwick, Arthur (28 September 2011). The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4482-0542-4.
^ "Five decades after Cambridge colleges went co-ed, too little has changed". Financial Times. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ Stephen D. Fisher & Nick Hillman. "Do students swing elections? Registration, turnout and voting behaviour among full-time students" (PDF). HEPI. p. 4.
^ "Dick Tizard". The Times. 15 December 2005. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ chuamychapman (13 September 2016). "Dick Tizard: "Cambridge's most significant Senior Tutor of post-war years"". Churchill College. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ Benson, Ian. Chapter 1 Introduction | An Introduction to Curriculum Zero.
^ Hill, Tim (7 November 2019). "Churchill Engineering Alumnus reconnects with energy". Møller Institute. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
External links
The Stanford Tizard Programme
|
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[{"image_text":"Dick Tizard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/DickTizard.jpg"}]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Children%27s_Museum
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Chicago Children's Museum
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["1 Relocation","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°53′29″N 87°36′33″W / 41.89139°N 87.60917°W / 41.89139; -87.60917Chicago Children's MuseumEstablished1982LocationNavy Pier, Chicago, Illinois, USAWebsiteChicago Children's Museum
Skeleton of a Suchomimus dinosaur as featured in the museum
The Chicago Children's Museum is located at Navy Pier in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1982 by The Junior League of Chicago who were responding to programming cutbacks in the Chicago Public Schools. Originally housed in two hallways of the Chicago Public Library, it soon began to offer trunk shows and traveling exhibits in response to capacity crowds on-site.
The museum moved a number of times over its initial years of existence while it continued to search for a permanent home. In 1995, the Museum thought it found that home when it reopened as an anchor tenant at Navy Pier on Lake Michigan. The new facility offered 57,000 square feet (5,300 m2) of exhibition space and included three floors of educational exhibits, public programs and special events. Upon the move to the Pier, the expansion made it the fourth largest children's museum in the United States. The museum serves more than 650,000 people, both at its Navy Pier location and in communities in and around Chicago, each year.
Relocation
The Navy Pier space served the museum well for more than a decade, but in 2006, the Museum announced plans to expand further and move to another location at Daley Bicentennial Plaza in Grant Park that would more than double its exhibition space and allow for greater community access. Despite some strong support from the community especially from Mayor Richard Daley, the proposal has met with some resistance from others who feared that the museum's move will invade Grant Park's open space and set a precedent for other organizations moving to the park. The new facility at Grant Park was designed by the architecture firm of Krueck and Sexton Architects, who designed the Spertus Museum on Michigan Avenue.
By early 2011, museum officials affirmed their commitment to the plan but announced no new developments. Fundraising efforts had lagged while costs for the project had risen to an estimated $150 million. Crain's Chicago Business cited unnamed park officials who said that the museum will likely stay in its current location. At the same time, the Chicago Park District also awarded contracts to begin repairs on the garage under Daley Bicentennial Plaza. On October 25, 2011, the Chicago Park District unveiled a renovation plan for the northeast area of Grant Park that did not include the museum. When asked about the museum, the park district's director of planning and development replied, "Well, they're not coming to Grant Park."
In late 2012, the museum announced it had agreed on a new, 90-year lease with Navy Pier. The agreement includes an expansion of the museum's presence at the Pier by nearly 50 percent (57,000 square feet to 84,000 square feet). Details of the expansion were expected to be announced in 2013.
References
^ a b "History". Chicago Children's Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Susy Schultz (1996-10-07). "A Year at the Pier". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Lorene Yue (2006-09-27). "Chicago Children's Museum Moving to Grant Park". Chicago Business. Crain's. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Robert Mitchum (2008-04-07). "Children's Museum Gears up Grant Park Campaign". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Maria Whelan (2006-04-05). "Put Museum in Plaza". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ a b Sarah Schulte (2007-09-18). "Maylor Lashes Out Against Opponents". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Lisa Donovan and Fran Spielman (3 April 2011). "Children's Museum's move to Grant Park looking less likely". Chicago Sun-Times. suntimes.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
^ Blair Kamin and Ryan Haggerty (26 October 2011). "Children's Museum out of new plan for renovating Grant Park's northeast corner; leader of park advisory group says controversial project is dead". Chicago Tribune. ChicagoTribune.com. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ Lease plan Archived February 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
External links
Chicago Children's Museum
CCM News on WindyChat.com
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41°53′29″N 87°36′33″W / 41.89139°N 87.60917°W / 41.89139; -87.60917
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCM_Suchomimus_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Suchomimus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchomimus"},{"link_name":"Navy Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Pier"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Junior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"Chicago Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cchhist-1"},{"link_name":"anchor tenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_tenant"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cchhist-1"},{"link_name":"children's museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1stbir-2"}],"text":"Skeleton of a Suchomimus dinosaur as featured in the museumThe Chicago Children's Museum is located at Navy Pier in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1982 by The Junior League of Chicago who were responding to programming cutbacks in the Chicago Public Schools. Originally housed in two hallways of the Chicago Public Library, it soon began to offer trunk shows and traveling exhibits in response to capacity crowds on-site.[1]The museum moved a number of times over its initial years of existence while it continued to search for a permanent home. In 1995, the Museum thought it found that home when it reopened as an anchor tenant at Navy Pier on Lake Michigan. The new facility offered 57,000 square feet (5,300 m2) of exhibition space and included three floors of educational exhibits, public programs and special events.[1] Upon the move to the Pier, the expansion made it the fourth largest children's museum in the United States.[2] The museum serves more than 650,000 people, both at its Navy Pier location and in communities in and around Chicago, each year.","title":"Chicago Children's Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daley Bicentennial Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daley_Bicentennial_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Grant Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Park_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campaign-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plaza-5"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Richard Daley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Daley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayor-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mayor-6"},{"link_name":"Krueck and Sexton Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krueck_and_Sexton_Architects"},{"link_name":"Spertus Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spertus_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-likely-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityscape-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Navy Pier space served the museum well for more than a decade, but in 2006, the Museum announced plans to expand further and move to another location at Daley Bicentennial Plaza in Grant Park that would more than double its exhibition space[3] and allow for greater community access.[4] Despite some strong support from the community[5] especially from Mayor Richard Daley,[6] the proposal has met with some resistance from others who feared that the museum's move will invade Grant Park's open space[6] and set a precedent for other organizations moving to the park. The new facility at Grant Park was designed by the architecture firm of Krueck and Sexton Architects, who designed the Spertus Museum on Michigan Avenue.By early 2011, museum officials affirmed their commitment to the plan but announced no new developments. Fundraising efforts had lagged while costs for the project had risen to an estimated $150 million. Crain's Chicago Business cited unnamed park officials who said that the museum will likely stay in its current location. At the same time, the Chicago Park District also awarded contracts to begin repairs on the garage under Daley Bicentennial Plaza.[7] On October 25, 2011, the Chicago Park District unveiled a renovation plan for the northeast area of Grant Park that did not include the museum. When asked about the museum, the park district's director of planning and development replied, \"Well, they're not coming to Grant Park.\"[8]In late 2012, the museum announced it had agreed on a new, 90-year lease with Navy Pier.[9] The agreement includes an expansion of the museum's presence at the Pier by nearly 50 percent (57,000 square feet to 84,000 square feet). Details of the expansion were expected to be announced in 2013.","title":"Relocation"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Skeleton of a Suchomimus dinosaur as featured in the museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/CCM_Suchomimus_2018.jpg/220px-CCM_Suchomimus_2018.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"History\". Chicago Children's Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075745/http://chicagochildrensmuseum.org/index.php/about/mission-history","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/index.php/about/mission-history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Susy Schultz (1996-10-07). \"A Year at the Pier\". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB422C6EEC75BDD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"A Year at the Pier\""}]},{"reference":"Lorene Yue (2006-09-27). \"Chicago Children's Museum Moving to Grant Park\". Chicago Business. Crain's. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=22245&seenIt=1","url_text":"\"Chicago Children's Museum Moving to Grant Park\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Mitchum (2008-04-07). \"Children's Museum Gears up Grant Park Campaign\". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-childrens-museum-web-07apr08,1,5147706.story","url_text":"\"Children's Museum Gears up Grant Park Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"Maria Whelan (2006-04-05). \"Put Museum in Plaza\". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=110CE686D3886D60&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Put Museum in Plaza\""}]},{"reference":"Sarah Schulte (2007-09-18). \"Maylor Lashes Out Against Opponents\". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2008-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521092150/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=5662944","url_text":"\"Maylor Lashes Out Against Opponents\""},{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=5662944","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lisa Donovan and Fran Spielman (3 April 2011). \"Children's Museum's move to Grant Park looking less likely\". Chicago Sun-Times. suntimes.com. Retrieved 2011-06-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/4638676-417/childrens-museums-move-to-grant-park-looking-less-likely.html","url_text":"\"Children's Museum's move to Grant Park looking less likely\""}]},{"reference":"Blair Kamin and Ryan Haggerty (26 October 2011). \"Children's Museum out of new plan for renovating Grant Park's northeast corner; leader of park advisory group says controversial project is dead\". Chicago Tribune. ChicagoTribune.com. Retrieved 2011-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2011/10/in-the-latest-sign-that-the-controversial-plan-to-move-the-chicago-childrens-museum-to-grant-park-is-crumbling-and-may-be-dea.html","url_text":"\"Children's Museum out of new plan for renovating Grant Park's northeast corner; leader of park advisory group says controversial project is dead\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Children%27s_Museum¶ms=41_53_29_N_87_36_33_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"41°53′29″N 87°36′33″W / 41.89139°N 87.60917°W / 41.89139; -87.60917"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Chicago Children's Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110313075745/http://chicagochildrensmuseum.org/index.php/about/mission-history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/index.php/about/mission-history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB422C6EEC75BDD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"A Year at the Pier\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/news.pl?id=22245&seenIt=1","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Children's Museum Moving to Grant Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-childrens-museum-web-07apr08,1,5147706.story","external_links_name":"\"Children's Museum Gears up Grant Park Campaign\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=110CE686D3886D60&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Put Museum in Plaza\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110521092150/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=5662944","external_links_name":"\"Maylor Lashes Out Against Opponents\""},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=5662944","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/4638676-417/childrens-museums-move-to-grant-park-looking-less-likely.html","external_links_name":"\"Children's Museum's move to Grant Park looking less likely\""},{"Link":"http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2011/10/in-the-latest-sign-that-the-controversial-plan-to-move-the-chicago-childrens-museum-to-grant-park-is-crumbling-and-may-be-dea.html","external_links_name":"\"Children's Museum out of new plan for renovating Grant Park's northeast corner; leader of park advisory group says controversial project is dead\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/PR_NavyPierLease.pdf","external_links_name":"Lease plan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130220093610/http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/PR_NavyPierLease.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagochildrensmuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Chicago Children's Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.windychat.com/chicago-childrens-museum-5359-new.html","external_links_name":"CCM News on WindyChat.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chicago_Children%27s_Museum¶ms=41_53_29_N_87_36_33_W_region:US_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"41°53′29″N 87°36′33″W / 41.89139°N 87.60917°W / 41.89139; -87.60917"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Ukrainian_Cup_Final
|
1996 Ukrainian Cup final
|
["1 Road to Kyiv","2 Match details","3 Match statistics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Football match1996 Ukrainian Cup FinalEventUkrainian Cup 1995-96
Dynamo Kyiv
Nyva Vinnytsia
2
0
Date26 May 1996VenueNSC Olimpiyskyi, KyivRefereeSerhiy Tatulian (Kyiv)Attendance47,000Weather23°C← 1995 1997 →
The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final is a football match that took place at the NSC Olimpiyskiy on May 26, 1996. The match was the 5th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Nyva Vinnytsia. The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final was the fifth to be held in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Dynamo won with goals from Serhii Rebrov and Yuri Maxymov.
There were four yellow cards issued at this game: two to Dynamo players and two to Nyva.
Road to Kyiv
Main article: Ukrainian Cup 1995-96
Both teams started from the first round of the competition (1/16). Dynamo traveled two rounds to central Ukraine and then for the quarter-finals and semi-finals the club played at its home ground. Nyva reached the final in a similar way. The first couple of rounds it spent traveling around the Lviv Oblast and then also played at its home turf. In the semi-finals Nyva swept Shakhtar aside with a remarkable 3:0 win. Neither Dynamo nor Nyva had allowed any goals past their goalkeepers.
Dynamo
Round 1 (1st leg)
Metalurh N/m
0–3
Dynamo
Round 2 (1st leg)
Zirka-NIBAS
0–2
Dynamo
Quarter-final (1st leg)
Dynamo
1–0
Tavriya
Semi-final (1st leg)
Dynamo
2–0
Kremin
Nyva
Round 1 (1st leg)
Hazovyk Komarno
0–0pen. 6:7
Nyva V.
Round 2 (1st leg)
Halychyna
0–2
Nyva V.
Quarter-final (1st leg)
Nyva V.
1–0
Nyva T.
Semi-final (1st leg)
Nyva V.
3–0
Dnipro
Match details
1996-05-26?:? LST
Dynamo Kyiv2 – 0Nyva Vinnytsia
Rebrov 27'Maksymov 59'
Report
NSC Olimpiyskyi, KyivAttendance: 47,000Referee: Valeriy Avdysh (Simferopol), (FIFA)
Dynamo Kyiv
FC Nyva Vinnytsia
Dynamo Kyiv:
GK
?
Oleksandr Shovkovskyi
DF
?
Oleh Luzhnyi (c)
DF
?
Serhiy Bezhenar
75'
DF
?
Oleksandr Holovko
DF
?
Serhiy Shmatovalenko
MF
?
Dmytro Mykhaylenko
MF
?
Serhii Rebrov
27'
82'
MF
?
Yuriy Maksymov
59'
70'
MF
?
Vitaliy Kosovskyi
FW
?
Viktor Leonenko
41'
60'
FW
?
Andriy Shevchenko
Substitutes:
MF
?
Pavlo Shkapenko
82'
MF
?
Yuriy Kalitvintsev
70'
MF
?
Yevhen Pokhlebayev
60'
Manager:
Yozhef Sabo
Nyva Vinnytsia:
GK
?
Volodymyr Tsytkin
66'
DF
?
Leonid Haidarzhy (c)
MF
?
Kostyantyn Sosenko
MF
?
Vyacheslav Zaporozhchenko
40'
MF
?
Yuriy Solovyenko
11'
FW
?
Dmytro Lelyuk
35'
DF
?
Oleksiy Ryabtsev
DF
?
Ruslan Romanchuk
MF
?
Oleksandr Chervonyi
46'
FW
?
Pavlo Matviychenko
DF
?
Oleksandr Lyubynskyi
Substitutes:
GK
?
Yevhen Nemodruk
66'
FW
?
Anatoliy Balatskyi
35'
FW
?
Oleksandr Laktionov
46'
Manager:
Serhiy Morozov
MATCH OFFICIALS
Assistant referees:
Valeriy Lysenko (Odesa)
Mykhaylo Sydor (Lviv)
Fourth official: Serhiy Tatulian (Kyiv)
MATCH RULES
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Seven named substitutes
3 substitutions, plus two more in extra time.
Ukrainian Cup 1996 Winners
FC Dynamo KyivSecond title
Match statistics
Dynamo
Nyva
Total shots
?
?
Shots on target
?
?
Ball possession
?%
?%
Corner kicks
?
?
Fouls committed
?
?
Offsides
?
?
Yellow cards
?
?
Red cards
?
?
See also
Ukrainian Cup 1995-96
References
^ "Official protocol (in Ukrainian)" (in Ukrainian). FFU. 1999-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
External links
Calendar of Matches - Schedule of the 1996 Ukrainian Cup on the Ukrainian Soccer History web-site (ukrsoccerhistory.com). (in Ukrainian)
vteUkrainian Cup
Records and statistics
Cup of the Ukrainian SSR
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941–1943: not held
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959–1971: not held
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977–1989: not held
1990
1991
Ukrainian Cup
1992
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23: not held
2023–24
2024–25
Finals
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Winners
Shakhtar Donetsk (14)
Dynamo Kyiv (13)
Chornomorets Odesa (2)
Tavriya Simferopol (1)
Vorskla Poltava (1)
Ukrainian Super Cup
Ukrainian Women's Cup
Ukrainian Second League Cup
Ukrainian Amateur Cup
Ukrainian League Cup
vte1995–96 in Ukrainian football « 1994–95 1996–97 » Domestic leagues
Premier League
First League
Second League
Amateur League
Women
'95
'96
Domestic cups
Ukrainian Cup
Final
International cups
Commonwealth of Independent States Cup
Torneo di Viareggio
Related to the national team
1995 results
1996 results
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying Group 4
vteFC Dynamo Kyiv matchesSoviet Cup Finals
1954
1964
1966
1973
1974
1978
1982
1985
1987
1990
Soviet Super Cup
1977
1981
1985
1986
Ukrainian Premier League Finals
1992
2006
Ukrainian Cup Finals
1993
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2005
2006
2007
2008
2011
2014
2015
2017
2018
2020
2021
Ukrainian Super Cup
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
European Cup Winners' Cup Finals
1975
1986
European Super Cup
1975
1986
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"NSC Olimpiyskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiysky_National_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"5th Ukrainian Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Cup_1995-96"},{"link_name":"FC Dynamo Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"FC Nyva Vinnytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nyva_Vinnytsia"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Serhii Rebrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhii_Rebrov"},{"link_name":"Yuri Maxymov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Maxymov"},{"link_name":"yellow cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_card#Yellow_card"}],"text":"The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final is a football match that took place at the NSC Olimpiyskiy on May 26, 1996. The match was the 5th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Nyva Vinnytsia. The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final was the fifth to be held in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Dynamo won with goals from Serhii Rebrov and Yuri Maxymov.There were four yellow cards issued at this game: two to Dynamo players and two to Nyva.","title":"1996 Ukrainian Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Shakhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Shakhtar_Donetsk"}],"text":"Both teams started from the first round of the competition (1/16). Dynamo traveled two rounds to central Ukraine and then for the quarter-finals and semi-finals the club played at its home ground. Nyva reached the final in a similar way. The first couple of rounds it spent traveling around the Lviv Oblast and then also played at its home turf. In the semi-finals Nyva swept Shakhtar aside with a remarkable 3:0 win. Neither Dynamo nor Nyva had allowed any goals past their goalkeepers.","title":"Road to Kyiv"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Nyva Vinnytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nyva_Vinnytsia"},{"link_name":"Rebrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhii_Rebrov"},{"link_name":"Maksymov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy_Maksymov"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ffu.org.ua/ukr/tournaments/arch/tprotocol/126864/"},{"link_name":"NSC Olimpiyskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiyskyi_National_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"}],"text":"1996-05-26?:? LST\nDynamo Kyiv2 – 0Nyva Vinnytsia\nRebrov 27'Maksymov 59'\nReport\n\nNSC Olimpiyskyi, KyivAttendance: 47,000[1]Referee: Valeriy Avdysh (Simferopol), (FIFA)","title":"Match details"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match statistics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Ukrainian Cup 1995-96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Cup_1995-96"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Official protocol (in Ukrainian)\" (in Ukrainian). FFU. 1999-05-31. Retrieved 2009-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukrsoccerhistory.com/index.aspx?page=cu5","url_text":"\"Official protocol (in Ukrainian)\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Blackman
|
Liz Blackman
|
["1 Early life","2 Parliamentary career","3 Expenses controversy","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
|
British Labour Party politician
Liz BlackmanVice-Chamberlain of the HouseholdIn office28 June 2007 – 5 October 2008Prime MinisterGordon BrownPreceded byJohn HeppellSucceeded byClaire WardMember of Parliamentfor ErewashIn office2 May 1997 – 12 April 2010Preceded byAngela KnightSucceeded byJessica Lee
Personal detailsBorn (1949-09-26) 26 September 1949 (age 74)Penrith, Cumberland, EnglandPolitical partyLabourSpouseDerek Blackman (div.)Alma materNottingham Trent UniversityWebsiteLiz Blackman
Elizabeth Marion Blackman (born 26 September 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Erewash from 1997 to 2010. She served as a Government Whip from 2007 to 2008.
Early life
Blackman was born in 1949 in Penrith, England. She was educated at the Carlisle and County School for Girls (now called Richard Rose Central Academy); Prince Henry's Grammar School in Otley; and Clifton College, Nottingham, where she was awarded a BEd degree in 1972.
She taught history at Bramcote Park Comprehensive School, an upper school, in Nottingham, and in 1991 she was elected as a councillor to Broxtowe Borough Council, and became its deputy leader in 1995 until her election to Westminster in 1997. She stood down from the council in 1998.
Parliamentary career
Blackman was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist. Blackman was elected as the Labour MP for Erewash at the 1997 General Election, defeating the Conservative Angela Knight. She began her progress up the political ladder when she was nominated to the Treasury Select committee in 1997, replacing Diane Abbott. In 2000 she became the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon. She remained Hoon's PPS after the 2005 General Election in his new position as Leader of the House of Commons. She was promoted to Government Whip and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 2007 but stood down from the government in 2008.
On 9 January 2010, Blackman announced that she would stand down at the 2010 general election.
Expenses controversy
On 16 May 2009 The Daily Telegraph revealed details of Blackman's expense claims, showing she had made especially large Additional costs allowance claims. The paper revealed that she had gone on shopping sprees at the end of each financial year in order to claim the maximum possible expenses, purchasing items such as a £199 DVD player, £150 on bed linen and £60 on towels. In 2004/5 her claim was £9 below the maximum possible allowable claim of £20,893, and the following year her claim was within just £2 of the limit. Blackman was one of 98 MPs who supported a bill in 2007 to keep their expense details secret.
Personal life
She was formerly married to Derek Blackman; the couple had a son and daughter, but divorced in 1999.
References
^ "MP Liz Blackman to quit at next election". BBC News Online. 9 January 2010.
^ Sawer, Patrick (17 May 2009). "Liz Blackman: last-minute shopping sprees on MP's expenses". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
^ Asthana, Anushka (20 May 2007). "How your MP voted on the FOI Bill". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
External links
Official Website
The Labour Party - Liz Blackman MP official biography
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Liz Blackman
Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Liz Blackman MP
TheyWorkForYou.com - Liz Blackman MP
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byAngela Knight
Member of Parliament for Erewash 1997–2010
Succeeded byJessica Lee
Political offices
Preceded byJohn Heppell
Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 2007–2008
Succeeded byClaire Ward
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Erewash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewash_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Government Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Whip"}],"text":"Elizabeth Marion Blackman (born 26 September 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Erewash from 1997 to 2010. She served as a Government Whip from 2007 to 2008.","title":"Liz Blackman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Richard Rose Central Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rose_Central_Academy"},{"link_name":"Prince Henry's Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Henry%27s_Grammar_School,_Otley"},{"link_name":"Otley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otley"},{"link_name":"Clifton College, Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University"},{"link_name":"BEd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEd"},{"link_name":"Bramcote Park Comprehensive School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramcote_Park_Comprehensive_School"},{"link_name":"upper school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_school"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Broxtowe Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broxtowe_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"}],"text":"Blackman was born in 1949 in Penrith, England. She was educated at the Carlisle and County School for Girls (now called Richard Rose Central Academy); Prince Henry's Grammar School in Otley; and Clifton College, Nottingham, where she was awarded a BEd degree in 1972.She taught history at Bramcote Park Comprehensive School, an upper school, in Nottingham, and in 1991 she was elected as a councillor to Broxtowe Borough Council, and became its deputy leader in 1995 until her election to Westminster in 1997. She stood down from the council in 1998.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all-women shortlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-women_shortlist"},{"link_name":"1997 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Angela Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Knight"},{"link_name":"Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Select committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Diane Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Defence Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Geoff Hoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Hoon"},{"link_name":"2005 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Leader of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Government Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Whip"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Blackman was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist. Blackman was elected as the Labour MP for Erewash at the 1997 General Election, defeating the Conservative Angela Knight. She began her progress up the political ladder when she was nominated to the Treasury Select committee in 1997, replacing Diane Abbott. In 2000 she became the Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Defence Secretary Geoff Hoon. She remained Hoon's PPS after the 2005 General Election in his new position as Leader of the House of Commons. She was promoted to Government Whip and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 2007 but stood down from the government in 2008.On 9 January 2010, Blackman announced that she would stand down at the 2010 general election.[1]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On 16 May 2009 The Daily Telegraph revealed details of Blackman's expense claims, showing she had made especially large Additional costs allowance claims. The paper revealed that she had gone on shopping sprees at the end of each financial year in order to claim the maximum possible expenses, purchasing items such as a £199 DVD player, £150 on bed linen and £60 on towels. In 2004/5 her claim was £9 below the maximum possible allowable claim of £20,893, and the following year her claim was within just £2 of the limit.[2] Blackman was one of 98 MPs who supported a bill in 2007 to keep their expense details secret.[3]","title":"Expenses controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"She was formerly married to Derek Blackman; the couple had a son and daughter, but divorced in 1999.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"MP Liz Blackman to quit at next election\". BBC News Online. 9 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/8449847.stm","url_text":"\"MP Liz Blackman to quit at next election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Sawer, Patrick (17 May 2009). \"Liz Blackman: last-minute shopping sprees on MP's expenses\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5336308/Liz-Blackman-last-minute-shopping-sprees-on-MPs-expenses.html","url_text":"\"Liz Blackman: last-minute shopping sprees on MP's expenses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Asthana, Anushka (20 May 2007). \"How your MP voted on the FOI Bill\". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1816072.ece","url_text":"\"How your MP voted on the FOI Bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108062650/http://www.lizblackmanmp.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Liz Blackman"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/8449847.stm","external_links_name":"\"MP Liz Blackman to quit at next election\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5336308/Liz-Blackman-last-minute-shopping-sprees-on-MPs-expenses.html","external_links_name":"\"Liz Blackman: last-minute shopping sprees on MP's expenses\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article1816072.ece","external_links_name":"\"How your MP voted on the FOI Bill\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090620045827/http://www.lizblackmanmp.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041217071513/http://www.labour.org.uk/maps/locinfo.phtml?ctid=2419","external_links_name":"The Labour Party - Liz Blackman MP"},{"Link":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mrs-liz-blackman","external_links_name":"contributions in Parliament by Liz Blackman"},{"Link":"http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/0,9290,-6363,00.html","external_links_name":"Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: Liz Blackman MP"},{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/liz_blackman/erewash","external_links_name":"TheyWorkForYou.com - Liz Blackman MP"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branka_Raunig
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Branka Raunig
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Excavations","4 Death","5 References"]
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Archaeologist from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Branka RaunigBorn1 January 1935SarajevoDied13 June 2008BihaćAlma materUniversity of BelgradeOccupation(s)Archaeologist; Museum Director.
Branka Raunig (1 January 1935 - 13 June 2008) was a Bosnian archaeologist, prehistorian and museum curator.
Early life
Raunig was born in Sarajevo on 1 January 1935. Her early life was spent in Kraljevo. From 1954 to 1958 she studied archaeology at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Belgrade. One of her tutors was Branko Gavela.
Career
Illyrian tribes including Japodi
After graduation, Raunig moved to Bosnia Herzegovina, where she was employed at Pounje Museum in Bihać. It was working there, on the archaeological material relating to the Japodi, that a lifelong academic interest began. In 1963, Raunig moved to Museum of the Đakovo Region where she continued her work on the Japodi, with a focus on the Pounje area. Material from that region became the subject of her Masters dissertation, which she was awarded in 1971. From 1987 Raunig was director of the Pounje Museum, until her retirement in 1998. In 1992 she defended and was subsequently awarded a PhD on the art and religion of the Japodi tribe.
Excavations
Antiquarian finds from Ripce
During her career she led excavations and published widely on a number of important sites in the region, including: Crkvina Golubić, Vranduk, Pod, Gradina and Sojeničko and a site near Gradiška. She studied the funerary archaeology at Đakovo and was instrumental in recognising the presence of a Roman site there. She also supervised excavations which discovered a mosque there. Raunig was interested in many aspects of material cultures and made a study of ceramic material at the important site of Krčana where La Tene pottery was excavated. She studied prehistoric weapons excavated in the region. Whilst Raunig's main interest lay with Bosnian prehistory, she also worked on medieval sites.
Death
Raunig died in Bihać of pneumonia on 13 June 2008.
References
^ d.o.o, OliveBH. "Umrla Branka Raunig". infobiro.ba. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Sjećanje na Branku Raunig (1935-2008)". Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine (in Bosnian). 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
^ Španiček, Vatroslav (2017). "Kronologija muških grobova japodske kulture tijekom željeznog doba". darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 2020-05-17.
^ Raunig, Branka. (2004). Umjetnost i religija prahistorijskih japoda. Juzbašić, Dževad. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. ISBN 9958-501-32-5. OCLC 155750143.
^ Raunig, Branka (1980). "Dva kasnoanticka groba iz okolice Ðakova". Vjesnik Arheoloskog Muzeja U Zagrebu (in Serbo-Croatian) (12–13): 151–170.
^ Migotti, Branka (2001). "Je li rimska Certisija bila na Štrbincima kod Đakova?". Zbornik Muzeja Đakovštine (in Croatian). 5 (1): 77–96.
^ Boras, Jelena (2019-12-18). "Pregled dosadašnjih arheoloških istraživanja u Đakovu - prilog proučavanju urbane matrice srednjovjekovnog i novovjekovnog Đakova". Zbornik Muzeja Đakovštine (in Croatian). 14 (1): 7–40.
^ Raunig, B. (1996-12-22). "Krčana - naselje mlađeg željeznog doba u selu Trnovi u sjeverozapadnoj Bosni". Opvscvla Archaeologica (in Croatian). 20 (1): 39–69. ISSN 0473-0992.
^ Raunig, Branka (2002). "Slučajni nalazi prahistorijskog oružja iz Bihaćkog polja". Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (in Bosnian) (32): 267–282. ISSN 0350-0020.
^ Mekanović, Husein Sejko (2019). "Srednjovjekovne crkve Svetog Martina iz Toursa na području općine Velika Kladuša". Bosna Franciscana (in Bosnian) (50): 101–112. ISSN 1330-7487.
^ Forić, Melisa (2008). "Branka Raunig (1935-2008)". Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (in Bosnian) (37): 264–265. ISSN 0350-0020.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"prehistorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"link_name":"museum curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"}],"text":"Branka Raunig (1 January 1935 - 13 June 2008) was a Bosnian archaeologist, prehistorian and museum curator.","title":"Branka Raunig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Philosophy,_University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Branko Gavela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branko_Gavela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Raunig was born in Sarajevo on 1 January 1935.[1] Her early life was spent in Kraljevo.[2] From 1954 to 1958 she studied archaeology at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Belgrade.[2] One of her tutors was Branko Gavela.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illyrian_tribes-en.png"},{"link_name":"Pounje Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pounja_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bihać","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Japodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Đakovo Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_the_%C4%90akovo_Region&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Japodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapydes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Illyrian tribes including JapodiAfter graduation, Raunig moved to Bosnia Herzegovina, where she was employed at Pounje Museum in Bihać.[2] It was working there, on the archaeological material relating to the Japodi, that a lifelong academic interest began.[2][3] In 1963, Raunig moved to Museum of the Đakovo Region where she continued her work on the Japodi, with a focus on the Pounje area.[2] Material from that region became the subject of her Masters dissertation, which she was awarded in 1971.[2] From 1987 Raunig was director of the Pounje Museum, until her retirement in 1998.[2] In 1992 she defended and was subsequently awarded a PhD on the art and religion of the Japodi tribe.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plate_LXX.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crkvina Golubić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crkvina_Golubi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vranduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vranduk_(Zenica)"},{"link_name":"Pod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Gradiška","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradi%C5%A1ka,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"funerary archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Đakovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90akovo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"La Tene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Antiquarian finds from RipceDuring her career she led excavations and published widely on a number of important sites in the region, including: Crkvina Golubić, Vranduk, Pod, Gradina and Sojeničko and a site near Gradiška.[2] She studied the funerary archaeology at Đakovo and was instrumental in recognising the presence of a Roman site there.[5][6] She also supervised excavations which discovered a mosque there.[7] Raunig was interested in many aspects of material cultures and made a study of ceramic material at the important site of Krčana where La Tene pottery was excavated.[8] She studied prehistoric weapons excavated in the region.[9] Whilst Raunig's main interest lay with Bosnian prehistory, she also worked on medieval sites.[10]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Raunig died in Bihać of pneumonia on 13 June 2008.[11]","title":"Death"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Illyrian tribes including Japodi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Illyrian_tribes-en.png/220px-Illyrian_tribes-en.png"},{"image_text":"Antiquarian finds from Ripce","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Plate_LXX.jpg/220px-Plate_LXX.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martes_americana
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American marten
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Distribution and habitat","2.1 Home range","3 Description","4 Behavior","4.1 Weather factors","5 Reproduction","5.1 Breeding","5.2 Denning behavior","5.3 Development of young","6 Food habits","7 Mortality","7.1 Life span","7.2 Predators","7.3 Hunting","7.4 Other","8 Habitat reintroduction","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]
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Species of North American mammal
American marten
Newfoundland pine marten, a subspecies of the American marten
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Mustelidae
Genus:
Martes
Species:
M. americana
Binomial name
Martes americana(Turton, 1806)
Subspecies
M. a. americana
M. a. abieticola
M. a. abietinoides
M. a. actuosa
M. a. atrata
M. a. brumalis
M. a. kenaiensis
American marten range (note: map is missing distribution in parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England; includes a range of Pacific marten)
Synonyms
Martes nobilis
Alopecogale americana
Alopecogale nobilis
The American marten (Martes americana), also known as the American pine marten, is a species of North American mammal, a member of the family Mustelidae. The species is sometimes referred to as simply the pine marten. The name "pine marten" is derived from the common name of the distinct Eurasian species, martes martes. Martes americana is found throughout Canada, Alaska, and parts of the northern United States. It is a long, slender-bodied weasel, with fur ranging from yellowish to brown to near black. It may be confused with the fisher (Pekania pennanti), but the marten is lighter in color and smaller. Identification of the marten is further eased by a characteristic bib that is a distinctly different color than the body. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males being much larger.
The diet is omnivorous and varies by season, but relies chiefly on small mammals like voles. They are solitary except during the mid-summer breeding season. Embryonic implantation is delayed until late winter, however, with a litter of 1–5 kits born the following spring. Young stay with the mother in a constructed den until the fall and reach sexual maturity by one year old.
Their sable-like fur made them a thoroughly trapped species during the height of the North American fur trade. Trapping peaked in 1820, and populations were depleted until after the turn of the century. Populations have rebounded since, with them being considered a species of least-concern by the IUCN; however, they remain extirpated from some areas of the Northeast, and of the seven subspecies, one is threatened.
Taxonomy
The Pacific marten (Martes caurina) was formerly thought to be conspecific, but genetic studies support both being distinct species from one another. The Pacific marten has a longer snout and a broader cranium than the American marten.
Seven subspecies have been recognized. None of the subspecies are separable based on morphology and subspecies taxonomy is usually ignored except for conservation issues centered around subspecies rather than ranges.
M. a. abieticola (Preble)
M. a. abietinoides (Gray)
M. a. actuosa (Osgood)
M. a. americana (Turton)
M. a. atrata (Bangs)
M. a. brumalis (Bangs)
M. a. kenaiensis (Elliot)
A fossil species from the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene known as Martes nobilis is considered synonymous with the American marten.
Distribution and habitat
The American marten is broadly distributed in northern North America. From north to south its range extends from the northern limit of the treeline in arctic Alaska and Canada south to New York. From east to west, its distribution extends from Newfoundland to western Alaska, and southwest to the Pacific coast of Canada. The American marten's distribution is vast and continuous in Canada and Alaska. In the northeastern and midwestern United States, American marten distribution is limited to mountain ranges that provide preferred habitats. Over time, the distribution of American marten has contracted and expanded regionally, with local extirpations and successful recolonizations occurring in the Great Lakes region and some parts of the Northeast. The American marten has been reintroduced in several areas where extinction occurred, although in some cases it has instead been introduced into the range of the Pacific marten. It is considered extirpated from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, West Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, and Illinois.
Martens were once thought to live only in old conifer (evergreen) forests but further study shows that martens live in both old and young deciduous (leafy) and conifer forests as well as mixed forests, including in Alaska and Canada, and south into northern New England, and the Adirondacks in New York. Groups of martens also live in the Midwest, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin and much of Minnesota. Trapping and destruction of forest habitat have reduced its numbers, but it is still much more abundant than the larger fisher. The Newfoundland subspecies (M. a. atrata) is considered to be threatened.
A broad, natural hybrid zone between the Pacific and American martens is known to exist in the Columbia Mountains, as well as Kupreanof and Kuiu Islands in Alaska. Several translocations of American marten have been made without regard to the Pacific marten, threatening the latter species. On Dall Island, American martens have been introduced and are hybridizing with the native Pacific marten population, which may put them at risk. On many islands throughout the Alexander Archipelago, American martens have been introduced and are present, with no sign of the Pacific martens; it is unknown whether the islands previously had no marten species until American martens were introduced, or whether the Pacific martens existed on those islands previously but were extirpated by the introduced American martens. In addition, genetic evidence of introgression with American martens is present in other parts of the Pacific marten's range, which is likely also a consequence of American marten introductions.
Home range
Compared to other carnivores, the American marten population density is low for their body size. One review reports population densities ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 individuals/km2. Population density may vary annually or seasonally. Low population densities have been associated with a low abundance of prey species.
Home range size of the American marten is extremely variable, with differences attributable to sex, year, geographic area, prey availability, cover type, quality or availability, habitat fragmentation, reproductive status, resident status, predation, and population density. Home range size does not appear to be related to body size for either sex. Home range size ranged from 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) in Maine to 6.1 sq mi (15.7 km2) in Minnesota for males, and 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) in Maine to 3.0 sq mi (7.7 km2) in Wisconsin for females.
Males generally exhibit larger home ranges than females, which some authors suggest is due to more specific habitat requirements of females (e.g., denning or prey requirements) that limit their ability to shift home range. However, unusually large home ranges were observed for four females in two studies (Alaska and Quebec).
Home ranges are indicated by scent-marking. American marten male pelts often show signs of scarring on the head and shoulders, suggesting intrasexual aggression that may be related to home range maintenance. Home range overlap is generally minimal or nonexistent between adult males but may occur between males and females, adult males and juveniles, and between females.
Several authors have reported that home range boundaries appear to coincide with topographical or geographical features. In south-central Alaska, home range boundaries included creeks and a major river. In an area burned 8 years previously in interior Alaska, home range boundaries coincided with transition areas between riparian and nonriparian habitats.
Description
Skull
The American marten is a long, slender-bodied weasel about the size of a mink with relatively large, rounded ears, short limbs, and a bushy tail. American marten have a roughly triangular head and sharp nose. Their long, silky fur ranges in color from pale yellowish buff to tawny brown to almost black. Their head is usually lighter than the rest of their body, while their tail and legs are darker. American marten usually have a characteristic throat and chest bib ranging in color from pale straw to vivid orange. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males averaging about 15% larger than females in length and as much as 65% larger in body weight.
Total length ranges from 1.5 to 2.2 feet (0.5–0.7 m), with tail length of 5.4 to 6.4 inches (135–160 mm), Adult weight ranges from 1.1 to 3.1 pounds (0.5–1.4 kg) and varies by age and location. Other than size, sexes are similar in appearance. American marten have limited body-fat reserves, experience high mass-specific heat loss, and have limited fasting endurance. In winter, individuals may go into shallow torpor daily to reduce heat loss.
Behavior
American marten displaying its characteristic light-colored throat
American marten activity patterns vary by region, though in general, activity is greater in summer than in winter. American marten may be active as much as 60% of the day in summer but as little as 16% of the day in winter In north-central Ontario individuals were active about 10 to 16 hours a day in all seasons except late winter when activity was reduced to about 5 hours a day. In south-central Alaska, American marten were more active in autumn (66% active) than in late winter and early spring (43% active).
American marten may be nocturnal or diurnal. Variability in daily activity patterns has been linked to activity of major prey species, foraging efficiency, sex, reducing exposure to extreme temperatures, season, and timber harvest. In south-central Alaska, American marten were nocturnal in autumn, with strong individual variability in diel activity in late winter. Activity occurred throughout the day in late winter and early spring.
Daily distance traveled may vary by age, sex, habitat quality, season, prey availability, traveling conditions, weather, and physiological condition of the individual. One marten in south-central Alaska repeatedly traveled 7 to 9 miles (11–14 km) overnight to move between two areas of home range focal activity. One individual in central Idaho moved as much as 9 miles (14 km) a day in winter, but movements were largely confined to a 1,280-acre (518 ha) area. Juvenile American marten in east-central Alaska traveled significantly farther each day than adults (1.4 miles (2.2 km) vs. 0.9-mile (1.4 km)).
Weather factors
The weather may impact American marten activity, resting site use, and prey availability. Individuals may become inactive during storms or extreme cold. In interior Alaska, a decrease in above-the-snow activity occurred when ambient temperatures fell below −4F (−20C).
A snowy habitat in many parts of the range of the American marten provides thermal protection and opportunities for foraging and resting. American marten may travel extensively under the snowpack. Subnivean travel routes of >33 feet (10 m) on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
American marten are well adapted to snow. On the Kenai Peninsula, individuals navigated through deep snow regardless of depth, with tracks rarely sinking >2 inches (5 cm) into the snowpack. Snowfall patterns may affect distribution, with the presence of American marten linked to deep snow areas.
Where deep snow accumulates, American marten prefer cover types that prevent snow from packing hard and have structures near the ground that provide access to subnivean sites. While American marten select habitats with deep snow, they may concentrate activity in patches with relatively shallow snow.
Reproduction
Breeding
American marten reach sexual maturity by 1 year of age, but effective breeding may not occur before 2 years of age. In captivity, 15-year-old females bred successfully. In the wild, 12-year-old females were reproductive.
Adult American marten are generally solitary except during the breeding season. They are polygamous, and females may have multiple periods of heat. Females enter estrus in July or August, with courtship lasting about 15 days. Embryonic implantation is delayed until late winter, with active gestation lasting approximately two months. Females give birth in late March or April to a litter ranging from 1 to 5 kits. Annual reproductive output is low according to predictions based on body size. Fecundity varies by age and year and may be related to food abundance.
Denning behavior
In Sitka, Alaska
Females use dens to give birth and to shelter kits. Dens are classified as either natal dens, where parturition takes place, or maternal dens, where females move their kits after birth. American marten females use a variety of structures for natal and maternal denning, including the branches, cavities or broken tops of live trees, snags, stumps, logs, woody debris piles, rock piles, and red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) nests or middens. Females prepare a natal den by lining a cavity with grass, moss, and leaves. They frequently move kits to new maternal dens once kits are 7–13 weeks old. Most females spend more than 50% of their time attending dens in both pre-weaning and weaning periods, with less time spent at dens as kits aged. Paternal care has not been documented.
Development of young
Weaning occurs at 42 days. Young emerge from dens at about 50 days but may be moved by their mother before this. In northwestern Maine, kits were active but poorly coordinated at 7 to 8 weeks, gaining coordination by 12 to 15 weeks. Young reach adult body weight around three months.
Kits generally stay in the company of their mother through the end of their first summer, and most disperse in the fall. The timing of juvenile dispersal is not consistent throughout American marten's distribution, ranging from early August to October. In south-central Yukon, young-of-the-year dispersed from mid-July to mid-September, coinciding with the onset of female estrus. Observations from Yukon suggest that juveniles may disperse in early spring.
Food habits
American marten are opportunistic predators, influenced by local and seasonal abundance and availability of potential prey. They require about 80 cal/day while at rest, the equivalent of about three voles (Microtus, Myodes, and Phenacomys spp.). Voles dominate diets throughout the American marten's geographic range, though larger prey—particularly snowshoe hares and American red squirrels—may be important, particularly in winter. Red-backed voles (Myodes spp.) are generally taken in proportion to their availability, while meadow voles (Microtus spp.) are taken in excess of their availability in most areas. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), shrews (Soricidae), birds, and carrion are generally eaten less than expected, but may be important food items in areas lacking alternative prey species.
American marten diet may shift seasonally or annually. Generally, diet is more diverse in summer than winter, with summer diets containing more fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects. Diet is generally more diverse with the American marten's distribution compared to Pacific marten's, though there is high diversity in the Pacific states. American marten exhibit the least diet diversity in the subarctic, though diversity may also be low in areas where the diet is dominated by large prey species (e.g., snowshoe hares or red squirrels).
American marten may be important seed dispersers; seeds generally pass through the animal intact, and seeds are likely germinable. One study from Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska, found that Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskensis) and oval leaf huckleberry (V. ovalifolium) seeds had higher germination rates after passing through the gut of American marten compared to seeds that dropped from the parent plant. Analyses of American marten movement and seed passage rates suggested that American marten could disperse seeds long distances: 54% of the distances analyzed were >0.3-mile (0.5 km).
Mortality
American marten alert to the presence of a dog
Life span
American marten in captivity may live for 15 years. The oldest individual documented in the wild was 14.5 years old. Survival rates vary by geographic region, exposure to trapping, habitat quality, and age. In an unharvested population in northeastern Oregon, the probability of survival of American marten ≥9 months old was 0.55 for 1 year, 0.37 for 2 years, 0.22 for 3 years, and 0.15 for 4 years. The mean annual probability of survival was 0.63 for 4 years. In a harvested population in east-central Alaska, annual adult survival rates ranged from 0.51 to 0.83 over 3 years of study. Juvenile survival rates were lower, ranging from 0.26 to 0.50. In Newfoundland, annual adult survival was 0.83. Survival of juveniles from October to April was 0.76 in a protected population, but 0.51 in areas open to snaring and trapping. In western Quebec, natural mortality rates were higher in clear-cut areas than in unlogged areas.
Predators
American marten are vulnerable to predation from raptors and other carnivores. The threat of predation may be an important factor shaping American marten habitat preferences, a hypothesis inferred from their avoidance of open areas and behavioral observations of the European pine marten (Martes martes). Specific predators vary by geographic region. On Newfoundland, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the most frequent predator, though coyote (Canis latrans) and other American marten were also responsible for some deaths. In deciduous forests in northeastern British Columbia, most predation was attributed to raptors. Throughout the distribution of American marten, other predators include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bobcat (Lynx rufus) Canada lynx (L. canadensis), mountain lion (Puma concolor), fisher (Pekania pennanti), wolverine (Gulo gulo), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), American black bear (U. americanus), and grey wolf (C. lupus).
Hunting
The fur of the American marten is shiny and luxuriant, resembling that of the closely related sable (Martes zibellina). At the turn of the twentieth century, the American marten population was depleted due to the fur trade. The Hudson's Bay Company traded in pelts from this species among others. Numerous protection measures and reintroduction efforts have allowed the population to increase, but deforestation is still a problem for the marten in much of its habitat. American marten are trapped for their fur in all but a few states and provinces where they occur. The highest annual take in North America was 272,000 animals in 1820.
Trapping is a major source of American marten mortality in some populations and may account for up to 90% of all deaths in some areas. Overharvesting has contributed to local extirpations. Trapping may impact population density, sex ratios and age structure. Juveniles are more vulnerable to trapping than adults, and males are more vulnerable than females. American marten are particularly vulnerable to trapping mortality in industrial forests.
Other
Other sources of mortality include drowning, starvation, exposure, choking, and infections associated with injury. During live trapping, high mortality may occur if individuals become wet in cold weather.
American marten host several internal and external parasites, including helminths, fleas (Siphonaptera), and ticks (Ixodida). American marten in central Ontario carried both toxoplasmosis and Aleutian disease, but neither affliction was suspected to cause significant mortality. High American marten mortality in Newfoundland was caused by encephalitis.
Habitat reintroduction
The American marten has been put on track to be reintroduced into Pennsylvania by 2032.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Martes americana. United States Department of Agriculture.
^ a b Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). "Martes americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41648A45212861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Martes americana". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Martes americana, MSW3
^ a b Youngman, Phillip M.; Schueler, Frederick W. (1991). "Martes nobilis Is a Synonym of Martes americana, Not an Extinct Pleistocene-Holocene Species". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (3): 567–577. doi:10.2307/1382140. JSTOR 1382140.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Moriarty, Katie M.; Aubry, Keith B.; Morozumi, Connor N.; Howell, Betsy L.; Happe, Patricia J.; Jenkins, Kurt J.; Pilgrim, Kristine L.; Schwartz, Michael K. (2019). "Status of Pacific Martens (Martes caurina) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington". Northwest Science. 93 (2): 122. doi:10.3955/046.093.0204. S2CID 202759726.
^ a b Colella, Jocelyn P; Johnson, Ellie J; Cook, Joseph A (5 December 2018). "Reconciling molecules and morphology in North American Martes". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (6): 1323–1335. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy140. ISSN 0022-2372.
^ "Martes americana, M. caurina". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ Stone, Katharine. (2010). "Martes americana, American marten". In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved on 2018-11-11.
^ Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C. (2003). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. p. 635. ISBN 0-8018-7416-5
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Buskirk, Steven W.; Ruggiero, Leonard F. (1994). "American marten}, pp. 7–37 in Ruggiero, Leonard F.; Aubry, Keith B.; Buskirk, Steven W.; Lyon, L. Jack; Zielinski, William J., tech. eds. The scientific basis for conserving carnivores: American marten, fisher, lynx, and wolverine. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-254. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
^ a b c d e f g h i Clark, Tim W.; Anderson, Elaine; Douglas, Carman; Strickland, Marjorie (1987). "Martes americana" (PDF). Mammalian Species (289): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503918. JSTOR 3503918. S2CID 253945118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ Buskirk, Steven W.; Ruggiero, Leonard F. "American Marten" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
^ a b c "American marten". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ List of Vermont's Wild Mammals Archived 20 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (PDF) Retrieved on 2011-05-28.
^ List of Wild Mammals in Maine. Maine Dept of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife. Retrieved on 2011-05-28.
^ List of New Hampshire Wildlife Archived 3 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Wildlife.state.nh.us. Retrieved on 2011-05-28.
^ "American Marten". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
^ a b Colella, Jocelyn P.; Wilson, Robert E.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (1 April 2019). "Implications of introgression for wildlife translocations: the case of North American martens". Conservation Genetics. 20 (2): 153–166. doi:10.1007/s10592-018-1120-5. ISSN 1572-9737. S2CID 85447345.
^ Dawson, Natalie G.; Colella, Jocelyn P.; Small, Maureen P.; Stone, Karen D.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (29 May 2017). "Historical biogeography sets the foundation for contemporary conservation of martens (genus Martes) in northwestern North America". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (3): 715–730. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx047. ISSN 0022-2372.
^ a b Godbout, Guillaume; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre (2008). "Habitat selection of American marten in a logged landscape at the southern fringe of the boreal forest" (PDF). Écoscience. 15 (3): 332–342. doi:10.2980/15-3-3091. S2CID 56313524.
^ a b c d e Archibald, W. R.; Jessup, R. H. (1984). "Population dynamics of the pine marten (Martes americana) in the Yukon Territory", pp. 81–97 in Olson, Rod; Hastings, Ross; Geddes, Frank, eds. Northern ecology and resource management: Memorial essays honouring Don Gill. Edmonton, Alberta: The University of Alberta Press. ISBN 0888640471.
^ a b c Smith, Adam C; Schaefer, James A (2002). "Home-range size and habitat selection by American marten (Martes americana) in Labrador". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 (9): 1602–1609. doi:10.1139/z02-166.
^ a b c Phillips, David M.; Harrison, Daniel J.; Payer, David C (1998). "Seasonal changes in home-range area and fidelity of martens". Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (1): 180–190. doi:10.2307/1382853. JSTOR 1382853.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Buskirk, Steven William. (1983). The ecology of marten in southcentral Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. Dissertation
^ a b c Poole, Kim G.; Porter, Aswea D.; Vries, Andrew de; Maundrell, Chris; Grindal, Scott D.; St. Clair, Colleen Cassady (2004). "Suitability of a young deciduous-dominated forest for American marten and the effects of forest removal". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (3): 423–435. doi:10.1139/z04-006.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Strickland, Marjorie A.; Douglas, Carman W. (1987), "Marten", pp. 531–546 in Novak, Milan; Baker, James A.; Obbard, Martyn E.; Malloch, Bruce, eds. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. North Bay, ON: Ontario Trappers Association. ISBN 0774393653.
^ a b c d e f Hearn, Brian J. (2007). Factors affecting habitat selection and population characteristics of American marten (Martes americana atrata) in Newfoundland. Orono, ME: The University of Maine. PhD Thesis.
^ Bull, Evelyn L.; Heater, Thad W (2001). "Home range and dispersal of the American marten in northeastern Oregon". Northwestern Naturalist. 82 (1): 7–11. doi:10.2307/3536641. JSTOR 3536641.
^ a b c d e Shults, Bradley Scott. (2001). Abundance and ecology of martens (Martes americana) in interior Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. Thesis
^ a b c d e f Hauptman, Tedd N. (1979). Spatial and temporal distribution and feeding ecology of the pine marten. Pocatello, ID: Idaho State University. Thesis
^ a b c d e Schumacher, Thomas V.; Bailey, Theodore N.; Portner, Mary F.; Bangs, Edward E.; Larned, William W. (1989). Marten ecology and distribution on the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Draft manuscript. Soldotna, AK: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT; FEIS files
^ a b c d e Vernam, Donald J. (1987). Marten habitat use in the Bear Creek burn, Alaska. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska. MsC Thesis
^ a b c Martes americana (American Marten). Idaho State University
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Powell, Roger A.; Buskirk, Steven W.; Zielinski, William J. (2003). "Fisher and marten: Martes pennanti and Martes americana", pp. 635–649 in Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A., eds. Wild mammals of North America: Biology, management, and conservation. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1
^ a b c Zielinski, William J.; Spencer, Wayne D.; Barrett, Reginald H (1983). "Relationship between food habits and activity patterns of pine martens". Journal of Mammalogy. 64 (3): 387–396. doi:10.2307/1380351. JSTOR 1380351.
^ a b Hargis, Christina Devin. (1981). In Yosemite National Park, winter habitat utilization and food habits of the pine marten (Martes americana). Berkeley, CA: University of California. Thesis
^ a b Thomasma, Linda Ebel. (1996). Winter habitat selection and interspecific interactions of American martens (Martes americana) and fishers (Martes pennanti) in the McCormick Wilderness and surrounding area. Houghton, MI: Michigan Technological University. Dissertation
^ Buskirk, Steven W.; Powell, Roger A. "Habitat ecology of fishers and American martens". in Buskirk, pp. 283–296
^ a b c d e Strickland, Marjorie A.; Douglas, Carman W.; Novak, Milan; Hunziger, Nadine P. (1982). "Marten: Martes americana". In: Chapman, Joseph A.; Feldhamer, George A., eds. Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, and economics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 599–612. ISBN 0-8018-2353-6
^ a b c "Martes americana (American marten)". Animal Diversity Web.
^ Simon, Terri Lee. (1980). An ecological study of the marten in the Tahoe National Forest, California. Sacramento, CA: California State University. Thesis
^ Koehler, Gary M.; Hornocker, Maurice G (1977). "Fire effects on marten habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness". Journal of Wildlife Management. 41 (3): 500–505. doi:10.2307/3800522. JSTOR 3800522.
^ Martin, Sandra K. (1994). "Feeding ecology of American martens and fishers", in Buskirk, pp. 297–315
^ Hickey, Jena R. (1997). The dispersal of seeds of understory shrubs by American martens, Martes americana, on Chichagof Island, Alaska. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. Thesis
^ a b Bull, Evelyn L.; Heater, Thad W (2001). "Survival, causes of mortality, and reproduction in the American marten in northeastern Oregon" (PDF). Northwestern Naturalist. 82 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3536640. JSTOR 3536640.
^ a b Potvin, Francois; Breton, Laurier. (1995). "Short-term effects of clearcutting on martens and their prey in the boreal forest of western Quebec", pp. 452–474 in Proulx, Gilbert; Bryant, Harold N.; Woodard, Paul M., eds. Martes: taxonomy, ecology, techniques, and management: Proceedings of the 2nd international Martes symposium; 1995 August 12–16; Edmonton, AB. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta Press
^ a b Berg, William E.; Kuehn, David W. "Demography and range of fishers and American martens in a changing Minnesota landscape", in Buskirk, pp. 262–271
^ a b Fredrickson, Richard John. (1990). The effects of a disease, prey fluctuation, and clear-cutting on American marten in Newfoundland. Logan, UT: Utah State University. Thesis.
^ Signorini, Renatta (18 September 2023). "Input sought on how American marten will return to Pennsylvania woods". Tribune-Review.
Bibliography
Buskirk, Steven W.; Harestad, Alton S.; Raphael, Martin G.; Powell, Roger A., eds. (1994). Martens, sables, and fishers: Biology and conservation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2894-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martes americana.
Smithsonian Institution – North American Mammals: Martes americana
vteExtant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder FeliformiaNandiniidaeNandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae(Mongooses)Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta)
Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva
Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata)
Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura)
Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca)
Javan mongoose (U. javanica)
Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata)
Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale
Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)
Hyaenidae(Hyenas)Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena
Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristata)
FelidaeLarge family listed belowViverridaeLarge family listed belowEupleridaeSmall family listed belowFamily FelidaeFelinaeAcinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
African wildcat (F. lybica)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus
Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus
Pampas cat (L. colocola)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canada lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
PantherinaePanthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
PrionodontidaePrionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Family ViverridaeParadoxurinaeArctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
HemigalinaeChrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
ViverrinaeCivettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
GenettinaeGenetta(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)
Poiana
Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)
Family EupleridaeEuplerinaeCryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
GalidiinaeGalidia
Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae(Bears)Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae(Skunks)Conepatus(Hog-nosedskunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)Bassaricyon(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ringtail (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella(Coatis inclusive)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
AiluridaeAilurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae(Eared seals)(includes fur sealsand sea lions)(Pinniped inclusive)Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae(Pinniped inclusive)Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae(Earless seals)(Pinniped inclusive)Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus
Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
CanidaeLarge family listed belowMustelidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CanidaeAtelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Domestic dog (C. familiaris)
Coyote (C. latrans)
African wolf (C. lupaster)
Wolf (C. lupus)
Eastern wolf (C. lycaon)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella
Side-striped jackal (L. adustus)
Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
Family MustelidaeHelictidinae(Ferret-badgers)Melogale
Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis)
Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)
Guloninae(Martens and wolverines)Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Pacific marten (M. caurina)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania
Fisher (P. pennanti)
Ictonychinae(African polecats and grisons)Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Lutrinae(Otters)Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus)
Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Melinae(Eurasian badgers)Arctonyx
Northern hog badger (A. albogularis)
Greater hog badger (A. collaris)
Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Caucasian badger (M. canescens)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
MellivorinaeMellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Mustelinae(Weasels and minks)Mustela(Weasels and ferrets)
Sichuan weasel (M. aistoodonnivalis)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat/Beringian ermine (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Ferret (M. furo)
Haida ermine (M. haidarum)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
American ermine (M. richardsonii)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Neogale
Amazon weasel (N. africana)
Colombian weasel (N. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (N. frenata)
American mink (N. vison)
TaxidiinaeTaxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Taxon identifiersMartes americana
Wikidata: Q322145
Wikispecies: Martes americana
ADW: Martes_americana
BOLD: 16660
CoL: 3Y9VR
EoL: 328591
EPPO: MRTSAM
FEIS: maam
GBIF: 5218864
iNaturalist: 41798
IRMNG: 10705428
ITIS: 180559
IUCN: 41648
MDD: 1005817
MSW: 14001204
NatureServe: 2.887112
NCBI: 9660
Observation.org: 84633
Open Tree of Life: 923116
Paleobiology Database: 47913
Paleobiology Database: 48844
SeaLifeBase: 69203
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Mustelidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae"},{"link_name":"martes martes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_pine_marten"},{"link_name":"weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel"},{"link_name":"fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"Sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"omnivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivorous"},{"link_name":"voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vole"},{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"},{"link_name":"North American fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fur_trade"},{"link_name":"least-concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"threatened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"}],"text":"The American marten[1] (Martes americana), also known as the American pine marten, is a species of North American mammal, a member of the family Mustelidae. The species is sometimes referred to as simply the pine marten. The name \"pine marten\" is derived from the common name of the distinct Eurasian species, martes martes. Martes americana is found throughout Canada, Alaska, and parts of the northern United States. It is a long, slender-bodied weasel, with fur ranging from yellowish to brown to near black. It may be confused with the fisher (Pekania pennanti), but the marten is lighter in color and smaller. Identification of the marten is further eased by a characteristic bib that is a distinctly different color than the body. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males being much larger.The diet is omnivorous and varies by season, but relies chiefly on small mammals like voles. They are solitary except during the mid-summer breeding season. Embryonic implantation is delayed until late winter, however, with a litter of 1–5 kits born the following spring. Young stay with the mother in a constructed den until the fall and reach sexual maturity by one year old.Their sable-like fur made them a thoroughly trapped species during the height of the North American fur trade. Trapping peaked in 1820, and populations were depleted until after the turn of the century. Populations have rebounded since, with them being considered a species of least-concern by the IUCN; however, they remain extirpated from some areas of the Northeast, and of the seven subspecies, one is threatened.","title":"American marten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_marten"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colella-2018-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"M. a. atrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_pine_marten"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Early Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Holocene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youngman-5"}],"text":"The Pacific marten (Martes caurina) was formerly thought to be conspecific, but genetic studies support both being distinct species from one another.[6][7][8][9] The Pacific marten has a longer snout and a broader cranium than the American marten.Seven subspecies have been recognized.[10] None of the subspecies are separable based on morphology and subspecies taxonomy is usually ignored except for conservation issues centered around subspecies rather than ranges.[11]M. a. abieticola (Preble)\nM. a. abietinoides (Gray)\nM. a. actuosa (Osgood)\nM. a. americana (Turton)\nM. a. atrata (Bangs)\nM. a. brumalis (Bangs)\nM. a. kenaiensis (Elliot)A fossil species from the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene known as Martes nobilis is considered synonymous with the American marten.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"Pacific marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_marten"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDNR-15"},{"link_name":"mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_forest"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Adirondacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondacks"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYS-19"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDNR-15"},{"link_name":"fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(animal)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_pine_marten"},{"link_name":"hybrid zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_zone"},{"link_name":"Columbia Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Kupreanof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupreanof_Island"},{"link_name":"Kuiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiu_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colella-2019-20"},{"link_name":"Dall Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dall_Island"},{"link_name":"Alexander Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colella-2018-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colella-2019-20"}],"text":"The American marten is broadly distributed in northern North America. From north to south its range extends from the northern limit of the treeline in arctic Alaska and Canada south to New York. From east to west, its distribution extends from Newfoundland to western Alaska, and southwest to the Pacific coast of Canada. The American marten's distribution is vast and continuous in Canada and Alaska. In the northeastern and midwestern United States, American marten distribution is limited to mountain ranges that provide preferred habitats. Over time, the distribution of American marten has contracted and expanded regionally, with local extirpations and successful recolonizations occurring in the Great Lakes region and some parts of the Northeast.[12] The American marten has been reintroduced in several areas where extinction occurred, although in some cases it has instead been introduced into the range of the Pacific marten.[13] It is considered extirpated from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts, West Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, and Illinois.[14]Martens were once thought to live only in old conifer (evergreen) forests but further study shows that martens live in both old and young deciduous (leafy) and conifer forests[15] as well as mixed forests, including in Alaska and Canada, and south into northern New England,[16][17][18] and the Adirondacks in New York.[19] Groups of martens also live in the Midwest, in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Wisconsin and much of Minnesota.[15] Trapping and destruction of forest habitat have reduced its numbers, but it is still much more abundant than the larger fisher. The Newfoundland subspecies (M. a. atrata) is considered to be threatened.A broad, natural hybrid zone between the Pacific and American martens is known to exist in the Columbia Mountains, as well as Kupreanof and Kuiu Islands in Alaska.[20] Several translocations of American marten have been made without regard to the Pacific marten, threatening the latter species. On Dall Island, American martens have been introduced and are hybridizing with the native Pacific marten population, which may put them at risk. On many islands throughout the Alexander Archipelago, American martens have been introduced and are present, with no sign of the Pacific martens; it is unknown whether the islands previously had no marten species until American martens were introduced, or whether the Pacific martens existed on those islands previously but were extirpated by the introduced American martens. In addition, genetic evidence of introgression with American martens is present in other parts of the Pacific marten's range, which is likely also a consequence of American marten introductions.[8][21][20]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r64-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r156-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r129-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r132-27"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r19-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r156-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r156-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r129-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r132-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r129-25"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r150-31"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r64-22"},{"link_name":"scent-marking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scent-marking"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r148-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r177-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian_zone"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r177-34"}],"sub_title":"Home range","text":"Compared to other carnivores, the American marten population density is low for their body size. One review reports population densities ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 individuals/km2.[12] Population density may vary annually[22] or seasonally.[23] Low population densities have been associated with a low abundance of prey species.[12]Home range size of the American marten is extremely variable, with differences attributable to sex,[24][25][26][27] year, geographic area,[12] prey availability,[12][28] cover type, quality or availability,[12][28] habitat fragmentation,[29] reproductive status, resident status, predation,[30] and population density.[28] Home range size does not appear to be related to body size for either sex.[24] Home range size ranged from 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) in Maine to 6.1 sq mi (15.7 km2) in Minnesota for males, and 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) in Maine to 3.0 sq mi (7.7 km2) in Wisconsin for females.[28]Males generally exhibit larger home ranges than females,[24][25][26][27] which some authors suggest is due to more specific habitat requirements of females (e.g., denning or prey requirements) that limit their ability to shift home range.[25] However, unusually large home ranges were observed for four females in two studies (Alaska[31] and Quebec[22]).Home ranges are indicated by scent-marking. American marten male pelts often show signs of scarring on the head and shoulders, suggesting intrasexual aggression that may be related to home range maintenance.[28] Home range overlap is generally minimal or nonexistent between adult males[23][26][32] but may occur between males and females,[23][26] adult males and juveniles,[26][33] and between females.[34]Several authors have reported that home range boundaries appear to coincide with topographical or geographical features. In south-central Alaska, home range boundaries included creeks and a major river.[26] In an area burned 8 years previously in interior Alaska, home range boundaries coincided with transition areas between riparian and nonriparian habitats.[34]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustelaamericana.png"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-35"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-35"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"torpor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpor"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"}],"text":"SkullThe American marten is a long, slender-bodied weasel about the size of a mink with relatively large, rounded ears, short limbs, and a bushy tail. American marten have a roughly triangular head and sharp nose. Their long, silky fur ranges in color from pale yellowish buff to tawny brown to almost black. Their head is usually lighter than the rest of their body, while their tail and legs are darker. American marten usually have a characteristic throat and chest bib ranging in color from pale straw to vivid orange.[13] Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males averaging about 15% larger than females in length and as much as 65% larger in body weight.[13]Total length ranges from 1.5 to 2.2 feet (0.5–0.7 m),[35][12] with tail length of 5.4 to 6.4 inches (135–160 mm),[35] Adult weight ranges from 1.1 to 3.1 pounds (0.5–1.4 kg)[35][12] and varies by age and location. Other than size, sexes are similar in appearance.[12] American marten have limited body-fat reserves, experience high mass-specific heat loss, and have limited fasting endurance. In winter, individuals may go into shallow torpor daily to reduce heat loss.[36]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marten_with_Flowers.jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r189-37"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r177-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r189-37"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r150-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r150-31"}],"text":"American marten displaying its characteristic light-colored throatAmerican marten activity patterns vary by region,[28] though in general, activity is greater in summer than in winter.[13][36] American marten may be active as much as 60% of the day in summer but as little as 16% of the day in winter[36] In north-central Ontario individuals were active about 10 to 16 hours a day in all seasons except late winter when activity was reduced to about 5 hours a day. In south-central Alaska, American marten were more active in autumn (66% active) than in late winter and early spring (43% active).[26]American marten may be nocturnal or diurnal. Variability in daily activity patterns has been linked to activity of major prey species,[28][37] foraging efficiency,[26] sex, reducing exposure to extreme temperatures,[26][28][34] season,[32][36][37] and timber harvest. In south-central Alaska, American marten were nocturnal in autumn, with strong individual variability in diel activity in late winter. Activity occurred throughout the day in late winter and early spring.[26]Daily distance traveled may vary by age,[31] sex, habitat quality, season,[32] prey availability, traveling conditions, weather, and physiological condition of the individual. One marten in south-central Alaska repeatedly traveled 7 to 9 miles (11–14 km) overnight to move between two areas of home range focal activity.[26] One individual in central Idaho moved as much as 9 miles (14 km) a day in winter, but movements were largely confined to a 1,280-acre (518 ha) area. Juvenile American marten in east-central Alaska traveled significantly farther each day than adults (1.4 miles (2.2 km) vs. 0.9-mile (1.4 km)).[31]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r74-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r177-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r148-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r168-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r148-33"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Weather factors","text":"The weather may impact American marten activity, resting site use, and prey availability. Individuals may become inactive during storms or extreme cold.[28][38] In interior Alaska, a decrease in above-the-snow activity occurred when ambient temperatures fell below −4F (−20C).[34]A snowy habitat in many parts of the range of the American marten provides thermal protection[33] and opportunities for foraging and resting.[32] American marten may travel extensively under the snowpack. Subnivean travel routes of >33 feet (10 m) on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.[39]American marten are well adapted to snow. On the Kenai Peninsula, individuals navigated through deep snow regardless of depth, with tracks rarely sinking >2 inches (5 cm) into the snowpack. Snowfall patterns may affect distribution, with the presence of American marten linked to deep snow areas.[33]Where deep snow accumulates, American marten prefer cover types that prevent snow from packing hard and have structures near the ground that provide access to subnivean sites.[40] While American marten select habitats with deep snow, they may concentrate activity in patches with relatively shallow snow.","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r166-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r166-41"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r166-41"},{"link_name":"estrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDNR-15"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"Fecundity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"American marten reach sexual maturity by 1 year of age, but effective breeding may not occur before 2 years of age.[36] In captivity, 15-year-old females bred successfully.[13][41] In the wild, 12-year-old females were reproductive.[41]Adult American marten are generally solitary except during the breeding season.[13] They are polygamous, and females may have multiple periods of heat.[41] Females enter estrus in July or August,[36] with courtship lasting about 15 days.[13] Embryonic implantation is delayed until late winter, with active gestation lasting approximately two months.[15] Females give birth in late March or April to a litter ranging from 1 to 5 kits.[36] Annual reproductive output is low according to predictions based on body size. Fecundity varies by age and year and may be related to food abundance.[12]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_marten_(6626016275).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sitka, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitka,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r76-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"}],"sub_title":"Denning behavior","text":"In Sitka, AlaskaFemales use dens to give birth and to shelter kits. Dens are classified as either natal dens, where parturition takes place, or maternal dens, where females move their kits after birth.[12] American marten females use a variety of structures for natal and maternal denning, including the branches, cavities or broken tops of live trees, snags,[32] stumps, logs,[32] woody debris piles, rock piles, and red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) nests or middens. Females prepare a natal den by lining a cavity with grass, moss, and leaves.[28] They frequently move kits to new maternal dens once kits are 7–13 weeks old. Most females spend more than 50% of their time attending dens in both pre-weaning and weaning periods, with less time spent at dens as kits aged. Paternal care has not been documented.[12]","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r3-23"}],"sub_title":"Development of young","text":"Weaning occurs at 42 days. Young emerge from dens at about 50 days but may be moved by their mother before this.[12] In northwestern Maine, kits were active but poorly coordinated at 7 to 8 weeks, gaining coordination by 12 to 15 weeks. Young reach adult body weight around three months.[36]Kits generally stay in the company of their mother through the end of their first summer, and most disperse in the fall.[12] The timing of juvenile dispersal is not consistent throughout American marten's distribution, ranging from early August to October.[12] In south-central Yukon, young-of-the-year dispersed from mid-July to mid-September, coinciding with the onset of female estrus.[23] Observations from Yukon[23] suggest that juveniles may disperse in early spring.","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"Microtus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtus"},{"link_name":"Myodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clethrionomys"},{"link_name":"Phenacomys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenacomys"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"snowshoe hares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_hare"},{"link_name":"American red squirrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_red_squirrel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r148-33"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martes_americana_American_marten-42"},{"link_name":"Red-backed voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clethrionomys"},{"link_name":"meadow voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_voles"},{"link_name":"Deer mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_mice"},{"link_name":"shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrew"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"carrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrion"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martes_americana_American_marten-42"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r152-43"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r148-33"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r189-37"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r96-44"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r29-26"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r74-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martes_americana_American_marten-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r112-45"},{"link_name":"seed dispersers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"link_name":"Alaska blueberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_blueberry"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"American marten are opportunistic predators, influenced by local and seasonal abundance and availability of potential prey.[36] They require about 80 cal/day while at rest, the equivalent of about three voles (Microtus, Myodes, and Phenacomys spp.).[28] Voles dominate diets throughout the American marten's geographic range,[36] though larger prey—particularly snowshoe hares and American red squirrels—may be important, particularly in winter.[33][42] Red-backed voles (Myodes spp.) are generally taken in proportion to their availability, while meadow voles (Microtus spp.) are taken in excess of their availability in most areas. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), shrews (Soricidae), birds, and carrion are generally eaten less than expected, but may be important food items in areas lacking alternative prey species.[12][42]American marten diet may shift seasonally[26][43][33][37][44] or annually.[26][38] Generally, diet is more diverse in summer than winter, with summer diets containing more fruit, nuts, vegetation, and insects.[42] Diet is generally more diverse with the American marten's distribution compared to Pacific marten's,[36] though there is high diversity in the Pacific states. American marten exhibit the least diet diversity in the subarctic, though diversity may also be low in areas where the diet is dominated by large prey species (e.g., snowshoe hares or red squirrels).[45]American marten may be important seed dispersers; seeds generally pass through the animal intact, and seeds are likely germinable. One study from Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska, found that Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskensis) and oval leaf huckleberry (V. ovalifolium) seeds had higher germination rates after passing through the gut of American marten compared to seeds that dropped from the parent plant. Analyses of American marten movement and seed passage rates suggested that American marten could disperse seeds long distances: 54% of the distances analyzed were >0.3-mile (0.5 km).[46]","title":"Food habits"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"American marten alert to the presence of a dog","title":"Mortality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r20-47"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r150-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r135-48"}],"sub_title":"Life span","text":"American marten in captivity may live for 15 years. The oldest individual documented in the wild was 14.5 years old. Survival rates vary by geographic region, exposure to trapping, habitat quality, and age. In an unharvested population in northeastern Oregon, the probability of survival of American marten ≥9 months old was 0.55 for 1 year, 0.37 for 2 years, 0.22 for 3 years, and 0.15 for 4 years. The mean annual probability of survival was 0.63 for 4 years.[47] In a harvested population in east-central Alaska, annual adult survival rates ranged from 0.51 to 0.83 over 3 years of study. Juvenile survival rates were lower, ranging from 0.26 to 0.50.[31] In Newfoundland, annual adult survival was 0.83. Survival of juveniles from October to April was 0.76 in a protected population, but 0.51 in areas open to snaring and trapping.[29] In western Quebec, natural mortality rates were higher in clear-cut areas than in unlogged areas.[48]","title":"Mortality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_(bird)"},{"link_name":"European pine marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_pine_marten"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"red foxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox"},{"link_name":"coyote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r132-27"},{"link_name":"great horned owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_horned_owl"},{"link_name":"bald eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"golden eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_eagle"},{"link_name":"bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat"},{"link_name":"Canada lynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_lynx"},{"link_name":"mountain lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_lion"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r166-41"},{"link_name":"wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine"},{"link_name":"grizzly bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear"},{"link_name":"American black bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"grey wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_wolf"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r177-34"}],"sub_title":"Predators","text":"American marten are vulnerable to predation from raptors and other carnivores. The threat of predation may be an important factor shaping American marten habitat preferences, a hypothesis inferred from their avoidance of open areas and behavioral observations of the European pine marten (Martes martes).[12] Specific predators vary by geographic region. On Newfoundland, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the most frequent predator, though coyote (Canis latrans) and other American marten were also responsible for some deaths.[29] In deciduous forests in northeastern British Columbia, most predation was attributed to raptors.[27] Throughout the distribution of American marten, other predators include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), bobcat (Lynx rufus) Canada lynx (L. canadensis), mountain lion (Puma concolor),[13][41] fisher (Pekania pennanti), wolverine (Gulo gulo), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), American black bear (U. americanus), and grey wolf (C. lupus).[34]","title":"Mortality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"},{"link_name":"fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r150-31"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r135-48"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r10-49"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r10-49"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r28-12"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r136-36"}],"sub_title":"Hunting","text":"The fur of the American marten is shiny and luxuriant, resembling that of the closely related sable (Martes zibellina). At the turn of the twentieth century, the American marten population was depleted due to the fur trade. The Hudson's Bay Company traded in pelts from this species among others. Numerous protection measures and reintroduction efforts have allowed the population to increase, but deforestation is still a problem for the marten in much of its habitat. American marten are trapped for their fur in all but a few states and provinces where they occur.[36] The highest annual take in North America was 272,000 animals in 1820.[28]Trapping is a major source of American marten mortality in some populations[31][48] and may account for up to 90% of all deaths in some areas.[12] Overharvesting has contributed to local extirpations.[49] Trapping may impact population density, sex ratios and age structure.[12][28][36] Juveniles are more vulnerable to trapping than adults,[29][49] and males are more vulnerable than females.[12][29] American marten are particularly vulnerable to trapping mortality in industrial forests.[36]","title":"Mortality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r168-39"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r59-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r20-47"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r80-29"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r38-13"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r165-28"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r166-41"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r59-50"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Other sources of mortality include drowning,[39] starvation,[50] exposure,[47] choking, and infections associated with injury.[29] During live trapping, high mortality may occur if individuals become wet in cold weather.[13]American marten host several internal and external parasites, including helminths, fleas (Siphonaptera), and ticks (Ixodida).[28] American marten in central Ontario carried both toxoplasmosis and Aleutian disease, but neither affliction was suspected to cause significant mortality.[41] High American marten mortality in Newfoundland was caused by encephalitis.[50]","title":"Mortality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"The American marten has been put on track to be reintroduced into Pennsylvania by 2032.[51]","title":"Habitat reintroduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8014-2894-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2894-7"}],"text":"Buskirk, Steven W.; Harestad, Alton S.; Raphael, Martin G.; Powell, Roger A., eds. (1994). Martens, sables, and fishers: Biology and conservation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2894-7.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mustelaamericana.png/220px-Mustelaamericana.png"},{"image_text":"American marten displaying its characteristic light-colored throat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Marten_with_Flowers.jpg/220px-Marten_with_Flowers.jpg"},{"image_text":"In Sitka, Alaska","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/American_marten_%286626016275%29.jpg/220px-American_marten_%286626016275%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"American marten alert to the presence of a dog"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Helgen, K.; Reid, F. (2016). \"Martes americana\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41648A45212861. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41648/45212861","url_text":"\"Martes americana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41648A45212861.en"}]},{"reference":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.887112/Martes_americana","url_text":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). \"Martes americana\". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14001204","url_text":"\"Martes americana\""},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]},{"reference":"Youngman, Phillip M.; Schueler, Frederick W. (1991). \"Martes nobilis Is a Synonym of Martes americana, Not an Extinct Pleistocene-Holocene Species\". Journal of Mammalogy. 72 (3): 567–577. doi:10.2307/1382140. JSTOR 1382140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382140","url_text":"10.2307/1382140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1382140","url_text":"1382140"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200504052828/https://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/mammals/HumboldtMarten/documents/2018%2012%20Month%20Finding/20180709_Coastal_Marten_SSA_v2.0.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.fws.gov/arcata/es/mammals/HumboldtMarten/documents/2018%2012%20Month%20Finding/20180709_Coastal_Marten_SSA_v2.0.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, Katie M.; Aubry, Keith B.; Morozumi, Connor N.; Howell, Betsy L.; Happe, Patricia J.; Jenkins, Kurt J.; Pilgrim, Kristine L.; Schwartz, Michael K. (2019). \"Status of Pacific Martens (Martes caurina) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington\". Northwest Science. 93 (2): 122. doi:10.3955/046.093.0204. S2CID 202759726.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3955%2F046.093.0204","url_text":"\"Status of Pacific Martens (Martes caurina) on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3955%2F046.093.0204","url_text":"10.3955/046.093.0204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202759726","url_text":"202759726"}]},{"reference":"Colella, Jocelyn P; Johnson, Ellie J; Cook, Joseph A (5 December 2018). \"Reconciling molecules and morphology in North American Martes\". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (6): 1323–1335. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy140. ISSN 0022-2372.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy140","url_text":"\"Reconciling molecules and morphology in North American Martes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyy140","url_text":"10.1093/jmammal/gyy140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372","url_text":"0022-2372"}]},{"reference":"\"Martes americana, M. caurina\". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 1 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/animals/mammal/mart/all.html","url_text":"\"Martes americana, M. caurina\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Tim W.; Anderson, Elaine; Douglas, Carman; Strickland, Marjorie (1987). \"Martes americana\" (PDF). Mammalian Species (289): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503918. JSTOR 3503918. S2CID 253945118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051919/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-289-01-0001.pdf","url_text":"\"Martes americana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503918","url_text":"10.2307/3503918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503918","url_text":"3503918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253945118","url_text":"253945118"},{"url":"http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-289-01-0001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buskirk, Steven W.; Ruggiero, Leonard F. \"American Marten\" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr_rm254/chap2.pdf","url_text":"\"American Marten\""}]},{"reference":"\"American marten\". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/mammals/americanmarten.html","url_text":"\"American marten\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Marten\". NYS Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/45531.html","url_text":"\"American Marten\""}]},{"reference":"Colella, Jocelyn P.; Wilson, Robert E.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (1 April 2019). \"Implications of introgression for wildlife translocations: the case of North American martens\". Conservation Genetics. 20 (2): 153–166. doi:10.1007/s10592-018-1120-5. ISSN 1572-9737. S2CID 85447345.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-018-1120-5","url_text":"\"Implications of introgression for wildlife translocations: the case of North American martens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10592-018-1120-5","url_text":"10.1007/s10592-018-1120-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9737","url_text":"1572-9737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85447345","url_text":"85447345"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Natalie G.; Colella, Jocelyn P.; Small, Maureen P.; Stone, Karen D.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (29 May 2017). \"Historical biogeography sets the foundation for contemporary conservation of martens (genus Martes) in northwestern North America\". Journal of Mammalogy. 98 (3): 715–730. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx047. ISSN 0022-2372.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyx047","url_text":"\"Historical biogeography sets the foundation for contemporary conservation of martens (genus Martes) in northwestern North America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyx047","url_text":"10.1093/jmammal/gyx047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2372","url_text":"0022-2372"}]},{"reference":"Godbout, Guillaume; Ouellet, Jean-Pierre (2008). \"Habitat selection of American marten in a logged landscape at the southern fringe of the boreal forest\" (PDF). Écoscience. 15 (3): 332–342. doi:10.2980/15-3-3091. S2CID 56313524.","urls":[{"url":"http://guillaume.godbout.com/profession/fichiers/Godbout_et_Ouellet_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Habitat selection of American marten in a logged landscape at the southern fringe of the boreal forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2980%2F15-3-3091","url_text":"10.2980/15-3-3091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56313524","url_text":"56313524"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Adam C; Schaefer, James A (2002). \"Home-range size and habitat selection by American marten (Martes americana) in Labrador\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 (9): 1602–1609. doi:10.1139/z02-166.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz02-166","url_text":"10.1139/z02-166"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David M.; Harrison, Daniel J.; Payer, David C (1998). \"Seasonal changes in home-range area and fidelity of martens\". Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (1): 180–190. doi:10.2307/1382853. JSTOR 1382853.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382853","url_text":"\"Seasonal changes in home-range area and fidelity of martens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1382853","url_text":"10.2307/1382853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1382853","url_text":"1382853"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Kim G.; Porter, Aswea D.; Vries, Andrew de; Maundrell, Chris; Grindal, Scott D.; St. Clair, Colleen Cassady (2004). \"Suitability of a young deciduous-dominated forest for American marten and the effects of forest removal\". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (3): 423–435. doi:10.1139/z04-006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fz04-006","url_text":"10.1139/z04-006"}]},{"reference":"Bull, Evelyn L.; Heater, Thad W (2001). \"Home range and dispersal of the American marten in northeastern Oregon\". Northwestern Naturalist. 82 (1): 7–11. doi:10.2307/3536641. JSTOR 3536641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3536641","url_text":"10.2307/3536641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3536641","url_text":"3536641"}]},{"reference":"Zielinski, William J.; Spencer, Wayne D.; Barrett, Reginald H (1983). \"Relationship between food habits and activity patterns of pine martens\". Journal of Mammalogy. 64 (3): 387–396. doi:10.2307/1380351. JSTOR 1380351.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1380351","url_text":"10.2307/1380351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1380351","url_text":"1380351"}]},{"reference":"\"Martes americana (American marten)\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Martes_americana/","url_text":"\"Martes americana (American marten)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"}]},{"reference":"Koehler, Gary M.; Hornocker, Maurice G (1977). \"Fire effects on marten habitat in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness\". Journal of Wildlife Management. 41 (3): 500–505. doi:10.2307/3800522. JSTOR 3800522.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3800522","url_text":"10.2307/3800522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3800522","url_text":"3800522"}]},{"reference":"Bull, Evelyn L.; Heater, Thad W (2001). \"Survival, causes of mortality, and reproduction in the American marten in northeastern Oregon\" (PDF). Northwestern Naturalist. 82 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3536640. JSTOR 3536640.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2001_bull001.pdf","url_text":"\"Survival, causes of mortality, and reproduction in the American marten in northeastern Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3536640","url_text":"10.2307/3536640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3536640","url_text":"3536640"}]},{"reference":"Signorini, Renatta (18 September 2023). \"Input sought on how American marten will return to Pennsylvania woods\". Tribune-Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://triblive.com/news/pennsylvania/input-sought-on-how-american-marten-will-return-to-pennsylvania-woods/","url_text":"\"Input sought on how American marten will return to Pennsylvania woods\""}]},{"reference":"Buskirk, Steven W.; Harestad, Alton S.; Raphael, Martin G.; Powell, Roger A., eds. (1994). Martens, sables, and fishers: Biology and conservation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2894-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2894-7","url_text":"0-8014-2894-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worms_at_Heaven%27s_Gate
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The Worms at Heaven's Gate
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["1 Interpretation","2 Notes","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Poem by Wallace Stevens
"The Worms at Heaven's Gate" is a poem from Wallace Stevens' first book of poetry, Harmonium (1923). It was first published in 1916 and is therefore in the public domain.
The Worms at Heaven's Gate
Out of the tomb, we bring Badroulbadour,
Within our bellies, we her chariot.
Here is an eye. And here are, one by one,
The lashes of that eye and its white lid.
Here is the cheek on which that lid declined,
And, finger after finger, here, the hand,
The genius of that cheek. Here are the lips,
The bundle of the body and the feet.
. . . . . . . . . . .
Out of the tomb we bring Badroulbadour.
Interpretation
Badroulbadour was a princess married to Aladdin in a fairytale from One Thousand and One Nights. The mention of Heaven's Gate identifies the poem as a commentary on the resurrection of the flesh.
Robert Buttel sees the poem as a specimen of Stevens' "grotesque strain" and wryly observes that "it would be difficult to find a more unique funeral procession in literature". He credits William Carlos Williams for improving the line "Within our bellies, we her chariot." from the original "Within our bellies, as a chariot."
The overall impression is at once macabre and archly humorous. Thoughts of death and decay are secondary to the sound of 'Badroulbadour', the verb 'decline', and the poem's syntactic architecture. But in essence the poem conveys a sense of the transient nature of beauty. For another perspective on this transience see "Peter Quince at the Clavier".
The poem may be compared to "Anecdote of Canna", which describes a unique terrace stroll, and to "Of Heaven Considered as a Tomb", which speculates on the other side of death. Attending to the blank-verse syntax, Buttel compares the poem to Infanta Marina for the delicacy of its rhythm, to which it adds the insistent rhythms of a funeral procession. (See also Cortege for Rosenbloom.)
Out of the tomb, we bring Badroulbadour;
Then in lines three and four,
Here is an eye. And here are, one by one,
The lashes of that eye and its white lid.
Buttel continues:
he reversed initial foot and the following caesura help draw specific attention to the eye; the following three iambic feet maintain the pace of the procession; and the spondees on `that eye' and `white lid' substantiate the reflective consideration of Badroulbadour's exquisite beauty. In the next-to-last line of the poem, Stevens did not hesitate to give full stress to the three main words and let very light accents fall on the preposition and conjunction:
The bundle of the body and the feet.
It was important to hasten over the merely physical attributes of the princess, and the metrical telescoping of the line fits that intention without disturbing the processional rhythm.
The poem surely adds a wry layer of meaning to Stevens' epigram in Adagia, "The poet makes silk dresses out of worms."
Notes
^ a b Buttel, p. 188.
^ An excerpt from Williams's letter to Stevens dated June 8, 1916: "I think the second version is much better for the reason that THE WORMS ARE HER CHARIOT and not only seem her chariot. Then again: "bellies" "as a chariot" (plural and singular) sounds badly while "we her chariot" has more of a collective sense and feels more solid. What do you say?For Christ's sake yield to mebecome great and famous. Williams (Buttel, p. 190).
^ Buttel, pp. 209-10
^ Kermode, p. 900.
See also
"Frogs Eat Butterflies. Snakes Eat Frogs. Hogs Eat Snakes. Men Eat Hogs" (poem)
References
Buttel, R. Wallace Stevens: The Making of Harmonium. 1968: Princeton University Press.
Kermode, Frank and Joan Richardson, eds. Stevens: Collected Poetry & Prose. 1997: The Library of America.
External links
"Worms at Heaven's Gate" • MP3 audio recording in the public domain (MP3)—read by other than Wallace Stevens
vteHarmonium by Wallace Stevens
"Earthy Anecdote"
"Invective Against Swans"
"The Paltry Nude Starts on a Spring Voyage"
"The Plot Against the Giant"
"Infanta Marina"
"Domination of Black"
"The Snow Man"
"The Ordinary Women"
"The Load Of Sugar-Cane"
"Le Monocle de Mon Oncle"
"Nuances of a Theme by Williams"
"Metaphors of a Magnifico"
"Ploughing on Sunday"
"Cy Est Pourtraicte, Madame Ste Ursule, et Les Unze Mille Vierges"
"Hibiscus on the Sleeping Shores"
"Fabliau of Florida"
"Doctor of Geneva"
"Homunculus et la Belle Etoile"
"The Comedian as the Letter C"
"From the Misery of Don Joost"
"O Florida, Venereal Soil"
"Last Looks at the Lilacs"
"The Worms at Heaven's Gate"
"The Jack-Rabbit"
"Valley Candle"
"Anecdote of Men by the Thousand"
"The Apostrophe to Vincentine"
"Floral Decorations for Bananas"
"Anecdote of Canna"
"On the Manner of Addressing Clouds"
"Of Heaven Considered as a Tomb "
"Of the Surface of Things"
"Anecdote of the Prince of Peacocks"
"A High-Toned Old Christian Woman"
"The Place of the Solitaires"
"The Weeping Burgher"
"The Curtains in the House of the Metaphysician"
"Banal Sojourn"
"Depression Before Spring"
"The Emperor of Ice-Cream"
"The Cuban Doctor"
"Tea at the Palaz of Hoon"
"Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock"
"Sunday Morning"
"The Virgin Carrying a Lantern"
"Stars at Tallapoosa"
"Explanation"
"Six Significant Landscapes"
"Bantam in Pine-Woods"
"Anecdote of the Jar"
"Palace of the Babies"
"Frogs Eat Butterflies. Snakes Eat Frogs. Hogs Eat Snakes. Men Eat Hogs"
"Jasmine's Beautiful Thoughts Underneath The Willow"
"Cortège for Rosenbloom"
"Tattoo"
"The Bird with the Coppery, Keen Claws"
"Life Is Motion"
"The Wind Shifts"
"Colloquy with a Polish Aunt"
"Gubbinal"
"Two Figures in Dense Violet Night"
"Theory"
"To the One of Fictive Music"
"Hymn from a Watermelon Pavilion"
"Peter Quince at the Clavier"
"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"
"Nomad Exquisite"
"The Man Whose Pharynx Was Bad"
"The Death of a Soldier"
"Negation"
"The Surprises of the Superhuman"
"Sea Surface Full of Clouds"
"The Revolutionists Stop for Orangeade"
"Lunar Paraphrase"
"Anatomy of Monotony"
"The Public Square"
"Indian River"
"Tea"
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallace Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Harmonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonium_(poetry_collection)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttel,_p._188-1"}],"text":"\"The Worms at Heaven's Gate\" is a poem from Wallace Stevens' first book of poetry, Harmonium (1923). It was first published in 1916[1] and is therefore in the public domain.The Worms at Heaven's Gate\n\n\nOut of the tomb, we bring Badroulbadour, \nWithin our bellies, we her chariot.\nHere is an eye. And here are, one by one,\nThe lashes of that eye and its white lid.\nHere is the cheek on which that lid declined,\nAnd, finger after finger, here, the hand,\nThe genius of that cheek. Here are the lips,\nThe bundle of the body and the feet.\n. . . . . . . . . . .\nOut of the tomb we bring Badroulbadour.","title":"The Worms at Heaven's Gate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Badroulbadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badroulbadour"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin"},{"link_name":"One Thousand and One Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights"},{"link_name":"resurrection of the flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buttel,_p._188-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Quince at the Clavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Quince_at_the_Clavier"},{"link_name":"Anecdote of Canna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdote_of_Canna"},{"link_name":"Of Heaven Considered as a Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Heaven_Considered_as_a_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Infanta Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Marina"},{"link_name":"Cortege for Rosenbloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortege_for_Rosenbloom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Badroulbadour was a princess married to Aladdin in a fairytale from One Thousand and One Nights. The mention of Heaven's Gate identifies the poem as a commentary on the resurrection of the flesh.Robert Buttel sees the poem as a specimen of Stevens' \"grotesque strain\" and wryly observes that \"it would be difficult to find a more unique funeral procession in literature\".[1] He credits William Carlos Williams for improving the line \"Within our bellies, we her chariot.\" from the original \"Within our bellies, as a chariot.\"[2]The overall impression is at once macabre and archly humorous. Thoughts of death and decay are secondary to the sound of 'Badroulbadour', the verb 'decline', and the poem's syntactic architecture. But in essence the poem conveys a sense of the transient nature of beauty. For another perspective on this transience see \"Peter Quince at the Clavier\".The poem may be compared to \"Anecdote of Canna\", which describes a unique terrace stroll, and to \"Of Heaven Considered as a Tomb\", which speculates on the other side of death. Attending to the blank-verse syntax, Buttel compares the poem to Infanta Marina for the delicacy of its rhythm, to which it adds the insistent rhythms of a funeral procession. (See also Cortege for Rosenbloom.)Out of the tomb, we bring Badroulbadour;Then in lines three and four,Here is an eye. And here are, one by one,\nThe lashes of that eye and its white lid.Buttel continues:[3][T]he reversed initial foot and the following caesura help draw specific attention to the eye; the following three iambic feet maintain the pace of the procession; and the spondees on `that eye' and `white lid' substantiate the reflective consideration of Badroulbadour's exquisite beauty. In the next-to-last line of the poem, Stevens did not hesitate to give full stress to the three main words and let very light accents fall on the preposition and conjunction:\nThe bundle of the body and the feet.\nIt was important to hasten over the merely physical attributes of the princess, and the metrical telescoping of the line fits that intention without disturbing the processional rhythm.The poem surely adds a wry layer of meaning to Stevens' epigram in Adagia, \"The poet makes silk dresses out of worms.\"[4]","title":"Interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buttel,_p._188_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Buttel,_p._188_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ a b Buttel, p. 188.\n\n^ An excerpt from Williams's letter to Stevens dated June 8, 1916: \"I think the second version is much better for the reason that THE WORMS ARE HER CHARIOT and not only seem her chariot. Then again: \"bellies\" \"as a chariot\" (plural and singular) sounds badly while \"we her chariot\" has more of a collective sense and feels more solid. What do you say?For Christ's sake yield to mebecome great and famous. Williams (Buttel, p. 190).\n\n^ Buttel, pp. 209-10\n\n^ Kermode, p. 900.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"Frogs Eat Butterflies. Snakes Eat Frogs. Hogs Eat Snakes. Men Eat Hogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogs_Eat_Butterflies._Snakes_Eat_Frogs._Hogs_Eat_Snakes._Men_Eat_Hogs"}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120142/http://drakesdoor.org/podcasts/ws/worms_at_heavens_gate_stevens_add.mp3","external_links_name":"\"Worms at Heaven's Gate\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Wiggins
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Adrian Wiggins
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["1 Early life and education","2 Coaching career","2.1 YMCA and Lawton High","2.2 Cameron","2.3 Fresno State","2.4 Ole Miss","2.5 Clovis East High School","3 Head coaching record","4 References"]
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American basketball coach (born 1973)
Adrian WigginsCurrent positionTitleHead coachTeamClovis East HSBiographical detailsBorn (1973-10-15) October 15, 1973 (age 50)Lawton, OklahomaPlaying careerBaseball1992–1995Cameron
Position(s)Pitcher/outfielderCoaching career (HC unless noted)Basketball1996–1997Lawton HS (boys' asst.)1997–1999Lawton HS (boys')1999–2000Cameron (women's asst.)2000–2002Cameron (women's)2002–2005Fresno State (women's asst.)2005–2012Fresno State (women's)2013–presentClovis East HS (boys')
Head coaching recordOverall215–83 (college)53–33 (high school)Tournaments0–5 (NCAA D-I)2–2 (WNIT)0–1 (NCAA D-II)
Adrian Michael Wiggins (born October 15, 1973) is an American basketball coach who is currently head boys' basketball coach at Clovis East High School. Prior to that, he was the head women's basketball coach at Fresno State.
Early life and education
Born and raised in Lawton, Oklahoma, Wiggins graduated from MacArthur High School in 1991. At MacArthur, Wiggins was an all-state pitcher on the baseball team in addition to playing basketball.
After high school, Wiggins attended Cameron University, a Division II school in Lawton, and played on the baseball team for four years at pitcher and outfielder. As a senior in 1995, Wiggins had a 4–4 record with a 4.84 ERA and 35 strikeouts in 14 pitching appearances with 12 starts. He also had a .265 batting average with eight home runs, eight doubles, and 33 RBI in 49 games. Wiggins graduated from Cameron in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in psychology.
Coaching career
YMCA and Lawton High
From 1992 to 1996, Wiggins helped organize a midnight basketball league at the Lawton YMCA, in addition to being a camp counselor. In 1996, he was a boys' varsity basketball assistant coach at Lawton High School, then was promoted to head coach a year later and stayed for two years.
Cameron
In 1999, Wiggins returned to Cameron to be a women's basketball assistant coach, before being promoted to head coach on May 31, 2000. In the 2001–02 season, he led Cameron to a 25–5 record, the Lone Star Conference North Division title, and first-ever NCAA Division II Tournament appearance.
Fresno State
Wiggins moved up to the Division I level in 2002 as an assistant coach at Fresno State, first under Britt King in 2002–03 and Stacy Johnson-Klein in the next season. On February 9, 2005, Wiggins became interim head coach while Johnson-Klein was suspended and subsequently fired. Wiggins had a 7–4 record in his time as interim head coach at the end of the 2004–05 season, including an appearance in the WNIT. Wiggins continued to be interim head coach during the 2005–06 season as Fresno State conducted a national search for a long-term head coach. After completing a historically best 24–8 season and second straight WNIT appearance, Wiggins was promoted to the head coaching position long term on April 7, 2006. In the subsequent seasons, Wiggins led the team to six straight winning seasons, including five straight NCAA Tournament appearances from 2008 to 2012.
Ole Miss
On March 26, 2012, Wiggins was hired at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). However, on October 20, prior to the season, the university placed Wiggins on administrative leave and fired two of his assistant coaches due to NCAA violations, namely improper academic and recruiting conduct. Two days later, Mississippi fired Wiggins.
Clovis East High School
In January 2013, Wiggins was hired at Clovis East High School as boys' varsity basketball head coach, effective in the following school year. In his first three seasons, Wiggins went 53–33 at Clovis East.
Head coaching record
Statistics overview
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason
Cameron Aggies (Lone Star Conference) (2000–2002)
2000–01
Cameron
15–12
7–5
T–3rd (North)
2001–02
Cameron
25–5
10–2
1st (North)
NCAA Division II First Round
Cameron:
40–17
17–7
Fresno State Bulldogs (Western Athletic Conference) (2005–2012)
2004–05
Fresno State
7–4
7–2
T–4th*
WNIT First Round
2005–06
Fresno State
24–8
14–2
2nd
WNIT Third Round
2006–07
Fresno State
18–13
10–6
T–3rd
2007–08
Fresno State
22–11
14–2
T–1st
NCAA First Round
2008–09
Fresno State
24–9
12–4
T–1st
NCAA First Round
2009–10
Fresno State
27–7
16–0
1st
NCAA First Round
2010–11
Fresno State
25–8
14–2
2nd
NCAA First Round
2011–12
Fresno State
28–6
13–1
1st
NCAA First Round
Fresno State:
175–66
100–19
Total:
215–83
National champion
Postseason invitational champion
Conference regular season champion
Conference regular season and conference tournament champion
Division regular season champion
Division regular season and conference tournament champion
Conference tournament champion
*Wiggins took over as interim head coach on February 9, 2005, after the suspension of Stacy Johnson-Klein. Their cumulative record for the season was 20–11 (10–8 WAC).
References
^ a b "Adrian Wiggins Named Women's Basketball Head Coach". Fresno State. April 7, 2006. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ "OCA All-State Teams". The Oklahoman. May 26, 1991. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Sherman, Mike (February 11, 1991). "Mac Climbs Another Step on Stairway to Highlander Heaven". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Final 1995 Baseball Statistics Report: Cameron University
^ a b c "Adrian Wiggins, Head Women's Basketball Coach". Cameron University. Archived from the original on May 2, 2002. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ a b c "Adrian Wiggins". University of Mississippi. 2012. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ "Adrian Wiggins". Fresno State. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ Kroichick, Ron (March 9, 2005). "Turmoil in Fresno / Firing of Johnson-Klein becomes lightning rod". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ a b NCAA Career Statistics database search for Adrian Wiggins under Coaches
^ "Women's Basketball Falls To Texas A&M-Corpus Christi In WNIT, 56–53". Fresno State. March 18, 2005. Archived from the original on March 21, 2005. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ Alford, Parrish (October 21, 2012). "On brink of season, Ole Miss women in turmoil". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal.
^ "Personnel Changes Announced With Women's Basketball". Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ "Ole Miss women's basketball coach Adrian Wiggins is out amid recruiting investigation". Gulflive.com. October 22, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ Tran, Tommy (January 16, 2013). "Warm welcome for Coach Adrian Wiggins". KFSN. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ "Teams - Clovis East Timberwolves Basketball (Clovis, CA)". www.maxpreps.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ "Lone Star Conference Women's - Standings/Schedules". static.lonestarconference.org.
^ "Lone Star Conference -- Women - Leaders". static.lonestarconference.org.
^ "2020-21 Fresno State Bulldogs Women's Basketball Schedule". ESPN.
^ "Western Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
vteOle Miss Rebels women's basketball head coaches
Pam Davidson (1974–1977)
Lin Dunn (1977–1978)
Van Chancellor (1978–1997)
Ron Aldy (1997–2003)
Carol Ross (2003–2007)
Renee Ladner (2007–2012)
Adrian Wiggins (2012)
Brett Frank # (2012–2013)
Matt Insell (2013–2018)
Yolett McPhee-McCuin (2018– )
# denotes interim head coach
vteWestern Athletic Conference Women's Basketball Coach of the Year
1991: Rasmussen
1992: Rasmussen
1993: Wilson
1994: Burns
1995: Burns
1996: Williams
1997: Burns & Elliott
1998: Elliott, Goo, & Rushing
1999: Collen & Elliott
2000: McConnell-Miller
2001: Mittie
2002: Richard
2003: Budke
2004: Budke
2005: McKinney
2006: Long
2007: Presnell
2008: Wiggins
2009: Newlee
2010: Wiggins
2011: Pebley
2012: LaKose
2013: Bonvicini
2014: Newlee
2015: Trakh
2016: Trakh
2017: Trakh
2018: Atkinson
2019: Olson
2020: Hoyt
2021: Olson
2022: Kellogg
2023: Mason
2024: Olson
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clovis East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"Fresno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs"}],"text":"Adrian Michael Wiggins (born October 15, 1973) is an American basketball coach who is currently head boys' basketball coach at Clovis East High School. Prior to that, he was the head women's basketball coach at Fresno State.","title":"Adrian Wiggins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"MacArthur High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_High_School_(Lawton,_Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno_State_hire-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cameron University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_University"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-5"}],"text":"Born and raised in Lawton, Oklahoma, Wiggins graduated from MacArthur High School in 1991.[1] At MacArthur, Wiggins was an all-state pitcher on the baseball team in addition to playing basketball.[2][3]After high school, Wiggins attended Cameron University, a Division II school in Lawton, and played on the baseball team for four years at pitcher and outfielder. As a senior in 1995, Wiggins had a 4–4 record with a 4.84 ERA and 35 strikeouts in 14 pitching appearances with 12 starts. He also had a .265 batting average with eight home runs, eight doubles, and 33 RBI in 49 games.[4] Wiggins graduated from Cameron in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in psychology.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midnight basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_basketball"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Lawton High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton_High_School_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-5"}],"sub_title":"YMCA and Lawton High","text":"From 1992 to 1996, Wiggins helped organize a midnight basketball league at the Lawton YMCA, in addition to being a camp counselor. In 1996, he was a boys' varsity basketball assistant coach at Lawton High School, then was promoted to head coach a year later and stayed for two years.[5]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cameron-5"},{"link_name":"Lone Star Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ole_Miss-6"}],"sub_title":"Cameron","text":"In 1999, Wiggins returned to Cameron to be a women's basketball assistant coach, before being promoted to head coach on May 31, 2000.[5] In the 2001–02 season, he led Cameron to a 25–5 record, the Lone Star Conference North Division title, and first-ever NCAA Division II Tournament appearance.[6]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Fresno State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno_State_bio-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"WNIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA_coaches-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fresno_State_hire-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ole_Miss-6"}],"sub_title":"Fresno State","text":"Wiggins moved up to the Division I level in 2002 as an assistant coach at Fresno State, first under Britt King in 2002–03 and Stacy Johnson-Klein in the next season. On February 9, 2005, Wiggins became interim head coach while Johnson-Klein was suspended and subsequently fired.[7][8] Wiggins had a 7–4 record in his time as interim head coach at the end of the 2004–05 season, including an appearance in the WNIT.[9][10] Wiggins continued to be interim head coach during the 2005–06 season as Fresno State conducted a national search for a long-term head coach. After completing a historically best 24–8 season and second straight WNIT appearance, Wiggins was promoted to the head coaching position long term on April 7, 2006.[1] In the subsequent seasons, Wiggins led the team to six straight winning seasons, including five straight NCAA Tournament appearances from 2008 to 2012.[6]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ole_Miss-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Personnel_changes-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ole Miss","text":"On March 26, 2012, Wiggins was hired at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss).[6] However, on October 20, prior to the season, the university placed Wiggins on administrative leave and fired two of his assistant coaches due to NCAA violations, namely improper academic and recruiting conduct.[11][12] Two days later, Mississippi fired Wiggins.[13]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clovis East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Clovis East High School","text":"In January 2013, Wiggins was hired at Clovis East High School as boys' varsity basketball head coach, effective in the following school year.[14] In his first three seasons, Wiggins went 53–33 at Clovis East.[15]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA_coaches-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"*Wiggins took over as interim head coach on February 9, 2005, after the suspension of Stacy Johnson-Klein. Their cumulative record for the season was 20–11 (10–8 WAC).[9][19]","title":"Head coaching record"}]
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Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170918110535/http://www.olemisssports.com/sports/w-baskbl/mtt/wiggins_adrian00.html","url_text":"\"Adrian Wiggins\""},{"url":"http://www.olemisssports.com/sports/w-baskbl/mtt/wiggins_adrian00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adrian Wiggins\". Fresno State. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722040818/http://www.gobulldogs.com/sports/w-baskbl/mtt/wiggins_adrian00.html","url_text":"\"Adrian Wiggins\""},{"url":"http://www.gobulldogs.com/sports/w-baskbl/mtt/wiggins_adrian00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kroichick, Ron (March 9, 2005). \"Turmoil in Fresno / Firing of Johnson-Klein becomes lightning rod\". San Francisco Chronicle. 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Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal.","urls":[{"url":"http://djournal.com/view/full_story/20565129/article-On-brink-of-season--Ole-Miss-women-in-turmoil","url_text":"\"On brink of season, Ole Miss women in turmoil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Personnel Changes Announced With Women's Basketball\". Retrieved October 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.olemisssports.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/102012aab.html","url_text":"\"Personnel Changes Announced With Women's Basketball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ole Miss women's basketball coach Adrian Wiggins is out amid recruiting investigation\". Gulflive.com. October 22, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.gulflive.com/mississippi-press-sports/2012/10/ole_miss_womens_basketball_coa.html","url_text":"\"Ole Miss women's basketball coach Adrian Wiggins is out amid recruiting investigation\""}]},{"reference":"Tran, Tommy (January 16, 2013). \"Warm welcome for Coach Adrian Wiggins\". KFSN. Retrieved July 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc30.com/archive/8945737/","url_text":"\"Warm welcome for Coach Adrian Wiggins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teams - Clovis East Timberwolves Basketball (Clovis, CA)\". www.maxpreps.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxpreps.com/high-schools/clovis-east-timberwolves-(clovis,ca)/basketball/previous_seasons.htm","url_text":"\"Teams - Clovis East Timberwolves Basketball (Clovis, CA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lone Star Conference Women's - Standings/Schedules\". static.lonestarconference.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.lonestarconference.org/custompages/oldsite/sports/bkb/2000-01/stats_women/confsked.htm","url_text":"\"Lone Star Conference Women's - Standings/Schedules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lone Star Conference -- Women - Leaders\". static.lonestarconference.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.lonestarconference.org/custompages/oldsite/sports/bkb/2001-02/stats_women/CONFLDRS.HTM","url_text":"\"Lone Star Conference -- Women - Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020-21 Fresno State Bulldogs Women's Basketball Schedule\". ESPN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/team/schedule/_/id/278/fresno-state-bulldogs/year/2006","url_text":"\"2020-21 Fresno State Bulldogs Women's Basketball Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN\". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/conferences/standings/_/id/30/wac-conference","url_text":"\"Western Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Atelier_Animation
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L'Atelier Animation
|
["1 History","2 Filmography","2.1 Upcoming films","3 References"]
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L'Atelier Animation, LtdCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryAnimationFounded2012; 12 years ago (2012)FounderLaurent ZeitounYann ZenouHeadquartersMontreal, Quebec, CanadaProductsCGI animationOwnerCinesite (2022–present)Websitelatelieranimation.com
L'Atelier Animation is a Canadian animation studio founded in 2014 by Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou and is owned by Cinesite since 2022.
History
L'Atelier Animation was formed in 2012 as a partnership between Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou to produce the film Ballerina. In early 2017, L'Atelier announced plans to make Fireheart, a film set in the 1920s New York City that tells the story of a 16-year-old girl who becomes a hero to save her city. The company also makes the animated series Robozuna, which airs on ITV and Netflix. In 2022, L'Atelier was acquired by Cinesite.
Filmography
Year
Film
Co-production/distributor
Budget
Gross
2016
Ballerina
Gaumont (France)eOne Films (Canada)The Weinstein Company (United States, formerly)Gaumont International (United States, current)
$36.6 million
$106 million
2022
Fireheart
eOne Films and Anton Corp
$40 million
2022
The Soccer Football Movie
NetflixSplash Entertainment
NA
Upcoming films
Year
Film
Co-production/distributor
Budget
2024
10 Lives
GFM AnimationAlign
$26 million
References
^ Dunlevy, T'Cha (February 23, 2017). "Ballerina brings Disney/DreamWorks animator back to Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ Hopewell, John; Keslassy, Elsa (May 10, 2018). "Anton Boards Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou's 'Fireheart' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
^ Failes, Ian (February 5, 2019). "How L'Atelier Delivers Two Episodes of 'Robozuna' Every Four Weeks". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
^ "Cinesite Acquires Montreal Studio l'Atelier Animation". July 20, 2022.
^ "L'Atelier Animation, Director Chris Jenkins Board GFM's '10 Lives'". March 10, 2021.
vteAnimation industry in CanadaActivecompanies
9 Story Media Group
Portfolio Entertainment
10th Ave. Productions
a.k.a. Cartoon
Arcana Studio
Atomic Cartoons
Bardel Entertainment
Big Bad Boo
Breakthrough Entertainment
CCI Entertainment
CinéGroupe
Cinesite Animation
Clyde Henry Productions
Company 3 Animation
Copernicus Studios
Cuppa Coffee Studios
Fresh TV
Frima Studio
Global Mechanic
Guru Studio
Image Engine
Image Entertainment Corporation
Jam Filled Entertainment
L'Atelier Animation
Lionsgate Canada
Look Mom! Productions
Mercury Filmworks
National Film Board of Canada
Nelvana
Nitrogen Studios
PiP Animation Services
Pipeline Studios
Rodeo FX
Skycron
Slap Happy Cartoons
Smiley Guy Studios
Sony Pictures Imageworks
The Embassy Visual Effects
Tonic DNA
ToonBox Entertainment
Walt Disney Animation Studios Vancouver
WildBrain
House of Cool
WildBrain Studios Vancouver
Wow Unlimited Media
Mainframe Studios
Yowza! Animation
Defunctcompanies
Arc Productions
Atkinson Film-Arts
C.O.R.E.
Collideascope
Cookie Jar Group
DIC Entertainment
FatKat Animation
Funbag Animation Studios
Gordon Stanfield Animation
Krantz Films
Lacewood Productions
March Entertainment
Meteor Studios
MokkoStudio
Phoenix Animation Studios
Pixar Canada
Sardine Productions
Studio B Productions
Tooncan
Walt Disney Animation Canada
Related topics
Canadian comics
Quebec comics
This article related to an animation studio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animation studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_studio"},{"link_name":"Cinesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinesite"}],"text":"L'Atelier Animation is a Canadian animation studio founded in 2014 by Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou and is owned by Cinesite since 2022.","title":"L'Atelier Animation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballerina_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robozuna"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonbrew-3"},{"link_name":"Cinesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinesite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"L'Atelier Animation was formed in 2012 as a partnership between Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou to produce the film Ballerina.[1] In early 2017, L'Atelier announced plans to make Fireheart, a film set in the 1920s New York City that tells the story of a 16-year-old girl who becomes a hero to save her city.[2] The company also makes the animated series Robozuna, which airs on ITV and Netflix.[3] In 2022, L'Atelier was acquired by Cinesite.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Upcoming films","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dunlevy, T'Cha (February 23, 2017). \"Ballerina brings Disney/DreamWorks animator back to Montreal\". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved February 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movies/ballerina-brings-disneydreamworks-animator-back-to-montreal","url_text":"\"Ballerina brings Disney/DreamWorks animator back to Montreal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette","url_text":"Montreal Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hopewell, John; Keslassy, Elsa (May 10, 2018). \"Anton Boards Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou's 'Fireheart' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved December 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/anton-boards-laurent-zeitoun-yann-zenous-fireheart-1202805569/","url_text":"\"Anton Boards Laurent Zeitoun and Yann Zenou's 'Fireheart' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Failes, Ian (February 5, 2019). \"How L'Atelier Delivers Two Episodes of 'Robozuna' Every Four Weeks\". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved February 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cartoonbrew.com/tv/how-latelier-delivers-two-episodes-of-robozuna-every-four-weeks-168442.html","url_text":"\"How L'Atelier Delivers Two Episodes of 'Robozuna' Every Four Weeks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Brew","url_text":"Cartoon Brew"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinesite Acquires Montreal Studio l'Atelier Animation\". July 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/cinesite-acquires-montreal-studio-latelier-animation/","url_text":"\"Cinesite Acquires Montreal Studio l'Atelier Animation\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Atelier Animation, Director Chris Jenkins Board GFM's '10 Lives'\". March 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/latelier-animation-director-chris-jenkins-board-gfms-10-lives/#:~:text=GFM%20Animation%20today%20announced%20that,to%20start%20in%20mid%2D2021.","url_text":"\"L'Atelier Animation, Director Chris Jenkins Board GFM's '10 Lives'\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Scottish_League_Cup_Final_(April)
|
1947 Scottish League Cup final (April)
|
["1 Match details","2 External links"]
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Football match1947 Scottish League Cup finalEvent1946–47 Scottish League Cup
Rangers
Aberdeen
4
0
Date5 April 1947VenueHampden Park, GlasgowRefereeBobby CalderAttendance82,700October 1947 →
The 1946–47 Scottish League Cup final was played on 5 April 1947, at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the first official Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by Rangers and Aberdeen. Rangers won the match 4–0 thanks to goals by Jimmy Duncanson (2), Torrance Gillick and Billy Williamson.
Match details
5 April 1947
Rangers4–0Aberdeen
Duncanson Gillick Williamson
Hampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 82,700
RANGERS :
GK
Bobby Brown
FB
George Young
FB
Jock Shaw
RH
Ian McColl
CH
Willie Woodburn
LH
Willie Rae
RW
Eddie Rutherford
IF
Torrance Gillick
CF
Billy Williamson
IF
Willie Thornton
LW
Jimmy Duncanson
Manager:
Bill Struth
ABERDEEN :
GK
George Johnstone
FB
Willie Cooper
FB
Pat McKenna
RH
Joe McLaughlin
CH
Frank Dunlop
LH
George Taylor
RW
Tony Harris
IF
George Hamilton
CF
Stan Williams
IF
Archie Baird
LW
Willie McCall
Manager:
Dave Halliday
External links
Soccerbase Archived 23 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine
vteScottish League CupSeasons
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
Finals
1947 (April)
1947 (October)
1949 (March)
1949 (October)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1969 (April)
1969 (October)
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1978
1979 (March)
1979 (December)
1980
1981
1982
1984 (March)
1984 (October)
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016 (March)
2016 (November)
2017
2018
2019
2021 (February)
2021 (December)
2023 (February)
2023 (December)
Finals
Winning managers
vteRangers F.C. matchesScottish Cup Finals
1877
1879
1894
1897
1898
1899
1903
1904
1905
1909
1921
1922
1928
1929
1930
1932
1934
1935
1936
1948
1949
1950
1953
1960
1962
1963
1964
1966
1969
1971
1973
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1989
1992
1993
1994
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2008
2009
2016
2022
2024
Scottish League Cup Finals
1947 (April)
1949 (March)
1951
1957
1960
1961
1963
1964
1965
1966
1970
1975
1978
1979 (March)
1981
1982
1984 (March)
1984 (October)
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1992
1993
1996
1998
2002
2003
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2019
2023 (February)
2023 (December)
SFL Championship Play-offs
1891
1905
Scottish Challenge Cup Finals
2014
2016
European Cup Winners' Cup Finals
1961
1967
1972
UEFA Europa League Finals
2008
2022
European Super Cup
1972 (unofficial)
Other matches
1901 Glasgow International Exhibition Cup Final
1902 British League Cup Final
1946 Southern League Cup
1946 Victory Cup
Berwick Rangers 1–0 Rangers (1967)
1971 Ibrox disaster
Rangers 2–2 Celtic (1987)
Dubai Champions Cup (1987)
Progrès Niederkorn 2–0 Rangers (2017)
vteAberdeen F.C. matchesScottish Cup Finals
1937
1947
1953
1954
1959
1967
1970
1978
1982
1983
1984
1986
1990
1993
2000
2017
Scottish League Cup Finals
1947 (April)
1955
1976
1979 (March)
1979 (December)
1985
1987
1988
1989
1992
1995
2000
2014
2016 (November)
2018
2023 (December)
European Cup Winners' Cup Final
1983
European Super Cup
1983
Other
1946 Southern League Cup
1951 Saint Mungo Cup Final
vte1946–47 in Scottish football « 1945–46 1947–48 » Domestic leagues
Football League
Division A
Division B
Division C
Highland League
Domestic cups
Scottish Cup
Final
League Cup
Final
Junior Cup
Related to national team
Results
British Home Championship
Club seasonsDivision A
Aberdeen
Celtic
Clyde
Falkirk
Hamilton Academical
Heart of Midlothian
Hibernian
Kilmarnock
Morton
Motherwell
Partick Thistle
Rangers
Queen of the South
Queen's Park
St. Mirren
Third Lanark
Division B
Airdrieonians
Albion Rovers
Alloa Athletic
Arbroath
Ayr United
Cowdenbeath
Dumbarton
Dundee
Dundee United
Dunfermline Athletic
East Fife
Raith Rovers
St. Johnstone
Stenhousemuir
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Jimmy Duncanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Duncanson"},{"link_name":"Torrance Gillick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Gillick"},{"link_name":"Billy Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Williamson_(footballer,_born_1922)"}],"text":"Football matchThe 1946–47 Scottish League Cup final was played on 5 April 1947, at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the first official Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by Rangers and Aberdeen. Rangers won the match 4–0 thanks to goals by Jimmy Duncanson (2), Torrance Gillick and Billy Williamson.","title":"1947 Scottish League Cup final (April)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Duncanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Duncanson"},{"link_name":"Gillick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrance_Gillick"},{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Williamson_(footballer,_born_1922)"},{"link_name":"Hampden Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampden_Park"}],"text":"5 April 1947\nRangers4–0Aberdeen\nDuncanson Gillick Williamson \n\n\nHampden Park, GlasgowAttendance: 82,700","title":"Match details"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=310392","external_links_name":"Soccerbase"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050223200855/http://www.soccerbase.com/results3.sd?gameid=310392","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_(TV_series)
|
The Clash (TV program)
|
["1 Premise","2 Hosts","3 Judges","4 Seasons","5 Ratings","6 Accolades","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Philippine television reality show
The ClashSeason 6 title cardGenreReality competitionDirected byLouie IgnacioPresented by
Regine Velasquez (2018)
Andre Paras (2018)
Joyce Pring (2018)
Rayver Cruz (since 2019)
Julie Anne San Jose (since 2019)
Ken Chan (2019–21)
Rita Daniela (2019–21)
Judges
Lani Misalucha
Christian Bautista
Ai-Ai delas Alas
Pops Fernandez (2020)
Theme music composerQuestOpening theme"Mangarap Ka, Laban Pa" by QuestCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languageTagalogNo. of seasons5No. of episodes119 + 3 specials (as of May 28, 2023)ProductionExecutive producerMaria Luisa CadagCamera setupMultiple-camera setupRunning time60 minutesProduction companyGMA Entertainment GroupOriginal releaseNetworkGMA NetworkReleaseJuly 7, 2018 (2018-07-07) –present
The Clash is a Philippine television reality talent competition show broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Louie Ignacio, it was originally hosted by Regine Velasquez, Andre Paras and Joyce Pring. It premiered on July 7, 2018 on the network's Sabado Star Power sa Gabi and on Sunday Grande sa Gabi line-up replacing Celebrity Bluff and Lip Sync Battle Philippines in their respective timeslot. The show has aired 5 seasons and 119 episodes. Rayver Cruz and Julie Anne San Jose currently serve as the hosts.
Premise
The show begins with 62 competitors known as "Clashers" which are paired in two, and the winner to take a seat in the 32-seat semi-finalists who qualify for the second round. A wild card contender from a pair of two is electronically selected from among previous losers in the first elimination round. The semi-finalists battle it out among themselves in pairs in the second round. The winner of The Clash receives an exclusive management contract from GMA Network, a brand new car, 1 million pesos and a house and lot.
Hosts
HostsRegine VelasquezRayver CruzJulie Anne San Jose
Clash masters
Regine Velasquez (2018)
Rayver Cruz (since 2019)
Julie Anne San Jose (since 2019)
Clashmates / Journey hosts
Andre Paras (2018)
Joyce Pring (2018)
Ken Chan (2019–21)
Rita Daniela (2019–21)
Judges
JudgesAi-Ai delas AlasChristian BautistaPops Fernandez
Lani Misalucha
Christian Bautista
Ai-Ai delas Alas
Pops Fernandez (2020)
Seasons
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired126July 7, 2018 (2018-07-07)September 30, 2018 (2018-09-30)226September 21, 2019 (2019-09-21)December 15, 2019 (2019-12-15)324October 3, 2020 (2020-10-03)December 20, 2020 (2020-12-20)424October 2, 2021 (2021-10-02)December 19, 2021 (2021-12-19)519January 22, 2023 (2023-01-22)May 28, 2023 (2023-05-28)6TBAAugust 2024 (2024-08)TBA
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television People audience shares, the pilot episode of The Clash earned a 20.8% rating.
Accolades
Accolades received by The Clash
Year
Awards
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
2019
33rd PMPC Star Awards for Television
Best Talent Search Program
The Clash
Won
Best Talent Search Program Host
Regine Velasquez
Nominated
2021
34th PMPC Star Awards for Television
Best Talent Search Program
The Clash
Won
Best Talent Search Program Host
Julie Anne San JoseRayver Cruz
Nominated
2023
35th PMPC Star Awards for Television
Best Talent Search Program
The Clash
Won
Best Talent Search Program Host
Julie Anne San JoseRayver Cruz
Won
References
^ "Jeremiah Tiangco is your new The Clash Grand Champion!". GMA Network. December 16, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
^ "Regine Velasquez-Alcasid leads The Clash auditions in Cebu". GMA Network. February 15, 2018. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
^ "Rayver Cruz renews commitment with GMA". Manila Bulletin. September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ Policarpio, Allan (November 2, 2020). "The Clash champ refuses to let pandemic foil career-boosting plans". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ Policarpio, Allan (July 8, 2021). "Christian Bautista says contract renewal with GMA a 'gift' to his family". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Lo, Ricky Lo (January 14, 2021). "Ai-Ai: I live by the day". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ Gabinete, Jojo (November 6, 2020). "Lani Misalucha, pansamantalang pinalitan ni Pops Fernandez sa The Clash". PEP. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
^ Gabinete, Jojo. "The Clash, malaking tulong para sa lahat ng may kinalaman sa programa". PEP. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ "GMA-7 to launch The Clash season 5 and newly acquired talent show". PEP. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
^ Basina, Carby (January 2, 2024). "Ai-Ai Delas Alas excited to be part of The Clash Season 6, new GMA series". GMA Network. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^ "Maraming Salamat sa tumutok sa pilot episode ng The Clash". Facebook. July 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
^ Dimaculangan, Jocelyn (September 22, 2019). "33rd Star Awards for Television names TV Queens; PMPC bares nominees". PEP. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
^ Anarcon, James Patrick (July 20, 2021). "34th Star Awards for Television nominees bared". PEP. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
^ Mallorca, Hannah (January 29, 2023). "35th PMPC Star Awards for Television unveils list of winners". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
External links
Official website
The Clash at IMDb
vteGMA Network current original programmingDramaAnthology
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Comedy
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Talk
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Cayetano in Action with Boy Abunda (since 2023)
Fast Talk with Boy Abunda (since 2023)
Sarap, 'Di Ba? (since 2018)
Game
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Reality
The Clash (since 2018)
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NewsNationwide
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Regional
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Balitang Bisdak (since 1999)
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Documentary
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Magazine
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Infotainment
Aha! (since 2010)
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Pinoy M.D. (since 2010)
|
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Directed by Louie Ignacio, it was originally hosted by Regine Velasquez, Andre Paras and Joyce Pring. It premiered on July 7, 2018 on the network's Sabado Star Power sa Gabi and on Sunday Grande sa Gabi line-up replacing Celebrity Bluff and Lip Sync Battle Philippines in their respective timeslot. The show has aired 5 seasons and 119 episodes. Rayver Cruz and Julie Anne San Jose currently serve as the hosts.","title":"The Clash (TV program)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network_(company)"},{"link_name":"pesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The show begins with 62 competitors known as \"Clashers\" which are paired in two, and the winner to take a seat in the 32-seat semi-finalists who qualify for the second round. A wild card contender from a pair of two is electronically selected from among previous losers in the first elimination round. The semi-finalists battle it out among themselves in pairs in the second round. The winner of The Clash receives an exclusive management contract from GMA Network, a brand new car, 1 million pesos and a house and lot.[1]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QueenRegine.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rayver_Cruz_Dilim_The_Making.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julie_Anne_San_Jose_at_Culture_and_the_Arts_2020_(cropped_1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Regine Velasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regine_Velasquez"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rayver Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayver_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Julie Anne San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Anne_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"Andre Paras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Paras"},{"link_name":"Joyce Pring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Pring"},{"link_name":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"},{"link_name":"Rita Daniela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Daniela"}],"text":"HostsRegine VelasquezRayver CruzJulie Anne San JoseClash mastersRegine Velasquez (2018)[2]\nRayver Cruz (since 2019)[3]\nJulie Anne San Jose (since 2019)Clashmates / Journey hostsAndre Paras (2018)\nJoyce Pring (2018)\nKen Chan (2019–21)\nRita Daniela (2019–21)","title":"Hosts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ai_Ai_Delas_Alas_100217.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_Bautista.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pops_Fernandez2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lani Misalucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lani_Misalucha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christian Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bautista"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ai-Ai delas Alas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Ai_delas_Alas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pops Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pops_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"JudgesAi-Ai delas AlasChristian BautistaPops FernandezLani Misalucha[4]\nChristian Bautista[5]\nAi-Ai delas Alas[6]\nPops Fernandez (2020)[7]","title":"Judges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_season_1"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_season_2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_season_3"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_season_4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash_season_5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired126July 7, 2018 (2018-07-07)September 30, 2018 (2018-09-30)226September 21, 2019 (2019-09-21)December 15, 2019 (2019-12-15)324October 3, 2020 (2020-10-03)December 20, 2020 (2020-12-20)424October 2, 2021 (2021-10-02)[8]December 19, 2021 (2021-12-19)519January 22, 2023 (2023-01-22)[9]May 28, 2023 (2023-05-28)6TBAAugust 2024 (2024-08)[10]TBA","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGB Nielsen Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGB_Nielsen_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Nationwide Urban Television People audience shares, the pilot episode of The Clash earned a 20.8% rating.[11]","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2021/01/14/2070175/ai-ai-i-live-day","url_text":"\"Ai-Ai: I live by the day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Gabinete, Jojo (November 6, 2020). \"Lani Misalucha, pansamantalang pinalitan ni Pops Fernandez sa The Clash\". PEP. Retrieved September 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/154824/lani-misalucha-pops-fernandez-clash-a734-20201106","url_text":"\"Lani Misalucha, pansamantalang pinalitan ni Pops Fernandez sa The Clash\""}]},{"reference":"Gabinete, Jojo. \"The Clash, malaking tulong para sa lahat ng may kinalaman sa programa\". PEP. Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/pepalerts/cabinet-files/161000/the-clash-anxiety-reliever-a734-20210928","url_text":"\"The Clash, malaking tulong para sa lahat ng may kinalaman sa programa\""}]},{"reference":"\"GMA-7 to launch The Clash season 5 and newly acquired talent show\". PEP. Retrieved November 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/166491/the-clash-season-5-battle-of-the-judges-a724-20220622","url_text":"\"GMA-7 to launch The Clash season 5 and newly acquired talent show\""}]},{"reference":"Basina, Carby (January 2, 2024). \"Ai-Ai Delas Alas excited to be part of The Clash Season 6, new GMA series\". GMA Network. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/892914/aiai-delas-alas-excited-to-be-part-of-the-clash-season-6-new-gma-series/story/","url_text":"\"Ai-Ai Delas Alas excited to be part of The Clash Season 6, new GMA series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maraming Salamat sa tumutok sa pilot episode ng The Clash\". Facebook. July 20, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/1633426086779062/photos/a.1633429630112041/1741698092618527/?","url_text":"\"Maraming Salamat sa tumutok sa pilot episode ng The Clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Dimaculangan, Jocelyn (September 22, 2019). \"33rd Star Awards for Television names TV Queens; PMPC bares nominees\". PEP. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/146277/33rd-star-awards-for-television-names-tv-queens-pmpc-bares-nominees","url_text":"\"33rd Star Awards for Television names TV Queens; PMPC bares nominees\""}]},{"reference":"Anarcon, James Patrick (July 20, 2021). \"34th Star Awards for Television nominees bared\". PEP. Retrieved July 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/159602/34th-star-awards-for-television-nominees-a724-20210720-lfrm","url_text":"\"34th Star Awards for Television nominees bared\""}]},{"reference":"Mallorca, Hannah (January 29, 2023). \"35th PMPC Star Awards for Television unveils list of winners\". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved January 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.inquirer.net/483493/35th-pmpc-star-awards-for-television-unveils-list-of-winners","url_text":"\"35th PMPC Star Awards for Television unveils list of winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sidekicks_(video_game)
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Super Sidekicks (video game)
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["1 Gameplay","2 Development and release","3 Reception","3.1 Retrospective reviews","4 Legacy","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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1992 video gameSuper SidekicksDeveloper(s)SNKPublisher(s)SNKProducer(s)Eikichi KawasakiDesigner(s)Eri KoujitaniJ. MikamiMasato MiyoshiComposer(s)Yoko OsakaYoshihiko KitamuraSeriesSuper SidekicksPlatform(s)Arcade, Microsoft Windows, Neo Geo AES, Neo Geo CD, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Network, Xbox OneReleaseWW: 14 December 1992Genre(s)SportsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayerArcade systemNeo Geo MVS
Super Sidekicks is a 1992 soccer arcade video game developed and published by SNK. It is the first installment in the eponymous series and the second soccer game released for Neo Geo MVS, succeeding Soccer Brawl (1991). Featuring an arcade-style approach to soccer compared to other games released at the time, the title allows players to choose any of the available game modes with AI-controlled opponents or other human players with the team of their choosing. Its gameplay uses a simplified two-button configuration.
Headed by Eikichi Kawasaki, Super Sidekicks was developed by most of the same team that worked on several projects for the Neo Geo platforms at SNK. Though first launched for the MVS hardware, the game was later released for both Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD, in addition of being re-released through download services for various consoles. The title proved popular among players and garnered positive reception from critics; praise was directed towards the graphic presentation and fast gameplay but criticism was geared towards several aspects. It was followed by various sequels and a remake.
Gameplay
Arcade version screenshot showcasing a match between Germany and Spain.
Super Sidekicks is a soccer game that is played from a top-down perspective in a two-dimensional environment with sprites. Although it follows the same gameplay as with other soccer titles at the time and most of the rules are present as well, the game opts for a more arcade-styled approach of the sport instead of being full simulation, using a simplified control scheme. The tile features 12 teams divided into two groups which compete for the "SNK Cup": Group A (Germany, Italy, Spain, England, Mexico, Japan) and Group B (Argentina, Holland, Brazil, France, United States, South Korea).
The players' team plays against all the others in their group, then it goes into an elimination tournament's semifinals and then the final to win the cup. There is an hidden mechanic in the game that affects single-player matches; During a free kick for the AI opponent, if the player has tapped button A for player two, the AI performs a short-shot while pressing the button A performs a longer kick. One noted mistake was that Spain's kit resembles Portugal's, which would not be featured until future entries. Another mistake is Mexico's uniform color, which was corrected in the sequels.
Development and release
Super Sidekicks served as the second soccer game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo platforms.
Super Sidekicks was the second soccer game developed for the Neo Geo MVS after Soccer Brawl, being created by most of the same team that worked on multiple projects for the Neo Geo platforms at SNK such as Ghost Pilots and Alpha Mission II. Producer Eikichi Kawasaki headed its creation, with Kenji "Ishimotti" Ishimoto acting as designer. Shinsekai Gakkyoku Zatsugidan members Yoshihiko "Jojouha Kitapy" Kitamura and Yoko Osaka handled the sound design. Masato "Mioshi" Miyoshi, "S K", "Younger Face", Eri Koujitani, J. Mikami and Mori-P were responsible for the pixel art. Programmers under the pseudonym "Mabushi", "Narutaki" and "EP82boy" were in charge of coding. Other members collaborated in its development. The SNK staff wanted to translate the spectacle and action of their fighting games into soccer.
Super Sidekicks was first released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS on December 14, 1992, and was then released for Neo Geo AES on February 19, 1993. It was showcased at the 1993 IMA show in Frankfurt. The game was later re-released for the Neo Geo CD in Japan on March 31, 1995, and later in North America in October 1996. In 2010, a version by M2 for the NEOGEO Station service was published by SNK Playmore on PlayStation Network. The title is available as one of the 20 pre-loaded games with the Neo Geo X. Hamster Corporation re-released the game for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in July 2017 under their Arcade Archives series. The title was also recently included in the international version of the Neo Geo mini, the Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro plug and play game device and the Neo Geo MVSX table top.
Reception
Contemporary receptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings75%Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGameConsoles +90%Electronic Gaming Monthly6.5/10GameFan317/400Computer+Videogiochi 80/100Consolemania 90/100Hobby Consolas93/100Joypad 94%Megablast68%Mega Fun 85%Play Time 81%Player One 95%Video Games 71%
Super Sidekicks garnered positive reception from players and critics. In Japan, Game Machine listed Super Sidekicks on their March 1, 1993 issue as being the fourth most-popular arcade game at the time. RePlay reported Super Sidekicks to be the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time. Marc Menier and Robert Barbe of Consoles + criticized the presentation but praised the graphics, animations, sound design, playability and longevity, also stating that Super Sidekicks recreates the frenzied atmosphere of football matches. Christophe Delpierre of Player One gave very high remarks to the visual presentation, sound design, playability, difficulty and longevity. Andreas Knauf of Video Games complemented the detailed graphics and playability, regarding the game to be better than Soccer Brawl. Paolo Cardillo of Computer+Videogiochi praised the visuals, audio, playability and longevity, stating that Super Sidekicks is "undoubtedly fun, but much more was expected from the Neo Geo". Likewise, Piemarco Rosa of Consolemania commended the visuals, sprite animations and arcade-perfect gameplay but criticized the sound design for being inappropriate.
Megablast's Michael Schnelle commended the visuals but felt mixed about other aspects. Hobby Consolas's Marcos García gave high remarks to the visuals, sound design and playability, but criticized the small team roster and the lack of certain gameplay aspects. Jean-François Morisse and Nourdine Nini of Joypad praised the graphics, animations, controls and sound design but criticized the slowdown that occurs when too many sprites are present in penalty areas. G. S. of Play Time criticized the sound but praised both visuals and gameplay. Electronic Gaming Monthly's four reviewers commented positively in regards to the visuals, sound design and gameplay. German magazine Mega Fun reviewed and praised the title several times, with both Uwe Kraft and Ulf Schneider commending the visuals and sound. Similarly, GameFan's four reviewers gave positive remarks to the visual department and fast gameplay.
Javier Iturrioz of Superjuegos commended the visual presentation, simple controls and gameplay, but noted that the gameplay options do not vary much. AllGame's Kyle Knight gave positive remarks to the visuals and gameplay but criticized the sound design and controls. He called the game as equally enjoyable and frustrating.
Retrospective reviews
Retrospective assessmentsAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings(NS) 45%Review scoresPublicationScoreM! Games(PSN) 6/10Nintendo Life(NS) Nintendo World Report(NS) 4/10VentureBeat(PSN) 77/100Bonus Stage(NS) 4/10Pure Nintendo Magazine(NS) 6.5/10
Super Sidekicks has been met with mixed reception from retrospective reviewers in recent years. VentureBeat's Daav Valentaten noted its colorful graphics, fast action, simple controls but criticized the inability to choose players, precision to steal the ball from opponents and framerate in the PlayStation Network version. In 2014, HobbyConsolas identified it as one of the twenty best games for the Neo Geo AES. Elliott Osange of Bonus Stage stated that "Super Sidekicks will appeal to fans from the NEO GEO era and diehard football fans who need something to fill the void in their lives. For casual sports players and non-sport entities, however, this is going to be a hard pass".
A staff member of German magazine MAN!AC reviewed the PlayStation Network version via PlayStation Portable, noting the difficulty level of AI-controlled opponents and praised the visual presentation, regarding the game to be quite entertaining but recommended playing its sequels. Pure Nintendo Magazine's Trevor Gould commended the large sprites, gameplay speed, sound design and visual presentation.
Nintendo Life's Dave Frear praised its fast gameplay and visual presentation but criticized the lack of additional replay value, options and teams. Nintendo World Report's J.P. Cobran criticized the controls, the disjointed gameplay for being choppy and the zoomed perspective.
Legacy
Super Sidekicks spawned a series of three sequels and a remake; Super Sidekicks 2: The World Championship (1994), Super Sidekicks 3: The Next Glory (1995), The Ultimate 11: SNK Football Championship (1996) and Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory (1998). The Ultimate 11 proved to be less popular than its predecessors, while Neo Geo Cup '98 served as the final game in the series. Mexican magazine Club Nintendo regarded the Super Sidekicks franchise as one of the best soccer sagas in video games, touting it to be better than Sega's Virtua Striker series.
Notes
^ Also known as Tokuten Ou (Japanese: 得点王, Hepburn: Tokuten Ō, lit. "Goal-Scoring King") in Japan.
References
^ a b c d e f "Arcadias: Super Sidekicks". Club Nintendo (in Spanish). No. 199. Editorial Televisa . June 2008. pp. 66–67.
^ Super Sidekicks user's manual (Neo Geo AES, US)
^ Elias, Juan (October 11, 2017). "AlfaBetaRETRO: Super Sidekicks – Los magos del balón". Alfa Beta. Difoosion. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ a b Iturrioz, Javier (August 1995). "A Pie de Pista: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks". Superjuegos (in Spanish). No. 40. Grupo Zeta. p. 80.
^ a b c d e f SNK (1992). Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo MVS). SNK. Level/area: Staff roll.
^ Fuentes, Edgar S. (August 31, 2016). "Vandal Game Music: SNK Sound Team — Realizamos un recorrido por el equipo interno de compositores de SNK desde sus inicios". Vandal (in Spanish). El Español. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ "Neo Geo CD: Super Side Kicks 3 - Fútbol-espectáculo en su máxima expresión". Hobby Hi-Tech (in Spanish). No. 2. Hobby Press. April 1995. p. 67.
^ a b c d "Dossier: Neo Geo Y SNK — Deportivos". GamesTech (in Spanish). No. 11. Ares Informática. July 2003. p. 60.
^ Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). "SNK プレイモア （新日本企画、 プレイモア）SNK; SNK; S". アーケードTVゲームリスト 国内•海外編 (1971-2005) (in Japanese) (1st ed.). Amusement News Agency . pp. 18–21, 133–135, 167. ISBN 978-4990251215.
^ a b c "Title Catalogue - NEOGEO MUSEUM". SNK Playmore. 2010. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ Semino, Manuel (March 1993). "IMA '93 In Frankfurt - Coin Op Special". Amiga Joker (in German). No. 35. Joker-Verlag. pp. 122–123.
^ "Neo•Geo CD: The Arcade In A Box - Quick Hits". GamePro. No. Premiere Supplement. IDG. Spring 1996. pp. 104–108.
^ "NeoGeo Games Coming To PS3 And PSP With Modern Emulator Features ". Siliconera. Enthusiast Gaming. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ Hatfield, Don (March 19, 2012). "Handheld Neo Geo X Console Confirmed For Q2 Release!". MTV. Viacom. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ Brian (July 20, 2017). "Super Sidekicks is next week's NeoGeo game on Switch". nintendoeverything.com. Nintendo Everything. Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ S. Good, Owen (June 10, 2018). "SNK announces the 40-game lineup for the Neo Geo mini-console". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 2018-06-10. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ Paget, Mat (May 19, 2020). "This Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro Bundle Is Hugely Discounted, Works With PS4 And Switch - The Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro is an awesome device that contains more than 20 classic SNK games and works as an arcade stick for PS4, PC, and Switch". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ Varela, Ramón (August 12, 2020). "Anunciada la cabina arcade NeoGeo MVSX con 50 juegos por 500 dólares - Se pondrá a la venta en octubre y recoge las sagas de lucha de la compañía, desde The King of Fighters a Samurai Shodown, Fatal Fury o los 'shooter' Metal Slug". Vandal (in Spanish). El Español. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ "Super Sidekicks for NeoGeo". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b Knight, Kyle (1998). "Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo Advanced Entertainment System) – Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
^ a b Menier, Marc; Barbe, Robert (March 1993). "Neo Geo Review – Super Sidekicks". Consoles + (in French). No. 18. M.E.R.7 . pp. 128–129.
^ a b Harris, Steve; Semrad, Ed; Alessi, Martin; Williams, Ken (May 1993). "Review Crew – Neo•Geo / SNK: Super Side Kicks". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 46. Sendai Publishing. p. 32.
^ a b Halverson, Dave; Sgt. Gamer; Stratton, Tom; Cockburn, Andrew (May 1993). "Viewpoint (Neo Geo) – Super Sidekicks". GameFan. Vol. 1, no. 6. DieHard Gamers Club. p. 21.
^ a b Cardillo, Paolo (April 1993). "Review: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)". Computer+Videogiochi (in Italian). No. 25. Gruppo Editoriale Jackson . p. 107.
^ a b Rosa, Piemarco (April 1993). "Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)". Consolemania (in Italian). No. 18. Xenia Edizioni. pp. 46–47.
^ a b García, Marcos (April 1993). "Lo Más Nuevo – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks – ¡¡GOOL!!". Hobby Consolas (in Spanish). No. 19. Hobby Press. pp. 56–59.
^ a b Morisse, Jean-François; Nini, Nourdine (April 1993). "Neo Geo: Enfin Du Vrai "Fuchebol"! – Super Sidekicks". Joypad (in French). No. 19. Yellow Media . pp. 108–110. Archived from the original on 2017-09-16. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ a b Schnelle, Michael (April 1993). "SNK – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks". Megablast (in German). No. 2. Joker-Verlag. p. 82.
^ a b Kraft, Uwe; Schneider, Ulf (February 1993). "Spieletest: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo) – Fußall-Cracks Können jetzt auch auf dem Neo Geo einen Hat Trick vollziehen". Mega Fun (in German). No. 7. Computec. p. 50.
^ a b Kraft, Uwe; Schneider, Ulf (May 1993). "Test Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks". Mega Fun (in German). No. 8. Computec. p. 107. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ a b Noak, Philipp; Hellert, Stefan (August 1993). "Special – Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks". Mega Fun (in German). No. 11. Computec. pp. 28–30. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b S., G. (April 1993). "Neo Geo: Super Side Kicks". Play Time (in German). No. 22. Computec. p. 127.
^ a b Delpierre, Christophe (March 1993). "Tests De Jeux: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks". Player One (in French). No. 31. Média Système Édition . pp. 60–61.
^ a b Knauf, Andreas (March 1993). "Warpzone – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks". Video Games (in German). No. 16. Markt & Technik. p. 34.
^ Davila, Mike (April 1993). "Video-Game Reviews – Super Sidekicks (SNK) For the Neo•Geo". VideoGames & Computer Entertainment. No. 51. Larry Flynt Publications. p. 42.
^ "Reviews – Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks". GamesMaster. No. 7. Future Publishing. July 1993. p. 25.
^ "NEO GEO GAMES CROSS REVIEW: 得点王". Famitsu (in Japanese). No. 332. ASCII Corporation. April 28, 1995. p. 26.
^ Setsu (October 2003). "Dossier - SNK Neo Geo: 1992". HardCore Gamers (in French). No. 14. FJM Publications . p. 6.
^ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 – テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (in Japanese). No. 444. Amusement Press, Inc. . March 1, 1993. p. 33.
^ "The Player's Choice - Top Games Now in Operation, Based on Earnings-Opinion Poll of Operators: Best Video Software". RePlay. Vol. 18, no. 8. RePlay Publishing, Inc. May 1993. p. 4.
^ "ACA NeoGeo: Super Sidekicks for Nintendo Switch". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b "Super Sidekicks – im Test (PSP)". MAN!AC (in German). Cybermedia. December 12, 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b Frear, Dave (August 30, 2017). "Super Sidekicks Review (Switch eShop / Neo Geo) – International so-so Soccer". Nintendo Life. Nlife Media. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b Cobran, J.P. (August 31, 2017). "Super Sidekicks (Switch) Review". Nintendo World Report. NINWR, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b Valentaten, Daav (April 29, 2011). "SUPER SIDEKICKS – Neo Geo Station Review | Gooooooooal!". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^ a b Osange, Elliott (August 12, 2017). "ACA NEOGEO SUPER SIDEKICKS Review". bonusstage.co.uk. Bonus Stage. Archived from the original on 2020-08-29. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ a b Gould, Trevor (August 25, 2017). "Review: ACA NEOGEO Super Sidekicks (Nintendo Switch)". Pure Nintendo Magazine. Pure Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ Alonso, Álvaro (February 12, 2014). "Reportaje: Los 20 mejores juegos de Neo Geo (AES)". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
External links
1990s portalJapan portalVideo games portal
Super Sidekicks at GameFAQs
Super Sidekicks at Giant Bomb
Super Sidekicks at Killer List of Videogames
Super Sidekicks at MobyGames
vteSuper Sidekicks
Super Sidekicks
Super Sidekicks 2: The World Championship
Super Sidekicks 3: The Next Glory
Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory
The Ultimate 11: SNK Football Championship
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It is the first installment in the eponymous series and the second soccer game released for Neo Geo MVS, succeeding Soccer Brawl (1991). Featuring an arcade-style approach to soccer compared to other games released at the time, the title allows players to choose any of the available game modes with AI-controlled opponents or other human players with the team of their choosing. Its gameplay uses a simplified two-button configuration.Headed by Eikichi Kawasaki, Super Sidekicks was developed by most of the same team that worked on several projects for the Neo Geo platforms at SNK. Though first launched for the MVS hardware, the game was later released for both Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD, in addition of being re-released through download services for various consoles. The title proved popular among players and garnered positive reception from critics; praise was directed towards the graphic presentation and fast gameplay but criticism was geared towards several aspects. It was followed by various sequels and a remake.","title":"Super Sidekicks (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NEOGEO_Super_Sidekicks_(Tokuten_%C5%8C).png"},{"link_name":"top-down perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_graphics#Top-down_perspective"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football#Laws"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSAESmanual-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABR-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"}],"text":"Arcade version screenshot showcasing a match between Germany and Spain.Super Sidekicks is a soccer game that is played from a top-down perspective in a two-dimensional environment with sprites. Although it follows the same gameplay as with other soccer titles at the time and most of the rules are present as well, the game opts for a more arcade-styled approach of the sport instead of being full simulation, using a simplified control scheme.[1] The tile features 12 teams divided into two groups which compete for the \"SNK Cup\": Group A (Germany, Italy, Spain, England, Mexico, Japan) and Group B (Argentina, Holland, Brazil, France, United States, South Korea).[1][2]The players' team plays against all the others in their group, then it goes into an elimination tournament's semifinals and then the final to win the cup. There is an hidden mechanic in the game that affects single-player matches; During a free kick for the AI opponent, if the player has tapped button A for player two, the AI performs a short-shot while pressing the button A performs a longer kick. One noted mistake was that Spain's kit resembles Portugal's, which would not be featured until future entries.[3] Another mistake is Mexico's uniform color, which was corrected in the sequels.[1]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo_Geo_full_on.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.png"},{"link_name":"Ghost Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Alpha Mission II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Mission_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJNGss-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"Eikichi Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikichi_Kawasaki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pixel art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSstaffroll-6"},{"link_name":"fighting games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_game"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_AES"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTech11-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATVGL:DOE1971-2005-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC-NGM-11"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_CD"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTech11-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC-NGM-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameProPS-13"},{"link_name":"M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"NEOGEO Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEOGEO_Station"},{"link_name":"SNK Playmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK_Playmore"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_X"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hamster Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamster_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"Arcade Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_Archives"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo#Neo_Geo_Mini"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo#Neo_Geo_Arcade_Stick_Pro"},{"link_name":"plug and play game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_TV_game"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo MVSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo#Neo_Geo_MVSX"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Super Sidekicks served as the second soccer game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo platforms.Super Sidekicks was the second soccer game developed for the Neo Geo MVS after Soccer Brawl, being created by most of the same team that worked on multiple projects for the Neo Geo platforms at SNK such as Ghost Pilots and Alpha Mission II.[4][5] Producer Eikichi Kawasaki headed its creation, with Kenji \"Ishimotti\" Ishimoto acting as designer.[5] Shinsekai Gakkyoku Zatsugidan members Yoshihiko \"Jojouha Kitapy\" Kitamura and Yoko Osaka handled the sound design.[5][6] Masato \"Mioshi\" Miyoshi, \"S K\", \"Younger Face\", Eri Koujitani, J. Mikami and Mori-P were responsible for the pixel art.[5] Programmers under the pseudonym \"Mabushi\", \"Narutaki\" and \"EP82boy\" were in charge of coding.[5] Other members collaborated in its development.[5] The SNK staff wanted to translate the spectacle and action of their fighting games into soccer.[7]Super Sidekicks was first released by SNK for the Neo Geo MVS on December 14, 1992, and was then released for Neo Geo AES on February 19, 1993.[8][9][10] It was showcased at the 1993 IMA show in Frankfurt.[11] The game was later re-released for the Neo Geo CD in Japan on March 31, 1995, and later in North America in October 1996.[8][10][12] In 2010, a version by M2 for the NEOGEO Station service was published by SNK Playmore on PlayStation Network.[13] The title is available as one of the 20 pre-loaded games with the Neo Geo X.[14] Hamster Corporation re-released the game for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in July 2017 under their Arcade Archives series.[15] The title was also recently included in the international version of the Neo Geo mini, the Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro plug and play game device and the Neo Geo MVSX table top.[16][17][18]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGNGss-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C+NGss-22"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGMNGss-23"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameFanNGss-24"},{"link_name":"Computer+Videogiochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer%2BVideogiochi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%2BVideogiochi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C+VNGss-25"},{"link_name":"Consolemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolemania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolemania"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CManiaNGss-26"},{"link_name":"Hobby Consolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Consolas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCNGss-27"},{"link_name":"Joypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JpadNGss-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBNGss-29"},{"link_name":"Mega Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssa-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssb-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssc-32"},{"link_name":"Play Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_Time_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Time"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTNGss-33"},{"link_name":"Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_One_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PONGss-34"},{"link_name":"Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_Games_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGNGss-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VG&CENGss-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMNGss-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WFTNGss-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCGss-39"},{"link_name":"Game Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Consoles +","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consoles_%2B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoles_%2B"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C+NGss-22"},{"link_name":"Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_One_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PONGss-34"},{"link_name":"Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_Games_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGNGss-35"},{"link_name":"Computer+Videogiochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer%2BVideogiochi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%2BVideogiochi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C+VNGss-25"},{"link_name":"Consolemania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolemania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolemania"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CManiaNGss-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBNGss-29"},{"link_name":"Hobby Consolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Consolas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HCNGss-27"},{"link_name":"Joypad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JpadNGss-28"},{"link_name":"Play Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_Time_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Time"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTNGss-33"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGMNGss-23"},{"link_name":"Mega Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssc-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssa-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFNGssb-31"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameFanNGss-24"},{"link_name":"Superjuegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superjuegos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superjuegos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SJNGss-5"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AGNGss-21"}],"text":"Contemporary receptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings75%[19]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame[20]Consoles +90%[21]Electronic Gaming Monthly6.5/10[22]GameFan317/400[23]Computer+Videogiochi [it]80/100[24]Consolemania [it]90/100[25]Hobby Consolas93/100[26]Joypad [fr]94%[27]Megablast68%[28]Mega Fun [de]85%[29][30][31]Play Time [de]81%[32]Player One [fr]95%[33]Video Games [de]71%[34]Super Sidekicks garnered positive reception from players and critics.[35][36][37][38] In Japan, Game Machine [ja] listed Super Sidekicks on their March 1, 1993 issue as being the fourth most-popular arcade game at the time.[39] RePlay reported Super Sidekicks to be the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time.[40] Marc Menier and Robert Barbe of Consoles + [fr] criticized the presentation but praised the graphics, animations, sound design, playability and longevity, also stating that Super Sidekicks recreates the frenzied atmosphere of football matches.[21] Christophe Delpierre of Player One [fr] gave very high remarks to the visual presentation, sound design, playability, difficulty and longevity.[33] Andreas Knauf of Video Games [de] complemented the detailed graphics and playability, regarding the game to be better than Soccer Brawl.[34] Paolo Cardillo of Computer+Videogiochi [it] praised the visuals, audio, playability and longevity, stating that Super Sidekicks is \"undoubtedly fun, but much more was expected from the Neo Geo\".[24] Likewise, Piemarco Rosa of Consolemania [it] commended the visuals, sprite animations and arcade-perfect gameplay but criticized the sound design for being inappropriate.[25]Megablast's Michael Schnelle commended the visuals but felt mixed about other aspects.[28] Hobby Consolas's Marcos García gave high remarks to the visuals, sound design and playability, but criticized the small team roster and the lack of certain gameplay aspects.[26] Jean-François Morisse and Nourdine Nini of Joypad [fr] praised the graphics, animations, controls and sound design but criticized the slowdown that occurs when too many sprites are present in penalty areas.[27] G. S. of Play Time [de] criticized the sound but praised both visuals and gameplay.[32] Electronic Gaming Monthly's four reviewers commented positively in regards to the visuals, sound design and gameplay.[22] German magazine Mega Fun [de] reviewed and praised the title several times,[31] with both Uwe Kraft and Ulf Schneider commending the visuals and sound.[29][30] Similarly, GameFan's four reviewers gave positive remarks to the visual department and fast gameplay.[23]Javier Iturrioz of Superjuegos [es] commended the visual presentation, simple controls and gameplay, but noted that the gameplay options do not vary much.[4] AllGame's Kyle Knight gave positive remarks to the visuals and gameplay but criticized the sound design and controls. He called the game as equally enjoyable and frustrating.[20]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M!PSNss-43"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeNSss-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWRNSss-45"},{"link_name":"VentureBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBPSNss-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSNSss-47"},{"link_name":"Pure Nintendo Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Nintendo_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNMNSss-48"},{"link_name":"VentureBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBPSNss-46"},{"link_name":"HobbyConsolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyConsolas"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSNSss-47"},{"link_name":"MAN!AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M!_Games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M!_Games"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M!PSNss-43"},{"link_name":"Pure Nintendo Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Nintendo_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNMNSss-48"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLifeNSss-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWRNSss-45"}],"sub_title":"Retrospective reviews","text":"Retrospective assessmentsAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings(NS) 45%[41]Review scoresPublicationScoreM! Games(PSN) 6/10[42]Nintendo Life(NS) [43]Nintendo World Report(NS) 4/10[44]VentureBeat(PSN) 77/100[45]Bonus Stage(NS) 4/10[46]Pure Nintendo Magazine(NS) 6.5/10[47]Super Sidekicks has been met with mixed reception from retrospective reviewers in recent years. VentureBeat's Daav Valentaten noted its colorful graphics, fast action, simple controls but criticized the inability to choose players, precision to steal the ball from opponents and framerate in the PlayStation Network version.[45] In 2014, HobbyConsolas identified it as one of the twenty best games for the Neo Geo AES.[48] Elliott Osange of Bonus Stage stated that \"Super Sidekicks will appeal to fans from the NEO GEO era and diehard football fans who need something to fill the void in their lives. For casual sports players and non-sport entities, however, this is going to be a hard pass\".[46]A staff member of German magazine MAN!AC [de] reviewed the PlayStation Network version via PlayStation Portable, noting the difficulty level of AI-controlled opponents and praised the visual presentation, regarding the game to be quite entertaining but recommended playing its sequels.[42] Pure Nintendo Magazine's Trevor Gould commended the large sprites, gameplay speed, sound design and visual presentation.[47]Nintendo Life's Dave Frear praised its fast gameplay and visual presentation but criticized the lack of additional replay value, options and teams.[43] Nintendo World Report's J.P. Cobran criticized the controls, the disjointed gameplay for being choppy and the zoomed perspective.[44]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Sidekicks 2: The World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sidekicks_2:_The_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Super Sidekicks 3: The Next Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Sidekicks_3:_The_Next_Glory"},{"link_name":"The Ultimate 11: SNK Football Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_11:_SNK_Football_Championship"},{"link_name":"Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_Cup_%2798:_The_Road_to_the_Victory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTech11-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TC-NGM-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GTech11-9"},{"link_name":"Club Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nintendo#Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega"},{"link_name":"Virtua Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtua_Striker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CN199-2"}],"text":"Super Sidekicks spawned a series of three sequels and a remake; Super Sidekicks 2: The World Championship (1994), Super Sidekicks 3: The Next Glory (1995), The Ultimate 11: SNK Football Championship (1996) and Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory (1998).[1][8][10] The Ultimate 11 proved to be less popular than its predecessors, while Neo Geo Cup '98 served as the final game in the series.[1][8] Mexican magazine Club Nintendo regarded the Super Sidekicks franchise as one of the best soccer sagas in video games, touting it to be better than Sega's Virtua Striker series.[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"}],"text":"^ Also known as Tokuten Ou (Japanese: 得点王, Hepburn: Tokuten Ō, lit. \"Goal-Scoring King\") in Japan.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Arcade version screenshot showcasing a match between Germany and Spain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/NEOGEO_Super_Sidekicks_%28Tokuten_%C5%8C%29.png/220px-NEOGEO_Super_Sidekicks_%28Tokuten_%C5%8C%29.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Arcadias: Super Sidekicks\". Club Nintendo (in Spanish). No. 199. Editorial Televisa [es]. June 2008. pp. 66–67.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Nintendo#Mexico","url_text":"Club Nintendo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editorial_Televisa&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Editorial Televisa"},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editorial_Televisa","url_text":"es"}]},{"reference":"Elias, Juan (October 11, 2017). \"AlfaBetaRETRO: Super Sidekicks – Los magos del balón\". Alfa Beta. Difoosion. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alfabetajuega.com/analisis/super-sidekicks-alfabetaretro-super-sidekicks-los-magos-del-balon-d-113741","url_text":"\"AlfaBetaRETRO: Super Sidekicks – Los magos del balón\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106213226/https://www.alfabetajuega.com/analisis/super-sidekicks-alfabetaretro-super-sidekicks-los-magos-del-balon-d-113741","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iturrioz, Javier (August 1995). \"A Pie de Pista: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\". Superjuegos [es] (in Spanish). No. 40. Grupo Zeta. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Superjuegos_040#page/n79/mode/1up","url_text":"\"A Pie de Pista: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superjuegos&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Superjuegos"},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superjuegos","url_text":"es"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Zeta","url_text":"Grupo Zeta"}]},{"reference":"SNK (1992). Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo MVS). SNK. Level/area: Staff roll.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK","url_text":"SNK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Geo_MVS","url_text":"Neo Geo MVS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK","url_text":"SNK"}]},{"reference":"Fuentes, Edgar S. (August 31, 2016). \"Vandal Game Music: SNK Sound Team — Realizamos un recorrido por el equipo interno de compositores de SNK desde sus inicios\". Vandal (in Spanish). El Español. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://vandal.elespanol.com/vandalgamemusic/snk-sound-team","url_text":"\"Vandal Game Music: SNK Sound Team — Realizamos un recorrido por el equipo interno de compositores de SNK desde sus inicios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_(website)","url_text":"Vandal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol","url_text":"El Español"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181553/https://vandal.elespanol.com/vandalgamemusic/snk-sound-team","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Neo Geo CD: Super Side Kicks 3 - Fútbol-espectáculo en su máxima expresión\". Hobby Hi-Tech (in Spanish). No. 2. Hobby Press. April 1995. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/HiTechMagazine/HiTech%2002#page/n66/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Neo Geo CD: Super Side Kicks 3 - Fútbol-espectáculo en su máxima expresión\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Consolas","url_text":"Hobby Hi-Tech"}]},{"reference":"\"Dossier: Neo Geo Y SNK — Deportivos\". GamesTech (in Spanish). No. 11. Ares Informática. July 2003. p. 60.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/GamesTechMagazine/GamesTech%2011#page/n57/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Dossier: Neo Geo Y SNK — Deportivos\""}]},{"reference":"Akagi, Masumi (October 13, 2006). \"SNK プレイモア （新日本企画、 プレイモア）SNK; SNK; S\". アーケードTVゲームリスト 国内•海外編 (1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese) (1st ed.). Amusement News Agency [ja]. pp. 18–21, 133–135, 167. ISBN 978-4990251215.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ArcadeGameList1971-2005/page/n19/mode/2up","url_text":"\"SNK プレイモア （新日本企画、 プレイモア）SNK; SNK; S\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amusement_News_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Amusement News Agency"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"ja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4990251215","url_text":"978-4990251215"}]},{"reference":"\"Title Catalogue - NEOGEO MUSEUM\". SNK Playmore. 2010. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://neogeomuseum.snk-corp.co.jp/english/catalogue/","url_text":"\"Title Catalogue - NEOGEO MUSEUM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK#2003%E2%80%932016:_SNK_Playmore","url_text":"SNK Playmore"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828035857/http://neogeomuseum.snk-corp.co.jp/english/catalogue/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Semino, Manuel (March 1993). \"IMA '93 In Frankfurt - Coin Op Special\". Amiga Joker [de] (in German). No. 35. Joker-Verlag. pp. 122–123.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Amiga_Joker_1993-03_Joker_Verlag_DE#page/n121/mode/2up","url_text":"\"IMA '93 In Frankfurt - Coin Op Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amiga_Joker&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Amiga Joker"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_Joker","url_text":"de"}]},{"reference":"\"Neo•Geo CD: The Arcade In A Box - Quick Hits\". GamePro. No. Premiere Supplement. IDG. Spring 1996. pp. 104–108.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/GamePro_The_Cutting_Edge_Spring_1996#page/n111/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Neo•Geo CD: The Arcade In A Box - Quick Hits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"NeoGeo Games Coming To PS3 And PSP With Modern Emulator Features [Update]\". Siliconera. Enthusiast Gaming. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-08-10. 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Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/2464204/neo-geo-x-console-confirmed/","url_text":"\"Handheld Neo Geo X Console Confirmed For Q2 Release!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021035649/http://www.mtv.com/news/2464204/neo-geo-x-console-confirmed/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brian (July 20, 2017). \"Super Sidekicks is next week's NeoGeo game on Switch\". nintendoeverything.com. Nintendo Everything. Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. 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Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/10/17446056/neo-geo-mini-console-launch-date-game-lineup","url_text":"\"SNK announces the 40-game lineup for the Neo Geo mini-console\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media","url_text":"Vox Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180610185425/https://www.polygon.com/2018/6/10/17446056/neo-geo-mini-console-launch-date-game-lineup","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paget, Mat (May 19, 2020). \"This Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro Bundle Is Hugely Discounted, Works With PS4 And Switch - The Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro is an awesome device that contains more than 20 classic SNK games and works as an arcade stick for PS4, PC, and Switch\". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/this-neo-geo-arcade-stick-pro-bundle-is-hugely-dis/1100-6477482/","url_text":"\"This Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro Bundle Is Hugely Discounted, Works With PS4 And Switch - The Neo Geo Arcade Stick Pro is an awesome device that contains more than 20 classic SNK games and works as an arcade stick for PS4, PC, and Switch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605215615/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/this-neo-geo-arcade-stick-pro-bundle-is-hugely-dis/1100-6477482/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Varela, Ramón (August 12, 2020). \"Anunciada la cabina arcade NeoGeo MVSX con 50 juegos por 500 dólares - Se pondrá a la venta en octubre y recoge las sagas de lucha de la compañía, desde The King of Fighters a Samurai Shodown, Fatal Fury o los 'shooter' Metal Slug\". Vandal (in Spanish). El Español. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://vandal.elespanol.com/noticia/1350736939/anunciada-la-cabina-arcade-neogeo-mvsx-con-50-juegos-por-500-dolares/","url_text":"\"Anunciada la cabina arcade NeoGeo MVSX con 50 juegos por 500 dólares - Se pondrá a la venta en octubre y recoge las sagas de lucha de la compañía, desde The King of Fighters a Samurai Shodown, Fatal Fury o los 'shooter' Metal Slug\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_(website)","url_text":"Vandal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol","url_text":"El Español"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180908/https://vandal.elespanol.com/noticia/1350736939/anunciada-la-cabina-arcade-neogeo-mvsx-con-50-juegos-por-500-dolares/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Sidekicks for NeoGeo\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/-/565651-/index.html","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks for NeoGeo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190826105550/https://www.gamerankings.com/-/565651-/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Kyle (1998). \"Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo Advanced Entertainment System) – Review\". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=17077&tab=review","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo Advanced Entertainment System) – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141115224409/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=17077&tab=review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Menier, Marc; Barbe, Robert (March 1993). \"Neo Geo Review – Super Sidekicks\". Consoles + [fr] (in French). No. 18. M.E.R.7 [fr]. pp. 128–129.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Console_Plus_Numero_018#page/128/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Neo Geo Review – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consoles_%2B&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Consoles +"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoles_%2B","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M.E.R.7&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"M.E.R.7"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.E.R.7","url_text":"fr"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Steve; Semrad, Ed; Alessi, Martin; Williams, Ken (May 1993). \"Review Crew – Neo•Geo / SNK: Super Side Kicks\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 46. Sendai Publishing. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_46#page/n33/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Review Crew – Neo•Geo / SNK: Super Side Kicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"}]},{"reference":"Halverson, Dave; Sgt. Gamer; Stratton, Tom; Cockburn, Andrew (May 1993). \"Viewpoint (Neo Geo) – Super Sidekicks\". GameFan. Vol. 1, no. 6. DieHard Gamers Club. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Halverson","url_text":"Halverson, Dave"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Gamefan_Vol_1_Issue_06#page/n18/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Viewpoint (Neo Geo) – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan","url_text":"GameFan"}]},{"reference":"Cardillo, Paolo (April 1993). \"Review: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)\". Computer+Videogiochi [it] (in Italian). No. 25. Gruppo Editoriale Jackson [it]. p. 107.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/computer-videogiochi-25#page/n106/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Review: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer%2BVideogiochi&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Computer+Videogiochi"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%2BVideogiochi","url_text":"it"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gruppo_Editoriale_Jackson&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Gruppo Editoriale Jackson"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Editoriale_Jackson","url_text":"it"}]},{"reference":"Rosa, Piemarco (April 1993). \"Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)\". Consolemania [it] (in Italian). No. 18. Xenia Edizioni. pp. 46–47.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Consolemania-018#page/n45/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolemania&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Consolemania"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolemania","url_text":"it"}]},{"reference":"García, Marcos (April 1993). \"Lo Más Nuevo – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks – ¡¡GOOL!!\". Hobby Consolas (in Spanish). No. 19. Hobby Press. pp. 56–59.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/HobbyConsolas019#page/n55/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Lo Más Nuevo – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks – ¡¡GOOL!!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_Consolas","url_text":"Hobby Consolas"}]},{"reference":"Morisse, Jean-François; Nini, Nourdine (April 1993). \"Neo Geo: Enfin Du Vrai \"Fuchebol\"! – Super Sidekicks\". Joypad [fr] (in French). No. 19. Yellow Media [fr]. pp. 108–110. Archived from the original on 2017-09-16. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abandonware-magazines.org/affiche_mag.php?mag=84&num=1785&album=oui","url_text":"\"Neo Geo: Enfin Du Vrai \"Fuchebol\"! – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joypad_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Joypad"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joypad_(magazine)","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Media","url_text":"Yellow Media"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Media","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170916123409/http://abandonware-magazines.org/affiche_mag.php?mag=84&num=1785&album=oui","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schnelle, Michael (April 1993). \"SNK – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks\". Megablast (in German). No. 2. Joker-Verlag. p. 82.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AMegablast_DE_1993-04.pdf&page=66","url_text":"\"SNK – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks\""}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Uwe; Schneider, Ulf (February 1993). \"Spieletest: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo) – Fußall-Cracks Können jetzt auch auf dem Neo Geo einen Hat Trick vollziehen\". Mega Fun [de] (in German). No. 7. Computec. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:MegaFun_DE_1993-02.pdf&page=50","url_text":"\"Spieletest: Super Sidekicks (Neo Geo) – Fußall-Cracks Können jetzt auch auf dem Neo Geo einen Hat Trick vollziehen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fun&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mega Fun"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computec","url_text":"Computec"}]},{"reference":"Kraft, Uwe; Schneider, Ulf (May 1993). \"Test Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\". Mega Fun [de] (in German). No. 8. Computec. p. 107. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AMegaFun_DE_1993-05.pdf&page=91","url_text":"\"Test Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fun&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mega Fun"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computec","url_text":"Computec"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106025436/https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AMegaFun_DE_1993-05.pdf&page=91","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Noak, Philipp; Hellert, Stefan (August 1993). \"Special – Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\". Mega Fun [de] (in German). No. 11. Computec. pp. 28–30. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=8807&s=3","url_text":"\"Special – Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Fun&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mega Fun"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Fun","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computec","url_text":"Computec"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232116/http://www.kultboy.com/index.php?site=t&id=8807&s=3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"S., G. (April 1993). \"Neo Geo: Super Side Kicks\". Play Time [de] (in German). No. 22. Computec. p. 127.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/playtime199304#page/n126/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Neo Geo: Super Side Kicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Play_Time_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Play Time"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Time","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computec","url_text":"Computec"}]},{"reference":"Delpierre, Christophe (March 1993). \"Tests De Jeux: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\". Player One [fr] (in French). No. 31. Média Système Édition [fr]. pp. 60–61.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/playerone-magazine-031#page/n57/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Tests De Jeux: Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_One_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Player One"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_One_(magazine)","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9dia_Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%89dition&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Média Système Édition"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dia_Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%89dition","url_text":"fr"}]},{"reference":"Knauf, Andreas (March 1993). \"Warpzone – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks\". Video Games [de] (in German). No. 16. Markt & Technik. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/Video_Games_1993-03_Markt_Technik_DE#page/n32/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Warpzone – Neo Geo: Super Sidekicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_Games_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Video Games"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markt_%26_Technik","url_text":"Markt & Technik"}]},{"reference":"Davila, Mike (April 1993). \"Video-Game Reviews – Super Sidekicks (SNK) For the Neo•Geo\". VideoGames & Computer Entertainment. No. 51. Larry Flynt Publications. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:VG%26CE_US_51.pdf&page=42","url_text":"\"Video-Game Reviews – Super Sidekicks (SNK) For the Neo•Geo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoGames_%26_Computer_Entertainment","url_text":"VideoGames & Computer Entertainment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flynt_Publications","url_text":"Larry Flynt Publications"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews – Neo Geo – Super Sidekicks\". GamesMaster. No. 7. Future Publishing. July 1993. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesMaster_(magazine)","url_text":"GamesMaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Publishing","url_text":"Future Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"NEO GEO GAMES CROSS REVIEW: 得点王\". Famitsu (in Japanese). No. 332. ASCII Corporation. April 28, 1995. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu","url_text":"Famitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII_Corporation","url_text":"ASCII Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Setsu (October 2003). \"Dossier - SNK Neo Geo: 1992\". HardCore Gamers [fr] (in French). No. 14. FJM Publications [fr]. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Hardcore%20Gamers/hardcoregamers_numero14/Hardcore%20Gamers%20n14%20p06-07.jpg","url_text":"\"Dossier - SNK Neo Geo: 1992\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HardCore_Gamers_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"HardCore Gamers"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FJM#Publications","url_text":"fr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FJM_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"FJM Publications"},{"url":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FJM","url_text":"fr"}]},{"reference":"\"Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 – テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)\". Game Machine [ja] (in Japanese). No. 444. Amusement Press, Inc. [ja]. March 1, 1993. p. 33.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Game Machine"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3","url_text":"ja"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amusement_Press,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Amusement Press, Inc."},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E7%A4%BE","url_text":"ja"}]},{"reference":"\"The Player's Choice - Top Games Now in Operation, Based on Earnings-Opinion Poll of Operators: Best Video Software\". RePlay. Vol. 18, no. 8. RePlay Publishing, Inc. May 1993. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ACA NeoGeo: Super Sidekicks for Nintendo Switch\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. 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Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maniac.de/tests/super-sidekicks-im-test-psp/","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks – im Test (PSP)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M!_Games&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"MAN!AC"},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M!_Games","url_text":"de"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106035207/https://www.maniac.de/tests/super-sidekicks-im-test-psp/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frear, Dave (August 30, 2017). \"Super Sidekicks Review (Switch eShop / Neo Geo) – International so-so Soccer\". Nintendo Life. Nlife Media. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/super_sidekicks_neogeo","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks Review (Switch eShop / Neo Geo) – International so-so Soccer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life","url_text":"Nintendo Life"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128172132/http://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/switch-eshop/super_sidekicks_neogeo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobran, J.P. (August 31, 2017). \"Super Sidekicks (Switch) Review\". Nintendo World Report. NINWR, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-02-25. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190225213615/http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/45314/super-sidekicks-switch-review","url_text":"\"Super Sidekicks (Switch) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/review/45314/super-sidekicks-switch-review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valentaten, Daav (April 29, 2011). \"SUPER SIDEKICKS – Neo Geo Station Review | Gooooooooal!\". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/community/2011/04/29/super-sidekicks-neo-geo-station-review-gooooooooal/","url_text":"\"SUPER SIDEKICKS – Neo Geo Station Review | Gooooooooal!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181631/https://venturebeat.com/community/2011/04/29/super-sidekicks-neo-geo-station-review-gooooooooal/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Osange, Elliott (August 12, 2017). \"ACA NEOGEO SUPER SIDEKICKS Review\". bonusstage.co.uk. Bonus Stage. Archived from the original on 2020-08-29. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonusstage.co.uk/2017/08/12/aca-neogeo-super-sidekicks-review/","url_text":"\"ACA NEOGEO SUPER SIDEKICKS Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200829165258/https://www.bonusstage.co.uk/2017/08/12/aca-neogeo-super-sidekicks-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Trevor (August 25, 2017). \"Review: ACA NEOGEO Super Sidekicks (Nintendo Switch)\". Pure Nintendo Magazine. Pure Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2020-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://purenintendo.com/review-aca-neogeo-super-sidekicks-nintendo-switch/","url_text":"\"Review: ACA NEOGEO Super Sidekicks (Nintendo Switch)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Nintendo_Magazine","url_text":"Pure Nintendo Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190819100448/https://purenintendo.com/review-aca-neogeo-super-sidekicks-nintendo-switch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alonso, Álvaro (February 12, 2014). \"Reportaje: Los 20 mejores juegos de Neo Geo (AES)\". HobbyConsolas (in Spanish). Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2023-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reportajes/20-mejores-juegos-neo-geo-aes-63205","url_text":"\"Reportaje: Los 20 mejores juegos de Neo Geo (AES)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HobbyConsolas","url_text":"HobbyConsolas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE","url_text":"Axel Springer SE"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140302075308/https://www.hobbyconsolas.com/reportajes/20-mejores-juegos-neo-geo-aes-63205","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burckhardt_Compression
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Burckhardt Compression
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["1 History","2 Financial Results","3 References"]
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This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2019)
Burckhardt CompressionCompany typeSIX Swiss ExchangeTraded asSIX: BCHNISINCH0025536027IndustryCompressor technologyFounded1844HeadquartersWinterthur, SwitzerlandKey peopleFabrice Billard (CEO), Ton Büchner (Chair of the Board of Directors)ProductsReciprocating compressorsRevenueCHF 829.7 mn (2022)Number of employees2973 (2022)Websitehttps://www.burckhardtcompression.com
Burckhardt Compression AG is a Winterthur-based Swiss firm specialising in reciprocating compressors. According to the enterprise, it is the world leader in this field, with its products being used around the world in various industrial applications.
The company was founded by Franz Burckhardt as a small mechanical workshop in Basel in 1844, which he expanded to a factory making air and vacuum pumps. The firm was taken over by Sulzer in 1969 and became independent again in 2002 after a management buyout.
In May 2006, Burckhardt Compression announced its intention to go public on the Swiss stock exchange, probably in June 2006.
History
Burckhardt Compression, formerly known as Maschinenfabrik Burckhardt, was founded in Basel in 1844, as a mechanical workshop by Franz Burckhardt. The company specialised in compressors and vacuum pumps from 1878, under the direction of Burckhardt's son, August Burckhardt. Early compressors from 1913 reportedly delivered 4350 psig (300 bar), increasing to 58,000 psig (4000 bar) by 1948 through the development of high-pressure technology.
In 1969, Maschinenfabrik Burckhardt became part of Sulzer AG, at which point a second production plant was opened in Winterthur. In 2000, all business activities were combined in Winterthur - the Basel site was closed and in 2001, the headquarters were relocated to Winterthur.
Following a management buyout in June 2002, the company was renamed Burckhardt Compression AG, and a holding structure was put in place, under the name Burckhardt Compression Holding AG. In June 2006, an initial public offering (IPO) (VTX:BCHN) took place.
In December 2015, Burckhardt Compression acquired a 40% stake in Houston-based Arkos Field Services, a provider of gas compression services and components. which was increased to 60% in November 2019 as company gains increased access to the American market.
In March 2016, the company acquired a majority stake in Shenyang Yuanda Compressor, a leading Chinese manufacturer of reciprocating compressors, thereby gaining local market proximity and expanding the portfolio to cover different market needs.
In September 2016, the company acquired IKS Industrie- und Kompressorenservice GmbH based in Bremen and in June 2017 Burckhardt Compression strengthened its presence in Canada through the acquisition of CSM Compressor Supplies & Machine Work Ltd based in Edmonton and Drumheller, Alberta.
In March 2020, the company acquired the global compressor business from The Japan Steel Works.
Following several years of cooperation with the company, Burckhardt acquired SPAN Maintenance and Service Co. Ltd. in April 2023. The acquisition of the Thai-based Burckhardt-authorised service partner increased the company position in Southeast Asia and included taking over two dozen employees.
Financial Results
2019
2020
2021
2022
Net income
28M CHF
32M CHF
44M CHF
50M CHF
Sales
599M CHF
630M CHF
659M CHF
830M CHF
References
^ a b , Burckhardt Compression Website, August 21, 2023.
^ a b c "Geschichte - Burckhardt Compression". 2020-09-22. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
^ "Cornerstones of Compression: The Burckhardt Labyrinth Compressor". CompressorTECH². 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
^ "Burckhardt fully integrates Arkos". CompressorTECH². 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
^ "Arkos Field Services - People, Relationships and Experience". Arkos.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
^ "Burckhardt Compression strengthens its presence in Thailand". Hydrocarbon Engineering. 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
^ a b c d MarketScreener (2023-06-06). "Switzerland's Burckhardt Compression Posts Higher FY22 Net Income, Revenue -June 06, 2023 at 01:04 am| MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
Robert Brookes (2006-05-27). "Burckhardt compressors pressurise the world". Swissinfo.
Matthew Allen (2006-05-11). "Swiss firms profit from oil boom". Swissinfo.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
This Swiss corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a manufacturing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"reciprocating compressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_compressor"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Sulzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzer_Ltd."},{"link_name":"management buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buyout"},{"link_name":"Swiss stock exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWX_Swiss_Exchange"}],"text":"Burckhardt Compression AG is a Winterthur-based Swiss firm specialising in reciprocating compressors. According to the enterprise, it is the world leader in this field, with its products being used around the world in various industrial applications.The company was founded by Franz Burckhardt as a small mechanical workshop in Basel in 1844, which he expanded to a factory making air and vacuum pumps. The firm was taken over by Sulzer in 1969 and became independent again in 2002 after a management buyout.In May 2006, Burckhardt Compression announced its intention to go public on the Swiss stock exchange, probably in June 2006.","title":"Burckhardt Compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"compressors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor"},{"link_name":"vacuum pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump"},{"link_name":"psig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur"},{"link_name":"initial public offering (IPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"(VTX:BCHN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//simplywall.st/stocks/ch/capital-goods/vtx-bchn/burckhardt-compression-holding-shares"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Drumheller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumheller"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Burckhardt Compression, formerly known as Maschinenfabrik Burckhardt, was founded in Basel in 1844, as a mechanical workshop by Franz Burckhardt.[2] The company specialised in compressors and vacuum pumps from 1878, under the direction of Burckhardt's son, August Burckhardt. Early compressors from 1913 reportedly delivered 4350 psig (300 bar), increasing to 58,000 psig (4000 bar) by 1948 through the development of high-pressure technology.[3]In 1969, Maschinenfabrik Burckhardt became part of Sulzer AG, at which point a second production plant was opened in Winterthur. In 2000, all business activities were combined in Winterthur - the Basel site was closed and in 2001, the headquarters were relocated to Winterthur.Following a management buyout in June 2002, the company was renamed Burckhardt Compression AG, and a holding structure was put in place, under the name Burckhardt Compression Holding AG. In June 2006, an initial public offering (IPO) (VTX:BCHN) took place.In December 2015, Burckhardt Compression acquired a 40% stake in Houston-based Arkos Field Services,[4] a provider of gas compression services and components. which was increased to 60% in November 2019 as company gains increased access to the American market.[5]In March 2016, the company acquired a majority stake in Shenyang Yuanda Compressor, a leading Chinese manufacturer of reciprocating compressors, thereby gaining local market proximity and expanding the portfolio to cover different market needs.[2]In September 2016, the company acquired IKS Industrie- und Kompressorenservice GmbH based in Bremen and in June 2017 Burckhardt Compression strengthened its presence in Canada through the acquisition of CSM Compressor Supplies & Machine Work Ltd based in Edmonton and Drumheller, Alberta.In March 2020, the company acquired the global compressor business from The Japan Steel Works.[2]Following several years of cooperation with the company, Burckhardt acquired SPAN Maintenance and Service Co. Ltd. in April 2023. The acquisition of the Thai-based Burckhardt-authorised service partner increased the company position in Southeast Asia and included taking over two dozen employees.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Financial Results"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Geschichte - Burckhardt Compression\". 2020-09-22. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021742/https://www.burckhardtcompression.com/de/ueber-uns/geschichte/history/","url_text":"\"Geschichte - Burckhardt Compression\""},{"url":"https://www.burckhardtcompression.com/de/ueber-uns/geschichte/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornerstones of Compression: The Burckhardt Labyrinth Compressor\". CompressorTECH². 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.compressortech2.com/news/cornerstones-of-compression-the-burckhardt-labyrinth-compressor/8029283.article","url_text":"\"Cornerstones of Compression: The Burckhardt Labyrinth Compressor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burckhardt fully integrates Arkos\". CompressorTECH². 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.compressortech2.com/news/burckhardt-fully-integrates-arkos/8025724.article","url_text":"\"Burckhardt fully integrates Arkos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arkos Field Services - People, Relationships and Experience\". Arkos.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814184055/https://www.arkos.com/","url_text":"\"Arkos Field Services - People, Relationships and Experience\""},{"url":"https://www.arkos.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Burckhardt Compression strengthens its presence in Thailand\". Hydrocarbon Engineering. 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hydrocarbonengineering.com/gas-processing/14022023/burckhardt-compression-strengthens-its-presence-in-thailand/","url_text":"\"Burckhardt Compression strengthens its presence in Thailand\""}]},{"reference":"MarketScreener (2023-06-06). \"Switzerland's Burckhardt Compression Posts Higher FY22 Net Income, Revenue -June 06, 2023 at 01:04 am| MarketScreener\". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2023-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/BURCKHARDT-COMPRESSION-HO-183854/news/Switzerland-s-Burckhardt-Compression-Posts-Higher-FY22-Net-Income-Revenue-44044755/","url_text":"\"Switzerland's Burckhardt Compression Posts Higher FY22 Net Income, Revenue -June 06, 2023 at 01:04 am| MarketScreener\""}]},{"reference":"Robert Brookes (2006-05-27). \"Burckhardt compressors pressurise the world\". Swissinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/top_news/detail/Burckhardt_compressors_pressurise_the_world.html?siteSect=106&sid=6724726","url_text":"\"Burckhardt compressors pressurise the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissinfo","url_text":"Swissinfo"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Allen (2006-05-11). \"Swiss firms profit from oil boom\". Swissinfo.","urls":[{"url":"http://194.6.181.128/sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=161&sid=6704195","url_text":"\"Swiss firms profit from oil boom\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirk_Recordings
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Tirk Recordings
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["1 Artists","2 References","3 External links"]
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British record label
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tirk Recordings" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tirk Recordings is a UK record label created by Sav Remzi. It has signed a broad range of sounds from the Kraut Rock of Fujiya & Miyagi, to the disco re-edits from Greg Wilson, the "SoCal" sounds of Daniel Judd (aka "Sorcerer") and the New York 'Disco bump' of Drrtyhaze. Signings include solo works from the Chaz Jankel (Ian Dury's Blockheads) and producer Martin Rushent; also house music acts like Syclops (from producer Maurice Fulton) and Tom Findlay's (Groove Armada) Sugardaddy.
In 2007 a merger with recently formed independent Music Rights Collective provided Tirk with an infrastructure to sign new acts, produce, and market its music.
Artists
Chaz Jankel
Fujiya & Miyagi
Greg Wilson
Louie Austen
Martin Rushent
Pocket
Sugardaddy
References
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
This article about a United Kingdom record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_class_theory
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Marxian class theory
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["1 Origins of Karl Marx's theory","2 Class structure","3 Conflict as the nature of class relations","4 Class structure of capitalism","5 Proletarianisation","6 Prediction of socialist revolution","7 Objective and subjective factors in class in Marxism","8 Transnational capitalist class","9 See also","10 References"]
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Class theory of Marxist philosophy and economics
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Part of a series onMarxian economics
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Marxian class theory asserts that an individual's position within a class hierarchy is determined by their role in the production process, and argues that political and ideological consciousness is determined by class position. A class is those who share common economic interests, are conscious of those interests, and engage in collective action which advances those interests. Within Marxian class theory, the structure of the production process forms the basis of class construction.
To Marx, a class is a group with intrinsic tendencies and interests that differ from those of other groups within society, the basis of a fundamental antagonism between such groups. For example, it is in the laborer's best interest to maximize wages and benefits and in the capitalist's best interest to maximize profit at the expense of such, leading to a contradiction within the capitalist system, even if the laborers and capitalists themselves are unaware of the clash of interests.
Marxian class theory has been open to a range of alternate positions, most notably from scholars such as E. P. Thompson and Mario Tronti. Both Thompson and Tronti suggest class consciousness within the production process precedes the formation of productive relationships. In this sense, Marxian class theory often relates to discussion over pre-existing class struggles.
Origins of Karl Marx's theory
Karl Marx's class theory derives from a range of philosophical schools of thought including left Hegelianism, Scottish Empiricism, and Anglo-French political-economics. Marx's view of class originated from a series of personal interests relating to social alienation and human struggle, whereby the formation of class structure relates to acute historical consciousness. Political-economics also contributed to Marx's theories, centering on the concept of "origin of income" where society is divided into three sub-groups: Rentiers, Capitalist, and Worker. This construction is based on David Ricardo's theory of capitalism. Marx strengthened this with a discussion over verifiable class relationships.
Marx sought to define class as embedded in productive relations rather than social status. His political and economic thought developed towards an interest in production as opposed to distribution, and this henceforth became a central theme in his concept of class.
Class structure
Marx distinguishes one class from another on the basis of two criteria: ownership of the means of production and control of the labor power of others. From this, Marx states "Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other":
I. Capitalists, or bourgeoisie, own the means of production and purchase the labor power of others
II. Workers, or proletariat, do not own any means of production or the ability to purchase the labor power of others. Rather, they sell their own labor power.
Class is thus determined by property relations, not by income or status. These factors are determined by distribution and consumption, which mirror the production and power relations of classes.
The Manifesto of the Communist Party describes two additional classes that “decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry”:
III. A small, transitional class known as the petite bourgeoisie own sufficient means of production but do not purchase labor power. Marx's Communist Manifesto fails to properly define the petite bourgeoisie beyond “smaller capitalists” (Marx and Engels, 1848, 25).
IV. The “dangerous class”, or Lumpenproletariat, “the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society.”
Conflict as the nature of class relations
"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles… Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstruction of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.... The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” – Communist Manifesto
Marx established conflict as the key driving force of history and the main determinant of social trajectories (Kingston). However, in order to understand the nature of “class conflict,” we must first understand that such conflict arises from a unified class interest, also known as class consciousness. Class consciousness is an aspect of Marxist theory, referring to the self-awareness of social classes, the capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them.
Moreover, by definition, the objective interests of classes are fundamentally in opposition; consequently, these opposing interests and consciousnesses eventually lead to class conflict.
Marx first saw the development of class conflict confined to individual factories and capitalists. However, given the maturation of capitalism, the life conditions of bourgeoisie and proletariat began to grow more disparate. This increased polarization and homogenization within classes fostered an environment for individual struggles to become more generalized. When increasing class conflict is manifested at the societal level, class consciousness and common interests are also increased. Consequently, when class consciousness is augmented, policies are organized to ensure the duration of such interest for the ruling class. Here begins the use of the struggle for political power and classes become political forces.
Since the distribution of political power is determined by power over production, or power over capital, it is no surprise that the bourgeois class uses their wealth to legitimatize and protect their property and consequent social relations. Thus the ruling class is those who hold the economic power and make the decisions (Dahrendorf).
Class structure of capitalism
In Marxist theory, the capitalist stage of production consists of two main classes: the bourgeoisie, the capitalists who own the means of production, and the much larger proletariat (or 'working class') who must sell their own labour power (See also: wage labour). This is the fundamental economic structure of work and property (See also: wage labour), a state of inequality that is normalised and reproduced through cultural ideology. Thus the proletariat, in itself, is forced into a subservient position by the power of capital, which has stripped the means of production from them. As the proletariat becomes conscious of its situation and power, organizes itself, and takes collective political action it becomes a class for itself which has the revolutionary potential to become the ruling class.
Max Weber critiqued historical materialism, positing that stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities but on other status and power differentials. Social class pertaining broadly to material wealth may be distinguished from status class based on honour, prestige, religious affiliation, and so on. The conditions of capitalism and its class system came together due to a variety of "elective affinities".
Marxists explain the history of "civilized" societies in terms of a war of classes between those who control production and those who produce the goods or services in society. In the Marxist view of capitalism, this is a conflict between capitalists (bourgeoisie) and wage-workers (the proletariat). For Marxists, class antagonism is rooted in the situation that control over social production necessarily entails control over the class which produces goods—in capitalism this is the exploitation of workers by the bourgeoisie.
Marx himself argued that it was the goal of the proletariat itself to displace the capitalist system with socialism, changing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which: "..the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." (Communist Manifesto) This would mark the beginning of a classless society in which human needs rather than profit would be motive for production. In a society with democratic control and production for use, there would be no class, no state and no need for money.
For Marx, class has three primary facts:
Objective factors
A class shares a common relationship to the means of production. That is, all people in one class make their living in a common way in terms of ownership of the things that produce social goods. A class may own things, own land, own people, be owned, own nothing but their labor. A class will extract tax, produce agriculture, enslave and work others, be enslaved and work, or work for a wage.
Subjective factors
The members will necessarily have some perception of their similarity and common interest. Marx termed this Class consciousness. Class consciousness is not simply an awareness of one's own class interest (for instance, the maximisation of shareholder value; or, the maximization of the wage with the minimization of the working day), class consciousness also embodies deeply shared views of how society should be organized legally, culturally, socially and politically.
Reproduction of class relations
Class as a set of social relationships that is reproduced from one generation to the next.
The first criterion divides a society into the owners and non-owners of means of production. In capitalism, these are capitalist (bourgeoisie) and proletariat. Finer divisions can be made, however: the most important subgroup in capitalism being petite bourgeoisie (small bourgeoisie), people who possess their own means of production but utilize it primarily by working on it themselves rather than hiring others to work on it. They include self-employed artisans, small shopkeepers, and many professionals. Jon Elster has found mention in Marx of 15 classes from various historical periods.
Vladimir Lenin has defined classes as "large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it."
Proletarianisation
The most important transformation of society for Marxists has been the massive and rapid growth of the proletariat over the last two hundred and fifty years. Starting with agricultural and domestic textile laborers in England and Flanders, more and more occupations only provide a living through wages or salaries. Private manufacturing, leading to self-employment, is no longer as viable as it was before the industrial revolution, because automation made manufacturing very cheap. Many people who once controlled their own labor-time were converted into proletarians through industrialization. Today groups which in the past subsisted on stipends or private wealth—like doctors, academics or lawyers—are now increasingly working as wage laborers. Marxists call this process proletarianization, and point to it as the major factor in the proletariat being the largest class in current societies in the rich countries of the "first world."
Prediction of socialist revolution
Marx predicts revolution in capitalist society into socialist society because of eventual discontent. The socialization of labor, in the growth of large-scale production, capitalist interest groups and organizations, as well as in the enormous increase in the dimensions and power of finance capital provides the principal material foundation for the unavoidable arrival of socialism. The physical, intellectual and moral perpetrator of this transformation is the proletariat. The proletariat's struggle against the bourgeoisie inevitably becomes a political struggle with the goal of political conquest by the proletariat. With the domination of the proletariat, the socialization of production cannot help but lead to the means of production to become the property of society. The direct consequences of this transformation are a drop in labor productivity, a shorter working day, and the replacement of small-scale unified production by collective and improved labor conditions.
Capitalism breaks for all time the ties between producer and owner, once held by the bond of class conflict. Now a new union will be formed based on the conscious application of science and the concentration of collective labor.
He also extended this redistribution to the structure of power in families. Marx imagined that with socialism women's status would increase, leading to the break-up of the patriarchal family.
"Modern industry, by assigning as it does, an important part in the socially organized process of production, outside the domestic sphere, to women, to young persons, and to children of both sexes, creates a new economic foundation for a higher form of the family and of the relations between the sexes… Moreover, it is obvious that the fact of the collective working group being composed of individuals of both sexes and all ages, must necessarily, under suitable conditions, become a source of human development; although in its spontaneously developed, brutal, capitalistic form, where the laborer exists for the process of production, and not the process of production for the laborer, that fact is a pestiferous source of corruption and slavery." (Capital, Vol. I, Chapter 13).
Objective and subjective factors in class in Marxism
Marxism has a rather heavily defined dialectic between objective factors (i.e., material conditions, the social structure) and subjective factors (i.e. the conscious organization of class members). While most forms of Marxism analyses sees people's class based on objective factors (class structure), major Marxist trends have made greater use of subjective factors in understanding the history of the working class. E.P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class is a definitive example of this "subjective" Marxist trend. Thompson analyses the English working class as a group of people with shared material conditions coming to a positive self-consciousness of their social position. This feature of social class is commonly termed class consciousness in Marxism, a concept which became famous with Georg Lukács' History and Class Consciousness (1923). It is seen as the process of a "class in itself" moving in the direction of a "class for itself", a collective agent that changes history rather than simply being a victim of the historical process. In Lukács' words, the proletariat was the "subject–object of history", and the first class which could separate false consciousness (inherent to the bourgeois's consciousness), which reified economic laws as universal (whereas they are only a consequence of historic capitalism).
Transnational capitalist class
Globalization theorists, such as William I. Robinson, Leslie Sklair, Kees Van Der Pijl, and Jerry Harris, argue that today a transnational capitalist class has emerged.
See also
Capitalist mode of production
Economic inequality
Exploitation (Marxism)
Mode of production
Relations of production
Superstructure
Surplus labor
Surplus value
References
^ Parkin, F. (1979). Marx's Theory of History: A Bourgeois Critique. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231048811.
^ a b Andrew, Edward (September 1983). "Class in Itself and Class against Capital: Karl Marx and His Classifiers". Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. 16 (3). Canadian Political Science Association: 577–584. doi:10.1017/S0008423900023994. JSTOR 3227396. S2CID 145504985.
^ Hanagan, Michael P. (1994). "Class". In Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of social history. Taylor & Francis. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-8153-0342-8.
^ Elster, Jon (1986). An Introduction to Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. The classes are: "bureaucrats and theocrats in the Asiatic mode of production; freemen, slaves, plebeians, and patricians under slavery; lord, serf, guild master and journeyman under feudalism; industrial capitalists, financial capitalists, landlords, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, and wage laborers under capitalism.
^ Lenin, Vladimir (28 June 1919). "A Great Beginning". Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ this is the main thesis of Marx's "Capital"
^ Thompson, E.P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class.
^ Lukács, Georg (1923). History and Class Consciousness.
^ Sprague, Jeb (2009). "Transnational Capitalist Class in the Global Financial Crisis: A Discussion with Leslie Sklair" (PDF). Globalizations. 6 (4): 499–507. doi:10.1080/14747730903298835. S2CID 144307790. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2010.
Blackledge, Paul (2011). "Why workers can change the world". Socialist Review 364. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011.
Dahrendorf, Ralf. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1959.
David McLellan, ed., "Capital." The Marx-Engels Reader, 1977. Oxford University Press: Great Britain.
Kingston, Paul W. The Classless Society. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Marx & Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Penguin group, 1998.
Youth for International Socialism- NewYouth.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class hierarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"collective action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJPSEA-2"},{"link_name":"antagonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"capitalist system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_system"},{"link_name":"unaware of the clash of interests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_consciousness"},{"link_name":"E. P. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._P._Thompson"},{"link_name":"Mario Tronti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Tronti"},{"link_name":"class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"}],"text":"Marxian class theory asserts that an individual's position within a class hierarchy is determined by their role in the production process, and argues that political and ideological consciousness is determined by class position.[1] A class is those who share common economic interests, are conscious of those interests, and engage in collective action which advances those interests.[2] Within Marxian class theory, the structure of the production process forms the basis of class construction.To Marx, a class is a group with intrinsic tendencies and interests that differ from those of other groups within society, the basis of a fundamental antagonism between such groups.[citation needed] For example, it is in the laborer's best interest to maximize wages and benefits and in the capitalist's best interest to maximize profit at the expense of such, leading to a contradiction within the capitalist system, even if the laborers and capitalists themselves are unaware of the clash of interests.Marxian class theory has been open to a range of alternate positions, most notably from scholars such as E. P. Thompson and Mario Tronti. Both Thompson and Tronti suggest class consciousness within the production process precedes the formation of productive relationships. In this sense, Marxian class theory often relates to discussion over pre-existing class struggles.","title":"Marxian class theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Rentiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentier_capitalism"},{"link_name":"David Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo"}],"text":"Karl Marx's class theory derives from a range of philosophical schools of thought including left Hegelianism, Scottish Empiricism, and Anglo-French political-economics. Marx's view of class originated from a series of personal interests relating to social alienation and human struggle, whereby the formation of class structure relates to acute historical consciousness. Political-economics also contributed to Marx's theories, centering on the concept of \"origin of income\" where society is divided into three sub-groups: Rentiers, Capitalist, and Worker. This construction is based on David Ricardo's theory of capitalism. Marx strengthened this with a discussion over verifiable class relationships.Marx sought to define class as embedded in productive relations rather than social status. His political and economic thought developed towards an interest in production as opposed to distribution, and this henceforth became a central theme in his concept of class.","title":"Origins of Karl Marx's theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"means of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production"},{"link_name":"labor power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_power"},{"link_name":"The Manifesto of the Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"petite bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Lumpenproletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpenproletariat"}],"text":"Marx distinguishes one class from another on the basis of two criteria: ownership of the means of production and control of the labor power of others. From this, Marx states \"Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other\":I. Capitalists, or bourgeoisie, own the means of production and purchase the labor power of othersII. Workers, or proletariat, do not own any means of production or the ability to purchase the labor power of others. Rather, they sell their own labor power.Class is thus determined by property relations, not by income or status. These factors are determined by distribution and consumption, which mirror the production and power relations of classes.The Manifesto of the Communist Party describes two additional classes that “decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry”:III. A small, transitional class known as the petite bourgeoisie own sufficient means of production but do not purchase labor power. Marx's Communist Manifesto fails to properly define the petite bourgeoisie beyond “smaller capitalists” (Marx and Engels, 1848, 25).IV. The “dangerous class”, or Lumpenproletariat, “the social scum, that passively rotting mass thrown off by the lowest layers of the old society.”","title":"Class structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"class conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict"},{"link_name":"Class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"},{"link_name":"Dahrendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahrendorf"}],"text":"\"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles… Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstruction of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.... The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.” – Communist ManifestoMarx established conflict as the key driving force of history and the main determinant of social trajectories (Kingston). However, in order to understand the nature of “class conflict,” we must first understand that such conflict arises from a unified class interest, also known as class consciousness. Class consciousness is an aspect of Marxist theory, referring to the self-awareness of social classes, the capacity to act in its own rational interests, or measuring the extent to which an individual is conscious of the historical tasks their class (or class allegiance) sets for them.Moreover, by definition, the objective interests of classes are fundamentally in opposition; consequently, these opposing interests and consciousnesses eventually lead to class conflict.Marx first saw the development of class conflict confined to individual factories and capitalists. However, given the maturation of capitalism, the life conditions of bourgeoisie and proletariat began to grow more disparate. This increased polarization and homogenization within classes fostered an environment for individual struggles to become more generalized. When increasing class conflict is manifested at the societal level, class consciousness and common interests are also increased. Consequently, when class consciousness is augmented, policies are organized to ensure the duration of such interest for the ruling class. Here begins the use of the struggle for political power and classes become political forces.Since the distribution of political power is determined by power over production, or power over capital, it is no surprise that the bourgeois class uses their wealth to legitimatize and protect their property and consequent social relations. Thus the ruling class is those who hold the economic power and make the decisions (Dahrendorf).","title":"Conflict as the nature of class relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_theory"},{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"wage labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour"},{"link_name":"fundamental economic structure of work and property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_of_production"},{"link_name":"wage labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour"},{"link_name":"reproduced through cultural ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CJPSEA-2"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Marxists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"war of classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"wage-workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"exploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Communist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"classless society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_society"},{"link_name":"production for use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_for_use"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"relationship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_of_production"},{"link_name":"means of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production"},{"link_name":"Class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"},{"link_name":"proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletariat"},{"link_name":"petite bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In Marxist theory, the capitalist stage of production consists of two main classes: the bourgeoisie, the capitalists who own the means of production, and the much larger proletariat (or 'working class') who must sell their own labour power (See also: wage labour). This is the fundamental economic structure of work and property (See also: wage labour), a state of inequality that is normalised and reproduced through cultural ideology. Thus the proletariat, in itself, is forced into a subservient position by the power of capital, which has stripped the means of production from them. As the proletariat becomes conscious of its situation and power, organizes itself, and takes collective political action it becomes a class for itself which has the revolutionary potential to become the ruling class.[2]Max Weber critiqued historical materialism, positing that stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities but on other status and power differentials. Social class pertaining broadly to material wealth may be distinguished from status class based on honour, prestige, religious affiliation, and so on. The conditions of capitalism and its class system came together due to a variety of \"elective affinities\". [citation needed]Marxists explain the history of \"civilized\" societies in terms of a war of classes between those who control production and those who produce the goods or services in society. In the Marxist view of capitalism, this is a conflict between capitalists (bourgeoisie) and wage-workers (the proletariat). For Marxists, class antagonism is rooted in the situation that control over social production necessarily entails control over the class which produces goods—in capitalism this is the exploitation of workers by the bourgeoisie.[citation needed]Marx himself argued that it was the goal of the proletariat itself to displace the capitalist system with socialism, changing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a future communist society in which: \"..the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.\" (Communist Manifesto) This would mark the beginning of a classless society in which human needs rather than profit would be motive for production. In a society with democratic control and production for use, there would be no class, no state and no need for money.[citation needed]For Marx, class has three primary facts:[3]Objective factors\nA class shares a common relationship to the means of production. That is, all people in one class make their living in a common way in terms of ownership of the things that produce social goods. A class may own things, own land, own people, be owned, own nothing but their labor. A class will extract tax, produce agriculture, enslave and work others, be enslaved and work, or work for a wage.\nSubjective factors\nThe members will necessarily have some perception of their similarity and common interest. Marx termed this Class consciousness. Class consciousness is not simply an awareness of one's own class interest (for instance, the maximisation of shareholder value; or, the maximization of the wage with the minimization of the working day), class consciousness also embodies deeply shared views of how society should be organized legally, culturally, socially and politically.\nReproduction of class relations\nClass as a set of social relationships that is reproduced from one generation to the next.The first criterion divides a society into the owners and non-owners of means of production. In capitalism, these are capitalist (bourgeoisie) and proletariat. Finer divisions can be made, however: the most important subgroup in capitalism being petite bourgeoisie (small bourgeoisie), people who possess their own means of production but utilize it primarily by working on it themselves rather than hiring others to work on it. They include self-employed artisans, small shopkeepers, and many professionals. Jon Elster has found mention in Marx of 15 classes from various historical periods.[4]Vladimir Lenin has defined classes as \"large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in a historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization of labor, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and the mode of acquiring it.\"[5]","title":"Class structure of capitalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proletarianization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarianization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The most important transformation of society for Marxists has been the massive and rapid growth of the proletariat over the last two hundred and fifty years. Starting with agricultural and domestic textile laborers in England and Flanders, more and more occupations only provide a living through wages or salaries. Private manufacturing, leading to self-employment, is no longer as viable as it was before the industrial revolution, because automation made manufacturing very cheap. Many people who once controlled their own labor-time were converted into proletarians through industrialization. Today groups which in the past subsisted on stipends or private wealth—like doctors, academics or lawyers—are now increasingly working as wage laborers. Marxists call this process proletarianization, and point to it as the major factor in the proletariat being the largest class in current societies in the rich countries of the \"first world.\"[6]","title":"Proletarianisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"attribution needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"domestic sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separate_spheres"}],"text":"Marx predicts revolution in capitalist society into socialist society because of eventual discontent.[citation needed] The socialization of labor, in the growth of large-scale production, capitalist interest groups and organizations, as well as in the enormous increase in the dimensions and power of finance capital provides the principal material foundation for the unavoidable arrival of socialism. The physical, intellectual and moral perpetrator of this transformation is the proletariat. The proletariat's struggle against the bourgeoisie inevitably becomes a political struggle with the goal of political conquest by the proletariat. With the domination of the proletariat, the socialization of production cannot help but lead to the means of production to become the property of society. The direct consequences of this transformation are a drop in labor productivity, a shorter working day, and the replacement of small-scale unified production by collective and improved labor conditions. [citation needed] \nCapitalism breaks for all time the ties between producer and owner, once held by the bond of class conflict. Now a new union will be formed based on the conscious application of science and the concentration of collective labor. [attribution needed]He also extended this redistribution to the structure of power in families. Marx imagined that with socialism women's status would increase, leading to the break-up of the patriarchal family.\"Modern industry, by assigning as it does, an important part in the socially organized process of production, outside the domestic sphere, to women, to young persons, and to children of both sexes, creates a new economic foundation for a higher form of the family and of the relations between the sexes… Moreover, it is obvious that the fact of the collective working group being composed of individuals of both sexes and all ages, must necessarily, under suitable conditions, become a source of human development; although in its spontaneously developed, brutal, capitalistic form, where the laborer exists for the process of production, and not the process of production for the laborer, that fact is a pestiferous source of corruption and slavery.\" (Capital, Vol. I, Chapter 13).","title":"Prediction of socialist revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"objective factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_factors"},{"link_name":"subjective factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_factors"},{"link_name":"E.P. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.P._Thompson"},{"link_name":"The Making of the English Working Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class"},{"link_name":"class consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness"},{"link_name":"Georg Lukács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"false consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_consciousness"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"reified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)"},{"link_name":"economic laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_(principle)"},{"link_name":"universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Marxism has a rather heavily defined dialectic between objective factors (i.e., material conditions, the social structure) and subjective factors (i.e. the conscious organization of class members). While most forms of Marxism analyses sees people's class based on objective factors (class structure), major Marxist trends have made greater use of subjective factors in understanding the history of the working class. E.P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class is a definitive example of this \"subjective\" Marxist trend. Thompson analyses the English working class as a group of people with shared material conditions coming to a positive self-consciousness of their social position. This feature of social class is commonly termed class consciousness in Marxism, a concept which became famous with Georg Lukács' History and Class Consciousness (1923). It is seen as the process of a \"class in itself\" moving in the direction of a \"class for itself\", a collective agent that changes history rather than simply being a victim of the historical process. In Lukács' words, the proletariat was the \"subject–object of history\", and the first class which could separate false consciousness (inherent to the bourgeois's consciousness), which reified economic laws as universal (whereas they are only a consequence of historic capitalism).[7][8][full citation needed][non-primary source needed]","title":"Objective and subjective factors in class in Marxism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William I. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Leslie Sklair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Sklair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kees Van Der Pijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kees_Van_Der_Pijl"},{"link_name":"transnational capitalist class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_capitalist_class"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Globalization theorists, such as William I. Robinson, Leslie Sklair, Kees Van Der Pijl, and Jerry Harris, argue that today a transnational capitalist class has emerged.[9]","title":"Transnational capitalist class"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Capitalist mode of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)"},{"title":"Economic inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"},{"title":"Exploitation (Marxism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_(Marxism)"},{"title":"Mode of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_of_production"},{"title":"Relations of production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_of_production"},{"title":"Superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure"},{"title":"Surplus labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_labor"},{"title":"Surplus value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_value"}]
|
[{"reference":"Parkin, F. (1979). Marx's Theory of History: A Bourgeois Critique. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231048811.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231048811","url_text":"978-0231048811"}]},{"reference":"Andrew, Edward (September 1983). \"Class in Itself and Class against Capital: Karl Marx and His Classifiers\". Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue canadienne de science politique. 16 (3). Canadian Political Science Association: 577–584. doi:10.1017/S0008423900023994. JSTOR 3227396. S2CID 145504985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008423900023994","url_text":"10.1017/S0008423900023994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3227396","url_text":"3227396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145504985","url_text":"145504985"}]},{"reference":"Hanagan, Michael P. (1994). \"Class\". In Stearns, Peter N. (ed.). Encyclopedia of social history. Taylor & Francis. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-8153-0342-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kkIeyCEedrsC&pg=PA184","url_text":"\"Class\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0342-8","url_text":"978-0-8153-0342-8"}]},{"reference":"Elster, Jon (1986). An Introduction to Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press. p. 124. The classes are: \"bureaucrats and theocrats in the Asiatic mode of production; freemen, slaves, plebeians, and patricians under slavery; lord, serf, guild master and journeyman under feudalism; industrial capitalists, financial capitalists, landlords, peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, and wage laborers under capitalism.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Elster","url_text":"Elster, Jon"}]},{"reference":"Lenin, Vladimir (28 June 1919). \"A Great Beginning\". Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin","url_text":"Lenin, Vladimir"},{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/jun/19.htm","url_text":"\"A Great Beginning\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204101245/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/jun/19.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, E.P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._P._Thompson","url_text":"Thompson, E.P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class","url_text":"The Making of the English Working Class"}]},{"reference":"Lukács, Georg (1923). History and Class Consciousness.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs","url_text":"Lukács, Georg"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, Jeb (2009). \"Transnational Capitalist Class in the Global Financial Crisis: A Discussion with Leslie Sklair\" (PDF). Globalizations. 6 (4): 499–507. doi:10.1080/14747730903298835. S2CID 144307790. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100816014925/http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~jhsprague/Sprague_Jeb_2009_Globalizations_Interview_with_Leslie_Sklair.pdf","url_text":"\"Transnational Capitalist Class in the Global Financial Crisis: A Discussion with Leslie Sklair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14747730903298835","url_text":"10.1080/14747730903298835"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144307790","url_text":"144307790"},{"url":"http://www.uweb.ucsb.edu/~jhsprague/Sprague_Jeb_2009_Globalizations_Interview_with_Leslie_Sklair.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blackledge, Paul (2011). \"Why workers can change the world\". Socialist Review 364. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111210115927/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839","url_text":"\"Why workers can change the world\""},{"url":"http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=11839","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Beers
|
Betsy Beers
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Recognition","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American television and film producer
Betsy BeersBorn1957 (age 66–67)Alma materWilliams CollegeOccupationTelevision producerYears active1993–present
Betsy Beers (born 1957) is an American television and film producer whose credits include ShondaLand's Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, Private Practice, How to Get Away with Murder, The Catch, Station 19, For the People, and Bridgerton.
Early life and education
Beers is a 1975 graduate of the Milton Academy. She went on to graduate from Williams College where she studied theater and English literature. Beers acted and performed comedy for several years in New York City before moving to Los Angeles to make the transition to producing.
Career
While living in New York City, Beers was producer to the 1999 cult film 200 Cigarettes. The cult favorite had an all star cast that included Courtney Love, Guillermo Diaz, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Ben Affleck. 200 Cigarettes is also the first film to star Goldie Hawn's daughter, Kate Hudson (who played a very similar role to her real life mother).
Beers served as President of director Mike Newell’s Dogstar Films, where she produced the films 200 Cigarettes, starring Ben Affleck, Dave Chappelle, and Kate Hudson, and Best Laid Plans, starring Reese Witherspoon. She also developed such films as High Fidelity, directed by Stephen Frears and starring John Cusack, as well as Pushing Tin, starring Billy Bob Thornton, Cate Blanchett, and Angelina Jolie. She also served as Executive Producer on the films Safe Passage, starring Susan Sarandon, and Witch Hunt, starring Dennis Hopper, with producer Gale Ann Hurd.
She then served as President of the Mark Gordon Company. While there, she oversaw the development and production of its feature film and television projects, including the development of Grey's Anatomy. Additionally, Ms. Beers produced the feature films The Hoax, starring Richard Gere, and Casanova, starring Heath Ledger; both films were directed by Lasse Hallström.
In 2009, Beers partnered with Shonda Rhimes' production company ShondaLand to develop and produce additional feature film and television projects.
Beers serves on the Motion Picture & Television Fund (MPTF) Board of Governors.
Recognition
For her work on Grey's Anatomy, Beers and her fellow producers were awarded the 2007 Producer of the Year Award from the Producers Guild of America, the 2007 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Drama, and received the 2006 and 2007 Emmy nominations for Outstanding Drama Series. Beers has been nominated three times by the Producers Guild of America for their Television Producer of the Year Award.
In 2014, Scandal was awarded the American Film Institute's Television Program of the Year Award. as well as a Peabody Award.
References
^ "Television Producer Betsy Beers '75 is 2014 Commencement Speaker". Milton Academy news. May 15, 2014.
^ "About Us". mptf.com. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
^ "PGA Award Winners 1990-2010 - Producers Guild of America." PGA Award Winners 1990-2010 - Producers Guild of America. 2009. Web. https://www.producersguild.org/?page=PGA_Award_19902010&hhSearchTerms=%22betsy+and+beers%22
^ "Grey's Anatomy." OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS. Web. http://www.hfpa.org/browse/?param=/film/26024
^ "Grey's Anatomy." Television Academy. Web. http://www.emmys.com/shows/greys-anatomy#awards
^ "AFI Press." AFI Press. 13 Dec. 2013. Web. http://www.afi.com/about/releases/2013/AFI_Awards_2013_honorees.aspx
^ "The Peabody Awards - 2013 Peabody Award Winners." The Peabody Awards - 2013 Peabody Award Winners. 2 Apr. 2013. Web. 20 May 2014. http://www.peabodyawards.com/stories/story/2013-peabody-winners
External links
Betsy Beers at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Poland
Artists
Emmy Awards
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ShondaLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShondaLand"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Private Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Practice_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"How to Get Away with Murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder"},{"link_name":"The Catch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catch_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Station 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_19"},{"link_name":"For the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_People_(2018_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bridgerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgerton"}],"text":"Betsy Beers (born 1957) is an American television and film producer whose credits include ShondaLand's Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, Private Practice, How to Get Away with Murder, The Catch, Station 19, For the People, and Bridgerton.","title":"Betsy Beers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Beers is a 1975 graduate of the Milton Academy.[1] She went on to graduate from Williams College where she studied theater and English literature. Beers acted and performed comedy for several years in New York City before moving to Los Angeles to make the transition to producing.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Newell’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)"},{"link_name":"200 Cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_Cigarettes"},{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Dave Chappelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Chappelle"},{"link_name":"Kate Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Best Laid Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Laid_Plans_(1999_film)"},{"link_name":"Reese Witherspoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reese_Witherspoon"},{"link_name":"High Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fidelity_(film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Frears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Frears"},{"link_name":"John Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cusack"},{"link_name":"Pushing Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_Tin"},{"link_name":"Billy Bob Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton"},{"link_name":"Cate Blanchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett"},{"link_name":"Angelina Jolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie"},{"link_name":"Executive Producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Producer"},{"link_name":"Safe Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Passage_(film)"},{"link_name":"Susan Sarandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sarandon"},{"link_name":"Witch Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_Hunt_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Gale Ann Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Ann_Hurd"},{"link_name":"Mark Gordon Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gordon_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"The Hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoax"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casanova_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Heath Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Ledger"},{"link_name":"Lasse Hallström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasse_Hallstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Shonda Rhimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonda_Rhimes"},{"link_name":"ShondaLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShondaLand"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture & Television Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"While living in New York City, Beers was producer to the 1999 cult film 200 Cigarettes. The cult favorite had an all star cast that included Courtney Love, Guillermo Diaz, Martha Plimpton, Christina Ricci and Ben Affleck. 200 Cigarettes is also the first film to star Goldie Hawn's daughter, Kate Hudson (who played a very similar role to her real life mother).Beers served as President of director Mike Newell’s Dogstar Films, where she produced the films 200 Cigarettes, starring Ben Affleck, Dave Chappelle, and Kate Hudson, and Best Laid Plans, starring Reese Witherspoon. She also developed such films as High Fidelity, directed by Stephen Frears and starring John Cusack, as well as Pushing Tin, starring Billy Bob Thornton, Cate Blanchett, and Angelina Jolie. She also served as Executive Producer on the films Safe Passage, starring Susan Sarandon, and Witch Hunt, starring Dennis Hopper, with producer Gale Ann Hurd.She then served as President of the Mark Gordon Company. While there, she oversaw the development and production of its feature film and television projects, including the development of Grey's Anatomy. Additionally, Ms. Beers produced the feature films The Hoax, starring Richard Gere, and Casanova, starring Heath Ledger; both films were directed by Lasse Hallström.In 2009, Beers partnered with Shonda Rhimes' production company ShondaLand to develop and produce additional feature film and television projects.Beers serves on the Motion Picture & Television Fund (MPTF) Board of Governors.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grey's Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Producers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Golden Globe Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Producers Guild of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America"},{"link_name":"Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandal_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peabody Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"For her work on Grey's Anatomy, Beers and her fellow producers were awarded the 2007 Producer of the Year Award from the Producers Guild of America,[3] the 2007 Golden Globe Award[4] for Best Television Series Drama, and received the 2006 and 2007 Emmy nominations for Outstanding Drama Series.[5] Beers has been nominated three times by the Producers Guild of America for their Television Producer of the Year Award.In 2014, Scandal was awarded the American Film Institute's Television Program of the Year Award.[6] as well as a Peabody Award.[7]","title":"Recognition"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_key_laboratories
|
State Key Laboratories
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
List of research institution laboratories in China
The State Key Laboratories (simplified Chinese: 国家重点实验室; traditional Chinese: 國家重點實驗室; pinyin: guójiā zhòngdiǎn shíyànshì) is a critical grouping of university and research institution laboratories receiving funding and administrative support from the central government of the People's Republic of China.
These labs often specialize in areas such as:
Chemistry
Mathematics and Physics
Geology
Biotechnology
Information technology
Materials science
Engineering
Medicine
According to the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, as of 2017, there were 253 State Key Laboratories approved in China.
The following lists the 73 universities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau with at least one state key laboratory:
The Universities with State Key Laboratories
Rank
Entity
SKL Number
1
Tsinghua University (清华大学)
10
1
Zhejiang University (浙江大学)
10
3
Peking University (北京大学)
8
4
Nanjing University (南京大学)
7
5
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (上海交通大学)
6
6
Fudan University (复旦大学)
5
6
Jilin University (吉林大学)
5
6
University of Hong Kong (香港大學)
5
6
Xian Jiaotong University (西安交通大学)
5
10
Beijing Normal University (北京师范大学)
4
10
Chinese University of Hong Kong (香港中文大學)
4
10
Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学)
4
10
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (华中科技大学)
4
10
Sichuan University (四川大学)
4
10
Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学)
4
10
Tianjin University (天津大学)
4
10
Wuhan University (武汉大学)
4
18
Chongqing University (重庆大学)
3
18
China Agricultural University (中国农业大学)
3
18
Harbin Institute of Technology (哈尔滨工业大学)
3
18
South China University of Technology (华南理工大学)
3
18
Southeast University (东南大学)
3
18
Tongji University (同济大学)
3
18
University of Macau (澳门大学)
3
18
Xiamen University (厦门大学)
3
26
Beihang University (北京航空航天大学)
2
26
Beijing University of Chemical Technology (北京化工大学)
2
26
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (北京邮电大学)
2
26
Beijing University of Science and Technology (北京科技大学)
2
26
Central South University (中南大学)
2
26
Chengdu University of Technology (成都理工大学)
2
26
China University of Geosciences (中国地质大学（武汉）)
2
26
China University of Mining and Technology (中国矿业大学)
2
26
China University of Mining and Technology - Beijing (中国矿业大学（北京）)
2
26
China University of Petroleum (中国石油大学（北京）)
2
26
City University of Hong Kong (香港城市大學)
2
26
East China Normal University (华东师范大学)
2
26
East China University of Science and Technology (华东理工大学)
2
26
Hong Kong Polytechnic University (香港理工大學)
2
26
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (香港科技大學)
2
26
Huazhong Agricultural University (华中农业大学)
2
26
Hunan University (湖南大学)
2
26
Lanzhou University (兰州大学)
2
26
Macau University of Science and Technology (澳门科技大学)
2
26
Nankai University (南开大学)
2
26
Northeastern University (东北大学)
2
26
Shandong University (山东大学)
2
26
University of Science and Technology of China (中国科学技术大学)
2
26
Wuhan University of Technology (武汉理工大学)
2
50
China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (中国地质大学（北京）)
1
50
China University of Petroleum (Huadong) (中国石油大学（华东）)
1
50
Donghua University (东华大学)
1
50
Guangxi University (广西大学)
1
50
Guangzhou Medical University (广州医科大学)
1
50
Henan University (河南大学)
1
50
Hohai University (河海大学)
1
50
Hong Kong Baptist University (香港浸會大學)
1
50
Jiangnan University (江南大学)
1
50
Shandong Agricultural University (山东农业大学)
1
50
Shanxi University (山西大学)
1
50
South China Agricultural University (华南农业大学)
1
50
Southwest Petroleum University (西南石油大学)
1
50
Southwest University (西南大学)
1
50
Nanchang University (南昌大学)
1
50
Nanjing Agricultural University (南京农业大学)
1
50
Nanjing Tech University (南京工业大学)
1
50
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (南京航空航天大学)
1
50
North China Electric Power University (华北电力大学)
1
50
Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学)
1
50
Northwestern Polytechnical University (西北工业大学)
1
50
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (电子科技大学)
1
50
Xidian University (西安电子科技大学)
1
50
Yanshan University (燕山大学)
1
Total: 73 universities (Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau)
Most of the universities with SKL in Mainland China are Double First Class Universities, approved by the central government of the People's Republic of China.
See also
China portal
List of universities in China
Double First Class University Plan
OpenCourseWare in China
China Open Resources for Education
References
^ Jin, Bihui; Rousseau, Ronald (2006). "22. Evaluation of Research Performance and Scientometric Indicators in China". In Moed, Henk F.; Glänzel, Wolfgang; Schmoch, Ulrich (eds.). Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research: The Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 502. ISBN 1-4020-2702-8.
^ a b "科技部关于发布2017年信息领域国家重点实验室评估结果的通知_部门政务_中国政府网" (in Simplified Chinese). 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-15.
^ Innovation and Technology Commission. "State Key Laboratories ("SKLs") in Hong Kong and Hong Kong Branches of Chinese National Engineering Research Centers ("CNERCs")" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2022.
External links
State Key Laboratories website archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
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See also: Rankings of universities in China, Science and technology in China, and Types of universities and colleges in China
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[]
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[{"title":"China portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China"},{"title":"List of universities in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China"},{"title":"Double First Class University Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_First_Class_University_Plan"},{"title":"OpenCourseWare in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCourseWare_in_China"},{"title":"China Open Resources for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Open_Resources_for_Education"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapley_Seaton
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Tapley Seaton
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Death","4 Awards and decorations","5 References"]
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Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015–2023)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tapley Seaton" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
His Excellency SirTapley SeatonGCMG CVO KC JPSeaton in 20184th Governor-General of Saint Kitts and NevisIn office19 May 2015 – 31 January 2023Acting: 19 May 2015 – 2 September 2015MonarchsElizabeth IICharles IIIPrime MinisterTimothy HarrisTerrance DrewPreceded byEdmund LawrenceSucceeded byMarcella Liburd
Personal detailsBornSamuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton(1950-07-28)28 July 1950Saint KittsDied29 June 2023(2023-06-29) (aged 72)Alma materUniversity of the West IndiesHugh Wooding Law School
Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, GCMG, CVO, KC, JP (28 July 1950 – 29 June 2023) was the fourth governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis from 2015 to 2023.
Early life and education
Seaton was born on Saint Kitts, the son of William A. Seaton and his wife, Pearl A. Seaton, née Godwin. He received his primary and secondary education from Epworth Junior School, Basseterre High School, and St. Kitts-Nevis Grammar School. He attended The University of West Indies in Jamaica and received a Bachelor of Laws degree, a moment that set forth his legal career. He continued further studies with the Council of Legal Education (at the Hugh Wooding Law School, Trinidad, and the Norman Manley Law School, Jamaica), where he gained his Legal Education Certificate, and the University of Bordeaux in France, where he completed a Diploma in French. He also was a certified Legal Drafter having completed the Legal Drafting Diploma course at the University of Ottawa, Canada.
Career
Seaton joined the St. Kitts-Nevis Judicial Service, and served as registrar of the Supreme Court, provost marshal, and acting additional magistrate. In 1975, Seaton served as crown counsel for the Attorney General’s Chambers and worked as the High Court Registrar. In 1980, he took on the St. Kitts-Nevis Attorney General role, serving until 1995. In 1988, he was appointed one of Her Majesty’s Counsels (Queen’s Counsel) in 1988.
Seaton became acting governor-general after the ouster of his predecessor Sir Edmund Wickham Lawrence on 20 May 2015. On 1 September 2015, he was officially appointed governor-general by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Timothy Harris.
Aside from his official duties, Seaton served on various boards, national committees, and organisations. Some of these positions included director of SSMC, the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, and Frigate Bay Development Corporation; president of the St. Christopher Heritage Society (now The St. Christopher National Trust), the St. Kitts-Nevis Bar Association and the OECS Bar Association; and vice president for the Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park Society and the St. Christopher National Trust; chairman of Cable & Wireless (formerly SCANTEL).
Death
Seaton died on 29 June 2023, at the age of 72, five months after leaving office.
Awards and decorations
Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (9 November 2015)
Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) (23 October 1985)
References
^ Government House Press Release Re: Passing of former Governor-General of Saint Christopher and Nevis Sir S.W. Tapley Seaton, GCMG, CVO, KC, JP, LL.D
^ "Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, C.V.O., Q.C., J.P. Officially Named as Governor General of Saint Christopher and Nevis". CNN iReport. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^ "S. W. Tapley Seaton Appointed As Governor General:: The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer". www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
^ "Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, C.V.O., Q.C., J.P. Officially Named as Governor General of Saint Christopher and Nevis".
^ "St. Kitts and Nevis mourns as Former Governor-General Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton passes away". Breaking Belize News. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ "London Gazette. Honours and Awards Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood".
^ "The London Gazette. Publication date:29 November 1985 Issue: 50333 Page: 16780".
Government offices
Preceded byEdmund Lawrence
Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis 2015–2023
Succeeded byMarcella Liburd
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"CVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"}],"text":"Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley Seaton, GCMG, CVO, KC, JP (28 July 1950 – 29 June 2023[1]) was the fourth governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis from 2015 to 2023.","title":"Tapley Seaton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"University of West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh Wooding Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Wooding_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Norman Manley Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Manley_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Legal Education Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Education_Certificate"},{"link_name":"University of Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux"}],"text":"Seaton was born on Saint Kitts, the son of William A. Seaton and his wife, Pearl A. Seaton, née Godwin. He received his primary and secondary education from Epworth Junior School, Basseterre High School, and St. Kitts-Nevis Grammar School. He attended The University of West Indies in Jamaica and received a Bachelor of Laws degree, a moment that set forth his legal career.[2] He continued further studies with the Council of Legal Education (at the Hugh Wooding Law School, Trinidad, and the Norman Manley Law School, Jamaica), where he gained his Legal Education Certificate, and the University of Bordeaux in France, where he completed a Diploma in French. He also was a certified Legal Drafter having completed the Legal Drafting Diploma course at the University of Ottawa, Canada.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen’s Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Wickham Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wickham_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Timothy Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Harris"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Seaton joined the St. Kitts-Nevis Judicial Service, and served as registrar of the Supreme Court, provost marshal, and acting additional magistrate. In 1975, Seaton served as crown counsel for the Attorney General’s Chambers and worked as the High Court Registrar. In 1980, he took on the St. Kitts-Nevis Attorney General role, serving until 1995. In 1988, he was appointed one of Her Majesty’s Counsels (Queen’s Counsel) in 1988.Seaton became acting governor-general after the ouster of his predecessor Sir Edmund Wickham Lawrence on 20 May 2015. On 1 September 2015, he was officially appointed governor-general by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Timothy Harris.[3]Aside from his official duties, Seaton served on various boards, national committees, and organisations. Some of these positions included director of SSMC, the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, and Frigate Bay Development Corporation; president of the St. Christopher Heritage Society (now The St. Christopher National Trust), the St. Kitts-Nevis Bar Association and the OECS Bar Association; and vice president for the Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park Society and the St. Christopher National Trust; chairman of Cable & Wireless (formerly SCANTEL).[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Seaton died on 29 June 2023, at the age of 72, five months after leaving office.[5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Royal_Victorian_Order_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (9 November 2015)[6]\n Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) (23 October 1985)[7]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Christopher_S._Best_House_and_Office
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Dr. Christopher S. Best House and Office
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 42°35′47″N 74°19′59″W / 42.59639°N 74.33306°W / 42.59639; -74.33306Historic house in New York, United States
United States historic placeDr. Christopher S. Best House and OfficeU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of New YorkShow map of the United StatesLocation34 Clauverwie St., Middleburgh, New YorkCoordinates42°35′47″N 74°19′59″W / 42.59639°N 74.33306°W / 42.59639; -74.33306Arealess than one acreBuilt1884ArchitectBrazee, JehielArchitectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.01000849Added to NRHPAugust 15, 2001
Dr. Christopher S. Best House and Office is a historic home in Middleburgh, Schoharie County, New York. It is a two-story, flat-roofed, frame Italianate dwelling built in 1884. It was enlarged and modified with a series of renovations between 1890 and 1912. It now houses a medical history museum. Also on the property are a frame carriage barn and garage.
From 1884 to 1991, a small-town American community was served by this Victorian residence and medical facility. The Dr. Best collection has Civil War, railroad and telephone artifacts. The expansive and unique collection includes bottles, automotive memorabilia, clothing and quilts, as well as the fully stocked kitchen and medical equipment. The house is open for tours during the summer.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
Alternate View
Window
Carriage Barn
Garage
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ Raymond W. Smith (March 2001). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Dr. Christopher S. Best House and Office". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2010-02-20. See also: "Accompanying eight photos".
External links
Media related to Dr. Christopher S. Best House and Office at Wikimedia Commons
vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics
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This article about a historic property or district in Schoharie County, New York, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This New York museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Can%27t_Take_That_Away_From_Me
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They Can't Take That Away from Me
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["1 Overview","2 Other recordings","3 See also","4 References"]
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For the song by Mariah Carey, see Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme). For the JoJo song, see Can't Take That Away From Me.
1937 song by George and Ira Gershwin
"They Can't Take That Away from Me"Song by Fred AstaireB-side"(I've Got) Beginner's Luck"PublishedFebruary 27, 1937 (1937-02-27) by Gershwin Publishing Corp., New YorkReleasedApril 1937RecordedMarch 14, 1937 (1937-03-14)StudioLos Angeles, CaliforniaGenre
Jazz
pop Vocal
LabelBrunswick 7855Composer(s)George GershwinLyricist(s)Ira GershwinFred Astaire singles chronology
"Never Gonna Dance" (1936)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (1937)
"They All Laughed" (1937)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" is a 1937 popular song with music by George Gershwin and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced by Fred Astaire in the 1937 film Shall We Dance and gained huge success.
Overview
The song is performed by Astaire on the lonely foggy deck of a ferry from New Jersey to Manhattan. It is sung to Ginger Rogers, who remains silent listening throughout. No dance sequence follows, which was unusual for the Astaire-Rogers numbers. Astaire and Rogers did dance to it later in their last movie The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) in which they played a married couple with marital issues. The song, in the context of Shall We Dance, notes some of the things that Peter (Astaire) will miss about Linda (Rogers). The lyrics include "the way you wear your hat, the way you sip your tea", and "the way you hold your knife, the way we danced till three". Each verse is followed by the line "no, no, they can't take that away from me". The basic meaning of the song is that even if the lovers part, though physically separated the nostalgic memories cannot be forced from them. Thus, it is a song of mixed joy and sadness.
The verse references the song "The Song Is Ended (but the Melody Lingers On)" by Irving Berlin:
Our romance won't end on a sorrowful note, though by tomorrow you're gone. The song is ended, but as the songwriter wrote, 'the melody lingers on'. They may take you from me, I'll miss your fond caress, but though they take you from me I'll still possess....
George Gershwin died two months after the film's release, and he was posthumously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 1937 Oscars but lost out to "Sweet Leilani" which had been made tremendously popular by Bing Crosby.
The song is featured in Kenneth Branagh's musical version of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost (2000), in Stephen Herek's Mr. Holland's Opus (1995), and in Barry Levinson's Rain Man (1988). The melodic hardcore band Strung Out also sampled the song for the intro of "Analog", the opening track on their 2004 album Exile in Oblivion.
Other recordings
Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra – recorded March 14, 1937
Sarah Vaughan
Billie Holiday – recorded in New York on April 1, 1937
Artie Shaw – Hollywood, July 14, 1945
Bing Crosby (recorded November 12, 1947) – included in the album Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin.
Charlie Parker – July 5, 1950, Charlie Parker with Strings
Mary Lou Williams – The London Sessions (1953)
Erroll Garner – recorded in Carmel-by-the-Sea, 1955 in "Concert By The Sea"
Ella Fitzgerald – recorded in 1956 with Louis Armstrong for Ella and Louis and in 1959 for Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook
Mel Tormé – Mel Tormé Sings Fred Astaire (1956)
Oscar Peterson – Pastel Moods (1956)
June Christy – for June's Got Rhythm recorded in 1958
Lester Young with Roy Eldridge and Harry "Sweets" Edison – Laughin' to Keep from Cryin' (1958)
Frank Sinatra for his 1954 album Songs for Young Lovers and for his 1962 album Sinatra and Swingin' Brass
Tony Bennett – on Steppin' Out (1993), a Fred Astaire tribute album; a duet with Elvis Costello on Bennett's MTV Unplugged (1994); a duet with Diana Krall on Bennett and Krall's Love Is Here to Stay (2018)
Lisa Stansfield for The Glory of Gershwin (1994)
Tina May – It Ain't Necessarily So (1995)
Diana Krall – Love Scenes (1997)
Robbie Williams with Rupert Everett – Swing When You're Winning (2001)
Rod Stewart – It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook (2002)
Brian Wilson – Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin (2010)
Cliff Richard – Bold As Brass (2010)
Stacey Kent – Dreamer In Concert (2011)
Cuban-American singer Gloria Estefan included a cover of this song in her 2013 album The Standards
Todd Gordon and Janet Seidel with the Royal Air Force Squadronaires big band (2012)
Van Morrison covered this song in the album Versatile (2017)
Piero Cusato – recording from SoundCloud
See also
List of 1930s jazz standards
Great American Songbook
1937 in music
References
^ Library of Congress. Copyright Office. (1937). Catalog of Copyright Entries 1937 Musical Compositions New Series Vol 32 Pt 3 For the Year 1937. United States Copyright Office. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
^ "Cover versions of They Can't Take That Away from Me by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra | SecondHandSongs". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
^ "BRUNSWICK 78rpm numerical listing discography: 7500 - 8000". www.78discography.com. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
^ Horton, Matthew (2015). "Fred Astaire - "They Can't Take That Away From Me". In Dimery, Robert (ed.). 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die. New York: Universe. p. 54.
^ Browne, Ray Broadus; Ambrosetti, Ronald J. (1993). Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future. Popular Press. ISBN 9780879725938.
^ a b c d e f Gioia, Ted (2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 430–432. ISBN 978-0-19-993739-4.
^ "A Bing Crosby Discography". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ "Erroll Garner: The Complete "Concert by the Sea" (Columbia/Legacy 20842)". 5 March 2019.
^ They Can't Take That Away From Me (2:40) - June Christy. Retrieved 2024-05-08 – via www.youtube.com.
^ "Tina May – It Ain't Necessarily So: Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
vteWilliam Shakespeare's Love's Labour's LostCharacters
Costard
Adaptations
1920 animated short
1973 opera
TV, 1985
2000 film
Related
Love's Labour's Won
Honorificabilitudinitatibus
Nine Worthies
The School of Night
Robert Tofte
The Princess (poem; 1847)
vteGeorge Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Guy Bolton and Jack McGowan's Girl Crazy (1930)Adaptations
Girl Crazy (1932 film)
Girl Crazy (1943 film)
When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965 film)
Crazy for You (1992 musical)
Songs1930 musical
"Bidin' My Time"
"Embraceable You"
"Sam and Delilah"
"I Got Rhythm"
"But Not for Me"
"Treat Me Rough"
"Boy! What Love Has Done to Me!"
1992 musical
"I Can't Be Bothered Now"
"Things Are Looking Up"
"Someone to Watch Over Me"
"Slap That Bass"
"The Real American Folk Song Is a Rag"
"Stiff Upper Lip"
"They Can't Take That Away from Me"
"Nice Work If You Can Get It"
Related
"You've Got What Gets Me"
Variations on "I Got Rhythm"
vteGeorge GershwinAlbums
Gershwin Plays Gershwin: The Piano Rolls
Ballets
An American in Paris
Gershwin Piano Concerto
Three Preludes
Who Cares?
Operas
Blue Monday (1922)
Porgy and Bess (1935)
Orchestral works
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Concerto in F (1925)
An American in Paris (1928)
Second Rhapsody (1931)
Cuban Overture (1932)
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Hoctor's Ballet (1937)
Piano compositions
Three Preludes (1926)
French Ballet Class (1937)
Songs
"Aren't You Kind of Glad We Did?"
"(I've Got) Beginner's Luck"
"Bidin' My Time"
"Blah Blah Blah"
"Boy Wanted"
"Boy! What Love Has Done to Me!"
"But Not for Me"
"By Strauss"
"Clap Yo' Hands"
"Do It Again"
"Doin' Time"
"Embraceable You"
"Fascinating Rhythm"
"A Foggy Day"
"For You, For Me, For Evermore"
"Funny Face"
"'The Half of It, Dearie' Blues"
"He Loves and She Loves"
"How Long Has This Been Going On?"
"I Can't Be Bothered Now"
"I Got Rhythm"
"I Was Doing All Right"
"I've Got a Crush on You"
"Isn't It a Pity?"
"Just Another Rhumba"
"Let's Call the Whole Thing Off"
"Let's Kiss and Make Up"
"Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away)"
"Looking for a Boy"
"Lorelei"
"Love Is Here to Stay"
"Love Is Sweeping the Country"
"Love Walked In"
"The Man I Love"
"My Cousin in Milwaukee"
"My One and Only"
"Nice Work If You Can Get It"
"Of Thee I Sing"
"Oh, Lady Be Good!"
"Oh, So Nice!"
"The Real American Folk Song (is a Rag)"
"'S Wonderful"
"Sam and Delilah"
"Slap That Bass"
"Somebody from Somewhere"
"Somebody Loves Me"
"Someone to Watch Over Me"
"Soon"
"Stairway to Paradise"
"Stiff Upper Lip"
"Strike Up the Band"
"Summertime"
"Swanee"
"That Certain Feeling"
"They All Laughed"
"They Can't Take That Away from Me"
"Things Are Looking Up"
"Tra-la-la"
"Treat Me Rough"
"Walking the Dog"
"Who Cares?"
"You've Got What Gets Me"
Tribute albums
Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin
By George
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book
Ella Sings Gershwin
Gershwin Live!
Gershwin's World
The Glory of Gershwin
Ira, George and Joe
Nice Work If You Can Get It
Oscar Peterson Plays the George Gershwin Songbook
Red Hot + Rhapsody: The Gershwin Groove
Rosemary Clooney Sings the Lyrics of Ira Gershwin
Related articles
Gershwin Prize
Ira Gershwin (brother)
Arthur Gershwin (brother)
Frances Gershwin (sister)
Gershwin Theatre
List of compositions by George Gershwin
Category:George Gershwin
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Take_That_Away_(Mariah%27s_Theme)"},{"link_name":"Can't Take That Away From Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Take_That_Away_From_Me"},{"link_name":"song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Shall We Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shall_We_Dance_(1937_film)"}],"text":"For the song by Mariah Carey, see Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme). For the JoJo song, see Can't Take That Away From Me.1937 song by George and Ira Gershwin\"They Can't Take That Away from Me\" is a 1937 popular song with music by George Gershwin and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced by Fred Astaire in the 1937 film Shall We Dance and gained huge success.","title":"They Can't Take That Away from Me"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ginger Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers"},{"link_name":"The Barkleys of Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barkleys_of_Broadway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Song Is Ended (but the Melody Lingers On)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_Is_Ended_(but_the_Melody_Lingers_On)"},{"link_name":"Irving Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"Sweet Leilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Leilani"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Branagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh"},{"link_name":"Love's Labour's Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Stephen Herek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Herek"},{"link_name":"Mr. Holland's Opus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Holland%27s_Opus"},{"link_name":"Barry Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Rain Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_Man"},{"link_name":"melodic hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_hardcore"},{"link_name":"Strung Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strung_Out"},{"link_name":"Exile in Oblivion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile_in_Oblivion"}],"text":"The song is performed by Astaire on the lonely foggy deck of a ferry from New Jersey to Manhattan. It is sung to Ginger Rogers, who remains silent listening throughout. No dance sequence follows, which was unusual for the Astaire-Rogers numbers. Astaire and Rogers did dance to it later in their last movie The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) in which they played a married couple with marital issues. The song, in the context of Shall We Dance, notes some of the things that Peter (Astaire) will miss about Linda (Rogers). The lyrics include \"the way you wear your hat, the way you sip your tea\", and \"the way you hold your knife, the way we danced till three\". Each verse is followed by the line \"no, no, they can't take that away from me\". The basic meaning of the song is that even if the lovers part, though physically separated the nostalgic memories[5] cannot be forced from them. Thus, it is a song of mixed joy and sadness.The verse references the song \"The Song Is Ended (but the Melody Lingers On)\" by Irving Berlin:Our romance won't end on a sorrowful note, though by tomorrow you're gone. The song is ended, but as the songwriter wrote, 'the melody lingers on'. They may take you from me, I'll miss your fond caress, but though they take you from me I'll still possess....George Gershwin died two months after the film's release, and he was posthumously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 1937 Oscars but lost out to \"Sweet Leilani\" which had been made tremendously popular by Bing Crosby.The song is featured in Kenneth Branagh's musical version of Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost (2000), in Stephen Herek's Mr. Holland's Opus (1995), and in Barry Levinson's Rain Man (1988). The melodic hardcore band Strung Out also sampled the song for the intro of \"Analog\", the opening track on their 2004 album Exile in Oblivion.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Johnny Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Green"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Billie Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Artie Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby_Sings_Songs_by_George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Charlie Parker with Strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parker_with_Strings"},{"link_name":"Mary Lou Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Erroll Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroll_Garner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Ella and Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_and_Louis"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald_Sings_the_George_and_Ira_Gershwin_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Mel Tormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Mel Tormé Sings Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9_Sings_Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Oscar Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Peterson"},{"link_name":"June Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Christy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Lester Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Young"},{"link_name":"Laughin' to Keep from Cryin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughin%27_to_Keep_from_Cryin%27"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-6"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Songs for Young Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_for_Young_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Sinatra and Swingin' Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinatra_and_Swingin%27_Brass"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Steppin' Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppin%27_Out_(Tony_Bennett_album)"},{"link_name":"Fred Astaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged_(Tony_Bennett_album)"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"},{"link_name":"Love Is Here to Stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Here_to_Stay_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield"},{"link_name":"The Glory of Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glory_of_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Tina May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_May"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Diana Krall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Krall"},{"link_name":"Love Scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Scenes_(Diana_Krall_album)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Williams"},{"link_name":"Rupert Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Everett"},{"link_name":"Swing When You're Winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_When_You%27re_Winning"},{"link_name":"Rod Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Stewart"},{"link_name":"It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Had_to_Be_You:_The_Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson_Reimagines_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"},{"link_name":"Bold As Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_as_Brass_(album)"},{"link_name":"Stacey Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_Kent"},{"link_name":"Dreamer In Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamer_In_Concert"},{"link_name":"Gloria Estefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Estefan"},{"link_name":"The Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standards"},{"link_name":"Janet Seidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Seidel"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//soundcloud.com/pierocusato/they-cant-take-that-away-from"}],"text":"Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra – recorded March 14, 1937[6]\nSarah Vaughan\nBillie Holiday – recorded in New York on April 1, 1937[6]\nArtie Shaw – Hollywood, July 14, 1945[6]\nBing Crosby (recorded November 12, 1947)[7] – included in the album Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin.\nCharlie Parker – July 5, 1950,[6] Charlie Parker with Strings\nMary Lou Williams – The London Sessions (1953)[6]\nErroll Garner – recorded in Carmel-by-the-Sea, 1955 in \"Concert By The Sea\"[8]\nElla Fitzgerald – recorded in 1956 with Louis Armstrong for Ella and Louis and in 1959 for Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook\nMel Tormé – Mel Tormé Sings Fred Astaire (1956)\nOscar Peterson – Pastel Moods (1956)\nJune Christy – for June's Got Rhythm recorded in 1958[9]\nLester Young with Roy Eldridge and Harry \"Sweets\" Edison – Laughin' to Keep from Cryin' (1958)[6]\nFrank Sinatra for his 1954 album Songs for Young Lovers and for his 1962 album Sinatra and Swingin' Brass\nTony Bennett – on Steppin' Out (1993), a Fred Astaire tribute album; a duet with Elvis Costello on Bennett's MTV Unplugged (1994); a duet with Diana Krall on Bennett and Krall's Love Is Here to Stay (2018)\nLisa Stansfield for The Glory of Gershwin (1994)\nTina May – It Ain't Necessarily So (1995)[10]\nDiana Krall – Love Scenes (1997)\nRobbie Williams with Rupert Everett – Swing When You're Winning (2001)\nRod Stewart – It Had to Be You: The Great American Songbook (2002)\nBrian Wilson – Brian Wilson Reimagines Gershwin (2010)\nCliff Richard – Bold As Brass (2010)\nStacey Kent – Dreamer In Concert (2011)\nCuban-American singer Gloria Estefan included a cover of this song in her 2013 album The Standards\nTodd Gordon and Janet Seidel with the Royal Air Force Squadronaires big band (2012)\nVan Morrison covered this song in the album Versatile (2017)\nPiero Cusato – recording from SoundCloud [1]","title":"Other recordings"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of 1930s jazz standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards"},{"title":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"title":"1937 in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_music"}]
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[{"reference":"Library of Congress. Copyright Office. (1937). Catalog of Copyright Entries 1937 Musical Compositions New Series Vol 32 Pt 3 For the Year 1937. United States Copyright Office. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig323libr","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries 1937 Musical Compositions New Series Vol 32 Pt 3 For the Year 1937"}]},{"reference":"\"Cover versions of They Can't Take That Away from Me by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra | SecondHandSongs\". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/292683","url_text":"\"Cover versions of They Can't Take That Away from Me by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra | SecondHandSongs\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRUNSWICK 78rpm numerical listing discography: 7500 - 8000\". www.78discography.com. Retrieved 2022-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.78discography.com/BRN7500.htm","url_text":"\"BRUNSWICK 78rpm numerical listing discography: 7500 - 8000\""}]},{"reference":"Horton, Matthew (2015). \"Fred Astaire - \"They Can't Take That Away From Me\". In Dimery, Robert (ed.). 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die. New York: Universe. p. 54.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzoli_Libri","url_text":"Universe"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Ray Broadus; Ambrosetti, Ronald J. (1993). Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future. Popular Press. ISBN 9780879725938.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3y4d-kAcP80C&q=last+night+when+we+were+young+song+nostalgic&pg=PA102","url_text":"Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879725938","url_text":"9780879725938"}]},{"reference":"Gioia, Ted (2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 430–432. ISBN 978-0-19-993739-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993739-4","url_text":"978-0-19-993739-4"}]},{"reference":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\". BING magazine. International Club Crosby. Retrieved July 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html","url_text":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erroll Garner: The Complete \"Concert by the Sea\" (Columbia/Legacy 20842)\". 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://jazzhistoryonline.com/concert-by-the-sea/","url_text":"\"Erroll Garner: The Complete \"Concert by the Sea\" (Columbia/Legacy 20842)\""}]},{"reference":"They Can't Take That Away From Me (2:40) - June Christy. Retrieved 2024-05-08 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XISVjFs3wzM","url_text":"They Can't Take That Away From Me (2:40) - June Christy"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/pierocusato/they-cant-take-that-away-from","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig323libr","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries 1937 Musical Compositions New Series Vol 32 Pt 3 For the Year 1937"},{"Link":"https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/292683","external_links_name":"\"Cover versions of They Can't Take That Away from Me by Fred Astaire with Johnny Green and His Orchestra | SecondHandSongs\""},{"Link":"https://www.78discography.com/BRN7500.htm","external_links_name":"\"BRUNSWICK 78rpm numerical listing discography: 7500 - 8000\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3y4d-kAcP80C&q=last+night+when+we+were+young+song+nostalgic&pg=PA102","external_links_name":"Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future"},{"Link":"http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/crosby1bDecca.html","external_links_name":"\"A Bing Crosby Discography\""},{"Link":"https://jazzhistoryonline.com/concert-by-the-sea/","external_links_name":"\"Erroll Garner: The Complete \"Concert by the Sea\" (Columbia/Legacy 20842)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XISVjFs3wzM","external_links_name":"They Can't Take That Away From Me (2:40) - June Christy"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/it-aint-necessarily-so-mw0001085790","external_links_name":"\"Tina May – It Ain't Necessarily So: Overview\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/a2f9419b-b3a4-382a-8d1b-db86822c3256","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corynorhinus_townsendii
|
Townsend's big-eared bat
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["1 Description","2 Range","3 Ecology","4 Diet and echolocation","5 Functional morphology","6 Subspecies","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Species of bat
Townsend's big-eared bat
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Vespertilionidae
Genus:
Corynorhinus
Species:
C. townsendii
Binomial name
Corynorhinus townsendiiCooper, 1837
Subspecies
See text
Synonyms
Plecotus townsendii
Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) is a species of vesper bat.
Description
Townsend's big-eared bats in a cave
Townsend's big-eared bat is a medium-sized bat (7-12 g) with extremely long, flexible ears, and small yet noticeable lumps on each side of the snout. Its total length is around 10 cm (4 in.), its tail being around 5 cm (2 in) and its wingspan is about 28 cm (11 in).
The dental formula of Corynorhinus townsendii is 2.1.2.3.3.1.3.3. × 2 = 36
Range
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2024)
C. townsendii can be found in Canada, Mexico, and United States.
Ecology
Townsend's big-eared bats exiting a maternity colony in a mine
The mating season for the Townsend's big-eared bat takes place in late fall. As with many other bat species, the female stores sperm in her reproductive tract after mating, and fertilization occurs in the spring. Gestation lasts from 50 to 60 days. As with other bat species, pups are born without the ability to fly. Only one pup is birthed per female.
One study found the average lifespan of a Townsend's big-eared bat to be 16 years.
This bat requires large cavities for roosting; these may include abandoned buildings and mines, caves, and basal cavities of trees. During summer, these bats inhabit rocky crevices, caves, and derelict buildings. In winter, they hibernate in a variety of dwellings, including rocky crevices, caves, tunnels, mineshafts, spaces under loose tree bark, hollow trees, and buildings. During the summer, males and females occupy separate roosting sites; males are typically solitary, while females form maternity colonies, where they raise their pups. A maternity colony may range in size from 12 bats to 200, although in the eastern United States, colonies of 1,000 or more have been formed.
During the winter, these bats hibernate, often when temperatures are around 32 to 53 °F (around 0 °C to 11.5 °C.) Townsend's roost singly during hibernation, forming small clusters only rarely. Males often hibernate in warmer places than females and are more easily aroused and active in winter than females. The bats are often interrupted from their sleep because they tend to wake up frequently and move around in the cave or move from one cave entirely to another. Before hibernation, C. townsendii individuals increase their body mass to compensate for the food they do not eat during the winter.
This species has 2-3 feeding periods between dark and dawn, with periods of rest in between. They rest in areas different from where they roost during the day.
During tests on straight-line courses, C. townsendii flew at speeds ranging from 2.9 to 5.5 m/s (6.4 to 12.3 mph).
Diet and echolocation
This species is a moth specialist, and may feed almost exclusively on Lepidoptera. However, its diet may include small moths, flies, lacewings, dung beetles, sawflies, and other small insects. As a whisper bat, it echolocates at much lower intensities than other bats, and may be difficult to record using a bat detector. (This may be partly because it specializes on moths --- with some moths having the ability to hear bats, possibly producing their own noises to 'jam' a bat's echolocation in an effort to thwart predation.
Functional morphology
A Townsend's big-eared bat in hand
C. townsendii, as well as its close relative C. rafinesquii, both have low wing loading, which means a large wing area to mass ratio. This morphology allows for a large amount of lift, high maneuverability, low-speed flight, and hovering during flight.
Their large pinnae are usually in line with the body during flight; this indicates one of the roles of the pinnae is to impart lift during flight. The ears are also used to transmit sound into the bat's external auditory meatus, effectively distinguishing between ambient noise, and the sounds of predators or prey.
Subspecies
Five subspecies are described:
C. t. australis
C. t. townsendii – Townsend's big-eared bat
C. t. ingens – Ozark big-eared bat (federally endangered)
C. t. pallescens – western big-eared bat
C. t. virginianus – Virginia big-eared bat (federally endangered), the Virginia state bat
See also
Bats of the United States
Bats of Canada
Bats of Mexico
References
^ a b Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2017). "Corynorhinus townsendii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17598A21976681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17598A21976681.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ a b c d e Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii). Nsrl.ttu.edu. Retrieved on 2010-11-05.
^ Schwartz, Charles (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. University of Missouri Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780826213594.
^ Townsend's Big-eared Bat – Colorado Division of Wildlife. Wildlife.state.co.us (2009-07-27). Retrieved on 2010-11-05. Archived October 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ministry of Environment – Okanagan Region – Townsend's Big-eared Bat. Env.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved on 2010-11-05.
^ Schwartz, Charles; Schwartz, Elizabeth (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780826213594.
^ Schwartz, Charles; Schwartz, Elizabeth (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780826213594.
^ a b c Kunz, Thomas; Martin, Robert (June 1982). "Plecotus townsendii". Mammalian Species (175): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503998. JSTOR 3503998.
^ Dobkin, David S. (1995), Radiotelemetry Study of Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii) on the Fort Rock Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest, Central Oregon, p. 35
^ a b "ITIS Standard Report Page: Corynorhinus townsendii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. United States Government. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
^ Ozark Big-Eared Bats, Ozark Big-Eared Bat Pictures, Ozark Big-Eared Bat Facts – National Geographic. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-05.
^ Virginia big-eared bat. Biology.eku.edu. Retrieved on 2010-11-05.
External links
Media related to Corynorhinus townsendii at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Corynorhinus townsendii at Wikispecies
vteSpecies of subfamily Vespertilioninae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Aeorestes
Hoary bat (A. cinereus)
Big red bat (A. egregius)
Hawaiian hoary bat (A. semotus)
A. villosissimus
AfronycterisHeller's serotine (A. helios)
Banana serotine(A. nanus)Antrozous
Pallid bat (A. pallidus)
Arielulus
Collared pipistrelle (A. aureocollaris)
Black-gilded pipistrelle (A. circumdatus)
Coppery pipistrelle (A. cuprosus)
Social pipistrelle (A. societatis)
Necklace pipistrelle (A. torquatus)
Barbastella
Western barbastelle (B. barbastellus)
Beijing barbastelle (B. beijingensis)
Eastern barbastelle (B. darjelingensis)
Asian barbastelle (B. leucomelas)
Bauerus
Van Gelder's bat (B. dubiaquercus)
Chalinolobus
Large-eared pied bat (C. dwyeri)
Gould's wattled bat (C. gouldii)
Chocolate wattled bat (C. morio)
New Caledonia wattled bat (C. neocaledonicus)
Hoary wattled bat (C. nigrogriseus)
Little pied bat (C. picatus)
New Zealand long-tailed bat (C. tuberculatus)
Corynorhinus
Mexican big-eared bat (C. mexicanus)
Rafinesque's big-eared bat (C. rafinesquii)
Townsend's big-eared bat (C. townsendii)
Dasypterus
Southern yellow bat (D. ega)
Cuban yellow bat (D. insularis)
Northern yellow bat (D. intermedius)
Western yellow bat (D. xanthinus)
Eptesicus
E. anatolicus
Little black serotine (E. andinus)
Bobrinski's serotine (E. bobrinskoi)
Botta's serotine (E. bottae)
Brazilian brown bat (E. brasiliensis)
E. chiriquinus
Diminutive serotine (E. diminutus)
Surat serotine (E. dimissus)
Horn-skinned bat (E. floweri)
Argentine brown bat (E. furinalis)
Big brown bat (E. fuscus)
Gobi big brown bat (E. gobiensis)
Guadeloupe big brown bat (E. guadeloupensis)
Long-tailed house bat (E. hottentotus)
Harmless serotine (E. innoxius)
E. isabellinus
E. japonensis
Kobayashi's bat (E. kobayashii)
E. lobatus
Sind bat (E. nasutus)
Northern bat (E. nilssonii)
E. ognevi
E. pachyomus
Thick-eared bat (E. pachyotis)
Lagos serotine (E. platyops)
Serotine bat (E. serotinus)
E. taddeii
Sombre bat (E. tatei)
Euderma
Spotted bat (E. maculatum)
Eudiscopus
Disk-footed bat (E. denticulus)
Falsistrellus
Chocolate pipistrelle (F. affinis)
Western false pipistrelle (F. mackenziei)
Pungent pipistrelle (F. mordax)
Peters's pipistrelle (F. petersi)
Eastern false pipistrelle (F. tasmaniensis)
Glauconycteris
Allen's striped bat (G. alboguttata)
Silvered bat (G. argentata)
Beatrix's bat (G. beatrix)
Curry's bat (G. curryae)
Bibundi bat (G. egeria)
Glen's wattled bat (G. gleni)
Allen's spotted bat (G. humeralis)
Kenyan wattled bat (G. kenyacola)
Machado's butterfly bat (G. machadoi)
Abo bat (G. poensis)
Variegated butterfly bat (G. variegata)
Glischropus
G. aquilus
G. bucephalus
Javan thick-thumbed bat (G. javanus)
Common thick-thumbed bat (G. tylopus)
Hesperoptenus
Blanford's bat (H. blanfordi)
False serotine bat (H. doriae)
Gaskell's false serotine (H. gaskelli)
Tickell's bat (H. tickelli)
Large false serotine (H. tomesi)
Histiotus
Strange big-eared brown bat (H. alienus)
H. diaphanopterus
Humboldt big-eared brown bat (H. humboldti)
Thomas's big-eared brown bat (H. laephotis)
Big-eared brown bat (H. macrotus)
Southern big-eared brown bat (H. magellanicus)
Small big-eared brown bat (H. montanus)
Tropical big-eared brown bat (H. velatus)
Hypsugo
H. alaschanicus
H. anthonyi
Arabian pipistrelle (H. arabicus)
Desert pipistrelle (H. ariel)
H. bemainty
Cadorna's pipistrelle (H. cadornae)
Broad-headed pipistrelle (H. crassulus)
Long-toothed pipistrelle (H. dolichodon)
Eisentraut's pipistrelle (H. eisentrauti)
Brown pipistrelle (H. imbricatus)
Joffre's pipistrelle (H. joffrei)
Red-brown pipistrelle (H. kitcheneri)
Lanza's pipistrelle (H. lanzai)
Burma pipistrelle (H. lophurus)
Big-eared pipistrelle (H. macrotis)
Mouselike pipistrelle (H. musciculus)
Chinese pipistrelle (H. pulveratus)
Savi's pipistrelle (H. savii)
Vordermann's pipistrelle (H. vordermanni)
Ia
Great evening bat (I. io)
Idionycteris
Allen's big-eared bat (I. phyllotis)
Laephotis
Angolan long-eared bat (L. angolensis)
Botswanan long-eared bat (L. botswanae)
Namib long-eared bat (L. namibensis)
De Winton's long-eared bat (L. wintoni)
Lasionycteris
Silver-haired bat (L. noctivagans)
Lasiurus
L. arequipae
L. atratus
Desert red bat (L. blossevillii)
Eastern red bat (L. borealis)
Tacarcuna bat (L. castaneus)
Jamaican red bat (L. degelidus)
Hairy-tailed bat (L. ebenus)
Western red bat (L. frantzii))
Minor red bat (L. minor)
Pfeiffer's red bat (L. pfeifferi)
Saline red bat (L. salinae)
Seminole bat (L. seminolus)
Cinnamon red bat (L. varius)
Mimetillus
Moloney's mimic bat (M. moloneyi)
Neoromicia
Dark-brown serotine (N. brunnea)
Cape serotine (N. capensis)
Yellow serotine (N. flavescens)
N. grandidieri
Tiny serotine (N. guineensis)
N. isabella
Isalo serotine (N. malagasyensis)
Malagasy serotine (N. matroka)
Melck's house bat (N. melckorum)
Rendall's serotine (N. rendalli)
N. robertsi
Rosevear's serotine (N. roseveari)
Somali serotine (N. somalica)
N. stanleyi
White-winged serotine (N. tenuipinnis)
Zulu serotine (N. zuluensis)
Niumbaha
Pied bat (N. superba)
Nyctalus
Birdlike noctule (N. aviator)
Azores noctule (N. azoreum)
Nyctalus furvus (N. furvus)
Greater noctule bat (N. lasiopterus)
Lesser noctule (N. leisleri)
Mountain noctule (N. montanus)
Common noctule (N. noctula)
Chinese noctule (N. plancyi)
Nycticeinops
Schlieffen's bat (N. schlieffeni)
Nycticeius
Temminck's mysterious bat (N. aenobarbus)
Cuban evening bat (N. cubanus)
Evening bat (N. humeralis)
Nyctophilus
Northern long-eared bat (N. arnhemensis)
Eastern long-eared bat (N. bifax)
N. corbeni
N. daedalus
Lesser long-eared bat (N. geoffroyi)
Gould's long-eared bat (N. gouldi)
Sunda long-eared bat (N. heran)
Lord Howe long-eared bat (N. howensis)
N. major
Small-toothed long-eared bat (N. microdon)
New Guinea long-eared bat (N. microtis)
New Caledonian long-eared bat (N. nebulosus)
Tasmanian long-eared bat (N. sherrini)
Mount Missim long-eared bat (N. shirleyae)
Greater long-eared bat (N. timoriensis)
Pygmy long-eared bat (N. walkeri)
Otonycteris
Desert long-eared bat (O. hemprichii)
Otonycteris leucophaea (O. leucophaea)
Parastrellus
Western pipistrelle (P. hesperus)
Perimyotis
Eastern pipistrelle (P. subflavus)
Pharotis
New Guinea big-eared bat (P. imogene)
Philetor
Rohu's bat (P. brachypterus)
Pipistrellus
Japanese house bat (P. abramus)
Forest pipistrelle (P. adamsi)
Mount Gargues pipistrelle (P. aero)
Anchieta's pipistrelle (P. anchietae)
Angulate pipistrelle (P. angulatus)
Kelaart's pipistrelle (P. ceylonicus)
Greater Papuan pipistrelle (P. collinus)
Indian pipistrelle (P. coromandra)
P. dhofarensis
Egyptian pipistrelle (P. deserti)
Endo's pipistrelle (P. endoi)
P. hanaki
Dusky pipistrelle (P. hesperidus)
Aellen's pipistrelle (P. inexspectatus)
Java pipistrelle (P. javanicus)
Kuhl's pipistrelle (P. kuhlii)
Madeira pipistrelle (P. maderensis)
Minahassa pipistrelle (P. minahassae)
Christmas Island pipistrelle (P. murrayi)
Tiny pipistrelle (P. nanulus)
Nathusius's pipistrelle (P. nathusii)
Lesser Papuan pipistrelle (P. papuanus)
Mount Popa pipistrelle (P. paterculus)
Dar es Salaam pipistrelle (P. permixtus)
Common pipistrelle (P. pipistrellus)
Soprano pipistrelle (P. pygmaeus)
P. raceyi
Rüppell's pipistrelle (P. rueppellii)
Rusty pipistrelle (P. rusticus)
Narrow-winged pipistrelle (P. stenopterus)
Sturdee's pipistrelle (P. sturdeei)
Least pipistrelle (P. tenuis)
Watts's pipistrelle (P. wattsi)
Northern pipistrelle (P. westralis)
Plecotus
P. ariel
Brown long-eared bat (P. auritus)
Grey long-eared bat (P. austriacus)
Ethiopian big-eared bat (P. balensis)
P. begognae
Christie's big-eared bat (P. christiei)
P. gaisleri
P. homochrous
Kolombatovic's long-eared bat (P. kolombatovici)
P. kozlovi
Alpine long-eared bat (P. macrobullaris)
Ognev's long-eared bat (P. ognevi
Japanese long-eared bat (P. sacrimontis)
Sardinian long-eared bat (P. sardus)
P. strelkovi
Taiwan big-eared bat (P. taivanus)
Canary big-eared bat (P. teneriffae)
P. turkmenicus
P. wardi
Rhogeessa
Yucatan yellow bat (R. aeneus)
Allen's yellow bat (R. alleni)
Bickham's little yellow bat (R. bickhami)
Genoways's yellow bat (R. genowaysi)
Slender yellow bat (R. gracilis)
Husson's yellow bat (R. hussoni)
Thomas's yellow bat (R. io
Menchu's little yellow bat (R. menchuae)
Tiny yellow bat (R. minutilla)
Least yellow bat (R. mira)
Little yellow bat (R. parvula)
Black-winged little yellow bat (R. tumida)
R. velilla
Scoteanax
Rüppell's broad-nosed bat (S. rueppellii)
Scotoecus
White-bellied lesser house bat (S. albigula)
Light-winged lesser house bat (S. albofuscus)
Hinde's lesser house bat (S. hindei)
Dark-winged lesser house bat (S. hirundo)
Desert yellow bat (S. pallidus)
Scotomanes
Harlequin bat (S. ornatus)
Scotophilus
S. alvenslebeni
Andrew Rebori's house bat (S. andrewreborii)
Lesser yellow bat (S. borbonicus)
Sulawesi yellow bat (S. celebensis)
Sody's yellow house bat (S. collinus)
African yellow bat (S. dinganii)
Ejeta's house bat (S. ejetai)
Greater Asiatic yellow bat (S. heathii)
Lesser Asiatic yellow bat (S. kuhlii)
White-bellied yellow bat (S. leucogaster)
Livingstone's house bat (S. livingstonii)
Marovaza house bat (S. marovaza)
Schreber's yellow bat (S. nigrita)
S. nigritellus
Robbins's yellow bat (S. nucella)
Nut-colored yellow bat (S. nux)
Robust yellow bat (S. robustus)
S. tandrefana
Trujillo’s house bat (S. trujilloi)
Greenish yellow bat (S. viridis)
Scotorepens
Inland broad-nosed bat (S. balstoni)
Little broad-nosed bat (S. greyii)
Eastern broad-nosed bat (S. orion)
Northern broad-nosed bat (S. sanborni)
Scotozous
Dormer's bat (S. dormeri)
Tylonycteris
T. fulvida
T. malayana
Lesser bamboo bat (T. pachypus)
Pygmy bamboo bat (T. pygmaeus)
Greater bamboo bat (T. robustula)
T. tonkinensis
Vespadelus
Inland forest bat (V. baverstocki)
Northern cave bat (V. caurinus)
Large forest bat (V. darlingtoni)
Yellow-lipped bat (V. douglasorum)
Finlayson's cave bat (V. finlaysoni)
Eastern forest bat (V. pumilus)
Southern forest bat (V. regulus)
Eastern cave bat (V. troughtoni)
Little forest bat (V. vulturnus)
Vespertilio
Parti-coloured bat (V. murinus)
Asian particolored bat (V. sinensis)
Taxon identifiersCorynorhinus townsendii
Wikidata: Q1190041
Wikispecies: Corynorhinus townsendii
ADW: Corynorhinus_townsendii
BioLib: 34768
BOLD: 206985
CoL: YRRZ
GBIF: 2432479
iNaturalist: 74205
IRMNG: 10690374
ITIS: 203452
IUCN: 17598
MDD: 1005657
MSW: 13802141
NatureServe: 2.103228
NCBI: 124745
Open Tree of Life: 842471
Paleobiology Database: 367938
uBio: 544257
Plecotus townsendii
Wikidata: Q109647440
CoL: 4K2ZV
GBIF: 5218508
ITIS: 180028
Paleobiology Database: 50428
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vesper bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesper_bat"}],"text":"Townsend's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) is a species of vesper bat.","title":"Townsend's big-eared bat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"}],"text":"Townsend's big-eared bats in a caveTownsend's big-eared bat is a medium-sized bat (7-12 g)[2] with extremely long, flexible ears, and small yet noticeable lumps on each side of the snout. Its total length is around 10 cm (4 in.), its tail being around 5 cm (2 in) and its wingspan is about 28 cm (11 in).The dental formula of Corynorhinus townsendii is 2.1.2.3.3.1.3.3. × 2 = 36[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"}],"text":"C. townsendii can be found in Canada, Mexico, and United States.[1]","title":"Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bats_exiting_mine_(6009184925).jpg"},{"link_name":"maternity colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_colony_(bats)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multi-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"maternity colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_colony_(bats)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multi-2"},{"link_name":"hibernate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multi-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"Townsend's big-eared bats exiting a maternity colony in a mineThe mating season for the Townsend's big-eared bat takes place in late fall. As with many other bat species, the female stores sperm in her reproductive tract after mating, and fertilization occurs in the spring. Gestation lasts from 50 to 60 days. As with other bat species, pups are born without the ability to fly. Only one pup is birthed per female.[4]\nOne study found the average lifespan of a Townsend's big-eared bat to be 16 years.[5]This bat requires large cavities for roosting; these may include abandoned buildings and mines, caves, and basal cavities of trees.[2] During summer, these bats inhabit rocky crevices, caves, and derelict buildings. In winter, they hibernate in a variety of dwellings, including rocky crevices, caves, tunnels, mineshafts, spaces under loose tree bark, hollow trees, and buildings.[6] During the summer, males and females occupy separate roosting sites; males are typically solitary, while females form maternity colonies, where they raise their pups. A maternity colony may range in size from 12 bats to 200, although in the eastern United States, colonies of 1,000 or more have been formed.[2]\nDuring the winter, these bats hibernate, often when temperatures are around 32 to 53 °F (around 0 °C to 11.5 °C.) Townsend's roost singly during hibernation, forming small clusters only rarely. Males often hibernate in warmer places than females and are more easily aroused and active in winter than females. The bats are often interrupted from their sleep because they tend to wake up frequently and move around in the cave or move from one cave entirely to another. Before hibernation, C. townsendii individuals increase their body mass to compensate for the food they do not eat during the winter.[2]This species has 2-3 feeding periods between dark and dawn, with periods of rest in between. They rest in areas different from where they roost during the day.[7]During tests on straight-line courses, C. townsendii flew at speeds ranging from 2.9 to 5.5 m/s (6.4 to 12.3 mph).[8]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOBKIN-9"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly"},{"link_name":"lacewings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"link_name":"dung beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_beetle"},{"link_name":"sawflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawfly"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multi-2"},{"link_name":"echolocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolocation_(animal)"},{"link_name":"bat detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_detector"},{"link_name":"jam'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolocation_jamming"},{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"}],"text":"This species is a moth specialist, and may feed almost exclusively on Lepidoptera.[9] However, its diet may include small moths, flies, lacewings, dung beetles, sawflies, and other small insects.[2] As a whisper bat, it echolocates at much lower intensities than other bats, and may be difficult to record using a bat detector. (This may be partly because it specializes on moths --- with some moths having the ability to hear bats, possibly producing their own noises to 'jam' a bat's echolocation in an effort to thwart predation.","title":"Diet and echolocation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat_GRBA_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"pinnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"}],"text":"A Townsend's big-eared bat in handC. townsendii, as well as its close relative C. rafinesquii, both have low wing loading, which means a large wing area to mass ratio. This morphology allows for a large amount of lift, high maneuverability, low-speed flight, and hovering during flight.[8]Their large pinnae are usually in line with the body during flight; this indicates one of the roles of the pinnae is to impart lift during flight. The ears are also used to transmit sound into the bat's external auditory meatus, effectively distinguishing between ambient noise, and the sounds of predators or prey.[8]","title":"Functional morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_States_Government-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_States_Government-10"},{"link_name":"Ozark big-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozark_big-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Virginia big-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_big-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"state bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_bats"}],"text":"Five subspecies are described:[10]C. t. australis[10]\nC. t. townsendii – Townsend's big-eared bat\nC. t. ingens – Ozark big-eared bat (federally endangered)[11]\nC. t. pallescens – western big-eared bat\nC. t. virginianus – Virginia big-eared bat (federally endangered),[12] the Virginia state bat","title":"Subspecies"}]
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[{"image_text":"Townsend's big-eared bats in a cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg/220px-Townsends_in_music_hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Townsend's big-eared bats exiting a maternity colony in a mine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bats_exiting_mine_%286009184925%29.jpg/220px-Bats_exiting_mine_%286009184925%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Townsend's big-eared bat in hand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat_GRBA_2023.jpg/220px-Townsend%27s_big-eared_bat_GRBA_2023.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Bats of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Bats of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_of_Canada"},{"title":"Bats of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bats_of_Mexico"}]
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[{"reference":"Arroyo-Cabrales, J.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2017). \"Corynorhinus townsendii\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T17598A21976681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17598A21976681.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17598/21976681","url_text":"\"Corynorhinus townsendii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17598A21976681.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T17598A21976681.en"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Charles (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. University of Missouri Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780826213594.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826213594","url_text":"9780826213594"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Charles; Schwartz, Elizabeth (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780826213594.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826213594","url_text":"9780826213594"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Charles; Schwartz, Elizabeth (2001). The Wild Mammals of Missouri. Missouri: University of Missouri Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780826213594.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826213594","url_text":"9780826213594"}]},{"reference":"Kunz, Thomas; Martin, Robert (June 1982). \"Plecotus townsendii\". Mammalian Species (175): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503998. JSTOR 3503998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3503998","url_text":"10.2307/3503998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503998","url_text":"3503998"}]},{"reference":"Dobkin, David S. (1995), Radiotelemetry Study of Townsend's Big-eared Bat (Plecotus townsendii) on the Fort Rock Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest, Central Oregon, p. 35","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ITIS Standard Report Page: Corynorhinus townsendii\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. United States Government. Retrieved 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=203452#null","url_text":"\"ITIS Standard Report Page: Corynorhinus townsendii\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(military_operation)
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Unity (military operation)
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["1 Overview","2 Background","2.1 Special Requirement units","3 Beginnings","4 Organization","4.1 Training and deployment","4.2 Military Region 4","4.3 Military Region 2","5 Results","6 Notes","7 References"]
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UnityPart of Laotian Civil War, Vietnam WarTypeCovert military assistance and reinforcementLocationKingdom of LaosPlanned byRTA Headquarters 333, CIA Joint Liaison DetachmentCommanded byRoyal Thai Army, CIA, Laotian RoyalistsObjectiveSupport the Kingdom of Laos through the supply of mercenary and other military unitsDateSeptember 1958—22 February 1973Executed byRoyal Thai Army, CIA, Laotian RoyalistsOutcomeReinforced by soldiers from Thailand; ceasefire in on 22 February 1973 ends the programCasualties350 Thais and at least 30 civilians killedOver 1,000 Thais injured
Unity was the code name for Thailand's covert supply of mercenary soldiers to the Kingdom of Laos during the Laotian Civil War. From 4 July 1964 until March 1973, battalions of Thai volunteers fought Communist insurgents on the Plain of Jars in Military Region 2. As the Hmong L'Armée Clandestine was sapped by ongoing casualties and a limited basis for replacements, Unity battalions replaced them.
By December 1970, Unity battalions also began defensive operations against People's Army of Vietnam units pushing westward from the Ho Chi Minh trail in the southern Lao panhandle. By the time the Communists defeated the Royalists in February 1973, about 18,000 Thai volunteers were serving in Laos.
Overview
The Kingdom of Thailand occupied a delicate position during the Second Indochina War. The Kingdom of Laos was a buffer between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and Thailand, and their possible domination of the Thais. Laos also served as a buffer from the fighting in the Vietnam War. However, the Thai–Lao border of the Mekong River was easily breached. As a result, there was a consensus among Thais that communist encroachment should be stopped short of Thai territory. As an open effort would attract Chinese attention, the Thai government elected covert participation in the ongoing Laotian Civil War. The Police Aerial Reinforcement Unit (PARU) of the Border Patrol Police (BPP) became the liaison agents for that.
Background
As early as September 1958, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) began training Lao troops at Camp Erawan, Thailand. In April 1961, the first training camp in Thailand for Lao recruits opened in northeast Thailand; this effort was code named "Project Ekarad". The RTA created Headquarters 333 (HQ 333) to control its covert operations involving Laos. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) formed a Joint Liaison Detachment to coordinate its activities with HQ 333. Thai pilots and aviation specialists were also supplied sub rosa to the Royal Lao Air Force.
Special Requirement units
On 4 July 1964, to prepare for the Laotian offensive Operation Triangle, a Royal Thai artillery battalion of 279 men was flown from Korat, Thailand to the Plain of Jars, Laos. Equipped with a 155mm and five 105mm howitzers, the Thai battalion was emplaced to support Kong Le's Forces Armées Neutralistes (FAN). The request for the Thai unit was referred to as Project 008; as the first battalion deployed, the unit was dubbed Special Requirement 1.
In early 1966, Thai Prime Minister Phanom called for volunteers to serve in South Vietnam. There was an enthusiastic response from the male populace, with over 5,000 recruits just from Bangkok. It seems that this mobilization—which resulted in U.S.-funded Thai troops landing in South Vietnam in 1967—concealed the diversion of some of the manpower into Laos.
Succeeding Special Requirement units served as reinforcement of FAN forces stationed at the forward all-weather air strip at Muang Soui. During Campaign Toan Thang, on 24 June 1969, when People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) troops had scattered FAN, Special Requirement 8's 317 men manned its guns and held its ground. An evacuation of FAN dependents via helicopter sapped the Neutralist will to resist, and they abandoned Moung Soui. Encircled and outnumbered by their attackers, under tank and artillery fire, the senior Thai officer at the site had to be ordered to withdraw. On 26 June, the Thais were helilifted out in Operation Swan Lake. Special Requirement 8 was disbanded once it was back in Thailand.
The Hmong L'Armée Clandestine fought three successful campaigns during 1969: Raindance, Operation Off Balance, and Kou Kiet. By the close of the latter, the Secret Army had dwindled to 5,000 to 5,500 Hmong effectives; they were faced by 22,000 Communist troops. The Hmong manpower pool was nearly dry, as only teenagers and aging men were still available. By comparison, there was an essentially bottomless pool of 10,000 replacements per year available for the Vietnamese Communists.
During the Vietnamese Campaign 139, which threatened the existence of Vang Pao's L'Armee Clandestine, 300 Thai artillerymen of Special Requirement 9 arrived at Long Tieng. They arrived on 18 March 1970, when Vang Pao's reserves were reduced to aircraft mechanics and bandsmen. They were followed in April by the RTA's 13th Regimental Combat Team, committed to a year's service in Laos. To "disguise" their assignment to Vang Pao's forces, the three infantry battalions, the new artillery battalion, and Special Requirement 9 were redesignated with French names as Lao units. Overall, the Thai units were dubbed Task Force Vang Pao. They established two fire support bases to house their artillery. As the summer progressed, units that had been transferred in from other Military Regions rotated to their home bases, and the Thai infantry replaced them in their strongholds.
Beginnings
In the wake of Lon Nol's ascension to the leadership of the Khmer Republic, in early June 1970 the Royal Thai Government (RTG) raised 5,000 volunteer recruits to serve there, and began training them. On 9 September, it was publicly announced that Thailand had decided not to send troops to Cambodia after all. Undisclosed was the secret negotiation between the United States and Thailand concerning the cost and use of those troops. When Lieutenant General Richard G. Stilwell claimed the U.S. budget for training and equipping those troops could pay for retraining the entire RTA instead, he was overridden. Department of Defense (DOD) would fund the redirection of these volunteers to Laos under the code name Unity. The CIA would train and run the Unity program. The volunteers were used to staff nine infantry battalions and an artillery battalion. Each infantry battalion would be filled with 495 recruits on a one year tour of duty. Each battalion would be stiffened with a cadre of 22 trainers and 33 medical specialists from the Thai Army. The very size of the projected Unity force was a decided escalation in Thailand's commitment in the Laotian War. The Unity training was moved to a larger base near Kanchanaburi, Thailand, capable of housing four battalions at a time. There the Thais were trained by a staff of 44 U.S. Special Forces troops. Meanwhile, both the RTG and the U.S. were so enthusiastic about Unity, they contemplated an expansion of the program even beyond the tenfold increase in progress.
Organization
Training and deployment
The first two battalions of these Thai mercenary volunteers were trained by early December 1970. With a dozen Royal Thai Special Forces (RTSF) as leavening in the cadre, the new units were deemed ready for service. The RLG, which had not been party to establishing Unity, now set conditions on the Thai deployment into Laos. The Thais had to be used in active operations, and they had to be far from the international press corps in Vientiane. Also, the battalions had to be disguised by being renamed as Bataillon Commandos (BC) to conform with RLA custom. Numbered 601 and 602 respectively, the new battalions began the new custom of numbering Thai mercenary units in the 600 series while they were in Lao service.
In June 1972, in an effort to boost recruitment for the Unity program, Thai volunteers without prior military training were accepted for service in Laos. The Unity force ballooned from a strength of 14,028 in June to 21,413 in September.
Military Region 4
On 15 December 1970, BC 601 and BC 602 were helilifted to the abandoned village of Houei Sai, Laos to begin military operations in Military Region 4. Operating under the code name Virakom, they were so successful that CIA case officers, noting the contrast with the Khmer troops of Project Copper, thought the Thais might recapture the Boloven Plateau for them.
On 27 July 1971, Unity troops were committed to Operation Sayasila in a drive to recapture the vital air strip at Salavan. Later in 1971, they would participate in similar offensives in Operation Bedrock and Operation Thao La. By December, the PAVN was pressuring the Royalists in operations designed to push them away from the Ho Chi Minh Trail and backwards toward Thailand.
By June 1972, Royalist defenses in southern Laos' panhandle had been beaten back until some Communist troops had pushed to the Mekong River border between Laos and Thailand. Unity troops were being shifted between Military Regions 2 and 4 to fend off increasing PAVN might. The Royalist Black Lion offensives—Operations Black Lion, Black Lion III, and Black Lion V—were waged from 15 June 1972 through 22 February 1973 in a vain attempt to stave off defeat. The Thai mercenaries made up most of the Royalist fighting force.
Military Region 2
The Royalists faced many difficulties in Military Region 2. Fire Support Base Puncher, the Ban Na outpost of Long Tieng, was surrounded by PAVN infantry and sappers. On 14 February 1971, an accidental bombing killed 30 civilians. By 15 February, Vang Pao's L'Armee Clandestine was in desperate shape. The PAVN were within striking distance of the main guerrilla base at Long Tieng. The next two Unity Battalions, BCs 603 and 604, were pulled from the final stages of training and sent to reinforce the Hmong irregulars. To maintain unit integrity, the Thais had to fend off Vang Pao's attempt to parcel out platoons of Thai replacements into Hmong guerrilla units. The Thais were trained to fight cohesively as mobile offensive troops, and they intended to retain that capability.
On 3 March, the first Thai battalions arrived at Long Tieng. Unity troops held the line through March; PAVN could not overrun Long Tieng and win the war before the rainy season quashed operations.
Unity battalions continued to transfer into MR 2. The Thais recaptured the advanced fighter base at Muang Soui by late September 1971. The Thais had also set up a network of artillery fire support bases with mutually interlocking fields of fire across the expanse of the Plain of Jars to defend it against the Communists.
Also in late September, the Unity forces had increased to the point where they rated their medical evacuation support. Ten armed UH-1M helicopters were acquired and stationed at Udorn RTAFB; 26 Thai pilots were trained to fly them. As many as six of the helicopters would fly north daily to the Plain, responding to the call sign White Horse.
By the end of 1971, when the Vietnamese launched Campaign Z, the Thai troops in L'Armee Clandestine had largely replaced the original Hmong militia. Although the Communist combined arms assault initially overran six Thai strongpoints, the Thai defense of the vital base at Long Tieng narrowly saved the Royalists from losing the war. The Thais were also the backbone of the Operation Strength I and Operation Strength II Royalist counteroffensives of February and March 1972. By May 1972, the Hmong manpower pool was so diminished that a CIA paramilitary adviser noted that his newly recruited battalion of guerrillas contained over 100 youths under 17 years of age, with about a dozen being 12 or younger. Indeed, with six percent of the Lao population under arms, the Royalists were running low on potential soldiers, regardless of ethnic background. As a result, the Unity force supplied most of the manpower for Operation Phou Phiang II and Operation Phou Phiang III. The last of the Thai battalions would remain in the field through the 22 February 1972 ceasefire, withdrawing in March.
Results
In contrast to the 11,000 Thai troops who served in South Vietnam, as many as 22,000 Thais may have served in Laos by 1971. Thai casualty figures are reported as 350 killed, and over 1,000 wounded. When the ceasefire ended the war on 22 February 1973, Unity consisted of 27 infantry and three artillery battalions, along with six heavy weapon companies. The Thai units were organized into three task forces. Total strength then stood at 17,808 troopers. With fighting ended, desertion began. Within a month, Thai strength dropped to 14,900 as the volunteers filtered south looking for fresh employment. By midyear, Unity had dwindled to 10,000 soldiers. They were removed from Laos during the next year. Although there was some thought of redirecting some Unity troops into the Cambodian theater, eventually they were discharged.
Notes
^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). "A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 2–5.
^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 24.
^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). "A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, p. 7.
^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 111.
^ a b Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). "A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 12–13.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 212–213.
^ Ahern, p. 331.
^ Anthony and Sexton, p. 323.
^ Tapp, p. 82.
^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 248.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 255, 263.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 284–285.
^ a b Conboy and Morrison, p. 296.
^ a b Conboy and Morrison, p. 285.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 353–354, note 11.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 304–309.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 328–329.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 349–354.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 296–297
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 296–297, 301.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 302–304.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 303–304.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 323–334.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 335–338.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 345–349, 365.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 390–391.
^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). "A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 12–13, 18.
^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 405–406.
References
Ahern, Thomas L. Jr. (2006). Undercover Armies: CIA and Surrogate Warfare in Laos. Center for the Study of Intelligence. Classified control no. C05303949.
Anthony, Victor B. and Richard R. Sexton (1993). The War in Northern Laos. Command for Air Force History. OCLC 232549943.
Conboy, Kenneth and James Morrison (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 9780873648257.
Tapp, Nicholas (2010). The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora: Volume 6 of Comparative Anthropological Studies in Society, Cosmology and Politics. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783643102584.
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The RTA created Headquarters 333 (HQ 333) to control its covert operations involving Laos. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) formed a Joint Liaison Detachment to coordinate its activities with HQ 333. Thai pilots and aviation specialists were also supplied sub rosa to the Royal Lao Air Force.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Korat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korat"},{"link_name":"Plain of Jars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_of_Jars"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"Kong Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Le"},{"link_name":"Forces Armées Neutralistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_Arm%C3%A9es_Neutralistes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kis12-5"},{"link_name":"Muang Soui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muang_Soui"},{"link_name":"Campaign Toan Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Toan_Thang"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Operation Swan Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Swan_Lake"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Raindance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Raindance"},{"link_name":"Operation Off Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Off_Balance"},{"link_name":"Kou Kiet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kou_Kiet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Campaign 139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_139"},{"link_name":"Vang Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vang_Pao"},{"link_name":"Long Tieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Tieng"},{"link_name":"fire support bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support_base"},{"link_name":"Military Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Regions_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Special Requirement units","text":"On 4 July 1964, to prepare for the Laotian offensive Operation Triangle, a Royal Thai artillery battalion of 279 men was flown from Korat, Thailand to the Plain of Jars, Laos. Equipped with a 155mm and five 105mm howitzers, the Thai battalion was emplaced to support Kong Le's Forces Armées Neutralistes (FAN). The request for the Thai unit was referred to as Project 008; as the first battalion deployed, the unit was dubbed Special Requirement 1.[4]In early 1966, Thai Prime Minister Phanom called for volunteers to serve in South Vietnam. There was an enthusiastic response from the male populace, with over 5,000 recruits just from Bangkok. It seems that this mobilization—which resulted in U.S.-funded Thai troops landing in South Vietnam in 1967—concealed the diversion of some of the manpower into Laos.[5]Succeeding Special Requirement units served as reinforcement of FAN forces stationed at the forward all-weather air strip at Muang Soui. During Campaign Toan Thang, on 24 June 1969, when People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) troops had scattered FAN, Special Requirement 8's 317 men manned its guns and held its ground. An evacuation of FAN dependents via helicopter sapped the Neutralist will to resist, and they abandoned Moung Soui. Encircled and outnumbered by their attackers, under tank and artillery fire, the senior Thai officer at the site had to be ordered to withdraw. On 26 June, the Thais were helilifted out in Operation Swan Lake. Special Requirement 8 was disbanded once it was back in Thailand.[6]The Hmong L'Armée Clandestine fought three successful campaigns during 1969: Raindance, Operation Off Balance, and Kou Kiet. By the close of the latter, the Secret Army had dwindled to 5,000 to 5,500 Hmong effectives; they were faced by 22,000 Communist troops.[7][8] The Hmong manpower pool was nearly dry, as only teenagers and aging men were still available.[9] By comparison, there was an essentially bottomless pool of 10,000 replacements per year available for the Vietnamese Communists.[10]During the Vietnamese Campaign 139, which threatened the existence of Vang Pao's L'Armee Clandestine, 300 Thai artillerymen of Special Requirement 9 arrived at Long Tieng. They arrived on 18 March 1970, when Vang Pao's reserves were reduced to aircraft mechanics and bandsmen. They were followed in April by the RTA's 13th Regimental Combat Team, committed to a year's service in Laos. To \"disguise\" their assignment to Vang Pao's forces, the three infantry battalions, the new artillery battalion, and Special Requirement 9 were redesignated with French names as Lao units. Overall, the Thai units were dubbed Task Force Vang Pao. They established two fire support bases to house their artillery. As the summer progressed, units that had been transferred in from other Military Regions rotated to their home bases, and the Thai infantry replaced them in their strongholds.[11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lon Nol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Nol"},{"link_name":"Khmer Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government"},{"link_name":"Richard G. Stilwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_G._Stilwell"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kis12-5"},{"link_name":"Kanchanaburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchanaburi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy296-13"}],"text":"In the wake of Lon Nol's ascension to the leadership of the Khmer Republic, in early June 1970 the Royal Thai Government (RTG) raised 5,000 volunteer recruits to serve there, and began training them. On 9 September, it was publicly announced that Thailand had decided not to send troops to Cambodia after all. Undisclosed was the secret negotiation between the United States and Thailand concerning the cost and use of those troops. When Lieutenant General Richard G. Stilwell claimed the U.S. budget for training and equipping those troops could pay for retraining the entire RTA instead, he was overridden. Department of Defense (DOD) would fund the redirection of these volunteers to Laos under the code name Unity. The CIA would train and run the Unity program. The volunteers were used to staff nine infantry battalions and an artillery battalion. Each infantry battalion would be filled with 495 recruits on a one year tour of duty. Each battalion would be stiffened with a cadre of 22 trainers and 33 medical specialists from the Thai Army. The very size of the projected Unity force was a decided escalation in Thailand's commitment in the Laotian War.[12][5] The Unity training was moved to a larger base near Kanchanaburi, Thailand, capable of housing four battalions at a time. There the Thais were trained by a staff of 44 U.S. Special Forces troops. Meanwhile, both the RTG and the U.S. were so enthusiastic about Unity, they contemplated an expansion of the program even beyond the tenfold increase in progress.[13]","title":"Beginnings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mercenary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"Vientiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy285-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Training and deployment","text":"The first two battalions of these Thai mercenary volunteers were trained by early December 1970. With a dozen Royal Thai Special Forces (RTSF) as leavening in the cadre, the new units were deemed ready for service. The RLG, which had not been party to establishing Unity, now set conditions on the Thai deployment into Laos. The Thais had to be used in active operations, and they had to be far from the international press corps in Vientiane. Also, the battalions had to be disguised by being renamed as Bataillon Commandos (BC) to conform with RLA custom. Numbered 601 and 602 respectively, the new battalions began the new custom of numbering Thai mercenary units in the 600 series while they were in Lao service.[14]In June 1972, in an effort to boost recruitment for the Unity program, Thai volunteers without prior military training were accepted for service in Laos. The Unity force ballooned from a strength of 14,028 in June to 21,413 in September.[15]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houei Sai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houei_Sai"},{"link_name":"Military Region 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Regions_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Project Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Copper"},{"link_name":"Boloven Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boloven_Plateau"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy285-14"},{"link_name":"Operation Sayasila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sayasila"},{"link_name":"Salavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salavan_(city)"},{"link_name":"Operation Bedrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bedrock_(Laos)"},{"link_name":"Operation Thao La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thao_La"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Operations Black Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Lion"},{"link_name":"Black Lion III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Lion_III"},{"link_name":"Black Lion V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Black_Lion_V"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Military Region 4","text":"On 15 December 1970, BC 601 and BC 602 were helilifted to the abandoned village of Houei Sai, Laos to begin military operations in Military Region 4. Operating under the code name Virakom, they were so successful that CIA case officers, noting the contrast with the Khmer troops of Project Copper, thought the Thais might recapture the Boloven Plateau for them.[14]On 27 July 1971, Unity troops were committed to Operation Sayasila in a drive to recapture the vital air strip at Salavan. Later in 1971, they would participate in similar offensives in Operation Bedrock and Operation Thao La.[16] By December, the PAVN was pressuring the Royalists in operations designed to push them away from the Ho Chi Minh Trail and backwards toward Thailand.[17]By June 1972, Royalist defenses in southern Laos' panhandle had been beaten back until some Communist troops had pushed to the Mekong River border between Laos and Thailand. Unity troops were being shifted between Military Regions 2 and 4 to fend off increasing PAVN might. The Royalist Black Lion offensives—Operations Black Lion, Black Lion III, and Black Lion V—were waged from 15 June 1972 through 22 February 1973 in a vain attempt to stave off defeat. The Thai mercenaries made up most of the Royalist fighting force.[18]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Tieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Tieng"},{"link_name":"accidental bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conboy296-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"recaptured the advanced fighter base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phou_Khao_Kham"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"UH-1M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1M"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Campaign Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Z"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Operation Strength I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strength_I"},{"link_name":"Operation Strength II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Strength_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Operation Phou Phiang II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Phou_Phiang_II"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Operation Phou Phiang III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Phou_Phiang_III"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Military Region 2","text":"The Royalists faced many difficulties in Military Region 2. Fire Support Base Puncher, the Ban Na outpost of Long Tieng, was surrounded by PAVN infantry and sappers. On 14 February 1971, an accidental bombing killed 30 civilians. By 15 February, Vang Pao's L'Armee Clandestine was in desperate shape. The PAVN were within striking distance of the main guerrilla base at Long Tieng. The next two Unity Battalions, BCs 603 and 604, were pulled from the final stages of training and sent to reinforce the Hmong irregulars. To maintain unit integrity, the Thais had to fend off Vang Pao's attempt to parcel out platoons of Thai replacements into Hmong guerrilla units. The Thais were trained to fight cohesively as mobile offensive troops, and they intended to retain that capability.[19]On 3 March, the first Thai battalions arrived at Long Tieng.[13] Unity troops held the line through March; PAVN could not overrun Long Tieng and win the war before the rainy season quashed operations.[20]Unity battalions continued to transfer into MR 2. The Thais recaptured the advanced fighter base at Muang Soui by late September 1971. The Thais had also set up a network of artillery fire support bases with mutually interlocking fields of fire across the expanse of the Plain of Jars to defend it against the Communists.[21]Also in late September, the Unity forces had increased to the point where they rated their medical evacuation support. Ten armed UH-1M helicopters were acquired and stationed at Udorn RTAFB; 26 Thai pilots were trained to fly them. As many as six of the helicopters would fly north daily to the Plain, responding to the call sign White Horse.[22]By the end of 1971, when the Vietnamese launched Campaign Z, the Thai troops in L'Armee Clandestine had largely replaced the original Hmong militia. Although the Communist combined arms assault initially overran six Thai strongpoints, the Thai defense of the vital base at Long Tieng narrowly saved the Royalists from losing the war.[23] The Thais were also the backbone of the Operation Strength I and Operation Strength II Royalist counteroffensives of February and March 1972.[24] By May 1972, the Hmong manpower pool was so diminished that a CIA paramilitary adviser noted that his newly recruited battalion of guerrillas contained over 100 youths under 17 years of age, with about a dozen being 12 or younger. Indeed, with six percent of the Lao population under arms, the Royalists were running low on potential soldiers, regardless of ethnic background. As a result, the Unity force supplied most of the manpower for Operation Phou Phiang II[25] and Operation Phou Phiang III. The last of the Thai battalions would remain in the field through the 22 February 1972 ceasefire, withdrawing in March.[26]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In contrast to the 11,000 Thai troops who served in South Vietnam, as many as 22,000 Thais may have served in Laos by 1971. Thai casualty figures are reported as 350 killed, and over 1,000 wounded.[27] When the ceasefire ended the war on 22 February 1973, Unity consisted of 27 infantry and three artillery battalions, along with six heavy weapon companies. The Thai units were organized into three task forces. Total strength then stood at 17,808 troopers. With fighting ended, desertion began. Within a month, Thai strength dropped to 14,900 as the volunteers filtered south looking for fresh employment. By midyear, Unity had dwindled to 10,000 soldiers. They were removed from Laos during the next year. Although there was some thought of redirecting some Unity troops into the Cambodian theater, eventually they were discharged.[28]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kis12_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kis12_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy296_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy296_13-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy285_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-conboy285_14-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"}],"text":"^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). \"A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina\". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 2–5.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 24.\n\n^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). \"A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina\". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, p. 7.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 111.\n\n^ a b Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). \"A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina\". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 12–13.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 212–213.\n\n^ Ahern, p. 331.\n\n^ Anthony and Sexton, p. 323.\n\n^ Tapp, p. 82.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, p. 248.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 255, 263.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 284–285.\n\n^ a b Conboy and Morrison, p. 296.\n\n^ a b Conboy and Morrison, p. 285.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 353–354, note 11.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 304–309.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 328–329.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 349–354.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 296–297\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 296–297, 301.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 302–304.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 303–304.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 323–334.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 335–338.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 345–349, 365.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 390–391.\n\n^ Kislenko, Arne (Summer 2004). \"A Not So Silent Partner. Thailand's Role in Covert Operations, Counter-Insurgency, and the Wars in Indochina\". The Journal of Conflict Studies. Volume 24, Issue 1, pp. 12–13, 18.\n\n^ Conboy and Morrison, pp. 405–406.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232549943","external_links_name":"232549943"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohail_Ahmed_(former_Islamist)
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Sohail Ahmed (former Islamist)
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["1 Background","2 Radicalization","3 Deradicalization","4 Activism and current work","5 References"]
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British LGBT rights activist and former Islamist
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Sohail Ahmed" former Islamist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sohail AhmedNationalityBritishCitizenshipBritishAlma materOpen UniversityOccupation(s)Counter-terrorism and counter-extremism specialistKnown forFormer Muslim extremist, turned LGBT rights activist
Sohail Ahmed (born 1992) is an English social activist of Pakistani and Kashmiri descent, former Islamist and Muslim extremist who was at one point considering carrying out an Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London. Following his coming out as a gay man, he now works in the fields of counter-extremism, counter-terrorism, and social integration. He has featured in the media and has written for a number of publications exploring his personal journey, LGBT rights in the Muslim world, and Islamic extremism. He has also exposed the prevalence of extremism and jihadism in British universities.
Background
Sohail is a British citizen of Pakistani and Kashmiri descent. His parents settled in London following the main wave of immigration from Mirpur, situated in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Ahmed grew up in East London. Originally coming from a Barelvi Muslim background, his parents later became radicalized and started believing in the Salafist form of Islam after befriending Wahhabi neighbors. Ahmed is a openly gay who has described his struggles with his homosexuality as a Muslim.
Radicalization
Ahmed became radicalized in response to the Iraq and Afghanistan military interventions by the United States and the United Kingdom. He was taught at his local mosque that the Iraq and Afghanistan interventions were representative of a war against Islam and Muslims. Consequently, he began considering carrying out an Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London.
Sohail has mentioned that his struggle with homosexuality also had a significant impact on his journey towards Islamic extremism. In an attempt to change his sexuality, he became even more religious and observant, and given that he was a Salafist, this, in practice, resulted in him becoming ever more extreme in his views.
Sohail admits that whilst he was an Islamist, he was involved in propagating his radical views at Sir George Monoux College. He also admits that he had radicalized a fellow British Muslim who later went on to join the jihad with the now defunct Islamic State in Syria.
Deradicalization
Ahmed ultimately decided not to engage in violence. He then began to doubt his religious beliefs, which mainly centred around questioning the anti-scientific views he was raised with, in particular regarding the rejection of biological evolution. This culminated in him studying evolution, which in turn led to him abandoning his Salafist views.
He then later questioned the concept of revelation and religion, which resulted in him becoming a Deist. He then began questioning the existence of God and became an agnostic. He now describes himself as a cultural Muslim, retaining a connection to his former religion, whilst simultaneously rejecting its truth claims.
Activism and current work
Ahmed has campaigned for LGBT rights in the Muslim world, and against Islamic extremism. He is also an active Labour party member. He now works in the fields of counter-terrorism and counter-extremism, and is currently an intern at the Henry Jackson Society.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hornall, Thomas (8 October 2015). "What It's Like to Grow Up as a Closeted Gay Extremist Muslim". Vice. Vice Media. ISSN 1077-6788. OCLC 30856250. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
^ https://www.vice.com/en/article/nn9qgb/gay-hardline-islamist-sohail-486
^ a b c d e f Sommerlad, Nick (28 August 2015). "I was a hate preacher who radicalised at least one Brit jihadi but I've changed after coming out'". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ a b c d Vine, Jeremy; Ahmed, Sohail (2015). "the former Islamic extremist who says he became radicalised to suppress his homosexuality". BBC Radio 2. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ Counter extremism expert on terror threat of Islamism, retrieved 2021-10-19
^ "How a Young Londoner Escaped Radical Islam". HuffPost. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
^ a b c d e "A gay Muslim speaks: Why I left radical Islamism | Peter Tatchell Foundation". www.petertatchellfoundation.org. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ a b "Hostility & support at LGBT-Muslim Solidarity launch | Peter Tatchell Foundation". www.petertatchellfoundation.org. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ "Reformed Islamic extremist looks back". MSNBC. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ Gay Muslim: I radicalized to try 'to cure myself' - CNN Video, 20 June 2016, retrieved 2021-10-10
^ Hanif, Faisal. "My Muslim father tried exorcism to stop me being gay". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ "BBC Three - Reggie Yates' Extreme, UK, Gay and Under Attack". BBC. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^
^ Hanif, Faisal. "University's Islamic society is suspended over 'intimidation'". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
^ "Ex-Islamist radical says extremism rampant in British universities". Queen Mary University of London. 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ Youle, Emma (2015-08-06). "Former Islamic radical claims 'talk of jihad' common at Queen Mary University Friday prayer". East London Advertiser. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/i-hate-preacher-who-radicalised-6341557.amp
^ Sohail Ahmed | Ex-Salafi On Leaving Islam, retrieved 2021-10-10
^ "My de-radicalisation story: Life after considering terrorism". International Business Times UK. 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
^ My Journey In and Out of Extremist Islam, retrieved 2021-10-10
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"social activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_activist"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"Muslim extremist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism"},{"link_name":"Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"coming out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"},{"link_name":"gay man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_men"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"social integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_integration"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights in the Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Islamic extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism"},{"link_name":"jihadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Sohail Ahmed (born 1992) [2] is an English social activist of Pakistani and Kashmiri descent, former Islamist and Muslim extremist who was at one point considering carrying out an Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London.[1][3][4] Following his coming out as a gay man,[1][3][4] he now works in the fields of counter-extremism, counter-terrorism, and social integration. He has featured in the media and has written for a number of publications exploring his personal journey, LGBT rights in the Muslim world, and Islamic extremism.[13] He has also exposed the prevalence of extremism and jihadism in British universities.[14][15][16]","title":"Sohail Ahmed (former Islamist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"Mirpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirpur,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan-controlled Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_controlled_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Barelvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi"},{"link_name":"radicalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization"},{"link_name":"Salafist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement"},{"link_name":"Wahhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"openly gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openly_gay"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"}],"text":"Sohail is a British citizen of Pakistani and Kashmiri descent.[1] His parents settled in London following the main wave of immigration from Mirpur, situated in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir. Ahmed grew up in East London.[17] Originally coming from a Barelvi Muslim background, his parents later became radicalized and started believing in the Salafist form of Islam after befriending Wahhabi neighbors.[1][18] Ahmed is a openly gay who has described his struggles with his homosexuality as a Muslim.[1][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radicalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization"},{"link_name":"Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"Islamic extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"Salafist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism"},{"link_name":"join the jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-3"}],"text":"Ahmed became radicalized in response to the Iraq and Afghanistan military interventions by the United States and the United Kingdom. He was taught at his local mosque that the Iraq and Afghanistan interventions were representative of a war against Islam and Muslims. Consequently, he began considering carrying out an Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London.[1][3][4]Sohail has mentioned that his struggle with homosexuality also had a significant impact on his journey towards Islamic extremism.[1][3][4] In an attempt to change his sexuality, he became even more religious and observant, and given that he was a Salafist,[1][7] this, in practice, resulted in him becoming ever more extreme in his views.[7][19]Sohail admits that whilst he was an Islamist, he was involved in propagating his radical views at Sir George Monoux College. He also admits that he had radicalized a fellow British Muslim who later went on to join the jihad with the now defunct Islamic State in Syria.[3]","title":"Radicalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-scientific views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiscience"},{"link_name":"biological evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_evolution"},{"link_name":"Deist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-2015-1"},{"link_name":"existence of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_of_God"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"cultural Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Muslims"},{"link_name":"rejecting its truth claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Ahmed ultimately decided not to engage in violence. He then began to doubt his religious beliefs, which mainly centred around questioning the anti-scientific views he was raised with, in particular regarding the rejection of biological evolution. This culminated in him studying evolution, which in turn led to him abandoning his Salafist views.He then later questioned the concept of revelation and religion, which resulted in him becoming a Deist.[1] He then began questioning the existence of God and became an agnostic. He now describes himself as a cultural Muslim, retaining a connection to his former religion, whilst simultaneously rejecting its truth claims.[20]","title":"Deradicalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT rights in the Muslim world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Islamic extremism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_extremism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-7"},{"link_name":"Labour party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Henry Jackson Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society"}],"text":"Ahmed has campaigned for LGBT rights in the Muslim world, and against Islamic extremism.[8][7] He is also an active Labour party member. He now works in the fields of counter-terrorism and counter-extremism, and is currently an intern at the Henry Jackson Society.","title":"Activism and current work"}]
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[{"reference":"Hornall, Thomas (8 October 2015). \"What It's Like to Grow Up as a Closeted Gay Extremist Muslim\". Vice. Vice Media. ISSN 1077-6788. OCLC 30856250. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/nn9qgb/gay-hardline-islamist-sohail-486","url_text":"\"What It's Like to Grow Up as a Closeted Gay Extremist Muslim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Media","url_text":"Vice Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-6788","url_text":"1077-6788"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30856250","url_text":"30856250"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101194251/https://www.vice.com/en/article/nn9qgb/gay-hardline-islamist-sohail-486","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sommerlad, Nick (28 August 2015). \"I was a hate preacher who radicalised at least one Brit jihadi but I've changed after coming out'\". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/i-hate-preacher-who-radicalised-6341557","url_text":"\"I was a hate preacher who radicalised at least one Brit jihadi but I've changed after coming out'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Vine, Jeremy; Ahmed, Sohail (2015). \"the former Islamic extremist who says he became radicalised to suppress his homosexuality\". BBC Radio 2. Retrieved 19 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p032qxx6/player","url_text":"\"the former Islamic extremist who says he became radicalised to suppress his homosexuality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2","url_text":"BBC Radio 2"}]},{"reference":"Counter extremism expert on terror threat of Islamism, retrieved 2021-10-19","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72LntnTtfec","url_text":"Counter extremism expert on terror threat of Islamism"}]},{"reference":"\"How a Young Londoner Escaped Radical Islam\". HuffPost. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2021-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-a-young-londoner-esca_b_10570648","url_text":"\"How a Young Londoner Escaped Radical Islam\""}]},{"reference":"\"A gay Muslim speaks: Why I left radical Islamism | Peter Tatchell Foundation\". www.petertatchellfoundation.org. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.petertatchellfoundation.org/a-gay-muslim-speaks-why-i-left-radical-islamism/","url_text":"\"A gay Muslim speaks: Why I left radical Islamism | Peter Tatchell Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hostility & support at LGBT-Muslim Solidarity launch | Peter Tatchell Foundation\". www.petertatchellfoundation.org. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.petertatchellfoundation.org/hostility-support-at-lgbt-muslim-solidarity-campaign-launch/","url_text":"\"Hostility & support at LGBT-Muslim Solidarity launch | Peter Tatchell Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reformed Islamic extremist looks back\". MSNBC. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow/watch/reformed-islamic-extremist-looks-back-708013123527","url_text":"\"Reformed Islamic extremist looks back\""}]},{"reference":"Gay Muslim: I radicalized to try 'to cure myself' - CNN Video, 20 June 2016, retrieved 2021-10-10","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/06/20/sohail-ahmed-camerota-intv-newday.cnn","url_text":"Gay Muslim: I radicalized to try 'to cure myself' - CNN Video"}]},{"reference":"Hanif, Faisal. \"My Muslim father tried exorcism to stop me being gay\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/my-muslim-father-tried-exorcism-to-stop-me-being-gay-sfhn0zxtd5g","url_text":"\"My Muslim father tried exorcism to stop me being gay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Three - Reggie Yates' Extreme, UK, Gay and Under Attack\". BBC. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06ryprb","url_text":"\"BBC Three - Reggie Yates' Extreme, UK, Gay and Under Attack\""}]},{"reference":"Hanif, Faisal. \"University's Islamic society is suspended over 'intimidation'\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2021-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/universitys-islamic-society-is-suspended-over-intimidation-3vcdd0ls8","url_text":"\"University's Islamic society is suspended over 'intimidation'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Islamist radical says extremism rampant in British universities\". Queen Mary University of London. 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://thetab.com/uk/queenmary/2015/08/12/ex-islamist-radical-says-extremism-rampant-british-universities-276","url_text":"\"Ex-Islamist radical says extremism rampant in British universities\""}]},{"reference":"Youle, Emma (2015-08-06). \"Former Islamic radical claims 'talk of jihad' common at Queen Mary University Friday prayer\". East London Advertiser. Retrieved 2021-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/education/former-islamic-radical-claims-talk-of-jihad-common-at-queen-3500626","url_text":"\"Former Islamic radical claims 'talk of jihad' common at Queen Mary University Friday prayer\""}]},{"reference":"Sohail Ahmed | Ex-Salafi On Leaving Islam, retrieved 2021-10-10","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjgWafsgI1M","url_text":"Sohail Ahmed | Ex-Salafi On Leaving Islam"}]},{"reference":"\"My de-radicalisation story: Life after considering terrorism\". International Business Times UK. 2017-03-30. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_Shoal
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Protector Shoal
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["1 Geography and geomorphology","2 Geology","2.1 Composition","3 Climate and ecology","4 Eruption history","4.1 1962 eruption","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Sources","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°54′45″S 28°10′03″W / 55.9125°S 28.1675°W / -55.9125; -28.1675Submarine volcano NW of Zavodovski Island in the South Sandwich Islands
Protector ShoalSummit depth55 m (180 ft)Height3,900 ft (1,200 m)LocationLocation50 km (31 mi) NW of Zavodovski IslandGroupSouth Sandwich IslandsCoordinates55°54′45″S 28°10′03″W / 55.9125°S 28.1675°W / -55.9125; -28.1675CountryUnited KingdomGeologyTypeSeamount, Submarine volcanoLast eruption1962; 62 years ago (1962)HistoryDiscovery date1962 (1962)Discovered byRoyal Navy Ice Patrol Vessel HMS Protector
South Sandwich Islands
Protector Shoal is the shallowest point of the Protector Seamounts, a group of submarine volcanoes in the Southern Ocean. They are part of the South Sandwich island arc, a volcanic arc that has given rise to the South Sandwich Islands. Protector Shoal reaches a depth of 55 metres (180 ft) below sea level and is part of a larger group of seamounts that formed atop a larger ridge. Some of these seamounts bear traces of sector collapses, and one is capped by nested calderas.
The seamount erupted in 1962, probably during March, and produced a large pumice raft that was swept by ocean currents around Antarctica. Various islands near to or in the Southern Ocean, such as Australia and New Zealand, have had Protector Shoal pumice wash up on their coastlines. Pumice attributed to this eruption has been recovered as far as Hawaii. There have been no eruptions since, but there is ongoing seismicity and underwater hydrothermal venting.
Geography and geomorphology
The Protector Seamounts are a 55 kilometres (34 mi) east-west trending ridge at 1,000–1,500 metres (3,300–4,900 ft) depth about 56 kilometres (35 mi) northwest of Zavodovski Island. They lie at the northern end of the South Sandwich Islands, a 350-kilometre (220 mi) long north-south trending chain of eleven islands at the eastern margin of the Scotia Sea. From north to south they include Zavodovski Island, Leskov Island, Visokoi Island, Candlemas Island-Vindication Island, Saunders Island, Montagu Island, Bristol Island and Southern Thule (Bellingshausen Island-Cook Island-Thule Island); they are small, lack vegetation and are heavily glaciated. Submarine volcanoes lie at each end of the chain: Protector at the northern, Nelson and Kemp at the southern. The seamount was already known before the 1962 eruption, but received a name only after the eruption.
The northern slopes of the common ridge have a low gradient and are cut by numerous faults associated with the subduction process. The southern slopes are less regular and steeper. Bisco Basin, a 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide embayment, lies north of the ridge. It was originally interpreted as a caldera or a sector collapse scar, but appears to be of tectonic origin. The Nimrod Basin is another tectonic depression. A southeastward extension of the ridge joins Protector Shoal with Zavodovski Island.
The ridge is topped by about seven distinct seamounts that are referred to in the literature as: Tula ("PS1"), Biscoe ("PS2"), "PS3", Protector Shoal ("PS4"), Endurance ("PS5"), JCR ("PS6") and Quest ("PS7"). The names refer to ships. Another seamount, Scoresby, was discovered west of Quest. The seamounts have the sizes of small stratovolcanoes, with heights of about 400–1,400 metres (1,300–4,600 ft), and rise to about a few hundred metres below sea level. The shallowest point of the chain is Protector Shoal which reaches a depth of 55 metres (180 ft) below sea level. Initially it was thought that "Protector Shoal" was a 27-metre (89 ft) deep seamount; subsequently the name was attributed to the shallowest seamount. This seamount is cut by a 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) wide slump scar, formed by a collapse that descended to the south-southeast. Another slump is identified on the northwestern side.
Northwest of Protector Shoal is the broad Nimrod Bank, at 400–600 metres (1,300–2,000 ft) depth. JCR also features a collapse scar. Quest is cut by two 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) wide nested calderas that are breached to the southwest, with a maximum depth of 340 metres (1,120 ft). The caldera volume reaches about 0.4–0.9 cubic kilometres (0.096–0.216 cu mi). Lava domes and lava flows, probably from monogenetic volcanoes, have been emplaced south of JCR and west of Nimrod Bank. Dives on to Quest and Protector Shoal have found a seafloor covered with gravel, sediments, talus and volcanic blocks that reach metre sizes. Some areas are sandy, others blocky or gravelly and there are rocky outcrops at Protector and Scoresby.
Geology
East of the South Sandwich Islands, the South American Plate subducts beneath the Sandwich Plate at a rate of about 67–79 millimetres per year (2.6–3.1 in/year), increasing to the south. This subduction is responsible for the volcanism of the South Sandwich arc. The oceanic crust under the arc is young, only about 8–10 million years, and formed on the Scotia spreading ridge west of the South Sandwich Islands. It is a young volcanic arc which produces mainly basaltic rocks, forming 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) high volcanic piles.
At the northern margin of the arc, the subducted oceanic crust is about 76 million years old. Below Protector Shoal, the downgoing South America slab has an east-west trending tear. Fluids ascending through the tear could be enhancing melt production under the seamount.
Composition
Protector Shoal has erupted rhyolite or rhyodacite, with andesite inclusions. This is the only known occurrence of rhyolite in the South Sandwich Islands. Phenocrysts include amphibole, augite, diopside, ilmenite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and titanium-containing magnetite. The rocks define a potassium-poor tholeiitic suite, common on the South Sandwich Islands.
Pumices dredged from the southern flank of Protector Shoal appear to fall into four distinct groups, based on trace element composition, which do not appear to be derived from each other. They may have all formed through partial melting or fractional crystallization of crustal rocks underlying Protector Shoal. The crustal rocks are most likely the product of island arc volcanism rather than spreading at the Scotia Ridge, although the latter possibility cannot be ruled out. Melts derived from subducted sediments played no role in the formation of Protector Shoal magmas.
Climate and ecology
The climate in the region is polar, with frequent snow and storms; mean annual temperatures hover around 0 °C (32 °F). Fishery takes place around the Protector Seamounts, but has been restricted by the 2012 establishment of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands marine protected area and as of 2022 by a Benthic Closed Area that disallows all bottom fishing.
Quest, Scoresby and Protector Shoal have been investigated during dives. Bryozoans, crinoids, various species of octocorals, serpulid worms, sponges and starfish colonize exposed rocks. Anemones, brittle stars and some sponges live on top or inside of other animals. Holothurians, rattails, sea urchins, shrimps and spider crabs complete the fauna. Above 66 metres (217 ft) depth macroalgae form dense stands on Protector Shoal.
Eruption history
Volcanic activity has formed pillow lavas and lava flows, covered by tephra and material eroded from the volcanoes. The Quest calderas could have formed during a submarine eruption resembling the 1962 eruption. Tula, Biscoe and "PS3" to the east appear to be older centres, and rocks from Quest have an aged appearance. The Nimrod Bank is relatively more recent, and the lack of dropstones in dredges and pumice samples implies that most of Protector Shoal is less than 10,000 years old.
The 1962 eruption is the only recorded eruption. Frequent shallow seismicity at Protector Shoal continued after the eruption, and may indicate renewed eruptions. No evidence of bathymetric changes between 1962 and 1964 has been found. Future eruptions could lead to the formation of an island. There is present-day hydrothermal venting, inferred from temperature anomalies during dives on to Quest caldera, Protector Shoal and Scoresby Seamount. In Quest caldera, microbial mats colonize the surroundings of vent chimneys on the caldera rim, but there is no distinct vent-associated fauna. Thermal anomalies at Protector are concentrated in a small depression in the collapse scar, no vent sites have been identified.
1962 eruption
On 14 March 1962 the helicopter of the HMS Protector (A146) encountered a pumice raft around Visokoi, which had probably erupted a few days before. The ship progressed through a denser raft with larger pumice blocks as it sailed north towards and past Zavodovski. The raft consisted of many streams of pumice blocks and covered an area exceeding 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi). Pumice blocks reached sizes of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). Similar pumices were dredged from the top of Protector Shoal. The pumices have been classified in two groups, a white bubble-rich one and a grey bubble-poor one, with slightly distinct chemical compositions. Larger pumice blocks smelled of sulfur when they were broken open. The total volume of the pumice was about 0.6 cubic kilometres (0.14 cu mi), derived from about 0.2 cubic kilometres (0.048 cu mi) of magma, insufficient to cause caldera formation. The eruption may have decimated the submarine fauna around Protector Shoal.
An earthquake recorded at Protector Shoal on 5 March 1962 may or may not be associated with the eruption. Its epicentre was located just north of the middle portion of the Protector ridge. The occurrence of this earthquake, the position of the pumice raft, the presence of a shallow seamount and the similarity between its rocks and the pumice led to the recognition that the pumice raft had originated at Protector Shoal.
The pumice was carried around Antarctica by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) for distances exceeding 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi), and from there into the South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian Ocean. Wind aided in the movement of the larger blocks, which thus advanced more quickly. The pumice reached New Zealand in 1963 or 1964, Tasmania in 1963 or 1964, Victoria and Western Australia in 1964, Southern Australia in 1965. The pumice persisted in the Southern Ocean for more than five years and eventually spread worldwide. Some pumices were captured by the Humboldt Current, getting washed up on Juan Fernandez Islands in 1965, and further into the North Equatorial Current, eventually arriving in Hawaii. A sample of Hawaiian pumice demonstrated that almost 72% of Hawaiian pumices come from Protector Shoal, which was attributed to a sampling issue as Christmas Island has very few Protector Shoal pumices. Other localities with tentative findings of Protector Shoal pumices are Bouvet, the Falklands, Heard Island, Kerguelen, Macquarie Island, Marion Island and South Georgia. Pumice samples derived from Protector Shoal have been recovered from Livingstone Island in the South Shetland Islands and Rio Bueno on Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America, where they arrived after being carried around Antarctica by the ACC, and are a conspicuous feature of the beaches there.
Large pumice blocks can be colonized by organisms and thus aid their spread. Some pumices after stranding were floated again and thus redeposited, others were picked up and swallowed by birds, being found in their stomachs.
See also
List of volcanoes in South Sandwich Islands
References
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^ a b c d Leat et al. 2010, p. 112.
^ a b c d e Leat et al. 2013, p. 63.
^ a b LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 362.
^ a b c d Liu et al. 2020, p. 3.
^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 361.
^ a b Kaiser et al. 2008, p. 282.
^ Leat et al. 2013, p. 61.
^ a b Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 17.
^ a b Gass, Harris & Holdgate 1963, p. 328.
^ a b c d LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 370.
^ a b c d e f Leat et al. 2010, p. 113.
^ a b c d e f g Leat, Larter & Millar 2007, p. 181.
^ a b c Leat et al. 2013, p. 62.
^ Nowell 2019, p. 192.
^ Collins et al. 2022, p. 3.
^ Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 21.
^ Liu et al. 2020, p. 6.
^ a b Leat et al. 2010, p. 114.
^ a b Linse et al. 2022, p. 1.
^ a b Leat et al. 2013, p. 74.
^ a b Linse et al. 2022, pp. 4–5.
^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 111.
^ Leat, Larter & Millar 2007, p. 180.
^ a b Liu et al. 2020, p. 2.
^ LeMasurier et al. 1990, p. 364.
^ a b c d Leat, Larter & Millar 2007, p. 182.
^ Leat, Larter & Millar 2007, p. 184.
^ Leat, Larter & Millar 2007, p. 186.
^ Barry et al. 2006, p. 241.
^ Thorpe & Murphy 2022, p. 5.
^ Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 153.
^ Rogers, Yesson & Gravestock 2015, p. 242.
^ Belchier et al. 2022, p. 8.
^ Linse et al. 2022, p. 10.
^ a b Linse et al. 2022, p. 8.
^ Leat et al. 2010, p. 122.
^ a b Linse et al. 2022, p. 4.
^ Brett 1977, p. 459.
^ Baker et al. 1964, p. 693.
^ a b Nowell 2019, p. 193.
^ Leat et al. 2016, p. 300.
^ a b Gass, Harris & Holdgate 1963, p. 323.
^ Jokiel 1989, p. 492.
^ Kent & Frick 1984, p. 20.
^ Gass, Harris & Holdgate 1963, p. 324.
^ Gass, Harris & Holdgate 1963, p. 329.
^ Risso, Scasso & Aparicio 2002, p. 422.
^ a b c Jokiel & Cox 2003, p. 130.
^ Smith, Rudall & Keage 1989, p. 224.
^ a b Sutherland 1965, p. 1334.
^ Coombs & Landis 1966, p. 289.
^ a b Sutherland & Olsen 1968, p. 1.
^ a b c Sutherland & Olsen 1968, p. 2.
^ Jokiel 1989, p. 489.
^ a b Risso, Scasso & Aparicio 2002, p. 421.
^ Baker 1967, p. 114.
^ Jokiel & Cox 2003, p. 128.
^ Sutherland 1965, p. 1332.
^ Kent & Frick 1984, p. 31.
^ a b Risso, Scasso & Aparicio 2002, p. 414.
^ Dalziel et al. 2013, p. 784.
^ Jokiel 1989, p. 491.
^ Sutherland 1965, p. 1335.
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External links
"Protector Shoal". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
"Protector Shoal". Volcano World. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
Hogg, Oliver T.; Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Darby, Chris (2021). "Macrobenthic Assessment of the South Sandwich Islands Reveals a Biogeographically Distinct Polar Archipelago". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.650241. ISSN 2296-7745.
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collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_collapse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201362-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010112-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201363-3"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell2019192-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersYessonGravestock201517-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsHartHoggHollyman20223-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersYessonGravestock201521-17"},{"link_name":"stratovolcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010113-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010112-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWoodAiuppaGiudice20206-18"},{"link_name":"slump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slump_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010113-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201363-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201362-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010113-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010114-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20221-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201374-21"},{"link_name":"Lava domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome"},{"link_name":"lava flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_flow"},{"link_name":"monogenetic volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenetic_volcano"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010114-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201363-3"},{"link_name":"talus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20224%E2%80%935-22"}],"text":"The Protector Seamounts are a 55 kilometres (34 mi) east-west trending ridge[2] at 1,000–1,500 metres (3,300–4,900 ft) depth[3] about 56 kilometres (35 mi) northwest of Zavodovski Island.[4] They lie at the northern end of the South Sandwich Islands,[5] a 350-kilometre (220 mi) long north-south trending chain of eleven islands at the eastern margin of the Scotia Sea.[6] From north to south they include Zavodovski Island, Leskov Island, Visokoi Island, Candlemas Island-Vindication Island, Saunders Island, Montagu Island, Bristol Island and Southern Thule (Bellingshausen Island-Cook Island-Thule Island);[7][5] they are small, lack vegetation and are heavily glaciated.[8] Submarine volcanoes lie at each end of the chain: Protector at the northern, Nelson and Kemp at the southern.[9] The seamount was already known before the 1962 eruption,[10] but received a name only after the eruption.[4]The northern slopes of the common ridge have a low gradient and are cut by numerous faults associated with the subduction process. The southern slopes are less regular and steeper.[11][12] Bisco Basin,[3] a 20-kilometre (12 mi) wide embayment, lies north of the ridge. It was originally interpreted as a caldera or a sector collapse scar,[13] but appears to be of tectonic origin. The Nimrod Basin is another tectonic depression.[14] A southeastward extension of the ridge joins Protector Shoal with Zavodovski Island.[13]The ridge is topped by about seven distinct seamounts[2] that are referred to in the literature as:[3] Tula (\"PS1\"), Biscoe (\"PS2\"), \"PS3\", Protector Shoal (\"PS4\"), Endurance (\"PS5\"), JCR (\"PS6\") and Quest (\"PS7\").[15][9] The names refer to ships.[16] Another seamount, Scoresby, was discovered west of Quest.[17] The seamounts have the sizes of small stratovolcanoes, with heights of about 400–1,400 metres (1,300–4,600 ft), and rise to about a few hundred metres below sea level.[12] The shallowest point of the chain is Protector Shoal which reaches a depth of 55 metres (180 ft) below sea level.[2] Initially it was thought that \"Protector Shoal\" was a 27-metre (89 ft) deep seamount; subsequently the name was attributed to the shallowest seamount.[18] This seamount is cut by a 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) wide slump scar, formed by a collapse that descended to the south-southeast. Another slump is identified on the northwestern side.[12]Northwest of Protector Shoal is the broad[3] Nimrod Bank, at 400–600 metres (1,300–2,000 ft) depth.[14] JCR also features a collapse scar.[12] Quest is cut by two 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) wide nested calderas that are breached to the southwest,[19] with a maximum depth of 340 metres (1,120 ft).[20] The caldera volume reaches about 0.4–0.9 cubic kilometres (0.096–0.216 cu mi).[21] Lava domes and lava flows, probably from monogenetic volcanoes, have been emplaced south of JCR[19] and west of Nimrod Bank.[3] Dives on to Quest and Protector Shoal have found a seafloor covered with gravel, sediments, talus and volcanic blocks that reach metre sizes. Some areas are sandy, others blocky or gravelly and there are rocky outcrops at Protector and Scoresby.[22]","title":"Geography and geomorphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"subducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduct"},{"link_name":"Sandwich Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwich_Plate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010111-23"},{"link_name":"oceanic crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crust"},{"link_name":"spreading ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreading_ridge"},{"link_name":"volcanic arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc"},{"link_name":"basaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007180-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWoodAiuppaGiudice20202-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWoodAiuppaGiudice20202-25"},{"link_name":"slab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slab_(geology)"},{"link_name":"melt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"}],"text":"East of the South Sandwich Islands, the South American Plate subducts beneath the Sandwich Plate at a rate of about 67–79 millimetres per year (2.6–3.1 in/year),[23] increasing to the south. This subduction is responsible for the volcanism of the South Sandwich arc. The oceanic crust under the arc is young, only about 8–10 million years, and formed on the Scotia spreading ridge west of the South Sandwich Islands. It is a young volcanic arc which produces mainly basaltic rocks, forming 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) high volcanic piles.[24][25]At the northern margin of the arc, the subducted oceanic crust is about 76 million years old.[25] Below Protector Shoal, the downgoing South America slab has an east-west trending tear. Fluids ascending through the tear could be enhancing melt production under the seamount.[13]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"rhyodacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyodacite"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990370-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990364-26"},{"link_name":"Phenocrysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenocryst"},{"link_name":"amphibole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibole"},{"link_name":"augite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augite"},{"link_name":"diopside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diopside"},{"link_name":"ilmenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite"},{"link_name":"orthopyroxene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopyroxene"},{"link_name":"plagioclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagioclase"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"magnetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007182-27"},{"link_name":"potassium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium"},{"link_name":"tholeiitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholeiitic"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007184-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010113-12"},{"link_name":"trace element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_element"},{"link_name":"partial melting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_melting"},{"link_name":"fractional crystallization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)"},{"link_name":"crustal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"},{"link_name":"island arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007186-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarryPearceLeatMillar2006241-30"}],"sub_title":"Composition","text":"Protector Shoal has erupted rhyolite or rhyodacite, with andesite inclusions.[11] This is the only known occurrence of rhyolite in the South Sandwich Islands.[26] Phenocrysts include amphibole, augite, diopside, ilmenite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz and titanium-containing magnetite.[27] The rocks define a potassium-poor tholeiitic suite, common on the South Sandwich Islands.[28]Pumices dredged from the southern flank of Protector Shoal[12] appear to fall into four distinct groups, based on trace element composition, which do not appear to be derived from each other. They may have all formed through partial melting or fractional crystallization of crustal rocks underlying Protector Shoal. The crustal rocks are most likely the product of island arc volcanism rather than spreading at the Scotia Ridge, although the latter possibility cannot be ruled out.[29] Melts derived from subducted sediments played no role in the formation of Protector Shoal magmas.[30]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWoodAiuppaGiudice20203-5"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpeMurphy20225-31"},{"link_name":"Fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersYessonGravestock2015153-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersYessonGravestock2015242-33"},{"link_name":"marine protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20221-20"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protector_Shoal&action=edit"},{"link_name":"bottom fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_fishing"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelchierCollinsGregoryHollyman20228-34"},{"link_name":"Bryozoans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoan"},{"link_name":"crinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid"},{"link_name":"octocorals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octocoral"},{"link_name":"serpulid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpulid"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"starfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"Anemones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemone"},{"link_name":"brittle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittle_star"},{"link_name":"Holothurians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holothurian"},{"link_name":"rattails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattail"},{"link_name":"sea urchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin"},{"link_name":"shrimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"spider crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_crab"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20224%E2%80%935-22"},{"link_name":"macroalgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroalgae"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon202210-35"}],"text":"The climate in the region is polar, with frequent snow and storms;[5] mean annual temperatures hover around 0 °C (32 °F).[31] Fishery takes place around the Protector Seamounts,[32] but has been restricted[33] by the 2012 establishment of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands marine protected area[20] and as of 2022[update] by a Benthic Closed Area that disallows all bottom fishing.[34]Quest, Scoresby and Protector Shoal have been investigated during dives. Bryozoans, crinoids, various species of octocorals, serpulid worms, sponges and starfish colonize exposed rocks. Anemones, brittle stars and some sponges live on top or inside of other animals. Holothurians, rattails, sea urchins, shrimps and spider crabs complete the fauna.[22] Above 66 metres (217 ft) depth macroalgae form dense stands on Protector Shoal.[35]","title":"Climate and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pillow lavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow_lava"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20228-36"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010122-37"},{"link_name":"submarine eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_eruption"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201374-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010113-12"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20224-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatDayTateMartin201362-14"},{"link_name":"dropstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropstone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007182-27"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990370-11"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett1977459-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell2019193-41"},{"link_name":"hydrothermal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiuWoodAiuppaGiudice20203-5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatFretwellTateLarter2016300-42"},{"link_name":"microbial mats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat"},{"link_name":"vent-associated fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vent-associated_fauna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20224-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinseR%C3%B6merLittleMarcon20228-36"}],"text":"Volcanic activity has formed pillow lavas[36] and lava flows, covered by tephra and material eroded from the volcanoes.[37] The Quest calderas could have formed during a submarine eruption resembling the 1962 eruption.[21] Tula, Biscoe and \"PS3\" to the east appear to be older centres,[12] and rocks from Quest have an aged appearance.[38] The Nimrod Bank is relatively more recent,[14] and the lack of dropstones in dredges and pumice samples implies that most of Protector Shoal is less than 10,000 years old.[27]The 1962 eruption is the only recorded eruption.[11] Frequent shallow seismicity at Protector Shoal continued after the eruption, and may indicate renewed eruptions.[39] No evidence of bathymetric changes between 1962 and 1964 has been found.[40] Future eruptions could lead to the formation of an island.[41] There is present-day hydrothermal venting,[5] inferred from temperature anomalies during dives on to Quest caldera, Protector Shoal and Scoresby Seamount.[42] In Quest caldera, microbial mats colonize the surroundings of vent chimneys on the caldera rim, but there is no distinct vent-associated fauna. Thermal anomalies at Protector are concentrated in a small depression in the collapse scar,[38] no vent sites have been identified.[36]","title":"Eruption history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"HMS Protector (A146)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Protector_(A146)"},{"link_name":"pumice raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice_raft"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGassHarrisHoldgate1963323-43"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGassHarrisHoldgate1963323-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokiel1989492-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentFrick198420-45"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007182-27"},{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGassHarrisHoldgate1963324-46"},{"link_name":"magma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma"},{"link_name":"caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007182-27"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiserBarnesLinseBrandt2008282-7"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990370-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"epicentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatLarterMillar2007181-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGassHarrisHoldgate1963328-10"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGassHarrisHoldgate1963329-47"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Circumpolar Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010112-2"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissoScassoAparicio2002422-48"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific"},{"link_name":"South Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokielCox2003130-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithRudallKeage1989224-50"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland19651334-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoombsLandis1966289-52"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandOlsen19681-53"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(state)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland19651334-51"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Southern Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Australia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandOlsen19681-53"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandOlsen19682-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokiel1989489-55"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Current"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissoScassoAparicio2002421-56"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernandez Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1967114-57"},{"link_name":"North Equatorial Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokielCox2003130-49"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokielCox2003128-58"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokielCox2003130-49"},{"link_name":"Bouvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland19651332-59"},{"link_name":"Falklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands"},{"link_name":"Heard Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island"},{"link_name":"Kerguelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen"},{"link_name":"Macquarie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_Island"},{"link_name":"Marion Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Island"},{"link_name":"South Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandOlsen19682-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissoScassoAparicio2002421-56"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKentFrick198431-60"},{"link_name":"Livingstone Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Island"},{"link_name":"South Shetland Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissoScassoAparicio2002414-61"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowell2019193-41"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERissoScassoAparicio2002414-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalzielLawverNortonGahagan2013784-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJokiel1989491-63"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherlandOlsen19682-54"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland19651335-64"}],"sub_title":"1962 eruption","text":"On 14 March 1962 the helicopter of the HMS Protector (A146) encountered a pumice raft around Visokoi,[43] which had probably erupted a few days before.[13] The ship progressed through a denser raft with larger pumice blocks as it sailed north towards and past Zavodovski.[43] The raft consisted of many streams of pumice blocks[44] and covered an area exceeding 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi).[45] Pumice blocks reached sizes of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). Similar pumices were dredged from the top of Protector Shoal.[13] The pumices have been classified in two groups, a white bubble-rich one and a grey bubble-poor one, with slightly distinct chemical compositions.[27] Larger pumice blocks smelled of sulfur when they were broken open.[46] The total volume of the pumice was about 0.6 cubic kilometres (0.14 cu mi), derived from about 0.2 cubic kilometres (0.048 cu mi) of magma, insufficient to cause caldera formation.[27] The eruption may have decimated the submarine fauna around Protector Shoal.[7]An earthquake recorded at Protector Shoal on 5 March 1962[11] may or may not be associated with the eruption.[13] Its epicentre was located just north of the middle portion of the Protector ridge.[13] The occurrence of this earthquake, the position of the pumice raft, the presence of a shallow seamount[10] and the similarity between its rocks and the pumice led to the recognition that the pumice raft had originated at Protector Shoal.[47]The pumice was carried around Antarctica by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)[2] for distances exceeding 20,000 kilometres (12,000 mi),[48] and from there into the South Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian Ocean.[49] Wind aided in the movement of the larger blocks, which thus advanced more quickly.[50] The pumice reached New Zealand in 1963[51] or 1964,[52] Tasmania in 1963[53] or 1964, Victoria[51] and Western Australia in 1964, Southern Australia in 1965.[53] The pumice persisted in the Southern Ocean for more than five years[54] and eventually spread worldwide.[55] Some pumices were captured by the Humboldt Current,[56] getting washed up on Juan Fernandez Islands in 1965,[57] and further into the North Equatorial Current, eventually arriving in Hawaii.[49] A sample of Hawaiian pumice demonstrated that almost 72% of Hawaiian pumices come from Protector Shoal,[58] which was attributed to a sampling issue as Christmas Island has very few Protector Shoal pumices.[49] Other localities with tentative findings of Protector Shoal pumices are Bouvet,[59] the Falklands, Heard Island, Kerguelen, Macquarie Island, Marion Island and South Georgia.[54][56][60] Pumice samples derived from Protector Shoal have been recovered from Livingstone Island in the South Shetland Islands and Rio Bueno on Tierra del Fuego [61] at the tip of South America,[41] where they arrived after being carried around Antarctica by the ACC,[61] and are a conspicuous feature of the beaches there.[62]Large pumice blocks can be colonized by organisms and thus aid their spread.[63] Some pumices after stranding were floated again and thus redeposited,[54] others were picked up and swallowed by birds, being found in their stomachs.[64]","title":"Eruption history"}]
|
[{"image_text":"South Sandwich Islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/180px-South_sandwich_islands.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of volcanoes in South Sandwich Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_South_Sandwich_Islands"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahey_Clinic
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Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
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["1 History","1.1 Lahey – Beth Israel Deaconess Merger","2 Education and research","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°29′03.12″N 71°12′16.92″W / 42.4842000°N 71.2047000°W / 42.4842000; -71.2047000Hospital in Massachusetts, United StatesLahey Hospital & Medical CenterBeth Israel Lahey HealthLahey Hospital & Medical Center in Burlington, MassachusettsGeographyLocationBurlington, Massachusetts, United StatesOrganizationCare systemMedicare/Medicaid/charityTypeTeaching/SpecialistAffiliated universityUMass Chan Medical School Harvard Medical School Boston University School of MedicineServicesEmergency departmentLevel I Trauma CenterBeds396HistoryOpened1923LinksWebsitewww.lahey.orgListsHospitals in Massachusetts
The Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, formerly known as the Lahey Clinic, is a physician-led nonprofit teaching hospital of Tufts University School of Medicine based in Burlington, Massachusetts. The hospital was founded in Boston in 1923 by surgeon Frank H. Lahey, M.D., and is managed by Beth Israel Lahey Health. U.S. News & World Report has cited it several times on its list of "America's Best Hospitals" in the category of urology.
History
Lahey Clinic was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1923 by world-renowned combat surgeon Dr. Frank H. Lahey. It grew rapidly during its first three decades of operation, often outpacing its physical capacity in Boston's Kenmore Square. During this time, Lahey Clinic patients occupied the majority of beds at neighboring Boston hospitals including the New England Deaconess Hospital (now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center), and the New England Baptist Hospital. Lahey's Commonwealth Avenue facilities grew increasingly overcrowded. Faced with an expanding patient base (notable patients included former United States president John F. Kennedy), discussions for a new facility were drafted in partnership with New England Baptist Hospital, which long held close ties to Lahey Clinic. A partnership with New England Deaconess was also considered. However disagreement between administrators led Lahey officials to seek other options outside of downtown Boston. A transition to its current facility in Burlington, Massachusetts was completed in November 1980 under the leadership of then CEO, Dr. Robert E Wise. In 1994, Lahey opened an additional facility in Peabody, Massachusetts.
Lahey – Beth Israel Deaconess Merger
In January 2017, The Boston Globe reported of a letter of intent for a merger between Lahey and Beth Israel Deaconess with this partnership creating the largest hospital merger in Massachusetts in more than 20 years. The merger would include three additional hospitals: New England Baptist, Mount Auburn Hospital and Anna Jacques Hospital. The combined system was Massachusetts largest network of hospitals and doctors with a market share of 22% in the eastern part of the state. This was in competition with the then-named Partners Healthcare, which was the largest healthcare network in New England up to that time (Partners Healthcare later changed their name to Mass General Brigham).
In December 2017, a group called the Make Healthcare Affordable Coalition came out in opposition to the proposed merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center citing the "mega merger" would lead to higher costs and the closing of health clinics serving minority communities.
In March 2019, Beth Israel Lahey Health was formed by the merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Beth Israel Lahey Health is composed of Addison Gilbert Hospital, Anna Jaques Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Milton, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Needham, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Plymouth, Beverly Hospital, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Lahey Medical Center-Peabody, Mount Auburn Hospital, New England Baptist Hospital, and Winchester Hospital.
Education and research
Lahey hosts several residency programs including Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Anesthesiology, Diagnostic Radiology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Otolaryngology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Urology, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dermatology. Faculty hold professorships at Tufts University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Boston University School of Medicine. In addition, Lahey hosts extensive post-graduate fellowship training including: Surgical Critical Care, Colorectal Surgery, Reconstructive Urology, Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Endocrinology, Interventional Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Interventional pulmonology, Palliative Care, Bariatric Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Ophthalmology, Interventional Neuroradiology, Breast Imaging, Interventional Radiology, Stroke, Transplant Anesthesia, & Transplant and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery.
References
^ "Medicine: New President for A. M. A." Time. 1940-06-24. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
^ Rosenberg, Steven A. (11 August 2013). "More independent hospitals joining Lahey group". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
^ "Lahey Hospital and Medical Center". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
^ "Best Hospitals 2006". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
^ "Lahey Clinic correspondence". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 15 February 1947. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
^ Dayal McCluskey, Priyanka (2017-01-30). "Beth Israel, Lahey health systems agree to pursue merger". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
^ "Newsflash: The Market Is Working". 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
^ Leighton, Paul (2017-12-17). "Group opposes hospital merger". The Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
^ "Things to watch now that Beth Israel-Lahey merger is official". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
^ Bartlett, Jessica (January 18, 2019). "Beth Israel Lahey Health announces new organization for five-hospital merger". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
^ Kacik, Alex (March 1, 2019). "Beth Israel Deaconess and Lahey Health complete merger". Retrieved June 25, 2019.
^ "Health Care System". Beth Israel Lahey Health. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
^ Bebinger, Martha; Mullins, Lisa (February 28, 2019). "Beth Israel Lahey Health is Set to Become Official". WBUR. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
Further reading
U.S. Government clinical trials ongoing at Lahey Clinic
National Library of Medicine—History of Lahey Clinic department of department of neurosurgery
External links
Official website
vteMassachusetts trauma centersList of hospitals in MassachusettsLevel I
Baystate Medical Center
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston Medical Center
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Lahey Hospital and Medical Center
Massachusetts General Hospital
Tufts Medical Center
UMass Memorial Health Care
Level II
South Shore Hospital
Level III
Anna Jaques Hospital
Berkshire Medical Center
Beverly Hospital
Lawrence General Hospital
Lowell General Hospital
North Shore Medical Center Salem Hospital
Steward Good Samaritan Medical Center
Pediatric Level 1
Boston Children's Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
Tufts Children's Hospital
UMass Memorial Health Care
Pediatric Level 2
Baystate Medical Center
Boston Medical Center
vteMassachusetts hospitalsActiveBarnstable County
Cape Cod Hospital
Falmouth Hospital
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Cape Cod
Berkshire County
Austen Riggs Center
Berkshire Medical Center
Fairview Hospital
VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System
Bristol County
Arbour-Fuller Hospital
Morton Hospital and Medical Center
St. Luke's Hospital
Taunton State Hospital
Dukes County
Martha's Vineyard Hospital
Essex County
Lawrence General Hospital
North Shore Medical Center
Franklin County
VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System
Hampden County
Baystate Health
Holyoke Medical Center
Mercy Medical Center
Providence Behavioral Health Hospital
Soldiers' Home in Holyoke
VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System
Hampshire County
Cooley Dickinson Hospital
Northampton Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Middlesex County
Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Cambridge Hospital
CHA Everett Hospital
Emerson Hospital
Lahey Hospital & Medical Center
Lowell General Hospital
McLean Hospital
MelroseWakefield Hospital
MetroWest Medical Center
Mount Auburn Hospital
Nashoba Valley Medical Center
Newton-Wellesley Hospital
Saints Medical Center
Somerville Hospital
Tewksbury Hospital
Winchester Hospital
Nantucket County
Nantucket Cottage Hospital
Norfolk County
Milton Hospital
Norwood Hospital
South Shore Hospital
Wrentham State School
Plymouth County
Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital-Plymouth
Bridgewater State Hospital
Brockton Hospital
VA Boston Healthcare System
Suffolk County
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston Children's Hospital
Boston Medical Center
Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Carney Hospital
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
Floating Hospital for Children
Joslin Diabetes Center
Lemuel Shattuck Hospital
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Massachusetts General Hospital
New England Baptist Hospital
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
Tufts Medical Center
VA Boston Healthcare System
Worcester County
Adcare Hospital
Athol Memorial Hospital
Federal Medical Center, Devens
Hahnemann Hospital
Jewish Healthcare Center
Milford Regional Medical Center
Memorial Hospital
Saint Vincent Hospital
2021 strike
UMass Memorial Health Care
VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System
Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital
DefunctBarnstable County
551st United States Air Force Hospital
Barnstable County Hospital
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North Adams Regional Hospital
Bristol County
Lovering Colony State Hospital
Paul A. Dever State School
Truesdale Hospital
Dukes County
Penikese Island Leper Hospital
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Benjamin Stickney Cable Memorial Hospital
Children's Island Sanitarium
Danvers State Hospital
Essex Hospital
Saugus General Hospital
Hampden County
Monson Developmental Center
Hampshire County
Belchertown State School
Northampton State Hospital
Westover Air Force Base Hospital
Middlesex County
Boston Regional Medical Center
Community Memorial Hospital
Gaebler Children's Center
Lovell General Hospital East
Lovell General Hospital North
Lovell General Hospital South
Metropolitan State Hospital
Middlesex County Hospital
Murphy Army Hospital
Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center
Norfolk County
Foxborough State Hospital
Medfield State Hospital
Pondville State Hospital
Quincy Medical Center
Plymouth County
Cranberry Specialty Hospital
Lakeville Hospital
Suffolk County
Adams-Nervine Asylum
Boston City Hospital
Boston Consumptives Hospital
Boston Emergency and General Hospital
Boston Psychopathic Hospital
Boston State Hospital
Dimock Community Health Center Complex
Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital
Naval Hospital Boston
New England Hospital for Women and Children
Worcester County
Dale General Hospital
Gardner State Hospital
Grafton State Hospital
Lyman School for Boys
Rutland Heights State Hospital
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Westborough State Hospital
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Authority control databases International
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National
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42°29′03.12″N 71°12′16.92″W / 42.4842000°N 71.2047000°W / 42.4842000; -71.2047000
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tufts University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon"},{"link_name":"Frank H. Lahey, M.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lahey_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Beth Israel Lahey Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Lahey_Health"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"urology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hospital in Massachusetts, United StatesThe Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, formerly known as the Lahey Clinic, is a physician-led nonprofit teaching hospital of Tufts University School of Medicine based in Burlington, Massachusetts. The hospital was founded in Boston in 1923 by surgeon Frank H. Lahey, M.D.,[1][2] and is managed by Beth Israel Lahey Health. U.S. News & World Report has cited it several times on its list of \"America's Best Hospitals\" in the category of urology.[3][4]","title":"Lahey Hospital & Medical Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"New England Baptist Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Baptist_Hospital"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kennedy-5"}],"text":"Lahey Clinic was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1923 by world-renowned combat surgeon Dr. Frank H. Lahey. It grew rapidly during its first three decades of operation, often outpacing its physical capacity in Boston's Kenmore Square. During this time, Lahey Clinic patients occupied the majority of beds at neighboring Boston hospitals including the New England Deaconess Hospital (now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center), and the New England Baptist Hospital. Lahey's Commonwealth Avenue facilities grew increasingly overcrowded. Faced with an expanding patient base (notable patients included former United States president John F. Kennedy),[5] discussions for a new facility were drafted in partnership with New England Baptist Hospital, which long held close ties to Lahey Clinic. A partnership with New England Deaconess was also considered. However disagreement between administrators led Lahey officials to seek other options outside of downtown Boston. A transition to its current facility in Burlington, Massachusetts was completed in November 1980 under the leadership of then CEO, Dr. Robert E Wise. In 1994, Lahey opened an additional facility in Peabody, Massachusetts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger"},{"link_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Israel_Deaconess_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Hospital"},{"link_name":"New England Baptist Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Baptist_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Winchester Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Lahey – Beth Israel Deaconess Merger","text":"In January 2017, The Boston Globe reported of a letter of intent for a merger between Lahey and Beth Israel Deaconess with this partnership creating the largest hospital merger in Massachusetts in more than 20 years.[6] The merger would include three additional hospitals: New England Baptist, Mount Auburn Hospital and Anna Jacques Hospital. The combined system was Massachusetts largest network of hospitals and doctors with a market share of 22% in the eastern part of the state.[7] This was in competition with the then-named Partners Healthcare, which was the largest healthcare network in New England up to that time (Partners Healthcare later changed their name to Mass General Brigham).In December 2017, a group called the Make Healthcare Affordable Coalition came out in opposition to the proposed merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center citing the \"mega merger\" would lead to higher costs and the closing of health clinics serving minority communities.[8]In March 2019, Beth Israel Lahey Health was formed by the merger of Lahey Health and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.[9][10][11] Beth Israel Lahey Health is composed of Addison Gilbert Hospital, Anna Jaques Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Milton, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Needham, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital—Plymouth, Beverly Hospital, Lahey Hospital & Medical Center, Lahey Medical Center-Peabody, Mount Auburn Hospital, New England Baptist Hospital, and Winchester Hospital.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"residency programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"Internal Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Medicine"},{"link_name":"General Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Anesthesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiology"},{"link_name":"Radiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"Neurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"Neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"Otolaryngology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngology"},{"link_name":"Orthopaedic Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopaedic_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Urology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology"},{"link_name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"Dermatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology"},{"link_name":"Tufts University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Harvard Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Boston University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Cardiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiology"},{"link_name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology"},{"link_name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterology"},{"link_name":"Interventional pulmonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interventional_pulmonology"},{"link_name":"Bariatric Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariatric_Surgery"},{"link_name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiology"},{"link_name":"Transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_transplantation"}],"text":"Lahey hosts several residency programs including Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Anesthesiology, Diagnostic Radiology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Otolaryngology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Urology, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Dermatology. Faculty hold professorships at Tufts University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Boston University School of Medicine. In addition, Lahey hosts extensive post-graduate fellowship training including: Surgical Critical Care, Colorectal Surgery, Reconstructive Urology, Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Endocrinology, Interventional Cardiology, Gastroenterology, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Interventional pulmonology, Palliative Care, Bariatric Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Ophthalmology, Interventional Neuroradiology, Breast Imaging, Interventional Radiology, Stroke, Transplant Anesthesia, & Transplant and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery.","title":"Education and research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Government clinical trials ongoing at Lahey Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/screen/BrowseAny;jsessionid=640BD83BA2C04946BDDEC0F9C5276BA4?path=%2Fbrowse%2Fby-sponsor%2FOTHER%2FLahey%2BClinic&recruiting=true"},{"link_name":"National Library of Medicine—History of Lahey Clinic department of department of neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11950416&dopt=Abstract"}],"text":"U.S. Government clinical trials ongoing at Lahey Clinic\nNational Library of Medicine—History of Lahey Clinic department of department of neurosurgery","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Medicine: New President for A. M. A.\" Time. 1940-06-24. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved 2007-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080228071955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764090,00.html","url_text":"\"Medicine: New President for A. M. A.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764090,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rosenberg, Steven A. (11 August 2013). \"More independent hospitals joining Lahey group\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/regionals/north/2013/08/10/lahey-continues-widen-its-network-affiliated-hospitals-north-boston/laATzn4pH9sLZmSnvRfCYK/story.html","url_text":"\"More independent hospitals joining Lahey group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Lahey Hospital and Medical Center\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ma/lahey-hospital-and-medical-center-6140690","url_text":"\"Lahey Hospital and Medical Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Hospitals 2006\". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070601195150/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/directory/glance_6140690.htm","url_text":"\"Best Hospitals 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"},{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/directory/glance_6140690.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lahey Clinic correspondence\". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 15 February 1947. Retrieved 10 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPP-004-044.aspx","url_text":"\"Lahey Clinic correspondence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum","url_text":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum"}]},{"reference":"Dayal McCluskey, Priyanka (2017-01-30). \"Beth Israel, Lahey health systems agree to pursue merger\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2017-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/01/30/beth-israel-lahey-health-systems-agree-pursue-merger/RdVanh3CC2zeZrVylpNeBM/story.html","url_text":"\"Beth Israel, Lahey health systems agree to pursue merger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"\"Newsflash: The Market Is Working\". 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://connectwithpartners.org/2016/06/02/newsflash-the-market-is-working","url_text":"\"Newsflash: The Market Is Working\""}]},{"reference":"Leighton, Paul (2017-12-17). \"Group opposes hospital merger\". The Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 2017-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eagletribune.com/news/group-opposes-hospital-merger/article_2d46d26e-912a-544c-ad62-13d3aa5bbd9c.html","url_text":"\"Group opposes hospital merger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle-Tribune","url_text":"The Eagle-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Things to watch now that Beth Israel-Lahey merger is official\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2019/03/01/things-watch-beth-israel-lahey-merger-becomes-official/BHvRW9dHtfZqXKeeKhcEqM/story.html","url_text":"\"Things to watch now that Beth Israel-Lahey merger is official\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Jessica (January 18, 2019). \"Beth Israel Lahey Health announces new organization for five-hospital merger\". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2019/01/18/beth-israel-lahey-ealth-announces-new-organization.html","url_text":"\"Beth Israel Lahey Health announces new organization for five-hospital merger\""}]},{"reference":"Kacik, Alex (March 1, 2019). \"Beth Israel Deaconess and Lahey Health complete merger\". Retrieved June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.modernhealthcare.com/mergers-acquisitions/beth-israel-deaconess-and-lahey-health-complete-merger","url_text":"\"Beth Israel Deaconess and Lahey Health complete merger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Health Care System\". Beth Israel Lahey Health. Retrieved June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bilh.org/health-care-system","url_text":"\"Health Care System\""}]},{"reference":"Bebinger, Martha; Mullins, Lisa (February 28, 2019). \"Beth Israel Lahey Health is Set to Become Official\". WBUR. Retrieved June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2019/02/28/beth-israel-lahey-health-soon-official","url_text":"\"Beth Israel Lahey Health is Set to Become Official\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Edwards_(rugby_league)
|
Harold Edwards (rugby league)
|
["1 Background","2 Playing career","2.1 International honours","2.2 Championship final appearances","2.3 Notable tour matches","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Wales international rugby league footballer
For other people with the same name, see Harold Edwards.
Harold EdwardsPersonal informationFull nameHarold George EdwardsBorn7 September 1909Risca, WalesDied1993 (aged 83–84)Playing informationPositionProp
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1933–37
Wigan
144
8
24
1937–40
Bradford Northern
Total
144
8
0
0
24
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1935–38
Wales
2
Source:
Harold Edwards (7 September 1909 – 1993), also known by the nickname of "The Welsh Bull", was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Wigan and Bradford Northern, as a prop.
Background
Harold Edwards as born in Risca, Wales, and he died aged c. 83–84.
Playing career
International honours
Edwards won 2 caps for Wales in 1935–1938 while at Wigan, and Bradford Northern.
Championship final appearances
Edwards played at prop in Wigan's 15-3 victory over Salford in the Championship Final during the 1933–34 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 28 April 1934.
Notable tour matches
Edwards played at prop in Wigan's 30-27 victory over France at Central Park, Wigan, on Saturday 10 March 1934.
References
^ a b c "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ "Birth details at freebmd.org.uk". freebmd.org.uk. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp. 108–114. ISBN 978-1-903659-49-6.
^ "Statistics at rugbyleague.wales". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
^ "1933–1934 Championship Final". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ "1934 Tour Match: Wigan 30 France 27". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
External links
Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com
vteWigan squad – 1933–34 Championship Final winners
1 Jim Sullivan
2 Jack Morley
3 Len Mason
4 Gwynne Davies
5 Dicky Twose
6 George Bennett
7 Hector Gee
8 Bill Targett
9 Joseph "Joe" Golby
10 Harold Edwards
11 Reg Hathway
12 Albert Davis
13 Ossie Griffiths
Coach: Jim Sullivan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harold Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Edwards_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birth_details_at_freebmd.org.uk-2"},{"link_name":"nickname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Bradford Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Bulls"},{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#prop_forward"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleague.wales-4"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Harold Edwards.Harold Edwards (7 September 1909[2] – 1993), also known by the nickname of \"The Welsh Bull\", was a Welsh professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Wigan and Bradford Northern, as a prop.[1][3][4]","title":"Harold Edwards (rugby league)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Risca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risca"}],"text":"Harold Edwards as born in Risca, Wales, and he died aged c. 83–84.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statistics_at_rugbyleagueproject.org-1"}],"sub_title":"International honours","text":"Edwards won 2 caps for Wales in 1935–1938 while at Wigan, and Bradford Northern.[1]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#prop_forward"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"1933–34 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933%E2%80%9334_Northern_Rugby_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Wilderspool Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderspool_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1933-1934_Championship_Final-5"}],"sub_title":"Championship final appearances","text":"Edwards played at prop in Wigan's 15-3 victory over Salford in the Championship Final during the 1933–34 season at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington on Saturday 28 April 1934.[5]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#prop_forward"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_(Wigan)"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934_Tour_Match:_Wigan_30_France_27-6"}],"sub_title":"Notable tour matches","text":"Edwards played at prop in Wigan's 30-27 victory over France at Central Park, Wigan, on Saturday 10 March 1934.[6]","title":"Playing career"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/forename-surname/summary.html","url_text":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birth details at freebmd.org.uk\". freebmd.org.uk. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=n8QrQxfrC0oY03pb8CMWOA&scan=1","url_text":"\"Birth details at freebmd.org.uk\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Graham; Lush, Peter; Farrar, David (2009). The British Rugby League Records Book. London League. pp. 108–114. ISBN 978-1-903659-49-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903659-49-6","url_text":"978-1-903659-49-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\". rugbyleague.wales. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rugbyleague.wales/player-rl?id=157855&authtoken=QkU3RUVDRjAtMzYzNi00Q0M3LTk0Q0EtMEE4MUI2QkJGMjM4&teamid=MTA1MzU3","url_text":"\"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"1933–1934 Championship Final\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=422","url_text":"\"1933–1934 Championship Final\""}]},{"reference":"\"1934 Tour Match: Wigan 30 France 27\". wigan.rlfans.com. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=703","url_text":"\"1934 Tour Match: Wigan 30 France 27\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/forename-surname/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.freebmd.org.uk/cgi/information.pl?cite=n8QrQxfrC0oY03pb8CMWOA&scan=1","external_links_name":"\"Birth details at freebmd.org.uk\""},{"Link":"https://rugbyleague.wales/player-rl?id=157855&authtoken=QkU3RUVDRjAtMzYzNi00Q0M3LTk0Q0EtMEE4MUI2QkJGMjM4&teamid=MTA1MzU3","external_links_name":"\"Statistics at rugbyleague.wales\""},{"Link":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=422","external_links_name":"\"1933–1934 Championship Final\""},{"Link":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=703","external_links_name":"\"1934 Tour Match: Wigan 30 France 27\""},{"Link":"http://wigan.rlfans.com/readarticle.php?article_id=360","external_links_name":"Statistics at wigan.rlfans.com"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCmligen_railway_station
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Gümligen railway station
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["1 Services","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°56′3.530″N 7°30′19.804″E / 46.93431389°N 7.50550111°E / 46.93431389; 7.50550111Railway station in Muri bei Bern, Switzerland
GümligenA freight train passing the station in 2023General informationLocationMuri bei BernSwitzerlandCoordinates46°56′3.530″N 7°30′19.804″E / 46.93431389°N 7.50550111°E / 46.93431389; 7.50550111Elevation562 m (1,844 ft)Owned bySwiss Federal RailwaysLine(s)
Bern–Lucerne line
Bern–Thun line
Platforms
1 side platform
1 island platform
Tracks3Train operatorsBLS AGConnections
Tram line 6
BERNMOBIL bus line
RBS buses
ConstructionParking23Bicycle facilities164Other informationStation codeGUEFare zone101/115 (Libero)Passengers20223'900 per weekday (BLS, SBB)
Services
Preceding station
Bern S-Bahn
Following station
Ostermundigentowards Fribourg/Freiburg
S1
Rubigentowards Thun
Ostermundigentowards Bern
S11Rush-hour service
RubigenOne-way operation
Ostermundigentowards Laupen BE
S2
Worb SBBtowards Langnau i.E.
Preceding station
BLS
Following station
Zollikofentowards Biel/Bienne
RegioExpressSaturdays only
Münsingentowards Brig
Ostermundigentowards Biel/Bienne
RegioExpressWeekends only
LocationGümligenLocation within SwitzerlandShow map of SwitzerlandGümligenGümligen (Canton of Bern)Show map of Canton of Bern
Gümligen railway station (German: Bahnhof Gümligen) is a railway station in the municipality of Muri bei Bern, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is located at the junction of the standard gauge Bern–Lucerne and Bern–Thun lines of Swiss Federal Railways.
Services
The following services stop at Gümligen:
Bern S-Bahn:
S1: half-hourly service between Fribourg/Freiburg and Thun.
S11: two daily rush-hour services on weekdays to Bern.
S2: half-hourly service between Laupen BE and Langnau.
RegioExpress : daily service on weekends during the high season between Biel/Bienne and Brig.
station building (1966)
signal box (1978)
References
^ "Liniennetz Bern" (PDF) (in German). Libero. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Zonenplan Plan des Zones" (PDF) (in German and French). Libero. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
^ "Passagierfrequenz (2022)". Gümligen, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS. 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024 – via data.sbb.ch – SBB DATA PORTAL.
^ "Fribourg/Freiburg – Bern – Thun (S-Bahn Bern, Linien S1, S2)" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
^ "Laupen – Bern – Langnau – (S-Bahn Bern, Linie S2)" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ "Abfahrt: Bahnhof Gümligen" (PDF). Swiss Federal Railways (in German). 10 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
External links
Media related to Gümligen railway station at Wikimedia Commons
Gümligen railway station – SBB
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Liniennetz Bern\" (PDF) (in German). Libero. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylibero.ch/sites/default/files/2023-12/Liniennetz-Bern-2024.pdf","url_text":"\"Liniennetz Bern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libero-Tarifverbund","url_text":"Libero"}]},{"reference":"\"Zonenplan Plan des Zones\" (PDF) (in German and French). Libero. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylibero.ch/sites/default/files/2023-12/Libero-Gesamtzonenplan-2024_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Zonenplan Plan des Zones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Passagierfrequenz (2022)\". Gümligen, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS. 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024 – via data.sbb.ch – SBB DATA PORTAL.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.sbb.ch/explore/dataset/passagierfrequenz/table/?disjunctive.kt_ct_cantone&disjunctive.isb_gi&sort=dwv_tmjo_tfm&refine.jahr_annee_anno=2022&q=G%C3%BCmligen","url_text":"\"Passagierfrequenz (2022)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBB_CFF_FFS","url_text":"SBB CFF FFS"}]},{"reference":"\"Fribourg/Freiburg – Bern – Thun (S-Bahn Bern, Linien S1, S2)\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xn--v-info-vxa.ch/sites/default/files/fap/2024/pdf/301.pdf","url_text":"\"Fribourg/Freiburg – Bern – Thun (S-Bahn Bern, Linien S1, S2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laupen – Bern – Langnau – (S-Bahn Bern, Linie S2)\" (PDF) (in German). Bundesamt für Verkehr. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fahrplanfelder.ch/fileadmin/fap_pdf_fields/2024/302.pdf","url_text":"\"Laupen – Bern – Langnau – (S-Bahn Bern, Linie S2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Gümligen\" (PDF). Swiss Federal Railways (in German). 10 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbb.ch/content/dam/internet/sbb/downloads/all/reiseinformationen/bahnverkehrsinformation/pdf-fahrplaene/abfahrtsplakate/2024/abfahrtstabellen/GUE_231210_ab_7003.pdf.sbbdownload.pdf","url_text":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Gümligen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways","url_text":"Swiss Federal Railways"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Hyperbolick
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User talk:Hyperbolick
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["1 AfC notification: Draft:Leni Klum has a new comment","2 Nomination of Where is Kate? for deletion","3 Your submission at Articles for creation: Leni Klum (April 8)","4 May 2024"]
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Daily pageviews of Rongorongo
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I made a whole-ass page on Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory and nobody had problems. Selective, no? Hyperbolick (talk) 15:54, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
AfC notification: Draft:Leni Klum has a new comment
I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Leni Klum. Thanks! Greenman (talk) 09:03, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
Nomination of Where is Kate? for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Where is Kate? is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.
The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Where is Kate? (3rd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. IgnatiusofLondon (he/him • ☎️) 11:57, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
Your submission at Articles for creation: Leni Klum (April 8)
Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by MurielMary was:
The content of this submission includes material that does not meet Wikipedia's minimum standard for inline citations. Please cite your sources using footnotes. For instructions on how to do this, please see Referencing for beginners. Thank you. The comment the reviewer left was:
Thanks for creating this draft. The list of sources in the text should be used as sources for the article, or if they are not used, should be listed in a section "further reading". Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.
If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Leni Klum and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.
MurielMary (talk) 17:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
Hello, Hyperbolick!
Having an article draft declined at Articles for Creation can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! MurielMary (talk) 17:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
@MurielMary: Don’t have time to put into it right now, but prob more to write about in another six months anyway. Hyperbolick (talk) 19:22, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
May 2024
Please do not add original research or novel syntheses of published material to articles as you apparently did to Redo of Healer. Please cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. Thank you. Xexerss (talk) 03:46, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
Saw all these criticisms in a YouTube, which was very clearly right on every point. Hyperbolick (talk) 03:59, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
You cannot add content based on random videos that you watched on YouTube. WP:OR emphasizes that you must add references to reliable sources explicitly confirming the content that you're adding. Xexerss (talk) 04:16, 4 May 2024 (UTC)
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(3rd nomination)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Where_is_Kate%3F_(3rd_nomination)"},{"link_name":"IgnatiusofLondon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:IgnatiusofLondon"},{"link_name":"☎️","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:IgnatiusofLondon#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Articles for creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"Leni Klum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Leni_Klum"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Hyperbolick&action=edit§ion=3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"minimum standard for inline citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"cite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"footnotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes"},{"link_name":"Referencing for beginners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners"},{"link_name":"Draft:Leni Klum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft:Leni_Klum"},{"link_name":"may be deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion#G13._Abandoned_drafts_and_Articles_for_creation_submissions"},{"link_name":"untoward behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/Scam_warning"},{"link_name":"Articles for creation help desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=Draft:Leni_Klum"},{"link_name":"reviewer's talk page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:MurielMary&action=edit§ion=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Leni_Klum"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC_help_disclaimer"},{"link_name":"MurielMary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MurielMary"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MurielMary"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"MurielMary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MurielMary"},{"link_name":"Hyperbolick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hyperbolick"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Hyperbolick&action=edit§ion=4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Information_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"original research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"novel syntheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material_that_advances_a_position"},{"link_name":"Redo of Healer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redo_of_Healer"},{"link_name":"reliable source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Xexerss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Xexerss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Xexerss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Hyperbolick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Hyperbolick"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"WP:OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:OR"},{"link_name":"Xexerss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Xexerss"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Xexerss"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"I made a whole-ass page on Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory and nobody had problems. Selective, no? Hyperbolick (talk) 15:54, 12 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]AfC notification: Draft:Leni Klum has a new comment[edit]I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Leni Klum. Thanks! Greenman (talk) 09:03, 16 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Where is Kate? for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Where is Kate? is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.\nThe article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Where is Kate? (3rd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.\n\nUsers may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.IgnatiusofLondon (he/him • ☎️) 11:57, 1 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: Leni Klum (April 8)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by MurielMary was:\nThe content of this submission includes material that does not meet Wikipedia's minimum standard for inline citations. Please cite your sources using footnotes. For instructions on how to do this, please see Referencing for beginners. Thank you. The comment the reviewer left was:\nThanks for creating this draft. The list of sources in the text should be used as sources for the article, or if they are not used, should be listed in a section \"further reading\". Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Leni Klum and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.\nIf you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk, on the reviewer's talk page or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nMurielMary (talk) 17:13, 8 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]@MurielMary: Don’t have time to put into it right now, but prob more to write about in another six months anyway. Hyperbolick (talk) 19:22, 8 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]May 2024[edit]Please do not add original research or novel syntheses of published material to articles as you apparently did to Redo of Healer. Please cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. Thank you. Xexerss (talk) 03:46, 4 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Saw all these criticisms in a YouTube, which was very clearly right on every point. Hyperbolick (talk) 03:59, 4 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nYou cannot add content based on random videos that you watched on YouTube. WP:OR emphasizes that you must add references to reliable sources explicitly confirming the content that you're adding. Xexerss (talk) 04:16, 4 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Hyperbolick"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Gulick
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Frances Gulick
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["1 Biography","2 Family tree","3 References","4 External links"]
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American welfare worker
Frances GulickFrances Gulick in 1919Born(1891-04-06)April 6, 1891Springfield, MassachusettsDiedNovember 29, 1936(1936-11-29) (aged 45)New York CityNationalityAmericanKnown forWar hero
Frances Jewett Gulick (April 6, 1891 – November 29, 1936) was an American Y.W.C.A. welfare worker who was awarded a United States Army citation for valor and courage on the field during the aerial bombardment of Varmaise, Oise, France in World War I. She was attached to the First Engineers in Europe, and was operating a canteen at the time. Gulick was pictured with three overseas service stripes on her sleeve, which represents at least 18 months of service.
Biography
Frances Jewett Gulick was born April 6, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Her mother was Charlotte Emily "Lottie" (Vetter) Gulick. Her father, Luther Halsey Gulick Jr., M.D., designed the Y.M.C.A. logo. Her great-grandparents was Peter Johnson Gulick and Fanny Hinckley Thomas Gulick, early missionaries to the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Her army citation read as follows:
Miss Frances Gulick, Y.W.C.A. (attached to 1st U.S. Engineers) welfare worker, who has displayed the finest qualities of energy, courage and devotion in the discharge of her duties throughout the war and occupation of hostile territory, notably during the aerial bombardment at Vernaise, May 30, 1918, where, in spite of many casualties in the town, she remained at her post. From then until the division was relieved in July, 1918, Miss Gulick, with total disregard for her own personal safety, continued to operate her canteen, although the town was shelled and bombed at different times by the enemy, and her canteen itself struck.
Gulick died November 29, 1936, in New York City.
Family tree
vteGulick family tree
Peter Johnson Gulick (1796–1877)Fanny Hinckley Thomas (1798–1883)
Luther Halsey Gulick Sr. (1828–1891)Orramel Hinckley Gulick (1830–1923)John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923)William Hooker Gulick (1835–1922)
Theodore Weld Gulick (1837–1924)
Thomas Lafron Gulick (1839–1904)
Sarah Frances Gulick (1854–1937)Sidney Gulick (1860–1945)Luther Gulick (1865–1918)
Luther Halsey Gulick (1892–1993)Sidney Lewis Gulick Jr. (1902–1988)Frances Jewett Gulick (1891–1936)
Denny Gulick
Notes:
^
^
^
References
^ "Gulick, Frances. Y.W.C.A. Girl". Prints & Photographs Online Catalog. US Library of Congress. 1919. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ "'Y Girl: 1919". 1919. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
^ "Luther and Charlotte Gulick". Kansas State University. August 24, 2002. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ Mayo, Katherine (May 2009). 'That Damn Y' a Record of Overseas Service. Bibliographical Center for Research. p. 118. ISBN 9781110810208. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ Putney, Clifford (2010). Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 17971883. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-735-1.
^ Jewett, Frances Gulick (1895). Luther Halsey Gulick: Missionary in Hawaii, Micronesia, Japan, and China. Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society.
^ "Sidney Gulick Densho Encyclopedia". encyclopedia.densho.org. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
External links
Frances Gulick at Find a Grave
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Amazons_(Rubens)
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The Battle of the Amazons (Rubens)
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["1 Notes"]
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Painting usually attributed to Peter Paul Rubens
The Battle of the AmazonsArtistPeter Paul Rubens;Anthony van Dyck (according to Giovanni Pietro Bellori)Yearc. 1615Mediumoil on woodDimensions121 cm × 165.5 cm (48 in × 65.2 in)LocationAlte Pinakothek, Munich
The Battle of the Amazons or Amazonomachia is an oil on wood painting produced around 1615. It shows an amazonomachy. It is usually attributed to Rubens, showing his huge admiration for Leonardo da Vinci and his The Battle of Anghiari, though the biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori has attributed it to Anthony van Dyck. It is now in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.
This painting was formerly in the collection of Cornelis van der Geest and can be seen in two paintings of his art gallery in the 1630s by Willem van Haecht.
Apelles painting Campaspe, 1630
The Gallery of Cornelis van der Geest, 1628
Notes
^ M. Jaffé, Rubens è un italiano, in Rubens. Catalogo completo. Milano, Rizzoli, 1987, pp. 66–84. ISBN 881725701X.
vtePeter Paul RubensPaintingsand drawings
The Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602)
Leda and the Swan (1601, 1602)
The Deposition (1602)
Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605)
Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603)
Portrait of a Young Woman (1603)
Hercules and Omphale (1603)
Heraclitus and Democritus (1603)
Virgin and Child (c. 1604)
The Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605)
The Baptism of Christ (1604–1605)
The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605)
Transfiguration (1604–1605)
The Circumcision (1605)
Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606)
Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606)
Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606)
Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606)
Madonna della Vallicella (1606–1608)
Susanna and the Elders (1607)
The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609)
Adoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)
Samson and Delilah (1609–1610)
Honeysuckle Bower (1609–1610)
Coronation of the Virgin (1609–1611)
Juno and Argus (1610)
Raising of the Cross (1610–1611)
Conversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612)
Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611)
Venus Frigida (1611)
Prometheus Bound (1611–1612)
The Four Philosophers (1611–1612)
Antwerp Resurrection (1611–1612)
Visitation (c. 1611–1615)
Roman Charity (1612)
Ecce Homo (1612)
Descent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614)
Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)
Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614)
The Tribute Money (1612–1614)
The Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614)
The Four Continents (1610s)
Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614)
Portrait of a Commander (1613)
The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614)
The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615)
The Death of Adonis (1614)
Venus and Adonis (1614)
St Sebastian (c. 1614)
The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614)
Madonna della Cesta (1615)
Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615)
Daniel in the Lions' Den (1615)
Bacchanalia (c. 1615)
A Statue of Ceres (c. 1615)
The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616)
The Tiger Hunt (1615–1616)
Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616)
The Wild Boar Hunt (1615-1617)
Florence Resurrection (1616)
The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616)
Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616)
The Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616)
The Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616)
Romulus and Remus (1615–1616)
Saint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617)
Two Women with a Candle (1616–1617)
Descent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617)
The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617)
Christ and the Penitent Sinners (1617)
Mars and Rhea Silvia (1617)
The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
The Great Last Judgement (1617)
A Bearded Man (c. 1617–18)
Adoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618)
The Five Senses (1617–1618)
Two Satyrs (1618)
Medusa (1618)
The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618)
Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618)
The Prodigal Son (1618)
The Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618)
Tigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618)
Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)
Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620)
The Wild Boar Hunt (1618-1620)
St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620)
The Small Last Judgement (1619)
Conversion of Saint Paul (1620s)
The Fall of the Damned (c. 1620)
Landscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620)
Portrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620)
Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1620)
Perseus Freeing Andromeda (1620)
Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620)
The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620)
Christ on the Cross (1620)
The Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623)
Isabella Brant (c. 1621)
The Lion Hunt (1621)
Marie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630)
Portrait of Susanna Lunden (1622)
Perseus and Andromeda (c. 1622)
The History of Constantine (1622–1625)
Self-Portrait (1623)
The Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624)
Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624)
Adoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624)
The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624)
Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626)
Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625)
Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625)
Assumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–1626)
Angelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628)
Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627)
The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627)
The Annunciation (1627–1628)
The Fall of Man (1628–1629)
The Rape of Europa (1628–1629)
Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630)
Cimon and Pero (1630)
Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630)
The Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631)
The Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631)
Last Supper (1630–1631)
Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635)
The Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634)
The Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)
The Garden of Love (c. 1633)
Adoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634)
Bathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635)
The Dance of the Villagers (1635)
Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635)
Venus and Adonis (New York; 1635)
The Triumph of the Church (1635)
The Feast of Venus (1635–1636)
The Feast of Herod (1635–1638)
The Village Fête (1635–1638)
Mercury and Argus (1635–1638)
Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636)
Helena Fourment with Children (1636)
A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636)
Saturn (1636)
The Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636)
Pallas and Arachne (1636–1637)
Het Pelsken (1636–1638)
The Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637)
Consequences of War (c. 1638)
Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638)
The Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638)
The Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638)
Diana and Callisto (1637–1638)
Helena Fourment with a Carriage (1638)
Self-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639)
Bacchus (1638–1640)
The Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640)
The Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640)
The Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640)
Judgment of Paris (various)
Tapestries
The History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona)
Books
Palazzi di Genova (1622)
Museums
Rubenshuis
People
Rubens family
Isabella Brant (first wife)
Helena Fourment (second wife)
Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son)
Albert Rubens (son)
Jan Rubens (father)
Maria Pypelinckx (mother)
Philip Rubens (brother)
Tobias Verhaecht (teacher)
Adam van Noort (teacher)
Otto van Veen (teacher)
Nicolaas Rockox (friend)
Related
Poussinists and Rubenists
Rubens (1977 film)
Rubenesque
Rubens' Europe (exhibition)
Authority control databases
RKD ID
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amazonomachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonomachy"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Anghiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Anghiari_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anthony van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Alte Pinakothek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Cornelis van der Geest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_der_Geest"},{"link_name":"Willem van Haecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_van_Haecht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_van_Haecht_(II)_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_van_Haecht_-_The_Gallery_of_Cornelis_van_der_Geest,_1628.jpg"}],"text":"The Battle of the Amazons or Amazonomachia is an oil on wood painting produced around 1615. It shows an amazonomachy. It is usually attributed to Rubens, showing his huge admiration for Leonardo da Vinci and his The Battle of Anghiari,[1] though the biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori has attributed it to Anthony van Dyck. It is now in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.This painting was formerly in the collection of Cornelis van der Geest and can be seen in two paintings of his art gallery in the 1630s by Willem van Haecht.Apelles painting Campaspe, 1630\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Gallery of Cornelis van der Geest, 1628","title":"The Battle of the Amazons (Rubens)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"881725701X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/881725701X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"The Descent from the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1600%E2%80%931602)"},{"link_name":"Leda and the Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deposition_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_in_a_Circle_of_Friends_from_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Lerma"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Woman_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Hercules and Omphale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_and_Omphale_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Heraclitus and Democritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus_and_Democritus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Virgin and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Fall of Phaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Phaeton_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Baptism of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Christ_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gonzaga_Family_in_Adoration_of_the_Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circumcision_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchesa_Brigida_Spinola-Doria"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Maria_di_Antonio_Serra"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Noblewoman_with_an_Attendant"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Giovanni_Carlo_Doria_on_Horseback"},{"link_name":"Madonna della Vallicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_della_Vallicella"},{"link_name":"Susanna and the Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Head_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_Presented_to_Salome"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Samson and Delilah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Honeysuckle Bower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle_Bower"},{"link_name":"Coronation of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Juno and Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_and_Argus"},{"link_name":"Raising of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elevation_of_the_Cross_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Conversion of Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_London)"},{"link_name":"Massacre of the Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Venus Frigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Frigida"},{"link_name":"Prometheus Bound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Bound_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Four Philosophers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Philosophers"},{"link_name":"Antwerp Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(Rubens,_Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Roman Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Charity_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Ecce Homo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Descent from the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1612%E2%80%931614)"},{"link_name":"Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Teresa_of_%C3%81vila%27s_Vision_of_the_Holy_Spirit_(Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"The Tribute Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribute_Money_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Defeat of Sennacherib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defeat_of_Sennacherib"},{"link_name":"The Four Continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Continents"},{"link_name":"Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Giving_the_Keys_to_Saint_Peter_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Commander"},{"link_name":"The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crowning_of_the_Virtuous_Hero"},{"link_name":"The Incredulity of Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incredulity_of_Saint_Thomas_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Death of Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Adonis_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1614)"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_Mary_and_Saint_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger"},{"link_name":"Madonna della Cesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Basket_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixion,_King_of_the_Lapiths,_Deceived_by_Juno,_Who_He_Wished_to_Seduce"},{"link_name":"Daniel in the Lions' Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_in_the_Lions%27_Den_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Bacchanalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchanalia_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"A Statue of Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Statue_of_Ceres"},{"link_name":"The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hippopotamus_and_Crocodile_Hunt"},{"link_name":"The Tiger Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tiger_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Theodosius and Saint Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_and_Saint_Ambrose_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Wild Boar Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Marseille)"},{"link_name":"Florence Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resurrection_of_Christ_(Rubens,_Florence)"},{"link_name":"The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_and_Child_Surrounded_by_the_Holy_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erichthonius_Discovered_by_the_Daughters_of_Cecrops_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Wolf and Fox Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_and_Fox_Hunt"},{"link_name":"The Lion and Leopard Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_and_Leopard_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Romulus and Remus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Saint Stephen Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen_Triptych"},{"link_name":"Two Women with a Candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Women_with_a_Candle"},{"link_name":"Descent from the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_from_the_Cross_(Rubens,_1617)"},{"link_name":"The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meeting_Between_Abraham_and_Melchizedek_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Christ and the Penitent Sinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_and_the_Penitent_Sinners"},{"link_name":"Mars and Rhea Silvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_and_Rhea_Silvia"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man"},{"link_name":"The Great Last Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"A Bearded Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bearded_Man"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Lyon)"},{"link_name":"The Five Senses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_Senses_(series)"},{"link_name":"Two Satyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Satyrs"},{"link_name":"Medusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus"},{"link_name":"Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Triumphant_over_Sin_and_Death_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Prodigal Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prodigal_Son_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Union of Earth and Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Union_of_Earth_and_Water"},{"link_name":"Tigress with Her Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigress_with_Her_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucius_Scaevola_before_Lars_Porsenna"},{"link_name":"Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_in_the_House_of_Simon_the_Pharisee_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Wild Boar Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_Boar_Hunt_(Rubens,_Dresden)"},{"link_name":"St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene_in_Ecstasy"},{"link_name":"The Small Last Judgement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Small_Last_Judgement_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Conversion of Saint Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul_(Rubens,_Berlin)"},{"link_name":"The Fall of the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Damned"},{"link_name":"Landscape with Philemon and Baucis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_with_Philemon_and_Baucis"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Young Man in Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Young_Man_in_Armor"},{"link_name":"Saint George and the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Perseus Freeing Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_Freeing_Andromeda_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Dominic_and_Francis_Saving_the_World_from_Christ%27s_Anger"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Orithyia_by_Boreas"},{"link_name":"Christ on the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_on_the_Cross_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Three Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Florence)"},{"link_name":"Isabella Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)"},{"link_name":"The Lion Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_Hunt_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici_cycle"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Susanna Lunden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Susanna_Lunden"},{"link_name":"Perseus and Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus_and_Andromeda_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The History of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_London)"},{"link_name":"The Conversion of Saint Bavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Saint_Bavo"},{"link_name":"Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_and_Her_Nymphs_Leaving_for_the_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reconciliation_of_Esau_and_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Appointing_Saint_Roch_as_Patron_Saint_of_Plague_Victims"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Infanta_Isabella_Clara_Eugenia_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_portrait_of_George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Angelica and the Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_and_the_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_at_the_Battle_of_Ivry"},{"link_name":"The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumphal_Entry_of_Henry_IV_into_Paris"},{"link_name":"The Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annunciation_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Fall of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_Protecting_Peace_from_Mars"},{"link_name":"Cimon and Pero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimon_and_Pero_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Crowning of Saint Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crowning_of_Saint_Catherine"},{"link_name":"The Ildefonso Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildefonso_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians"},{"link_name":"The Finding of Erichthonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Finding_of_Erichthonius"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1632-1635)"},{"link_name":"The Garden of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Love_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Rubens,_Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Bathsheba at the Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathsheba_at_the_Fountain"},{"link_name":"The Dance of the Villagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dance_of_the_Villagers"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Her_Son_Frans"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Rubens,_1635)"},{"link_name":"The Triumph of the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Church_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Feast of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_of_Venus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Feast of Herod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Feast_of_Herod_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Village Fête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_F%C3%AAte_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Mercury and Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_and_Argus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules%27s_Dog_Discovers_Purple_Dye"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_Children"},{"link_name":"A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_View_of_Het_Steen_in_the_Early_Morning"},{"link_name":"Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1636)"},{"link_name":"Pallas and Arachne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas_and_Arachne"},{"link_name":"Het Pelsken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Pelsken"},{"link_name":"The Birth of the Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Consequences of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_War"},{"link_name":"Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Garden_of_the_Hesperides"},{"link_name":"Deianira Listens to Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deianira_Listens_to_Fame"},{"link_name":"The Three Graces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Rubens,_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of Ganymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_Ganymede_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Diana and Callisto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_and_Callisto_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment with a Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment_with_a_Carriage"},{"link_name":"Self-Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_(Rubens,_Vienna)"},{"link_name":"Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Rape of the Sabine Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The Peasants Returning From The Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peasants_Returning_From_The_Fields"},{"link_name":"The Rainbow Landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rainbow_Landscape_(1640)"},{"link_name":"Judgment of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"The History of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"Pietro da Cortona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona"},{"link_name":"Palazzi di Genova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzi_di_Genova"},{"link_name":"Rubenshuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubenshuis"},{"link_name":"Rubens family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_family"},{"link_name":"Isabella Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Brant"},{"link_name":"Helena Fourment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Fourment"},{"link_name":"Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Rubens,_Lord_of_Rameyen"},{"link_name":"Albert Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Jan Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Maria Pypelinckx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pypelinckx"},{"link_name":"Philip Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Tobias Verhaecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Verhaecht"},{"link_name":"Adam van Noort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_van_Noort"},{"link_name":"Otto van Veen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_van_Veen"},{"link_name":"Nicolaas Rockox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Rockox"},{"link_name":"Poussinists and Rubenists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists"},{"link_name":"Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rubenesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubenesque"},{"link_name":"Rubens' Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens%27_Europe"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3636299#identifiers"},{"link_name":"RKD ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/261458"}],"text":"^ M. Jaffé, Rubens è un italiano, in Rubens. Catalogo completo. Milano, Rizzoli, 1987, pp. 66–84. ISBN 881725701X.vtePeter Paul RubensPaintingsand drawings\nThe Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602)\nLeda and the Swan (1601, 1602)\nThe Deposition (1602)\nSelf-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605)\nEquestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603)\nPortrait of a Young Woman (1603)\nHercules and Omphale (1603)\nHeraclitus and Democritus (1603)\nVirgin and Child (c. 1604)\nThe Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605)\nThe Baptism of Christ (1604–1605)\nThe Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605)\nTransfiguration (1604–1605)\nThe Circumcision (1605)\nPortrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606)\nPortrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606)\nPortrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606)\nPortrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606)\nMadonna della Vallicella (1606–1608)\nSusanna and the Elders (1607)\nThe Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609)\nAdoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)\nSamson and Delilah (1609–1610)\nHoneysuckle Bower (1609–1610)\nCoronation of the Virgin (1609–1611)\nJuno and Argus (1610)\nRaising of the Cross (1610–1611)\nConversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612)\nMassacre of the Innocents (c. 1611)\nVenus Frigida (1611)\nPrometheus Bound (1611–1612)\nThe Four Philosophers (1611–1612)\nAntwerp Resurrection (1611–1612)\nVisitation (c. 1611–1615)\nRoman Charity (1612)\nEcce Homo (1612)\nDescent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614)\nSaint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)\nSaint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614)\nThe Tribute Money (1612–1614)\nThe Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614)\nThe Four Continents (1610s)\nChrist Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614)\nPortrait of a Commander (1613)\nThe Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614)\nThe Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615)\nThe Death of Adonis (1614)\nVenus and Adonis (1614)\nSt Sebastian (c. 1614)\nThe Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614)\nMadonna della Cesta (1615)\nIxion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615)\nDaniel in the Lions' Den (1615)\nBacchanalia (c. 1615)\nA Statue of Ceres (c. 1615)\nThe Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616)\nThe Tiger Hunt (1615–1616)\nTheodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616)\nThe Wild Boar Hunt (1615-1617)\nFlorence Resurrection (1616)\nThe Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616)\nErichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616)\nThe Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616)\nThe Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616)\nRomulus and Remus (1615–1616)\nSaint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617)\nTwo Women with a Candle (1616–1617)\nDescent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617)\nThe Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617)\nChrist and the Penitent Sinners (1617)\nMars and Rhea Silvia (1617)\nThe Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)\nThe Great Last Judgement (1617)\nA Bearded Man (c. 1617–18)\nAdoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618)\nThe Five Senses (1617–1618)\nTwo Satyrs (1618)\nMedusa (1618)\nThe Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618)\nChrist Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618)\nThe Prodigal Son (1618)\nThe Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618)\nTigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618)\nMucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)\nFeast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620)\nThe Wild Boar Hunt (1618-1620)\nSt Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620)\nThe Small Last Judgement (1619)\nConversion of Saint Paul (1620s)\nThe Fall of the Damned (c. 1620)\nLandscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620)\nPortrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620)\nSaint George and the Dragon (c. 1620)\nPerseus Freeing Andromeda (1620)\nSaints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620)\nThe Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620)\nChrist on the Cross (1620)\nThe Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623)\nIsabella Brant (c. 1621)\nThe Lion Hunt (1621)\nMarie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630)\nPortrait of Susanna Lunden (1622)\nPerseus and Andromeda (c. 1622)\nThe History of Constantine (1622–1625)\nSelf-Portrait (1623)\nThe Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624)\nDiana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624)\nAdoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624)\nThe Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624)\nChrist Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626)\nPortrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625)\nPortrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625)\nAssumption of the Virgin Mary (1625–1626)\nAngelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628)\nHenry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627)\nThe Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627)\nThe Annunciation (1627–1628)\nThe Fall of Man (1628–1629)\nThe Rape of Europa (1628–1629)\nMinerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630)\nCimon and Pero (1630)\nSaint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630)\nThe Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631)\nThe Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631)\nLast Supper (1630–1631)\nOdysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635)\nThe Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)\nThe Garden of Love (c. 1633)\nAdoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634)\nBathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635)\nThe Dance of the Villagers (1635)\nHelena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635)\nVenus and Adonis (New York; 1635)\nThe Triumph of the Church (1635)\nThe Feast of Venus (1635–1636)\nThe Feast of Herod (1635–1638)\nThe Village Fête (1635–1638)\nMercury and Argus (1635–1638)\nHercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636)\nHelena Fourment with Children (1636)\nA View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636)\nSaturn (1636)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636)\nPallas and Arachne (1636–1637)\nHet Pelsken (1636–1638)\nThe Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637)\nConsequences of War (c. 1638)\nHercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638)\nThe Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638)\nThe Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638)\nDiana and Callisto (1637–1638)\nHelena Fourment with a Carriage (1638)\nSelf-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639)\nBacchus (1638–1640)\nThe Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640)\nThe Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640)\nThe Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640)\nJudgment of Paris (various)\nTapestries\nThe History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona)\nBooks\nPalazzi di Genova (1622)\nMuseums\nRubenshuis\nPeople\nRubens family\nIsabella Brant (first wife)\nHelena Fourment (second wife)\nNicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son)\nAlbert Rubens (son)\nJan Rubens (father)\nMaria Pypelinckx (mother)\nPhilip Rubens (brother)\nTobias Verhaecht (teacher)\nAdam van Noort (teacher)\nOtto van Veen (teacher)\nNicolaas Rockox (friend)\nRelated\nPoussinists and Rubenists\nRubens (1977 film)\nRubenesque\nRubens' Europe (exhibition)Authority control databases \nRKD ID","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/images/261458","external_links_name":"RKD ID"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory_assistant
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Medical Laboratory Assistant
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["1 History","2 Requirements","3 See also","4 References"]
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Medical laboratory assistants (MLAs) also known as clinical laboratory assistants (CLA) or clinical assistants (CA) prepare, and in some cases process samples within a pathology laboratory. They also utilise pre-analytical systems in order for biomedical scientists (BMS) or Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers to process the biochemical tests requested on the sample. The majority of an MLA's time is spent in processing specimens. As such, the MLA has to have excellent knowledge of their particular sample acceptance policy, whilst obeying the data protection act, patient confidentiality, COSHH and the Caldicott rules.
Other duties an MLA may undertake include, setting up blood analyzers, running Quality Controls and manual controls prior to a BMS undertaking analysis on samples. Maintenance and decontamination is essential for the function of the machinery therefore MLAs carry out this role on a weekly or monthly basis.
A typical method of sample acceptance (in a clinical chemistry lab) is as follows:
Sample is received.
Sample is checked (to ensure that the sample is sent in the correct container for the specimen).
Patient's details checked and matched on both form and sample (non-matching samples and/or forms rejected).
Sample and form labelled with unique identifying number (UIN).
Tests requested on form receipted onto UIN on computer system.
Samples placed either on pre-analytical system by MLA or analysed immediately by BMS (dependent on test requested).
UIN attached to patient using patient identifying details on form.
MLA's also deal with all sample queries and give low level advice to clinical staff on sample acceptance and correct sampling method. They may also do minor upkeep on the pre-analytical systems as well as further upkeep on some point of care analysers — depending on the laboratory in which they are based.
History
In the United States, the profession began in the 1950s due to a shortage of medical technologists in rural areas and physician owned laboratories. MLA positions were more prevalent prior to laboratory automation, but have made a comeback due to the ongoing laboratory staffing shortage.
Requirements
Requirements for a position of medical laboratory assistant vary from state to state, but they are generally as follows:
Legal age (18+ years)
High school diploma or equivalent
State-approved training
Successful completion of certification exam
Medical laboratory assistants are required to have good analytical abilities and keen attention to detail. They must be able to work under pressure and display manual dexterity. Because they work with minute substances and technical equipment, good vision and computer skills are mandatory.
See also
Medical technologist
References
^ DeLaet, Roxann (20 May 2020). Introduction to Health Care & Careers. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 339–340. ISBN 978-1-284-32229-3.
^ McCall, Ruth E. (23 June 2020). Phlebotomy Essentials, Enhanced Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-284-24243-0.
^ Reid, Marelle. "Pace for lab assistants is 'zero to 60'". New West Record.
^ Bryan, Jesse. "Microbiology Notes". Retrieved 12 June 2023.
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[]
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[{"title":"Medical technologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Stahurskaya
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Zinaida Stahurskaya
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["1 Doping","2 Death","3 Major results","4 References","5 External links"]
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Belarusian cyclist
Zinaida StahurskayaPersonal informationFull nameZinaida Vladimirovna StahurskayaBorn(1971-02-09)9 February 1971Vitebsk, Belarusian SSR, Soviet UnionDied25 June 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 38)Vitebsk, BelarusTeam informationDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams1999Acca Due O2000SC Michela Fanini Record Rox2001Gas Sport Team2002–2003USC Chirio2005SS Lazio Ciclismo Team Ladispoli2006USC Chirio Forno d'Asolo
Medal record
Representing Belarus
Women's road cycling
World Championships
2000 Plouay
Road race
Zinaida Vladimirovna Stahurskaya (original name: Зинаида Владимировна Стагурская; also written as Zinaida Stagurskaya, Zinaida Stahurskaia or Zinaida Stagourskaya; 9 February 1971 – 25 June 2009) was a Belarusian racing cyclist who was the world champion in 2000. Stahurskaya was born in Vitebsk. She rode at the 1992 Summer Olympics for the Unified Team and at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics for Belarus.
Doping
In 2006 Stahurskaya was banned for two years for a drugs test that she failed in 2005 at a number of European races. One positive test for the anabolic steroid stanozolol at the GP Carnevale Europa and twice for the hormone testosterone at the Giro di San Marino and Sparkassen Giro Bochum.
Stahurskaya had earlier been suspended for a positive test for a banned diuretic at the 2001 Giro d'Italia Femminile and a positive test for ephedrine at the 2003 Circuito di Massarosa. She was subsequently banned for four months and for two months respectively.
Death
Stahurskaya died in 2009 after being struck by a car while training.
Major results
1994
1st Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska
1st Overall GP Presov & Pravda
1st Stage 4 Essen Etappenfahrt
1st Stage 7 Tour du Finistère
1999
1st Stage 3 Giro d'Italia Femminile
2nd Tjejtrampet
6th Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio
2000
1st UCI Road World Championships Road Race
1st Overall Giro della Toscana
1st Stage 11 Giro d'Italia Femminile
2001
1st Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol
1st Stages 2a, 4 & 9 Giro d'Italia Femminile
2nd Overall Giro della Toscana
2nd Overall Tour de Snowy
2nd GP Carnevale d'Europa
2002
2nd Overall Giro d'Italia Femminile
1st Stages 2 & 8
2nd Overall Giro della Toscana
1st Stage 2
2nd Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio
3rd Overall Emakumeen Bira
3rd Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol
2003
1st Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia
1st Stage 2 Giro d'Italia Femminile
2004
2nd Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol
1st Stages 2 & 4
2005
1st Overall Tour Féminin en Limousin
1st Stages 1, 3 & 4
1st Overall Giro di San Marino
1st Stage 2
1st Cento
1st GP Città di Castenaso
3rd Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia
2008
2nd National Road Race Championships
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Zinaida Stahurskaya Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ "www.cyclingnews.com - the world centre of cycling". autobus.cyclingnews.com.
^ "Stahurskaya gets two-year ban". Cyclingnews.com. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
^ "Stahurskaya Dies In Training Accident, Says Coach". Bicycle.net. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
External links
Zinaida Stahurskaya at Cycling Archives
vte UCI Road World Champions – Women's road race
1958: Elsy Jacobs
1959: Yvonne Reynders
1960: Beryl Burton
1961: Yvonne Reynders
1962: Marie-Rose Gaillard
1963: Yvonne Reynders
1964: Emīlija Sonka
1965: Elisabeth Eicholz
1966: Yvonne Reynders
1967: Beryl Burton
1968: Keetie van Oosten-Hage
1969: Audrey McElmury
1970–71: Anna Konkina
1972: Geneviève Gambillon
1973: Nicolle Van Den Broeck
1974: Geneviève Gambillon
1975: Tineke Fopma
1976: Keetie van Oosten-Hage
1977: Josiane Bost
1978: Petra de Bruin
1979: Beate Habetz
1980: Beth Heiden
1981: Ute Enzenauer
1982: Mandy Jones
1983: Marianne Berglund
1985–87, 88: Jeannie Longo
1990: Catherine Marsal
1991, 1993: Leontien van Moorsel
1994: Monica Valvik
1995: Jeannie Longo
1996: Barbara Heeb
1997: Alessandra Cappellotto
1998: Diana Žiliūtė
1999: Edita Pučinskaitė
2000: Zinaida Stahurskaya
2001: Rasa Polikevičiūtė
2002–03: Susanne Ljungskog
2004: Judith Arndt
2005: Regina Schleicher
2006: Marianne Vos
2007: Marta Bastianelli
2008: Nicole Cooke
2009: Tatiana Guderzo
2010–11: Giorgia Bronzini
2012–13: Marianne Vos
2014: Pauline Ferrand-Prévot
2015: Lizzie Armitstead
2016: Amalie Dideriksen
2017: Chantal Blaak
2018: Anna van der Breggen
2019: Annemiek van Vleuten
2020: Anna van der Breggen
2021: Elisa Balsamo
2022: Annemiek van Vleuten
2023: Lotte Kopecky
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_cyclist"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Unified Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Zinaida Vladimirovna Stahurskaya (original name: Зинаида Владимировна Стагурская; also written as Zinaida Stagurskaya, Zinaida Stahurskaia or Zinaida Stagourskaya; 9 February 1971 – 25 June 2009) was a Belarusian racing cyclist who was the world champion in 2000. Stahurskaya was born in Vitebsk. She rode at the 1992 Summer Olympics for the Unified Team and at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics for Belarus.[1]","title":"Zinaida Stahurskaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stanozolol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanozolol"},{"link_name":"GP Carnevale Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Carnevale_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"Giro di San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Sparkassen Giro Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkassen_Giro_Bochum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2001 Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ephedrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine"},{"link_name":"Circuito di Massarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuito_di_Massarosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 2006 Stahurskaya was banned for two years for a drugs test that she failed in 2005 at a number of European races. One positive test for the anabolic steroid stanozolol at the GP Carnevale Europa and twice for the hormone testosterone at the Giro di San Marino and Sparkassen Giro Bochum.[2]Stahurskaya had earlier been suspended for a positive test for a banned diuretic at the 2001 Giro d'Italia Femminile and a positive test for ephedrine at the 2003 Circuito di Massarosa. She was subsequently banned for four months and for two months respectively.[3]","title":"Doping"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Stahurskaya died in 2009 after being struck by a car while training.[4]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Feminin-O_cenu_%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9ho_%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"GP Presov & Pravda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Presov_%26_Pravda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tour du Finistère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_du_Finist%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tjejtrampet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjejtrampet"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda_-_Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Giro della Toscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Toscana_Int._Femminile_%E2%80%93_Memorial_Michela_Fanini"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino_Alto_Adige_-_S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro della Toscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Toscana_Int._Femminile_%E2%80%93_Memorial_Michela_Fanini"},{"link_name":"Tour de Snowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Snowy"},{"link_name":"GP Carnevale d'Europa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Carnevale_d%27Europa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro della Toscana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_della_Toscana_Int._Femminile_%E2%80%93_Memorial_Michela_Fanini"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeo_Alfredo_Binda_-_Comune_di_Cittiglio"},{"link_name":"Emakumeen Bira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emakumeen_Bira"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino_Alto_Adige_-_S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trofeo_Riviera_Della_Versilia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia Femminile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_Giro_d%27Italia_Femminile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_del_Trentino_Alto_Adige_-_S%C3%BCdtirol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg"},{"link_name":"Tour Féminin en Limousin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_F%C3%A9minin_en_Limousin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg"},{"link_name":"Giro di San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_di_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"GP Città di Castenaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Citt%C3%A0_di_Castenaso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trofeo_Riviera_Della_Versilia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1994\n1st Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska\n1st Overall GP Presov & Pravda\n1st Stage 4 Essen Etappenfahrt\n1st Stage 7 Tour du Finistère\n1999\n1st Stage 3 Giro d'Italia Femminile\n2nd Tjejtrampet\n6th Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio\n2000\n1st UCI Road World Championships Road Race\n1st Overall Giro della Toscana\n1st Stage 11 Giro d'Italia Femminile\n2001\n1st Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol\n1st Stages 2a, 4 & 9 Giro d'Italia Femminile\n2nd Overall Giro della Toscana\n2nd Overall Tour de Snowy\n2nd GP Carnevale d'Europa\n2002\n2nd Overall Giro d'Italia Femminile\n1st Stages 2 & 8\n2nd Overall Giro della Toscana\n1st Stage 2\n2nd Trofeo Alfredo Binda - Comune di Cittiglio\n3rd Overall Emakumeen Bira\n3rd Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol\n2003\n1st Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia\n1st Stage 2 Giro d'Italia Femminile\n2004\n2nd Overall Giro del Trentino Alto Adige - Südtirol\n1st Stages 2 & 4\n2005\n1st Overall Tour Féminin en Limousin\n1st Stages 1, 3 & 4\n1st Overall Giro di San Marino\n1st Stage 2\n1st Cento\n1st GP Città di Castenaso\n3rd Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia\n2008\n2nd National Road Race Championships","title":"Major results"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCATA_TB_family
|
SOCATA TB family
|
["1 Development","1.1 Origins","1.2 Restructure and end of production","2 Design","3 Operational history","4 Variants","5 Operators","5.1 Military operators","5.2 Civil operators","6 Specifications (TB 10)","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Citations","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"]
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General aviation aircraft family by Socata
Socata TB series
TB20 Academia Aeronautica de Evora
Role
Light single-engine piston aircraftType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Socata
Introduction
1975
Status
Out of production, in active service
Produced
1975-2012
Number built
2,150 (2007)
The Socata TB is a series of light single-engine piston aircraft developed and manufactured by French aircraft company SOCATA. The letters TB within the designation stand for Tarbes, the French city where the aircraft series is manufactured. The TB series planes have come to be known as the "Caribbean Planes" due to the island naming convention adopted for the various models, though they are not often seen flown in that region.
All aircraft (with the exception of the TB9) have a constant-speed propeller. The TB series have become widely used in training and touring aircraft and are often used for instrument training. They are defined by their contemporary fit and finish as well as their interior size; compared to other four-seat single-engine aircraft, they are relatively roomy at roughly 49 inches (124 cm) at the shoulder. In part, this is due to the fuselage having a pronounced "round out" above the wing. Adding to the actual spaciousness, the side windows extend up well into the roof line, giving the Socata an airy feeling. Due to the larger fuselage and relatively heavy weights, TB series aircraft have lower performance figures than a similarly sized and powered but narrower aircraft, and the trade-off of speed for comfort is often cited by TB owners.
During the 2000s, sales of the TB family suffered as a consequence of a worldwide aviation recession, leading Socata to seek to restructure the marketing and production aspects of the program. Leading on from several cost-cutting measures, such as reorganisations of staff, negotiations with suppliers, and outsourcing, between 2004 and 2008, the company sought to transfer all production of the TB series out of France, selecting Romania to produce the type. However, sales of the type failed to recover, resulting in the end of series production in favor of built-to-order manufacturing instead and, eventually, the termination of all marketing and production activities by 2012. Support remains for existing customers, and new upgrades had been introduced for these aircraft, such as the option to retrofit glass cockpits.
Development
Origins
Socata TB9 Tampico
During the mid-1970s, French aircraft company SOCATA commenced design work on what would become the TB family of general aircraft; a key ambition of this new product line was to entirely replace the firm's existing and highly successful Rallye series of aircraft. The first prototype, powered by a 119 kW (160 hp) Avco Lycoming O-320 engine, flew on 23 September 1977 but was lost during spin testing on 15 December that year. A second prototype was fitted with a 134 kW (180 hp) engine. As intended, throughout 1979, production of the Rallye family began to draw down as production of the new family; In initial entry models of which were designated as the TB-9 Tampico and the TB-10 Tobago, with type certification by the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation on 26 April 1979. On 18 December 1980, an improved model of the aircraft, designated as the TB20, was awarded its type certification by the French aviation authorities. During March 1981, the first delivery of a production TB20 was completed to a German customer. Various improved models of the TB series were subsequently developed.
SOCATA adopted a straightforward assembly philosophy at its final assembly facility in Tarbes, choosing to only complete a given aircraft after having already received an order for it. Basic airframes would be produced in advance and finished upon order, allowing for customer-specified modifications and optional equipment to be installed as per their demands. While the type was completed upon a single assembly line at the facility, all models, low and top end alike, were finished upon the same line. At the start of 1993, SOCATA was manufacturing around 12 aircraft of the TB series per month, by the middle of the year, this had dipped to roughly 8 aircraft per month.
During the 1990s, an improved model of the TB family, designated as the TB20 Trinidad was developed. Around 2000, all aircraft in the TB series underwent modernisation; to reflect this upgrade, the letters GT (standing for Generation Two) were applied to applicable models. The GT versions feature an enlarged cabin and various aerodynamic improvements; the most noticeable differences between the first and second generation models are the redesigned wing tips, which are noticeably rounder upon the older models, and the shape of the vertical stabiliser, which is curved on the lower front on the GT models. The styling of the rear windows have also changed, being more blended with the fuselage on the GT models; an optional three-bladed Hartzell, which reduced cabin noise and increased ground clearance, was also made available. During February 2000, SOCATA officially launched its Generation Two range, having received a major US order for 79 aircraft from West Coast distributor New Avex.
Restructure and end of production
During the early 2000s, a major worldwide downturn in the aviation industry resulting from the 2001 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States had severely impacted sales of the TB family. During 2003, the decision was made to suspend serial production of the type and substantial efforts were launched to establish new outsourcing arrangements, particularly focused upon companies within eastern European companies. By mid-2004, SOCATA expected to produce a maximum of 30 aircraft that year, substantially lower than the capacity available. In addition to cost-saving efforts, aimed at reducing costs by at least 30 per cent; a detailed study was also conducted into future of the TB family, including an examination of a projected all-composite derivative of the existing aircraft. During March 2004, SOCATA transferred all of its sales and marketing operations from its office in Paris to its manufacturing site in Tarbes as a cost-saving measure.
During mid 2004, the company announced that it was considered available options for relocating portions of the manufacturing chain for the TB family abroad, the move was attributed to the associated savings in labour costs that such a move would result in. During June 2005, it was revealed that SOCATA was in the process of evaluating between two prospective new manufacturing locations in Canada and Romania, having ruled out an arrangement with EADS PZL Warszawa-Okęcie SA in Poland after the collapse of negotiations between the two parties. During 2007, it was announced that SOCATA was in the process of organising the transfer of the final assembly line of both the TB20 and TB21 models, together with a tentative model known mostly as the TB2X, to a new manufacturing site in Bacau, Romania, and operated by Aerostar as part of an industrial offset agreement. The TB2X was the working designation for a new model in the TB series; this aircraft would most likely have been similar to the TB20 Trinidad, except for being powered by a Diesel engine instead. As late as 2007, SOCATA were reporting that they anticipated a production rate of up to 100 aircraft per year to be attained at the new Bacau facility.
During 2006, it was alleged by a Dutch news site, that all production activity of the TB series would soon be terminated. At this point, while no such official announcement had been issued by the company, it was apparent that the order book for the TB family was vacant of any aircraft of the type at this time; the last three TB aircraft to have been ordered had already been delivered two years prior. During 2008, SOCATA announced that from that point onwards, the TB GT Series would be built to order only. By 2012, the TB GT series had disappeared as an order option altogether. However, the existing aircraft of the type have continued to be supported by the company; more recently, the option of retrofitting a Garmin-built glass cockpit has been made available to customers.
Design
Socata TB10 Tobago GT owned by Martinair vliegschool (flying school)
Socata TB20 Trinidad GT
Socata TB-20 Trinidad
The SOCATA TB family is a series of single-engine light aircraft developed for general aviation and training purposes. Some versions, such as the TB-200 model, were specifically produced to meet the varied requirements of the trainer aircraft role. The type is often known for its favourable, easy to handle flight characteristics, such as its appropriate handling and control sensitivity, vice-free flying attitude, and being readily recoverable with ease from a typical stall, which lend themselves to less experienced pilots. Due to the absence of violent low-speed behaviour, the presence of a stall warning indicator is both necessary and furnished.
A Socata TB-200 Tobago XL
The design of the cabin incorporates a spacious and comfortable interior, intentionally reminiscent of luxury road vehicles. It can be accessed via either side of the aircraft; the door is intended to be left ajar while on the ground so that the cabin is better ventilated. A large canopy provides the pilots with a generous external view; elements of the cockpit instrumentation and controls, such as the annunciator panel, central pedestal, and individual elements like the nav/com and the circuit breakers, have been positioned to enable their easy overview as well. To aid in achieving fuel-efficiency, a simple fuel tank selection arrangement, augmented by digital gauges, is present upon most models.
The TB series all share the same basic fuselage and interior configuration. The primary differences between the models typically found in areas such as the landing gear, engine, and propeller.
TB-9, TB-10, and TB-200 have fixed landing gear and optional landing gear fairings.
TB-20 and TB-21 are fitted with retractable landing gear.
TB-9 was offered with a 160 horsepower (119 kW) normally aspirated engine and either a two-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller or a two-bladed, constant speed propeller ("Tampico CS").
TB-10 was offered with a 180 horsepower (134 kW) normally aspirated engine and a two-bladed, constant-speed propeller.
TB-200 was offered with a 200 horsepower (149 kW) normally aspirated engine and two-bladed, constant-speed propeller.
TB-20 was offered with a 250 horsepower (186 kW) normally aspirated engine, and either a two- or three-bladed constant speed propeller.
TB-21 was offered with a 250 horsepower (186 kW) turbocharged engine and a three-bladed constant speed propeller.
Operational history
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)
The SOCATA TB family has been heavily used for general aviation purpose, for which it was originally designed. While typically operated by private individuals, it has been relatively popular with both civil and military training schools across various countries. According to aerospace publication Flight International, by around 1993, flight schools were accounting for the vast majority of orders for the type and that, by this point, 520 TB family aircraft had been sold to a total of 24 schools across the world.
The North American market proved to be of vital importance to the TB series; by 1993, SOCATA had received orders for in excess of 1,500 aircraft from various different customers within the region. Flight International attributed some of this success being due to product liability legislation having had a severe impact upon its American competitors, to which it was not affected by.
A major customer of the TB family has been the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), which deployed the type as a trainer aircraft. During the late 1980s, China was reportedly exploring the possibility of establishing its own independent production line to produce the TB-20 Trinidad model under licence. During December 1993, the CAAC confirmed its order with SOCATA for 43 aircraft, comprising 38 TB-200 Tobago XLs and 5 TB20 Trinidads; at this time, this was the largest ever single order to be received for the TB series.
Variants
SOCATA TB-9 Tampico
Four-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 119 kilowatts (160 hp) Lycoming O-320-D2A piston engine, equipped with a fixed pitch propeller, fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear.
SOCATA TB-9 Tampico Club
Four-seat training version.
SOCATA TB-9C Tampico Club
SOCATA TB-9 Sprint
Fitted with a spatted undercarriage.
SOCATA TB-9 Sprint GT
Improved version of the TB-9 Sprint.
SOCATA TB-10 Tobago
Four or five-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 134 kilowatts (180 hp) Lycoming O-360-A1AD piston engine, equipped with a fixed spatted landing gear.
SOCATA SB-10 Tobago Privilege
Limited edition model.
SOCATA SB-10 GT
Improved version of the TB.10 Tobago
SOCATA TB-11
Powered by a 134 kW (180 hp) piston engine.
SOCATA TB-15
Proposed version. Not built.
SOCATA TB-16
Proposed version. Not built.
SOCATA TB-20 Trinidad
Four or five seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 250 horsepower (186 kW) piston engine, fitted with retractable tricycle landing gear.
SOCATA TB-20 Trinidad Excellence
Limited edition model, fitted with enhanced avionics.
SOCATA TB-20 C Trinidad
Air ambulance and freight transport version.
SOCATA TB-20 GT
Improved version of the TB-20 Trinidad.
SOCATA TB-21 Trinidad
250 horsepower (186 kW)
SOCATA TB-21 Trinidad TC
Turbocharged variant with 250 hp (186 kW) Lycoming TIO-540 B1AD.
SOCATA TB-21 Trinidad GT
Improved version of the TB-21 Trinidad TC, fitted with a digitally-controlled turbocharger.
SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon
Military trainer aircraft unrelated to any of the other aircraft in the TB-series.
SOCATA TB-31 Omega
Proposed turboprop powered version of the TB-30 Epsilon. Only one aircraft built.
SOCATA TB-200 Tobago XL
Five-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 200 horsepower (149 kW) Lycoming IO-360A1B6 piston engine, fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear.
SOCATA TB-200 Tobago XL GT
Improved version of the TB-200 Tobago XL.
SOCATA TB-360 Tangara
An unrelated proposed aircraft based on the Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar. Never entered production.
Socata TB-20 Trinidad Turkish Navy
Operators
Military operators
France
French Air Force
Greece
Greek Coast Guard - received two TB.20s in 1988.
Indonesia
Indonesian Navy
Israel
Israeli Air Force
Jordan
Royal Jordanian Air Force
Turkey
Turkish Navy 7 TB-20
Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
Civil operators
TB9 at Viterbo, Italy Air Club
France
Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes - TB.20 Trinidad
Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - 33 TB20 Trinidad and 10 TB20 GT
Indonesia
Indonesian Civil Aviation Institute (ICAI)
Nigeria
Nigerian College of Aviation Technology
Philippines
Philippine State College of Aeronautics (PHILSCA)
Italy
Scuola di Volo Treviso
Australia
TAFE South Australia - 19 TB10
Specifications (TB 10)
Cockpit view
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83General characteristics
Crew: 1
Capacity: 3-4
Length: 7.63 m (25 ft 0 in)
Wingspan: 9.76 m (32 ft 0 in)
Height: 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Wing area: 11.9 m2 (128 sq ft)
Airfoil: RA 16.3C3
Empty weight: 670 kg (1,477 lb)
Max takeoff weight: 1,150 kg (2,535 lb)
Fuel capacity: 210 L (55 US gal; 46 imp gal) in two wing leading edge tanks ; 7.5 L (2.0 US gal; 1.6 imp gal) Oil
Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-360-A1AD 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 134 kW (180 hp)
Propellers: 2-bladed Hartzell constant-speed propeller, 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) diameter
Performance
Maximum speed: 247 km/h (153 mph, 133 kn)
Cruise speed: 235 km/h (146 mph, 127 kn) max
217 km/h (135 mph; 117 kn) econ.
Stall speed: 112 km/h (70 mph, 60 kn) flaps up
97 km/h (60 mph; 52 kn) flaps down
Range: 1,210 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) max standard fuel t/o, climb, descent, 45 minutes reserve
Service ceiling: 3,960 m (12,990 ft)
Rate of climb: 4 m/s (790 ft/min) at sea level
Avionics
to customer specifications
See also
France portalAviation portal
Socata TB 30 Epsilon
Socata TB 360 Tangara
Related lists
List of civil aircraft
References
Citations
^ a b c Sarsfield, Kate. "TB20 production to go to Romania." Flight International, 6 February 2007.
^ "Socata TB-10." Aviation Consumer, December 2006.
^ "Socata TB9". www.aopa.org. 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
^ a b c d e f g h Moxon 20 July 1993, p. 33.
^ a b c Taylor 1980, p. 75.
^ Moxon, Julian. "US distributor first to order Socata TB GT." Flight International, 8 February 2000.
^ "Hartzell prop." Flight International, 6 June 2000.
^ a b c d Wastnage, Justin. "Socata set to move TB work to cut labour costs." Flight International, 17 August 2004.
^ MacKenzie, Christina. "EADS Socata set to transfer sales operations to cut costs." Flight International, 3 February 2004.
^ "EADS Socata narrows site list." Flight International, 21 June 2005.
^ "Luchtvaartnieuws.nl". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-26.
^ Socata.eads.net Archived 2007-06-26 at archive.today, figures over 2006.
^ "DAHER-SOCATA delivers the first G500-retrofitted TB 20" (Press release). DAHER-SOCATA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
^ a b Moxon 20 July 1993, p. 34.
^ a b Moxon 20 July 1993, p. 35.
^ Moxon 20 July 1993, pp. 34-35.
^ "Aerospatiale gains Australian contract." Flight International, 14 November 1989. p. 15.
^ Bailey, John. "Socata offers TBM.700." Flight International, 29 October 1991. p. 6.
^ "China ponders Trinidad manufacture." Flight International, 20 February 1988. p. 16.
^ "Chinese order boosts SOCATA." Flight International, 4 January 1994. p. 16.
^ Moll Flying August 1991, pp. 85, 90.
^ Jerram, Mike. "European Correspondance". Flying, Volume 118, No. 9, September 1991. p. 22.
^ "Airscene: Aircraft and Industry: Greece". Air International, July 1988, Vol. 35, No. 1. p. 4. ISSN 0306-5634
^ "Fasilitas dan Layanan –". Stpicurug.ac.id. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
^ "Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria .:: Welcome Message". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
^ Taylor 1982, pp. 80–81.
^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
Bibliography
Bennett, William W. Flying the SOCATA Trinidad, Tobago & Tampico, 2012. ISBN 1477407766 .
Moll, Nigel. "The Turbo Trinidad Will Satisfy Your Higher Aspirations". Flying, Volume 118, No. 8, August 1991, pp. 82–90.
Moxon, Julian. "Private Preparations." Flight International, 20 July 1993. pp. 32–35.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1980. ISBN 0-7106-0705-9.
Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1982. ISBN 0-7106-0748-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Socata TB family.
Socata TB User Group
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Kodiak
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TB 10
TB 20
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TB 200
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TBM 700/850/900/910/930/940
Military
TB 30
TB 31
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOCATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daher-Socata"},{"link_name":"Tarbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbes"},{"link_name":"constant-speed propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_speed_propeller"},{"link_name":"instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_rating"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"worldwide aviation recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks#Airlines_and_aviation"},{"link_name":"outsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsource"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"retrofit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofit"},{"link_name":"glass cockpits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit"}],"text":"The Socata TB is a series of light single-engine piston aircraft developed and manufactured by French aircraft company SOCATA. The letters TB within the designation stand for Tarbes, the French city where the aircraft series is manufactured. The TB series planes have come to be known as the \"Caribbean Planes\" due to the island naming convention adopted for the various models, though they are not often seen flown in that region.All aircraft (with the exception of the TB9) have a constant-speed propeller. The TB series have become widely used in training and touring aircraft and are often used for instrument training. They are defined by their contemporary fit and finish as well as their interior size;[citation needed] compared to other four-seat single-engine aircraft, they are relatively roomy at roughly 49 inches (124 cm) at the shoulder. In part, this is due to the fuselage having a pronounced \"round out\" above the wing. Adding to the actual spaciousness, the side windows extend up well into the roof line, giving the Socata an airy feeling.[2] Due to the larger fuselage and relatively heavy weights, TB series aircraft have lower performance figures than a similarly sized and powered but narrower aircraft, and the trade-off of speed for comfort is often cited by TB owners.[3]During the 2000s, sales of the TB family suffered as a consequence of a worldwide aviation recession, leading Socata to seek to restructure the marketing and production aspects of the program. Leading on from several cost-cutting measures, such as reorganisations of staff, negotiations with suppliers, and outsourcing, between 2004 and 2008, the company sought to transfer all production of the TB series out of France, selecting Romania to produce the type. However, sales of the type failed to recover, resulting in the end of series production in favor of built-to-order manufacturing instead and, eventually, the termination of all marketing and production activities by 2012. Support remains for existing customers, and new upgrades had been introduced for these aircraft, such as the option to retrofit glass cockpits.","title":"SOCATA TB family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB-9.jpg"},{"link_name":"SOCATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCATA"},{"link_name":"general aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"Rallye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socata_Rallye"},{"link_name":"Avco Lycoming O-320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avco_Lycoming_O-320"},{"link_name":"type certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certification"},{"link_name":"Directorate General for Civil Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_for_Civil_Aviation_(France)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa80p75-5"},{"link_name":"type certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_certification"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"aerodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic"},{"link_name":"vertical stabiliser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabiliser"},{"link_name":"Hartzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartzell_Propeller"},{"link_name":"distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributor"},{"link_name":"New Avex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Avex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Socata TB9 TampicoDuring the mid-1970s, French aircraft company SOCATA commenced design work on what would become the TB family of general aircraft; a key ambition of this new product line was to entirely replace the firm's existing and highly successful Rallye series of aircraft. The first prototype, powered by a 119 kW (160 hp) Avco Lycoming O-320 engine, flew on 23 September 1977 but was lost during spin testing on 15 December that year. A second prototype was fitted with a 134 kW (180 hp) engine. As intended, throughout 1979, production of the Rallye family began to draw down as production of the new family; In initial entry models of which were designated as the TB-9 Tampico and the TB-10 Tobago, with type certification by the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation on 26 April 1979.[4][5] On 18 December 1980, an improved model of the aircraft, designated as the TB20, was awarded its type certification by the French aviation authorities. During March 1981, the first delivery of a production TB20 was completed to a German customer. Various improved models of the TB series were subsequently developed.[4]SOCATA adopted a straightforward assembly philosophy at its final assembly facility in Tarbes, choosing to only complete a given aircraft after having already received an order for it.[4] Basic airframes would be produced in advance and finished upon order, allowing for customer-specified modifications and optional equipment to be installed as per their demands. While the type was completed upon a single assembly line at the facility, all models, low and top end alike, were finished upon the same line.[4] At the start of 1993, SOCATA was manufacturing around 12 aircraft of the TB series per month, by the middle of the year, this had dipped to roughly 8 aircraft per month.[4]During the 1990s, an improved model of the TB family, designated as the TB20 Trinidad was developed. Around 2000, all aircraft in the TB series underwent modernisation; to reflect this upgrade, the letters GT (standing for Generation Two) were applied to applicable models. The GT versions feature an enlarged cabin and various aerodynamic improvements; the most noticeable differences between the first and second generation models are the redesigned wing tips, which are noticeably rounder upon the older models, and the shape of the vertical stabiliser, which is curved on the lower front on the GT models. The styling of the rear windows have also changed, being more blended with the fuselage on the GT models; an optional three-bladed Hartzell, which reduced cabin noise and increased ground clearance, was also made available. During February 2000, SOCATA officially launched its Generation Two range, having received a major US order for 79 aircraft from West Coast distributor New Avex.[6][7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb_relocate_2004-8"},{"link_name":"outsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsource"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb_relocate_2004-8"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_material"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb_relocate_2004-8"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb_relocate_2004-8"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"EADS PZL Warszawa-Okęcie SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Lotnicze"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bacau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacau"},{"link_name":"Aerostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostar"},{"link_name":"offset agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offset_agreement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb20_rom_2007-1"},{"link_name":"Diesel engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tb20_rom_2007-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"retrofitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofit"},{"link_name":"Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin_G900X"},{"link_name":"glass cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cockpit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Restructure and end of production","text":"During the early 2000s, a major worldwide downturn in the aviation industry resulting from the 2001 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States had severely impacted sales of the TB family.[8] During 2003, the decision was made to suspend serial production of the type and substantial efforts were launched to establish new outsourcing arrangements, particularly focused upon companies within eastern European companies. By mid-2004, SOCATA expected to produce a maximum of 30 aircraft that year, substantially lower than the capacity available.[8] In addition to cost-saving efforts, aimed at reducing costs by at least 30 per cent; a detailed study was also conducted into future of the TB family, including an examination of a projected all-composite derivative of the existing aircraft.[8] During March 2004, SOCATA transferred all of its sales and marketing operations from its office in Paris to its manufacturing site in Tarbes as a cost-saving measure.[9]During mid 2004, the company announced that it was considered available options for relocating portions of the manufacturing chain for the TB family abroad, the move was attributed to the associated savings in labour costs that such a move would result in.[8] During June 2005, it was revealed that SOCATA was in the process of evaluating between two prospective new manufacturing locations in Canada and Romania, having ruled out an arrangement with EADS PZL Warszawa-Okęcie SA in Poland after the collapse of negotiations between the two parties.[10] During 2007, it was announced that SOCATA was in the process of organising the transfer of the final assembly line of both the TB20 and TB21 models, together with a tentative model known mostly as the TB2X, to a new manufacturing site in Bacau, Romania, and operated by Aerostar as part of an industrial offset agreement.[1] The TB2X was the working designation for a new model in the TB series; this aircraft would most likely have been similar to the TB20 Trinidad, except for being powered by a Diesel engine instead. As late as 2007, SOCATA were reporting that they anticipated a production rate of up to 100 aircraft per year to be attained at the new Bacau facility.[1]During 2006, it was alleged by a Dutch news site, that all production activity of the TB series would soon be terminated.[11] At this point, while no such official announcement had been issued by the company, it was apparent that the order book for the TB family was vacant of any aircraft of the type at this time; the last three TB aircraft to have been ordered had already been delivered two years prior.[12] During 2008, SOCATA announced that from that point onwards, the TB GT Series would be built to order only. By 2012, the TB GT series had disappeared as an order option altogether. However, the existing aircraft of the type have continued to be supported by the company; more recently, the option of retrofitting a Garmin-built glass cockpit has been made available to customers.[13]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB-10_Tobago_GT_owned_by_Martinair_Vliegschool.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martinair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB-20_Trinidad_GT.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-8928.jpg"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_34-14"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(fluid_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_35-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-GNHD_at_LFPN.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_34-14"},{"link_name":"annunciator panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciator_panel"},{"link_name":"nav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications"},{"link_name":"circuit breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_34_35-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_35-15"}],"text":"Socata TB10 Tobago GT owned by Martinair vliegschool (flying school)Socata TB20 Trinidad GTSocata TB-20 TrinidadThe SOCATA TB family is a series of single-engine light aircraft developed for general aviation and training purposes. Some versions, such as the TB-200 model, were specifically produced to meet the varied requirements of the trainer aircraft role.[14] The type is often known for its favourable, easy to handle flight characteristics, such as its appropriate handling and control sensitivity, vice-free flying attitude, and being readily recoverable with ease from a typical stall, which lend themselves to less experienced pilots. Due to the absence of violent low-speed behaviour, the presence of a stall warning indicator is both necessary and furnished.[15]A Socata TB-200 Tobago XLThe design of the cabin incorporates a spacious and comfortable interior, intentionally reminiscent of luxury road vehicles.[14] It can be accessed via either side of the aircraft; the door is intended to be left ajar while on the ground so that the cabin is better ventilated. A large canopy provides the pilots with a generous external view; elements of the cockpit instrumentation and controls, such as the annunciator panel, central pedestal, and individual elements like the nav/com and the circuit breakers, have been positioned to enable their easy overview as well.[16] To aid in achieving fuel-efficiency, a simple fuel tank selection arrangement, augmented by digital gauges, is present upon most models.[15]The TB series all share the same basic fuselage and interior configuration. The primary differences between the models typically found in areas such as the landing gear, engine, and propeller.TB-9, TB-10, and TB-200 have fixed landing gear and optional landing gear fairings.\nTB-20 and TB-21 are fitted with retractable landing gear.\nTB-9 was offered with a 160 horsepower (119 kW) normally aspirated engine and either a two-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller or a two-bladed, constant speed propeller (\"Tampico CS\").\nTB-10 was offered with a 180 horsepower (134 kW) normally aspirated engine and a two-bladed, constant-speed propeller.\nTB-200 was offered with a 200 horsepower (149 kW) normally aspirated engine and two-bladed, constant-speed propeller.\nTB-20 was offered with a 250 horsepower (186 kW) normally aspirated engine, and either a two- or three-bladed constant speed propeller.\nTB-21 was offered with a 250 horsepower (186 kW) turbocharged engine and a three-bladed constant speed propeller.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Flight International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_International"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moxon_93_33-4"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Administration of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Administration_of_China"},{"link_name":"under licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_production"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The SOCATA TB family has been heavily used for general aviation purpose, for which it was originally designed. While typically operated by private individuals, it has been relatively popular with both civil and military training schools across various countries.[17][18] According to aerospace publication Flight International, by around 1993, flight schools were accounting for the vast majority of orders for the type and that, by this point, 520 TB family aircraft had been sold to a total of 24 schools across the world.[4]The North American market proved to be of vital importance to the TB series; by 1993, SOCATA had received orders for in excess of 1,500 aircraft from various different customers within the region.[4] Flight International attributed some of this success being due to product liability legislation having had a severe impact upon its American competitors, to which it was not affected by.[4]A major customer of the TB family has been the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), which deployed the type as a trainer aircraft. During the late 1980s, China was reportedly exploring the possibility of establishing its own independent production line to produce the TB-20 Trinidad model under licence.[19] During December 1993, the CAAC confirmed its order with SOCATA for 43 aircraft, comprising 38 TB-200 Tobago XLs and 5 TB20 Trinidads; at this time, this was the largest ever single order to be received for the TB series.[20]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa80p75-5"},{"link_name":"spatted undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_fairing"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa80p75-5"},{"link_name":"Lycoming TIO-540 B1AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-540"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socata_TB_30_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"SOCATA TB-31 Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socata_TB_30_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"Lycoming IO-360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_IO-360"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_American_GA-7_Cougar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB-20_Trinidad,_Private_JP7449803.jpg"}],"text":"SOCATA TB-9 Tampico\nFour-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 119 kilowatts (160 hp) Lycoming O-320-D2A piston engine, equipped with a fixed pitch propeller, fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear.[5]\nSOCATA TB-9 Tampico Club\nFour-seat training version.\nSOCATA TB-9C Tampico Club\n\nSOCATA TB-9 Sprint\nFitted with a spatted undercarriage.\nSOCATA TB-9 Sprint GT\nImproved version of the TB-9 Sprint.\nSOCATA TB-10 Tobago\nFour or five-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 134 kilowatts (180 hp) Lycoming O-360-A1AD piston engine, equipped with a fixed spatted landing gear.[5]\nSOCATA SB-10 Tobago Privilege\nLimited edition model.\nSOCATA SB-10 GT\nImproved version of the TB.10 Tobago\nSOCATA TB-11\nPowered by a 134 kW (180 hp) piston engine.\nSOCATA TB-15\nProposed version. Not built.\nSOCATA TB-16\nProposed version. Not built.\nSOCATA TB-20 Trinidad\nFour or five seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 250 horsepower (186 kW) piston engine, fitted with retractable tricycle landing gear.\nSOCATA TB-20 Trinidad Excellence\nLimited edition model, fitted with enhanced avionics.\nSOCATA TB-20 C Trinidad\nAir ambulance and freight transport version.\nSOCATA TB-20 GT\nImproved version of the TB-20 Trinidad.\nSOCATA TB-21 Trinidad\n250 horsepower (186 kW)\nSOCATA TB-21 Trinidad TC\n\nTurbocharged variant with 250 hp (186 kW) Lycoming TIO-540 B1AD.[21]\nSOCATA TB-21 Trinidad GT\nImproved version of the TB-21 Trinidad TC, fitted with a digitally-controlled turbocharger.\nSOCATA TB-30 Epsilon\nMilitary trainer aircraft unrelated to any of the other aircraft in the TB-series.\nSOCATA TB-31 Omega\nProposed turboprop powered version of the TB-30 Epsilon. Only one aircraft built.\nSOCATA TB-200 Tobago XL\nFive-seat light cabin aircraft, powered by a 200 horsepower (149 kW) Lycoming IO-360A1B6 piston engine, fitted with fixed tricycle landing gear.[22]\nSOCATA TB-200 Tobago XL GT\nImproved version of the TB-200 Tobago XL.\nSOCATA TB-360 Tangara\nAn unrelated proposed aircraft based on the Gulfstream American GA-7 Cougar. Never entered production.Socata TB-20 Trinidad Turkish Navy","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jordanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Navy"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"Military operators","text":"FranceFrench Air ForceGreeceGreek Coast Guard - received two TB.20s in 1988.[23]IndonesiaIndonesian NavyIsraelIsraeli Air ForceJordanRoyal Jordanian Air ForceTurkeyTurkish Navy 7 TB-20IranIslamic Republic of Iran Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB-9_I-IAFB.jpg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_of_Customs_and_Indirect_Taxes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_Nationale_de_l%27Aviation_Civile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Philippine State College of Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_State_College_of_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Scuola di Volo Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scuola_di_Volo_Treviso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"TAFE South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFE_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Civil operators","text":"TB9 at Viterbo, Italy Air ClubFranceDirectorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes - TB.20 Trinidad[citation needed]\nEcole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - 33 TB20 Trinidad and 10 TB20 GT[citation needed]IndonesiaIndonesian Civil Aviation Institute (ICAI) [24]NigeriaNigerian College of Aviation Technology [25]PhilippinesPhilippine State College of Aeronautics (PHILSCA)[citation needed]ItalyScuola di Volo Treviso[citation needed]AustraliaTAFE South Australia - 19 TB10","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socata_TB_cockpit.jpg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jawa82_p80-1-26"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-27"},{"link_name":"Lycoming O-360-A1AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_O-360-A1AD"},{"link_name":"Hartzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartzell_Propeller"}],"text":"Cockpit viewData from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83[26]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: 3-4\nLength: 7.63 m (25 ft 0 in)\nWingspan: 9.76 m (32 ft 0 in)\nHeight: 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)\nWing area: 11.9 m2 (128 sq ft)\nAirfoil: RA 16.3C3[27]\nEmpty weight: 670 kg (1,477 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 1,150 kg (2,535 lb)\nFuel capacity: 210 L (55 US gal; 46 imp gal) in two wing leading edge tanks ; 7.5 L (2.0 US gal; 1.6 imp gal) Oil\nPowerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-360-A1AD 4-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 134 kW (180 hp)\nPropellers: 2-bladed Hartzell constant-speed propeller, 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) diameterPerformanceMaximum speed: 247 km/h (153 mph, 133 kn)\nCruise speed: 235 km/h (146 mph, 127 kn) max217 km/h (135 mph; 117 kn) econ.Stall speed: 112 km/h (70 mph, 60 kn) flaps up97 km/h (60 mph; 52 kn) flaps downRange: 1,210 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) max standard fuel t/o, climb, descent, 45 minutes reserve\nService ceiling: 3,960 m (12,990 ft)\nRate of climb: 4 m/s (790 ft/min) at sea levelAvionics\nto customer specifications","title":"Specifications (TB 10)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Socata TB9 Tampico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Socata_TB-9.jpg/220px-Socata_TB-9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Socata TB10 Tobago GT owned by Martinair vliegschool (flying school)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Socata_TB-10_Tobago_GT_owned_by_Martinair_Vliegschool.jpg/220px-Socata_TB-10_Tobago_GT_owned_by_Martinair_Vliegschool.jpg"},{"image_text":"Socata TB20 Trinidad GT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Socata_TB-20_Trinidad_GT.jpg/220px-Socata_TB-20_Trinidad_GT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Socata TB-20 Trinidad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/B-8928.jpg/220px-B-8928.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Socata TB-200 Tobago XL","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/F-GNHD_at_LFPN.jpg/220px-F-GNHD_at_LFPN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Socata TB-20 Trinidad Turkish Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Socata_TB-20_Trinidad%2C_Private_JP7449803.jpg/220px-Socata_TB-20_Trinidad%2C_Private_JP7449803.jpg"},{"image_text":"TB9 at Viterbo, Italy Air Club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Socata_TB-9_I-IAFB.jpg/220px-Socata_TB-9_I-IAFB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cockpit view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Socata_TB_cockpit.jpg/220px-Socata_TB_cockpit.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"France portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Socata TB 30 Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socata_TB_30_Epsilon"},{"title":"Socata TB 360 Tangara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_American_GA-7_Cougar"},{"title":"List of civil aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Socata TB9\". www.aopa.org. 2009-09-24. Retrieved 2023-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/socata-tb9","url_text":"\"Socata TB9\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luchtvaartnieuws.nl\". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120348/http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?ID=17789","url_text":"\"Luchtvaartnieuws.nl\""},{"url":"http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?ID=17789","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DAHER-SOCATA delivers the first G500-retrofitted TB 20\" (Press release). DAHER-SOCATA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609075842/http://www.tbm850.com/DAHER-SOCATA-delivers-the-first","url_text":"\"DAHER-SOCATA delivers the first G500-retrofitted TB 20\""},{"url":"http://www.tbm850.com/DAHER-SOCATA-delivers-the-first","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fasilitas dan Layanan –\". Stpicurug.ac.id. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2019-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081614/http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/fasilitas/","url_text":"\"Fasilitas dan Layanan –\""},{"url":"http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/fasilitas/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria .:: Welcome Message\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081724/http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3","url_text":"\"Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria .:: Welcome Message\""},{"url":"http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOCATA_TB_family&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tb20-production-to-go-to-romania-211957/","external_links_name":"\"TB20 production to go to Romania.\""},{"Link":"http://www.aviationconsumer.com/issues/36_12/usedaircraftguide/5622-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Socata TB-10.\""},{"Link":"https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/socata-tb9","external_links_name":"\"Socata TB9\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-distributor-first-to-order-socata-tb-gt-61670/","external_links_name":"\"US distributor first to order Socata TB GT.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hartzell-prop-66408/","external_links_name":"\"Hartzell prop.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/socata-set-to-move-tb-work-to-cut-labour-costs-186025/","external_links_name":"\"Socata set to move TB work to cut labour costs.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/eads-socata-set-to-transfer-sales-operations-to-cut-177118/","external_links_name":"\"EADS Socata set to transfer sales operations to cut costs.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/eads-socata-narrows-site-list-199740/","external_links_name":"\"EADS Socata narrows site list.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071006120348/http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?ID=17789","external_links_name":"\"Luchtvaartnieuws.nl\""},{"Link":"http://www.luchtvaartnieuws.nl/news/?ID=17789","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://socata.eads.net/1024/en/news/press/2007/Hidden/EADS%20Socata%20in%202006.html","external_links_name":"Socata.eads.net"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070626115917/http://socata.eads.net/1024/en/news/press/2007/Hidden/EADS%20Socata%20in%202006.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609075842/http://www.tbm850.com/DAHER-SOCATA-delivers-the-first","external_links_name":"\"DAHER-SOCATA delivers the first G500-retrofitted TB 20\""},{"Link":"http://www.tbm850.com/DAHER-SOCATA-delivers-the-first","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%203435.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerospatiale gains Australian contract.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202734.html","external_links_name":"\"Socata offers TBM.700.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%200408.html","external_links_name":"\"China ponders Trinidad manufacture.\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%202903.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese order boosts SOCATA.\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0306-5634","external_links_name":"0306-5634"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120813081614/http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/fasilitas/","external_links_name":"\"Fasilitas dan Layanan –\""},{"Link":"http://www.stpicurug.ac.id/fasilitas/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081724/http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3","external_links_name":"\"Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria .:: Welcome Message\""},{"Link":"http://www.ncat.gov.ng/page.php?pid=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%201725.html","external_links_name":"\"Private Preparations.\""},{"Link":"http://www.socata.org/","external_links_name":"Socata TB User Group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Danube-Tisa-Danube
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Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal
|
["1 Name","2 Geography","3 Characteristics","4 History","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°49′35″N 21°20′09″E / 44.82639°N 21.33583°E / 44.82639; 21.33583
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014)
Little Bačka Canal near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi Sad
Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vlajkovac, close to Vršac.
Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vračev Gaj, near the "Devil's bridge".
DTD Canal in Kucura.
Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal (DTD) (Serbian: Канал Дунав-Тиса-Дунав, romanized: Kanal Dunav-Tisa-Dunav) is a canal system in Serbia. It is a unique hydro-engineering system for flood control and hydrotechnical management, amelioration, forestry, water supply, waste water evacuation, navigation, tourism, fishing, hunting.
Name
It was named after the two large rivers which it connects – the Danube and the Tisa. There are several other names used for the canal in other languages: Hungarian: Ferenc-csatorna; German: Donau-Theiß-Donau-Kanalsystem, etc.
Geography
It covers the northern part of Serbia – the territory of Vojvodina (Bačka and Banat regions), with the total area of about 12,700 km2. It consists of a number of canals, including:
Great Bačka Canal
Little Bačka Canal
Characteristics
The total length of the dug main canals is 929 km, including new and old canals and streams which were completely or partially reconstructed and thus included in the new system. In the basic canal network there are 51 structures – 24 gates, 16 locks, five safety gates, six pumping stations, and 180 bridges. There are 14 cargo ports on the canals. On the new canals of the Danube-Tisa-Danube water system, 84 bridges were built – 62 carriageway, 19 railway and 3 pedestrian bridges. One of the most important structures within this water system is the dam on the river Tisa near Novi Bečej which regulates the water regime in the basic canal network in Banat, for irrigation of about 3,000 km2.
History
Historically the channel is called Franz Channel, after emperor Franz II. He was the Emperor of Austria as its construction started in the time when Hungary was part of the Habsburg monarchy. Even the emperor visited the construction site. The smaller channel that starts from Stapar and goes to Novi Bečej was called Franz Joseph Channel.
The dam is based on the plans of Albert Hainz, who was the technical director of the channel. The dam was constructed between 1895 and 1899. István Türr participated in the compilation and implementation of the plans. The dam locks are powered by electricity. The electrical power required for operation is provided by the lock-built hydroelectric power generator. According to the official records, delegations arrived from as far as Japan for the inauguration ceremony. At the time of its construction, it was one of the most sophisticated dam-locks in the world.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canal Danube-Tisa-Danube.
Interactive map of Danube, Sava and Tisa rivers – includes DTD canal (Archived on the Wayback Machine)(Requires Adobe Flash)
44°49′35″N 21°20′09″E / 44.82639°N 21.33583°E / 44.82639; 21.33583
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canal_Danube-Tisa-Danube_in_Serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rumenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumenka"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vlaicovat.JPG"},{"link_name":"Vršac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunarea_la_Vracev_Gaj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vračev Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vra%C4%8Dev_Gaj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%A2%D0%94_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Kucura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kucura"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Tisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisza"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"text":"Little Bačka Canal near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi SadDanube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vlajkovac, close to Vršac.Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vračev Gaj, near the \"Devil's bridge\".DTD Canal in Kucura.Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal (DTD) (Serbian: Канал Дунав-Тиса-Дунав, romanized: Kanal Dunav-Tisa-Dunav) is a canal system in Serbia. It is a unique hydro-engineering system for flood control and hydrotechnical management, amelioration, forestry, water supply, waste water evacuation, navigation, tourism, fishing, hunting.","title":"Danube–Tisa–Danube Canal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"}],"text":"It was named after the two large rivers which it connects – the Danube and the Tisa. There are several other names used for the canal in other languages: Hungarian: Ferenc-csatorna; German: Donau-Theiß-Donau-Kanalsystem, etc.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Bačka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Great Bačka Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ba%C4%8Dka_Canal"},{"link_name":"Little Bačka Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ba%C4%8Dka_Canal"}],"text":"It covers the northern part of Serbia – the territory of Vojvodina (Bačka and Banat regions), with the total area of about 12,700 km2. It consists of a number of canals, including:Great Bačka Canal\nLittle Bačka Canal","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"safety gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_Safety_Gates"},{"link_name":"pumping stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_stations"},{"link_name":"Novi Bečej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Be%C4%8Dej"}],"text":"The total length of the dug main canals is 929 km, including new and old canals and streams which were completely or partially reconstructed and thus included in the new system. In the basic canal network there are 51 structures – 24 gates, 16 locks, five safety gates, six pumping stations, and 180 bridges. There are 14 cargo ports on the canals. On the new canals of the Danube-Tisa-Danube water system, 84 bridges were built – 62 carriageway, 19 railway and 3 pedestrian bridges. One of the most important structures within this water system is the dam on the river Tisa near Novi Bečej which regulates the water regime in the basic canal network in Banat, for irrigation of about 3,000 km2.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franz II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Stapar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapar"},{"link_name":"Novi Bečej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Be%C4%8Dej"},{"link_name":"István Türr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_T%C3%BCrr"}],"text":"Historically the channel is called Franz Channel, after emperor Franz II. He was the Emperor of Austria as its construction started in the time when Hungary was part of the Habsburg monarchy. Even the emperor visited the construction site. The smaller channel that starts from Stapar and goes to Novi Bečej was called Franz Joseph Channel.The dam is based on the plans of Albert Hainz, who was the technical director of the channel. The dam was constructed between 1895 and 1899. István Türr participated in the compilation and implementation of the plans. The dam locks are powered by electricity. The electrical power required for operation is provided by the lock-built hydroelectric power generator. According to the official records, delegations arrived from as far as Japan for the inauguration ceremony. At the time of its construction, it was one of the most sophisticated dam-locks in the world.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Little Bačka Canal near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi Sad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canal_Danube-Tisa-Danube_in_Serbia.jpg/250px-Canal_Danube-Tisa-Danube_in_Serbia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vlajkovac, close to Vršac.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Vlaicovat.JPG/250px-Vlaicovat.JPG"},{"image_text":"Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal at village Vračev Gaj, near the \"Devil's bridge\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Dunarea_la_Vracev_Gaj.jpg/250px-Dunarea_la_Vracev_Gaj.jpg"},{"image_text":"DTD Canal in Kucura.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%A2%D0%94_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpeg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%A2%D0%94_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpeg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss
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Miss
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["1 Usage","2 History","2.1 Origins","2.2 Evolution of meanings and usage","2.3 Racial discrimination","3 See also","4 References"]
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Honorific for an unmarried woman
This article is about the honorific for unmarried women. For the honorific for women regardless of marital status, see Ms. For the honorific for married women, see Mrs.
"Misses" redirects here. For the clothing size range, see US standard clothing size § Women's sizes. For other uses, see Misses (disambiguation).
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Miss" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Miss (pronounced /ˈmɪs/) is an English-language honorific typically used for a girl, for an unmarried woman (when not using another title such as "Doctor" or "Dame"), or for a married woman retaining her maiden name. Originating in the 17th century, it is a contraction of mistress. The plural of Miss is Misses or occasionally Mses.
Usage
When used as a title, Miss is placed before the whole name or only the surname of the person.
As a form of address, Miss used alone can also be a polite and formal way to directly address a young and/or unmarried woman. In Australian, British, and Irish schools, it is often used by pupils in addressing any female teacher.
History
Origins
Like Ms and Mrs, Miss has its roots in the title Mistress and was originally a title given primarily to children rather than adults. During the 1700s, its usage broadened to encompass adult women. The title emerged as a polite way to address women, reflecting changing societal norms and class distinctions. Prior to this, referring to an adult woman as a Miss might have carried connotations of prostitution.
Evolution of meanings and usage
The meanings of both Miss and Mrs underwent transformations over time. Historically, these titles did not solely indicate marital status. Even after the adoption of Miss by many adult single women in 18th-century England, Mrs continued to signify social or business standing, rather than merely marital status, until at least the mid-19th century.
Racial discrimination
Being addressed with "Miss" or "Mrs." was frequently denied to Black women in the Southern United States in the past. Mary Hamilton, a civil rights protester arrested in 1963 in Gadsden, Alabama, refused to answer the prosecutor in a subsequent hearing unless he stopped addressing her as "Mary", demanding that instead she be called "Miss Hamilton". She was subsequently jailed for contempt of court after refusing to pay a fine. This led to Hamilton v. Alabama, 376 U.S. 650 (1964), a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Mary Hamilton was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely for whites in the southern United States and that calling a Black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination."
See also
Fräulein, the German equivalent of Miss
Fröken, an archaic Swedish equivalent of Miss
Mademoiselle, the French equivalent of Miss
References
^ Gormandy White, Mary (2020). "Messrs., Mmes. and Mses.: Quick Guide to Meaning & Use". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
^ a b c Erickson, Amy Louise (Autumn 2014). "Mistresses and Marriage: or, a Short History of the Mrs". History Workshop Journal. 78 (1): 39–57. doi:10.1093/hwj/dbt002.
^ Lawless, Joseph F. (2008). Prosecutorial Misconduct: Law, Procedure, Forms. LexisNexis. p. 1207. ISBN 9781422422137.
^ a b "Call Her Miss". Time. April 10, 1964. Archived from the original on July 19, 2005. Retrieved July 13, 2013. (Subscription required.)
^ Bobrow, Jerry (2005). Barron's How to Prepare for the LSAT, Law School Admission Test. Barron's Educational Series. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-7641-2412-9. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ "Hamilton v. Alabama, 376 US 650 – Supreme Court 1964 – Google Scholar". Archived from the original on 2022-11-06. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
vteEnglish social honorific titlesFeminine
Goodwife
Mrs
Miss
Ms
Mistress
Madam
Dame
Lady
Masculine
Goodman
Mr
Esquire
Master
Sir
Sire
Lord
Neutral
Mx
Dr
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For the honorific for women regardless of marital status, see Ms. For the honorific for married women, see Mrs.\"Misses\" redirects here. For the clothing size range, see US standard clothing size § Women's sizes. For other uses, see Misses (disambiguation).Miss (pronounced /ˈmɪs/) is an English-language honorific typically used for a girl, for an unmarried woman (when not using another title such as \"Doctor\" or \"Dame\"), or for a married woman retaining her maiden name. Originating in the 17th century, it is a contraction of mistress. The plural of Miss is Misses or occasionally Mses.[1]","title":"Miss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"}],"text":"When used as a title, Miss is placed before the whole name or only the surname of the person.As a form of address, Miss used alone can also be a polite and formal way to directly address a young and/or unmarried woman. In Australian, British, and Irish schools, it is often used by pupils in addressing any female teacher.","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ms."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-2"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Like Ms and Mrs, Miss has its roots in the title Mistress and was originally a title given primarily to children rather than adults. During the 1700s, its usage broadened to encompass adult women. The title emerged as a polite way to address women, reflecting changing societal norms and class distinctions. Prior to this, referring to an adult woman as a Miss might have carried connotations of prostitution.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-2"}],"sub_title":"Evolution of meanings and usage","text":"The meanings of both Miss and Mrs underwent transformations over time. Historically, these titles did not solely indicate marital status.[2] Even after the adoption of Miss by many adult single women in 18th-century England, Mrs continued to signify social or business standing, rather than merely marital status, until at least the mid-19th century.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mary Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Hamilton_(activist)"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"Gadsden, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Hamilton v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_v._Alabama_(1964)"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSAT-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Racial discrimination","text":"Being addressed with \"Miss\" or \"Mrs.\" was frequently denied to Black women in the Southern United States in the past. Mary Hamilton, a civil rights protester arrested in 1963 in Gadsden, Alabama, refused to answer the prosecutor in a subsequent hearing unless he stopped addressing her as \"Mary\", demanding that instead she be called \"Miss Hamilton\".[3][4] She was subsequently jailed for contempt of court after refusing to pay a fine. This led to Hamilton v. Alabama, 376 U.S. 650 (1964), a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that Mary Hamilton was entitled to the same courteous forms of address customarily reserved solely for whites in the southern United States[5] and that calling a Black person by their first name in a formal context was \"a form of racial discrimination.\"[4][6]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Fräulein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A4ulein"},{"title":"Fröken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6ken"},{"title":"Mademoiselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mademoiselle_(title)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigoted
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Discrimination
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["1 Etymology","2 Definitions","3 Types","3.1 Age","3.2 Caste","3.3 Disability","3.4 Language","3.5 Name","3.6 Nationality","3.7 Race or ethnicity","3.8 Region","3.9 Religious beliefs","3.10 Sex, sex characteristics, gender, and gender identity","3.11 Sexual orientation","3.12 Reverse discrimination","4 Anti-discrimination legislation","4.1 Australia","4.2 Canada","4.3 Hong Kong","4.4 India","4.5 Israel","4.6 Netherlands","4.7 United Kingdom","4.8 United States","4.9 United Nations documents","5 International cooperation","6 Theories and philosophy","6.1 Labeling theory","6.2 Game theory","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Prejudicial treatment based on membership in a certain group
This article is about prejudicial treatment. For the ability to distinguish one thing from another, see Discrimination (information).
Not to be confused with discriminant. "Bigot" redirects here. For other uses, see Bigot (disambiguation).
An African-American man drinking from a racially segregated water cooler marked "Colored", in Oklahoma City c. 1939
Part of a series onDiscrimination
Forms
Institutional
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Statistical
Taste-based
Attributes
Age
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Class
Dialect
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Hair texture
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Social determinants of health
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Fatphobia
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HIV/AIDS stigma
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vte
Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong, such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation. Discrimination typically leads to groups being unfairly treated on the basis of perceived statuses based on ethnic, racial, gender or religious categories. It involves depriving members of one group of opportunities or privileges that are available to members of another group.
Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices and laws exist in many countries and institutions in all parts of the world, including some where such discrimination is generally decried. In some places, countervailing measures such as quotas have been used to redress the balance in favor of those who are believed to be current or past victims of discrimination. These attempts have often been met with controversy, and sometimes been called reverse discrimination.
Etymology
The term discriminate appeared in the early 17th century in the English language. It is from the Latin discriminat- 'distinguished between', from the verb discriminare, from discrimen 'distinction', from the verb discernere (corresponding to "to discern"). Since the American Civil War the term "discrimination" generally evolved in American English usage as an understanding of prejudicial treatment of an individual based solely on their race, later generalized as membership in a certain socially undesirable group or social category.
Before this sense of the word became almost universal, it was a synonym for discernment, tact and culture as in "taste and discrimination", generally a laudable attribute; to "discriminate against" being commonly disparaged.
Definitions
Moral philosophers have defined discrimination using a moralized definition. Under this approach, discrimination is defined as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. This is a comparative definition. An individual need not be actually harmed in order to be discriminated against. He or she just needs to be treated worse than others for some arbitrary reason. If someone decides to donate to help orphan children, but decides to donate less, say, to children of a particular race out of a racist attitude, he or she will be acting in a discriminatory way even if he or she actually benefits the people he discriminates against by donating some money to them. Discrimination also develops into a source of oppression, the action of recognizing someone as 'different' so much that they are treated inhumanly and degraded.
This moralized definition of discrimination is distinct from a non-moralized definition - in the former, discrimination is wrong by definition, whereas in the latter, this is not the case.
The United Nations stance on discrimination includes the statement: "Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection." The United Nations Human Rights Council and other international bodies work towards helping ending discrimination around the world.
Types
Age
Main articles: Ageism and Adultism
Ageism or age discrimination is discrimination and stereotyping based on the grounds of someone's age. It is a set of beliefs, norms, and values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on a person's age. Ageism is most often directed toward elderly people, or adolescents and children.
Age discrimination in hiring has been shown to exist in the United States. Joanna Lahey, professor at The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, found that firms are more than 40% more likely to interview a young adult job applicant than an older job applicant. In Europe, Stijn Baert, Jennifer Norga, Yannick Thuy and Marieke Van Hecke, researchers at Ghent University, measured comparable ratios in Belgium. They found that age discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years. In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.
In a survey for the University of Kent, England, 29% of respondents stated that they had suffered from age discrimination. This is a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination. Dominic Abrams, social psychology professor at the university, concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice experienced in the UK population.
Caste
See also: Caste
According to UNICEF and Human Rights Watch, caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is mainly prevalent in parts of Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Japan) and Africa. As of 2011, there were 200 million Dalits or Scheduled Castes (formerly known as "untouchables") in India.
Disability
Main article: Disability discrimination
Discrimination against people with disabilities in favor of people who are not is called ableism or disablism. Disability discrimination, which treats non-disabled individuals as the standard of 'normal living', results in public and private places and services, educational settings, and social services that are built to serve 'standard' people, thereby excluding those with various disabilities. Studies have shown that disabled people not only need employment in order to be provided with the opportunity to earn a living but they also need employment in order to sustain their mental health and well-being. Work fulfils a number of basic needs for an individual such as collective purpose, social contact, status, and activity. A person with a disability is often found to be socially isolated and work is one way to reduce his or her isolation.
In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act mandates the provision of equality of access to both buildings and services and is paralleled by similar acts in other countries, such as the Equality Act 2010 in the UK.
Language
Nationalists in Corsica sometimes spray-paint or shoot traffic signs in French.
This section is an excerpt from Linguistic discrimination.
Linguistic discrimination (also called glottophobia, linguicism and languagism) is unfair treatment of people which is based on their use of language and the characteristics of their speech, including their first language, their accent, the perceived size of their vocabulary (whether or not the speaker uses complex and varied words), their modality, and their syntax. For example, an Occitan speaker in France will probably be treated differently from a French speaker. Based on a difference in use of language, a person may automatically form judgments about another person's wealth, education, social status, character or other traits, which may lead to discrimination.
Linguistic discrimination was at first considered an act of racism. In the mid-1980s, linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas captured the idea of language-based discrimination as linguicism, which was defined as "ideologies and structures which are used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on the basis of language". Although different names have been given to this form of discrimination, they all hold the same definition. Linguistic discrimination is culturally and socially determined due to preference for one use of language over others.
Scholars have analyzed the role of linguistic imperialism in linguicism, with some asserting that speakers of dominant languages gravitate towards discrimination against speakers of other, less dominant languages, while disadvantaging themselves linguistically by remaining monolingual. According to scholar Carolyn McKinley, this phenomenon is most present in Africa, where the majority of the population speaks European languages introduced during the colonial era; African states are also noted as instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, instead of indigenous languages. UNESCO reports have noted that this has historically benefitted only the African upper class, conversely disadvantaging the majority of Africa's population who hold varying level of fluency in the European languages spoken across the continent. Scholars have also noted impact of the linguistic dominance of English on academic discipline; scholar Anna Wierzbicka has described disciplines such as social science and humanities being "locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English" which prevents academia as a whole from reaching a "more universal, culture-independent perspective".
Name
Discrimination based on a person's name may also occur, with researchers suggesting that this form of discrimination is present based on a name's meaning, its pronunciation, its uniqueness, its gender affiliation, and its racial affiliation. Research has further shown that real world recruiters spend an average of just six seconds reviewing each résumé before making their initial "fit/no fit" screen-out decision and that a person's name is one of the six things they focus on most. France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a résumé when screening for the initial list of most qualified candidates. Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes. Some apparent discrimination may be explained by other factors such as name frequency. The effects of name discrimination based on a name's fluency is subtle, small and subject to significantly changing norms.
Nationality
Further information: Discrimination based on nationality
The Anti-discrimination laws of most countries allow and make exceptions for discrimination based on nationality and immigration status. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) does not prohibit discrimination by nationality, citizenship or naturalization but forbids discrimination "against any particular nationality".
Discrimination on the basis of nationality is usually included in employment laws (see above section for employment discrimination specifically). It is sometimes referred to as bound together with racial discrimination although it can be separate. It may vary from laws that stop refusals of hiring based on nationality, asking questions regarding origin, to prohibitions of firing, forced retirement, compensation and pay, etc., based on nationality.
Discrimination on the basis of nationality may show as a "level of acceptance" in a sport or work team regarding new team members and employees who differ from the nationality of the majority of team members.
In the GCC states, in the workplace, preferential treatment is given to full citizens, even though many of them lack experience or motivation to do the job. State benefits are also generally available for citizens only. Westerners might also get paid more than other expatriates.
Race or ethnicity
Main articles: Racism, Racial discrimination, Discrimination based on skin color, Ethnic penalty, and Racial segregation
Anti-Arab sign in Pattaya Beach, Thailand
German warning in German-occupied Poland 1939 – "No entrance for Poles!"
Antisemitic graffiti in Lithuania. The words read Juden raus (German for Jews out) and Hasse (presumably a misspelling of Hass, German for hate).
An African-American child at a segregated drinking fountain on a courthouse lawn, North Carolina, US 1938
Racial and ethnic discrimination differentiates individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial and ethnic differences and leads to various forms of the ethnic penalty. It can also refer to the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities. It has been official government policy in several countries, such as South Africa during the apartheid era. Discriminatory policies towards ethnic minorities include the race-based discrimination against ethnic Indians and Chinese in Malaysia After the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese refugees moved to Australia and the United States, where they faced discrimination.
Region
See also: Regional discrimination in China
Regional or geographic discrimination is a form of discrimination that is based on the region in which a person lives or the region in which a person was born. It differs from national discrimination because it may not be based on national borders or the country in which the victim lives, instead, it is based on prejudices against a specific region of one or more countries. Examples include discrimination against Chinese people who were born in regions of the countryside that are far away from cities that are located within China, and discrimination against Americans who are from the southern or northern regions of the United States. It is often accompanied by discrimination that is based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.
Religious beliefs
Main article: Religious discrimination
Freedom of religion
Concepts
Laicism
Religious discrimination
Religious censorship
Religious liberty
Religious pluralism
Secularism
Separation of church and state
Anti-clericalism
School prayer
Catholic priests in public office
Confessionalism
Theocracy
State religion
Secular state
Confessional state
Atheist state
Status by country
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
DR Congo
Egypt
Mauritania
Morocco
South Africa
Sudan
Tanzania
North and South America
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Panama
Paraguay
United States
Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
Northern Cyprus
Georgia
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Indonesia
Japan
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Laos
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Europe
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UAE
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Oceania
Australia
Topical
Apostasy in Islam by country
Blasphemy laws by country
Female genital mutilation laws by country
Legal aspects of ritual slaughter
Religious male circumcision
Religious persecution
Traditional African religions
Atheism
Baháʼí Faith
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Christianity
Christophobia
post–Cold War era
Catholicism
Catholic Church
Mormonism
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Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Oriental Orthodox Christianity
Protestantism
Falun Gong
Hinduism (Hinduphobia)
Islam
Sunni
Shi'a
Ahmadiyya
Alevism
Sufis
Islamophobia
Judaism
Antisemitism
Anti-Judaism
Religious antisemitism
New religious movements
Christian countercult movement
Neopaganism
Rastafari
Zoroastrianism
Religion portalvte
In the 1990s, Bhutan expelled its Hindu population or forced it to leave the country in order to preserve Bhutan's Buddhist culture and identity.
Religious discrimination is valuing or treating people or groups differently because of what they do or do not believe in or because of their feelings towards a given religion. For instance, the Jewish population of Germany, and indeed a large portion of Europe, was subjected to discrimination under Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party between 1933 and 1945. They were forced to live in ghettos, wear an identifying star of David on their clothes, and sent to concentration and death camps in rural Germany and Poland, where they were to be tortured and killed, all because of their Jewish religion. Many laws (most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935) separated those of Jewish faith as supposedly inferior to the Christian population.
Restrictions on the types of occupations that Jewish people could hold were imposed by Christian authorities. Local rulers and church officials closed many professions to religious Jews, pushing them into marginal roles that were considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations that were only tolerated as a "necessary evil". The number of Jews who were permitted to reside in different places was limited; they were concentrated in ghettos and banned from owning land. In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to publicly practice their religions and they cannot enter Mecca and Medina. Furthermore, private non-Muslim religious gatherings might be raided by the religious police. In Maldives, non-Muslims living and visiting the country are prohibited from openly expressing their religious beliefs, holding public congregations to conduct religious activities, or involving Maldivians in such activities. Those expressing religious beliefs other than Islam may face imprisonment of up to five years or house arrest, fines ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 rufiyaa ($320 to $1,300), and deportation.
In a 1979 consultation on the issue, the United States commission on civil rights defined religious discrimination in relation to the civil rights which are guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Whereas religious civil liberties, such as the right to hold or not to hold a religious belief, are essential for Freedom of Religion (in the United States as secured by the First Amendment), religious discrimination occurs when someone is denied "equal protection under the law, equality of status under the law, equal treatment in the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity and access to employment, education, housing, public services and facilities, and public accommodation because of their exercise of their right to religious freedom".
Sex, sex characteristics, gender, and gender identity
Main article: Sexism
See also: Homophobia, Misogyny, Misandry, Discrimination against intersex people, Transphobia, Discrimination against non-binary gender persons, and Violence against LGBT people
Sexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence. Gender discrimination may encompass sexism and is discrimination toward people based on their gender identity or their gender or sex differences. Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplace inequality. It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.
Intersex persons experience discrimination due to innate, atypical sex characteristics. Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of intersex status or sex characteristics. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'. Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'. Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of 'sex characteristics', through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons. Global efforts such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is also aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex.
Sexual orientation
LGBT activists at Cologne Pride carrying a banner with the flags of over 70 countries where homosexuality is illegal
Protests in New York City against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill
See also: Heterosexism, Heteronormativity, Biphobia, and Homophobia
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023)
One's sexual orientation is a "predilection for homosexuality, heterosexuality, or bisexuality". Like most minority groups, homosexuals and bisexuals are vulnerable to prejudice and discrimination from the majority group. They may experience hatred from others because of their sexuality; a term for such hatred based upon one's sexual orientation is often called homophobia. Many continue to hold negative feelings towards those with non-heterosexual orientations and will discriminate against people who have them or are thought to have them. People of other uncommon sexual orientations also experience discrimination. One study found its sample of heterosexuals to be more prejudiced against asexual people than against homosexual or bisexual people.
Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation varies by country. Revealing a lesbian sexual orientation (by means of mentioning an engagement in a rainbow organisation or by mentioning one's partner name) lowers employment opportunities in Cyprus and Greece but overall, it has no negative effect in Sweden and Belgium. In the latter country, even a positive effect of revealing a lesbian sexual orientation is found for women at their fertile ages.
Besides these academic studies, in 2009, ILGA published a report based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal, five carry the death penalty for homosexual activity, and two do in some regions of the country. In the report, this is described as "State sponsored homophobia". This happens in Islamic states, or in two cases regions under Islamic authority. On February 5, 2005, the IRIN issued a reported titled "Iraq: Male homosexuality still a taboo". The article stated, among other things that honor killings by Iraqis against a gay family member are common and given some legal protection. In August 2009, Human Rights Watch published an extensive report detailing torture of men accused of being gay in Iraq, including the blocking of men's anuses with glue and then giving the men laxatives. Although gay marriage has been legal in South Africa since 2006, same-sex unions are often condemned as "un-African". Research conducted in 2009 shows 86% of black lesbians from the Western Cape live in fear of sexual assault.
Further information: LGBT rights by country or territory
A number of countries, especially those in the Western world, have passed measures to alleviate discrimination against sexual minorities, including laws against anti-gay hate crimes and workplace discrimination. Some have also legalized same-sex marriage or civil unions in order to grant same-sex couples the same protections and benefits as opposite-sex couples. In 2011, the United Nations passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights.
Reverse discrimination
Main article: Reverse discrimination
See also: Bumiputera (Malaysia)
Students protesting against racial quotas in Brazil: "Quer uma vaga? Passe no vestibular!" ("Do you want a spot? Pass the entrance exam!")
Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. Groups may be defined in terms of disability, ethnicity, family status, gender identity, nationality, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation, or other factors.
This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities under which minority groups have had less access to privileges enjoyed by the majority group. In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face. Reverse discrimination can be defined as the unequal treatment of members of the majority groups resulting from preferential policies, as in college admissions or employment, intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities.
Conceptualizing affirmative action as reverse discrimination became popular in the early- to mid-1970s, a time period that focused on under-representation and action policies intended to remedy the effects of past discrimination in both government and the business world.
Anti-discrimination legislation
Main article: List of anti-discrimination actsThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022)
Australia
Racial Discrimination Act 1975
Sex Discrimination Act 1984
Disability Discrimination Act 1992
Age Discrimination Act 2004
Canada
Ontario Human Rights Code 1962
Canadian Human Rights Act 1977
Hong Kong
Sex Discrimination Ordinance (1996)
India
Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race or place of birth etc. Similarly, the Constitution of India guarantees several rights to all citizens irrespective of gender, such as right to equality under Article 14, right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.
Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Section 153 A) - Criminalises the use of language that promotes discrimination or violence against people on the basis of race, caste, sex, place of birth, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other category.
Israel
Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000
Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988
Law of Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities, 1998
Netherlands
Article 137c, part 1 of Wetboek van Strafrecht prohibits insults towards a group because of its race, religion, sexual orientation (straight or gay), handicap (somatically, mental or psychiatric) in public or by speech, by writing or by a picture. Maximum imprisonment one year of imprisonment or a fine of the third category.
Part 2 increases the maximum imprisonment to two years and the maximum fine category to 4, when the crime is committed as a habit or is committed by two or more persons.
Article 137d prohibits provoking to discrimination or hate against the group described above. Same penalties apply as in article 137c.
Article 137e part 1 prohibits publishing a discriminatory statement, other than in formal message, or hands over an object (that contains discriminatory information) otherwise than on his request. Maximum imprisonment is 6 months or a fine of the third category.
Part 2 increases the maximum imprisonment to one year and the maximum fine category to 4, when the crime is committed as a habit or committed by two or more persons.
Article 137f prohibits supporting discriminatory activities by giving money or goods. Maximum imprisonment is 3 months or a fine of the second category.
United Kingdom
Equal Pay Act 1970 – provides for equal pay for comparable work.
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 – makes discrimination against women or men, including discrimination on the grounds of marital status, illegal in the workplace.
Human Rights Act 1998 – provides more scope for redressing all forms of discriminatory imbalances.
Equality Act 2010 – consolidates, updates and supplements the prior Acts and Regulations that formed the basis of anti-discrimination law.
United States
Equal Pay Act of 1963 – (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act) – prohibits wage discrimination by employers and labor organizations based on sex.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – many provisions, including broadly prohibiting discrimination in the workplace including hiring, firing, workforce reduction, benefits, and sexually harassing conduct.
Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity is charged with administering and enforcing the Act.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, which amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 – covers discrimination based upon pregnancy in the workplace.
Violence Against Women Act of 1994
Racism still occurs in a widespread manner in real estate.
United Nations documents
Important UN documents addressing discrimination include:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It states that:" Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status."
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. The Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on December 21, 1965, and entered into force on January 4, 1969.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on September 3, 1981.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights instrument treaty of the United Nations. Parties to the convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that they enjoy full equality under the law. The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 13, 2006, and opened for signature on March 30, 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on May 3, 2008.
International cooperation
Global Forum against Racism and Discrimination
The International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities (ICCAR) launched by UNESCO in 2004
Routes of Enslaved Peoples project
Theories and philosophy
Social theories such as egalitarianism assert that social equality should prevail. In some societies, including most developed countries, each individual's civil rights include the right to be free from government sponsored social discrimination. Due to a belief in the capacity to perceive pain or suffering shared by all animals, abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism maintains that the interests of every individual (regardless of their species), warrant equal consideration with the interests of humans, and that not doing so is speciesist.
Philosophers have debated as to how inclusive the definition of discrimination should be. Some philosophers have argued that discrimination should only refer to wrongful or disadvantageous treatment in the context of a socially salient group (such as race, gender, sexuality etc.) within a given context. Under this view, failure to limit the concept of discrimination would lead to it being overinclusive; for example, since most murders occur because of some perceived difference between the perpetrator and the victim, many murders would constitute discrimination if the social salience requirement is not included. Thus this view argues that making the definition of discrimination overinclusive renders it meaningless. Conversely, other philosophers argue that discrimination should simply refer to wrongful disadvantageous treatment regardless of the social salience of the group, arguing that limiting the concept only to socially salient groups is arbitrary, as well as raising issues of determining which groups would count as socially salient. The issue of which groups should count has caused many political and social debates.
Based on realistic-conflict theory and social-identity theory, Rubin and Hewstone have highlighted a distinction among three types of discrimination:
Realistic competition is driven by self-interest and is aimed at obtaining material resources (e.g., food, territory, customers) for the in-group (e.g., favoring an in-group in order to obtain more resources for its members, including the self).
Social competition is driven by the need for self-esteem and is aimed at achieving a positive social status for the in-group relative to comparable out-groups (e.g., favoring an in-group in order to make it better than an out-group).
Consensual discrimination is driven by the need for accuracy and reflects stable and legitimate intergroup status hierarchies (e.g., favoring a high-status in-group because it is high status).
Labeling theory
An anti-discrimination education workshop at the Auschwitz Jewish Center, Poland, 2019
Discrimination, in labeling theory, takes form as mental categorization of minorities and the use of stereotype. This theory describes difference as deviance from the norm, which results in internal devaluation and social stigma that may be seen as discrimination. It is started by describing a "natural" social order. It is distinguished between the fundamental principle of fascism and social democracy. The Nazis in 1930s-era Germany and the pre-1990 Apartheid government of South Africa used racially discriminatory agendas for their political ends. This practice continues with some present day governments.
Game theory
Economist Yanis Varoufakis (2013) argues that "discrimination based on utterly arbitrary characteristics evolves quickly and systematically in the experimental laboratory", and that neither classical game theory nor neoclassical economics can explain this.
In 2002, Varoufakis and Shaun Hargreaves-Heap ran an experiment where volunteers played a computer-mediated, multiround hawk-dove game. At the start of each session, each participant was assigned a color at random, either red or blue. At each round, each player learned the color assigned to his or her opponent, but nothing else about the opponent. Hargreaves-Heap and Varoufakis found that the players' behavior within a session frequently developed a discriminatory convention, giving a Nash equilibrium where players of one color (the "advantaged" color) consistently played the aggressive "hawk" strategy against players of the other, "disadvantaged" color, who played the acquiescent "dove" strategy against the advantaged color. Players of both colors used a mixed strategy when playing against players assigned the same color as their own. The experimenters then added a cooperation option to the game, and found that disadvantaged players usually cooperated with each other, while advantaged players usually did not. They state that while the equilibria reached in the original hawk-dove game are predicted by evolutionary game theory, game theory does not explain the emergence of cooperation in the disadvantaged group. Citing earlier psychological work of Matthew Rabin, they hypothesize that a norm of differing entitlements emerges across the two groups, and that this norm could define a "fairness" equilibrium within the disadvantaged group.
See also
Society portal
Adultism
Afrophobia
Allport's Scale
Anti-Arabism
Anti-Catholicism
Anti-intellectualism
Anti-Iranian sentiment
Anti-Mormonism
Anti-Protestantism
Antisemitism
Antiziganism
Aporophobia
Apostasy
Apostasy in Islam
Atlantic slave trade
Benevolent prejudice
Bias
Bumiputera (Malaysia)
Civil and political rights
Classicide
Cultural appropriation
Cultural assimilation
Cultural genocide
Dehumanization
Dignity
Discrimination against asexual people
Discrimination against atheists
Discrimination against drug addicts
Discrimination against members of the armed forces in the United Kingdom
Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS
Discrimination based on skin color
Discrimination of excellence
Economic discrimination
Equal opportunity
Equal rights
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnocentrism
Figleaf
Genetic discrimination
Genocide
Hate group
Heightism
Hispanophobia
Homophobia
Identicide
In-group favoritism
Ingroups and outgroups
Institutional discrimination
Institutional racism
Intersectionality
Intersex human rights
Islamophobia
Jim Crow laws
List of anti-discrimination acts
List of global issues
Lookism
Microaggression
Minority stress
Nativism (politics)
Online hate speech
Oppression
Persecution
Politicide
Psychological impact of discrimination on health
Paradox of tolerance
Racial segregation
Religious intolerance
Religious persecution
Religious segregation
Second-class citizen
Sizeism
Slavery
Stigma management
Structural discrimination
Structural violence
Supremacism
Taste-based discrimination
Transphobia
Weightism
Xenophobia
Category:Discrimination
References
^ "What drives discrimination and how do we stop it?". www.amnesty.org. Amnesty International. Retrieved October 13, 2020. Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment.
^ a b "Discrimination: What it is, and how to cope". American Psychological Association. October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2020. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation.
^ "discrimination, definition". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
^ Introduction to sociology. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc, 2009. p. 334.
^ "Definition of discrimination; Origin". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
^ Introduction to sociology (Print) (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2009. p. 324.
^ Simpson, J.A., ed. (1989). The Oxford Dictionary. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 758. ISBN 0-19861216-8.
^ Richard Tardif, ed. (1985). The Macquarie Concise Thesaurus — Australia's National Thesaurus. The Macquarie Library. ISBN 0-94975797-7.
^ Altman, Andrew (2020), "Discrimination", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved October 13, 2020, s a reasonable first approximation, we can say that discrimination consists of acts, practices, or policies that impose a relative disadvantage on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. e can refine the first-approximation account of discrimination and say that the moralized concept of discrimination is properly applied to acts, practices or policies that meet two conditions: a) they wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in some salient social group, and b) the wrongfulness rests (in part) on the fact that the imposition of the disadvantage is on account of the group membership of the victims.
^ Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen, "Private Discrimination: A Prioritarian, Desert-Accommodating Account", San Diego Law Review, 43, 817-856 (2006); Oscar Horta, "Discrimination in Terms of Moral Exclusion", Theoria: Swedish Journal of Philosophy, 76, 346-364 (2010).
^ Thompson, Neil (2016). Anti-Discriminatory Practice: Equality, Diversity and Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-58666-7.
^ a b Altman, Andrew (2020), "Discrimination", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved December 29, 2020
^ "United Nations CyberSchoolBus: What is discrimination?". Archived from the original on June 1, 2014.
^ "Definition of Ageism". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
^ Kirkpatrick, George R.; Katsiaficas, George N.; Kirkpatrick, Robert George; Mary Lou Emery (1987). Introduction to critical sociology. Ardent Media. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-8290-1595-9. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ Wilkinson J and Ferraro K, "Thirty Years of Ageism Research". In Nelson T (ed). Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002
^ "Young and Oppressed". youthrights.org. Retrieved April 11, 2012. Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ Lahey, J. (2005) Do Older Workers Face Discrimination? Boston College. Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Baert, S., Norga, J., Thuy, Y., Van Hecke, M. (In press) Getting Grey Hairs in the Labour Market: An Alternative Experiment on Age Discrimination Journal of Economic Psychology.
^ (2006) How Ageist is Britain? London: Age Concern. Archived October 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Discrimination". UNICEF. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011.
^ "Global Caste Discrimination". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on November 15, 2008. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "India: Official Dalit population exceeds 200 million". International Dalit Solidarity Network. May 29, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
^ Vornholt, Katharina; Sjir Uitdewilligen; Frans J.N. Nijhuis (December 2013). "Factors Affecting the Acceptance of People with Disabilities at Work: A Literature Review". Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 23 (4): 463–75. doi:10.1007/s10926-013-9426-0. PMID 23400588. S2CID 10038886.
^ "Language Discrimination". Workplace Fairness. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
^ "Language Discrimination: Your Legal Rights" (PDF). ACLU Foundation of North California. The Legal Aid Society-Employment Law Center. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012.
^ Quoted in Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, and Phillipson, Robert, "'Mother Tongue': The Theoretical and Sociopolitical Construction of a Concept". In Ammon, Ulrich (ed.) (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, p. 455. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 3-11-011299-X.
^ a b c Dommisse, Ebbe (November 16, 2016). "Single dominant tongue keeps inequality in place". The Business Day. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
^ Anna Wierzbicka, Professor of Linguistics, Australian National University and author of 'Imprisoned by English, The Hazards of English as a Default Language, written in Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), the universally convertible currency of communication, which can serve as a common auxiliary inter-language for speakers of different languages and a global means for clarifying, elucidating, storing, and comparing ideas" (194) (book review)
^ Silberzhan, Raphael (May 19, 2013). "It Pays to be Herr Kaiser". Psychological Science. 24 (12): 2437–2444. doi:10.1177/0956797613494851. PMID 24113624. S2CID 30086487.
^ Laham, Simon (December 9, 2011). "The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (2012): 752–756. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.002. S2CID 6757690.
^ Cotton, John (July 2007). "The "name game": affective and hiring reactions to first names". Journal of Managerial Psychology. 23 (1): 18–39. doi:10.1108/02683940810849648. S2CID 4484088.
^ Bertrand, Marianne (September 2004). "Are Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamaal?" (PDF). The American Economic Review. 94 (4): 991–1013. doi:10.1257/0002828042002561.
^ Easton, Stephen (June 30, 2017). "Blind recruiting study suggests positive discrimination common in the APS". The Mandarin.
^ Smith, Jacquelyn (November 4, 2014). "Here's What Recruiters Look At In The 6 Seconds They Spend On Your Résumé". Business Insider.
^ "No names, no bias". The Economist. October 29, 2015.
^ Silberzhan, Raphael; Simonsohn, Uri; Uhlmann, Eric (February 4, 2014). "Matched-Names Analysis Reveals No Evidence of Name-Meaning Effects: A Collaborative Commentary on Silberzahn and Uhlmann" (PDF). Psychological Science. 25 (7): 1504–1505. doi:10.1177/0956797614533802. PMID 24866920. S2CID 26814316.
^ "The Power of Names". The New York Times. May 29, 2013.
^ Fennelly, David; Murphy, Clíodhna (2021). "Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 39 (4): 308–328. doi:10.1177/09240519211055648. S2CID 243839359.
^ International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
^ Race, Color, National Origin and Ancestry, State of Wisconsin Archived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Race and National Origin Discrimination". Office for Civil Rights. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
^ Christiane Schwieren, Mechanisms Underlying Nationality-Based Discrimination in Teams. A Quasi-Experiment Testing Predictions From Social Psychology and Microeconomics Archived 2015-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, Maastricht University
^ Ayesha Almazroui (March 18, 2013). "Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn". Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "'Western workers favoured in UAE', survey respondents say". The National. April 18, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
^ Kislev, Elyakim (September 19, 2016). "Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis". Social Indicators Research. 134 (2): 725–745. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x. S2CID 157454886.
^ Carmichael, F.; Woods, R. (2000). "Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain". International Review of Applied Economics. 14 (1): 71–98. doi:10.1080/026921700101498. S2CID 154020583.
^ Dennis, Rutledge M. (1995). "Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race". Journal of Negro Education. 64 (3): 243–52. doi:10.2307/2967206. JSTOR 2967206.
^ a b c Racism Oxford Dictionaries
^ a b c Ghani, Navid (2008). "Racism". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE. pp. 1113–1115. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2.
^ Newman, D. M. (2012). Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life (9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4129-8729-5. racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
^ Newman, D.M. (2012). Sociology: exploring the architecture of everyday life (9th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4129-8729-5. racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
^ "Malaysia's lingering ethnic divide". March 4, 2008. BBC News.
^ Levine, Bertram. (2005). "Not All Black and White". J. Cropp (Ed.), Resolving Racial Conflict, 193-218. London: University of Missouri Press.
^ "Accent Discrimination Law and Legal Definition". USLegal.
^ "Did Discrimination Enhance Intelligence of Jews?". National Geographic News. July 18, 2005
^ Sandra Mackey's account of her attempt to enter Mecca in Mackey, Sandra (1987). The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-393-32417-4.
^ a b Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (September 19, 2008). "Saudi Arabia". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
^ "Maldives". United States Department of State. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
^ U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1979: Religious discrimination. A neglected issue. A consultation sponsored by the United States Commission on Civil Rights, Washington. D.C., April 9–10, 1979
^ Matsumoto, David (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-513181-9.
^ Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (4): 499–503. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499. PMID 6703126.
^ Witt, Jon (2017). SOC 2018 (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259702723. OCLC 968304061.
^ Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven
^ Macklem, Tony (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82682-2.
^ a b Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1135941314. Retrieved April 20, 2018. GENDER OR SEX DISCRIMINATION: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.
^ Christina Macfarlane, Sean Coppack and James Masters (September 12, 2019). "FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist". CNN.
^ Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005, Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town, January 11, 2006.
^ "Australian Parliament, Explanatory Memorandum to the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013". Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
^ We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012 Archived 2014-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Organisation Intersex International Australia, February 21, 2013.
^ Cabral, Mauro (April 8, 2015). "Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics". Global Action for Trans Equality. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
^ "OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform". Oii Europe. April 1, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ sdgcounting (June 6, 2017). "SDG 5 Indicators". Medium. Retrieved September 23, 2020.
^ World English Dictionary, "Sexual Orientation"
^ MacInnis, Cara C.; Hodson, Gordon (2012). "Intergroup bias toward "Group X": Evidence of prejudice, dehumanization, avoidance, and discrimination against asexuals". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 15 (6): 725–743. doi:10.1177/1368430212442419. S2CID 3056711.
^ Drydakis, Nick (2011). "Women's Sexual Orientation and Labor Market Outcomes in Greece". Feminist Economics. 17: 89–117. doi:10.1080/13545701.2010.541858. S2CID 154771144.
^ Drydakis, Nick (2014). "Sexual orientation discrimination in the Cypriot labour market. Distastes or uncertainty?". International Journal of Manpower. 35 (5): 720–744. doi:10.1108/IJM-02-2012-0026. hdl:10419/62444. S2CID 10103299.
^ Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L., Hammarstedt, M. (2011) Are gays and lesbians discriminated against in the hiring situation? Archived 2015-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation Working Paper Series 21.
^ Baert, Stijn (2014). "Career lesbians. Getting hired for not having kids?". Industrial Relations Journal. 45 (6): 543–561. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.2102. doi:10.1111/irj.12078. S2CID 34331459.
^ "New Benefits for Same-Sex Couples May Be Hard to Implement Abroad". ABC News. June 22, 2009.
^ "ILGA: 2009 Report on State Sponsored Homophobia (2009)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 2, 2010.
^ "ILGA:7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". Archived from the original on October 29, 2009.
^ "Islamic views of homosexuality". Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "AU welcomes progress in peace process". IRIN. September 29, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "They Want Us Exterminated". Human Rights Watch. August 16, 2009.
^ Harrison, Rebecca. "South African gangs use rape to "cure" lesbians". Reuters. March 13, 2009.
^ Kelly, Annie (March 12, 2009). "Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks". The Guardian.
^ "Reverse Discrimination". Findlaw. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ "Reverse Discrimination". dictionary.com.
^ Embrick, David G. (2008). "Affirmative Action in Education". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, Volume 1. SAGE. pp. 12–19. ISBN 978-1-41-292694-2.
^ "What is Discrimination?". Canadian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on April 15, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
^ "What is Article 15 of the Indian Constitution? Important Features and Provisions". Jagranjosh.com. May 12, 2020.
^ "Women rights in India". Archived from the original on December 6, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
^ "Pawan Khera arrest | Section 153A: its use and misuse". The Indian Express. February 25, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
^ a b € 7,800
^ "wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ a b € 19,500
^ "wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ € 3,900
^ "wetten.nl – Regeling – Wetboek van Strafrecht – BWBR0001854". Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "Equality considerations under the Equality Act 2010, including fulfilment of the PSED for the Collective Agreed Framework in relation to annual leave payments: additional guidance". GOV.UK. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
^ "Chapter 1: Introduction and overview of the programme". GOV.UK. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
^ "Equality Act 2010: guidance". GOV.UK. June 16, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
^ "Equal Pay Act of 1963 – EPA – 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8 § 206(d)". Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21". Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ "Pregnancy Discrimination Act". Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ Bouie, Jamelle (May 13, 2015). "A Tax on Blackness". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Archived from the original on December 8, 2014.
^ "Global Forum against Racism and Discrimination UNESCO". OHCHR. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
^ "ICCAR | ECCAR". www.eccar.info. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
^ "Civil rights". Archived from the original on October 23, 1999. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
^ Singer, Peter (1999) . "Equality for Animals?". Practical Ethics (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-521-43971-8. If a being suffers, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take that suffering into consideration. ... This is why the limit of sentience ... is the only defensible boundary of concern for the interests of others. ... Similarly those I would call 'speciesists' give greater weight to their own species when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of other species.
^ Sherif, M. (1967). Group conflict and co-operation. London: Routledge.
^ Tajfel, H.; Turner, J. C. (1979). "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict". In Austin, W.G.; Worchel, S. (eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33–47.
^ Rubin, M.; Hewstone, M.; et al. (2004). "Social identity, system justification, and social dominance: Commentary on Reicher, Jost et al., and Sidanius et al". Political Psychology. 25 (6): 823–844. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00400.x. hdl:1959.13/27347.
^ "Prejudice & Discrimination Theories #2". Keith E Rice's Integrated SocioPsychology Blog & Pages. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
^ Slattery, M. (2002). Key Ideas in Sociology. Nelson Thornes. pp. 134–137. ISBN 978-0-7487-6565-2.
^ Skoll, Geoffrey R. (2010). "The Theory of Fear / Chapter 3 / States and Social Control" (PDF). The Theory of Fear. doi:10.1057/9780230112636_3.
^ Adam, Heribert (July 1, 1996). "Anti-Semitism and Anti-Black Racism: Nazi Germany and Apartheid South Africa". Telos. 1996 (108): 25–46. doi:10.3817/0696108025. S2CID 145360794.
^ Yanis Varoufakis (2013). "Chapter 11: Evolving domination in the laboratory". Economic Indeterminacy: A personal encounter with the economists' peculiar nemesis. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-415-66849-1.
^ Shaun Hargreaves-Heap; Yanis Varoufakis (July 2002), "Some experimental evidence on the evolution of discrimination, co-operation and perceptions of fairness", The Economic Journal, 112 (481): 679–703, doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00735, S2CID 59133304
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discrimination (information)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_(information)"},{"link_name":"discriminant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminant"},{"link_name":"Bigot (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigot_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Colored%22_drinking_fountain_from_mid-20th_century_with_african-american_drinking.jpg"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"racially segregated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"distinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinction_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination"},{"link_name":"physical attractiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookism"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apa-discrimination-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apa-discrimination-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution"},{"link_name":"reverse discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_discrimination"}],"text":"This article is about prejudicial treatment. For the ability to distinguish one thing from another, see Discrimination (information).Not to be confused with discriminant. \"Bigot\" redirects here. For other uses, see Bigot (disambiguation).An African-American man drinking from a racially segregated water cooler marked \"Colored\", in Oklahoma City c. 1939Discrimination is the process of making unfair or prejudicial distinctions between people based on the groups, classes, or other categories to which they belong or are perceived to belong,[1] such as race, gender, age, religion, physical attractiveness or sexual orientation.[2] Discrimination typically leads to groups being unfairly treated on the basis of perceived statuses based on ethnic, racial, gender or religious categories.[2][3] It involves depriving members of one group of opportunities or privileges that are available to members of another group.[4]Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices and laws exist in many countries and institutions in all parts of the world, including some where such discrimination is generally decried. In some places, countervailing measures such as quotas have been used to redress the balance in favor of those who are believed to be current or past victims of discrimination. These attempts have often been met with controversy, and sometimes been called reverse discrimination.","title":"Discrimination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"The term discriminate appeared in the early 17th century in the English language. It is from the Latin discriminat- 'distinguished between', from the verb discriminare, from discrimen 'distinction', from the verb discernere (corresponding to \"to discern\").[5] Since the American Civil War the term \"discrimination\" generally evolved in American English usage as an understanding of prejudicial treatment of an individual based solely on their race, later generalized as membership in a certain socially undesirable group or social category.[6] \nBefore this sense of the word became almost universal, it was a synonym for discernment, tact and culture as in \"taste and discrimination\", generally a laudable attribute; to \"discriminate against\" being commonly disparaged.[7][8][page needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"oppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altman_2020-12"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"United Nations Human Rights Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council"}],"text":"Moral philosophers have defined discrimination using a moralized definition. Under this approach, discrimination is defined as acts, practices, or policies that wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in a salient social group.[9] This is a comparative definition. An individual need not be actually harmed in order to be discriminated against. He or she just needs to be treated worse than others for some arbitrary reason. If someone decides to donate to help orphan children, but decides to donate less, say, to children of a particular race out of a racist attitude, he or she will be acting in a discriminatory way even if he or she actually benefits the people he discriminates against by donating some money to them.[10] Discrimination also develops into a source of oppression, the action of recognizing someone as 'different' so much that they are treated inhumanly and degraded.[11]This moralized definition of discrimination is distinct from a non-moralized definition - in the former, discrimination is wrong by definition, whereas in the latter, this is not the case.[12]The United Nations stance on discrimination includes the statement: \"Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection.\"[13] The United Nations Human Rights Council and other international bodies work towards helping ending discrimination around the world.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ageism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KirkpatrickKatsiaficas1987-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bush School of Government and Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ghent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"University of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"racial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"Dominic Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Abrams"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Age","text":"Ageism or age discrimination is discrimination and stereotyping based on the grounds of someone's age.[14] It is a set of beliefs, norms, and values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on a person's age.[15] Ageism is most often directed toward elderly people, or adolescents and children.[16][17]Age discrimination in hiring has been shown to exist in the United States. Joanna Lahey, professor at The Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M, found that firms are more than 40% more likely to interview a young adult job applicant than an older job applicant.[18] In Europe, Stijn Baert, Jennifer Norga, Yannick Thuy and Marieke Van Hecke, researchers at Ghent University, measured comparable ratios in Belgium. They found that age discrimination is heterogeneous by the activity older candidates undertook during their additional post-educational years. In Belgium, they are only discriminated if they have more years of inactivity or irrelevant employment.[19]In a survey for the University of Kent, England, 29% of respondents stated that they had suffered from age discrimination. This is a higher proportion than for gender or racial discrimination. Dominic Abrams, social psychology professor at the university, concluded that ageism is the most pervasive form of prejudice experienced in the UK population.[20]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discrimination&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Caste","text":"See also: CasteAccording to UNICEF and Human Rights Watch, caste discrimination affects an estimated 250 million people worldwide and is mainly prevalent in parts of Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Japan) and Africa.[21][22] As of 2011[update], there were 200 million Dalits or Scheduled Castes (formerly known as \"untouchables\") in India.[23]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"ableism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism"},{"link_name":"disablism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disablism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Americans with Disabilities Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act"},{"link_name":"Equality Act 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_2010"}],"sub_title":"Disability","text":"Discrimination against people with disabilities in favor of people who are not is called ableism or disablism. Disability discrimination, which treats non-disabled individuals as the standard of 'normal living', results in public and private places and services, educational settings, and social services that are built to serve 'standard' people, thereby excluding those with various disabilities. Studies have shown that disabled people not only need employment in order to be provided with the opportunity to earn a living but they also need employment in order to sustain their mental health and well-being. Work fulfils a number of basic needs for an individual such as collective purpose, social contact, status, and activity.[24] A person with a disability is often found to be socially isolated and work is one way to reduce his or her isolation.In the United States, the Americans with Disabilities Act mandates the provision of equality of access to both buildings and services and is paralleled by similar acts in other countries, such as the Equality Act 2010 in the UK.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corsican_nationalism.jpg"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Linguistic discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_discrimination&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Linguistic discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination"},{"link_name":"their use of language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_(language)"},{"link_name":"first language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language"},{"link_name":"accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary"},{"link_name":"modality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Occitan speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"French speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linguistic_discrimination_aclunc.org-26"},{"link_name":"wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"social status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguist"},{"link_name":"Tove Skutnabb-Kangas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Skutnabb-Kangas"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"linguistic imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linguistic_discrimination_TBD1-28"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"European languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"colonial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"indigenous languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linguistic_discrimination_TBD1-28"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"upper class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linguistic_discrimination_TBD1-28"},{"link_name":"academic discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"Nationalists in Corsica sometimes spray-paint or shoot traffic signs in French.This section is an excerpt from Linguistic discrimination.[edit]\nLinguistic discrimination (also called glottophobia, linguicism and languagism) is unfair treatment of people which is based on their use of language and the characteristics of their speech, including their first language, their accent, the perceived size of their vocabulary (whether or not the speaker uses complex and varied words), their modality, and their syntax.[25] For example, an Occitan speaker in France will probably be treated differently from a French speaker.[26] Based on a difference in use of language, a person may automatically form judgments about another person's wealth, education, social status, character or other traits, which may lead to discrimination. \nLinguistic discrimination was at first considered an act of racism. In the mid-1980s, linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas captured the idea of language-based discrimination as linguicism, which was defined as \"ideologies and structures which are used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and non-material) between groups which are defined on the basis of language\".[27] Although different names have been given to this form of discrimination, they all hold the same definition. Linguistic discrimination is culturally and socially determined due to preference for one use of language over others.\n\nScholars have analyzed the role of linguistic imperialism in linguicism, with some asserting that speakers of dominant languages gravitate towards discrimination against speakers of other, less dominant languages, while disadvantaging themselves linguistically by remaining monolingual.[28] According to scholar Carolyn McKinley, this phenomenon is most present in Africa, where the majority of the population speaks European languages introduced during the colonial era; African states are also noted as instituting European languages as the main medium of instruction, instead of indigenous languages.[28] UNESCO reports have noted that this has historically benefitted only the African upper class, conversely disadvantaging the majority of Africa's population who hold varying level of fluency in the European languages spoken across the continent.[28] Scholars have also noted impact of the linguistic dominance of English on academic discipline; scholar Anna Wierzbicka has described disciplines such as social science and humanities being \"locked in a conceptual framework grounded in English\" which prevents academia as a whole from reaching a \"more universal, culture-independent perspective\".[29]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"Discrimination based on a person's name may also occur, with researchers suggesting that this form of discrimination is present based on a name's meaning, its pronunciation, its uniqueness, its gender affiliation, and its racial affiliation.[30][31][32][33][34] Research has further shown that real world recruiters spend an average of just six seconds reviewing each résumé before making their initial \"fit/no fit\" screen-out decision and that a person's name is one of the six things they focus on most.[35] France has made it illegal to view a person's name on a résumé when screening for the initial list of most qualified candidates. Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands have also experimented with name-blind summary processes.[36] Some apparent discrimination may be explained by other factors such as name frequency.[37] The effects of name discrimination based on a name's fluency is subtle, small and subject to significantly changing norms.[38]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discrimination based on nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fennelly-39"},{"link_name":"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality"},{"link_name":"employment laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"section for employment discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Employment"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"GCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Nationality","text":"Further information: Discrimination based on nationalityThe Anti-discrimination laws of most countries allow and make exceptions for discrimination based on nationality and immigration status.[39] The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) does not prohibit discrimination by nationality, citizenship or naturalization but forbids discrimination \"against any particular nationality\".[40]Discrimination on the basis of nationality is usually included in employment laws[41] (see above section for employment discrimination specifically). It is sometimes referred to as bound together with racial discrimination[42] although it can be separate. It may vary from laws that stop refusals of hiring based on nationality, asking questions regarding origin, to prohibitions of firing, forced retirement, compensation and pay, etc., based on nationality.Discrimination on the basis of nationality may show as a \"level of acceptance\" in a sport or work team regarding new team members and employees who differ from the nationality of the majority of team members.[43]In the GCC states, in the workplace, preferential treatment is given to full citizens, even though many of them lack experience or motivation to do the job. State benefits are also generally available for citizens only.[44] Westerners might also get paid more than other expatriates.[45]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti_Arab_sign_in_Pattaya_Beach_Thailand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Arabism"},{"link_name":"Pattaya Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya_Beach"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_entrance_for_poles1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"German-occupied Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Poland"},{"link_name":"No entrance for Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:37431682_eb5832e644.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Segregation_1938b.jpg"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"ethnic penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_penalty"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carmichael_&_woods,_2000-47"},{"link_name":"superiority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dennis-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghani-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman,_D.M.-51"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prejudice"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghani-50"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"social actions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_actions"},{"link_name":"political systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_systems"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxforddictionaries.com-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghani-50"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newman-52"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Indian"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Race or ethnicity","text":"Anti-Arab sign in Pattaya Beach, ThailandGerman warning in German-occupied Poland 1939 – \"No entrance for Poles!\"Antisemitic graffiti in Lithuania. The words read Juden raus (German for Jews out) and Hasse (presumably a misspelling of Hass, German for hate).An African-American child at a segregated drinking fountain on a courthouse lawn, North Carolina, US 1938Racial and ethnic discrimination differentiates individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial and ethnic differences and leads to various forms of the ethnic penalty.[46][47] It can also refer to the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another.[48][49][50][51] It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity.[49][50] Modern variants of racism are often based in social perceptions of biological differences between peoples. These views can take the form of social actions, practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are ranked as inherently superior or inferior to each other, based on presumed shared inheritable traits, abilities, or qualities.[49][50][52] It has been official government policy in several countries, such as South Africa during the apartheid era. Discriminatory policies towards ethnic minorities include the race-based discrimination against ethnic Indians and Chinese in Malaysia[53] After the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese refugees moved to Australia and the United States, where they faced discrimination.[54]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional discrimination in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accent-55"}],"sub_title":"Region","text":"See also: Regional discrimination in ChinaRegional or geographic discrimination is a form of discrimination that is based on the region in which a person lives or the region in which a person was born. It differs from national discrimination because it may not be based on national borders or the country in which the victim lives, instead, it is based on prejudices against a specific region of one or more countries. Examples include discrimination against Chinese people who were born in regions of the countryside that are far away from cities that are located within China, and discrimination against Americans who are from the southern or northern regions of the United States. It is often accompanied by discrimination that is based on accent, dialect, or cultural differences.[55]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg"},{"link_name":"expelled its Hindu population or forced it to leave the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"moneylending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneylending"},{"link_name":"necessary evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_evil"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"ghettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mackeymecca-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"religious police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_police"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Religious beliefs","text":"In the 1990s, Bhutan expelled its Hindu population or forced it to leave the country in order to preserve Bhutan's Buddhist culture and identity.Religious discrimination is valuing or treating people or groups differently because of what they do or do not believe in or because of their feelings towards a given religion. For instance, the Jewish population of Germany, and indeed a large portion of Europe, was subjected to discrimination under Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party between 1933 and 1945. They were forced to live in ghettos, wear an identifying star of David on their clothes, and sent to concentration and death camps in rural Germany and Poland, where they were to be tortured and killed, all because of their Jewish religion. Many laws (most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935) separated those of Jewish faith as supposedly inferior to the Christian population.Restrictions on the types of occupations that Jewish people could hold were imposed by Christian authorities. Local rulers and church officials closed many professions to religious Jews, pushing them into marginal roles that were considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations that were only tolerated as a \"necessary evil\".[56] The number of Jews who were permitted to reside in different places was limited; they were concentrated in ghettos and banned from owning land. In Saudi Arabia, non-Muslims are not allowed to publicly practice their religions and they cannot enter Mecca and Medina.[57][58] Furthermore, private non-Muslim religious gatherings might be raided by the religious police.[58] In Maldives, non-Muslims living and visiting the country are prohibited from openly expressing their religious beliefs, holding public congregations to conduct religious activities, or involving Maldivians in such activities. Those expressing religious beliefs other than Islam may face imprisonment of up to five years or house arrest, fines ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 rufiyaa ($320 to $1,300), and deportation.[59]In a 1979 consultation on the issue, the United States commission on civil rights defined religious discrimination in relation to the civil rights which are guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Whereas religious civil liberties, such as the right to hold or not to hold a religious belief, are essential for Freedom of Religion (in the United States as secured by the First Amendment), religious discrimination occurs when someone is denied \"equal protection under the law, equality of status under the law, equal treatment in the administration of justice, and equality of opportunity and access to employment, education, housing, public services and facilities, and public accommodation because of their exercise of their right to religious freedom\".[60]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"Misogyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny"},{"link_name":"Misandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misandry"},{"link_name":"Discrimination against intersex people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people"},{"link_name":"Transphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"link_name":"Discrimination against non-binary gender persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_gender_persons"},{"link_name":"Violence against LGBT people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people"},{"link_name":"Sexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism"},{"link_name":"stereotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype"},{"link_name":"gender roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-63"},{"link_name":"sexual harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"sexual violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_violence"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macklem-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenhart-66"},{"link_name":"workplace inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_inequality"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenhart-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people"},{"link_name":"sex characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_characteristics"},{"link_name":"sex characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_characteristics"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-expmem-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gate-malta-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiieu-malta-72"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Sex, sex characteristics, gender, and gender identity","text":"See also: Homophobia, Misogyny, Misandry, Discrimination against intersex people, Transphobia, Discrimination against non-binary gender persons, and Violence against LGBT peopleSexism is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles,[61][62] and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.[63] Extreme sexism may foster sexual harassment, rape, and other forms of sexual violence.[64] Gender discrimination may encompass sexism and is discrimination toward people based on their gender identity[65] or their gender or sex differences.[66] Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of workplace inequality.[66] It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.[67]Intersex persons experience discrimination due to innate, atypical sex characteristics. Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of intersex status or sex characteristics. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'.[68] Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'.[69][70] Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of 'sex characteristics', through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.[71][72] Global efforts such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is also aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex.[73]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cologne Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Pride"},{"link_name":"homosexuality is illegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill"},{"link_name":"Heterosexism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexism"},{"link_name":"Heteronormativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronormativity"},{"link_name":"Biphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphobia"},{"link_name":"Homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"link_name":"asexual people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexuality"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Employment discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"ILGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"IRIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"honor killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_killings"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"gay in Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Western Cape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Cape"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights by country or territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory"},{"link_name":"Western world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"hate crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crimes"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"sub_title":"Sexual orientation","text":"LGBT activists at Cologne Pride carrying a banner with the flags of over 70 countries where homosexuality is illegalProtests in New York City against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality BillSee also: Heterosexism, Heteronormativity, Biphobia, and HomophobiaOne's sexual orientation is a \"predilection for homosexuality, heterosexuality, or bisexuality\".[74] Like most minority groups, homosexuals and bisexuals are vulnerable to prejudice and discrimination from the majority group. They may experience hatred from others because of their sexuality; a term for such hatred based upon one's sexual orientation is often called homophobia. Many continue to hold negative feelings towards those with non-heterosexual orientations and will discriminate against people who have them or are thought to have them. People of other uncommon sexual orientations also experience discrimination. One study found its sample of heterosexuals to be more prejudiced against asexual people than against homosexual or bisexual people.[75]Employment discrimination based on sexual orientation varies by country. Revealing a lesbian sexual orientation (by means of mentioning an engagement in a rainbow organisation or by mentioning one's partner name) lowers employment opportunities in Cyprus and Greece but overall, it has no negative effect in Sweden and Belgium.[76][77][78][79] In the latter country, even a positive effect of revealing a lesbian sexual orientation is found for women at their fertile ages.Besides these academic studies, in 2009, ILGA published a report based on research carried out by Daniel Ottosson at Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal, five carry the death penalty for homosexual activity, and two do in some regions of the country.[80] In the report, this is described as \"State sponsored homophobia\".[81] This happens in Islamic states, or in two cases regions under Islamic authority.[82][83] On February 5, 2005, the IRIN issued a reported titled \"Iraq: Male homosexuality still a taboo\". The article stated, among other things that honor killings by Iraqis against a gay family member are common and given some legal protection.[84] In August 2009, Human Rights Watch published an extensive report detailing torture of men accused of being gay in Iraq, including the blocking of men's anuses with glue and then giving the men laxatives.[85] Although gay marriage has been legal in South Africa since 2006, same-sex unions are often condemned as \"un-African\".[86] Research conducted in 2009 shows 86% of black lesbians from the Western Cape live in fear of sexual assault.[87]Further information: LGBT rights by country or territoryA number of countries, especially those in the Western world, have passed measures to alleviate discrimination against sexual minorities, including laws against anti-gay hate crimes and workplace discrimination. Some have also legalized same-sex marriage or civil unions in order to grant same-sex couples the same protections and benefits as opposite-sex couples. In 2011, the United Nations passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bumiputera (Malaysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protesto_contra_o_sistema_de_cotas.jpg"},{"link_name":"racial quotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_quota"},{"link_name":"Reverse discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"},{"link_name":"family status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality"},{"link_name":"race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"social inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequalities"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"affirmative action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Embrick-90"}],"sub_title":"Reverse discrimination","text":"See also: Bumiputera (Malaysia)Students protesting against racial quotas in Brazil: \"Quer uma vaga? Passe no vestibular!\" (\"Do you want a spot? Pass the entrance exam!\")Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.[88] Groups may be defined in terms of disability, ethnicity, family status, gender identity, nationality, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation, or other factors.[original research?]This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities under which minority groups have had less access to privileges enjoyed by the majority group. In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face. Reverse discrimination can be defined as the unequal treatment of members of the majority groups resulting from preferential policies, as in college admissions or employment, intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities.[89]Conceptualizing affirmative action as reverse discrimination became popular in the early- to mid-1970s, a time period that focused on under-representation and action policies intended to remedy the effects of past discrimination in both government and the business world.[90]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racial Discrimination Act 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975"},{"link_name":"Sex Discrimination Act 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1984"},{"link_name":"Disability Discrimination Act 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992"},{"link_name":"Age Discrimination Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_Discrimination_Act_2004"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Racial Discrimination Act 1975\nSex Discrimination Act 1984\nDisability Discrimination Act 1992\nAge Discrimination Act 2004","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontario Human Rights Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Human_Rights_Code"},{"link_name":"Canadian Human Rights Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Ontario Human Rights Code 1962\nCanadian Human Rights Act 1977 [91]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Sex Discrimination Ordinance (1996) [citation needed]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Article 15 of the Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_15_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"right to equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_equality"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Indian Penal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, religion, sex, race or place of birth etc.[92] Similarly, the Constitution of India guarantees several rights to all citizens irrespective of gender, such as right to equality under Article 14, right to life and personal liberty under Article 21.[93]Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Section 153 A) - Criminalises the use of language that promotes discrimination or violence against people on the basis of race, caste, sex, place of birth, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation or any other category.[94]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_of_Discrimination_in_Products,_Services_and_Entry_into_Places_of_Entertainment_and_Public_Places_Law,_2000"},{"link_name":"Employment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_(Equal_Opportunities)_Law,_1988"},{"link_name":"Law of Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities, 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000\nEmployment (Equal Opportunities) Law, 1988\nLaw of Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities, 1998","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wetboek van Strafrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetboek_van_Strafrecht"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c3-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c3-95"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c4-97"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c2-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Article 137c, part 1 of Wetboek van Strafrecht prohibits insults towards a group because of its race, religion, sexual orientation (straight or gay), handicap (somatically, mental or psychiatric) in public or by speech, by writing or by a picture. Maximum imprisonment one year of imprisonment or a fine of the third category.[95][96]\nPart 2 increases the maximum imprisonment to two years and the maximum fine category to 4,[97] when the crime is committed as a habit or is committed by two or more persons.\nArticle 137d prohibits provoking to discrimination or hate against the group described above. Same penalties apply as in article 137c.[98]\nArticle 137e part 1 prohibits publishing a discriminatory statement, other than in formal message, or hands over an object (that contains discriminatory information) otherwise than on his request. Maximum imprisonment is 6 months or a fine of the third category.[95][99]\nPart 2 increases the maximum imprisonment to one year and the maximum fine category to 4,[97] when the crime is committed as a habit or committed by two or more persons.\nArticle 137f prohibits supporting discriminatory activities by giving money or goods. Maximum imprisonment is 3 months or a fine of the second category.[100][101]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equal Pay Act 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_1970"},{"link_name":"Sex Discrimination Act 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Act 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998"},{"link_name":"Equality Act 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_Act_2010"},{"link_name":"anti-discrimination law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Equal Pay Act 1970 – provides for equal pay for comparable work.\nSex Discrimination Act 1975 – makes discrimination against women or men, including discrimination on the grounds of marital status, illegal in the workplace.\nHuman Rights Act 1998 – provides more scope for redressing all forms of discriminatory imbalances.\nEquality Act 2010 – consolidates, updates and supplements the prior Acts and Regulations that formed the basis of anti-discrimination law.[102][103][104]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equal Pay Act of 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Fair Labor Standards Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Fair Housing Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Housing_Act"},{"link_name":"Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity"},{"link_name":"Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy_Discrimination_Act"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Violence Against Women Act of 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Equal Pay Act of 1963[105] – (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act) – prohibits wage discrimination by employers and labor organizations based on sex.\nCivil Rights Act of 1964 – many provisions, including broadly prohibiting discrimination in the workplace including hiring, firing, workforce reduction, benefits, and sexually harassing conduct.[106]\nFair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, or disability. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity is charged with administering and enforcing the Act.\nPregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, which amended Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 – covers discrimination based upon pregnancy in the workplace.[107]\nViolence Against Women Act of 1994\nRacism still[when?] occurs in a widespread manner in real estate.[108]","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination"},{"link_name":"racial discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women"},{"link_name":"bill of rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_rights"},{"link_name":"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities"}],"sub_title":"United Nations documents","text":"Important UN documents addressing discrimination include:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It states that:\" Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.\"[109]\nThe International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. The Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on December 21, 1965, and entered into force on January 4, 1969.\nThe Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on September 3, 1981.\nThe Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights instrument treaty of the United Nations. Parties to the convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that they enjoy full equality under the law. The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 13, 2006, and opened for signature on March 30, 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on May 3, 2008.","title":"Anti-discrimination legislation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Routes of Enslaved Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project"}],"text":"Global Forum against Racism and Discrimination[110]\nThe International Coalition of Inclusive and Sustainable Cities (ICCAR) launched by UNESCO in 2004[111]\nRoutes of Enslaved Peoples project","title":"International cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_theories"},{"link_name":"egalitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"social equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equality"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"},{"link_name":"equal consideration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests"},{"link_name":"speciesist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesist"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singerethics-sentience-113"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altman_2020-12"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Social theories such as egalitarianism assert that social equality should prevail. In some societies, including most developed countries, each individual's civil rights include the right to be free from government sponsored social discrimination.[112] Due to a belief in the capacity to perceive pain or suffering shared by all animals, abolitionist or vegan egalitarianism maintains that the interests of every individual (regardless of their species), warrant equal consideration with the interests of humans, and that not doing so is speciesist.[113]Philosophers have debated as to how inclusive the definition of discrimination should be. Some philosophers have argued that discrimination should only refer to wrongful or disadvantageous treatment in the context of a socially salient group (such as race, gender, sexuality etc.) within a given context. Under this view, failure to limit the concept of discrimination would lead to it being overinclusive; for example, since most murders occur because of some perceived difference between the perpetrator and the victim, many murders would constitute discrimination if the social salience requirement is not included. Thus this view argues that making the definition of discrimination overinclusive renders it meaningless. Conversely, other philosophers argue that discrimination should simply refer to wrongful disadvantageous treatment regardless of the social salience of the group, arguing that limiting the concept only to socially salient groups is arbitrary, as well as raising issues of determining which groups would count as socially salient. The issue of which groups should count has caused many political and social debates.[12]Based on realistic-conflict theory[114] and social-identity theory,[115] Rubin and Hewstone[116] have highlighted a distinction among three types of discrimination:Realistic competition is driven by self-interest and is aimed at obtaining material resources (e.g., food, territory, customers) for the in-group (e.g., favoring an in-group in order to obtain more resources for its members, including the self).\nSocial competition is driven by the need for self-esteem and is aimed at achieving a positive social status for the in-group relative to comparable out-groups (e.g., favoring an in-group in order to make it better than an out-group).\nConsensual discrimination is driven by the need for accuracy[117] and reflects stable and legitimate intergroup status hierarchies (e.g., favoring a high-status in-group because it is high status).","title":"Theories and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zaj%C4%99cia_Akademii_Edukacji_Antydyskryminacyjnej_w_Centrum_%C5%BBydowskim_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz Jewish Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_Jewish_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim"},{"link_name":"labeling theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeling_theory"},{"link_name":"stereotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype"},{"link_name":"social stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"Apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"}],"sub_title":"Labeling theory","text":"An anti-discrimination education workshop at the Auschwitz Jewish Center, Poland, 2019Discrimination, in labeling theory, takes form as mental categorization of minorities and the use of stereotype. This theory describes difference as deviance from the norm, which results in internal devaluation and social stigma[118] that may be seen as discrimination. It is started by describing a \"natural\" social order. It is distinguished between the fundamental principle of fascism and social democracy.[119][clarification needed] The Nazis in 1930s-era Germany and the pre-1990 Apartheid government of South Africa used racially discriminatory agendas for their political ends. This practice continues with some present day governments.[120]","title":"Theories and philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yanis Varoufakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"neoclassical economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_economics"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"hawk-dove game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk-dove_game"},{"link_name":"Nash equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"consistently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_strategy"},{"link_name":"mixed strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_strategy"},{"link_name":"cooperation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners%27_dilemma"},{"link_name":"evolutionary game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory"},{"link_name":"Matthew Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Rabin"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Game theory","text":"Economist Yanis Varoufakis (2013) argues that \"discrimination based on utterly arbitrary characteristics evolves quickly and systematically in the experimental laboratory\", and that neither classical game theory nor neoclassical economics can explain this.[121]In 2002, Varoufakis and Shaun Hargreaves-Heap ran an experiment where volunteers played a computer-mediated, multiround hawk-dove game. At the start of each session, each participant was assigned a color at random, either red or blue. At each round, each player learned the color assigned to his or her opponent, but nothing else about the opponent. Hargreaves-Heap and Varoufakis found that the players' behavior within a session frequently developed a discriminatory convention, giving a Nash equilibrium where players of one color (the \"advantaged\" color) consistently played the aggressive \"hawk\" strategy against players of the other, \"disadvantaged\" color, who played the acquiescent \"dove\" strategy against the advantaged color. Players of both colors used a mixed strategy when playing against players assigned the same color as their own. The experimenters then added a cooperation option to the game, and found that disadvantaged players usually cooperated with each other, while advantaged players usually did not. They state that while the equilibria reached in the original hawk-dove game are predicted by evolutionary game theory, game theory does not explain the emergence of cooperation in the disadvantaged group. Citing earlier psychological work of Matthew Rabin, they hypothesize that a norm of differing entitlements emerges across the two groups, and that this norm could define a \"fairness\" equilibrium within the disadvantaged group.[122]","title":"Theories and philosophy"}]
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[{"image_text":"An African-American man drinking from a racially segregated water cooler marked \"Colored\", in Oklahoma City c. 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%22Colored%22_drinking_fountain_from_mid-20th_century_with_african-american_drinking.jpg/272px-%22Colored%22_drinking_fountain_from_mid-20th_century_with_african-american_drinking.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nationalists in Corsica sometimes spray-paint or shoot traffic signs in French.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Corsican_nationalism.jpg/220px-Corsican_nationalism.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anti-Arab sign in Pattaya Beach, Thailand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Anti_Arab_sign_in_Pattaya_Beach_Thailand.jpg/220px-Anti_Arab_sign_in_Pattaya_Beach_Thailand.jpg"},{"image_text":"German warning in German-occupied Poland 1939 – \"No entrance for Poles!\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/No_entrance_for_poles1.jpeg/220px-No_entrance_for_poles1.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Antisemitic graffiti in Lithuania. The words read Juden raus (German for Jews out) and Hasse (presumably a misspelling of Hass, German for hate).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/37431682_eb5832e644.jpg/220px-37431682_eb5832e644.jpg"},{"image_text":"An African-American child at a segregated drinking fountain on a courthouse lawn, North Carolina, US 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Segregation_1938b.jpg/250px-Segregation_1938b.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the 1990s, Bhutan expelled its Hindu population or forced it to leave the country in order to preserve Bhutan's Buddhist culture and identity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg/220px-Lotshampa_refugees_in_Beldangi_Camp.jpg"},{"image_text":"LGBT activists at Cologne Pride carrying a banner with the flags of over 70 countries where homosexuality is illegal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17b.jpg/220px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2015_Parade-17b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protests in New York City against Uganda's Anti-Homosexuality Bill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg/220px-Uganda_Anti-Homosexuality_Bill_protest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Students protesting against racial quotas in Brazil: \"Quer uma vaga? Passe no vestibular!\" (\"Do you want a spot? Pass the entrance exam!\")","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Protesto_contra_o_sistema_de_cotas.jpg/170px-Protesto_contra_o_sistema_de_cotas.jpg"},{"image_text":"An anti-discrimination education workshop at the Auschwitz Jewish Center, Poland, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zaj%C4%99cia_Akademii_Edukacji_Antydyskryminacyjnej_w_Centrum_%C5%BBydowskim_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu.jpg/220px-Zaj%C4%99cia_Akademii_Edukacji_Antydyskryminacyjnej_w_Centrum_%C5%BBydowskim_w_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cimiu.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"title":"Society portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"},{"title":"Adultism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultism"},{"title":"Afrophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrophobia"},{"title":"Allport's Scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allport%27s_Scale"},{"title":"Anti-Arabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Arabism"},{"title":"Anti-Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism"},{"title":"Anti-intellectualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-intellectualism"},{"title":"Anti-Iranian sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment"},{"title":"Anti-Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Mormonism"},{"title":"Anti-Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Protestantism"},{"title":"Antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"title":"Antiziganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiziganism"},{"title":"Aporophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aporophobia"},{"title":"Apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"title":"Apostasy in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam"},{"title":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"title":"Benevolent prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_prejudice"},{"title":"Bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias"},{"title":"Bumiputera (Malaysia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"title":"Civil and political rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"title":"Classicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicide"},{"title":"Cultural appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation"},{"title":"Cultural assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"title":"Cultural genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_genocide"},{"title":"Dehumanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumanization"},{"title":"Dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity"},{"title":"Discrimination against asexual people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people"},{"title":"Discrimination against atheists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists"},{"title":"Discrimination against drug addicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts"},{"title":"Discrimination against members of the armed forces in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_members_of_the_armed_forces_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS"},{"title":"Discrimination based on skin color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color"},{"title":"Discrimination of excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence"},{"title":"Economic discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_discrimination"},{"title":"Equal opportunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity"},{"title":"Equal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_before_the_law"},{"title":"Ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"title":"Ethnocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism"},{"title":"Figleaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)"},{"title":"Genetic discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_discrimination"},{"title":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"title":"Hate group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"title":"Heightism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heightism"},{"title":"Hispanophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanophobia"},{"title":"Homophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobia"},{"title":"Identicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identicide"},{"title":"In-group favoritism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-group_favoritism"},{"title":"Ingroups and outgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingroups_and_outgroups"},{"title":"Institutional discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_discrimination"},{"title":"Institutional racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_racism"},{"title":"Intersectionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"title":"Intersex human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"},{"title":"Islamophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia"},{"title":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"title":"List of anti-discrimination acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anti-discrimination_acts"},{"title":"List of global issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_issues"},{"title":"Lookism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookism"},{"title":"Microaggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microaggression"},{"title":"Minority stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_stress"},{"title":"Nativism (politics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)"},{"title":"Online hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_hate_speech"},{"title":"Oppression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppression"},{"title":"Persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution"},{"title":"Politicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicide"},{"title":"Psychological impact of discrimination on health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_discrimination_on_health"},{"title":"Paradox of tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance"},{"title":"Racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"title":"Religious intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_intolerance"},{"title":"Religious persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution"},{"title":"Religious segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_segregation"},{"title":"Second-class citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizen"},{"title":"Sizeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizeism"},{"title":"Slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"title":"Stigma management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_management"},{"title":"Structural discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_discrimination"},{"title":"Structural violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_violence"},{"title":"Supremacism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism"},{"title":"Taste-based discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination"},{"title":"Transphobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transphobia"},{"title":"Weightism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightism"},{"title":"Xenophobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia"},{"title":"Category:Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Discrimination"}]
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[{"reference":"\"What drives discrimination and how do we stop it?\". www.amnesty.org. Amnesty International. Retrieved October 13, 2020. Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/","url_text":"\"What drives discrimination and how do we stop it?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International","url_text":"Amnesty International"}]},{"reference":"\"Discrimination: What it is, and how to cope\". American Psychological Association. October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2020. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apa.org/topics/discrimination","url_text":"\"Discrimination: What it is, and how to cope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association","url_text":"American Psychological Association"}]},{"reference":"\"discrimination, definition\". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University. Retrieved March 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/discrimination","url_text":"\"discrimination, definition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of discrimination; Origin\". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145943/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/discriminate?q=discriminate","url_text":"\"Definition of discrimination; Origin\""},{"url":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/discriminate?q=discriminate","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Introduction to sociology (Print) (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 2009. p. 324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, J.A., ed. (1989). The Oxford Dictionary. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 758. ISBN 0-19861216-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19861216-8","url_text":"0-19861216-8"}]},{"reference":"Richard Tardif, ed. (1985). The Macquarie Concise Thesaurus — Australia's National Thesaurus. The Macquarie Library. ISBN 0-94975797-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-94975797-7","url_text":"0-94975797-7"}]},{"reference":"Altman, Andrew (2020), \"Discrimination\", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved October 13, 2020, [A]s a reasonable first approximation, we can say that discrimination consists of acts, practices, or policies that impose a relative disadvantage on persons based on their membership in a salient social group. [...] [W]e can refine the first-approximation account of discrimination and say that the moralized concept of discrimination is properly applied to acts, practices or policies that meet two conditions: a) they wrongfully impose a relative disadvantage or deprivation on persons based on their membership in some salient social group, and b) the wrongfulness rests (in part) on the fact that the imposition of the disadvantage is on account of the group membership of the victims.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/discrimination/","url_text":"\"Discrimination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Neil (2016). Anti-Discriminatory Practice: Equality, Diversity and Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan. 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Archived from the original on June 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140601211521/http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/discrim/id_8_ud_print.asp","url_text":"\"United Nations CyberSchoolBus: What is discrimination?\""},{"url":"http://cyberschoolbus.un.org/discrim/id_8_ud_print.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of Ageism\". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145002/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ageism?q=ageism","url_text":"\"Definition of Ageism\""},{"url":"http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ageism?q=ageism","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, George R.; Katsiaficas, George N.; Kirkpatrick, Robert George; Mary Lou Emery (1987). Introduction to critical sociology. Ardent Media. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-8290-1595-9. 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S2CID 10038886.","urls":[{"url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/309d145f-bd62-4b5b-826b-a08c64b00bb0","url_text":"\"Factors Affecting the Acceptance of People with Disabilities at Work: A Literature Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10926-013-9426-0","url_text":"10.1007/s10926-013-9426-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23400588","url_text":"23400588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10038886","url_text":"10038886"}]},{"reference":"\"Language Discrimination\". Workplace Fairness. Retrieved August 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.workplacefairness.org/language-discrimination","url_text":"\"Language Discrimination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Language Discrimination: Your Legal Rights\" (PDF). ACLU Foundation of North California. The Legal Aid Society-Employment Law Center. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120904172551/https://www.aclunc.org/library/publications/asset_upload_file489_3538.pdf","url_text":"\"Language Discrimination: Your Legal Rights\""},{"url":"http://www.aclunc.org/library/publications/asset_upload_file489_3538.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dommisse, Ebbe (November 16, 2016). \"Single dominant tongue keeps inequality in place\". The Business Day. Retrieved October 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/books/2016-11-16-single-dominant-tongue-keeps-inequality-in-place/","url_text":"\"Single dominant tongue keeps inequality in place\""}]},{"reference":"Silberzhan, Raphael (May 19, 2013). \"It Pays to be Herr Kaiser\". Psychological Science. 24 (12): 2437–2444. doi:10.1177/0956797613494851. PMID 24113624. S2CID 30086487.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797613494851","url_text":"10.1177/0956797613494851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24113624","url_text":"24113624"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30086487","url_text":"30086487"}]},{"reference":"Laham, Simon (December 9, 2011). \"The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun\". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (2012): 752–756. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.12.002. 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The American Economic Review. 94 (4): 991–1013. doi:10.1257/0002828042002561.","urls":[{"url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fieldexperiments-papers2/papers/00216.pdf","url_text":"\"Are Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamaal?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2F0002828042002561","url_text":"10.1257/0002828042002561"}]},{"reference":"Easton, Stephen (June 30, 2017). \"Blind recruiting study suggests positive discrimination common in the APS\". The Mandarin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Jacquelyn (November 4, 2014). \"Here's What Recruiters Look At In The 6 Seconds They Spend On Your Résumé\". Business Insider.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No names, no bias\". The Economist. October 29, 2015.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silberzhan, Raphael; Simonsohn, Uri; Uhlmann, Eric (February 4, 2014). \"Matched-Names Analysis Reveals No Evidence of Name-Meaning Effects: A Collaborative Commentary on Silberzahn and Uhlmann\" (PDF). Psychological Science. 25 (7): 1504–1505. doi:10.1177/0956797614533802. PMID 24866920. S2CID 26814316.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.socialjudgments.com/docs/Silberzahn_Simonsohn_Uhlmann_2014_Collaborative_Commentary_and_Online_Supplement.pdf","url_text":"\"Matched-Names Analysis Reveals No Evidence of Name-Meaning Effects: A Collaborative Commentary on Silberzahn and Uhlmann\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797614533802","url_text":"10.1177/0956797614533802"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24866920","url_text":"24866920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26814316","url_text":"26814316"}]},{"reference":"\"The Power of Names\". The New York Times. May 29, 2013.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fennelly, David; Murphy, Clíodhna (2021). \"Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive\". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights. 39 (4): 308–328. doi:10.1177/09240519211055648. S2CID 243839359.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09240519211055648","url_text":"\"Racial Discrimination and Nationality and Migration Exceptions: Reconciling CERD and the Race Equality Directive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09240519211055648","url_text":"10.1177/09240519211055648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243839359","url_text":"243839359"}]},{"reference":"\"Race and National Origin Discrimination\". Office for Civil Rights. U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved December 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/frontpage/faq/race-origin.html","url_text":"\"Race and National Origin Discrimination\""}]},{"reference":"Ayesha Almazroui (March 18, 2013). \"Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn\". Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426083228/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/emiratisation-wont-work-if-people-dont-want-to-learn","url_text":"\"Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn\""},{"url":"http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/emiratisation-wont-work-if-people-dont-want-to-learn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Western workers favoured in UAE', survey respondents say\". The National. April 18, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenational.ae/uae/western-workers-favoured-in-uae-survey-respondents-say-1.21895","url_text":"\"'Western workers favoured in UAE', survey respondents say\""}]},{"reference":"Kislev, Elyakim (September 19, 2016). \"Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis\". Social Indicators Research. 134 (2): 725–745. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x. S2CID 157454886.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x","url_text":"\"Deciphering the 'Ethnic Penalty' of Immigrants in Western Europe: A Cross-Classified Multilevel Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11205-016-1451-x","url_text":"10.1007/s11205-016-1451-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157454886","url_text":"157454886"}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, F.; Woods, R. (2000). \"Ethnic Penalties in Unemployment and Occupational Attainment: Evidence for Britain\". International Review of Applied Economics. 14 (1): 71–98. doi:10.1080/026921700101498. S2CID 154020583.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F026921700101498","url_text":"10.1080/026921700101498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154020583","url_text":"154020583"}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Rutledge M. (1995). \"Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race\". Journal of Negro Education. 64 (3): 243–52. doi:10.2307/2967206. JSTOR 2967206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2967206","url_text":"10.2307/2967206"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2967206","url_text":"2967206"}]},{"reference":"Ghani, Navid (2008). \"Racism\". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE. pp. 1113–1115. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&q=racism","url_text":"\"Racism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2","url_text":"978-1-4129-2694-2"}]},{"reference":"Newman, D. M. (2012). Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life (9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4129-8729-5. racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5","url_text":"978-1-4129-8729-5"}]},{"reference":"Newman, D.M. (2012). Sociology: exploring the architecture of everyday life (9th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage. p. 405. ISBN 978-1-4129-8729-5. racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8729-5","url_text":"978-1-4129-8729-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Accent Discrimination Law and Legal Definition\". USLegal.","urls":[{"url":"https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/accent-discrimination/","url_text":"\"Accent Discrimination Law and Legal Definition\""}]},{"reference":"Mackey, Sandra (1987). The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-393-32417-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32417-4","url_text":"978-0-393-32417-4"}]},{"reference":"Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (September 19, 2008). \"Saudi Arabia\". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved July 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108492.htm","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maldives\". United States Department of State. Retrieved March 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/maldives/","url_text":"\"Maldives\""}]},{"reference":"Matsumoto, David (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-513181-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookculturep00mats","url_text":"The Handbook of Culture and Psychology"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handbookculturep00mats/page/n213","url_text":"197"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513181-9","url_text":"978-0-19-513181-9"}]},{"reference":"Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). \"The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping\". American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (4): 499–503. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499. PMID 6703126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychiatry","url_text":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.141.4.499","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.141.4.499"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6703126","url_text":"6703126"}]},{"reference":"Witt, Jon (2017). SOC 2018 (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259702723. OCLC 968304061.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781259702723","url_text":"9781259702723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/968304061","url_text":"968304061"}]},{"reference":"Macklem, Tony (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82682-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82682-2","url_text":"978-0-521-82682-2"}]},{"reference":"Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-1135941314. Retrieved April 20, 2018. GENDER OR SEX DISCRIMINATION: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135941314","url_text":"978-1135941314"}]},{"reference":"Christina Macfarlane, Sean Coppack and James Masters (September 12, 2019). \"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/12/football/iran-blue-girl-sahar-khodayari-spt-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Parliament, Explanatory Memorandum to the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013\". Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_(Kevin_Sharp_album)
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Love Is (Kevin Sharp album)
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Chart performance","4 Sources"]
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1998 studio album by Kevin SharpLove IsStudio album by Kevin SharpReleasedJune 23, 1998GenreCountryLength41:42LabelAsylumProducerChris FarrenDavid FosterKevin Sharp chronology
Measure of a Man(1996)
Love Is(1998)
Make a Wish(2005)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic -
Love Is is the second album released by American country music artist Kevin Sharp. The only single released from the album, "If She Only Knew", failed to reach the top 40 in the charts while the album itself reached number 36 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart. "Her Heart Is Only Human" was originally recorded by Ty Herndon on his 1996 album Living in a Moment.
Track listing
"Kiss the Girl" (Bob Regan, George Teren) - 3:04
"We Can Get Through This" (Kim Carnes, Jeffrey Steele) - 2:55
"If She Only Knew" (Gordon Chambers, Chris Farren) - 5:00
"She Just Had to Be Mine" (Gary Burr, Farren) - 3:18
"Still Love" (Skip Ewing, Farren, Kevin Sharp) - 4:20
"I'm Trying" (Darrell Scott, Tia Sillers) - 4:01
"Typical" (Regan, Teren) - 3:15
"What Other Man" (Linda Thompson-Jenner, Reed Vertelney) - 3:57
"So Tears Won't Fall" (Burr, Bruce Roberts) - 3:41
"Scared Like That Again" (Michael Dulaney, Farren) - 4:40
"Her Heart Is Only Human" (Kent Blazy, Steve Dorff, Kim Williams) - 3:31
Personnel
As listed in liner notes
Tim Buppert - background vocals
Mark Casstevens - electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Joe Chemay - bass guitar
Dan Dugmore - steel guitar
Chris Farren - background vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin, electric guitar, keyboards
Pat Flynn - acoustic guitar
Larry Franklin - fiddle
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Rob Hajacos - fiddle
John Hobbs - piano
Dann Huff - electric guitar
David Hungate - bass guitar
Jeff King - electric guitar
Mark Leggett - drum programming
Paul Leim - drums
Sam Levine - penny whistle
Glenn Miller - background vocals
Greg Morrow - percussion
Steve Nathan - piano
Cary Park - electric guitar
Tom Roady - percussion
Matt Rollings - piano
Brent Rowan - electric guitar
Kevin Sharp - lead vocals
Jeffrey Steele - background vocals
Biff Watson - acoustic guitar
Dennis Wilson - background vocals
Chart performance
Chart (1998)
Peakposition
U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums
38
Sources
^ Allmusic - review
^ Love Is (CD). Kevin Sharp. Asylum Records. 1998. 341160.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
vteKevin SharpStudio albums
Measure of a Man
Love Is
Notable singles
"Nobody Knows"
"She's Sure Taking It Well"
"If You Love Somebody"
Related articles
Asylum Records
|
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background vocals\nMark Casstevens - electric guitar, acoustic guitar\nJoe Chemay - bass guitar\nDan Dugmore - steel guitar\nChris Farren - background vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin, electric guitar, keyboards\nPat Flynn - acoustic guitar\nLarry Franklin - fiddle\nPaul Franklin - steel guitar\nRob Hajacos - fiddle\nJohn Hobbs - piano\nDann Huff - electric guitar\nDavid Hungate - bass guitar\nJeff King - electric guitar\nMark Leggett - drum programming\nPaul Leim - drums\nSam Levine - penny whistle\nGlenn Miller - background vocals\nGreg Morrow - percussion\nSteve Nathan - piano\nCary Park - electric guitar\nTom Roady - percussion\nMatt Rollings - piano\nBrent Rowan - electric guitar\nKevin Sharp - lead vocals\nJeffrey Steele - background vocals\nBiff Watson - acoustic guitar\nDennis Wilson - background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Allmusic - 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review\n\n^ Love Is (CD). Kevin Sharp. Asylum Records. 1998. 341160.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)vteKevin SharpStudio albums\nMeasure of a Man\nLove Is\nNotable singles\n\"Nobody Knows\"\n\"She's Sure Taking It Well\"\n\"If You Love Somebody\"\nRelated articles\nAsylum Records","title":"Sources"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosocial
|
Heterosociality
|
["1 Terminology","2 Historical developments","3 Impact on feminism","4 Adolescence","5 Culture","6 Artistic conflicts","7 See also","8 References"]
|
Socializing with the opposite sex
Relationships(Outline)
Types
Genetic or adoptive
Kinship
Family
Parent
father
mother
Grandparent
Sibling
Cousin
By marriage
Spouse
Husband
Wife
Open marriage
Polygamy
Polyandry
Polygyny
Group marriage
Mixed-orientation
Partner(s)
Significant other
Boyfriend
Girlfriend
Cohabitation
Same-sex
Life partner
Friendship (romantic / cross-sex / zone)
Intimate and sexual
Casual
Monogamy
Non-monogamy
Mutual monogamy
Polyamory
Polyfidelity
Cicisbeo
Concubinage
Courtesan
Mistress
Activities
Bonding
Courtship
Dating
Engagement
Bachelor's Day
Mating
Meet market
Romance
Singles event
Wedding
Endings
Breakup
Legal/marital separation
Annulment
Divorce
Widowhood
Emotions and feelings
Affinity
Attachment
Intimacy
Jealousy
Limerence
Love
Platonic
Unconditional
Passion
Sexuality
Practices
Bride price
dower
dowry
service
Hypergamy
Infidelity
Sexual activity
Transgression
Repression
Abuse
Child
Dating
Domestic
Elderly
Narcissistic parent
Power and control
Stalking
vte
In sociology, heterosociality describes social relations with persons of the opposite sex or a preference for such relations, often excluding relationships of a romantic and sexual nature. The opposite of heterosociality is homosociality.
At an institutional level, the spread of heterosociality, epitomized by the entrance of women into public life and space, is closely associated with the progress of modernization.
Terminology
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The term heterosocial can refer to either:
an individual who prefers to befriend or socialize with the opposite sex, as opposed to homosocial (preferring same-sex social relations) or bisocial (enjoying social relations with both sexes)
a social relationship between two people who are of different sexes, as opposed to homosocial (of the same sex).
Whether the term can be applied to groups of three or more people has been disputed. One possible argument is that such a group is homosocial if composed of people of a single sex, and bisocial if composed of people of both sexes, since in the latter case each member will be interacting with people of both sexes. On the other hand, Collins English Dictionary defines heterosocial as "relating to or denoting mixed-sex social relationships", without specification of whether it applies to relationships between two people or among larger groups, suggesting that the term can describe social interactions involving people of both sexes more generally.
Historical developments
The pervasiveness of heterosociality in contemporary life can lead to the obscuring of its social construction as a late development in Western history. Writing of early society, Freud considered that there was "an unmistakable tendency to keep the sexes apart. Women live with women, men with men". Durkheim associated sexual totemism, binding men and women into two separate totemic corporations, with such a social division of the sexes. Even in the twentieth century, rules of etiquette in some traditional villages dictated that men and women do not greet each other when passing in public.
Urbanization and modernization have seen a gradual erosion of the barriers to male/female socialising, not without significant culture wars along the way over each particular new arena. Thus, for example, part of the hostility to the Elizabethan theatre lay in the fact that men and women freely intermingled in its audience; while dance halls and cabarets later offered similarly controversial new areas for heterosocial interaction, as too did amusement parks.
In the 21st century, the challenge presented to traditional societies by the way the discourse of modernity encourages heterosociality over an older homosociality continues to be a live issue.
Impact on feminism
The 20th century opening up of the public sphere to women—work, politics, culture, education—both fuelled, and was fed by, the feminist movement; but the increase in heterosociality which accompanied it was seen as double-edged by many feminists. On the one hand, it served to undercut older feminist homosocial bonds and support systems; on the other, it split the new feminist movement, as calls for separatist feminism challenged heterosociality, let alone heterosexuality, in ways many found unacceptable.
Post-feminism has generally accepted heterosociality, along with a new strategy of gender mainstreaming, but not without reservations as to the exploitative aspects of (for example) raunch culture within the new 21st century public gender regime.
Adolescence
Acquiring heterosocial competence is a key adolescent task. Other-sex friendships, even more than romances, can play a key role in this process.
Different societies and different subcultures place varying restrictions upon adolescent heterosocial roles and opportunities. American teen culture in particular has been seen as aggressively promoting heterosociality over homosociality.
Culture
The advancement of culture was seen by Henry James as linked to heterosociality. Similarly, Kenneth Clark saw the flourishing of 18th-century French culture as rooted in the heterosociality of the salon.
Artistic conflicts
Postfeminist criticism of Buffy Summers as powerful female role model has centred on the heterosocial nature of her particular universe of social networks. Cross-sex relationships play a predominant part in the Buffy world, foreclosing more politicised readings from a feminist viewpoint.
Virginia Woolf wrote an early essay on the pleasures of heterosociality—of finding "much to say to each other which neither would say to a person of the same sex". The Bloomsbury group as a whole can be seen as a heterosocial construct, formed in opposition to the more segregated sexual worlds of the late nineteenth century.
See also
Cross-sex friendship
Compulsory heterosexuality
Gender roles
Human bonding
Mixed-sex education
Platonic love
Romantic friendship
Romantic orientation
References
^ Beere, Carole A. (1990). Sex and Gender Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measures. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-27462-2.
^ Ben Singer, Melodrama and Modernity (2001) p. 21
^ "Definition of "heterosocial" - Collins English Dictionary". collinsdictionary.com.
^ Sigmund Freud, On Sexuality (PFL 7) p. 271
^ Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1971) p. 165-6
^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1971) p. 122
^ Stephen Greenblatt, Will in the World (2005) p. 186
^ Mark P. Holt, Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History (2006) p. 152
^ Kathy Peiss, Cheap Amusements (1987) p. 136
^ N. Naghibi, Rethinking Global Sisterhood (2007) p. 110
^ Jennifer Craig, The Face of Fashion (1994) p. 178
^ Susan Layleff, Wash and be Healed (1991) p. 162
^ Sylvia Walby, The Future of Feminism (2011) p. 3
^ Walby, p. 20 and p. 88
^ R. J. R. Levesque, Encyclopedia of Adolescence (2011) p. 1302
^ Levesque, p. 1297-9
^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 269–70
^ R. Wilson/D. Lavery, Fighting the Forces (2002) p. 49–51
^ Beverly Havilland, Henry James's Last Romance (1997) p. 168
^ Kenneth Clark, Civilisation (1969) p. 251-8
^ Lorna Jowett, Sex and The Slayer (2005) p. 50
^ Wilcox, p. 49 and p. 60
^ Quoted in Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (1996) p. 248
^ Lee, p. 161 and p. 266
|
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On the one hand, it served to undercut older feminist homosocial bonds and support systems;[12] on the other, it split the new feminist movement, as calls for separatist feminism challenged heterosociality, let alone heterosexuality,[13] in ways many found unacceptable.Post-feminism has generally accepted heterosociality, along with a new strategy of gender mainstreaming, but not without reservations as to the exploitative aspects of (for example) raunch culture within the new 21st century public gender regime.[14]","title":"Impact on feminism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"subcultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"teen culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_culture"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Acquiring heterosocial competence is a key adolescent task.[15] Other-sex friendships, even more than romances, can play a key role in this process.[16]Different societies and different subcultures place varying restrictions upon adolescent heterosocial roles and opportunities.[17] American teen culture in particular has been seen as aggressively promoting heterosociality over homosociality.[18]","title":"Adolescence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clark"},{"link_name":"salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(gathering)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The advancement of culture was seen by Henry James as linked to heterosociality.[19] Similarly, Kenneth Clark saw the flourishing of 18th-century French culture as rooted in the heterosociality of the salon.[20]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffy Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Summers"},{"link_name":"role model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_model"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_group"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Postfeminist criticism of Buffy Summers as powerful female role model has centred on the heterosocial nature of her particular universe of social networks.[21] Cross-sex relationships play a predominant part in the Buffy world, foreclosing more politicised readings[22] from a feminist viewpoint.\nVirginia Woolf wrote an early essay on the pleasures of heterosociality—of finding \"much to say to each other which neither would say to a person of the same sex\".[23] The Bloomsbury group as a whole can be seen as a heterosocial construct, formed in opposition to the more segregated sexual worlds of the late nineteenth century.[24]","title":"Artistic conflicts"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cross-sex friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship"},{"title":"Compulsory heterosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality"},{"title":"Gender roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_roles"},{"title":"Human bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bonding"},{"title":"Mixed-sex education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"title":"Platonic love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_love"},{"title":"Romantic friendship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_friendship"},{"title":"Romantic orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_orientation"}]
|
[{"reference":"Beere, Carole A. (1990). Sex and Gender Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measures. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-27462-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexand_bee_1990_00_5030","url_text":"Sex and Gender Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27462-2","url_text":"0-313-27462-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of \"heterosocial\" - Collins English Dictionary\". collinsdictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/heterosocial","url_text":"\"Definition of \"heterosocial\" - Collins English Dictionary\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sexand_bee_1990_00_5030","external_links_name":"Sex and Gender Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measures"},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/heterosocial","external_links_name":"\"Definition of \"heterosocial\" - Collins English Dictionary\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Senior_(2002_film)
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Junior Senior (2002 film)
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["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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2002 Tamil language film
Junior SeniorDirected byJ. SureshWritten bySureshN. Prasannakumar (dialogues)Produced byP. Loganathan (SHAKTHI INTERNATIONAL)StarringMammoottyHamsavardhanLeenaCharulathaRamesh KhannaCharlieDelhi GaneshPanduK. R. VijayaCinematographyT. RajeshEdited byB. LeninV. T. VijayanMusic byYuvan Shankar RajaRelease date
May 3, 2002 (2002-05-03)
CountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Junior Senior is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film, Produced by P.Loganathan, directed by J. Suresh starring Mammootty, Hamsavardhan and former Miss Malaysia Leena. The film was dubbed into Malayalam as Super in 2009.
Cast
Mammootty as Santhosh aka Senior
Hamsavardhan as Shakthi aka Junior
Leena as Indira
Charulatha as Varsha
Ramesh Khanna
Charle
Delhi Ganesh
Pandu
K. R. Vatsala
Production
The film was shot entirely in Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia, since the entire story plays there. Leena, who plays the female lead, is a Malaysia-born Tamilian, who was seen by J. Suresh in Malaysia and eventually given the role of the heroine, Indira. She was brought into the cast after the original choice, Tejashree, had walked out.
Soundtrack
Junior SeniorSoundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar RajaReleased13 March 2002Recorded2001GenreFeature film soundtrackLength18:37ProducerYuvanshankar RajaYuvan Shankar Raja chronology
Malli Malli Chudali(2002)
Junior Senior(2002)
Kadhal Samrajyam(2002)
The soundtrack as well as the film score were composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, who teamed up with director J. Suresh for the second time after Velai. The soundtrack, which was released on 13 March 2002, features 5 tracks, whilst the lyrics were written by Pa. Vijay and V. Ilango.
Track
Song
Singer(s)
Lyrics
Duration
Notes
1
"Anandham Pennukulle"
P. Unnikrishnan
V. Ilango
4:20
2
"Naan Oruvan"
Vijay Yesudas
Pa. Vijay
1:48
3
"Oh Shalalala Jamaai"
Yuvan Shankar Raja, Yugendran, Premji Amaran
4:18
4
"Pudhusai Pudhusai"
Srinivas, Tippu
4:35
5
"Singara Kanna"
Chitra Sivaraman
4:23
6
"Thithippai"
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
3:36
Reception
Chennai Online wrote "The director’s style is simple, the narration moves at a steady pace, the tale being told without melodrama. The director could have got a firmer grip on the script towards the latter half". Sify wrote "The director himself has no clue about the story. Absurd and haphazardly shot Junior Senior is one of the most insufferable movies in recent times and one wonders what made Mammootty, a great actor do this film!". The Hindu wrote ""Junior Senior" lacks cohesion completely with the link missing in most of the scenes. The director, obviously expects the viewer to make his inferences".
References
^ "Never say die". The Hindu. 31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "Nilacharal".
^ "Junior Senior". chennaionline.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ "Junior Senior". Sify. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018.
^ "Junior Senior". The Hindu. 3 May 2002. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
External links
Junior Senior at CineSouth
Junior Senior 'The Hindu' review
This article about a Tamil-language film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Djhone
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Leslie Djhone
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["1 Personal bests","2 Results in international competitions","3 References","4 External links"]
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French track and field athlete
Leslie DjhoneDjhone (left) at the 2011 European Athletics Indoor ChampionshipsPersonal informationNationalityFrenchBorn (1981-03-18) 18 March 1981 (age 43)Abidjan, Ivory CoastHeight1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight76 kg (168 lb)SportSportsprinting
Medal record
Men's athletics
Representing France
World Championships
2003 Paris
4x400 m relay
European Championships
2006 Gothenburg
4x400 m relay
2002 Munich
4x400 m relay
2006 Gothenburg
400 m
European Indoor Championships
2011 Paris
400 m
2011 Paris
4x400 m relay
Leslie Djhone (born 18 March 1981 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast) is a French track and field athlete who competes in the 400 metres and 4 x 400 metres relay.
Djhone won the 400 metres gold medal at the 2011 European Indoor Championships and the 400 metres bronze medal at the 2006 European Championships. In the final of the 400m event, he finished 4th at the 2003 World Championships, 5th at the 2007 World Championships, 8th at the 2009 World Championships, 7th at the 2004 Olympics and 5th at the 2008 Olympics.
Djhone has also enjoyed some success in the 4x400 metres relay, the highlight being a gold medal each at the 2003 World Championships, 2011 European Indoor Championships and 2006 European Championships. He also won the bronze medal at the 2002 European Championships.
Djhone set a new national outdoor record of 44.46 seconds in the semi-finals of the 400 m event at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan.
Djhone set a new national indoor record in the 400 m with a run of 45.85 seconds at the 2010 French Athletics Championships, taking 17 hundredths of a second off Stéphane Diagana's 18-year-old mark. In 2011, he won the 400 m (in a new national indoor record time of 45.54 seconds) and the 4 × 400 m relay gold medals at the 2011 European Indoor Championships.
Personal bests
100 metres outdoor – 10.55 s (2003)
200 metres outdoor – 20.67 s (2004)
400 metres outdoor – 44.46 s (2007)
Long jump outdoor – 7.92 m (1999)
400 metres indoor – 45.54 s (2011)
Results in international competitions
Note: Only the position in the final is indicated
Leslie Djhone at the 2008 Olympics.
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing France
1998
World Junior Championships
Annecy, France
15th (q)
Long jump
7.46 m (wind: -0.3 m/s)
1999
European Junior Championships
Riga, Latvia
1st
4 × 100 m relay
39.49
2000
World Junior Championships
Santiago, Chile
2nd
4 × 100 m relay
39.33
2001
European U23 Championships
Amsterdam, Netherlands
4th
Long jump
7.80 m (wind: 0.2 m/s)
4th
4 × 100 m relay
40.02
2002
European Championships
Munich, Germany
3rd
4 × 400 m relay
3:02.76
2003
European U23 Championships
Bydgoszcz, Poland
1st
400 m
45.04
2nd
4 × 100 m relay
39.38
World Championships
Paris, France
4th
400 m
44.83
1st
4 × 400 m relay
2:58.96
2004
Olympic Games
Athens, Greece
7th
400 m
44.94
Athens, Greece
eliminated in the 1st round heats
4 × 400 m relay
3:04.39
IAAF World Athletics Final
Monte Carlo, Monaco
4th
400 m
45.26
European Cup
Bydgoszcz, Poland
3rd
400 m
45.73
2005
World Championships
Helsinki, Finland
eliminated in the 1st round heats
400 m
46.57
Helsinki, Finland
6th
4 × 400 m relay
3:03.10
2006
European Championships
Gothenburg, Sweden
3rd
400m
45.40
1st
4 × 400 m relay
3:01.10
European Cup
Málaga, Spain
1st
4 × 400 m relay
3:03.59
2007
World Championships
Osaka, Japan
5th
400 m
44.59
Osaka, Japan
eliminated in the 1st round heats
4 × 400 m relay
3:04.45
European Cup
Munich, Germany
1st
400 m
45.54
2008
Olympic Games
Beijing, China
5th
400 m
45.11
2009
World Championships
Berlin, Germany
8th
400 m
45.90
Berlin, Germany
7th
4 × 400 m relay
3:02.65
2010
European Championships
Barcelona, Spain
6th
400 m
45.30
Barcelona, Spain
6th
4 × 400 m relay
3:03.85
European Team Championships
Bergen, Norway
2nd
400 m
45.72
2011
European Indoor Championships
Paris, France
1st
400 m
45.54
1st
4 × 400 m relay
3:06.17
References
^ Vazel, Pierre Jean (2010-03-01). Djhone breaks 18-year-old 400m national record, 8.24m world lead for Sdiri in Paris – French Indoor Champs. IAAF Retrieved on 2010-03-01.
External links
Leslie Djhone at World Athletics
Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Leslie Djhone". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.
vteWorld champions in men's 4 × 400 metres relay
1983: Sergey Lovachov, Aliaksandr Trashchyla, Nikolay Chernetskiy, Viktor Markin (URS)
1987: Danny Everett, Roddie Haley, Antonio McKay, Butch Reynolds, Michael Franks, Raymond Pierre (USA)
1991: Roger Black, Derek Redmond, John Regis, Kriss Akabusi, Ade Mafe, Mark Richardson (GBR)
1993: Andrew Valmon, Quincy Watts, Butch Reynolds, Michael Johnson, Antonio Pettigrew, Derek Mills (USA)
1995: Marlon Ramsey, Derek Mills, Butch Reynolds, Michael Johnson, Kevin Lyles, Darnell Hall (USA)
1997: Iwan Thomas, Roger Black, Jamie Baulch, Mark Richardson, Mark Hylton (GBR)
1999: Tomasz Czubak, Robert Maćkowiak, Jacek Bocian, Piotr Haczek, Piotr Długosielski (POL)
2001: Troy McIntosh, Avard Moncur, Carl Oliver, Timothy Munnings, Chris Brown (BAH)
2003: Ahmed Douhou, Naman Keïta, Stéphane Diagana, Marc Raquil, Leslie Djhone (FRA)
2005: Andrew Rock, Derrick Brew, Darold Williamson, Jeremy Wariner, Miles Smith, LaShawn Merritt (USA)
2007: LaShawn Merritt, Angelo Taylor, Darold Williamson, Jeremy Wariner, Bershawn Jackson, Kerron Clement (USA)
2009: Angelo Taylor, Jeremy Wariner, Kerron Clement, LaShawn Merritt, Lionel Larry, Bershawn Jackson (USA)
2011: Greg Nixon, Bershawn Jackson, Angelo Taylor, LaShawn Merritt, Jamaal Torrance, Michael Berry (USA)
2013: David Verburg, Tony McQuay, Arman Hall, LaShawn Merritt, James Harris, Joshua Mance (USA)
2015: David Verburg, Tony McQuay, Bryshon Nellum, LaShawn Merritt, Kyle Clemons, Vernon Norwood (USA)
2017: Jarrin Solomon, Jereem Richards, Machel Cedenio, Lalonde Gordon, Renny Quow (TRI)
2019: Fred Kerley, Michael Cherry, Wilbert London, Rai Benjamin, Tyrell Richard, Vernon Norwood, Nathan Strother (USA)
2022: Elija Godwin, Vernon Norwood, Bryce Deadmon, Trevor Bassitt, Champion Allison, Michael Norman (USA)
2023: Quincy Hall, Vernon Norwood, Justin Robinson, Rai Benjamin, Trevor Bassitt, Matthew Boling, Christopher Bailey (USA)
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 4 × 400 metres relay
1934: Germany (Hamann, Scheele, Voigt, Metzner)
1938: Germany (Blazejezak, Bues, Linnhoff, Harbig)
1946: France (Santona, Cros, Chef d'Hôtel, Lunis)
1950: Great Britain (Pike, Lewis, Scott, Pugh)
1954: France (Haarhoff, Degats, Martin-du-Gard, Goudeau)
1958: Great Britain (Sampson, MacIsaac, Wrighton, Salisbury)
1962: West Germany (Kindermann, Schmitt, Reske, Kinder)
1966: Poland (Werner, Borowski, Grędziński, Badeński)
1969: France (Bertould, Nicolau, Carette, Nallet)
1971: West Germany (Schlöske, Jordan, Jellinghaus, Köhler)
1974: Great Britain (Cohen, Hartley, Pascoe, Jenkins)
1978: West Germany (Weppler, Hofmeister, Herrmann, Schmid)
1982: West Germany (Skamrahl, Schmid, Giessing, Weber)
1986: Great Britain (Redmond, Akabusi, Whittle, Black)
1990: Great Britain (Sanders, Akabusi, Regis, Black)
1994: Great Britain (McKenzie, Black, Whittle, Ladejo)
1998: Great Britain (Hylton, Baulch, Thomas, Richardson)
2002: Great Britain (Deacon, Elias, Baulch, Caines)
2006: France (Djhone, M'Barke, Keïta, Raquil)
2010: Russia (Dyldin, Aksyonov, Krasnov, Trenikhin)
2012: Belgium (Gillet, J. Borlée, Bouckaert, K. Borlée)
2014: Great Britain (Rooney, Bingham, Williams, Hudson-Smith)
2016: Belgium (Watrin, J. Borlée, D. Borlée, K. Borlée)
2018: Belgium (D. Borlée, J. Borlée, J. Sacoor, K. Borlée)
2022: Great Britain (Hudson-Smith, Dobson, Davey, Haydock-Wilson)
2024: Belgium (Sacoor, Vanderbemden, D. Borlée, Doom)
vteEuropean Athletics Indoor Champions in men's 400 metres
1966: Hartmut Koch (GDR)
1967: Manfred Kinder (FRG)
1968: Andrzej Badeński (POL)
1969: Jan Balachowski (POL)
1970: Aleksandr Bratchikov (URS)
1971: Andrzej Badeński (POL)
1972: Georg Nückles (FRG)
1973: Luciano Sušanj (YUG)
1974: Fons Brydenbach (BEL)
1975: Hermann Köhler (FRG)
1976: Yanko Bratanov (BUL)
1977: Fons Brydenbach (BEL)
1978: Pietro Mennea (ITA)
1979: Karel Kolář (TCH)
1980: Nikolay Chernetskiy (URS)
1981: Andreas Knebel (GDR)
1982: Pavel Konovalov (URS)
1983: Yevgeniy Lomtyev (URS)
1984: Sergey Lovachov (URS)
1985: Todd Bennett (GBR)
1986: Thomas Schönlebe (GDR)
1987: Todd Bennett (GBR)
1988: Jens Carlowitz (GDR)
1989: Cayetano Cornet (ESP)
1990: Norbert Dobeleit (FRG)
1992: Slobodan Brankovic (YUG)
1994: Du'aine Ladejo (GBR)
1996: Du'aine Ladejo (GBR)
1998: Ruslan Mashchenko (RUS)
2000: Iliya Dzhivondov (BUL)
2002: Marek Plawgo (POL)
2005: David Gillick (IRL)
2007: David Gillick (IRL)
2009: Johan Wissman (SWE)
2011: Leslie Djhone (FRA)
2013: Pavel Maslák (CZE)
2015: Pavel Maslák (CZE)
2017: Pavel Maslák (CZE)
2019: Karsten Warholm (NOR)
2021: Óscar Husillos (ESP)
2023: Karsten Warholm (NOR)
vteEuropean Indoor Champions in men's 4 × 400 metres relay
2000: Czech Republic (Mužík, Poděbradský, Tesařík, Bláha)
2002: Poland (Plawgo, Rysiukiewicz, Gąsiewski, Maćkowiak)
2005: France (Maunier, Wallard, Panel, Raquil)
2007: Great Britain (Garland, Tobin, Taylor, Green)
2009: Italy (Marin, Galvan, Rao, Licciardello)
2011: France (Macedot, Djhone, Hanne, Décimus)
2013: Great Britain (Levine, Bingham, Strachan, Buck)
2015: Belgium (Watrin, D. Borlée, J. Borlée, K. Borlée)
2017: Poland (Kozłowski, Krawczuk, Waściński, Omelko)
2019: Belgium (Watrin, J. Borlée, D. Borlée, K. Borlée)
2021: Netherlands (Dobber, Bonevacia, Angela, van Diepen)
2023: Belgium (Watrin, Doom, D. Borlée, K. Borlée)
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"},{"link_name":"4 x 400 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_x_400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"2011 European Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_European_Indoor_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2006 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_European_Athletics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2003 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2007 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2009 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2004 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres"},{"link_name":"2008 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres"},{"link_name":"4x400 metres relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4x400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"national outdoor record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"400 m event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres"},{"link_name":"2007 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"national indoor record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Stéphane Diagana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Diagana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"national indoor record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"2011 European Indoor Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships"}],"text":"Leslie Djhone (born 18 March 1981 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast) is a French track and field athlete who competes in the 400 metres and 4 x 400 metres relay.Djhone won the 400 metres gold medal at the 2011 European Indoor Championships and the 400 metres bronze medal at the 2006 European Championships. In the final of the 400m event, he finished 4th at the 2003 World Championships, 5th at the 2007 World Championships, 8th at the 2009 World Championships, 7th at the 2004 Olympics and 5th at the 2008 Olympics.Djhone has also enjoyed some success in the 4x400 metres relay, the highlight being a gold medal each at the 2003 World Championships, 2011 European Indoor Championships and 2006 European Championships. He also won the bronze medal at the 2002 European Championships.Djhone set a new national outdoor record of 44.46 seconds in the semi-finals of the 400 m event at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan.Djhone set a new national indoor record in the 400 m with a run of 45.85 seconds at the 2010 French Athletics Championships, taking 17 hundredths of a second off Stéphane Diagana's 18-year-old mark.[1] In 2011, he won the 400 m (in a new national indoor record time of 45.54 seconds) and the 4 × 400 m relay gold medals at the 2011 European Indoor Championships.","title":"Leslie Djhone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"200 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_metres"},{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"},{"link_name":"Long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"400 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_metres"}],"text":"100 metres outdoor – 10.55 s (2003)\n200 metres outdoor – 20.67 s (2004)\n400 metres outdoor – 44.46 s (2007)\nLong jump outdoor – 7.92 m (1999)\n400 metres indoor – 45.54 s (2011)","title":"Personal bests"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Djhonebeijing.jpg"},{"link_name":"2008 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Note: Only the position in the final is indicatedLeslie Djhone at the 2008 Olympics.","title":"Results in international competitions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Leslie Djhone at the 2008 Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Djhonebeijing.jpg/200px-Djhonebeijing.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Leslie Djhone\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417194901/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/dj/leslie-djhone-1.html","url_text":"\"Leslie Djhone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/dj/leslie-djhone-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/WIC10/news/kind=100/newsid=55716.html","external_links_name":"Djhone breaks 18-year-old 400m national record, 8.24m world lead for Sdiri in Paris – French Indoor Champs"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14184409","external_links_name":"Leslie Djhone"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417194901/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/dj/leslie-djhone-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Leslie Djhone\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/dj/leslie-djhone-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14184409","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Thom_Province
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Kampong Thom province
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["1 Etymology","2 Administration","3 History","4 Geography","4.1 Religion","5 Economy","6 Notable people","7 Attraction","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 12°42′N 104°53′E / 12.700°N 104.883°E / 12.700; 104.883Province of Cambodia
Province in CambodiaKampong Thom
កំពង់ធំProvinceKampong Thom Provinceខេត្តកំពង់ធំSambor Prei Kuk, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the symbol of the province
SealMap of Cambodia highlighting Kampong ThomCoordinates: 12°42′N 104°53′E / 12.700°N 104.883°E / 12.700; 104.883Country CambodiaProvincial status1907CapitalKampong ThomSubdivisions1 municipality; 8 districtsGovernment • GovernorNgoun Ratanak (CPP) • National Assembly6 / 125
Area • Total13,814 km2 (5,334 sq mi) • Rank2ndPopulation (2019) • Total 681,549 • Rank11th • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi) • Rank17thTime zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)Dialing code+855ISO 3166 codeKH-6Websitewww.kampongthom.gov.kh
This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.
Kampong Thom (Khmer: កំពង់ធំ, UNGEGN: Kâmpóng Thum ; lit. 'Great Port') is a province (khaet) of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Siem Reap to the northwest, Preah Vihear to the north, Stung Treng to the northeast, Kratie to the east, Kampong Cham and Kampong Chhnang to the south, and the Tonle Sap to the west.
The provincial capital is Stung Saen, a town of approximately 30,000 people on the banks of the Stung Sen River.
Kampong Thom is Cambodia's second largest province by area. There are a number of significant Angkorian sites in the area, including Prasat Sambor Prei Kuk and Prasat Andet temples. As one of the nine provinces bordering Tonle Sap Lake, Kampong Thom is part of the Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve.
Etymology
Kampong Thom in Khmer means 'great port' or 'great harbor'. Kampong in Khmer translates as 'port' or 'harbor'. The word Kampong is shared in other Asian languages, the Malay and Indonesian, both meaning 'village'. Thom in the Khmer language means 'big', 'grand', or 'large'.
Administration
The province is divided into eight districts and one municipality, further divided into 81 communes.
ISO code
District
Khmer
Population (2019)
06-01
Baray
ស្រុកបារាយណ៍
104,032
06-02
Kampong Svay
ស្រុកកំពង់ស្វាយ
90,271
06-03
Steung Saen Municipality
ក្រុងស្ទឹងសែន
53,118
06-04
Prasat Balangk
ស្រុកប្រាសាទបល្ល័ង្ក
47,888
06-05
Prasat Sambour
ស្រុកប្រាសាទសំបូរ
43,390
06-06
Sandaan
ស្រុកសណ្ដាន់
62,013
06-07
Santuk
ស្រុកសន្ទុក
101,428
06-08
Stoung
ស្រុកស្ទោង
108,372
06-09
Taing Kouk
ស្រុកតាំងគោក
64,888
History
The previous name of the province was Kampong Pous Thom ('Port', 'City of the Great Snakes'). According to local legend, at a lakeside dock near the Sen River, a pair of large snakes inhabited a nearby cave. On every Buddhist holiday, the snakes would make appearances to the people nearby who then began to refer to the area as Kampong Pous Thom. Eventually the snakes disappeared and the name was shortened to Kampong Thom. During the Colonial Cambodia period, the French divided Cambodian territory into provinces and named most of them according to the local popular names for the respective areas.
Kampong Thom was a powerful capital in Southeast Asia during the Funan period. Prasat Sambor Prei Kuk, dating from the Chenla era, is in Kampong Thom province.
The ancient temple complex of Sambor Prei Kuk in northern Kampong Thom.
Geography
Two of the three core areas in Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve lie in Kampong Thom.
Boeng Chhmar (14,560 hectares), and
Stung Saen (6,355 hectares).
Prey Pras, Kampong Thom
Religion
Religion in Kampong Thom (2019 census)
Buddhism (98.6%) Islam (1.0%) Christianity (0.3%) Animism and Other religions (0%)
The state religion is Theravada Buddhism. More than 98.6% of the people in Kampong Thom are Buddhists. Chams have been practicing Islam for hundreds of years. A small percentage follow Christianity.
Economy
Much of Kampong Thom is on the floodplain of the Tonlé Sap lake. In 2003–2004, it was a significant producer of wild fish (18,800 tons) and the fourth largest producer of fish through aquaculture in Cambodia (1,800 tons). Most of the fish-raising is done by home production, with a growing segment devoted to rice field aquaculture.
Kampong Thom is also one of the largest producers of cashew nuts in Cambodia, with 6,371 hectares under production in 2003–2004.
The province is one of the largest producer of cashews in the country.
Rice paddies in Baray District.
Irrigation canals and farmlands
Notable people
Chhoeung Lvai, Khmer boxer
Eng Chhai Eang, politician
Kang Kek Iew, former Khmer Rouge personnel
Ke Pauk, former Khmer Rouge personnel
Kouch Sokumpheak, footballer
Nguon Nhel, politician
Pol Pot, former Khmer Rouge dictator and Prime Minister
Attraction
Tonle Sap See
Sambor Prei Kuk
Phnom Santuk
Prey Pras
References
^ "General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
^ "Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Environmental Information Database - Home". Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
^ Kubo, Sumiko; Shimamoto, Sae; Nagumo, Naoko; Yamagata, Mariko; Him, Sophorn; So, Sokuntheary; Chang, Vitharong; Lun, Votey; Shimoda, Ichita; Nakagawa, Takeshi (March 2012). "Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia" (PDF). BULLETIN of the Graduate School of Education of Waseda University. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^ Save Cambodia's Wildlife. The Atlas of Cambodia: National Poverty & Environment Maps, SWC, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2006, p. 72.
^ "Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics Ministry of planning. October 2020.
^ Save Cambodia's Wildlife. The Atlas of Cambodia: National Poverty & Environment Maps, SWC, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2006, pp. 78–81.
^ Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, The Fruit Crops: Agricultural Statistics, 2003–04, Phnom Penh, 2004.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kampong Thom Province.
Beyond Angkor: Historical Sites in Kampong Thom Province - Unique Graphical Interactive Maps and info about all the ancient historical sites
Official Website
Places adjacent to Kampong Thom province
Siem Reap province
PReah Vihea
Stung Treng province
Siem Reap province
Kampong Thom province
Kratie province
Pursat province, Tonlé Sap
Kampong Chhnang province
Kampong Cham province
vte Kampong Thom provinceCapital: Kampong Thom / Stueng SaenDistricts
Baray
Kampong Svay
Stueng Saen Municipality
city
Prasat Balang
Prasat Sambour
Sandan
Santuk
Stoung
vteProvinces of CambodiaAutonomous municipality
Phnom Penh
Provinces
Banteay Meanchey
Battambang
Kampong Cham
Kampong Chhnang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Kampot
Kandal
Kep
Koh Kong
Kratié
Mondulkiri
Oddar Meanchey
Pailin
Pursat
Preah Sihanouk
Preah Vihear
Prey Veng
Ratanakiri
Siem Reap
Stung Treng
Svay Rieng
Takeo
Tboung Khmum
Portal: Cambodia
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Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.Kampong Thom (Khmer: កំពង់ធំ, UNGEGN: Kâmpóng Thum [kɑmpɔŋ tʰom]; lit. 'Great Port') is a province (khaet) of Cambodia. It borders the provinces of Siem Reap to the northwest, Preah Vihear to the north, Stung Treng to the northeast, Kratie to the east, Kampong Cham and Kampong Chhnang to the south, and the Tonle Sap to the west.The provincial capital is Stung Saen, a town of approximately 30,000 people on the banks of the Stung Sen River.Kampong Thom is Cambodia's second largest province by area. There are a number of significant Angkorian sites in the area, including Prasat Sambor Prei Kuk and Prasat Andet temples. As one of the nine provinces bordering Tonle Sap Lake, Kampong Thom is part of the Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve.[2]","title":"Kampong Thom province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"}],"text":"Kampong Thom in Khmer means 'great port' or 'great harbor'. Kampong in Khmer translates as 'port' or 'harbor'. The word Kampong is shared in other Asian languages, the Malay and Indonesian, both meaning 'village'. Thom in the Khmer language means 'big', 'grand', or 'large'.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The province is divided into eight districts and one municipality, further divided into 81 communes.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonial Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Funan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chenla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sambor_Prei_Kuk_S11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sambor_Prei_Kuk_C01_B.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sambor_Prei_kuk.-_Groupe_N_en_2014_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sambor Prei Kuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambor_Prei_Kuk"}],"text":"The previous name of the province was Kampong Pous Thom ('Port', 'City of the Great Snakes'). According to local legend, at a lakeside dock near the Sen River, a pair of large snakes inhabited a nearby cave. On every Buddhist holiday, the snakes would make appearances to the people nearby who then began to refer to the area as Kampong Pous Thom. Eventually the snakes disappeared and the name was shortened to Kampong Thom. During the Colonial Cambodia period, the French divided Cambodian territory into provinces and named most of them according to the local popular names for the respective areas.Kampong Thom was a powerful capital in Southeast Asia during the Funan period.[citation needed] Prasat Sambor Prei Kuk, dating from the Chenla era, is in Kampong Thom province.[3]The ancient temple complex of Sambor Prei Kuk in northern Kampong Thom.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap_Biosphere_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Boeng Chhmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeng_Chhmar"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prey_Pras,_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86_%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84,_Cambodia_-_panoramio_(2).jpg"}],"text":"Two of the three core areas in Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve lie in Kampong Thom.Boeng Chhmar (14,560 hectares), and\nStung Saen (6,355 hectares).[4]Prey Pras, Kampong Thom","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Religion in Kampong Thom (2019 census)[5]\n\n Buddhism (98.6%) Islam (1.0%) Christianity (0.3%) Animism and Other religions (0%)The state religion is Theravada Buddhism. More than 98.6% of the people in Kampong Thom are Buddhists. Chams have been practicing Islam for hundreds of years. A small percentage follow Christianity.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonlé Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Sap"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cashew nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew_nuts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cashew_apples.jpg"},{"link_name":"cashews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baray_rice_paddies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_canal_Kampong_Thom_area_Cambodia_(10705523074).jpg"}],"text":"Much of Kampong Thom is on the floodplain of the Tonlé Sap lake. In 2003–2004, it was a significant producer of wild fish (18,800 tons) and the fourth largest producer of fish through aquaculture in Cambodia (1,800 tons). Most of the fish-raising is done by home production, with a growing segment devoted to rice field aquaculture.[6]Kampong Thom is also one of the largest producers of cashew nuts in Cambodia, with 6,371 hectares under production in 2003–2004.[7]The province is one of the largest producer of cashews in the country.\n\n\nRice paddies in Baray District.\n\n\nIrrigation canals and farmlands","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chhoeung Lvai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhoeung_Lvai"},{"link_name":"Eng Chhai Eang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_Chhai_Eang"},{"link_name":"Kang Kek Iew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew"},{"link_name":"Ke Pauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke_Pauk"},{"link_name":"Kouch Sokumpheak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouch_Sokumpheak"},{"link_name":"Nguon Nhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguon_Nhel"},{"link_name":"Pol Pot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Pot"}],"text":"Chhoeung Lvai, Khmer boxer\nEng Chhai Eang, politician\nKang Kek Iew, former Khmer Rouge personnel\nKe Pauk, former Khmer Rouge personnel\nKouch Sokumpheak, footballer\nNguon Nhel, politician\nPol Pot, former Khmer Rouge dictator and Prime Minister","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonle_Sap_See.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One_of_many_temples_in_Sambor_Prei_Kuk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parts_of_the_temple_from_phnom_santuk_by_2eight_dsc3693.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prey_Pras,_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86_%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84,_Cambodia_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Tonle Sap See\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSambor Prei Kuk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPhnom Santuk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrey Pras","title":"Attraction"}]
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[{"image_text":"Prey Pras, Kampong Thom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Prey_Pras%2C_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86_%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84%2C_Cambodia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/500px-Prey_Pras%2C_%E1%9E%83%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86_%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%84%2C_Cambodia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The province is one of the largest producer of cashews in the country.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cashew_apples.jpg/210px-Cashew_apples.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rice paddies in Baray District.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Baray_rice_paddies.jpg/210px-Baray_rice_paddies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irrigation canals and farmlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Irrigation_canal_Kampong_Thom_area_Cambodia_%2810705523074%29.jpg/210px-Irrigation_canal_Kampong_Thom_area_Cambodia_%2810705523074%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results\" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Planning. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf","url_text":"\"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning_(Cambodia)","url_text":"Ministry of Planning"}]},{"reference":"\"Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Environmental Information Database - Home\". Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/","url_text":"\"Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Environmental Information Database - Home\""},{"url":"http://www.tsbr-ed.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kubo, Sumiko; Shimamoto, Sae; Nagumo, Naoko; Yamagata, Mariko; Him, Sophorn; So, Sokuntheary; Chang, Vitharong; Lun, Votey; Shimoda, Ichita; Nakagawa, Takeshi (March 2012). \"Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia\" (PDF). BULLETIN of the Graduate School of Education of Waseda University. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222204852/https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/35622/1/KyoikugakuKenkyukaKiyo_22_Kubo.pdf","url_text":"\"Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia\""},{"url":"https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/35622/1/KyoikugakuKenkyukaKiyo_22_Kubo.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf\" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics Ministry of planning. October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf","url_text":"\"Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kampong_Thom_province¶ms=12_42_N_104_53_E_type:adm1st_region:KH","external_links_name":"12°42′N 104°53′E / 12.700°N 104.883°E / 12.700; 104.883"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kampong_Thom_province¶ms=12_42_N_104_53_E_type:adm1st_region:KH","external_links_name":"12°42′N 104°53′E / 12.700°N 104.883°E / 12.700; 104.883"},{"Link":"http://www.kampongthom.gov.kh/","external_links_name":"www.kampongthom.gov.kh"},{"Link":"http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Population Census of the Kingdom of Cambodia 2019 – Final Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905070736/http://www.tsbr-ed.org/","external_links_name":"\"Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Environmental Information Database - Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsbr-ed.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222204852/https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/35622/1/KyoikugakuKenkyukaKiyo_22_Kubo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Geomorphology, Archaeo-stratigraphy, and 14C Ages of Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkorean Site, Central Cambodia\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/35622/1/KyoikugakuKenkyukaKiyo_22_Kubo.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final General Population Census 2019-English.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://beyondangkor.org/index.php/Category:Kampong_Thom_Province","external_links_name":"Beyond Angkor: Historical Sites in Kampong Thom Province"},{"Link":"http://kampongthom.gov.kh/","external_links_name":"Official Website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Linux
|
Absolute Linux
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Absolute Linux" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Absolute Linux" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018)
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Linux distribution
Absolute LinuxDeveloperPaul Sherman, USAOS familyLinux (Unix-like)Working stateCurrentSource modelPrimarily open sourceInitial release2007Latest release20230122 / 22 January 2023 Marketing targetNetbooks, older systems and general useAvailable inEnglishPackage managerXPKGTOOLPlatformsx86-64Kernel typeMonolithicDefaultuser interfaceIceWMLicenseGPL and various othersOfficial websiteabsolutelinux.org
Absolute Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution that works on older hardware and is based on Slackware Linux. The client is designed for everyday use (internet, multimedia, documents). Absolute Linux's default window and file managers are IceWM and ROX-Filer. Some of the programs offered by default include: GIMP, LibreOffice, Firefox, Xfburn, p7zip, qBittorrent, and Vivaldi. Many script utilities are included with Absolute Linux to aid with configuration and maintenance of the system.
Absolute Linux uses a graphical frontend to XPKGTOOL. Absolute Linux also bundles Gsplat, a Graphical frontend to Slapt-get which works similarly to Apt-get.
See also
IceWM
Lightweight Portable Security
Lightweight Linux distribution
Slackware
Slapt-get
Linux distribution
References
^ "" Absolute64-20230122 released"".
^ "About Absolute Linux". Absolute Linux.
^ "DistroWatch.com: Absolute Linux". DistroWatch. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
^ "package list".
^ "Absolute Linux is an absolute winner". Linux.com. 7 August 2007.
External links
Official website
This Linux-distribution-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightweight Linux distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Linux_distribution"},{"link_name":"Slackware Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware_Linux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"IceWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceWM"},{"link_name":"ROX-Filer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROX_Desktop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"GIMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP"},{"link_name":"LibreOffice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"},{"link_name":"Firefox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"},{"link_name":"Xfburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfburn"},{"link_name":"p7zip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P7zip"},{"link_name":"qBittorrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBittorrent"},{"link_name":"Vivaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"graphical frontend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_frontend"},{"link_name":"XPKGTOOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=XPKGTOOL&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gsplat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gsplat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Graphical frontend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_frontend"},{"link_name":"Slapt-get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapt-get"},{"link_name":"Apt-get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apt-get"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Linux distributionAbsolute Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution that works on older hardware and is based on Slackware Linux.[2] The client is designed for everyday use (internet, multimedia, documents). Absolute Linux's default window and file managers are IceWM and ROX-Filer.[3] Some of the programs offered by default include: GIMP, LibreOffice, Firefox, Xfburn, p7zip, qBittorrent, and Vivaldi.[4] Many script utilities are included with Absolute Linux to aid with configuration and maintenance of the system.Absolute Linux uses a graphical frontend to XPKGTOOL. Absolute Linux also bundles Gsplat, a Graphical frontend to Slapt-get which works similarly to Apt-get.[5]","title":"Absolute Linux"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"IceWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceWM"},{"title":"Lightweight Portable Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Portable_Security"},{"title":"Lightweight Linux distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Linux_distribution"},{"title":"Slackware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware"},{"title":"Slapt-get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapt-get"},{"title":"Linux distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"\" Absolute64-20230122 released\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/","url_text":"\"\" Absolute64-20230122 released\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Absolute Linux\". Absolute Linux.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/about.html","url_text":"\"About Absolute Linux\""}]},{"reference":"\"DistroWatch.com: Absolute Linux\". DistroWatch. Retrieved 9 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=absolute","url_text":"\"DistroWatch.com: Absolute Linux\""}]},{"reference":"\"package list\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/package_list64.html","url_text":"\"package list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Absolute Linux is an absolute winner\". Linux.com. 7 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.linux.com/news/absolute-linux-absolute-winner/","url_text":"\"Absolute Linux is an absolute winner\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22","external_links_name":"\"Absolute Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Absolute+Linux%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Absolute+Linux%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolute_Linux&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22","external_links_name":"\"Absolute Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Absolute+Linux%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Absolute+Linux%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Absolute+Linux%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/","external_links_name":"absolutelinux.org"},{"Link":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/","external_links_name":"\"\" Absolute64-20230122 released\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About Absolute Linux\""},{"Link":"http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=absolute","external_links_name":"\"DistroWatch.com: Absolute Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/package_list64.html","external_links_name":"\"package list\""},{"Link":"https://www.linux.com/news/absolute-linux-absolute-winner/","external_links_name":"\"Absolute Linux is an absolute winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.absolutelinux.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absolute_Linux&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneal_space
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Retroperitoneal space
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["1 Retroperitoneal structures","1.1 Subdivisions","2 Clinical significance","3 See also","4 References"]
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Anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal spaceHorizontal plane through the kidneys, showing subdivisions of the retroperitoneal space. The anterior and posterior pararenal spaces have been exaggerated to provide representation of their relation to other retroperitoneal structures.Human kidneys viewed from behind with spine removedDetailsIdentifiersLatinspatium retroperitonealeMeSHD012187TA98A10.1.01.002TA23814FMA15080Anatomical terminology
The retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space (sometimes a potential space) behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they have peritoneum on their anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall are classified as retroperitoneal.
This is different from organs that are not retroperitoneal, which have peritoneum on their posterior side and are suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity.
The retroperitoneum can be further subdivided into the following:
Perirenal (or perinephric) space
Anterior pararenal (or paranephric) space
Posterior pararenal (or paranephric) space
Retroperitoneal structures
Structures that lie behind the peritoneum are termed "retroperitoneal". Organs that were once suspended within the abdominal cavity by mesentery but migrated posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal are considered to be secondarily retroperitoneal organs.
Primarily retroperitoneal, meaning the structures were retroperitoneal during the entirety of development:
urinary
adrenal glands
kidneys
ureter
circulatory
aorta
inferior vena cava
digestive
anal canal
Secondarily retroperitoneal, meaning the structures initially were suspended in mesentery and later migrated behind the peritoneum during development
the duodenum, except for the proximal first segment, which is intraperitoneal
ascending and descending portions of the colon (but not the transverse colon, sigmoid and the cecum)
pancreas, except for the tail, which is intraperitoneal
Subdivisions
Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. (Peritoneum is labeled at center right.)
Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney (pararenal fat labeled as paranephric body center left)
Perirenal space
It is also called the perinephric space. Bounded by the anterior and posterior leaves of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures:
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Renal vessels
Perirenal fat (also "perirenal fat capsule", "perinephric fat, or "adipose capsule of the kidney") is external to the fibrous capsule of the kidney, and internal to the renal fascia (which separates it from the pararenal fat); connective tissue trabeculae extend through it to unite the fibrous capsule of the kidney, and the renal fascia. Perirenal fat is most abundant upon the posterior aspect, inferior pole and along the lateral margins of the kidney.
Anterior pararenal space
Bounded by the posterior layer of peritoneum and the anterior leaf of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures:
Pancreas
Ascending and descending colon
Duodenum
Posterior pararenal space
Bounded by the posterior leaf of the renal fascia and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains only fat ("pararenal fat" also known as "pararenal fat body", "paranephric body", or "paranephric fat").
Pararenal fat is a fatty layer situated posterior to the renal compartment, and extending inferiorly into the iliac fossa. It is situated posterior to the posterior aspect of renal fascia, and anterior to the aponeuroses of the retrorenal muscles. It is plentiful in the dihedral angle of the iliopsoas muscle and the quadratus lumborum muscle, filling the lumbar fossa posterior and inferior to the kidney.
Clinical significance
Bleeding from a blood vessel or structure in the retroperitoneal such as the aorta or inferior vena cava into the retroperitoneal space can lead to a retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
It is also possible to have a neoplasm in this area, more commonly a metastasis; or very rarely a primary neoplasm. The most common type is a sarcoma followed by lymphoma, extragonadal germ cell tumor, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor/GIST. Examples of tumors include
Primary peritoneal carcinoma
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Examples of sarcomas include:
Soft-tissue sarcoma
liposarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, a clinically distinct sarcoma of the area
See also
Intraperitoneal
Retropubic space
Rectovesical pouch
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
References
^ Gray's Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed. 2010. Pg. 251
^ Ryan, Stephanie; McNicholas, Michelle; Eustace, Stephen (2004). Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. Sydney: Saunders. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7020-2620-1.
^ Kyung Won Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 256. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.
^ K. L. Moore; A. F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur (2005). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1209. ISBN 0-7817-3639-0.
^ a b "Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ University of Michigan - Lab Manual - Kidneys & Retroperitoneum
^ "Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ "corps adipeux pararénal - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
^ Raval, Bharat; Pollock, Raphael E.; Guadagnolo, Ashleigh; Patel, Shreyaskumar (1 January 2012). "Chapter 23 - Primary Retroperitoneal Tumors". Oncologic Imaging: A Multidisciplinary Approach. W.B. Saunders. pp. 403–421.
vteAnatomy of the peritoneum and mesenteryGeneral
Peritoneum
cavity
Mesentery
AbdominalFromventral mesentery
Lesser omentum
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Liver
Coronary ligament
(Left triangular ligament
Right triangular ligament
Hepatorenal ligament)
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of liver
Ligamentum venosum
Fromdorsal mesentery
Greater omentum
Gastrophrenic ligament
Gastrocolic ligament
Gastrosplenic ligament
Mesentery
Splenorenal ligament
Phrenicocolic ligament
Folds
Umbilical folds
Supravesical fossa
Medial inguinal fossa
Lateral umbilical fold
Lateral inguinal fossa
Ileocecal fold
Abdominal cavity
Greater sac
Lesser sac
Omental foramen
General
Cystohepatic triangle
Hepatorenal recess
Abdominal wall
Inguinal triangle
Peritoneal recesses
Paracolic gutters
Paramesenteric gutters
PelvicUterus/ovaries
Broad ligament of the uterus
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium)
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Recesses
Female
Rectouterine pouch
Rectouterine fold (Uterosacral ligament)
Vesicouterine pouch
Ovarian fossa
Paravesical fossa
Retroperitonium
Male
Rectovesical pouch
Pararectal fossa
Spaces
Extraperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal space
Retropubic space
Authority control databases National
Czech Republic
Other
Terminologia Anatomica
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anatomical space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatium"},{"link_name":"potential space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_space"},{"link_name":"peritoneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"},{"link_name":"mesentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn978-0-7020-2620-1-2"}],"text":"The retroperitoneal space (retroperitoneum) is the anatomical space (sometimes a potential space) behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they have peritoneum on their anterior side only. Structures that are not suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity and that lie between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall are classified as retroperitoneal.[1]This is different from organs that are not retroperitoneal, which have peritoneum on their posterior side and are suspended by mesentery in the abdominal cavity.The retroperitoneum can be further subdivided into the following:[2]Perirenal (or perinephric) space\nAnterior pararenal (or paranephric) space\nPosterior pararenal (or paranephric) space","title":"Retroperitoneal space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peritoneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"},{"link_name":"mesentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery"},{"link_name":"embryogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis"},{"link_name":"adrenal glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"kidneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"ureter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureter"},{"link_name":"aorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta"},{"link_name":"inferior vena cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava"},{"link_name":"digestive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_system"},{"link_name":"anal canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_canal"},{"link_name":"mesentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesentery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0-7817-5309-0-3"},{"link_name":"duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isbn0781736390-4"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)"}],"text":"Structures that lie behind the peritoneum are termed \"retroperitoneal\". Organs that were once suspended within the abdominal cavity by mesentery but migrated posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal are considered to be secondarily retroperitoneal organs.Primarily retroperitoneal, meaning the structures were retroperitoneal during the entirety of development:\nurinary\nadrenal glands\nkidneys\nureter\ncirculatory\naorta\ninferior vena cava\ndigestive\nanal canal\nSecondarily retroperitoneal, meaning the structures initially were suspended in mesentery and later migrated behind the peritoneum during development[3]\nthe duodenum, except for the proximal first segment, which is intraperitoneal[4]\nascending and descending portions of the colon (but not the transverse colon, sigmoid and the cecum)\npancreas, except for the tail, which is intraperitoneal","title":"Retroperitoneal structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1126.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1125.png"},{"link_name":"Sagittal section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_section"},{"link_name":"abdominal wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_wall"},{"link_name":"kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"renal fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fascia"},{"link_name":"Adrenal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland"},{"link_name":"Kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney"},{"link_name":"Renal vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_blood_flow"},{"link_name":"Perirenal fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perirenal_fat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"peritoneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"},{"link_name":"renal fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fascia"},{"link_name":"Pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"Duodenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum"},{"link_name":"iliac fossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac_fossa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"renal fascia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_fascia"},{"link_name":"dihedral angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_angle"},{"link_name":"iliopsoas muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliopsoas_muscle"},{"link_name":"quadratus lumborum muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratus_lumborum_muscle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Subdivisions","text":"Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. (Peritoneum is labeled at center right.)Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney (pararenal fat labeled as paranephric body center left)Perirenal spaceIt is also called the perinephric space. Bounded by the anterior and posterior leaves of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures:Adrenal gland\nKidney\nRenal vessels\nPerirenal fat (also \"perirenal fat capsule\", \"perinephric fat,[5] or \"adipose capsule of the kidney\"[6]) is external to the fibrous capsule of the kidney, and internal to the renal fascia (which separates it from the pararenal fat); connective tissue trabeculae extend through it to unite the fibrous capsule of the kidney, and the renal fascia. Perirenal fat is most abundant upon the posterior aspect, inferior pole and along the lateral margins of the kidney.[5]Anterior pararenal spaceBounded by the posterior layer of peritoneum and the anterior leaf of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures:Pancreas\nAscending and descending colon\nDuodenumPosterior pararenal spaceBounded by the posterior leaf of the renal fascia and the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains only fat (\"pararenal fat\" also known as \"pararenal fat body\", \"paranephric body\", or \"paranephric fat\").Pararenal fat is a fatty layer situated posterior to the renal compartment, and extending inferiorly into the iliac fossa.[7] It is situated posterior to the posterior aspect of renal fascia, and anterior to the aponeuroses of the retrorenal muscles. It is plentiful in the dihedral angle of the iliopsoas muscle and the quadratus lumborum muscle, filling the lumbar fossa posterior and inferior to the kidney.[8]","title":"Retroperitoneal structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta"},{"link_name":"inferior vena cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava"},{"link_name":"retroperitoneal hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneal_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"Retroperitoneal fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneal_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneal_lymph_node_dissection"},{"link_name":"neoplasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"metastasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasis"},{"link_name":"sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"extragonadal germ cell tumor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal stromal tumor/GIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primary_Neoplasms_of_Retroperitoneal_space-9"},{"link_name":"Primary peritoneal carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_peritoneal_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"Pseudomyxoma peritonei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei"},{"link_name":"Soft-tissue sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft-tissue_sarcoma"},{"link_name":"liposarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liposarcoma"},{"link_name":"leiomyosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiomyosarcoma"},{"link_name":"Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undifferentiated_pleomorphic_sarcoma"}],"text":"Bleeding from a blood vessel or structure in the retroperitoneal such as the aorta or inferior vena cava into the retroperitoneal space can lead to a retroperitoneal hemorrhage.Retroperitoneal fibrosis\nRetroperitoneal lymph node dissectionIt is also possible to have a neoplasm in this area, more commonly a metastasis; or very rarely a primary neoplasm. The most common type is a sarcoma followed by lymphoma, extragonadal germ cell tumor, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor/GIST.[9] Examples of tumors includePrimary peritoneal carcinoma\nPseudomyxoma peritonei\nExamples of sarcomas include:\nSoft-tissue sarcoma\nliposarcoma\nleiomyosarcoma\nUndifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, a clinically distinct sarcoma of the area","title":"Clinical significance"}]
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[{"image_text":"Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney. (Peritoneum is labeled at center right.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray1126.png/220px-Gray1126.png"},{"image_text":"Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney (pararenal fat labeled as paranephric body center left)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray1125.png/220px-Gray1125.png"}]
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[{"title":"Intraperitoneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraperitoneal"},{"title":"Retropubic space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retropubic_space"},{"title":"Rectovesical pouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectovesical_pouch"},{"title":"Vesicouterine pouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_pouch"},{"title":"Rectouterine pouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectouterine_pouch"},{"title":"Pouch of Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouch_of_Douglas"}]
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[{"reference":"Ryan, Stephanie; McNicholas, Michelle; Eustace, Stephen (2004). Anatomy for Diagnostic Imaging. Sydney: Saunders. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-7020-2620-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2620-1","url_text":"978-0-7020-2620-1"}]},{"reference":"Kyung Won Chung (2005). Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 256. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5309-0","url_text":"0-7817-5309-0"}]},{"reference":"K. L. Moore; A. F. Dalley; A. M. R. Agur (2005). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1209. ISBN 0-7817-3639-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clinicallyorient00moor_1/page/1209","url_text":"Clinically Oriented Anatomy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clinicallyorient00moor_1/page/1209","url_text":"1209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-3639-0","url_text":"0-7817-3639-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=capsule%20adipeuse%20p%C3%A9rir%C3%A9nale","url_text":"\"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=pararenal+fat","url_text":"\"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\""}]},{"reference":"\"corps adipeux pararénal - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academie-medecine.fr/le-dictionnaire/index.php?q=pararenal+fat","url_text":"\"corps adipeux pararénal - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine\""}]},{"reference":"Raval, Bharat; Pollock, Raphael E.; Guadagnolo, Ashleigh; Patel, Shreyaskumar (1 January 2012). \"Chapter 23 - Primary Retroperitoneal Tumors\". Oncologic Imaging: A Multidisciplinary Approach. W.B. Saunders. pp. 403–421.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437722321000231","url_text":"\"Chapter 23 - Primary Retroperitoneal Tumors\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwein
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Schwein
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["1 Discography","1.1 Studio album","2 Schweinstein (2001)","2.1 Remixed album","3 Members","3.1 Official members","3.2 Guest musicians","3.3 Touring members","4 References"]
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Band
For the botanist with taxonomic author abbreviation Schwein., see Lewis David de Schweinitz.
Schwein (German for pig as well as pork) is a music group comprising members of Buck-Tick, KMFDM, and Pig. Members Raymond Watts (vocals, programming, guitar) and Hisashi Imai (Buck-Tick; guitar and noise), both having worked together in Schaft, were joined by Atsushi Sakurai (Buck-Tick; vocals), Sascha Konietzko (KMFDM; vocals and programming) and Lucia Cifarelli (KMFDM; vocals). In 2001 Schwein released an album, Schweinstein, which peaked at number 18 on Oricon's album chart, followed by the remix album Son of Schweinstein. Schwein toured Japan in the summer of 2001. However, Konietzko did not tour with them, citing illness and a desire to focus on KMFDM. In a 2023 interview with Visual Music Japan, Raymond Watts talked about the project and cited Schwein as his favorite collaboration to date and called Sakurai a "grand vocalist".
Discography
Studio album
Schweinstein (2001)
No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."You're My Disease"Sascha Konietzko/Sakurai Atsushi/Lucia CifarelliSascha Konietzko/Lucia Cifarelli4:182."Crown"Raymond WattsHisashi Imai3:263."Spank The Monkey"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts5:004."Lard, Lips, Liquor"Raymond Watts/Atsushi Sakurai/Sascha KonietzkoRaymond Watts4:125."Porno"Atsushi SakuraiSascha Konietzko/Lucia Cifarelli4:376."Organzola"Raymond Watts/Atsushi SakuraiSascha Konietzko4:177."Schwein"Sascha Konietzko/Sakurai AtsushiSascha Konietzko3:578."World's Junk"Raymond WattsHisashi Imai4:289."Slip"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiHisashi Imai4:2110."Fantasia"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts6:4911."My Sanctuary"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts7:39Total length:53:04
Remixed album
Son of Schweinstein (2001)
Members
Official members
Raymond Watts - guitars, programming, vocals (PIG, Schaft, KMFDM)
Atsushi Sakurai - vocals (Buck-Tick)
Hisashi Imai - guitars, noises (Buck-Tick, Schaft)
Sascha Konietzko - programming, vocals, percussion (KMFDM)
Guest musicians
Lucia Cifarelli - vocals (KMFDM)
Jules Hodgson - guitars, bass, programming (KMFDM)
Chris Ignatiou - guitars (One Minute Silence)
Kazutoshi Yokoyama - Manipulate, Additional programming (Buck-Tick touring member)
Julian Beeston - Additional programming
Touring members
Bryan Black - keyboards
Arianne Schreiber - backing vocals
Andy Selway - drums (KMFDM)
References
^
"Sakurai Atsushi JaME Profile". jame-world.com. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
^ "BUCK-TICKのメンバーも参加の「SCHWEIN/シュバイン」とは一体何者!？" (in Japanese). Barks. 12 March 2001. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ "SCHWEINのアルバム売上TOP2作品". ORICON NEWS. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
^ "Schwein" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ "Schwein" (in Japanese). Schwein. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
^ "PIG | The art of provocation: Raymond Watts' (PIG) musical journey and creative ventures, fasten your seatbelt and brace yourself for impact". Visual Music Japan. 2023.
^ "You're My Disease - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Crown - This is NOT Greatest Site". 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Spank the Monkey - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Lard, Lips, Liquor - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Porno - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Organzola - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Schwein - This is NOT Greatest Site". 1 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "World's Junk - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Slip - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "Fantasia - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
^ "My Sanctuary - This is NOT Greatest Site". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
vteSchwein
Raymond Watts
Hisashi Imai
Atsushi Sakurai
Jules Hodgson
Sascha Konietzko
Lucia Cifarelli
Studio albums
Schweinstein (2001)
Son of Schweinstein (2001)
Guest musicians
Steve White
Chris Ingnatiou
Julian Beeston
Yokoyama Kazutoshi
Bryan Black
Arianne Schreiber
Andy Selway
Related
KMFDM
Pig
Buck-Tick
Schaft
Shining
MDFMK
Watts
vteBuck-Tick
Hisashi Imai
Hidehiko Hoshino
Yutaka Higuchi
Toll Yagami
Araki
Atsushi Sakurai
Studio albums
Hurry Up Mode
Sexual XXXXX!
Seventh Heaven
Taboo
Aku no Hana
Kurutta Taiyou
Darker Than Darkness -Style 93-
Six/Nine
Cosmos
Sexy Stream Liner
One Life, One Death
Kyokutou I Love You
Mona Lisa Overdrive
Juusankai wa Gekkou
Tenshi no Revolver
Memento Mori
Razzle Dazzle
Yume Miru Uchuu
Arui wa Anarchy
Atom Miraiha No.9
No.0
Abracadabra
Izora
Singles
"To-Search"
"Just One More Kiss"
"Aku no Hana"
"Speed"
"M・A・D"
"Jupiter"
"Dress"
"Heroin"
"Sasayaki"
"Gessekai"
"Zangai"
"Gensou no Hana"
"Romance"
"Dress (Bloody Trinity Mix)"
"Kagerou"
"Rendezvous"
"Alice in Wonder Underground"
"Heaven"
"Galaxy"
"Dokudanjou Beauty"
"Kuchizuke"
"Miss Take: Boku wa Miss Take"
"Kemonotachi no Yoru/Rondo"
"Datenshi"
EPs
Romanesque
LTD
Remix albums
Hurry Up Mode (1990 Mix)
Symphonic Buck-Tick in Berlin
Shapeless
Live albums
Sweet Strange Live Disc
One Life, One Death Cut Up
At the Night Side
Compilation albums
Koroshi no Shirabe: This Is Not Greatest Hits
Catalogue 1987–1995
BT
97BT99
Super Value Buck-Tick
Catalogue 2005
Catalogue Victor→Mercury 87–99
Catalogue Ariola 00–10
Tribute albums
Parade -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick-
Parade II -Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick-
Videos
Akuma to Freud -Devil and Freud- Climax Together
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Schwein
Schweinstein
Son of Schweinstein
Schaft
Switchblade
Switch
Category
vteKMFDM
Sascha Konietzko
Lucia Cifarelli
Andy Selway
Andee Blacksugar
Raymond Watts
En Esch
Rudolph Naomi
Günter Schulz
Mark Durante
Bill Rieflin
Tim Sköld
Jules Hodgson
Steve White
Studio albums
Opium
What Do You Know, Deutschland?
Don't Blow Your Top
UAIOE
Naïve
Money
Angst
Nihil
Xtort
Symbols
Adios
Attak
WWIII
Hau Ruck
Tohuvabohu
Blitz
WTF?!
Kunst
Our Time Will Come
Hell Yeah
Paradise
Hyëna
Let Go
Collaborations
KMFDM vs. Pig
Skold vs. KMFDM
Remix albums
Ruck Zuck
Brimborium
Krieg
Singles
"Kickin' Ass"
"Don't Blow Your Top"
"More & Faster"
"Virus"
"Godlike"
"Naïve / The Days of Swine & Roses"
"Split"
"Vogue"
"Money"
"Help Us—Save Us—Take Us Away"
"Sucks"
"A Drug Against War"
"Light"
"Glory"
"Juke Joint Jezebel"
"Brute"
"Power"
"Rules"
"Megalomaniac"
"Boots"
"Day of Light"
"Krank"
"Amnesia"
"Salvation"
Live albums
Sturm & Drang Tour 2002
WWIII Live 2003
We Are KMFDM
Live in the USSA
Video and DVD
Beat by Beat by Beat
Sturm & Drang Tour 2002
WWIII Live 2003
20th Anniversary World Tour 2004
Compilations
Retro
Agogo
84–86
Extra, Vol. 1
Extra, Vol. 2
Extra, Vol. 3
Würst
Greatest Shit
Guest musicians
Dorona Alberti
Paul Barker
Nicole Blackman
Chris Connelly
Free Dominguez
F.M. Einheit
Koichi Fukuda
Nina Hagen
Nivek Ogre
Sin Quirin
Chris Shepard
Abby Travis
Cheryl Wilson
William Wilson
Doug Wimbish
Associated acts
MDFMK
Excessive Force
PIG
Slick Idiot
Schulz
KGC
Schwein
Related articles
Brute!
Don't Blow Your Cover: A Tribute to KMFDM
List of KMFDM band members
KMFDM discography
List of KMFDM concert tours
Category
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis David de Schweinitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_David_de_Schweinitz"},{"link_name":"Buck-Tick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck-Tick"},{"link_name":"KMFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMFDM"},{"link_name":"Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_(musical_project)"},{"link_name":"Hisashi Imai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Imai"},{"link_name":"Schaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaft"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"Sascha Konietzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Konietzko"},{"link_name":"Lucia Cifarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Cifarelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA_Jame-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"remix album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_album"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the botanist with taxonomic author abbreviation Schwein., see Lewis David de Schweinitz.Schwein (German for pig as well as pork) is a music group comprising members of Buck-Tick, KMFDM, and Pig. Members Raymond Watts (vocals, programming, guitar) and Hisashi Imai (Buck-Tick; guitar and noise), both having worked together in Schaft, were joined by Atsushi Sakurai (Buck-Tick; vocals), Sascha Konietzko (KMFDM; vocals and programming) and Lucia Cifarelli (KMFDM; vocals).[1][2] In 2001 Schwein released an album, Schweinstein, which peaked at number 18 on Oricon's album chart,[3] followed by the remix album Son of Schweinstein.[4] Schwein toured Japan in the summer of 2001. However, Konietzko did not tour with them, citing illness and a desire to focus on KMFDM.[5] In a 2023 interview with Visual Music Japan, Raymond Watts talked about the project and cited Schwein as his favorite collaboration to date and called Sakurai a \"grand vocalist\".[6]","title":"Schwein"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio album","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disease-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crown-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monkey-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lard-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-porno-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organzola-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schweinsong-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-junk-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slip-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fantasia-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sanctuary-17"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"You're My Disease[7]\"Sascha Konietzko/Sakurai Atsushi/Lucia CifarelliSascha Konietzko/Lucia Cifarelli4:182.\"Crown[8]\"Raymond WattsHisashi Imai3:263.\"Spank The Monkey[9]\"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts5:004.\"Lard, Lips, Liquor[10]\"Raymond Watts/Atsushi Sakurai/Sascha KonietzkoRaymond Watts4:125.\"Porno[11]\"Atsushi SakuraiSascha Konietzko/Lucia Cifarelli4:376.\"Organzola[12]\"Raymond Watts/Atsushi SakuraiSascha Konietzko4:177.\"Schwein[13]\"Sascha Konietzko/Sakurai AtsushiSascha Konietzko3:578.\"World's Junk[14]\"Raymond WattsHisashi Imai4:289.\"Slip[15]\"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiHisashi Imai4:2110.\"Fantasia[16]\"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts6:4911.\"My Sanctuary[17]\"Raymond Watts/Sakurai AtsushiRaymond Watts7:39Total length:53:04","title":"Schweinstein (2001)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remixed album","text":"Son of Schweinstein (2001)","title":"Schweinstein (2001)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raymond Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Watts"},{"link_name":"Atsushi Sakurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsushi_Sakurai"},{"link_name":"Hisashi Imai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Imai"},{"link_name":"Sascha Konietzko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha_Konietzko"}],"sub_title":"Official members","text":"Raymond Watts - guitars, programming, vocals (PIG, Schaft, KMFDM)\nAtsushi Sakurai - vocals (Buck-Tick)\nHisashi Imai - guitars, noises (Buck-Tick, Schaft)\nSascha Konietzko - programming, vocals, percussion (KMFDM)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucia Cifarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucia_Cifarelli"},{"link_name":"One Minute Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Minute_Silence"},{"link_name":"Julian Beeston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Beeston"}],"sub_title":"Guest musicians","text":"Lucia Cifarelli - vocals (KMFDM)\nJules Hodgson - guitars, bass, programming (KMFDM)\nChris Ignatiou - guitars (One Minute Silence)\nKazutoshi Yokoyama - Manipulate, Additional programming (Buck-Tick touring member)\nJulian Beeston - Additional programming","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryan Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloblack"},{"link_name":"Arianne Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianne_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Andy Selway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Selway"}],"sub_title":"Touring members","text":"Bryan Black - keyboards\nArianne Schreiber - backing vocals\nAndy Selway - drums (KMFDM)","title":"Members"}]
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[]
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Retrieved 2022-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://okmusic.jp/SCHWEIN","url_text":"\"Schwein\""}]},{"reference":"\"PIG | The art of provocation: Raymond Watts' (PIG) musical journey and creative ventures, fasten your seatbelt and brace yourself for impact\". Visual Music Japan. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://visualmusicjapan.com/out-of-the-box-pick/pig-raymond-watts-schwein-schaft-interview/","url_text":"\"PIG | The art of provocation: Raymond Watts' (PIG) musical journey and creative ventures, fasten your seatbelt and brace yourself for impact\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visual_Music_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Visual Music Japan"}]},{"reference":"\"You're My Disease - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/youre-my-disease","url_text":"\"You're My Disease - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030234/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/youre-my-disease","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/crown","url_text":"\"Crown - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201201134431/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/crown","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spank the Monkey - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/spank-the-monkey","url_text":"\"Spank the Monkey - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030234/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/spank-the-monkey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lard, Lips, Liquor - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/lard-lips-liquor","url_text":"\"Lard, Lips, Liquor - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030234/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/lard-lips-liquor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Porno - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/porno","url_text":"\"Porno - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030235/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/porno","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Organzola - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/organzola","url_text":"\"Organzola - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030236/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/organzola","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Schwein - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 1 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/schwein","url_text":"\"Schwein - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221001083345/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/schwein","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"World's Junk - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/worlds-junk","url_text":"\"World's Junk - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030236/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/worlds-junk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Slip - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/slip","url_text":"\"Slip - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030236/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/slip","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fantasia - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/fantasia","url_text":"\"Fantasia - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220117203851/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/fantasia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"My Sanctuary - This is NOT Greatest Site\". 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/my-sanctuary","url_text":"\"My Sanctuary - This is NOT Greatest Site\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017030236/https://sites.google.com/site/lyricsyndrome/lyrics/schweinstein/my-sanctuary","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Women
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99 Women
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]
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1969 film
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99 WomenU.S. theatrical release posterDirected byJesús FrancoScreenplay by
Peter Welbeck
Uncredited:Jesús Franco
Carlo Fadda
Milo G. Cuccia
Produced byHarry Alan TowersStarringMaria SchellMercedes McCambridgeLuciana PaluzziHerbert LomCinematographyManuel MerinoEdited by
Bruno Mattei
Hans Zeiler
Music byBruno NicolaiProductioncompanies
Corona Filmproduktion
Hesperia Films
Cinematografica Associati
Towers of London
Distributed byCommonwealth United EntertainmentRelease date
5 March 1969 (1969-03-05)
Running time90 minutesCountries
Liechtenstein
West Germany
Spain
Italy
United Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
99 Women (German: Der heiße Tod, lit. 'The Hot Death') is a 1969 women in prison film directed by Jesús Franco and starring Maria Schell, Mercedes McCambridge, Maria Rohm, Rosalba Neri, Luciana Paluzzi and Herbert Lom. One of the earliest and most financially successful examples of the genre, it was produced by Harry Alan Towers as an international co-production.
The script was purchased from Robert L. Lippert.
Plot
New inmate Marie arrives at an island prison in the women's sector and receives the number 99. The inmates are controlled by the sadistic lesbian warden Thelma Diaz and Governor Santos and submitted to torture, rape, sexual harassment and abuse. When the Justice minister replaces Diaz, Marie believes that her life will improve and her case will be reopened. Marie's disappointed with the new warden and plans to escape. But their scheme fails and the abuse they've undergone had been but a paltry hint of the torture in store.
Cast
Herbert Lom as Governor Santos
Mercedes McCambridge as Thelma Diaz
Maria Schell as Leonie Caroll
Maria Rohm as Marie, #99
Rosalba Neri as Zoie, #76
Elisa Montes as Helga, #97
Luciana Paluzzi as Natalie Mendoza, #98
Valentina Godoy as Rosalie, #81
José Maria Blanco as Doctor
Reception
From contemporary reviews, an anonymous reviewer in the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed a 70-minute version. The reviewer found it to be a "Crude women's prison melodrama" with a "turgid script that rambles coyly on about lesbianism, flogging and the kinky pleasures of the Governor of a men's prison", concluding that the film was "all very tame and unremittingly tedious”.
Home media
On February 22, 2005, Blue Underground released an unrated DVD of the English-language director's cut featuring an interview and talent biography with Franco, deleted and alternate scenes, a poster and still gallery and the film's trailer. Alongside this, an X-rated release of the French version, featuring eight minutes of hardcore shots featuring actors not part of the film's main production was also made available.
References
^ a b c Mann, Dave (2014). Harry Alan Towers: The Transnational Career of a Cinematic Contrarian. McFarland. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-7864-7982-5.
^ "99 mujeres (1969)". Archivio del Cinema Italiano On-Line.
^ 99 Women (X-Rated Hardcore Version) (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Blue Underground. 1969.
^ Martin, B. (Mar 8, 1967). "Young to direct 'mayerling'". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 155641701.
^ a b "99 Mujeres (99 Women)". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 37, no. 435. British Film Institute. April 1970. p. 83.
^ "99 WOMEN (UNRATED DIRECTOR'S CUT)". Blue Underground. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ "99 WOMEN (X-RATED FRENCH VERSION)". Blue Underground. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
External links
99 Women at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Jesús Franco
Queen of the Tabarin Club (1960)
The Awful Dr. Orloff (1962)
The Diabolical Dr. Z (1966)
Lucky, the Inscrutable (1967)
Kiss Me Monster (1967)
Succubus (1968)
Eve (1968)
The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968)
99 Women (1969)
The Girl from Rio (1969)
The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969)
Marquis de Sade: Justine (1969)
Venus in Furs (1969)
The Bloody Judge (1969)
Count Dracula (1969)
Eugenie… The Story of Her Journey into Perversion (1970)
Vampyros Lesbos (1970)
She Killed in Ecstasy (1971)
The Devil Came from Akasava (1971)
A Virgin Among the Living Dead (1971)
Eugénie de Sade (1973)
The Bare Breasted Countess (1973)
Lorna the Exorcist (1974)
Barbed Wire Dolls (1975)
Jack the Ripper (1976)
Ilsa, the Wicked Warden (1977)
Love Letters of a Portuguese Nun (1977)
Women in Cellblock 9 (1977)
Devil Hunter (1980)
Mondo Cannibale (1980)
Bloody Moon (1981)
Sadomania (1981)
Mansion of the Living Dead (1982)
Oasis of the Zombies (1982)
Faceless (1988)
vteFilms of Harry Alan Towers
Death Drums Along the River (1963)
Victim Five (1964)
Coast of Skeletons (1965)
Sandy the Seal (1965)
Mozambique (1965)
24 Hours to Kill (1965)
The Face of Fu Manchu (1965)
Ten Little Indians (1965)
Our Man in Marrakesh (1966)
Circus of Fear (1966)
The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966)
The Million Eyes of Sumuru (1967)
The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967)
Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967)
Five Golden Dragons (1967)
The House of 1,000 Dolls (1967)
Eve (1968)
The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968)
99 Women (1969)
The Girl from Rio (1969)
Marquis de Sade: Justine (1969)
The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969)
Venus in Furs (1969)
Eugenie… The Story of Her Journey into Perversion (1970)
The Bloody Judge (1970)
Count Dracula (1970)
Dorian Gray (1970)
Black Beauty (1971)
Treasure Island (1972)
The Call of the Wild (1972)
White Fang (1973)
And Then There Were None (1974)
Blue Belle (1976)
H. G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come (1979)
King Solomon's Treasure (1979)
Klondike Fever (1980)
Black Venus (1983)
Fanny Hill (1983)
Lady Libertine (1984)
Christina (1984)
Black Arrow (1985)
Lightning, the White Stallion (1986)
Skeleton Coast (1987)
Gor (1987)
Platoon Leader (1988)
Howling IV: The Original Nightmare (1988)
Outlaw of Gor (1988)
Edge of Sanity (1989)
American Ninja 3: Blood Hunt (1989)
River of Death (1989)
Ten Little Indians (1989)
The Phantom of the Opera (1989)
Buried Alive (1990)
Oddball Hall (1990)
Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady (1991)
Incident at Victoria Falls (1992)
The Lost World (1992)
Return to the Lost World (1992)
Dance Macabre (1992)
Night Terrors (1993)
The Mangler (1995)
Bullet to Beijing (1995)
Cry, the Beloved Country (1995)
Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996)
Owd Bob (1998)
Treasure Island (1999)
Death, Deceit and Destiny Aboard the Orient Express (2000)
Sumuru (2003)
Pact with the Devil (2004)
This exploitation film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"women in prison film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_prison_film"},{"link_name":"Jesús Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Franco"},{"link_name":"Maria Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schell"},{"link_name":"Mercedes McCambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_McCambridge"},{"link_name":"Maria Rohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rohm"},{"link_name":"Rosalba Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalba_Neri"},{"link_name":"Luciana Paluzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-towers-1"},{"link_name":"Harry Alan Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Alan_Towers"},{"link_name":"international co-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_co-production"},{"link_name":"Robert L. Lippert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Lippert"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-4"}],"text":"99 Women (German: Der heiße Tod, lit. 'The Hot Death') is a 1969 women in prison film directed by Jesús Franco and starring Maria Schell, Mercedes McCambridge, Maria Rohm, Rosalba Neri, Luciana Paluzzi and Herbert Lom. One of the earliest and most financially successful examples of the genre,[1] it was produced by Harry Alan Towers as an international co-production.The script was purchased from Robert L. Lippert.[4]","title":"99 Women"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"New inmate Marie arrives at an island prison in the women's sector and receives the number 99. The inmates are controlled by the sadistic lesbian warden Thelma Diaz and Governor Santos and submitted to torture, rape, sexual harassment and abuse. When the Justice minister replaces Diaz, Marie believes that her life will improve and her case will be reopened. Marie's disappointed with the new warden and plans to escape. But their scheme fails and the abuse they've undergone had been but a paltry hint of the torture in store.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"Mercedes McCambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_McCambridge"},{"link_name":"Maria Schell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Schell"},{"link_name":"Maria Rohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Rohm"},{"link_name":"Rosalba Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalba_Neri"},{"link_name":"Elisa Montes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Mont%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Luciana Paluzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana_Paluzzi"}],"text":"Herbert Lom as Governor Santos\nMercedes McCambridge as Thelma Diaz\nMaria Schell as Leonie Caroll\nMaria Rohm as Marie, #99\nRosalba Neri as Zoie, #76\nElisa Montes as Helga, #97\nLuciana Paluzzi as Natalie Mendoza, #98\nValentina Godoy as Rosalie, #81\nJosé Maria Blanco as Doctor","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfb-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfb-5"}],"text":"From contemporary reviews, an anonymous reviewer in the Monthly Film Bulletin reviewed a 70-minute version.[5] The reviewer found it to be a \"Crude women's prison melodrama\" with a \"turgid script that rambles coyly on about lesbianism, flogging and the kinky pleasures of the Governor of a men's prison\", concluding that the film was \"all very tame and unremittingly tedious”.[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Underground"},{"link_name":"unrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_rating_system"},{"link_name":"director's cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director%27s_cut"},{"link_name":"deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleted_scene"},{"link_name":"X-rated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rated"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_France"},{"link_name":"hardcore shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_pornography"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unrated-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-french-7"}],"text":"On February 22, 2005, Blue Underground released an unrated DVD of the English-language director's cut featuring an interview and talent biography with Franco, deleted and alternate scenes, a poster and still gallery and the film's trailer. Alongside this, an X-rated release of the French version, featuring eight minutes of hardcore shots featuring actors not part of the film's main production was also made available.[6][7]","title":"Home media"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Mann, Dave (2014). Harry Alan Towers: The Transnational Career of a Cinematic Contrarian. McFarland. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-7864-7982-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_bXZBAAAQBAJ&q=99+women+1968&pg=PA78","url_text":"Harry Alan Towers: The Transnational Career of a Cinematic Contrarian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7982-5","url_text":"978-0-7864-7982-5"}]},{"reference":"\"99 mujeres [99 donne] (1969)\". Archivio del Cinema Italiano On-Line.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviodelcinemaitaliano.it/index.php/scheda.html?codice=AG2641","url_text":"\"99 mujeres [99 donne] (1969)\""}]},{"reference":"99 Women (X-Rated Hardcore Version) (DVD). Los Angeles, California: Blue Underground. 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Underground","url_text":"Blue Underground"}]},{"reference":"Martin, B. (Mar 8, 1967). \"Young to direct 'mayerling'\". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 155641701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/155641701","url_text":"155641701"}]},{"reference":"\"99 Mujeres (99 Women)\". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 37, no. 435. British Film Institute. April 1970. p. 83.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin","url_text":"Monthly Film Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"99 WOMEN (UNRATED DIRECTOR'S CUT)\". Blue Underground. Retrieved May 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blue-underground.com/product.php?product=54","url_text":"\"99 WOMEN (UNRATED DIRECTOR'S CUT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Underground","url_text":"Blue Underground"}]},{"reference":"\"99 WOMEN (X-RATED FRENCH VERSION)\". Blue Underground. Retrieved May 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blue-underground.com/product.php?product=55","url_text":"\"99 WOMEN (X-RATED FRENCH VERSION)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Underground","url_text":"Blue Underground"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_the_Kid
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Mickey the Kid
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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1939 film
Mickey the KidDirected byArthur LubinWritten byDoris MalloyGordon KahnBased onstory by Alice AltschulerProduced byHerman SchlomStarringBruce CabotRalph ByrdZaSu PittsCinematographyJack A. MartaEdited byWilliam MorganMusic byCy FeuerProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date
July 3, 1939 (1939-07-03)
Running time68 minutes53 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Mickey the Kid is a 1939 American drama film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Bruce Cabot, Ralph Byrd and ZaSu Pitts. It was produced and distributed by Republic Pictures.
Plot
Dr. Ben Cameron is worried about 12-year-old Mickey, son of Jim Adams, a widower who leads a corrupt and complicated life. Jim rebuffs a request by Jim to have Mickey be raised by Veronica Hudson, the boy's maternal grandmother. Mickey idolizes his father and wants to remain with him.
Pulling a bank robbery, Jim shoots and kills an unarmed teller. While on the run from the law, he realizes Mickey would be better off with Veronica and leaves his son in her care. Veronica enrolls the boy in school. His teacher, Sheila Roberts, is engaged to marry Ben.
Jim sneaks into Veronica's house one night to see his son. He hides in the attic at night, then takes the boy along when he leaves. Desperate to get away, Jim hijacks a school bus filled with children. When the bus gets waylaid by a snowstorm, Jim abandons the kids and is unable to persuade Mickey to do the same. FBI agents shoot Jim, who realizes as he dies that Mickey's life will be better without him.
Cast
Bruce Cabot as Jim Adams
Jessie Ralph as Veronica
Ralph Byrd as Ben
ZaSu Pitts as Lilly
June Storey as Sheila
John Qualen as Mailman
Production
The film was known as Stand Up and Sing. It was based on the heroism of a school boy in a Colorado blizzard a few years previously. Cabot was cast in April. The title was changed in May. Filming started in May.
Reception
The Los Angeles Times called it "fairly good though slightly spotty."
Lubin considered the film "horrible" and said it was one of the eight flops in his career.
References
^ Vagg, Stephen (14 September 2019). "The Cinema of Arthur Lubin". Diabolique Magazine.
^ Mickey the Kid
Monthly Film Bulletin; London Vol. 6, Iss. 61, (Jan 1, 1939): 205.
^ SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD: Negotiations Under Way for Purchase of Film Rights to Dreiser's 'Sister Carrie' 'DARK VICTORY' WILL OPEN Premiere Today for Picture in Which Bette Davis and George Brent Are Stars Of Local Origin
New York Times 20 Apr 1939: 21.
^ SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD New York Times 6 May 1939: 24.
^ Republic to Start Five Films in May
The Christian Science Monitor3 May 1939: 15.
^ Melodrama Given Preview Los Angeles Times 23 June 1939: A10.
^ Flynn, Charles; McCarthy, Todd (1975). "Arthur Lubin". In Flynn, Charles; McCarthy, Todd (eds.). Kings of the Bs : working within the Hollywood system : an anthology of film history and criticism. E. P. Dutton. p. 364.
External links
Mickey the Kid at IMDb
Mickey the Kid at BFI
Mickey the Kid at Letterbox DVD
Mickey the Kid at TCMDB
vteFilms directed by Arthur Lubin
A Successful Failure (1934)
Great God Gold (1935)
Honeymoon Limited (1935)
Two Sinners (1935)
Frisco Waterfront (1935)
The House of a Thousand Candles (1936)
Yellowstone (1936)
Mysterious Crossing (1936)
California Straight Ahead! (1937)
I Cover the War! (1937)
Idol of the Crowds (1937)
Adventure's End (1937)
Midnight Intruder (1938)
The Beloved Brat (1938)
Prison Break (1938)
Secrets of a Nurse (1938)
Risky Business (1939)
Big Town Czar (1939)
Mickey the Kid (1939)
Call a Messenger (1939)
The Big Guy (1939)
Black Friday (1940)
Gangs of Chicago (1940)
Meet the Wildcat (1940)
I'm Nobody's Sweetheart Now (1940)
Who Killed Aunt Maggie? (1940)
The San Francisco Docks (1940)
Where Did You Get That Girl? (1941)
Buck Privates (1941)
In the Navy (1941)
Hold That Ghost (1941)
Keep 'Em Flying (1941)
Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942)
Eagle Squadron (1942)
Keeping Fit (1942) (short)
To the People of the United States (1943) (short)
White Savage (1943)
Phantom of the Opera (1943)
Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (1944)
Delightfully Dangerous (1945)
The Spider Woman Strikes Back (1946)
Night in Paradise (1946)
New Orleans (1947)
Impact (1949)
Francis (1950)
Queen for a Day (1951)
Francis Goes to the Races (1951)
Rhubarb (1951)
Francis Goes to West Point (1952)
It Grows on Trees (1952)
South Sea Woman (1953)
Francis Covers the Big Town (1953)
Star of India (1954)
Francis Joins the WACS (1954)
Footsteps in the Fog (1955)
Francis in the Navy (1955)
Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955)
The First Traveling Saleslady (1956)
Escapade in Japan (1957)
The Thief of Baghdad (1961)
The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964)
Hold On! (1966)
Rain for a Dusty Summer (1971)
This 1930s drama film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lubin"},{"link_name":"Bruce Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cabot"},{"link_name":"Ralph Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Byrd"},{"link_name":"ZaSu Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"}],"text":"Mickey the Kid is a 1939 American drama film directed by Arthur Lubin and starring Bruce Cabot, Ralph Byrd and ZaSu Pitts.[1] [2] It was produced and distributed by Republic Pictures.","title":"Mickey the Kid"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dr. Ben Cameron is worried about 12-year-old Mickey, son of Jim Adams, a widower who leads a corrupt and complicated life. Jim rebuffs a request by Jim to have Mickey be raised by Veronica Hudson, the boy's maternal grandmother. Mickey idolizes his father and wants to remain with him.Pulling a bank robbery, Jim shoots and kills an unarmed teller. While on the run from the law, he realizes Mickey would be better off with Veronica and leaves his son in her care. Veronica enrolls the boy in school. His teacher, Sheila Roberts, is engaged to marry Ben.Jim sneaks into Veronica's house one night to see his son. He hides in the attic at night, then takes the boy along when he leaves. Desperate to get away, Jim hijacks a school bus filled with children. When the bus gets waylaid by a snowstorm, Jim abandons the kids and is unable to persuade Mickey to do the same. FBI agents shoot Jim, who realizes as he dies that Mickey's life will be better without him.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Cabot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Cabot"},{"link_name":"Jessie Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Ralph Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Byrd"},{"link_name":"ZaSu Pitts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZaSu_Pitts"},{"link_name":"June Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Storey"},{"link_name":"John Qualen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Qualen"}],"text":"Bruce Cabot as Jim Adams\nJessie Ralph as Veronica\nRalph Byrd as Ben\nZaSu Pitts as Lilly\nJune Storey as Sheila\nJohn Qualen as Mailman","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The film was known as Stand Up and Sing. It was based on the heroism of a school boy in a Colorado blizzard a few years previously. Cabot was cast in April.[3] The title was changed in May.[4] Filming started in May.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kings-7"}],"text":"The Los Angeles Times called it \"fairly good though slightly spotty.\"[6]Lubin considered the film \"horrible\" and said it was one of the eight flops in his career.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Vagg, Stephen (14 September 2019). \"The Cinema of Arthur Lubin\". Diabolique Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-cinema-of-arthur-lubin/","url_text":"\"The Cinema of Arthur Lubin\""}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Charles; McCarthy, Todd (1975). \"Arthur Lubin\". In Flynn, Charles; McCarthy, Todd (eds.). Kings of the Bs : working within the Hollywood system : an anthology of film history and criticism. E. P. Dutton. p. 364.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/the-cinema-of-arthur-lubin/","external_links_name":"\"The Cinema of Arthur Lubin\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031643/","external_links_name":"Mickey the Kid"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190805053603/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b05e222","external_links_name":"Mickey the Kid"},{"Link":"https://letterboxd.com/film/mickey-the-kid/","external_links_name":"Mickey the Kid"},{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/83400/Mickey-the-Kid/","external_links_name":"Mickey the Kid"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_the_Kid&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhamia
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Markhamia
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["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]
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Genus of flowering plants
Markhamia
Markhamia stipulata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Bignoniaceae
Clade:
Crescentiina
Clade:
Paleotropical clade
Genus:
MarkhamiaSeem.ex Baill.
Species
See text
Synonyms
Muenteria Seem.
Markhamia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae; species are recorded from Africa and South-East Asia. The genus is named after Clements Markham.
Species
Plant of the World Online includes:
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum.
Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague
Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem. - type species
Markhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K.Schum. ex Engl.
Markhamia zanzibarica (Bojer ex DC.) K.Schum.
Markhamia obtusifolia
References
^ Dolichandrone and Markhamia - JStor
^ a b c "Markhamia Seem. ex Baill". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
^ Seemann, Berthold (1863). "Revision of the natural order Bignoniaceae". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 1: 225–228.
External links
Media related to Markhamia at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Markhamia at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersMarkhamia
Wikidata: Q2710480
Wikispecies: Markhamia
APDB: 192437
APNI: 136328
CoL: 99FBN
EPPO: 1MKMG
FNA: 119726
FoC: 119726
GBIF: 3233561
GRIN: 7286
iNaturalist: 340160
IRMNG: 1332917
ITIS: 825864
NCBI: 211921
Open Tree of Life: 809149
Paleobiology Database: 346890
PLANTS: MARKH
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4134-1
Tropicos: 40014035
WFO: wfo-4000023178
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bignoniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignoniaceae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-2"},{"link_name":"Clements Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clements_Markham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Markhamia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae; species are recorded from Africa and South-East Asia.[2] The genus is named after Clements Markham.[3]","title":"Markhamia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-2"},{"link_name":"Markhamia lutea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhamia_lutea"},{"link_name":"K.Schum.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.Schum."},{"link_name":"Markhamia obtusifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhamia_obtusifolia"},{"link_name":"Markhamia stipulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhamia_stipulata"},{"link_name":"Markhamia tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markhamia_tomentosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Markhamia zanzibarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markhamia_zanzibarica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Markhamia_obtusifolia_3.jpg"}],"text":"Plant of the World Online[2] includes:Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K.Schum.\nMarkhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague\nMarkhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem. - type species\nMarkhamia tomentosa (Benth.) K.Schum. ex Engl.\nMarkhamia zanzibarica (Bojer ex DC.) K.Schum.Markhamia obtusifolia","title":"Species"}]
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[{"image_text":"Markhamia obtusifolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Markhamia_obtusifolia_3.jpg/220px-Markhamia_obtusifolia_3.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Markhamia Seem. ex Baill\". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved 2 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4134-1","url_text":"\"Markhamia Seem. ex Baill\""}]},{"reference":"Seemann, Berthold (1863). \"Revision of the natural order Bignoniaceae\". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 1: 225–228.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/journalofbotanyb01londuoft#page/n253/mode/2up/","url_text":"\"Revision of the natural order Bignoniaceae\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4107551?uid=3737496&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101286253573","external_links_name":"Dolichandrone and Markhamia - JStor"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4134-1","external_links_name":"\"Markhamia Seem. ex Baill\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/journalofbotanyb01londuoft#page/n253/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"\"Revision of the natural order Bignoniaceae\""},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/192437","external_links_name":"192437"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/136328","external_links_name":"136328"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/99FBN","external_links_name":"99FBN"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MKMG","external_links_name":"1MKMG"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=119726","external_links_name":"119726"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119726","external_links_name":"119726"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3233561","external_links_name":"3233561"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=7286","external_links_name":"7286"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/340160","external_links_name":"340160"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1332917","external_links_name":"1332917"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=825864","external_links_name":"825864"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=211921","external_links_name":"211921"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=809149","external_links_name":"809149"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=346890","external_links_name":"346890"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=MARKH","external_links_name":"MARKH"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A4134-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:4134-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40014035","external_links_name":"40014035"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000023178","external_links_name":"wfo-4000023178"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Goto
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Kenji Goto
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["1 Biography","2 Kidnapping and beheading","3 Media coverage","4 Remembrance","5 Bibliography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Japanese freelance journalist
Kenji Goto後藤 健二Born(1967-10-23)23 October 1967Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, JapanDied31 January 2015(2015-01-31) (aged 47)Near Raqqa, SyriaCause of deathMurder by decapitationNationalityJapaneseAlma materHosei UniversityOccupationJournalistYears active1991–2015SpouseRinko JogoChildren3ParentJunko Ishido (mother)
Kenji Goto (後藤 健二, Gotō Kenji, 23 October 1967 – c. 31 January 2015) was a Japanese freelance video journalist covering wars and conflicts, refugees, poverty, AIDS, and child education around the world. In October 2014, he was captured and held hostage by Islamic State (IS) militants after entering Syria in the hopes of rescuing Japanese hostage Haruna Yukawa. On 30 January 2015, he was beheaded by his captors led by Kuwaiti-British militant Jihadi John following the breakdown of negotiations for his release.
Biography
Goto was born on 23 October 1967 in the city of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. After graduating from Hosei University in Tokyo in 1991, he worked for a media production company before establishing Independent Press in 1996. He also worked with U.N. organizations including UNICEF and the U.N. Refugee Agency.
Reporting from war-torn countries around the world, especially in Africa and the Middle East, he focused on the life and humanity of the ordinary citizens in difficult times. His works include books and DVDs on blood diamonds and child soldiers in Sierra Leone, the Rwandan conflict and its survivors, a teenage mother in an Estonian "AIDS village", and girls and education in Afghanistan. In 2006, he won the Sankei Children's Book Award for his 2005 book titled Daiyamondo yori Heiwa ga Hoshii (I Want Peace Rather Than a Diamond). His video reports appeared on Japanese national networks including NHK and TV Asahi.
Goto converted to Christianity in 1997, and was a member of a United Church of Christ in Japan parish in Den-en-chōfu, Tokyo.
In October 2014, Goto's wife, Rinko Jogo, had a baby, the couple's second child. He also had an older daughter from a previous marriage.
Kidnapping and beheading
Despite being warned three times by the Japanese government in September and October 2014, both by telephone and in person, not to return to Syria, Goto entered Syria on 24 October 2014 via Turkey to rescue a Japanese hostage, Haruna Yukawa, who had been captured by IS militants in August. He was reportedly captured by IS members the following day. He appeared in a video released by IS militants on 20 January 2015, in which they demanded $200 million from the government of Japan for the lives of Goto and Yukawa. His mother, Junko Ishidō (石堂 順子, Ishidō Junko), made a plea to IS to spare her son at a press conference held at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan in Tokyo on 23 January.
On 24 January, IS released a picture of Goto holding a photo of decapitated Haruna Yukawa. In an audiotape accompanying the picture, Goto read a message in English blaming the Japanese government for the death of his "cellmate" and claiming that IS would spare Goto's life and exchange him for Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, an attempted suicide bomber who participated in the 2005 Amman bombings. On 29 January, Goto's wife, Rinko Jogo, released a plea to his captors through the Rory Peck Trust, a UK-based organization that supports freelance journalists.
On 31 January 2015, IS released a video that showed Goto being beheaded. It was later reported that he had been moved to the town of Tal Abyad near the Turkish border with Syria on 29 January in preparation for a possible exchange with al-Rishawi, but when it became apparent that the exchange would not be taking place, he was taken back to a location near the city of Raqqa in Syria, and killed on the morning of 30 January, local time. Al-Rishawi for her part was hanged by the Jordanian government on 5 February in response to the death of pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh.
Media coverage
Following the release of Goto's beheading video by IS on 31 January, many major Japanese television outlets, including NHK, Nippon Television, TBS, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi, suspended their normal programming schedules to provide breaking news coverage on this event. Some foreign media outlets noted a rather skeptical and critical response by the Japanese public regarding the two hostages.
The Japanese public responded in a similar way to three Japanese citizens who were also taken hostage in Iraq. Public outrage of their naivety compelled the Japanese government to bill them for their return airfare to Japan after their release. The general public sentiment in Japan towards these hostages has been that they are to be blamed for putting themselves deliberately in harm's way, while the Japanese government and taxpayers are pressured to pay the price to get them back.
Remembrance
Before Goto was murdered, a tweet he posted to Twitter in 2010 went viral. As of 8 February 2015, it had been re-tweeted more than 40,000 times. In it, Goto said, "Close your eyes. Bear it. If we become angry and yell, we are doomed. This is like prayer. Hate is not what humans should do. Judgement lies with God. That is what I learned from my Arab brothers." (目を閉じて、じっと我慢。怒ったら、怒鳴ったら、終わり。それは祈りに近い。憎むは人の業にあらず、裁きは神の領域。－そう教えてくれたのはアラブの兄弟たちだった。)
Bibliography
Daiyamondo yori Heiwa ga Hoshii: Kodomo Heishi Muria no Kokuhaku (ダイヤモンドより平和がほしい : 子ども兵士・ムリアの告白, English translation: We Want Peace Not Diamonds: A Confession by Child Soldier Muria) (July 2005, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811380018
Eizu no Mura ni Umarete: Inochi o Tsunagu 16-sai no Haha Natasha (エイズの村に生まれて : 命をつなぐ16歳の母・ナターシャ, English translation: Born in an AIDS Village: 16-year-old Mother Natasha Trying to Stay Alive) (December 2007, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811384740
Ruwanda no Inori: Naisen o Ikinobita Kazoku no Monogatari (ルワンダの祈り : 内戦を生きのびた家族の物語, English translation: Prayers of Rwanda: The Story of a Family Surviving Civil War) (December 2008, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811384979
Moshimo Gakkō ni Iketara: Afuganisutan no Shōjo Mariamu no Monogatari (もしも学校に行けたら : アフガニスタンの少女・マリアムの物語, English translation: If I Could Go to School: The Story of Afghanistan Girl Mariam) (December 2009, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811386119
See also
Japan portalBiography portal
ISIL beheading incidents
Shosei Koda, a Japanese citizen kidnapped and beheaded in Iraq in 2004
Notable Japanese Christians
List of Christian martyrs
References
^ 後藤 健二 (in Japanese). Independent Press. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^ "Japan outraged at IS 'beheading' of hostage Kenji Goto". BBC News. BBC. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Dawber, Alistair; Charter, David; Spencer, Richard. "'Beatle' Isis killer Alexanda Kotey pleads guilty in US". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ Keleny, Anne (3 February 2015). "Kenji Goto: Journalist murdered in Syria who highlighted the horrors of war by focusing on its effects on children and families". The Independent. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
^ Yamaguchi, Mari (22 January 2015). "How the lives of hostages Yukawa and Goto became intertwined". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
^ Yoshida, Reiji (20 January 2015). "Islamic State threatens to kill two Japanese hostages". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
^ a b c Slodkowski, Antoni (21 January 2015). "Japanese reporter's bid to save friend led to Islamic State abduction". Tokyo: Reuters. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ a b Kameda, Masaaki; Otake, Tomoko (22 January 2015). "Respected journalist Goto aims to tell world of Syrians' suffering". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. p. 1. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
^ Sekiguchi, Toko (3 February 2015). "Japan Says It Warned Goto Against Entering Syria". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
^ Justin, McCurry. "Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
^ a b c "Goto's final days saw him swapped between Islamic State factions". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
^ "Japanese premier vows to save Islamic State group hostages". AP. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
^ "後藤健二さんの母・石堂順子さん「日本はイスラム諸国の敵ではない」イスラム国に人質釈放を訴える." Huffington Post. 23 January 2015. Retrieved on 2 March 2015.
^ McCurry, Justin (23 January 2015). "Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal". The Guardian. Tokyo: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
^ Hjelmgaard, Kim (30 January 2015). "With fate of ISIS hostages in limbo, wife issues emotional plea". USA Today. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
^ McCurry, Justin (31 January 2015). "Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
^ 後藤さん30日に殺害の情報 操縦士も、ヨルダン専門家 . 47 News (in Japanese). Japan: Press Net Japan Co., Ltd. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
^ "Jordan Executes Two Prisoners to Avenge ISIS Murder of Pilot". NBC News. NBC Universal. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ "Japan Should Not Turn Inward After ISIS Beheading". Newsweek. 26 January 2015.
^ Ripley, Will; Wakatsuki, Yoko (25 January 2015). "ISIS' Japanese hostages receive mixed sympathy at home". CNN. Tokyo: Cable News Network. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
^ GMT (7 February 2015). "'Hate Is Not What Humans Should Do': Slain Journalist Kenji Goto's Words Live On Online · Global Voices". Globalvoices.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Kenji Goto.
Independent Press (in Japanese)
Kenji Goto on X
Kenji Goto at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
Academics
CiNii
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On 30 January 2015, he was beheaded by his captors led by Kuwaiti-British militant Jihadi John following the breakdown of negotiations for his release.[2][3]","title":"Kenji Goto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"Miyagi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hosei University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosei_University"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"U.N. Refugee Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150122_2-5"},{"link_name":"blood diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamonds"},{"link_name":"child soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_use_of_children"},{"link_name":"Rwandan conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150120-6"},{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters20150121-7"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Den-en-chōfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den-en-ch%C5%8Dfu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150122-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters20150121-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters20150121-7"}],"text":"Goto was born on 23 October 1967 in the city of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.[4] After graduating from Hosei University in Tokyo in 1991, he worked for a media production company before establishing Independent Press in 1996. He also worked with U.N. organizations including UNICEF and the U.N. Refugee Agency.[5]Reporting from war-torn countries around the world, especially in Africa and the Middle East, he focused on the life and humanity of the ordinary citizens in difficult times. His works include books and DVDs on blood diamonds and child soldiers in Sierra Leone, the Rwandan conflict and its survivors, a teenage mother in an Estonian \"AIDS village\", and girls and education in Afghanistan. In 2006, he won the Sankei Children's Book Award for his 2005 book titled Daiyamondo yori Heiwa ga Hoshii (I Want Peace Rather Than a Diamond).[6] His video reports appeared on Japanese national networks including NHK and TV Asahi.Goto converted to Christianity in 1997,[7] and was a member of a United Church of Christ in Japan parish in Den-en-chōfu, Tokyo.[8]In October 2014, Goto's wife, Rinko Jogo, had a baby, the couple's second child.[7] He also had an older daughter from a previous marriage.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj20150203-9"},{"link_name":"Haruna Yukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Yukawa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150122-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150203-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150203-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP20150120-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Correspondents%27_Club_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20150123-14"},{"link_name":"Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajida_Mubarak_Atrous_al-Rishawi"},{"link_name":"2005 Amman bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Amman_bombings"},{"link_name":"Rory Peck Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Peck_Trust"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian20150131-16"},{"link_name":"Tal Abyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_Abyad"},{"link_name":"Raqqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt20150203-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47news20150201-17"},{"link_name":"Jordanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Muath Al-Kasasbeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muath_Al-Kasasbeh"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Despite being warned three times by the Japanese government in September and October 2014, both by telephone and in person, not to return to Syria,[9] Goto entered Syria on 24 October 2014 via Turkey to rescue a Japanese hostage, Haruna Yukawa, who had been captured by IS militants in August.[8][10][11] He was reportedly captured by IS members the following day.[11] He appeared in a video released by IS militants on 20 January 2015, in which they demanded $200 million from the government of Japan for the lives of Goto and Yukawa.[12] His mother, Junko Ishidō (石堂 順子, Ishidō Junko),[13] made a plea to IS to spare her son at a press conference held at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan in Tokyo on 23 January.[14]On 24 January, IS released a picture of Goto holding a photo of decapitated Haruna Yukawa. In an audiotape accompanying the picture, Goto read a message in English blaming the Japanese government for the death of his \"cellmate\" and claiming that IS would spare Goto's life and exchange him for Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, an attempted suicide bomber who participated in the 2005 Amman bombings. On 29 January, Goto's wife, Rinko Jogo, released a plea to his captors through the Rory Peck Trust, a UK-based organization that supports freelance journalists.[15]On 31 January 2015, IS released a video that showed Goto being beheaded.[16] It was later reported that he had been moved to the town of Tal Abyad near the Turkish border with Syria on 29 January in preparation for a possible exchange with al-Rishawi, but when it became apparent that the exchange would not be taking place, he was taken back to a location near the city of Raqqa in Syria, and killed on the morning of 30 January, local time.[11][17] Al-Rishawi for her part was hanged by the Jordanian government on 5 February in response to the death of pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh.[18]","title":"Kidnapping and beheading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"Nippon Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Fuji Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Television"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn201501025-20"}],"text":"Following the release of Goto's beheading video by IS on 31 January, many major Japanese television outlets, including NHK, Nippon Television, TBS, Fuji Television, and TV Asahi, suspended their normal programming schedules to provide breaking news coverage on this event. Some foreign media outlets noted a rather skeptical and critical response by the Japanese public regarding the two hostages.[19]The Japanese public responded in a similar way to three Japanese citizens who were also taken hostage in Iraq. Public outrage of their naivety compelled the Japanese government to bill them for their return airfare to Japan after their release. The general public sentiment in Japan towards these hostages has been that they are to be blamed for putting themselves deliberately in harm's way, while the Japanese government and taxpayers are pressured to pay the price to get them back.[20]","title":"Media coverage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenji_Goto&action=edit"},{"link_name":"re-tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retweet"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Before Goto was murdered, a tweet he posted to Twitter in 2010 went viral. As of 8 February 2015[update], it had been re-tweeted more than 40,000 times. In it, Goto said, \"Close your eyes. Bear it. If we become angry and yell, we are doomed. This is like prayer. Hate is not what humans should do. Judgement lies with God. That is what I learned from my Arab brothers.\" (目を閉じて、じっと我慢。怒ったら、怒鳴ったら、終わり。それは祈りに近い。憎むは人の業にあらず、裁きは神の領域。－そう教えてくれたのはアラブの兄弟たちだった。)[21]","title":"Remembrance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784811380018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784811380018"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784811384740","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784811384740"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784811384979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784811384979"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784811386119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784811386119"}],"text":"Daiyamondo yori Heiwa ga Hoshii: Kodomo Heishi Muria no Kokuhaku (ダイヤモンドより平和がほしい : 子ども兵士・ムリアの告白, English translation: We Want Peace Not Diamonds: A Confession by Child Soldier Muria) (July 2005, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811380018\nEizu no Mura ni Umarete: Inochi o Tsunagu 16-sai no Haha Natasha (エイズの村に生まれて : 命をつなぐ16歳の母・ナターシャ, English translation: Born in an AIDS Village: 16-year-old Mother Natasha Trying to Stay Alive) (December 2007, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811384740\nRuwanda no Inori: Naisen o Ikinobita Kazoku no Monogatari (ルワンダの祈り : 内戦を生きのびた家族の物語, English translation: Prayers of Rwanda: The Story of a Family Surviving Civil War) (December 2008, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811384979\nMoshimo Gakkō ni Iketara: Afuganisutan no Shōjo Mariamu no Monogatari (もしも学校に行けたら : アフガニスタンの少女・マリアムの物語, English translation: If I Could Go to School: The Story of Afghanistan Girl Mariam) (December 2009, Choubunsha Publishing), ISBN 9784811386119","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"ISIL beheading incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents"},{"title":"Shosei Koda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shosei_Koda"},{"title":"Notable Japanese Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan#Notable_Christians"},{"title":"List of Christian martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs"}]
|
[{"reference":"後藤 健二 [Kenji Goto] (in Japanese). Independent Press. Retrieved 20 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://ipgoto.com/about/%E5%BE%8C%E8%97%A4-%E5%81%A5%E4%BA%8C","url_text":"後藤 健二"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan outraged at IS 'beheading' of hostage Kenji Goto\". BBC News. BBC. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-31075769","url_text":"\"Japan outraged at IS 'beheading' of hostage Kenji Goto\""}]},{"reference":"Dawber, Alistair; Charter, David; Spencer, Richard. \"'Beatle' Isis killer Alexanda Kotey pleads guilty in US\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/beatle-isis-killer-alexanda-kotey-pleads-guilty-in-us-7xg6kz065","url_text":"\"'Beatle' Isis killer Alexanda Kotey pleads guilty in US\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Keleny, Anne (3 February 2015). \"Kenji Goto: Journalist murdered in Syria who highlighted the horrors of war by focusing on its effects on children and families\". The Independent. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/kenji-goto-journalist-murdered-in-syria-who-highlighted-the-horrors-of-war-by-focusing-on-its-10019110.html","url_text":"\"Kenji Goto: Journalist murdered in Syria who highlighted the horrors of war by focusing on its effects on children and families\""}]},{"reference":"Yamaguchi, Mari (22 January 2015). \"How the lives of hostages Yukawa and Goto became intertwined\". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/22/national/how-the-hostages-lives-intertwined/#.VMC4nC4vv-s","url_text":"\"How the lives of hostages Yukawa and Goto became intertwined\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Yoshida, Reiji (20 January 2015). \"Islamic State threatens to kill two Japanese hostages\". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/20/national/islamic-state-threatens-kill-two-japanese-hostages/#.VMC58i4vv-s","url_text":"\"Islamic State threatens to kill two Japanese hostages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Slodkowski, Antoni (21 January 2015). \"Japanese reporter's bid to save friend led to Islamic State abduction\". Tokyo: Reuters. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideastcrisis-islamicstate-japan-idUSKBN0KU1XV20150121","url_text":"\"Japanese reporter's bid to save friend led to Islamic State abduction\""}]},{"reference":"Kameda, Masaaki; Otake, Tomoko (22 January 2015). \"Respected journalist Goto aims to tell world of Syrians' suffering\". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. p. 1. Retrieved 22 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/21/national/former-pastor-says-hostage-caring-journalist/#.VMCw2C4vv-s","url_text":"\"Respected journalist Goto aims to tell world of Syrians' suffering\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"Sekiguchi, Toko (3 February 2015). \"Japan Says It Warned Goto Against Entering Syria\". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 5 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/02/03/japan-says-it-warned-goto-against-entering-syria/","url_text":"\"Japan Says It Warned Goto Against Entering Syria\""}]},{"reference":"Justin, McCurry. \"Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal\". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/japanese-isis-hostage-kenji-gotos-mother-makes-tearful-appeal","url_text":"\"Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goto's final days saw him swapped between Islamic State factions\". The Japan Times. Japan: The Japan Times Ltd. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/02/03/national/japanese-police-question-guides-helped-goto-enter-syria-probe-deception-claim/#.VNOImi4vv-s","url_text":"\"Goto's final days saw him swapped between Islamic State factions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times","url_text":"The Japan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese premier vows to save Islamic State group hostages\". AP. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150121082537/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c55c9fb64ed9401a9e1fdc4bbe2f90a8/video-islamic-state-group-threatens-kill-japan-hostages","url_text":"\"Japanese premier vows to save Islamic State group hostages\""},{"url":"http://bigstory.ap.org/article/c55c9fb64ed9401a9e1fdc4bbe2f90a8/video-islamic-state-group-threatens-kill-japan-hostages","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Justin (23 January 2015). \"Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal\". The Guardian. Tokyo: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 24 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/japanese-isis-hostage-kenji-gotos-mother-makes-tearful-appeal","url_text":"\"Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hjelmgaard, Kim (30 January 2015). \"With fate of ISIS hostages in limbo, wife issues emotional plea\". USA Today. Retrieved 31 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/30/islamic-state-plea-japan-jordan-kenjo-goto-muath-al-kaseasbeh/22572775/","url_text":"\"With fate of ISIS hostages in limbo, wife issues emotional plea\""}]},{"reference":"McCurry, Justin (31 January 2015). \"Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto\". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/isis-video-beheading-japanese-hostage-kenji-goto","url_text":"\"Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"後藤さん30日に殺害の情報 操縦士も、ヨルダン専門家 [Goto killed on 30th, Pilot too, according to Jordanian expert]. 47 News (in Japanese). Japan: Press Net Japan Co., Ltd. 1 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223065237/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201502/CN2015020101001429.html","url_text":"後藤さん30日に殺害の情報 操縦士も、ヨルダン専門家"},{"url":"http://www.47news.jp/CN/201502/CN2015020101001429.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan Executes Two Prisoners to Avenge ISIS Murder of Pilot\". NBC News. NBC Universal. 4 February 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/jordan-executes-two-prisoners-avenge-isis-murder-pilot-n299791","url_text":"\"Jordan Executes Two Prisoners to Avenge ISIS Murder of Pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News","url_text":"NBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal","url_text":"NBC Universal"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Should Not Turn Inward After ISIS Beheading\". Newsweek. 26 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/japan-should-not-turn-inward-after-isis-beheading-301953","url_text":"\"Japan Should Not Turn Inward After ISIS Beheading\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"Ripley, Will; Wakatsuki, Yoko (25 January 2015). \"ISIS' Japanese hostages receive mixed sympathy at home\". CNN. Tokyo: Cable News Network. Retrieved 16 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/24/world/japan-hostage-reaction-ripley/","url_text":"\"ISIS' Japanese hostages receive mixed sympathy at home\""}]},{"reference":"GMT (7 February 2015). \"'Hate Is Not What Humans Should Do': Slain Journalist Kenji Goto's Words Live On Online · Global Voices\". Globalvoices.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalvoices.org/2015/02/07/hate-is-not-what-humans-should-do-slain-journalist-kenji-gotos-words-live-on-online/","url_text":"\"'Hate Is Not What Humans Should Do': Slain Journalist Kenji Goto's Words Live On Online · Global Voices\""}]}]
|
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original"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2015/01/22/goto-kenji-mother-to-be-released_n_6528286.html","external_links_name":"後藤健二さんの母・石堂順子さん「日本はイスラム諸国の敵ではない」イスラム国に人質釈放を訴える"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/japanese-isis-hostage-kenji-gotos-mother-makes-tearful-appeal","external_links_name":"\"Mother of Japanese Isis hostage Kenji Goto makes tearful appeal\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/30/islamic-state-plea-japan-jordan-kenjo-goto-muath-al-kaseasbeh/22572775/","external_links_name":"\"With fate of ISIS hostages in limbo, wife issues emotional plea\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/isis-video-beheading-japanese-hostage-kenji-goto","external_links_name":"\"Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150223065237/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201502/CN2015020101001429.html","external_links_name":"後藤さん30日に殺害の情報 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%27s_hypothesis
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Duane's hypothesis
|
["1 Early Developments in Quantum Theory","1.1 Young's two-slit diffraction experiment, with Fourier analysis","1.2 Bragg diffraction","2 Quantum mechanics","3 Diffraction","4 Physical accounts of wave and of particle diffraction","4.1 Classical diffractor","4.2 Quantum diffractor","5 References"]
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This article may present fringe theories, without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories. Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In 1923, American physicist William Duane presented a discrete momentum-exchange model of the reflection of X-ray photons by a crystal lattice. Duane showed that such a model gives the same scattering angles as the ones calculated via a wave diffraction model, see Bragg's Law.
The key feature of Duane's hypothesis is that a simple quantum rule based on the lattice structure alone determines the quanta of momentum that can be exchanged between the crystal lattice and an incident particle.
In effect, the observed scattering patterns are reproduced by a model where the possible reactions of the crystal are quantized, and the incident photons behave as free particles, as opposed to models where the incident particle acts as a wave, and the wave then 'collapses' to one of many possible outcomes.
Duane argued that the way that crystal scattering can be explained by quantization of momentum is not explicable by models based on diffraction by classical waves, as in Bragg's Law.
Duane applied his hypothesis to derive the scattering angles of X-rays by a crystal. Subsequently, the principles that Duane advanced were also seen to provide the correct relationships for optical scattering at gratings, and the diffraction of electrons.
In the early days of diffraction fine details were not observable because the detectors were inefficient, and the sources were also of low intensities. Hence Bragg's law was the only type of diffraction observable, and Duane's approach could model it. Modern electron microscopes and x-ray diffraction instruments are many orders of magnitude brighter, so many find details of electron and x-ray diffraction are now known which cannot be explained by his approach. Hence his approach is no longer used.
Early Developments in Quantum Theory
In 1905, Albert Einstein presented the hypothesis that the photoelectric effect could be explained if a beam of light was composed of a stream of discrete particles (photons), each with an energy (E = hf) the energy (E) of each photon being equal to the frequency (f) multiplied by Planck's constant (h).
Later, in 1916 Albert Einstein also showed that the recoil of molecules during the emission and absorption of photons was consistent with, and necessary for, a quantum description of thermal radiation processes. Each photon acts as if it imparts a momentum impulse p equal to its energy divided by the speed of light, (p = E/c).
In 1925, shortly before the development of the full mathematical description of quantum mechanics, Born drew Einstein's attention to the then-new idea of "de Broglie's waves". He wrote "It seems to me that a connection of a completely formal kind exists between these and that other mystical explanation of reflection, diffraction and interference using 'spatial' quantisation which Compton and Duane proposed and which has been more closely studied by Epstein and Ehrenfest." Examining the hypothesis of Duane on quantized translational momentum transfer, as it accounted for X-ray diffraction by crystals, and its follow-up by Compton, Epstein and Ehrenfest had written "The phenomena of Fraunhofer diffraction can be treated as well on the basis of the wave theory of light as by a combination of concept of light quanta with Bohr's principle of correspondence." Later, Born and Biem wrote: "Every physicist must accept Duane's rule."
Using Duane's 1923 hypothesis, the old quantum theory and the de Broglie relation, linking wavelengths and frequencies to energy and momenta, gives an account of diffraction of material particles.
Young's two-slit diffraction experiment, with Fourier analysis
Gregory Breit in 1923 pointed out that such quantum translational momentum transfer, examined by Fourier analysis in the old quantum theory, accounts for diffraction even by only two slits. More recently, two slit particle diffraction has been experimentally demonstrated with single-particle buildup of electron diffraction patterns, as may be seen in the photo in this reference and with helium atoms and molecules.
Bragg diffraction
A wave of wavelength λ is incident at angle θ upon an array of crystal atomic planes, lying in a characteristic orientation, separated by a characteristic distance d. Two rays of the beam are reflected from planes separated by distance nd, where n denotes the number of planes of the separation, and is called the order of diffraction. If θ is such that
2
d
sin
θ
=
n
λ
,
{\displaystyle 2d\sin \theta =n\lambda \,,}
then there is constructive interference between the reflected rays, which may be observed in the interference pattern. This is Bragg's law.
The same phenomenon, considered from a different viewpoint, is described by a beam of particles of momentum p incident at angle θ upon the same array of crystal atomic planes. It is supposed that a collective of n such atomic planes reflects the particle, transferring to it a momentum nP, where P is a momentum characteristic of the reflecting planes, in the direction perpendicular to them. The reflection is elastic, with negligible transfer of kinetic energy, because the crystal is massive. The initial momentum of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the reflecting planes was p sin θ. For reflection, the change of momentum of the particle in that direction must be 2p sin θ. Consequently,
2
p
sin
θ
=
n
P
.
{\displaystyle 2p\sin \theta =nP\,.}
This agrees with the observed Bragg condition for the diffraction pattern if θ is such that
p
/
d
=
P
/
λ
{\displaystyle p/d=P/\lambda }
or
p
λ
=
P
d
.
{\displaystyle p\lambda =Pd\,.}
It is evident that p provides information for a particle viewpoint, while λ provides information for a wave viewpoint. Before the discovery of quantum mechanics, de Broglie in 1923 discovered how to inter-translate the particle viewpoint information and the wave viewpoint information for material particles: use Planck's constant and recall Einstein's formula for photons:
p
λ
=
h
.
{\displaystyle p\lambda =h\,.}
It follows that the characteristic quantum of translational momentum P for the crystal planes of interest is given by
P
=
h
/
d
.
{\displaystyle P=h/d\,.}
Quantum mechanics
According to Ballentine, Duane's proposal of quantum translational momentum transfer is no longer needed as a special hypothesis; rather, it is predicted as a theorem of quantum mechanics. It is presented in terms of quantum mechanics by other present day writers also.
Diffraction
One may consider a particle with translational momentum
p
→
{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}}
, a vectorial quantity.
In the simplest example of scattering of two colliding particles with initial momenta
p
→
i
1
,
p
→
i
2
{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{i1},{\vec {p}}_{i2}}
, resulting in final momenta
p
→
f
1
,
p
→
f
2
{\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{f1},{\vec {p}}_{f2}}
. The momentum transfer is given by
q
→
=
p
→
i
1
−
p
→
f
1
=
p
→
f
2
−
p
→
i
2
{\displaystyle {\vec {q}}={\vec {p}}_{i1}-{\vec {p}}_{f1}={\vec {p}}_{f2}-{\vec {p}}_{i2}}
where the last identity expresses momentum conservation.
In diffraction, the difference of the momenta of the scattered particle and the incident particle is called momentum transfer.
Such phenomena can also be considered from a wave viewpoint, by use of the reduced Planck constant
ℏ
{\displaystyle \hbar }
. The wave number
k
{\displaystyle k}
is the absolute value of the wave vector
k
→
=
p
→
/
ℏ
{\displaystyle {\vec {k}}={\vec {p}}/\hbar }
, which is related to the wavelength
λ
=
2
π
/
k
{\displaystyle \lambda =2\pi /k}
. Often, momentum transfer is given in wavenumber units in reciprocal length
Q
=
k
f
−
k
i
{\displaystyle Q=k_{f}-k_{i}}
Momentum transfer is an important quantity because
Δ
x
=
ℏ
/
|
q
|
{\displaystyle \Delta x=\hbar /|q|}
is a better measure for the typical distance resolution of the reaction than the momenta themselves.
Bragg diffraction occurs on the atomic crystal lattice. It conserves the particle energy and thus is called elastic scattering. The wave numbers of the final and incident particles,
k
f
{\displaystyle k_{f}}
and
k
i
{\displaystyle k_{i}}
, respectively, are equal. Just the direction changes by a reciprocal lattice vector
G
→
=
Q
→
=
k
→
f
−
k
→
i
{\displaystyle {\vec {G}}={\vec {Q}}={\vec {k}}_{f}-{\vec {k}}_{i}}
with the relation to the lattice spacing
G
=
2
π
/
d
{\displaystyle G=2\pi /d}
. As momentum is conserved, the transfer of momentum occurs to crystal momentum.
For the investigation of condensed matter, neutron, X-ray and electron diffraction are nowadays commonly studied as momentum transfer processes.
Physical accounts of wave and of particle diffraction
The phenomena may be analysed in several appropriate ways. The incoming and outgoing diffracted objects may be treated severally as particles or as waves. The diffracting object may be treated as a macroscopic classical object free of quantum features, or it may be treated as a physical object with essentially quantum character. Several cases of these forms of analysis, of which there are eight, have been considered. For example, Schrödinger proposed a purely wave account of the Compton effect.
Classical diffractor
A classical diffractor is devoid of quantum character. For diffraction, classical physics usually considers the case of an incoming and an outgoing wave, not of particle beams. When diffraction of particle beams was discovered by experiment, it seemed fitting to many writers to continue to think in terms of classical diffractors, formally belonging to the macroscopic laboratory apparatus, and of wave character belonging to the quantum object that suffers diffraction.
It seems that Heisenberg in 1927 was thinking in terms of a classical diffractor. According to Bacciagaluppi & Crull (2009), Heisenberg in 1927 recognized that "the electron is deflected only in the discrete directions that depend on the global properties of the grating." Nevertheless, it seems that this did not lead him to think that the collective global properties of the grating should make it a diffractor with corresponding quantal properties, such as would supply the diffracted electron with a definite trajectory. It seems, rather, that he thought of the diffraction as necessarily a manifestation of wave character belonging to the electron. It seems that he felt this was necessary to explain interference when the electron was detected far from the diffractor. Thus it seems possible that in 1927, Heisenberg was not thinking in terms of Duane's hypothesis of quantal transfer of translative momentum. By 1930, however, Heisenberg thought enough of Duane's hypothesis to expound it in his textbook.
Quantum diffractor
A quantum diffractor has an essentially quantum character. It was first conceived of in 1923 by William Duane, in the days of the old quantum theory, to account for diffraction of X-rays as particles according to Einstein's new conception of them, as carriers of quanta of momentum. The diffractor was imagined as exhibiting quantum transfer of translational momentum, in close analogy with transfer of angular momentum in integer multiples of Planck's constant. The quantum of translational momentum was proposed to be explained by global quantum physical properties of the diffractor arising from its spatial periodicity. This is consonant with present-day quantum mechanical thinking, in which macroscopic physical bodies are conceived as supporting collective modes, manifest for example in quantized quasi-particles, such as phonons. Formally, the diffractor belongs to the quantum system, not to the classical laboratory apparatus.
References
^ a b Duane, W. (1923). The transfer in quanta of radiation momentum to matter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 9(5): 158–164.
^ Bitsakis, E.(1997). The wave-particle duality, pp. 333–348 in The Present Status of the Quantum Theory of Light: Proceedings of a Symposium in Honour of Jean-Pierre Vigier, edited by Whitney, C.K., Jeffers, S., Roy, S., Vigier, J.-P., Hunter, G., Springer, ISBN 978-94-010-6396-8, p. 338.
^ COWLEY, JOHN M. (1995), "Diffraction from crystals", Diffraction Physics, Elsevier, pp. 123–144, doi:10.1016/b978-044482218-5/50008-0, ISBN 9780444822185, retrieved 2023-08-13
^ Cullity, Bernard D.; Stock, Stuart R. (2001). Elements of X-ray diffraction (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-201-61091-8.
^ Warren, Bertram Eugene (1990). X-ray diffraction. Dover books on physics and chemistry. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-66317-3.
^ Peng, L.-M.; Dudarev, S. L.; Whelan, M. J. (2011). High energy electron diffraction and microscopy. Monographs on the physics and chemistry of materials (1. publ. in paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960224-7.
^ Einstein, A. (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt". Annalen der Physik. 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Translated in Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). "Einstein's proposal of the photon concept: A translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 33 (5): 367. Bibcode:1965AmJPh..33..367A. doi:10.1119/1.1971542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
^ Einstein, A. (1916). "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung". Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft Zürich. 18: 47–62. and a nearly identical version Einstein, A. (1917). "Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung". Physikalische Zeitschrift. 18: 121–128. Bibcode:1917PhyZ...18..121E. Translated here and in ter Haar, D. (1967). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. pp. 167–183. LCCN 66029628.
^ Born, M. (1925/1971). Letter of 15 July 1925, pp. 84–85 in The Born-Einstein Letters, translated by I. Born, Macmillan, London.
^ Epstein, P.S., Ehrenfest, P., (1924). The quantum theory of the Fraunhofer diffraction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 10: 133–139.
^ Ehrenfest, P., Epstein, P.S. (1924/1927). Remarks on the quantum theory of diffraction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 13: 400–408.
^ Compton, A.H. (1923). The quantum integral and diffraction by a crystal, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 9(11): 360–362.
^ Landé, A., Born, M., Biem, W. (1968). 'Dialog on dualism', Physics Today, 21(8): 55–56; doi:10.1063/1.3035103.
^ Heisenberg, W. (1930). The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, translated by C. Eckart and F.C. Hoyt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 77–78.
^ Pauling, L.C., Wilson, E.B. (1935). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: with Applications to Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 34–36.
^ Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, pp. 19–22.
^ Bohm, D. (1951). Quantum Theory, Prentice Hall, New York, pp. 71–73.
^ Breit, G. (1923). The interference of light and the quantum theory, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 9: 238–243.
^ Tonomura, A., Endo, J., Matsuda, T., Kawasaki, T., Ezawa, H. (1989). Demonstration of single‐electron buildup of an interference pattern, Am. J. Phys. 57(2): 117–120.
^ Dragoman, D. Dragoman, M. (2004). Quantum–Classical Analogies, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-20147-5, pp. 170–175.
^ Schmidt, L.P.H., Lower, J., Jahnke, T., Schößler, S., Schöffler, M.S., Menssen, A., Lévêque, C., Sisourat, N., Taïeb, R., Schmidt-Böcking, H., Dörner, R. (2013). Momentum transfer to a free floating double slit: realization of a thought experiment from the Einstein-Bohr debates, Physical Review Letters 111: 103201, 1–5.
^ Bohr, N. (1948). On the notions of causality and complementarity, Dialectica 2: 312–319; p. 313: "It is further important to realize that any determination of Planck's constant rests upon the comparison between aspects of the phenomena which can be described only by means of pictures not combinable on the basis of classical theories."
^ Messiah, A. (1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated by G.M. Temmer from the French Mécanique Quantique, North-Holland, Amsterdam, p. 52, "relations between dynamical variables of the particle and characteristic quantities of the associated wave".
^ a b Heisenberg, W. (1930). The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory, translated by C. Eckart and F.C. Hoyt, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 77.
^ Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London, p. 20.
^ Ballentine, L.E. (1998). Quantum Mechanics: a Modern Development, World Scientific, Singapore, ISBN 981-02-2707-8, p. 136.
^ Van Vliet, K. (1967). Linear momentum quantization in periodic structures, Physica, 35: 97–106, doi:10.1016/0031-8914(67)90138-3.
^ Van Vliet, K. (2010). Linear momentum quantization in periodic structures ii, Physica A, 389: 1585–1593, doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.12.026.
^ Thankappan, V.K. (1985/2012). Quantum Mechanics, third edition, New Age International, New Delhi, ISBN 978-81-224-3357-9, pp. 6–7.
^ Wennerstrom, H. (2014). Scattering and diffraction described using the momentum representation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 205: 105–112.
^ Mehra, J., Rechenberg, H. (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory, volume 1, part 2, Springer, pp. 555–556 here.
^ Hickey, T.J. (2014). Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science:a History, self-published by the author, here.
^ Prigogine, I. (1962). Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, Wiley, New York, pp. 258–262.
^ Squires, G.L. (1978/2012). Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron Scattering, third edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 978-110-764406-9.
^ Böni, P., Furrer, A. (1999). Introduction to neutron scattering, Chapter 1, pp. 1–27 of Frontiers of Neutron Scattering, edited by A. Furrer, World Scientific, Singapore, ISBN 981-02-4069-4.
^ Schrödinger, E. (1927). Über den Comptoneffekt, Annalen der Physik series 4, 82<387(2)>: 257–264. Translated from the second German edition by J.F. Shearer, W.M. Deans at pp. 124–129 in Collected papers on Wave Mechanics, Blackie & Son, London (1928).
^ Landé, A. (1951). Quantum Mechanics, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, London pp. 16–18.
^ Bacciagaluppi, G., Crull, E. (2009). Heisenberg (and Schrödinger, and Pauli) on hidden variables, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 40: 374–382.
^ Heisenberg, W. (1969/1985) The concept of "understanding" in theoretical physics, pp. 7–10 in Properties of Matter Under Unusual Conditions (In Honor of Edward Teller's 60th Birthday), edited by H. Mark, S. Fernbach, Interscience Publishers, New York, reprinted at pp. 335–339 in Heisenberg, W., Collected Works, series C, volume 3, ed. W. Blum, H.-P. Dürr, H. Rechenberg, Piper, Munich, ISBN 3-492-02927-2, p. 336.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duane_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duane_1923-1"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"Bragg's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"Bragg's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_Law"},{"link_name":"scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bragg's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_law"},{"link_name":"electron microscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"x-ray diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction"},{"link_name":"electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"x-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xray_Crystallography#Diffraction_theiry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1923, American physicist William Duane presented[1] a discrete momentum-exchange model of the reflection of X-ray photons by a crystal lattice. Duane showed that such a model gives the same scattering angles as the ones calculated via a wave diffraction model, see Bragg's Law.The key feature of Duane's hypothesis is that a simple quantum rule based on the lattice structure alone determines the quanta of momentum that can be exchanged between the crystal lattice and an incident particle.In effect, the observed scattering patterns are reproduced by a model where the possible reactions of the crystal are quantized, and the incident photons behave as free particles, as opposed to models where the incident particle acts as a wave, and the wave then 'collapses' to one of many possible outcomes.Duane argued that the way that crystal scattering can be explained by quantization of momentum is not explicable by models based on diffraction by classical waves, as in Bragg's Law.Duane applied his hypothesis to derive the scattering angles of X-rays by a crystal. Subsequently, the principles that Duane advanced were also seen to provide the correct relationships for optical scattering at gratings, and the diffraction of electrons.[2]In the early days of diffraction fine details were not observable because the detectors were inefficient, and the sources were also of low intensities. Hence Bragg's law was the only type of diffraction observable, and Duane's approach could model it. Modern electron microscopes and x-ray diffraction instruments are many orders of magnitude brighter, so many find details of electron and x-ray diffraction are now known which cannot be explained by his approach.[3][4][5][6] Hence his approach is no longer used.","title":"Duane's hypothesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"photoelectric effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"Planck's constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Born"},{"link_name":"de Broglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie"},{"link_name":"waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton"},{"link_name":"Duane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duane_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sophus_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Ehrenfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BE_84-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duane_1923-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"de Broglie relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_relation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1905, Albert Einstein presented the hypothesis that the photoelectric effect could be explained if a beam of light was composed of a stream of discrete particles (photons), each with an energy (E = hf) the energy (E) of each photon being equal to the frequency (f) multiplied by Planck's constant (h).[7]\nLater, in 1916 Albert Einstein also showed that the recoil of molecules during the emission and absorption of photons was consistent with, and necessary for, a quantum description of thermal radiation processes. Each photon acts as if it imparts a momentum impulse p equal to its energy divided by the speed of light, (p = E/c).[8]In 1925, shortly before the development of the full mathematical description of quantum mechanics, Born drew Einstein's attention to the then-new idea of \"de Broglie's waves\". He wrote \"It seems to me that a connection of a completely formal kind exists between these and that other mystical explanation of reflection, diffraction and interference using 'spatial' quantisation which Compton and Duane proposed and which has been more closely studied by Epstein and Ehrenfest.\"[9][10][11] Examining the hypothesis of Duane on quantized translational momentum transfer, as it accounted for X-ray diffraction by crystals,[1] and its follow-up by Compton,[12] Epstein and Ehrenfest had written \"The phenomena of Fraunhofer diffraction can be treated as well on the basis of the wave theory of light as by a combination of concept of light quanta with Bohr's principle of correspondence.\" Later, Born and Biem wrote: \"Every physicist must accept Duane's rule.\"[13]Using Duane's 1923 hypothesis, the old quantum theory and the de Broglie relation, linking wavelengths and frequencies to energy and momenta, gives an account of diffraction of material particles.[14][15][16][17]","title":"Early Developments in Quantum Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Breit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Breit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Young's two-slit diffraction experiment, with Fourier analysis","text":"Gregory Breit in 1923 pointed out that such quantum translational momentum transfer, examined by Fourier analysis in the old quantum theory, accounts for diffraction even by only two slits.[18] More recently, two slit particle diffraction has been experimentally demonstrated with single-particle buildup of electron diffraction patterns, as may be seen in the photo in this reference[19][20] and with helium atoms and molecules.[21]","title":"Early Developments in Quantum Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bragg's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_law"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Planck's constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heisenberg_1930-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Bragg diffraction","text":"A wave of wavelength λ is incident at angle θ upon an array of crystal atomic planes, lying in a characteristic orientation, separated by a characteristic distance d. Two rays of the beam are reflected from planes separated by distance nd, where n denotes the number of planes of the separation, and is called the order of diffraction. If θ is such that2\n d\n sin\n \n θ\n =\n n\n λ\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2d\\sin \\theta =n\\lambda \\,,}then there is constructive interference between the reflected rays, which may be observed in the interference pattern. This is Bragg's law.The same phenomenon, considered from a different viewpoint, is described by a beam of particles of momentum p incident at angle θ upon the same array of crystal atomic planes. It is supposed that a collective of n such atomic planes reflects the particle, transferring to it a momentum nP, where P is a momentum characteristic of the reflecting planes, in the direction perpendicular to them. The reflection is elastic, with negligible transfer of kinetic energy, because the crystal is massive. The initial momentum of the particle in the direction perpendicular to the reflecting planes was p sin θ. For reflection, the change of momentum of the particle in that direction must be 2p sin θ. Consequently,2\n p\n sin\n \n θ\n =\n n\n P\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2p\\sin \\theta =nP\\,.}This agrees with the observed Bragg condition for the diffraction pattern if θ is such thatp\n \n /\n \n d\n =\n P\n \n /\n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p/d=P/\\lambda }\n \n or \n \n \n \n p\n λ\n =\n P\n d\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\lambda =Pd\\,.}It is evident that p provides information for a particle viewpoint, while λ provides information for a wave viewpoint. Before the discovery of quantum mechanics, de Broglie in 1923 discovered how to inter-translate the particle viewpoint information and the wave viewpoint information for material particles:[22][23] use Planck's constant and recall Einstein's formula for photons:p\n λ\n =\n h\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\lambda =h\\,.}It follows that the characteristic quantum of translational momentum P for the crystal planes of interest is given byP\n =\n h\n \n /\n \n d\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=h/d\\,.}\n \n[24][25]","title":"Early Developments in Quantum Theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ballentine_136-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vV_1-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vV_2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Th-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenn-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MR_555-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"According to Ballentine, Duane's proposal of quantum translational momentum transfer is no longer needed as a special hypothesis; rather, it is predicted as a theorem of quantum mechanics.[26] It is presented in terms of quantum mechanics by other present day writers also.[27][28][29][30][31][32]","title":"Quantum mechanics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering"},{"link_name":"momentum conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_conservation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"wave number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_number"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absoluteness_(mathematical_logic)"},{"link_name":"wave vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_vector"},{"link_name":"wavelength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength"},{"link_name":"reciprocal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_length"},{"link_name":"Bragg diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg_diffraction"},{"link_name":"crystal lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_lattice"},{"link_name":"elastic scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_scattering"},{"link_name":"wave numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_number"},{"link_name":"reciprocal lattice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_lattice"},{"link_name":"crystal momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_momentum"},{"link_name":"condensed matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter"},{"link_name":"neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_diffraction"},{"link_name":"electron diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"One may consider a particle with translational momentum \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {p}}}\n \n, a vectorial quantity.In the simplest example of scattering of two colliding particles with initial momenta \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n i\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n i\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {p}}_{i1},{\\vec {p}}_{i2}}\n \n, resulting in final momenta \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n f\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n f\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {p}}_{f1},{\\vec {p}}_{f2}}\n \n. The momentum transfer is given byq\n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n i\n 1\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n f\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n f\n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n i\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {q}}={\\vec {p}}_{i1}-{\\vec {p}}_{f1}={\\vec {p}}_{f2}-{\\vec {p}}_{i2}}where the last identity expresses momentum conservation.[33]In diffraction, the difference of the momenta of the scattered particle and the incident particle is called momentum transfer.Such phenomena can also be considered from a wave viewpoint, by use of the reduced Planck constant \n \n \n \n ℏ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\hbar }\n \n. The wave number \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is the absolute value of the wave vector \n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n p\n →\n \n \n \n \n /\n \n ℏ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {k}}={\\vec {p}}/\\hbar }\n \n, which is related to the wavelength \n \n \n \n λ\n =\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda =2\\pi /k}\n \n. Often, momentum transfer is given in wavenumber units in reciprocal length \n \n \n \n Q\n =\n \n k\n \n f\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q=k_{f}-k_{i}}Momentum transfer is an important quantity because \n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n =\n ℏ\n \n /\n \n \n |\n \n q\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta x=\\hbar /|q|}\n \n is a better measure for the typical distance resolution of the reaction than the momenta themselves.Bragg diffraction occurs on the atomic crystal lattice. It conserves the particle energy and thus is called elastic scattering. The wave numbers of the final and incident particles, \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{f}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k_{i}}\n \n, respectively, are equal. Just the direction changes by a reciprocal lattice vector \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G\n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n Q\n →\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n k\n →\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n k\n →\n \n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\vec {G}}={\\vec {Q}}={\\vec {k}}_{f}-{\\vec {k}}_{i}}\n \n with the relation to the lattice spacing \n \n \n \n G\n =\n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=2\\pi /d}\n \n. As momentum is conserved, the transfer of momentum occurs to crystal momentum.For the investigation of condensed matter, neutron, X-ray and electron diffraction are nowadays commonly studied as momentum transfer processes.[34][35]","title":"Diffraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The phenomena may be analysed in several appropriate ways. The incoming and outgoing diffracted objects may be treated severally as particles or as waves. The diffracting object may be treated as a macroscopic classical object free of quantum features, or it may be treated as a physical object with essentially quantum character. Several cases of these forms of analysis, of which there are eight, have been considered. For example, Schrödinger proposed a purely wave account of the Compton effect.[36][37]","title":"Physical accounts of wave and of particle diffraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heisenberg_1930-24"}],"sub_title":"Classical diffractor","text":"A classical diffractor is devoid of quantum character. For diffraction, classical physics usually considers the case of an incoming and an outgoing wave, not of particle beams. When diffraction of particle beams was discovered by experiment, it seemed fitting to many writers to continue to think in terms of classical diffractors, formally belonging to the macroscopic laboratory apparatus, and of wave character belonging to the quantum object that suffers diffraction.It seems that Heisenberg in 1927 was thinking in terms of a classical diffractor. According to Bacciagaluppi & Crull (2009), Heisenberg in 1927 recognized that \"the electron is deflected only in the discrete directions that depend on the global properties of the grating.\" Nevertheless, it seems that this did not lead him to think that the collective global properties of the grating should make it a diffractor with corresponding quantal properties, such as would supply the diffracted electron with a definite trajectory. It seems, rather, that he thought of the diffraction as necessarily a manifestation of wave character belonging to the electron. It seems that he felt this was necessary to explain interference when the electron was detected far from the diffractor.[38] Thus it seems possible that in 1927, Heisenberg was not thinking in terms of Duane's hypothesis of quantal transfer of translative momentum. By 1930, however, Heisenberg thought enough of Duane's hypothesis to expound it in his textbook.[24]","title":"Physical accounts of wave and of particle diffraction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"old quantum theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_quantum_theory"},{"link_name":"X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"Planck's constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_constant"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"phonons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon"}],"sub_title":"Quantum diffractor","text":"A quantum diffractor has an essentially quantum character. It was first conceived of in 1923 by William Duane, in the days of the old quantum theory, to account for diffraction of X-rays as particles according to Einstein's new conception of them, as carriers of quanta of momentum. The diffractor was imagined as exhibiting quantum transfer of translational momentum, in close analogy with transfer of angular momentum in integer multiples of Planck's constant. The quantum of translational momentum was proposed to be explained by global quantum physical properties of the diffractor arising from its spatial periodicity. This is consonant with present-day quantum mechanical thinking, in which macroscopic physical bodies are conceived as supporting collective modes,[39] manifest for example in quantized quasi-particles, such as phonons. Formally, the diffractor belongs to the quantum system, not to the classical laboratory apparatus.","title":"Physical accounts of wave and of particle diffraction"}]
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[{"reference":"COWLEY, JOHN M. (1995), \"Diffraction from crystals\", Diffraction Physics, Elsevier, pp. 123–144, doi:10.1016/b978-044482218-5/50008-0, ISBN 9780444822185, retrieved 2023-08-13","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044482218-5/50008-0","url_text":"\"Diffraction from crystals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-044482218-5%2F50008-0","url_text":"10.1016/b978-044482218-5/50008-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444822185","url_text":"9780444822185"}]},{"reference":"Cullity, Bernard D.; Stock, Stuart R. (2001). Elements of X-ray diffraction (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-201-61091-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-61091-8","url_text":"978-0-201-61091-8"}]},{"reference":"Warren, Bertram Eugene (1990). X-ray diffraction. Dover books on physics and chemistry. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-66317-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-66317-3","url_text":"978-0-486-66317-3"}]},{"reference":"Peng, L.-M.; Dudarev, S. L.; Whelan, M. J. (2011). High energy electron diffraction and microscopy. Monographs on the physics and chemistry of materials (1. publ. in paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960224-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960224-7","url_text":"978-0-19-960224-7"}]},{"reference":"Einstein, A. (1905). \"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt\". Annalen der Physik. 17 (6): 132–148. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein","url_text":"Einstein, A."},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607","url_text":"\"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik","url_text":"Annalen der Physik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1905AnP...322..132E","url_text":"1905AnP...322..132E"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.19053220607","url_text":"10.1002/andp.19053220607"}]},{"reference":"Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). \"Einstein's proposal of the photon concept: A translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905\" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 33 (5): 367. Bibcode:1965AmJPh..33..367A. doi:10.1119/1.1971542. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031335/http://astro1.panet.utoledo.edu/~ljc/PE_eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Einstein's proposal of the photon concept: A translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics","url_text":"American Journal of Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965AmJPh..33..367A","url_text":"1965AmJPh..33..367A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1971542","url_text":"10.1119/1.1971542"},{"url":"http://astro1.panet.utoledo.edu/~ljc/PE_eng.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Einstein, A. (1916). \"Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung\". Mitteilungen der Physikalischen Gesellschaft Zürich. 18: 47–62.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein","url_text":"Einstein, A."}]},{"reference":"Einstein, A. (1917). \"Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung\". Physikalische Zeitschrift. 18: 121–128. Bibcode:1917PhyZ...18..121E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein","url_text":"Einstein, A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalische_Zeitschrift","url_text":"Physikalische Zeitschrift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917PhyZ...18..121E","url_text":"1917PhyZ...18..121E"}]},{"reference":"ter Haar, D. (1967). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. pp. 167–183. LCCN 66029628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_ter_Haar","url_text":"ter Haar, D."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldquantumtheory0000haar","url_text":"The Old Quantum Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Press","url_text":"Pergamon Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oldquantumtheory0000haar/page/167","url_text":"167–183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66029628","url_text":"66029628"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_It_All_Goes_South
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When It All Goes South
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Chart performance","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","3.3 Singles","4 References"]
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2001 album by the American band, Alabama
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "When It All Goes South" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
When It All Goes SouthStudio album by AlabamaReleasedJanuary 16, 2001GenreCountryLength59:35LabelRCA NashvilleProducerAlabamaDon CookJosh LeoLarry Michael LeeJames StroudRick HallMichael OmartianTeddy GentryRandy OwenAlabama chronology
Twentieth Century(1999)
When It All Goes South(2001)
In The Mood: The Love Songs(2003)
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic48/100Review scoresSourceRatingCDNowLaunch.comSonicnetWall of Sound
When It All Goes South is the nineteenth studio album by American country music band Alabama, released in 2001. It produced the singles "When It All Goes South", "Will You Marry Me" and "The Woman He Loves". This became Alabama's final studio album of original materials until 2015's Southern Drawl. It ranked at No. 37 in Billboard Album Charts and No. 4 on Country Album Chart.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."When It All Goes South"Rick Carnes, Janis Carnes, John Barlow Jarvis6:572."The Woman He Loves"Troy Seals, Eddie Setser3:553."Clear Across America Tonight"Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry, Ronnie Rogers, Greg Fowler3:224."Will You Marry Me" (featuring Jann Arden)Jeffrey Steele, Al Anderson3:165."I Can't Hide My Heart"Owen, Gentry, Rogers, Fowler3:106."I Can't Love You Any Less"Owen, Gentry, Rogers, Fowler3:387."Reinvent the Wheel"Walt Aldridge, Brad Crisler3:298."I Write a Little"Jeff Cook, Owen, Rogers4:169."Down This Road"Michael Dulaney, Michael Lunn3:2310."Love Remains" (featuring Christopher Cross)Randy Goodrum, Rob Mathes4:3411."Start Living"Steven Dale Jones4:1712."Simple as That"Chapin Hartford3:4513."You Only Paint the Picture Once"Owen, Gentry, Rogers, Fowler3:3314."Wonderful Waste of Time"Cook, Lisa Cook, Rocko Heermance3:1915."Right Where I Am"Owen, Gentry, Rogers, Fowler4:3416."Second Chances"Skip Ewing, Bob DiPiero3:59
Personnel
Alabama
Jeff Cook- background vocals, electric guitar; lead vocals on "Wonderful Waste of Time"
Teddy Gentry- background vocals, bass guitar; lead vocals on "Love Remains"
Randy Owen- lead vocals, background vocals
Alabama's drummer, Mark Herndon, does not play on the album.
Additional Musicians
Tim Akers- keyboards
Jann Arden- vocals on "Will You Marry Me"
Eddie Bayers- drums
Dennis Burnside- B-3 organ, keyboards, piano
Trinecia Butler- background vocals
Larry Byrom- acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Rick Carnes- keyboards
Mark Casstevens- acoustic guitar
Christopher Cross- vocals on "Love Remains"
Dan Dugmore- steel guitar
Shannon Forrest- drums, percussion
Larry Franklin- fiddle, mandolin
Paul Franklin- steel guitar
Steve Gibson- electric guitar
Rick Hall- electric mandolin, percussion
Larry Hanson- electric guitar, trumpet
John Hobbs- keyboards, piano
Jim Horn- saxophone
John Barlow Jarvis- keyboards
Wayne Jackson - trumpet
Jeff King- electric guitar
Josh Leo- acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Andrew Love- tenor saxophone
Brent Mason- electric guitar
Mac McAnally- acoustic guitar
Chris McHugh- drums
Terry McMillan- harmonica, percussion
Jerry McPherson- bouzouki, electric guitar, electric sitar
Wendell Mobley- background vocals
Greg Morrow- drums, percussion
Steve Nathan- B-3 organ, keyboards, piano, synthesizer
James Nelson- saxophone
Floyd S. Newman- baritone saxophone
Jimmy Nichols- piano, synthesizer
Michael Omartian- piano, keyboards
Dean "Dino" Pastin- harmonica, keyboards, saxophone
Bob Patin- B-3 organ, keyboards, synthesizer, synth flute
Michael Rhodes- bass guitar
Tom Roady- percussion
Brent Rowan- electric guitar, electric sitar
John Wesley Ryles- background vocals
Scotty Sanders- steel guitar
Michael Severs- electric guitar
Cindy Shelton- background vocals
Brian D. Siewert- synth strings
Lisa Silver- background vocals
Jimmie Lee Sloas- bass guitar
Michael Spriggs- acoustic guitar
Don Srygley- electric guitar, percussion
James Stroud- drums
Harvey Thompson- tenor saxophone
Cindy Walker- background vocals
Christopher Walters- keyboards
Biff Watson- bouzouki, acoustic guitar
Glenn Worf- bass guitar
Bob Wray - bass guitar
Voices on "I Write a Little" by Chris DeCarlo, Greg Fowler, Keith Gale, Sam Harrell, Adrian Michaels, Darcy Miller, Dan Nelson, Mike Siris, Suzette Tucker, and Mike Wilson; Military Advisor: LTC James (Jim) E. Pyle U.S. Army (Ret.)
Production
Alabama (all tracks except "Love Remains" and "The Woman He Loves")
Don Cook ("Wonderful Waste of Time", "I Write a Little", "Simple as That", "When It All Goes South")
Josh Leo and Larry Michael Lee ("Right Where I Am", "I Can't Love You Any Less", "Clear Across America Tonight")
James Stroud ("Will You Marry Me", "You Only Paint the Picture Once", "I Can't Hide My Heart")
Rick Hall ("Reinvent the Wheel", "Start Living", "Down This Road")
Michael Omartian and Teddy Gentry ("Love Remains")
Teddy Gentry and Randy Owen ("The Woman He Loves")
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Chart (2001)
Peak position
US Billboard 200
37
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
4
Year-end charts
Chart (2001)
Position
US Top Country Albums (Billboard)
45
Singles
Year
Single
Peak positions
US Country
US
2000
"When It All Goes South"
15
110
2001
"Will You Marry Me"
41
—
"The Woman He Loves"
—
—
References
^ a b c d e "Reviews and Tracks for When It All Goes South by Alabama". Metacritic. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. pp. 19–20. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
^ "Alabama Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ "Alabama Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
^ "Top Country Albums – Year-End 2001". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
vteAlabama
Randy Owen
Jeff Cook
Studio albums
Wild Country (1976)
Deuces Wild (1977)
Alabama Band No. 3 (1979)
My Home's in Alabama (1980)
Feels So Right (1981)
Mountain Music (1982)
The Closer You Get... (1983)
Roll On (1984)
40-Hour Week (1985)
The Touch (1986)
Just Us (1987)
Southern Star (1989)
Pass It On Down (1990)
American Pride (1992)
Cheap Seats (1993)
In Pictures (1995)
Dancin' on the Boulevard (1997)
Twentieth Century (1999)
When It All Goes South (2001)
Alabama & Friends (2013)
Southern Drawl (2015)
Holiday albums
Christmas (1985)
Christmas with The Judds and Alabama (1994)
Christmas Vol. II (1996)
Christmas Collection (2006)
Gospel albums
Songs of Inspiration (2006)
Songs of Inspiration II (2007)
Angels Among Us: Hymns & Gospel Favorites (2014)
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits (1986)
Alabama Live (1988)
Greatest Hits Vol. II (1991)
Gonna Have a Party...Live (1993)
For Our Fans (1993)
Greatest Hits Vol. III (1994)
Super Hits (1996)
Born Country (1997)
Super Hits II (1998)
The Essential Alabama (1998)
For the Record (1998)
Legendary (2002)
In the Mood: The Love Songs (2003)
The American Farewell Tour (2003)
The Ultimate Alabama (2004)
The Essential (2005)
Livin' Lovin' Rockin' Rollin': The 25th Anniversary Collection (2006)
16 Biggest Hits (2007)
Playlist: The Very Best of Alabama (2008)
Mountain Music: The Best of Alabama (2009)
Setlist: The Very Best of Alabama Live (2010)
Country: Alabama (2013)
The Classic Christmas Album (2013)
Alabama & Friends: At the Ryman (2014)
Related articles
Discography
List of songs
Awards and nominations
One on One
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Love_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brent Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Mason"},{"link_name":"Mac McAnally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_McAnally"},{"link_name":"Chris McHugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_McHugh"},{"link_name":"Terry McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McMillan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bouzouki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouzouki"},{"link_name":"electric sitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_sitar"},{"link_name":"Greg Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Steve Nathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Nathan"},{"link_name":"Michael Omartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Omartian"},{"link_name":"Michael Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rhodes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brent Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Rowan"},{"link_name":"John Wesley Ryles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wesley_Ryles"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Lee Sloas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Sloas"},{"link_name":"James Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Biff Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Watson"},{"link_name":"Glenn Worf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Worf"},{"link_name":"Don Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cook"},{"link_name":"Josh Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Leo"},{"link_name":"James Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stroud"},{"link_name":"Michael Omartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Omartian"},{"link_name":"Teddy Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Randy Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Owen"}],"text":"AlabamaJeff Cook- background vocals, electric guitar; lead vocals on \"Wonderful Waste of Time\"\nTeddy Gentry- background vocals, bass guitar; lead vocals on \"Love Remains\"\nRandy Owen- lead vocals, background vocalsAlabama's drummer, Mark Herndon, does not play on the album.Additional MusiciansTim Akers- keyboards\nJann Arden- vocals on \"Will You Marry Me\"\nEddie Bayers- drums\nDennis Burnside- B-3 organ, keyboards, piano\nTrinecia Butler- background vocals\nLarry Byrom- acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nRick Carnes- keyboards\nMark Casstevens- acoustic guitar\nChristopher Cross- vocals on \"Love Remains\"\nDan Dugmore- steel guitar\nShannon Forrest- drums, percussion\nLarry Franklin- fiddle, mandolin\nPaul Franklin- steel guitar\nSteve Gibson- electric guitar\nRick Hall- electric mandolin, percussion\nLarry Hanson- electric guitar, trumpet\nJohn Hobbs- keyboards, piano\nJim Horn- saxophone\nJohn Barlow Jarvis- keyboards\nWayne Jackson - trumpet\nJeff King- electric guitar\nJosh Leo- acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nAndrew Love- tenor saxophone\nBrent Mason- electric guitar\nMac McAnally- acoustic guitar\nChris McHugh- drums\nTerry McMillan- harmonica, percussion\nJerry McPherson- bouzouki, electric guitar, electric sitar\nWendell Mobley- background vocals\nGreg Morrow- drums, percussion\nSteve Nathan- B-3 organ, keyboards, piano, synthesizer\nJames Nelson- saxophone\nFloyd S. Newman- baritone saxophone\nJimmy Nichols- piano, synthesizer\nMichael Omartian- piano, keyboards\nDean \"Dino\" Pastin- harmonica, keyboards, saxophone\nBob Patin- B-3 organ, keyboards, synthesizer, synth flute\nMichael Rhodes- bass guitar\nTom Roady- percussion\nBrent Rowan- electric guitar, electric sitar\nJohn Wesley Ryles- background vocals\nScotty Sanders- steel guitar\nMichael Severs- electric guitar\nCindy Shelton- background vocals\nBrian D. Siewert- synth strings\nLisa Silver- background vocals\nJimmie Lee Sloas- bass guitar\nMichael Spriggs- acoustic guitar\nDon Srygley- electric guitar, percussion\nJames Stroud- drums\nHarvey Thompson- tenor saxophone\nCindy Walker- background vocals\nChristopher Walters- keyboards\nBiff Watson- bouzouki, acoustic guitar\nGlenn Worf- bass guitar\nBob Wray - bass guitarVoices on \"I Write a Little\" by Chris DeCarlo, Greg Fowler, Keith Gale, Sam Harrell, Adrian Michaels, Darcy Miller, Dan Nelson, Mike Siris, Suzette Tucker, and Mike Wilson; Military Advisor: LTC James (Jim) E. Pyle U.S. Army (Ret.)ProductionAlabama (all tracks except \"Love Remains\" and \"The Woman He Loves\")\nDon Cook (\"Wonderful Waste of Time\", \"I Write a Little\", \"Simple as That\", \"When It All Goes South\")\nJosh Leo and Larry Michael Lee (\"Right Where I Am\", \"I Can't Love You Any Less\", \"Clear Across America Tonight\")\nJames Stroud (\"Will You Marry Me\", \"You Only Paint the Picture Once\", \"I Can't Hide My Heart\")\nRick Hall (\"Reinvent the Wheel\", \"Start Living\", \"Down This Road\")\nMichael Omartian and Teddy Gentry (\"Love Remains\")\nTeddy Gentry and Randy Owen (\"The Woman He Loves\")","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_It_All_Goes_South&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Alabama-3"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCountry_Alabama-4"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_It_All_Goes_South&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPeak position\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[3]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[4]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2001)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)[5]\n\n45","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Chart performance"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger%27s
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Bamberger's
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["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.2 20th century","2 WOR radio","3 See also","4 References"]
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Former American department store
Bamberger'sCompany typeDepartment storeIndustryRetailFounded1893FounderFelix FuldLouis M. FrankLouis BambergerDefunct1986FateRebranded as/replaced by Macy'sHeadquarters131 Market Street Newark, New Jersey, U.S.ProductsClothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, electronics, housewaresParentMacy's (1929–1986)
Bamberger's was a department store chain with branches primarily in New Jersey and other locations in Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. The chain was headquartered in Newark, New Jersey.
History
19th century
Newark was known for manufacturing in the last half of the 19th century. By 1892, Newark was the fourth largest American city and it manufactured products from leather to jewelry along with it being a rail hub. It also had a large Jewish population.
It was these factors that lead Felix Fuld, Louis M. Frank, and Louis Bamberger to found the store on Dec 13, 1892 on Market Street on the corner of Halsey Street in Newark, New Jersey, taking over the location of a bankrupt store Hill & Craig. Fuld and Frank were Bamberger's brothers-in-law.
20th century
A 1922 illustration of the Newark store, where Bamberger's launched WOR radio on the sixth floor to sell more radios
On October 16, 1912, the company opened its flagship store, designed by Jarvis Hunt, at 131 Market Street in downtown Newark. The historic building once ranked among the nation's largest department stores; after an expansion in 1929 it was the nation's sixth largest.
The massive building covered an entire city block, bounded by Market, Washington, Bank and Halsey Streets, encompassing 1.2 million square feet. The phone exchange, 565, was devoted solely to Bamberger's, with local direct-dial numbers for most of New Jersey's suburbs for telephone orders, known as "TeleService". The building's loading dock was located well below ground on the fourth-basement level. Two massive elevators carried fully loaded 33 ft trucks from Washington Street down to the loading docks.
The store had over 200 departments over 9 floors, and 2 basement floors. There was a restaurant on the 10th floor. The layout of the store changed over time but one layout of floor departments can be seen here. Bamberger's had its own Newark Public Library branch and US Post Office branch. It sold customized linens, engraved jewelry, furs and other speciality items.
In June 1929, Bamberger's was purchased by R.H. Macy Co, but the name remained Bamberger's. In the years immediately following World War II, the store was reorganized to become more "mainstream". In 1955, the tenth-floor restaurant complex was leased to the private Downtown Club. Dining service for customers continued at The Dinette, a counter style room on the first basement level and snack bars on the first and fourth floors. Eventually the lower-level eatery was remodeled into a formal restaurant named the Garden State Tea Room.
The 1960s and 1970s saw expansion throughout the state of New Jersey and into the Greater Philadelphia metropolitan area, and by the 1980s there were branches opened in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. On October 5, 1986, the Bamberger's stores adopted the name Macy's New Jersey, and in 1988 Macy's New Jersey was consolidated with sister division Macy's New York to form Macy's Northeast (now Macy's, Inc.).
As North Jersey's population grew, Bamberger's followed the suburban population aggressively. Suburban branch stores of L. Bamberger & Co. were built in other New Jersey locations: downtown Morristown, Plainfield, and at Princeton, New Jersey. According to Greg Hatala, for nj.com, "With the post-World War II population shift towards the suburbs of major cities, Bamberger's built additional stores in locations such as East Brunswick, Garden State Plaza, Livingston Mall, Monmouth Mall, Nanuet Mall, Ocean County Mall, and Menlo Park Mall. In 1970, the East Brunswick location became an anchor store for the Brunswick Square Mall".
Sales volume at the downtown Newark store was affected by the Newark civil unrest of 1967—sales space was decreased and Newark became a "value oriented" store. Evening hours were eliminated downtown by 1979.
In 1986, all Bamberger's stores were renamed Macy's, and the Newark store operated as Macy's until it was closed in 1992.
The flagship store in Newark became 165 Halsey Street and serves the telecommunication, colocation, and computer support industries.
WOR radio
WOR radio was established by Bamberger Broadcasting Service in 1922. The broadcast studio was located on the sixth floor of its downtown headquarters It was the first radio station on the East Coast to broadcast opera and a morning gym class in the 1920s. Its FM station, W2XOR (then W71NY, now WEPN-FM) began broadcasting in 1940 or 1941. On October 11, 1949, WOR-TV (channel 9) signed on the air, becoming the last of the New York metropolitan area VHF television stations to begin operations; in the same year, Bamberger was re-incorporated to General Teleradio, in part due to General Tire and Rubber's increased investment in the station. Transmission was from the WOR TV Tower in North Bergen, New Jersey, until 1953, and from the Empire State Building thereafter. In 1952, General Tire acquired General Teleradio from Macy's, merging it with the Don Lee Network to form General Tire's broadcasting division.
See also
List of defunct department stores of the United States
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lisicky, Michael J. (2016). Bambergers : New Jersey's greatest store. ISBN 978-1467136440. OCLC 952155150.
^ Palmer, Joanne. "Louis Bamberger's big store". Times of Israel (Jewish Standard). Times of Israel (Jewish Standard). Retrieved 16 August 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h Forgosh, Linda B. Louis Bamberger : department store innovator and philanthropist. ISBN 9781611689822. OCLC 946610770.
^ a b Helmreich, William, ed. (28 July 2017). The Enduring Community : the Jews of Newark and MetroWest. ISBN 9781351290029. OCLC 1000454404.
^ impressM. "An Enlightened Life of Selling and Giving". Charles Cummings. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ Booker, Cory (2017). United: Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101965184.
^ "13 Nov 1977, 91 - The Record at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ a b "Retrofitted Newark store is a model for Lazarus makeover". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "Bambergers in 1929: What Went On Inside the Store". www.oldnewark.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ a b c d Hatala, Greg (2015-12-03). "Glimpse of History: Bamberger's on the Green in Morristown". nj.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ Stores: The Bulletin of the N.R.D.G.A. National Retail Dry Goods Association. 1990.
^ "Downtown Newark Memories". newarkmemories.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on". North Jersey. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "165 Halsey Street, Office Listings". Listings.165halsey.com. 2009-08-31. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-14.
^ "Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on". lohud.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "FM Broadcasting History - Various Articles". jeff560.tripod.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ Berg, Jerome S. (2008-10-01). Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today. McFarland. ISBN 9780786451999.
^ "WOR Official Opening is Tomorrow" (PDF). Broadcasting: The Newsweekly of Radio and Television. October 10, 1949. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
^ Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Incorporated. 1970.
^ "WOR-TV North Bergen Transmitter News Articles". j-hawkins.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
^ "WOR merger; General Tire gets MBS control." Broadcasting – Telecasting, January 21, 1952, pg. 25.
vteStore conversions to Macy's and predecessors2006Famous-BarrThe Jones StoreL. S. Ayres
The Famous Clothing Store (1911)
The William Barr Dry Goods Co. (1911)
The Jones Store added to division in 1998
Kaufman-Straus (1969, to L.S. Ayres)
Pogue's (1983, to L.S. Ayres)
Stewart Dry Goods (1985, to L.S. Ayres)
L.S. Ayres added to division in 1991
Filene'sKaufmann's
Steiger's (1994)
G. Fox & Co. (1993)
Kaufmann's added to division in 2002
Hess's (1995, to Kaufmann's)
McCurdy's (1994, to Kaufmann's)
May Company Ohio (1992, to Kaufmann's)
Sibley's (1991, to Kaufmann's)
Strouss (1986, to Kaufmann's)
Foley's
Maison Blanche (1998)
May D&F (1993)
Sanger–Harris (1987)
Hecht'sStrawbridge's
Castner Knott (1998)
Wanamaker's (1995)
Woodward & Lothrop (1995)
Hess's (1994)
Thalhimers (1992)
Miller & Rhoads (1990)
Strawbridge's added to division in 1996
Marshall Field's
Dayton's (2001)
Hudson's (2001)
Robinsons-MayMeier & Frank
May Company California (1993)
J. W. Robinson's (1993)
Goldwater's (1989, to May Company California, J. W. Robinson's and May D&F)
Meier & Frank added to division in 2002; Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (2001, to Meier & Frank)
2005Rich'sGoldsmith'sLazarus
Horne's (1994, to Lazarus)
Block's (1987, to Lazarus)
Herpolsheimer's (1987, to Lazarus)
Shillito-Rike's (1986, to Lazarus)
Goldsmith's added to division in 1988
Lazarus added to division in 1995
Burdines
Maas Brothers (1991)
Jordan Marsh Florida (1991)
The Bon Marché
C.C. Anderson's (1937)
Missoula Mercantile (1978)
1996-2001
Bullock's (1996)
The Emporium (1996)
The Broadway (1996)
Jordan Marsh (1996)
Weinstock's (1996)
Liberty House (2001)
Stern's (2001)
1947-1995
O'Connor, Moffat & Co. (1947)
John Taylor Dry Goods Co. (1949)
Lasalle & Koch (1984)
Bamberger's (1986)
Davison's (1986)
I. Magnin (1994)
Abraham & Straus (1995)
See also
Allied Stores
Associated Dry Goods
The May Department Stores Company
Macy's, Inc.
|
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By 1892, Newark was the fourth largest American city and it manufactured products from leather to jewelry along with it being a rail hub. It also had a large Jewish population.[2]It was these factors that lead Felix Fuld, Louis M. Frank, and Louis Bamberger to found the store on Dec 13, 1892 on Market Street on the corner of Halsey Street in Newark, New Jersey, taking over the location of a bankrupt store Hill & Craig.[3][4] Fuld and Frank were Bamberger's brothers-in-law.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BambergersWOR1922.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newark store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberger_Building"},{"link_name":"WOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Jarvis Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_Hunt"},{"link_name":"131 Market Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165_Halsey_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"here.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/09/l-bamberger-co-newark-new-jersey.html"},{"link_name":"Newark Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"R.H. Macy Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"Macy's Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_East"},{"link_name":"Macy's, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"North Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Morristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Plainfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Princeton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"East Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Garden State Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_State_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Livingston Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Mall"},{"link_name":"Monmouth Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Mall"},{"link_name":"Nanuet Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanuet_Mall"},{"link_name":"Ocean County Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_County_Mall"},{"link_name":"Menlo Park Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park_Mall"},{"link_name":"Brunswick Square Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Square_Mall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Macy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"165 Halsey Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165_Halsey_Street"},{"link_name":"colocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocation_centre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165halsey-14"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"A 1922 illustration of the Newark store, where Bamberger's launched WOR radio on the sixth floor to sell more radiosOn October 16, 1912, the company opened its flagship store, designed by Jarvis Hunt, at 131 Market Street in downtown Newark.[1][3] The historic building once ranked among the nation's largest department stores; after an expansion in 1929 it was the nation's sixth largest.[3]The massive building covered an entire city block, bounded by Market, Washington, Bank and Halsey Streets, encompassing 1.2 million square feet.[5] The phone exchange, 565, was devoted solely to Bamberger's,[6] with local direct-dial numbers for most of New Jersey's suburbs for telephone orders, known as \"TeleService\".[7][1] The building's loading dock was located well below ground on the fourth-basement level.[8] Two massive elevators carried fully loaded 33 ft trucks from Washington Street down to the loading docks.[8]The store had over 200 departments over 9 floors, and 2 basement floors.[1] There was a restaurant on the 10th floor.[1] The layout of the store changed over time but one layout of floor departments can be seen here. Bamberger's had its own Newark Public Library branch and US Post Office branch.[3] It sold customized linens, engraved jewelry, furs and other speciality items.[3][9]In June 1929, Bamberger's was purchased by R.H. Macy Co, but the name remained Bamberger's.[3] In the years immediately following World War II, the store was reorganized to become more \"mainstream\".[1] In 1955, the tenth-floor restaurant complex was leased to the private Downtown Club.[1] Dining service for customers continued at The Dinette, a counter style room on the first basement level and snack bars on the first and fourth floors.[1] Eventually the lower-level eatery was remodeled into a formal restaurant named the Garden State Tea Room.[1]The 1960s and 1970s saw expansion throughout the state of New Jersey and into the Greater Philadelphia metropolitan area, and by the 1980s there were branches opened in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area.[10] On October 5, 1986, the Bamberger's stores adopted the name Macy's New Jersey, and in 1988 Macy's New Jersey was consolidated with sister division Macy's New York to form Macy's Northeast (now Macy's, Inc.).[10][11]As North Jersey's population grew, Bamberger's followed the suburban population aggressively. Suburban branch stores of L. Bamberger & Co. were built in other New Jersey locations: downtown Morristown, Plainfield, and at Princeton, New Jersey.[10] According to Greg Hatala, for nj.com, \"With the post-World War II population shift towards the suburbs of major cities, Bamberger's built additional stores in locations such as East Brunswick, Garden State Plaza, Livingston Mall, Monmouth Mall, Nanuet Mall, Ocean County Mall, and Menlo Park Mall. In 1970, the East Brunswick location became an anchor store for the Brunswick Square Mall\".[10]Sales volume at the downtown Newark store was affected by the Newark civil unrest of 1967—sales space was decreased and Newark became a \"value oriented\" store.[1] Evening hours were eliminated downtown by 1979.[12]In 1986, all Bamberger's stores were renamed Macy's, and the Newark store operated as Macy's until it was closed in 1992.[13]The flagship store in Newark became 165 Halsey Street and serves the telecommunication, colocation, and computer support industries.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOR_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"WEPN-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEPN-FM"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"WOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWOR-TV"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"General Tire and Rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Tire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"WOR TV Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOR_TV_Tower"},{"link_name":"North Bergen, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Bergen,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Don Lee Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Lee_Network"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"WOR radio was established by Bamberger Broadcasting Service in 1922.[15] The broadcast studio was located on the sixth floor of its downtown headquarters[3] It was the first radio station on the East Coast to broadcast opera and a morning gym class in the 1920s.[3] Its FM station, W2XOR (then W71NY, now WEPN-FM) began broadcasting in 1940 or 1941.[16][17] On October 11, 1949, WOR-TV (channel 9) signed on the air, becoming the last of the New York metropolitan area VHF television stations to begin operations;[18] in the same year, Bamberger was re-incorporated to General Teleradio, in part due to General Tire and Rubber's increased investment in the station.[19] Transmission was from the WOR TV Tower in North Bergen, New Jersey, until 1953, and from the Empire State Building thereafter.[20] In 1952, General Tire acquired General Teleradio from Macy's, merging it with the Don Lee Network to form General Tire's broadcasting division.[21]","title":"WOR radio"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A 1922 illustration of the Newark store, where Bamberger's launched WOR radio on the sixth floor to sell more radios","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BambergersWOR1922.jpg/220px-BambergersWOR1922.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of defunct department stores of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defunct_department_stores_of_the_United_States"}]
|
[{"reference":"Lisicky, Michael J. (2016). Bambergers : New Jersey's greatest store. ISBN 978-1467136440. OCLC 952155150.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1467136440","url_text":"978-1467136440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952155150","url_text":"952155150"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Joanne. \"Louis Bamberger's big store\". Times of Israel (Jewish Standard). Times of Israel (Jewish Standard). Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/louis-bambergers-big-store/","url_text":"\"Louis Bamberger's big store\""}]},{"reference":"Forgosh, Linda B. Louis Bamberger : department store innovator and philanthropist. ISBN 9781611689822. OCLC 946610770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611689822","url_text":"9781611689822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946610770","url_text":"946610770"}]},{"reference":"Helmreich, William, ed. (28 July 2017). The Enduring Community : the Jews of Newark and MetroWest. ISBN 9781351290029. OCLC 1000454404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351290029","url_text":"9781351290029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000454404","url_text":"1000454404"}]},{"reference":"impressM. \"An Enlightened Life of Selling and Giving\". Charles Cummings. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://knowingnewark.npl.org/an-enlightened-life-of-selling-and-giving/","url_text":"\"An Enlightened Life of Selling and Giving\""}]},{"reference":"Booker, Cory (2017). United: Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101965184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iFekDQAAQBAJ&q=phone+565+number+newark+bamberger&pg=PA91","url_text":"United: Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101965184","url_text":"9781101965184"}]},{"reference":"\"13 Nov 1977, 91 - The Record at Newspapers.com\". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://newspapers.com/image/494480633/?terms=teleservice+bamberger%27s","url_text":"\"13 Nov 1977, 91 - The Record at Newspapers.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retrofitted Newark store is a model for Lazarus makeover\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2004/06/18/Retrofitted-Newark-store-is-a-model-for-Lazarus-makeover/stories/200406180130","url_text":"\"Retrofitted Newark store is a model for Lazarus makeover\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bambergers in 1929: What Went On Inside the Store\". www.oldnewark.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oldnewark.com/memories/downtown/bodianbamsfloor.htm","url_text":"\"Bambergers in 1929: What Went On Inside the Store\""}]},{"reference":"Hatala, Greg (2015-12-03). \"Glimpse of History: Bamberger's on the Green in Morristown\". nj.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/12/glimpse_of_history_bambergers_on_the_green_in_morr.html","url_text":"\"Glimpse of History: Bamberger's on the Green in Morristown\""}]},{"reference":"Stores: The Bulletin of the N.R.D.G.A. National Retail Dry Goods Association. 1990.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh0XAQAAMAAJ&q=%22macy%27s+northeast%22+bamberger%27;s","url_text":"Stores: The Bulletin of the N.R.D.G.A."}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Newark Memories\". newarkmemories.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://newarkmemories.com/memories/811.php","url_text":"\"Downtown Newark Memories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\". North Jersey. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northjersey.com/story/money/shopping/2016/11/23/bambergers-stores-gone-but-impact-lives/94244040/","url_text":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\""}]},{"reference":"\"165 Halsey Street, Office Listings\". Listings.165halsey.com. 2009-08-31. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604063721/http://listings.165halsey.com/bldglist.mpl#","url_text":"\"165 Halsey Street, Office Listings\""},{"url":"http://listings.165halsey.com/bldglist.mpl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\". lohud.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lohud.com/story/life/2016/12/01/bambergers-history-new-book/94731692/","url_text":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\""}]},{"reference":"\"FM Broadcasting History - Various Articles\". jeff560.tripod.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/fm4.html","url_text":"\"FM Broadcasting History - Various Articles\""}]},{"reference":"Berg, Jerome S. (2008-10-01). Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today. McFarland. ISBN 9780786451999.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjP978PYo0MC&q=W71NY+bamberger%27s+WOR+fm&pg=PA53","url_text":"Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786451999","url_text":"9780786451999"}]},{"reference":"\"WOR Official Opening is Tomorrow\" (PDF). Broadcasting: The Newsweekly of Radio and Television. October 10, 1949. Retrieved April 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-10-10-BC.pdf#page=48","url_text":"\"WOR Official Opening is Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"Broadcasting. Broadcasting Publications Incorporated. 1970.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A0njAAAAMAAJ&q=General+Teleradio+1949","url_text":"Broadcasting"}]},{"reference":"\"WOR-TV North Bergen Transmitter News Articles\". j-hawkins.com. Retrieved 2019-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://j-hawkins.com/wor-tv-NB_News.html","url_text":"\"WOR-TV North Bergen Transmitter News Articles\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/09/l-bamberger-co-newark-new-jersey.html","external_links_name":"here."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/952155150","external_links_name":"952155150"},{"Link":"https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/louis-bambergers-big-store/","external_links_name":"\"Louis Bamberger's big store\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946610770","external_links_name":"946610770"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1000454404","external_links_name":"1000454404"},{"Link":"https://knowingnewark.npl.org/an-enlightened-life-of-selling-and-giving/","external_links_name":"\"An Enlightened Life of Selling and Giving\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iFekDQAAQBAJ&q=phone+565+number+newark+bamberger&pg=PA91","external_links_name":"United: Thoughts on Finding Common Ground and Advancing the Common Good"},{"Link":"http://newspapers.com/image/494480633/?terms=teleservice+bamberger%27s","external_links_name":"\"13 Nov 1977, 91 - The Record at Newspapers.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.post-gazette.com/business/businessnews/2004/06/18/Retrofitted-Newark-store-is-a-model-for-Lazarus-makeover/stories/200406180130","external_links_name":"\"Retrofitted Newark store is a model for Lazarus makeover\""},{"Link":"https://www.oldnewark.com/memories/downtown/bodianbamsfloor.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bambergers in 1929: What Went On Inside the Store\""},{"Link":"https://www.nj.com/morris/2015/12/glimpse_of_history_bambergers_on_the_green_in_morr.html","external_links_name":"\"Glimpse of History: Bamberger's on the Green in Morristown\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh0XAQAAMAAJ&q=%22macy%27s+northeast%22+bamberger%27;s","external_links_name":"Stores: The Bulletin of the N.R.D.G.A."},{"Link":"http://newarkmemories.com/memories/811.php","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Newark Memories\""},{"Link":"https://www.northjersey.com/story/money/shopping/2016/11/23/bambergers-stores-gone-but-impact-lives/94244040/","external_links_name":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090604063721/http://listings.165halsey.com/bldglist.mpl#","external_links_name":"\"165 Halsey Street, Office Listings\""},{"Link":"http://listings.165halsey.com/bldglist.mpl","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lohud.com/story/life/2016/12/01/bambergers-history-new-book/94731692/","external_links_name":"\"Bamberger's stores are gone but impact lives on\""},{"Link":"http://jeff560.tripod.com/fm4.html","external_links_name":"\"FM Broadcasting History - Various Articles\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjP978PYo0MC&q=W71NY+bamberger%27s+WOR+fm&pg=PA53","external_links_name":"Listening on the Short Waves, 1945 to Today"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1949/1949-10-10-BC.pdf#page=48","external_links_name":"\"WOR Official Opening is Tomorrow\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A0njAAAAMAAJ&q=General+Teleradio+1949","external_links_name":"Broadcasting"},{"Link":"http://j-hawkins.com/wor-tv-NB_News.html","external_links_name":"\"WOR-TV North Bergen Transmitter News Articles\""},{"Link":"https://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-01-21.pdf#page=25","external_links_name":"\"WOR merger; General Tire gets MBS control.\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2005
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Biathlon World Championships 2005
|
["1 Schedule","2 Medal winners","2.1 Men","2.2 Women","2.3 Mixed","3 Medal summary","4 References"]
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Biathlon World Championships 2005Host cityHochfilzenCountryAustriaEvents8Opening4 March 2005 (2005-03-04)Closing13 March 2005 (2005-03-13)← Oberhof 2004Pokljuka 2006 →
The 40th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2005 for the third time in Hochfilzen, Austria from 4 to 13 March. Approximately 80,000 spectators went to see the competitions. The mixed relay, contested for the first time in the World Championships, was held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.
Schedule
Date
Time
Event
5 March
10:00
Men's 10 km sprint
14:00
Women's 7.5 km sprint
6 March
10:00
Men's 12.5 km pursuit
13:00
Women's 10 km pursuit
8 March
14:15
Women's 15 km individual
9 March
14:15
Men's 20 km individual
11 March
14:15
Women's 4 × 6 km relay
12 March
14:45
Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay
13 March
10:45
Women's 12.5 km mass start
12:45
Men's 15 km mass start
20 March
13:00
Mixed 4 × 6 km relay
Medal winners
Men
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
10 km sprint
Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway
24:37.5(1+0)
Sven Fischer Germany
24:48.0(1+0)
Ilmārs Bricis Latvia
25:01.5(0+0)
12.5 km pursuit
Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway
36:41.4(0+1+1+1)
Sergei Tchepikov Russia
37:20.6(0+0+0+0)
Sven Fischer Germany
37:32.1(2+0+1+0)
20 km individual
Roman Dostál Czech Republic
1:00:24.5(0+0+0+1)
Michael Greis Germany
1:00:33.9(0+0+0+0)
Ricco Groß Germany
1:00:51.4(1+0+0+1)
4 × 7.5 km relay
NorwayHalvard HanevoldStian EckhoffEgil GjellandOle Einar Bjørndalen
1:21:59.2(0+2) (0+3)(0+0) (0+1)(0+1) (0+0)(0+0) (0+0)
RussiaSergei RozhkovNikolay Kruglov, Jr.Pavel RostovtsevSergei Tchepikov
1:22:25.2(0+0) (0+0)(0+0) (0+1)(0+1) (0+0)(0+2) (0+1)
AustriaDaniel MesotitschFriedrich PinterWolfgang RottmannChristoph Sumann
1:22:42.5(0+0) (0+2)(0+0) (0+0)(0+0) (0+1)(0+0) (0+1)
15 km mass start
Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway
40:51.9(1+0+2+0)
Sven Fischer Germany
41:03.8(0+1+1+1)
Raphaël Poirée France
41:12.5(0+0+1+1)
Women
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
7.5 km sprint
Uschi Disl Germany
21:58.6(0+0)
Olga Zaitseva Russia
22:02.1(0+0)
Olena Zubrilova Belarus
22:25.2(0+0)
10 km pursuit
Uschi Disl Germany
33:32.5(1+0+2+1)
Liu Xianying China
33:50.4(0+1+1+2)
Olga Zaitseva Russia
34:13.1(0+1+1+2)
15 km individual
Andrea Henkel Germany
52:37.5(0+1+0+0)
Sun Riboun China
53:07.7(0+1+0+1)
Linda Tjørhom Norway
53:11.8(1+0+0+0)
4 × 6 km relay
RussiaOlga PylevaSvetlana IshmouratovaAnna Bogaliy-TitovetsOlga Zaitseva
1:13:44.4(0+1) (0+0)(0+2) (0+1)(0+0) (0+0)(0+3) (0+0)
GermanyUschi DislKatrin ApelAndrea HenkelKati Wilhelm
1:14:25.8(0+3) (1+3)(0+2) (0+0)(0+1) (0+0)(0+2) (0+1)
BelarusEkaterina IvanovaOlga NazarovaLyudmila AnankoOlena Zubrylava
1:14:37.6(0+0) (1+3)(0+0) (0+2)(0+0) (0+1)(0+0) (0+3)
12.5 km mass start
Gro Marit Istad Kristiansen Norway
41:40.3(0+1+0+3)
Anna Carin Olofsson Sweden
41:44.0(0+1+1+1)
Olga Pyleva Russia
41:48.7(1+1+1+0)
Mixed
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
4 × 6 km W+M relay
RussiaOlga PylevaSvetlana IshmouratovaIvan CherezovNikolay Kruglov, Jr.
1:13:24.1(0+1) (0+2)(0+2) (0+0)(0+1) (0+0)(0+1) (0+2)
RussiaAnna Bogaliy-TitovetsOlga ZaitsevaSergey TchepikovSergey Rozhkov
1:13:31.4(0+0) (0+0)(1+3) (0+0)(0+0) (0+0)(0+1) (0+3)
GermanyUschi DislKati WilhelmMichael GreisRicco Groß
1:13:58.3(1+3) (0+3)(0+1) (0+2)(0+0) (0+0)(0+0) (0+3)
Medal summary
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Norway (NOR)50162 Germany (GER)34293 Russia (RUS)13264 Czech Republic (CZE)10015 China (CHN)02026 Sweden (SWE)01017 Belarus (BLR)00228 Austria (AUT)0011 France (FRA)0011 Latvia (LAT)0011Totals (10 entries)10101030
References
^ Men's sprint results
^ Men's pursuit results
^ Men's individual results
^ Men's relay results
^ Men's mass start results
^ Women's sprint results
^ Women's pursuit results
^ Women's individual results
^ Women's relay results
^ Women's mass start results
^ Mixed relay results
vteBiathlon World Championships
Saalfelden 1958
Courmayeur 1959
Umeå 1961
Hämeenlinna 1962
Seefeld 1963
Elverum 1965
Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1966
Altenberg 1967
Zakopane 1969
Östersund 1970
Hämeenlinna 1971
Lake Placid 1973
Minsk 1974
Antholz-Anterselva 1975
Antholz-Anterselva 1976
Vingrom 1977
Hochfilzen 1978
Ruhpolding 1979
Lahti 1981
Minsk 1982
Antholz-Anterselva 1983
Chamonix 1984
Ruhpolding / Egg am Etzel 1985
Oslo / Falun 1986
Lake Placid / Lahti 1987
Chamonix 1988
Feistritz an der Drau 1989
Minsk / Oslo / Kontiolahti 1990
Lahti 1991
Novosibirsk 1992
Borovets 1993
Canmore 1994
Antholz-Anterselva 1995
Ruhpolding 1996
Brezno-Osrblie 1997
Pokljuka / Hochfilzen 1998
Kontiolahti / Oslo 1999
Oslo / Lahti 2000
Pokljuka 2001
Oslo 2002
Khanty-Mansiysk 2003
Oberhof 2004
Hochfilzen / Khanty-Mansiysk 2005
Pokljuka 2006
Antholz-Anterselva 2007
Östersund 2008
Pyeongchang 2009
Khanty-Mansiysk 2010
Khanty-Mansiysk 2011
Ruhpolding 2012
Nové Město na Moravě 2013
Kontiolahti 2015
Oslo 2016
Hochfilzen 2017
Östersund 2019
Antholz-Anterselva 2020
Pokljuka 2021
Oberhof 2023
Nové Město na Moravě 2024
Lenzerheide 2025
Otepää 2027
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hochfilzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochfilzen"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Khanty-Mansiysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"The 40th Biathlon World Championships were held in 2005 for the third time in Hochfilzen, Austria from 4 to 13 March. Approximately 80,000 spectators went to see the competitions. The mixed relay, contested for the first time in the World Championships, was held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.","title":"Biathlon World Championships 2005"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men","title":"Medal winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Women","title":"Medal winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed","title":"Medal winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medal summary"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SMSP/BT_C73B_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Men's sprint results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SMPU/BT_C73D_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Men's pursuit results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SMIN/BT_C73A_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Men's individual results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SMRL/BT_C73C_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Men's relay results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SMMS/BT_C73E_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Men's mass start results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SWSP/BT_C73B_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Women's sprint results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SWPU/BT_C73D_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Women's pursuit results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SWIN/BT_C73A_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Women's individual results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SWRL/BT_C73C_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Women's relay results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CH__/SWMS/BT_C73E_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Women's mass start results"},{"Link":"https://ibu.blob.core.windows.net/docs/0405/BT/SWRL/CHMR/MXRL/BT_C73C_1.0.pdf","external_links_name":"Mixed relay results"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiina_Ranne
|
Tiina Ranne
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Finnish ice hockey player
Ice hockey player
Tiina Ranne
Ranne in net for KalPa in September 2022Born
(1994-12-06) 6 December 1994 (age 29)Harjavalta, FinlandHeight
165 cm (5 ft 5 in)Weight
61 kg (134 lb; 9 st 8 lb)Position
GoaltenderCatches
LeftNSML teamFormer teams
KalPa KuopioHPK HämeenlinnaJYP JyväskyläTeam OriflameNational team
FinlandPlaying career
2010–present
Tiina Ranne (born 6 December 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey goaltender, currently playing with KalPa Kuopio of the Naisten Liiga and the Finnish national team. She previously played for Team Oriflame Kuortane, JYP Jyväskylä Naiset, and HPK Kiekkonaiset in the Naisten Liiga (called Naisten SM-sarja during 1982 to 2017).
She participated at the 2016 IIHF Women's World Championship.
References
^ 2016 World Championship roster Archived 2018-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com
This biographical article relating to a Finnish ice hockey goaltender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"goaltender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"KalPa Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KalPa_Naiset"},{"link_name":"Naisten Liiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naisten_Liiga_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Finnish national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"},{"link_name":"Team Oriflame Kuortane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Oriflame"},{"link_name":"JYP Jyväskylä Naiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JYP_Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_Naiset"},{"link_name":"HPK Kiekkonaiset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPK_Kiekkonaiset"},{"link_name":"2016 IIHF Women's World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_IIHF_Women%27s_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerTiina Ranne (born 6 December 1994) is a Finnish ice hockey goaltender, currently playing with KalPa Kuopio of the Naisten Liiga and the Finnish national team. She previously played for Team Oriflame Kuortane, JYP Jyväskylä Naiset, and HPK Kiekkonaiset in the Naisten Liiga (called Naisten SM-sarja during 1982 to 2017).She participated at the 2016 IIHF Women's World Championship.[1]","title":"Tiina Ranne"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://stats.iihf.com/Hydra/508/IHW508000_33_13_0_FIN.pdf","external_links_name":"2016 World Championship roster"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180220104250/http://reports.iihf.hockey/Hydra/508/IHW508000_33_13_0_FIN.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=366769&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/515468-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiina_Ranne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Free_Teachers%27_Unions
|
International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions
|
["1 History","2 Affiliates","3 Leadership","3.1 General Secretaries","3.2 Presidents","4 References"]
|
The International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions (IFFTU) was a global union federation of trade unions representing teachers.
History
The International Federation of Teachers' Trade Unions was founded after World War II, and affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). When the large majority of Western trade unions left the WFTU, the teachers' trade secretariat was the only one to remain affiliated to the WFTU. To fill this gap, the new International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) held a meeting in Paris in 1951 to found a rival international secretariat, the "International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions".
By 1960, the secretariat had 12 affiliates in 11 countries, with a total of 229,500 members, and continued to grow rapidly. At the end of 1992, it merged with the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession, to form Education International.
Affiliates
In 1960, the following unions were affiliated to the federation:
Union
Country
Affiliated membership
American Federation of Teachers
United States
55,000
Federation of Civil Servants
Belgium
19,000
International Centre of Free Trade Unionists in Exile
N/A
Unknown
National Federation of Education
France
5,000
National Federation of Teachers
Tunisia
2,500
National Union of Elementary Schools
Italy
119,000
National Union of Teachers
Israel
14,500
Spanish Federation of Teachers
Spain
1,000
Trinidad and Tobago Teachers' Union
British West Indies Federation
4,000
Union of Public Services Personnel
Switzerland
850
Leadership
General Secretaries
1951: Maurice van de Moortel
1965: Andre Braconier
1981: Fred van Leeuwen
Presidents
1951: Irvin Kuenzli
1956: Pierre Reymond-Sauvin
1965: Heinrich Roden
1972: Erich Frister
1981: Albert Shanker
References
^ a b c Goldberg, Arthur (1960). Directory of International Trade Union Organizations. Washington DC: United States Department of Labour. pp. 16.1–16.9.
^ Potts, Patricia (1995). Equality and Diversity in Education. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415119987.
vteInternational Confederation of Free Trade UnionsGeneral secretaries
1949: Jacobus Hendrik Oldenbroek
1960: Omer Becu
1967: Harm Buiter
1972: Otto Kersten
1982: John Vanderveken
1992: Enzo Friso
1995: Bill Jordan
2002: Guy Ryder
Assistant general secretaries
1952: Hans Gottfurcht
1960: Alfred Braunthal, Stefan Nędzyński and Herbert A. Tulatz
1967: Morris Paladino
1972: Heribert Maier
1974: John Vanderveken
1984: Enzo Friso
1993: Eddy Laurijssen
2002: Zé Olívio
Presidents
1949: Paul Finet
1951: Vincent Tewson
1953: Omer Becu
1957: Arne Geijer
1965: Bruno Storti
1972: Donald MacDonald
1975: P. P. Narayanan
1992: Roy Trotman
2000: Fackson Shamenda
2004: Sharan Burrow
Regional organisations
APRO: Asia Pacific
AFRO: Africa
ERO: Europe
ORIT: Americas
Allied organisations
International Trade Secretariats (ITSs)
Bureau of Workers Activities of the ILO (ILO-ACTRAV)
Socialist International
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Federation of Teachers' Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Teachers%27_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"World Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"International Confederation of Free Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldberg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldberg-1"},{"link_name":"World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Organisations_of_the_Teaching_Profession"},{"link_name":"Education International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The International Federation of Teachers' Trade Unions was founded after World War II, and affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). When the large majority of Western trade unions left the WFTU, the teachers' trade secretariat was the only one to remain affiliated to the WFTU. To fill this gap, the new International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) held a meeting in Paris in 1951 to found a rival international secretariat, the \"International Federation of Free Teachers' Unions\".[1]By 1960, the secretariat had 12 affiliates in 11 countries, with a total of 229,500 members, and continued to grow rapidly.[1] At the end of 1992, it merged with the World Confederation of Organisations of the Teaching Profession, to form Education International.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldberg-1"}],"text":"In 1960, the following unions were affiliated to the federation:[1]","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"General Secretaries","text":"1951: Maurice van de Moortel\n1965: Andre Braconier\n1981: Fred van Leeuwen","title":"Leadership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Shanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Shanker"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"1951: Irvin Kuenzli\n1956: Pierre Reymond-Sauvin\n1965: Heinrich Roden\n1972: Erich Frister\n1981: Albert Shanker","title":"Leadership"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Goldberg, Arthur (1960). Directory of International Trade Union Organizations. Washington DC: United States Department of Labour. pp. 16.1–16.9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Potts, Patricia (1995). Equality and Diversity in Education. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415119987.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415119987","url_text":"0415119987"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122703857","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2010537065&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Elliman_(album)
|
Yvonne Elliman (album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1972 studio album by Yvonne EllimanYvonne EllimanStudio album by Yvonne EllimanReleased1972 (1972)StudioA&R Studios, AIR StudiosGenrePop, pop rockLabelDeccaProducerTim Rice, Andrew Lloyd WebberYvonne Elliman chronology
Yvonne Elliman(1972)
Food of Love(1973)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingChristgau's Record GuideC+
Yvonne Elliman is the debut album by American pop music star Yvonne Elliman, recorded and released in 1972 on Decca Records. It was produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, for Qwertyuiop Productions, and features the single "I Don't Know How To Love Him".
It also features covers of "Can't Find My Way Home" by Blind Faith, Nothing Rhymed by Raymond O'Sullivan, better known as his stage name, Gilbert O'Sullivan, "World In Changes" and "Look At You, Look At Me" both by Dave Mason, "I Would Have Had A Good Time" by John Kongos, "Speak Your Mind" by Marc Benno and "Sugar Babe" by Stephen Stills.
Track listing
"Look At You, Look at Me" (Dave Mason) 4:12
"I Would Have Had a Good Time" (John Kongos) 4:01
"Can't Find My Way Home" (Steve Winwood) 3:09
"Everyday of My Life" (David Spinozza) 3:50
"I Don't Know How To Love Him" (Tim Rice, Andrew Lloyd Webber) 3:32
"Sugar Babe" (Stephen Stills) 4:19
"Nothing Rhymed" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) 3:36
"World in Changes" (Dave Mason) 3:40
"Interlude for Johnny" (Yvonne Elliman) 2:01
"Speak Your Mind" (Marc Benno) 4:35
"Heat" (Bruce Epstein) 2:53
Personnel
Yvonne Elliman - vocals, acoustic guitar
Hilda Harris, Linda November, Maeretha Stewart - backing vocals
Louis Stewart, Bruce Epstein - acoustic guitar
David Spinozza - acoustic and electric guitar
Hugh McCracken - acoustic and electric guitar, harmonica
Ken Ascher - piano, organ
Peter Gordon - organ
Alan Weighall, Stu Woods - bass
Bruce Rowland - drums
Rick Marotta - drums, percussion
Ralph McDonald - percussion
References
^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: E". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved February 24, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.
External links
http://www.discogs.com/Yvonne-Elliman-Yvonne-Elliman/master/326506
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
vteYvonne EllimanStudio albums
Yvonne Elliman
Food of Love
Love Me
Singles
"I Don't Know How to Love Him"
"Everything's Alright"
"Love Me"
"Hello Stranger"
"I Can't Get You Outa My Mind"
"If I Can't Have You"
"Moment by Moment"
"Love Pains"
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yvonne Elliman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Elliman"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"I Don't Know How To Love Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_How_To_Love_Him"},{"link_name":"Can't Find My Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Find_My_Way_Home"},{"link_name":"Blind Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith"},{"link_name":"Nothing Rhymed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Rhymed"},{"link_name":"Gilbert O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Dave Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mason"},{"link_name":"John Kongos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kongos"},{"link_name":"Marc Benno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benno"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills"}],"text":"1972 studio album by Yvonne EllimanYvonne Elliman is the debut album by American pop music star Yvonne Elliman, recorded and released in 1972 on Decca Records. It was produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, for Qwertyuiop Productions, and features the single \"I Don't Know How To Love Him\".It also features covers of \"Can't Find My Way Home\" by Blind Faith, Nothing Rhymed by Raymond O'Sullivan, better known as his stage name, Gilbert O'Sullivan, \"World In Changes\" and \"Look At You, Look At Me\" both by Dave Mason, \"I Would Have Had A Good Time\" by John Kongos, \"Speak Your Mind\" by Marc Benno and \"Sugar Babe\" by Stephen Stills.","title":"Yvonne Elliman (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mason"},{"link_name":"John Kongos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kongos"},{"link_name":"Can't Find My Way Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Find_My_Way_Home"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"David Spinozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spinozza"},{"link_name":"I Don't Know How To Love Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Know_How_To_Love_Him"},{"link_name":"Tim Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Rice"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Stephen Stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Stills"},{"link_name":"Nothing Rhymed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Rhymed"},{"link_name":"Gilbert O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Marc Benno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benno"}],"text":"\"Look At You, Look at Me\" (Dave Mason) 4:12\n\"I Would Have Had a Good Time\" (John Kongos) 4:01\n\"Can't Find My Way Home\" (Steve Winwood) 3:09\n\"Everyday of My Life\" (David Spinozza) 3:50\n\"I Don't Know How To Love Him\" (Tim Rice, Andrew Lloyd Webber) 3:32\n\"Sugar Babe\" (Stephen Stills) 4:19\n\"Nothing Rhymed\" (Gilbert O'Sullivan) 3:36\n\"World in Changes\" (Dave Mason) 3:40\n\"Interlude for Johnny\" (Yvonne Elliman) 2:01\n\"Speak Your Mind\" (Marc Benno) 4:35\n\"Heat\" (Bruce Epstein) 2:53","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linda November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_November"},{"link_name":"Louis Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Stewart_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"David Spinozza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spinozza"},{"link_name":"Hugh McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_McCracken"},{"link_name":"Ken Ascher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Ascher"},{"link_name":"Bruce Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rowland_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Rick Marotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Marotta"},{"link_name":"Ralph McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_MacDonald"}],"text":"Yvonne Elliman - vocals, acoustic guitar\nHilda Harris, Linda November, Maeretha Stewart - backing vocals\nLouis Stewart, Bruce Epstein - acoustic guitar\nDavid Spinozza - acoustic and electric guitar\nHugh McCracken - acoustic and electric guitar, harmonica\nKen Ascher - piano, organ\nPeter Gordon - organ\nAlan Weighall, Stu Woods - bass\nBruce Rowland - drums\nRick Marotta - drums, percussion\nRalph McDonald - percussion","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: E\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved February 24, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=E&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=E&bk=70","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: E\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Yvonne-Elliman-Yvonne-Elliman/master/326506","external_links_name":"http://www.discogs.com/Yvonne-Elliman-Yvonne-Elliman/master/326506"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/37ead753-68a8-4245-93c1-4484b8e0b4a8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuttonBeresCuller
|
SuttonBeresCuller
|
["1 References"]
|
Small Moons, 2012
Ties That Bind, 2011
SuttonBeresCuller is a Seattle-based art collective who create sculpture, drawing, site-specific installation and public art environments. The artists, John Sutton (born 1975 in Tacoma, WA, USA), Ben Beres (born 1976 in Akron, OH, USA) and Zac Culler (born 1977 in Boston, MA, USA) have been working collaboratively since graduating from Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, WA in 2000.
In 2011, SuttonBeresCuller were awarded the Kayla Skinner Special Recognition Award from the Seattle Art Museum, and a Creative Capital Grant in 2008 for their ongoing project Mini Mart City Park, a 1930s-era gas station that will be repurposed into a public green space and conservatory in Georgetown, Seattle, WA. SuttonBeresCuller transformed the land by selling "Canned Dirt" for $50 a can. While this only packages and redistributes the contaminated dirt, it has fundraised money for chemical pumps that pulls harmful toxins out of the soil in Georgetown. What was initially a year-long project has turned into 'full-scale social project that is challenging environmental policy and creating an entirely new model for how communities can work collaboratively to transform contaminated sites in their own backyards,' leading Art:21 writer Jessica Lott to refer to them as 'Accidental Activists'.
SuttonBeresCuller's large-scale installation Big Top Grand Stand premiered at Nuit Blanche in Toronto, Canada in 2014, and is currently on view at MASS MoCA.
SuttonBeresCuller are represented by Los Angeles, CA gallery GUSFORD, and Greg Kucera Gallery in Seattle, WA.
You Always Leave Me Wanting More, 2015
References
^ "Jenny Heishman Announced as 2011 Betty Bowen Award Winner! - SAM Blog". samblog.seattleartmuseum.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
^ "Creative Capital - Investing in Artists who Shape the Future". creative-capital.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
^ "Accidental Activists: SuttonBeresCuller | ART21 Magazine". blog.art21.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
^ "Project Details | Scotiabank Nuit Blanche". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
^ "MASS MoCA - SuttonBeresCuller: Big Top Grand Stand". Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
^ "GUSFORD representing American artists SuttonBeresCuller | GUSFORD | los angeles". gusfordgallery.com. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
^ "SuttonBeresCuller | Greg Kucera Gallery | Seattle". gregkucera.com. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TiesThatBind.jpg"},{"link_name":"art collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_collective"},{"link_name":"Cornish College of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_College_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Seattle Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seattleartmuseum-1"},{"link_name":"Creative Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Capital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creative-capital-2"},{"link_name":"Mini Mart City Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minimartcitypark.com/"},{"link_name":"Art:21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art:21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art21-3"},{"link_name":"Big Top Grand Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//suttonberesculler.com/portfolio/big-top-grand-stand/"},{"link_name":"Nuit Blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_Blanche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MASS MoCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASS_MoCA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-massmoca-5"},{"link_name":"GUSFORD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUSFORD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gusfordgallery-6"},{"link_name":"Greg Kucera Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gregkucera.com"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gregkucera-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:You_Always_Leave_Me_Wanting_More.jpeg"}],"text":"Ties That Bind, 2011SuttonBeresCuller is a Seattle-based art collective who create sculpture, drawing, site-specific installation and public art environments. The artists, John Sutton (born 1975 in Tacoma, WA, USA), Ben Beres (born 1976 in Akron, OH, USA) and Zac Culler (born 1977 in Boston, MA, USA) have been working collaboratively since graduating from Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle, WA in 2000.In 2011, SuttonBeresCuller were awarded the Kayla Skinner Special Recognition Award from the Seattle Art Museum,[1] and a Creative Capital Grant in 2008[2] for their ongoing project Mini Mart City Park, a 1930s-era gas station that will be repurposed into a public green space and conservatory in Georgetown, Seattle, WA. SuttonBeresCuller transformed the land by selling \"Canned Dirt\" for $50 a can. While this only packages and redistributes the contaminated dirt, it has fundraised money for chemical pumps that pulls harmful toxins out of the soil in Georgetown. What was initially a year-long project has turned into 'full-scale social project that is challenging environmental policy and creating an entirely new model for how communities can work collaboratively to transform contaminated sites in their own backyards,' leading Art:21 writer Jessica Lott to refer to them as 'Accidental Activists'.[3]SuttonBeresCuller's large-scale installation Big Top Grand Stand premiered at Nuit Blanche in Toronto, Canada in 2014,[4] and is currently on view at MASS MoCA.[5]SuttonBeresCuller are represented by Los Angeles, CA gallery GUSFORD,[6] and Greg Kucera Gallery in Seattle, WA.[7]You Always Leave Me Wanting More, 2015","title":"SuttonBeresCuller"}]
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[{"image_text":"Small Moons, 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SmallMoons.jpg/220px-SmallMoons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ties That Bind, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/TiesThatBind.jpg/220px-TiesThatBind.jpg"},{"image_text":"You Always Leave Me Wanting More, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/You_Always_Leave_Me_Wanting_More.jpeg/220px-You_Always_Leave_Me_Wanting_More.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Jenny Heishman Announced as 2011 Betty Bowen Award Winner! - SAM Blog\". samblog.seattleartmuseum.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://samblog.seattleartmuseum.org/2011/09/jenny-heishman-announced-as-2011-betty-bowen-award-winner/","url_text":"\"Jenny Heishman Announced as 2011 Betty Bowen Award Winner! - SAM Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Capital - Investing in Artists who Shape the Future\". creative-capital.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.creative-capital.org/grantees/view/316/project:275","url_text":"\"Creative Capital - Investing in Artists who Shape the Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accidental Activists: SuttonBeresCuller | ART21 Magazine\". blog.art21.org. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.art21.org/2014/05/19/accidental-activists-suttonberesculler/#.VVJRN9pVhBf","url_text":"\"Accidental Activists: SuttonBeresCuller | ART21 Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Project Details | Scotiabank Nuit Blanche\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071117/http://2014.scotiabanknuitblanche.ca/project.html?project_id=1391","url_text":"\"Project Details | Scotiabank Nuit Blanche\""},{"url":"http://2014.scotiabanknuitblanche.ca/project.html?project_id=1391","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MASS MoCA - SuttonBeresCuller: Big Top Grand Stand\". Archived from the original on 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319085020/http://massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=995","url_text":"\"MASS MoCA - SuttonBeresCuller: Big Top Grand Stand\""},{"url":"http://www.massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=995","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GUSFORD representing American artists SuttonBeresCuller | GUSFORD | los angeles\". gusfordgallery.com. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gusfordgallery.com/news/26/","url_text":"\"GUSFORD representing American artists SuttonBeresCuller | GUSFORD | los angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"SuttonBeresCuller | Greg Kucera Gallery | Seattle\". gregkucera.com. Retrieved 2016-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gregkucera.com/suttonberesculler.htm","url_text":"\"SuttonBeresCuller | Greg Kucera Gallery | Seattle\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.minimartcitypark.com/","external_links_name":"Mini Mart City Park"},{"Link":"http://suttonberesculler.com/portfolio/big-top-grand-stand/","external_links_name":"Big Top Grand Stand"},{"Link":"http://www.gregkucera.com/","external_links_name":"Greg Kucera Gallery"},{"Link":"http://samblog.seattleartmuseum.org/2011/09/jenny-heishman-announced-as-2011-betty-bowen-award-winner/","external_links_name":"\"Jenny Heishman Announced as 2011 Betty Bowen Award Winner! - SAM Blog\""},{"Link":"http://www.creative-capital.org/grantees/view/316/project:275","external_links_name":"\"Creative Capital - Investing in Artists who Shape the Future\""},{"Link":"http://blog.art21.org/2014/05/19/accidental-activists-suttonberesculler/#.VVJRN9pVhBf","external_links_name":"\"Accidental Activists: SuttonBeresCuller | ART21 Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071117/http://2014.scotiabanknuitblanche.ca/project.html?project_id=1391","external_links_name":"\"Project Details | Scotiabank Nuit Blanche\""},{"Link":"http://2014.scotiabanknuitblanche.ca/project.html?project_id=1391","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150319085020/http://massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=995","external_links_name":"\"MASS MoCA - SuttonBeresCuller: Big Top Grand Stand\""},{"Link":"http://www.massmoca.org/event_details.php?id=995","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gusfordgallery.com/news/26/","external_links_name":"\"GUSFORD representing American artists SuttonBeresCuller | GUSFORD | los angeles\""},{"Link":"http://www.gregkucera.com/suttonberesculler.htm","external_links_name":"\"SuttonBeresCuller | Greg Kucera Gallery | Seattle\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commando_units
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List of commando units
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["1 Argentina","2 Australia","3 Azerbaijan","4 Bahamas","5 Bangladesh","6 Belgium","7 Brazil","8 China - PRC","9 Colombia","9.1 Air Force","10 France","11 Germany","12 India","13 Iraq","14 Israel","15 Korea, South - ROK","16 Malaysia","17 Netherlands","18 New Zealand","19 Pakistan","20 Philippines","21 Portugal","22 Singapore","23 Sri Lanka","24 South Africa","25 Sweden","26 Syria","27 Thailand","28 Turkey","29 United Kingdom","30 United States","31 Vietnam","32 See also","32.1 Rhodesia","33 References"]
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List of commando units around the world
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This is a list of current commando units.
Argentina
601 Commando Company
602 Commando Company
603 Commando Company
Australia
Main article: Australian commandos
1st Commando Regiment
2nd Commando Regiment
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Commando Brigades
Bahamas
Main article: Commando Squadron (Bahamas)
Bangladesh
Main article: Bangladesh special operations forces
Para-Commando Brigade
Belgium
2nd Commando Battalion
Brazil
COMANF
COT
China - PRC
Chengdu Military Region Special Forces Unit – "Falcon".
Thor (Leishen) Commando Airborne Forces.
PLA Navy's commando team "Sea Dragon"
"Snow Leopard"
Colombia
Air Force
Special Air Command Group (Agrupación de Comandos Especiales Aéreos)
France
3rd level Commando Badge
In France, commando is both the name of Special Operations or Special Operations Capable units and the name of an elite light infantry training.
French Army (Armée de Terre)
The commandos are trained at the Centre national d'entraînement commando or National Commando Training Center. The graduates of the Center are either serving in a SF unit (1er RPIMa and 13e RDP), in a light-infantry unit (Commando Parachute Group in the 11th Parachute Brigade and Mountain Commando Group in the 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade) or as instructors in a regular Army unit. Furthermore, members of the counter-terrorist National Gendarmerie Intervention Group and of the Division Action of Directorate-General for External Security are usually graduates of the Center.
Weapons of the modern commando Jaubert are clearly visible
French Navy (Marine Nationale)
The Commandos Marine are the Navy component of Special Operations Command.
Commando Hubert : (also named Commando d'Action Sous-Marine Hubert, CASM, "underwater operations commando"): Submarine action (combat divers).
Commando Jaubert : Assault at sea, exfiltration, close quarters battle at sea.
Commando Trepel : Assault at sea, exfiltration.
Commando de Penfentenyo : Reconnaissance, Intelligence Operations (recon swimmers)
Commando de Montfort : Long range neutralisation (missile launchers, light mortars, heavy sniper rifles), fire support designation
Commando Kieffer : C3I, military dogs
French Air Force (Armée de L'Air).
The Parachute Commandos (commandos parachutistes) are the élite units of the Air Force Infantry (Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air).
Commando parachutiste de l'Air n° 10 (CPA 10) is the Air Force component of Special Operations Command
Commando parachutiste de l'Air n° 20 : long-range Bases Protection and JTACs.
Commando parachutiste de l'Air n° 20 : RESCO
Germany
KSK-sniper during training
The German Army currently operates the Fernspähkompanie (Germany's elite long range reconnaissance company), and the Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK).
The KSK is stationed in Calw, in the Black Forest area in southern Germany. It consists of about 1,100 soldiers, but only a nucleus of these are in fighting units. Exact numbers are not available, as this information is considered secret. The KSK is a part of the Special Operations Division (Div. Spezielle Operationen or DSO).
The fighting units are divided into four commando companies of about 100 men each and the special commando company with veteran members, taking supporting tasks. Each of the four commando companies has five specialised platoons:
1st platoon: land insertions
2nd platoon: airborne operations
3rd platoon: amphibious operations
4th platoon: operations in special geographic or meteorologic surroundings (e.g. mountains or polar-regions)
5th platoon: reconnaissance, sniper and counter-sniper operations
Command Platoon
There are four commando squads in every platoon.
India
Main article: Special Forces of India
In India, the term "commando" is generally used to refer to the Special forces of India. 2 of the 3 Indian special forces currently have the word "commando" in their name while the other dropped the word "commando" for "Special Forces" in the late 1970s.
Para (Special Forces) (Indian Army)
MARCOS (Indian Navy)
Garud Commando Force (Indian Air Force)
Special Operations Command
In addition, Ghatak Platoons are platoons present in every single infantry battalion of the Indian Army consisting of the most physically capable troops from every battalion who are selected to undergo commando training and are better equipped than the other platoons present in the battalion. Their role is similar to that of light infantry commandos.
Iraq
Main article: Iraqi Special Operations Forces
Iraqi 36th Commando Battalion
Iraqi commandos in June 2010, training under the supervision of soldiers from the 82nd Airborne
Israel
Israeli Egoz Reconnaissance soldiers blending in with the landscape
Israeli Shayetet 13 Operatives during training
The primary commando units of the Israel Defense Forces include Shayetet 13, Sayeret Matkal and the Shaldag Unit.
Shayetet 13 is the elite naval commando unit of the Israeli Navy. S'13 specializes in sea-to-land incursions, counter-terrorism, sabotage, maritime intelligence gathering, maritime hostage rescue, and boarding. The unit is one of the world's most well reputed special forces units.
Sayeret Matkal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit) is a special forces unit of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) directly subordinate to the Directorate of Military Intelligence.Primarily a field intelligence-gathering unit specializing in special reconnaissance behind enemy lines, Sayeret Matkal is also tasked with counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, and foreign espionage. Modeled after the British Army's Special Air Service—from which it emulated the motto, "Who Dares, Wins"—the unit is considered to be the Israeli equivalent to the famed Delta Force of the United States. As one of Israel's most important commando units, the Sayeret Matkal has reputedly been involved in almost every major counter-terrorism operation since its inception in 1957.
The Egoz Reconnaissance Unit is an Israeli Special Force commando unit, in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Egoz is a unit that specializes in guerrilla, anti-guerrilla warfare, behind enemy lines intelligence gathering, and more complicated ground activity. Egoz is part of the Commando Brigade but still completes basic training with the Golani Brigade.
Maglan (Also known as Unit 212) is an Israeli special forces unit which specializes in operating behind enemy lines and deep in enemy territory using advanced technologies and weaponry.
Unit 217, frequently called Duvdevan Unit is an elite special operations force within the Israel Defense Forces, part of the Oz Brigade. Duvdevan are noted for undercover operations in urban areas, during which they often wear Arab civilian clothes as a disguise. They are also known to be trained in human and mechanical counter-surveillance. Along with Sayeret Matkal, soldiers in Duvdevan are the only soldiers in the IDF authorized to wear their uniforms without identifying shoulder tabs.
Shaldag Unit, also known as Unit 5101, is an elite Israeli Air Force commando unit. Shaldag's mission is to deploy undetected into combat and hostile environments to conduct special reconnaissance, establish assault zones or airfields, while simultaneously conducting air traffic control and commando actions.
Korea, South - ROK
Main article: Commandos of the Republic of Korea Army
Republic of Korea Army
700th Commando Regiment
701st Commando Regiment
702nd Commando Regiment
703rd Commando Regiment
705th Commando Regiment
Malaysia
69 Commando (VAT69)
Netherlands
Korps Commando Troepen
New Zealand
D Squadron (Commando), 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment
Pakistan
Pakistani SSG Commandos on UN Peacekeeping Force
Light Commando Battalions have been formed by the Pakistan Army for special operations and counter-terrorism.
Philippines
Main article: Special Action Force
Seal of the Special Action Force
The Special Action Force (SAF) is the elite commando unit of the Philippine National Police. It is required to undergo the SAF Commando Course to be allowed to wear the SAF Beret. It also serves as the foundation course or requisite for other SAF specialization trainings such as Explosives and Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Basic Airborne Course (BAC), Urban Counter Revolutionary Warfare Course (SURESHOCK), SCUBA-BUSROC (Basic Under-Water Search and Rescue Operations Course), SAF Seaborne Warfare Course (SSWC) and others.
Portugal
A Portuguese Army Commandos team in Afghanistan
Comandos Troops
Singapore
Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation 1 CDO, 1st Commando Battalion
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Army Commando K9 Unit
Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment
1st Commando Regiment
2nd Commando Regiment
3rd Commando Regiment
4th Commando Regiment
HQ BN Commando(RFT)
Commando Regiment Training School Uva Kudaoya
Commando Regiment Specialized Warfare Training School at Vidathalathive Mannar
Anti Hijacking & Hostage Release Team' (AHHRT)
South Africa
While the use of the word commando came to refer to various elite special operations forces units in other countries in the world, South Africa retained its original name as both a well regulated quick response militia as well as a special operations forces unit defined in the worldwide fashion. From the end of the 19th until the early 21st centuries, the Commando units in the form of its original structure were used in both urban and rural areas until the end of white rule in South Africa as part of a nationwide South African Commando System.
When white rule was replaced with majority rule, the new democratic ANC led government demanded the disbandment of the commandos which they considered an obstacle to further democratic control as well as complaints of abuses. Thus, with the integration of white cities with black townships, the new ANC led urban governments immediately disbanded the urban militia commando units.
With the election of Thabo Mbeki, the process of de-arming white militias again commenced and it was announced in 2003, that the rural commandos would be disbanded. The last rural commandos were ordered disbanded by the central government over constitutional arguments.
The ANC government directed its attention toward the Reconnaissance Commandos which were the first mixed-race unit in the old SADF. During the period of rationalisation, reorganisation and integration, some Reconnaissance Regiments (Numbers 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) were disbanded and the members absorbed into the remaining 4 Special Forces Regiment (SFR) at Langebaan and 5 SFR at Phalaborwa as part of the
South African Special Forces Brigade.
Sweden
Coastal rangers (Kustjägarna, KJ)
Syria
Republican Guard
102nd Commando Brigade
103rd Commando Brigade
104th Commando Brigade
5th Mechanized Division
59th Commando Battalion
Thailand
Air Force
Royal Thai Air Force Security Force Regiment
Royal Thai Air Force Special Operations Regiment also known as Air Force Commando
Turkey
Turkish commandos typically wear blue berets. Commando brigades form the backbone of the Turkish Army's offensive capabilities, but they are not trained to conduct special operations, rather they serve as the main light infantry of the TAF. As of 2016, the number of commando brigades have been expanded to 16 to deal with the new threats, including two in the gendarmerie force brigade. These include:
1st Commando Brigade - specialized in airborne operations
2nd Commando Brigade
3rd Commando Brigade
4th Commando Brigade
5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade - specialized in mountain warfare
7th Commando Brigade
9th Commando Brigade
10th Commando Brigade
11th Commando Brigade
17th Commando Brigade
40th Commando Brigade
41st Commando Brigade
49th Commando Brigade
Amphibious Commando Brigade - specialized in amphibious warfare and amphibious reconnaissance
1st Gendarmerie Commando Brigade
2nd Gendarmerie Commando Brigade
The most notable are the 1st Commando Brigade and the 5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade. The Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade was founded as a subunit of the 1st Commando Brigade and is stationed in Hakkâri Province at south-easternmost Turkey. With the rise of the Kurdish insurgency, the existing formation has been enlarged from the size of a battalion to a brigade. The 1st Commando Brigade was involved in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and fought beside airborne commandos (Bolu) and the Naval Infantry Brigade (Izmir). In 1988, 7000 commandos received training from the United States.
United Kingdom
Main article: British Commandos
3 Commando Brigade, Royal Marines is under the command of the Royal Navy's Commander-in-Chief Fleet. All Royal Marines (other than those in the Royal Marines Band Service) are commando trained on entry to the Corps, with supporting units and individuals from the other armed services undertaking the All Arms Commando Course as required.
The Brigade is made up of 30 (IX) Commando, 40 Commando (home base: Taunton), 42 Commando (Bickleigh, South Hams, Plymouth), 43 Commando Fleet Protection Group (HMNB Clyde, Argyll and Bute), 45 Commando (Arbroath, Scotland), the Commando Logistic Regiment, the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group (Bovington Camp (Royal Armoured Corps Centre), Dorset), 539 Assault Squadron RM, 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery and 24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers.
The Royal Marines is the largest force of its type in Europe and the second largest in NATO.
United States
Rangers take part in a raid during Operation in Nahr-e Saraj, Afghanistan
The United States continues to have no designated "commando" units; however, the closest equivalents remain the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions, which specialize in most of the same tasks and missions.
During the Vietnam War the U.S. Army's 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) instituted, "Special Operations Augmentation Recondo School," an acronym for Reconnaissance Commando. The school was at Nha Trang Air Base, north of the massive U.S. Navy and Air Force Base at Cam Ranh Bay. Recondo School trained small, heavily armed long-range reconnaissance teams the art of patrolling deep in enemy-held territory. All students were combat veterans and came from the ranks of the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps Force Recon Battalions, and the Army of the Republic of South Korea. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam had their own school. The modern U.S. Army's Long-range surveillance, Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition, and United States Marine Air-Ground Task Force Reconnaissance all derive some portion of their legacies from the Recondo program and utilize the name "Recondos" informally.
Vietnam
Main article: People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces
Typical sapper formation with 4 echelons: Assault, Security, Reserve, and Fire-support
NVA commando or sapper at work
The Vietnamese Commando Forces , a military specific group which is comprised into the People's Army of Vietnam.
See also
Rhodesia
During the Rhodesian Bush War of 1965–1980, the Rhodesian military increased its usage of commando type of operations in fighting against insurgents until the formation of Zimbabwe. In the Rhodesian Light Infantry a Commando was also the name given to its company sized units.
Rhodesian Light Infantry
Rhodesian Special Air Service
Selous Scouts
References
^ Martin Middlebrook: "The Argentine fight for the Malvinas - The Argentine Forces in the Falklands War", Pen and Sword Books, 1989, ISBN 0-670-82106-3, p. 62 "The Argentine army did not have Special Forces. In the early 70s, commandos were formed but subsequently disbanded because of the fear of the highly trained groups being used in a coup d’état. In 1975, they were reformed for the 'dirty' war and disbanded again after participating in security during the 1978 Football World Cup. The trained commandos were dispersed throughout the army. About 80 men were assembled in the 601st and 602nd Commando companies and send to the Falkland Islands. They were beefed up with SWAT-like teams from the Gendarmería Nacional – paramilitary frontier guards."
^ "1st Commando Regiment". Australian Army. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ "2nd Commando Regiment". Australian Army. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ a b c d The PLA's special forces: secrets revealed, archived from the original on 2015-06-30
^ "Newscontent". 220.181.168.86. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
^ Jianing, Yao. "Chinese airborne troops win glory in int'l special forces competition". english.chinamil.com.cn. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
^ "An Overview of Indian Elite & Special Forces - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute". bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com. 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
^ "Know about Ghatak commandos, the invincible Special Forces of India". India TV. 8 August 2014.
^ Mahnaimi, Uzi; Jenkins, Gareth (2010-06-06). "Operation calamity". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
^ "Sayeret Matkal – Israeli Special Operations". Retrieved 2008-07-27.
^ Cohen, Rich. "Stealth Warriors". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
^ Zitun, Yoav (2015-07-07). "IDF to unite elite units in new commando brigade". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2015-11-26.
^ Steve Macko, The IDF Duvedevan Unit Archived 2007-11-25 at the Wayback Machine, Emergency Response & Research Institute (August 11, 1997)
^ "D Squadron (Commando)". New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
^ Commando Regiment Training School
^ "Commandos Display Their 'Hostage Rescue' Skills". army.lk. 23 September 2016.
^ Special Forces League, SA. "1 RR/1 SFR History". Special Forces League. Archived from the original on 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
^ Sof, Eric (30 October 2012). "Kustjägarna".
^ Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). "The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
^ "SAA's 59th Battalion (Commandos)".
^ "TSK'ya dört yeni komando tugayı!".
^ Plaster, John (Sep 7, 2010). SOG: The Secret War of America's Commandos in Vietnam. New York: NAL Trade.
^ "Recondo School – MACV-SOG". 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
^ "11th MEU on X". X.com. Just doing Recondo things with my friends. Recon #Marines with the All Domain Reconnaissance Detachment, @11thMEU, conduct free-fall jumps while training at Camp Buehring, #Kuwait, Oct. 4.
^ "Long Range Reconnaissance veterans make Fort Benning their home". www.army.mil. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
^ "Operation ENDURING FREEDOM RECONDO School | Small Wars Journal". smallwarsjournal.com. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
^ Major James F. Gebhardt, US Army (Retired). "Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units" (PDF). Small Wars Journal.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando"}],"text":"This is a list of current commando units.","title":"List of commando units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"601 Commando Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/601_Commando_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"602 Commando Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/602_Commando_Company"},{"link_name":"603 Commando Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=603_Commando_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"601 Commando Company[1]\n602 Commando Company\n603 Commando Company","title":"Argentina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2nd Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Commando_Regiment_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1st Commando Regiment[2]\n2nd Commando Regiment[3]","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azerbaijani Commando Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_Commando_Brigades"}],"text":"Azerbaijani Commando Brigades","title":"Azerbaijan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bahamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Para-Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Commando_Brigade_(Bangladesh)"}],"text":"Para-Commando Brigade","title":"Bangladesh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2nd Commando Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)"}],"text":"2nd Commando Battalion","title":"Belgium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COMANF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMANF"},{"link_name":"COT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comando_de_Opera%C3%A7%C3%B5es_T%C3%A1ticas"}],"text":"COMANF\nCOT","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wantchinatimes.com-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wantchinatimes.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wantchinatimes.com-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wantchinatimes.com-4"}],"text":"Chengdu Military Region Special Forces Unit – \"Falcon\".[4]\nThor (Leishen) Commando Airborne Forces. [4][5][6]\nPLA Navy's commando team \"Sea Dragon\" [4]\n\"Snow Leopard\"[4]","title":"China - PRC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Air Command Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrupaci%C3%B3n_de_Comandos_Especiales_A%C3%A9reos"}],"sub_title":"Air Force","text":"Special Air Command Group (Agrupación de Comandos Especiales Aéreos)","title":"Colombia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Instructeur-commando.jpg"},{"link_name":"French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Army"},{"link_name":"1er RPIMa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1er_RPIMa"},{"link_name":"13e RDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13e_RDP"},{"link_name":"Commando Parachute Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_Parachute_Group"},{"link_name":"11th Parachute Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Parachute_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"27th Mountain Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Mountain_Infantry_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gendarmerie_Intervention_Group"},{"link_name":"Division Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_Action"},{"link_name":"Directorate-General for External Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commando_jauber3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_commandos_(France)"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Commandos Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandos_Marine"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Command_(France)"},{"link_name":"Commando Hubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_Hubert"},{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiliers_Commandos_de_l%27Air"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Command_(France)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"3rd level Commando BadgeIn France, commando is both the name of Special Operations or Special Operations Capable units and the name of an elite light infantry training.French Army (Armée de Terre)The commandos are trained at the Centre national d'entraînement commando or National Commando Training Center. The graduates of the Center are either serving in a SF unit (1er RPIMa and 13e RDP), in a light-infantry unit (Commando Parachute Group in the 11th Parachute Brigade and Mountain Commando Group in the 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade) or as instructors in a regular Army unit. Furthermore, members of the counter-terrorist National Gendarmerie Intervention Group and of the Division Action of Directorate-General for External Security are usually graduates of the Center.Weapons of the modern commando Jaubert are clearly visibleFrench Navy (Marine Nationale)The Commandos Marine are the Navy component of Special Operations Command.\nCommando Hubert : (also named Commando d'Action Sous-Marine Hubert, CASM, \"underwater operations commando\"): Submarine action (combat divers).\nCommando Jaubert : Assault at sea, exfiltration, close quarters battle at sea.\nCommando Trepel : Assault at sea, exfiltration.\nCommando de Penfentenyo : Reconnaissance, Intelligence Operations (recon swimmers)\nCommando de Montfort : Long range neutralisation (missile launchers, light mortars, heavy sniper rifles), fire support designation\nCommando Kieffer : C3I, military dogsFrench Air Force (Armée de L'Air).The Parachute Commandos (commandos parachutistes) are the élite units of the Air Force Infantry (Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air).\nCommando parachutiste de l'Air n° 10 (CPA 10) is the Air Force component of Special Operations Command\nCommando parachutiste de l'Air n° 20 : long-range Bases Protection and JTACs.\nCommando parachutiste de l'Air n° 20 : RESCO[clarification needed]","title":"France"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KSK_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"link_name":"Fernspähkompanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsp%C3%A4hkompanie"},{"link_name":"Kommando Spezialkräfte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte"},{"link_name":"Calw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calw"},{"link_name":"Black Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest"},{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"counter-sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics"}],"text":"KSK-sniper during trainingThe German Army currently operates the Fernspähkompanie (Germany's elite long range reconnaissance company), and the Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK).The KSK is stationed in Calw, in the Black Forest area in southern Germany. It consists of about 1,100 soldiers, but only a nucleus of these are in fighting units. Exact numbers are not available, as this information is considered secret. The KSK is a part of the Special Operations Division (Div. Spezielle Operationen or DSO).The fighting units are divided into four commando companies of about 100 men each and the special commando company with veteran members, taking supporting tasks. Each of the four commando companies has five specialised platoons:1st platoon: land insertions\n2nd platoon: airborne operations\n3rd platoon: amphibious operations\n4th platoon: operations in special geographic or meteorologic surroundings (e.g. mountains or polar-regions)\n5th platoon: reconnaissance, sniper and counter-sniper operations\nCommand PlatoonThere are four commando squads in every platoon.","title":"Germany"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special forces of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hway-7"},{"link_name":"Para (Special Forces)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_(Special_Forces)"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"MARCOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARCOS"},{"link_name":"Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Garud Commando Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garud_Commando_Force"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Special Operations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division"},{"link_name":"Ghatak Platoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatak_Platoon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In India, the term \"commando\" is generally used to refer to the Special forces of India. 2 of the 3 Indian special forces currently have the word \"commando\" in their name while the other dropped the word \"commando\" for \"Special Forces\" in the late 1970s.[7]Para (Special Forces) (Indian Army)\nMARCOS (Indian Navy)\nGarud Commando Force (Indian Air Force)\nSpecial Operations CommandIn addition, Ghatak Platoons are platoons present in every single infantry battalion of the Indian Army consisting of the most physically capable troops from every battalion who are selected to undergo commando training and are better equipped than the other platoons present in the battalion. Their role is similar to that of light infantry commandos.[8]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi 36th Commando Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_36th_Commando_Battalion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg"}],"text":"Iraqi 36th Commando BattalionIraqi commandos in June 2010, training under the supervision of soldiers from the 82nd Airborne","title":"Iraq"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halloween_egoz_idf.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_The_Exemplary_IDF_Unit_of_2011,_Shayetet_13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Shayetet 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shayetet_13"},{"link_name":"Sayeret Matkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal"},{"link_name":"Shaldag Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaldag_Unit"},{"link_name":"Israeli Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Navy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STimes-9"},{"link_name":"special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Directorate of Military Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_(IDF)"},{"link_name":"special reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"hostage rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage_rescue"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Who Dares, Wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Dares_Wins"},{"link_name":"Delta Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Force"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Egoz Reconnaissance Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoz_Reconnaissance_Unit"},{"link_name":"Special Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_forces"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare"},{"link_name":"Golani Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golani_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Maglan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglan"},{"link_name":"Duvdevan Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvdevan_Unit"},{"link_name":"special operations force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations_force"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Oz Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_Brigade"},{"link_name":"undercover operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_operation"},{"link_name":"urban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areas"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disguise"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sayeret Matkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal"},{"link_name":"Shaldag Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaldag_Unit"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"}],"text":"Israeli Egoz Reconnaissance soldiers blending in with the landscapeIsraeli Shayetet 13 Operatives during trainingThe primary commando units of the Israel Defense Forces include Shayetet 13, Sayeret Matkal and the Shaldag Unit.Shayetet 13 is the elite naval commando unit of the Israeli Navy. S'13 specializes in sea-to-land incursions, counter-terrorism, sabotage, maritime intelligence gathering, maritime hostage rescue, and boarding. The unit is one of the world's most well reputed special forces units.[9]Sayeret Matkal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit) is a special forces unit of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) directly subordinate to the Directorate of Military Intelligence.Primarily a field intelligence-gathering unit specializing in special reconnaissance behind enemy lines, Sayeret Matkal is also tasked with counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, and foreign espionage. Modeled after the British Army's Special Air Service—from which it emulated the motto, \"Who Dares, Wins\"—the unit is considered to be the Israeli equivalent to the famed Delta Force of the United States.[10] As one of Israel's most important commando units, the Sayeret Matkal has reputedly been involved in almost every major counter-terrorism operation since its inception in 1957.[11]The Egoz Reconnaissance Unit is an Israeli Special Force commando unit, in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Egoz is a unit that specializes in guerrilla, anti-guerrilla warfare, behind enemy lines intelligence gathering, and more complicated ground activity. Egoz is part of the Commando Brigade but still completes basic training with the Golani Brigade.[12]Maglan (Also known as Unit 212) is an Israeli special forces unit which specializes in operating behind enemy lines and deep in enemy territory using advanced technologies and weaponry.Unit 217, frequently called Duvdevan Unit is an elite special operations force within the Israel Defense Forces, part of the Oz Brigade. Duvdevan are noted for undercover operations in urban areas, during which they often wear Arab civilian clothes as a disguise.[13] They are also known to be trained in human and mechanical counter-surveillance. Along with Sayeret Matkal, soldiers in Duvdevan are the only soldiers in the IDF authorized to wear their uniforms without identifying shoulder tabs.Shaldag Unit, also known as Unit 5101, is an elite Israeli Air Force commando unit. Shaldag's mission is to deploy undetected into combat and hostile environments to conduct special reconnaissance, establish assault zones or airfields, while simultaneously conducting air traffic control and commando actions.","title":"Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Korea Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army"}],"text":"Republic of Korea Army700th Commando Regiment\n701st Commando Regiment\n702nd Commando Regiment\n703rd Commando Regiment\n705th Commando Regiment","title":"Korea, South - ROK"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"69 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69_Commando"}],"text":"69 Commando (VAT69)","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korps Commando Troepen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korps_Commando_Troepen"}],"text":"Korps Commando Troepen","title":"Netherlands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"D Squadron (Commando), 1st New Zealand Special Air Service Regiment[14]","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UN_Peacekeeping_Force.jpg"},{"link_name":"Light Commando Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Commando_Battalion"}],"text":"Pakistani SSG Commandos on UN Peacekeeping ForceLight Commando Battalions have been formed by the Pakistan Army for special operations and counter-terrorism.","title":"Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Special_Action_Force_Seal.svg"},{"link_name":"Special Action Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Action_Force"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Police"}],"text":"Seal of the Special Action ForceThe Special Action Force (SAF) is the elite commando unit of the Philippine National Police. It is required to undergo the SAF Commando Course to be allowed to wear the SAF Beret. It also serves as the foundation course or requisite for other SAF specialization trainings such as Explosives and Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Basic Airborne Course (BAC), Urban Counter Revolutionary Warfare Course (SURESHOCK), SCUBA-BUSROC (Basic Under-Water Search and Rescue Operations Course), SAF Seaborne Warfare Course (SSWC) and others.","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_Commandos_Support_Afghan_National_Army_-_Image_3_of_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Comandos Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army_Commandos"}],"text":"A Portuguese Army Commandos team in AfghanistanComandos Troops","title":"Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces_Commando_Formation"}],"text":"Singapore Armed Forces Commando Formation 1 CDO, 1st Commando Battalion","title":"Singapore"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_Military_0181.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army_Commando_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Sri Lanka Army Commando K9 UnitSri Lanka Army Commando Regiment1st Commando Regiment\n2nd Commando Regiment\n3rd Commando Regiment\n4th Commando Regiment\nHQ BN Commando(RFT)\nCommando Regiment Training School[15] Uva Kudaoya\nCommando Regiment Specialized Warfare Training School at Vidathalathive Mannar\nAnti Hijacking & Hostage Release Team' (AHHRT)[16]","title":"Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Commando System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Commando_System"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"South African Special Forces Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Special_Forces_Brigade"}],"text":"While the use of the word commando came to refer to various elite special operations forces units in other countries in the world, South Africa retained its original name as both a well regulated quick response militia as well as a special operations forces unit defined in the worldwide fashion. From the end of the 19th until the early 21st centuries, the Commando units in the form of its original structure were used in both urban and rural areas until the end of white rule in South Africa as part of a nationwide South African Commando System.When white rule was replaced with majority rule, the new democratic ANC led government demanded the disbandment of the commandos which they considered an obstacle to further democratic control as well as complaints of abuses. Thus, with the integration of white cities with black townships, the new ANC led urban governments immediately disbanded the urban militia commando units.With the election of Thabo Mbeki, the process of de-arming white militias again commenced and it was announced in 2003, that the rural commandos would be disbanded. The last rural commandos were ordered disbanded by the central government over constitutional arguments.The ANC government directed its attention toward the Reconnaissance Commandos which were the first mixed-race unit in the old SADF. During the period of rationalisation, reorganisation and integration, some Reconnaissance Regiments (Numbers 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6) were disbanded and the members absorbed into the remaining 4 Special Forces Regiment (SFR) at Langebaan and 5 SFR at Phalaborwa[17] as part of the \nSouth African Special Forces Brigade.","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coastal rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustj%C3%A4garna"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Coastal rangers (Kustjägarna, KJ)[18]","title":"Sweden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Republican_Guard"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mei3-19"},{"link_name":"5th Mechanized Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Mechanized_Division_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Republican Guard\n102nd Commando Brigade\n103rd Commando Brigade[19]\n104th Commando Brigade\n5th Mechanized Division\n59th Commando Battalion[20]","title":"Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force Security Force Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force_Security_Force_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Thai Air Force Special Operations Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Regiment_(Thailand)"}],"text":"Air ForceRoyal Thai Air Force Security Force Regiment\nRoyal Thai Air Force Special Operations Regiment also known as Air Force Commando","title":"Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blue berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_beret"},{"link_name":"special operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1st Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"airborne operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_operation"},{"link_name":"2nd Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"3rd Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"4th Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_Mountain_and_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"mountain warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"9th Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Amphibious Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_Marine_Brigade_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)"},{"link_name":"amphibious warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"amphibious reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"1st Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_Mountain_and_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_Mountain_and_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kurdish insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"1st Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Commando_Brigade_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Turkish invasion of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Turkish commandos typically wear blue berets. Commando brigades form the backbone of the Turkish Army's offensive capabilities, but they are not trained to conduct special operations, rather they serve as the main light infantry of the TAF. As of 2016, the number of commando brigades have been expanded to 16 to deal with the new threats, including two in the gendarmerie force brigade.[21] These include:1st Commando Brigade - specialized in airborne operations\n2nd Commando Brigade\n3rd Commando Brigade\n4th Commando Brigade\n5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade - specialized in mountain warfare\n7th Commando Brigade\n9th Commando Brigade\n10th Commando Brigade\n11th Commando Brigade\n17th Commando Brigade\n40th Commando Brigade\n41st Commando Brigade\n49th Commando Brigade\nAmphibious Commando Brigade - specialized in amphibious warfare and amphibious reconnaissance\n1st Gendarmerie Commando Brigade\n2nd Gendarmerie Commando BrigadeThe most notable are the 1st Commando Brigade and the 5th Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade. The Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade was founded as a subunit of the 1st Commando Brigade and is stationed in Hakkâri Province at south-easternmost Turkey. With the rise of the Kurdish insurgency, the existing formation has been enlarged from the size of a battalion to a brigade. The 1st Commando Brigade was involved in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, and fought beside airborne commandos (Bolu) and the Naval Infantry Brigade (Izmir). In 1988, 7000 commandos received training from the United States.","title":"Turkey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3 Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines Band Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines_Band_Service"},{"link_name":"All Arms Commando Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Arms_Commando_Course"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"Bickleigh, South Hams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bickleigh,_South_Hams"},{"link_name":"43 Commando Fleet Protection Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Commando_Fleet_Protection_Group_Royal_Marines"},{"link_name":"HMNB Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute"},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath"},{"link_name":"Commando Logistic Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando_Logistic_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Marines Armoured Support Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines_Armoured_Support_Group"},{"link_name":"Bovington Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovington_Camp"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"539 Assault Squadron RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/539_Assault_Squadron_RM"},{"link_name":"29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_Commando_Regiment_Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Commando_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"}],"text":"3 Commando Brigade, Royal Marines is under the command of the Royal Navy's Commander-in-Chief Fleet. All Royal Marines (other than those in the Royal Marines Band Service) are commando trained on entry to the Corps, with supporting units and individuals from the other armed services undertaking the All Arms Commando Course as required.The Brigade is made up of 30 (IX) Commando, 40 Commando (home base: Taunton), 42 Commando (Bickleigh, South Hams, Plymouth), 43 Commando Fleet Protection Group (HMNB Clyde, Argyll and Bute), 45 Commando (Arbroath, Scotland), the Commando Logistic Regiment, the Royal Marines Armoured Support Group (Bovington Camp (Royal Armoured Corps Centre), Dorset), 539 Assault Squadron RM, 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery and 24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers.The Royal Marines is the largest force of its type in Europe and the second largest in NATO.","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Operation_in_Nahr-e_Saraj_(Image_5_of_7).jpg"},{"link_name":"75th Ranger Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"5th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"Long-range surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_surveillance"},{"link_name":"Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance,_surveillance,_and_target_acquisition"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Air-Ground Task Force Reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force_Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Rangers take part in a raid during Operation in Nahr-e Saraj, AfghanistanThe United States continues to have no designated \"commando\" units; however, the closest equivalents remain the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions, which specialize in most of the same tasks and missions.[22]During the Vietnam War the U.S. Army's 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne) instituted, \"Special Operations Augmentation Recondo School,\" an acronym for Reconnaissance Commando. The school was at Nha Trang Air Base, north of the massive U.S. Navy and Air Force Base at Cam Ranh Bay. Recondo School trained small, heavily armed long-range reconnaissance teams the art of patrolling deep in enemy-held territory. All students were combat veterans and came from the ranks of the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps Force Recon Battalions, and the Army of the Republic of South Korea. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam had their own school. The modern U.S. Army's Long-range surveillance, Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition, and United States Marine Air-Ground Task Force Reconnaissance all derive some portion of their legacies from the Recondo program and utilize the name \"Recondos\" informally.[23][24][25][26][27]","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sapperorg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nvasapper.jpg"},{"link_name":"sapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapper"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Commando Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"}],"text":"Typical sapper formation with 4 echelons: Assault, Security, Reserve, and Fire-supportNVA commando or sapper at workThe Vietnamese Commando Forces , a military specific group which is comprised into the People's Army of Vietnam.","title":"Vietnam"}]
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[{"image_text":"3rd level Commando Badge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Instructeur-commando.jpg/170px-Instructeur-commando.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weapons of the modern commando Jaubert are clearly visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Commando_jauber3.jpg/220px-Commando_jauber3.jpg"},{"image_text":"KSK-sniper during training","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KSK_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-KSK_Scharfsch%C3%BCtze_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iraqi commandos in June 2010, training under the supervision of soldiers from the 82nd Airborne","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg/220px-Iraqi_army_03_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Israeli Egoz Reconnaissance soldiers blending in with the landscape","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Halloween_egoz_idf.jpg/220px-Halloween_egoz_idf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Israeli Shayetet 13 Operatives during training","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_The_Exemplary_IDF_Unit_of_2011%2C_Shayetet_13.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_The_Exemplary_IDF_Unit_of_2011%2C_Shayetet_13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pakistani SSG Commandos on UN Peacekeeping Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/UN_Peacekeeping_Force.jpg/220px-UN_Peacekeeping_Force.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of the Special Action Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Special_Action_Force_Seal.svg/130px-Special_Action_Force_Seal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A Portuguese Army Commandos team in Afghanistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Portuguese_Commandos_Support_Afghan_National_Army_-_Image_3_of_3.jpg/170px-Portuguese_Commandos_Support_Afghan_National_Army_-_Image_3_of_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sri Lanka Army Commando K9 Unit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sri_Lanka_Military_0181.jpg/220px-Sri_Lanka_Military_0181.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rangers take part in a raid during Operation in Nahr-e Saraj, Afghanistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Operation_in_Nahr-e_Saraj_%28Image_5_of_7%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_DVIDSHUB_-_Operation_in_Nahr-e_Saraj_%28Image_5_of_7%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical sapper formation with 4 echelons: Assault, Security, Reserve, and Fire-support","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sapperorg.jpg/220px-Sapperorg.jpg"},{"image_text":"NVA commando or sapper at work","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Nvasapper.jpg/220px-Nvasapper.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"1st Commando Regiment\". Australian Army. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/1st-commando-regiment","url_text":"\"1st Commando Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd Commando Regiment\". Australian Army. 2016-09-15. Retrieved 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/units/special-operations-command/2nd-commando-regiment","url_text":"\"2nd Commando Regiment\""}]},{"reference":"The PLA's special forces: secrets revealed, archived from the original on 2015-06-30","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630150416/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20141219000062&cid=1101","url_text":"The PLA's special forces: secrets revealed"},{"url":"http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20141219000062&cid=1101","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Newscontent\". 220.181.168.86. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701042345/http://220.181.168.86/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=305427","url_text":"\"Newscontent\""},{"url":"http://220.181.168.86/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=305427","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jianing, Yao. \"Chinese airborne troops win glory in int'l special forces competition\". english.chinamil.com.cn. Retrieved 16 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015-07/10/content_6581621.htm","url_text":"\"Chinese airborne troops win glory in int'l special forces competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Overview of Indian Elite & Special Forces - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute\". bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com. 2017-02-10. 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Retrieved 2010-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7144753.ece","url_text":"\"Operation calamity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sayeret Matkal – Israeli Special Operations\". Retrieved 2008-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shadowspear.com/israel-special-operations/sayeret-matkal.html","url_text":"\"Sayeret Matkal – Israeli Special Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Rich. \"Stealth Warriors\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 27 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2001/12/israeli-counterterrorism-200112","url_text":"\"Stealth Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"Zitun, Yoav (2015-07-07). \"IDF to unite elite units in new commando brigade\". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2015-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4677041,00.html","url_text":"\"IDF to unite elite units in new commando brigade\""}]},{"reference":"\"D Squadron (Commando)\". New Zealand Defence Force. Retrieved 1 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/about-us/nzsof/dsqn.htm","url_text":"\"D Squadron (Commando)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commandos Display Their 'Hostage Rescue' Skills\". army.lk. 23 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.army.lk/news/commandos-display-their-hostage-rescue-skills","url_text":"\"Commandos Display Their 'Hostage Rescue' Skills\""}]},{"reference":"Special Forces League, SA. \"1 RR/1 SFR History\". Special Forces League. Archived from the original on 2014-06-16. Retrieved 2014-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140616182218/http://www.recce.co.za/special-forces-history/1rr-1sfr-history","url_text":"\"1 RR/1 SFR History\""},{"url":"http://www.recce.co.za/special-forces-history/1rr-1sfr-history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sof, Eric (30 October 2012). \"Kustjägarna\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.special-ops.org/1016/swedish-coastal-rangers-kustjagarna.html","url_text":"\"Kustjägarna\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). \"The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth\". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mei.edu/publications/lion-and-eagle-syrian-arab-armys-destruction-and-rebirth#pt9","url_text":"\"The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAA's 59th Battalion (Commandos)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Bosni_94/status/1760387034147959161?t=AoBiayiHzVFOOXLONep4qA&s=19","url_text":"\"SAA's 59th Battalion (Commandos)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TSK'ya dört yeni komando tugayı!\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2018/gundem/tskya-dort-yeni-komando-tugayi-2575053/","url_text":"\"TSK'ya dört yeni komando tugayı!\""}]},{"reference":"Plaster, John (Sep 7, 2010). SOG: The Secret War of America's Commandos in Vietnam. New York: NAL Trade.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Recondo School – MACV-SOG\". 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://sogsite.com/recondo-school/","url_text":"\"Recondo School – MACV-SOG\""}]},{"reference":"\"11th MEU on X\". X.com. Just doing Recondo things with my friends. Recon #Marines with the All Domain Reconnaissance Detachment, @11thMEU, conduct free-fall jumps while training at Camp Buehring, #Kuwait, Oct. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/11thmeu/status/1451669749201506305","url_text":"\"11th MEU on X\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long Range Reconnaissance veterans make Fort Benning their home\". www.army.mil. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2024-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/174951/long_range_reconnaissance_veterans_make_fort_benning_their_home","url_text":"\"Long Range Reconnaissance veterans make Fort Benning their home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operation ENDURING FREEDOM RECONDO School | Small Wars Journal\". smallwarsjournal.com. Retrieved 2024-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/operation-enduring-freedom-recondo-school","url_text":"\"Operation ENDURING FREEDOM RECONDO School | Small Wars Journal\""}]},{"reference":"Major James F. Gebhardt, US Army (Retired). \"Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units\" (PDF). Small Wars Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/gebhardt_LRRP.pdf","url_text":"\"Eyes Behind the Lines: US Army Long-Range Reconnaissance and Surveillance Units\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_O_(radio_host)
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Jackie O (radio host)
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["1 Radio career","2 Television career","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]
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Australian radio presenter (born 1975)
Not to be confused with Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis or Jacki-O.
Jackie OJackie O in 2015BornJacqueline Ellen Last (1975-01-31) 31 January 1975 (age 49)AustraliaSpouse(s)Phil O'NeilLee HendersonChildren1CareerShowThe Kyle and Jackie O ShowThe Kyle and Jackie O Hour of PowerTake 40 AustraliaAustralian IdolThe Masked Singer AustraliaStationKIIS 106.5StyleRadio and television presenterPrevious show(s)Hot 30 Countdown, Australian Princess, Popstars, Big Brother Australia
Jacqueline Ellen Henderson (née Last; born 31 January 1975), better known as Jackie O, is an Australian radio and television presenter. She is best known for presenting The Hot Hits Live from LA, Hot30 Countdown, Take 40 Australia, two series of Australian Princess and The Kyle and Jackie O Show (with co-host Kyle Sandilands).
She has also hosted celebrity prank show Surprise Surprise Gotcha and appeared on the 2007 comedy series The Nation on the Nine Network. She also was the co-host of Big Brother (alongside Kyle Sandilands) after Gretel Killeen, the original host, resigned from the series.
On 1 November 2013, Jackie and co-host Kyle Sandilands announced they would not be returning in 2014 to host their 2Day FM breakfast show, which at that time was generating around 30 million AUD in advertising revenue yearly. On 29 November 2013, Kyle and Jackie O announced their move to rival radio network ARN and show on new 106.5 station, coming in 2014 with a nightly "Best Bits" program networked around ARN stations Australia-wide.
In 2018, Jackie O recorded a song titled "Honey Money" after being dared by Sandilands; it later reached number one on the Australian iTunes chart, with all proceeds being donated to Australian farmers affected by drought.
Radio career
Jackie O originally had no intentions to become a radio personality until meeting Phil O'Neil while he was the night host at the Gold Coast's Sea FM in early 1993. At the time, she had worked as an office girl and sandwich hand at a delicatessen. She moved to Canberra with O'Neil a few months later, after he accepted an offer to join FM104.7. After initial rejections by management to have her as his 'phone girl', they finally agreed, although no remuneration was offered.
Soon after, O'Neil accepted an offer to join Triple M Adelaide but only on condition that Jackie was to be his co-host and it was at this time that she adopted the stage name "Jackie O". When the next survey result came out, the duo's ratings had doubled, easily beating their main rivals SAFM in the same time slot. After another ratings rise in the following survey, Phil and Jackie were snapped up by Fox FM in Melbourne.
The duo co-hosted a Network Ten music show called Ground Zero and the Hot 30 radio show during the late 1990s until the couple divorced and O'Neil relocated to the United Kingdom. Henderson's career on radio rose to new heights after she was partnered with "shock jock" Kyle Sandilands on the Today Network (broadcasting from Sydney station 2Day FM). The pair moved from drive time to breakfast at the beginning of 2005. They continued to host the countdown show The Hot Hits until August 2009.
In addition to radio, TV and advertising appearances, Henderson has also done voice-over work for the animated movie Robots, voicing the character "Loretta Geargrinder" in the Australian release.
In August 2013, Kyle and Jackie O announced that they would be moving from 2Day FM to KIIS 106.5FM. By March 2014 they had more than doubled the number of breakfast listeners at KiiS FM, with their show being the most popular FM show in Sydney with 532,000 listeners, while 2Day FM lost 242,000 listeners during the move.
In 2018, Sandilands dared Jackie O to write and record a song in one day; the result, "Honey Money", written by Avalonia and produced by KIIS FM producer Kian Oliver (who also provided a rap), went to number one on the Australian iTunes chart (#13 on the ARIA Digital Sales chart, spending one week within the Top 50), with all proceeds being donated to Drought Angels, a charity set up to help drought-affected Australian farmers. The song was later removed due to a copyright infringement issue with the artwork, as Jackie O's face had been hastily Photoshopped onto that of Iggy Azalea's. Jackie O announced her intention to reupload the song for free.
In November 2023, it was revealed the pair had signed a 10-year, A$200 million deal, a record for the Australian market; in other words, Kyle and Jackie O would each get a base salary of $10 million, plus bonus total stock options valued at $14 million. The pair also negotiated a clause that allows them to broadcast from anywhere on earth; additionally, the show will be syndicated in the Melbourne market, leading to the cancellation of the Lauren & Jase show by the end of 2023.
Television career
Jackie O has hosted a variety of television shows, most prominently the Popstars series, in which televised auditions were held to select members of a vocal group. In 2005, Jackie O also hosted the Network Ten reality show, Australian Princess, in which they transformed a group of women to sophisticated "princesses". A second series of Australian Princess had gone to air during the non-ratings summer period on Network 10 starting in December. No reason was given by the Network as to why it was shown out of the official ratings period.
In June 2007, she was a cast member of The Nation airing on the Nine Network. She was also co-host of the comedy show Surprise Surprise Gotcha on the same network, the series has been called the Australian version of Punk'd which was made famous by pranking many celebrities. In October 2007, she along with her radio partner Kyle Sandilands would take Gretel Killeen's job in hosting the 2008 series of Big Brother Australia. Killeen hosted the show from its start in 2001 to 2007. Following poor ratings for this 2008 series, Network Ten announced on 14 July 2008 that Big Brother Australia would not return in 2009.
In 2019, it was announced that Jackie O would be one of the panellists on The Masked Singer Australia alongside Dannii Minogue, Dave Hughes and Lindsay Lohan. However, after the third season, she announced that she will be departing the show to spend more time with her daughter. She was replaced by fellow radio host Abbie Chatfield.
Personal life
She was married to her co-host Phil O'Neil during their combined radio career. After their divorce, O'Neil moved to the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. In 2003, she married UK photographer Lee Henderson. The couple announced their separation in October 2018.
In 2009, Jackie O was named as the second most hated celebrity in an annual list by Zoo Magazine, sharing the top two with her radio co-host.
Jackie O has been open about her struggles with weight management. In late 2019, she revealed that she had begun to drastically put on weight and was desperate to shed it back off before filming the second season of The Masked Singer. In late 2020 Jackie O joined became an ambassador for Weight Watchers and publicly lost 10 kilograms in 2021. However in 2022, Jackie revealed that she had put back on all of the weight that she had previously lost after joining Weight Watchers. Later that year, Jackie O took a personal hiatus from broadcasting to deal with long COVID complications after contracting COVID-19 in early 2022. She returned at the start of 2023 and had lost 12 kilograms (26 lb) during her hiatus with a Weight Watchers plan.
Discography
Singles
"Honey Money" featuring Kian Oliver (2018)
References
^ "Was that bag a present, Jackie O?". Daily Telegraph. 1 February 2015.
^ Hornery, Andrew (1 November 2013). "Kyle Sandilands and Jackie O leaving 2Day FM". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
^ Galvin, Nick (11 March 2014). "2Day FM ratings plunge: Kyle and Jackie O draw audience to Kiis FM" – via The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ a b c d Bucklow, Andrew (14 September 2018). "KIIS FM star Jackie O's song Honey Money pulled from iTunes". news.com.au. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
^ "Kyle Sandilands reveals surprising truth about $200 million radio deal". Yahoo Life. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ Kyle & Jackie O Sign 10-Year Radio Deal Worth $200m, retrieved 22 November 2023
^ "Kyle and Jackie O officially sign new 10-year deal with ARN worth a reported $200 million".
^ "Jackie O revealed she wasn't paid a cent for Popstars". News.com.au. 5 June 2019.
^ "Kyle and Jackie O to host Big Brother..." BigFooty Forum. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Former Big Brother host Kyle Sandilands blasts the 2020 reboot: "Who wants to watch that rubbish?"". Now To Love. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "The Masked Singer: Jackie O, Lindsay Lohan announced as panelists". News.com.au. 15 July 2019.
^ Goulis, Leah (6 June 2022). "Jackie O quits The Masked Singer to spend more time with her daughter". Kidspot.
^ Kelly, Vivienne (6 June 2022). "'The Masked Singer' Loses Third Judge with Jackie O Not Returning". Variety Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ "Abbie Chatfield tipped to replace Jackie O on The Masked Singer". au.lifestyle.yahoo.com. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ Jackie ties the knot –The Sunday Telegraph – Australia – Newstext
^ "Kylie Sandilands 'in tears' over co-host Jackie O's split". Yahoo!. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Sydney (5 October 2009). "Kyle, Jackie O top most hated list" – via The Age.
^ "Jackie O opens up about why she's gained weight". Who. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "'I still have wine': Jackie O Henderson shares weight loss tips as she shows off body transformation". 7NEWS. 15 August 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ team, Woman's Day (9 January 2022). "How Jackie O maintained her incredible 10kg weight loss over the holidays and learned to love her curves". Now To Love. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ Sellers, Wade (15 August 2021). "EXCLUSIVE: See Jackie O's incredible transformation after shedding 10 kilos with WW". Now To Love. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "Jackie O makes candid weight admission". News.com.au. 26 August 2022.
^ "Jackie O Henderson "done with dieting" despite being a weight loss ambassador". Who. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ Mitchell, Thomas (13 November 2022). "Jackie O to take break from radio for 'health reasons'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "Jackie O shocks as she announces break from radio: 'Miss you'". Yahoo Life. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "Jackie 'O' Henderson reveals massive 12kg weight loss". Yahoo Life. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ "WeightWatchers Ambassador Jackie O". www.weightwatchers.com. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
^ shalw (5 April 2023). "Jackie 'O' Henderson shows off her slimmed-down figure in tiny shorts after shedding 12kg". Sound Health and Lasting Wealth. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
External links
Jackie O at IMDb
Radio bottom feeders need intervention The Daily Telegraph – Michelle Cazzulino (30 July 2009)
Fun – Kyle and Jackie O Style ABC 'Media Watch' (3 August 2009)
vteBig Brother Australia
Housemates
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"Jacki-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacki-O"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Hot Hits Live from LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hot_Hits_Live_from_LA"},{"link_name":"Hot30 Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot30_Countdown"},{"link_name":"Take 40 Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_40_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Princess"},{"link_name":"The Kyle and Jackie O Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kyle_and_Jackie_O_Show"},{"link_name":"Kyle Sandilands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Sandilands"},{"link_name":"Surprise Surprise Gotcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_Surprise_Gotcha"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Gretel Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretel_Killeen"},{"link_name":"2Day FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Day_FM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"106.5 station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIIS_106.5"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis or Jacki-O.Jacqueline Ellen Henderson (née Last; born 31 January 1975),[1] better known as Jackie O, is an Australian radio and television presenter. She is best known for presenting The Hot Hits Live from LA, Hot30 Countdown, Take 40 Australia, two series of Australian Princess and The Kyle and Jackie O Show (with co-host Kyle Sandilands).She has also hosted celebrity prank show Surprise Surprise Gotcha and appeared on the 2007 comedy series The Nation on the Nine Network. She also was the co-host of Big Brother (alongside Kyle Sandilands) after Gretel Killeen, the original host, resigned from the series.On 1 November 2013, Jackie and co-host Kyle Sandilands announced they would not be returning in 2014 to host their 2Day FM breakfast show, which at that time was generating around 30 million AUD in advertising revenue yearly.[2] On 29 November 2013, Kyle and Jackie O announced their move to rival radio network ARN and show on new 106.5 station, coming in 2014 with a nightly \"Best Bits\" program networked around ARN stations Australia-wide.In 2018, Jackie O recorded a song titled \"Honey Money\" after being dared by Sandilands; it later reached number one on the Australian iTunes chart, with all proceeds being donated to Australian farmers affected by drought.[citation needed]","title":"Jackie O (radio host)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Phil"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Triple M Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_M_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fox FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_FM_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Ground Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Zero_(television_show)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"shock jock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_jock"},{"link_name":"Today Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_Network"},{"link_name":"2Day FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Day_FM"},{"link_name":"drive time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_time"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Hot Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hot_Hits_Live_from_LA"},{"link_name":"Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey_Money-4"},{"link_name":"Iggy Azalea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Azalea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey_Money-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey_Money-4"},{"link_name":"Lauren & Jase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jase_%26_Lauren"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jackie O originally had no intentions to become a radio personality until meeting Phil O'Neil while he was the night host at the Gold Coast's Sea FM in early 1993.[citation needed] At the time, she had worked as an office girl and sandwich hand at a delicatessen. She moved to Canberra with O'Neil a few months later, after he accepted an offer to join FM104.7. After initial rejections by management to have her as his 'phone girl', they finally agreed, although no remuneration was offered.[citation needed]Soon after, O'Neil accepted an offer to join Triple M Adelaide but only on condition that Jackie was to be his co-host and it was at this time that she adopted the stage name \"Jackie O\". When the next survey result came out, the duo's ratings had doubled, easily beating their main rivals SAFM in the same time slot.[citation needed] After another ratings rise in the following survey, Phil and Jackie were snapped up by Fox FM in Melbourne.[citation needed]The duo co-hosted a Network Ten music show called Ground Zero and the Hot 30 radio show during the late 1990s until the couple divorced and O'Neil relocated to the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Henderson's career on radio rose to new heights after she was partnered with \"shock jock\" Kyle Sandilands on the Today Network (broadcasting from Sydney station 2Day FM). The pair moved from drive time to breakfast at the beginning of 2005.[citation needed] They continued to host the countdown show The Hot Hits until August 2009.In addition to radio, TV and advertising appearances, Henderson has also done voice-over work for the animated movie Robots, voicing the character \"Loretta Geargrinder\" in the Australian release.[citation needed]In August 2013, Kyle and Jackie O announced that they would be moving from 2Day FM to KIIS 106.5FM. By March 2014 they had more than doubled the number of breakfast listeners at KiiS FM, with their show being the most popular FM show in Sydney with 532,000 listeners, while 2Day FM lost 242,000 listeners during the move.[3]In 2018, Sandilands dared Jackie O to write and record a song in one day; the result, \"Honey Money\", written by Avalonia and produced by KIIS FM producer Kian Oliver (who also provided a rap), went to number one on the Australian iTunes chart (#13 on the ARIA Digital Sales chart, spending one week within the Top 50), with all proceeds being donated to Drought Angels, a charity set up to help drought-affected Australian farmers.[4] The song was later removed due to a copyright infringement issue with the artwork, as Jackie O's face had been hastily Photoshopped onto that of Iggy Azalea's.[4] Jackie O announced her intention to reupload the song for free.[4]In November 2023, it was revealed the pair had signed a 10-year, A$200 million deal, a record for the Australian market; in other words, Kyle and Jackie O would each get a base salary of $10 million, plus bonus total stock options valued at $14 million. The pair also negotiated a clause that allows them to broadcast from anywhere on earth; additionally, the show will be syndicated in the Melbourne market, leading to the cancellation of the Lauren & Jase show by the end of 2023.[5][6][7]","title":"Radio career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Australian Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Princess"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"Gretel Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretel_Killeen"},{"link_name":"the 2008 series of Big Brother Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_8_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_1_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_7_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"Big Brother Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Masked Singer Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Singer_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dannii Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannii_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Dave Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Abbie Chatfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Chatfield"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Jackie O has hosted a variety of television shows, most prominently the Popstars series, in which televised auditions were held to select members of a vocal group.[8] In 2005, Jackie O also hosted the Network Ten reality show, Australian Princess, in which they transformed a group of women to sophisticated \"princesses\". A second series of Australian Princess had gone to air during the non-ratings summer period on Network 10 starting in December. No reason was given by the Network as to why it was shown out of the official ratings period.[citation needed]In June 2007, she was a cast member of The Nation airing on the Nine Network. She was also co-host of the comedy show Surprise Surprise Gotcha on the same network, the series has been called the Australian version of Punk'd which was made famous by pranking many celebrities. In October 2007, she along with her radio partner Kyle Sandilands would take Gretel Killeen's job in hosting the 2008 series of Big Brother Australia.[9][10] Killeen hosted the show from its start in 2001 to 2007. Following poor ratings for this 2008 series, Network Ten announced on 14 July 2008 that Big Brother Australia would not return in 2009.In 2019, it was announced that Jackie O would be one of the panellists on The Masked Singer Australia alongside Dannii Minogue, Dave Hughes and Lindsay Lohan.[11] However, after the third season, she announced that she will be departing the show to spend more time with her daughter.[12][13] She was replaced by fellow radio host Abbie Chatfield.[14]","title":"Television career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phil O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Phil"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"weight management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_management"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Weight Watchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_Watchers_(diet)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"long COVID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"She was married to her co-host Phil O'Neil during their combined radio career. After their divorce, O'Neil moved to the United Kingdom in the late 1990s. In 2003, she married UK photographer Lee Henderson.[15] The couple announced their separation in October 2018.[16]In 2009, Jackie O was named as the second most hated celebrity in an annual list by Zoo Magazine, sharing the top two with her radio co-host.[17]Jackie O has been open about her struggles with weight management. In late 2019, she revealed that she had begun to drastically put on weight and was desperate to shed it back off before filming the second season of The Masked Singer.[18] In late 2020 Jackie O joined became an ambassador for Weight Watchers and publicly lost 10 kilograms in 2021.[19][20][21] However in 2022, Jackie revealed that she had put back on all of the weight that she had previously lost after joining Weight Watchers.[22][23] Later that year, Jackie O took a personal hiatus from broadcasting to deal with long COVID complications after contracting COVID-19 in early 2022.[24][25] She returned at the start of 2023 and had lost 12 kilograms (26 lb) during her hiatus with a Weight Watchers plan.[26][27][28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Honey_Money-4"}],"text":"Singles\"Honey Money\" featuring Kian Oliver (2018)[4]","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Was that bag a present, Jackie O?\". Daily Telegraph. 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/was-that-handbag-a-birthday-present-jackie-o/news-story/4550ea97645162b322aa573a130460e7","url_text":"\"Was that bag a present, Jackie O?\""}]},{"reference":"Hornery, Andrew (1 November 2013). \"Kyle Sandilands and Jackie O leaving 2Day FM\". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/kyle-sandilands-and-jackie-o-leaving-2day-fm-20131101-2wmpq.html?rand=1383285535428","url_text":"\"Kyle Sandilands and Jackie O leaving 2Day FM\""}]},{"reference":"Galvin, Nick (11 March 2014). \"2Day FM ratings plunge: Kyle and Jackie O draw audience to Kiis FM\" – via The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/2day-fm-ratings-plunge-kyle-and-jackie-o-draw-audience-to-kiis-fm-20140311-34inc.html","url_text":"\"2Day FM ratings plunge: Kyle and Jackie O draw audience to Kiis FM\""}]},{"reference":"Bucklow, Andrew (14 September 2018). \"KIIS FM star Jackie O's song Honey Money pulled from iTunes\". news.com.au. Retrieved 14 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/radio/jackie-os-number-one-debut-single-honey-money-pulled-from-itunes/news-story/586e904a71343b6cf99f35d589f85ce7","url_text":"\"KIIS FM star Jackie O's song Honey Money pulled from iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Sandilands reveals surprising truth about $200 million radio deal\". Yahoo Life. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/kyle-sandilands-reveals-surprising-truth-about-200-million-radio-deal-014023934.html","url_text":"\"Kyle Sandilands reveals surprising truth about $200 million radio deal\""}]},{"reference":"Kyle & Jackie O Sign 10-Year Radio Deal Worth $200m, retrieved 22 November 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htGk74SvIDU","url_text":"Kyle & Jackie O Sign 10-Year Radio Deal Worth $200m"}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle and Jackie O officially sign new 10-year deal with ARN worth a reported $200 million\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/radio/kyle-and-jackie-o-officially-sign-new-10year-deal-with-arn-worth-a-reported-200-million/news-story/57890fd12a7d6831be25de2f8d4adf21","url_text":"\"Kyle and Jackie O officially sign new 10-year deal with ARN worth a reported $200 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie O revealed she wasn't paid a cent for Popstars\". News.com.au. 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/flashback/jackie-o-reveals-she-wasnt-paid-a-cent-for-the-first-series-of-popstars/news-story/67ecf82a20da53c72ddb730e448d5a7d","url_text":"\"Jackie O revealed she wasn't paid a cent for Popstars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle and Jackie O to host Big Brother...\" BigFooty Forum. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfooty.com/forum/threads/kyle-and-jackie-o-to-host-big-brother.391797/","url_text":"\"Kyle and Jackie O to host Big Brother...\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Former Big Brother host Kyle Sandilands blasts the 2020 reboot: \"Who wants to watch that rubbish?\"\". Now To Love. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/celeb-news/kyle-sandilands-big-brother-2020-59811","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Former Big Brother host Kyle Sandilands blasts the 2020 reboot: \"Who wants to watch that rubbish?\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Masked Singer: Jackie O, Lindsay Lohan announced as panelists\". News.com.au. 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/the-masked-singer-jackie-o-lindsay-lohan-announced-as-panellists/news-story/ee6ca9ff7d61876a8032c4a016c383bd","url_text":"\"The Masked Singer: Jackie O, Lindsay Lohan announced as panelists\""}]},{"reference":"Goulis, Leah (6 June 2022). \"Jackie O quits The Masked Singer to spend more time with her daughter\". Kidspot.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/jackie-o-quits-the-masked-singer-to-spend-more-time-with-her-daughter/news-story/2e2d10a7746c47a73083bc00c0014eb4?nk=dcf134647e17833193633a4be1009b54-1660969989","url_text":"\"Jackie O quits The Masked Singer to spend more time with her daughter\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Vivienne (6 June 2022). \"'The Masked Singer' Loses Third Judge with Jackie O Not Returning\". Variety Australia. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-masked-singer-australia-2022-judges-3255/","url_text":"\"'The Masked Singer' Loses Third Judge with Jackie O Not Returning\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abbie Chatfield tipped to replace Jackie O on The Masked Singer\". au.lifestyle.yahoo.com. 6 June 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/abbie-chatfield-tipped-to-replace-jackie-o-the-masked-singer-045950019.html","url_text":"\"Abbie Chatfield tipped to replace Jackie O on The Masked Singer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kylie Sandilands 'in tears' over co-host Jackie O's split\". Yahoo!. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/kylie-sandilands-tears-co-host-jackie-os-split-230343444.html?guccounter=1","url_text":"\"Kylie Sandilands 'in tears' over co-host Jackie O's split\""}]},{"reference":"Sydney (5 October 2009). \"Kyle, Jackie O top most hated list\" – via The Age.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/kyle-jackie-o-top-most-hated-list-20091005-gi1e.html","url_text":"\"Kyle, Jackie O top most hated list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie O opens up about why she's gained weight\". Who. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.com.au/jackie-o-opens-up-about-why-shes-gained-weight","url_text":"\"Jackie O opens up about why she's gained weight\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I still have wine': Jackie O Henderson shares weight loss tips as she shows off body transformation\". 7NEWS. 15 August 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://7news.com.au/sunrise/entertainment/jackie-o-henderson-unveils-incredible-body-transformation-c-3692239","url_text":"\"'I still have wine': Jackie O Henderson shares weight loss tips as she shows off body transformation\""}]},{"reference":"team, Woman's Day (9 January 2022). \"How Jackie O maintained her incredible 10kg weight loss over the holidays and learned to love her curves\". Now To Love. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/health/diet-nutrition/jackie-o-weight-loss-secrets-70535","url_text":"\"How Jackie O maintained her incredible 10kg weight loss over the holidays and learned to love her curves\""}]},{"reference":"Sellers, Wade (15 August 2021). \"EXCLUSIVE: See Jackie O's incredible transformation after shedding 10 kilos with WW\". Now To Love. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/celeb-news/jackie-o-henderson-weight-loss-68722","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: See Jackie O's incredible transformation after shedding 10 kilos with WW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie O makes candid weight admission\". News.com.au. 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fitness/weight-loss/fell-off-the-wagon-jackie-o-makes-candid-weight-admission/news-story/525199bdad62553fb53a5b8a4cc1e8be","url_text":"\"Jackie O makes candid weight admission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie O Henderson \"done with dieting\" despite being a weight loss ambassador\". Who. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.com.au/jackie-o-henderson-diet-weight-loss","url_text":"\"Jackie O Henderson \"done with dieting\" despite being a weight loss ambassador\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Thomas (13 November 2022). \"Jackie O to take break from radio for 'health reasons'\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/jackie-o-to-take-break-from-radio-for-health-reasons-20221114-p5bxya.html","url_text":"\"Jackie O to take break from radio for 'health reasons'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie O shocks as she announces break from radio: 'Miss you'\". Yahoo Life. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/jackie-o-shocks-as-she-announces-time-off-from-radio-miss-you-204244679.html","url_text":"\"Jackie O shocks as she announces break from radio: 'Miss you'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackie 'O' Henderson reveals massive 12kg weight loss\". Yahoo Life. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/jackie-o-henderson-reveals-massive-12kg-weight-loss-214611806.html","url_text":"\"Jackie 'O' Henderson reveals massive 12kg weight loss\""}]},{"reference":"\"WeightWatchers Ambassador Jackie O\". www.weightwatchers.com. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weightwatchers.com/au/ambassadors/jackieo","url_text":"\"WeightWatchers Ambassador Jackie O\""}]},{"reference":"shalw (5 April 2023). \"Jackie 'O' Henderson shows off her slimmed-down figure in tiny shorts after shedding 12kg\". Sound Health and Lasting Wealth. Retrieved 5 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soundhealthandlastingwealth.com/weight-loss/jackie-o-henderson-shows-off-her-slimmed-down-figure-in-tiny-shorts-after-shedding-12kg/","url_text":"\"Jackie 'O' Henderson shows off her slimmed-down figure in tiny shorts after shedding 12kg\""}]}]
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iTunes\""},{"Link":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/kyle-sandilands-reveals-surprising-truth-about-200-million-radio-deal-014023934.html","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Sandilands reveals surprising truth about $200 million radio deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htGk74SvIDU","external_links_name":"Kyle & Jackie O Sign 10-Year Radio Deal Worth $200m"},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/radio/kyle-and-jackie-o-officially-sign-new-10year-deal-with-arn-worth-a-reported-200-million/news-story/57890fd12a7d6831be25de2f8d4adf21","external_links_name":"\"Kyle and Jackie O officially sign new 10-year deal with ARN worth a reported $200 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/flashback/jackie-o-reveals-she-wasnt-paid-a-cent-for-the-first-series-of-popstars/news-story/67ecf82a20da53c72ddb730e448d5a7d","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O revealed she wasn't paid a cent for Popstars\""},{"Link":"https://www.bigfooty.com/forum/threads/kyle-and-jackie-o-to-host-big-brother.391797/","external_links_name":"\"Kyle and Jackie O to host Big Brother...\""},{"Link":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/celeb-news/kyle-sandilands-big-brother-2020-59811","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Former Big Brother host Kyle Sandilands blasts the 2020 reboot: \"Who wants to watch that rubbish?\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/the-masked-singer-jackie-o-lindsay-lohan-announced-as-panellists/news-story/ee6ca9ff7d61876a8032c4a016c383bd","external_links_name":"\"The Masked Singer: Jackie O, Lindsay Lohan announced as panelists\""},{"Link":"https://www.kidspot.com.au/lifestyle/entertainment/jackie-o-quits-the-masked-singer-to-spend-more-time-with-her-daughter/news-story/2e2d10a7746c47a73083bc00c0014eb4?nk=dcf134647e17833193633a4be1009b54-1660969989","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O quits The Masked Singer to spend more time with her daughter\""},{"Link":"https://au.variety.com/2022/tv/news/the-masked-singer-australia-2022-judges-3255/","external_links_name":"\"'The Masked Singer' Loses Third Judge with Jackie O Not Returning\""},{"Link":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/abbie-chatfield-tipped-to-replace-jackie-o-the-masked-singer-045950019.html","external_links_name":"\"Abbie Chatfield tipped to replace Jackie O on The Masked Singer\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstext.com.au/docs/STE/2003/get.jsp?docid=STE-20031214-6-017-4295708V1@NSW-METRO-2004-2003","external_links_name":"Jackie ties the knot –The Sunday Telegraph – Australia – Newstext"},{"Link":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/kylie-sandilands-tears-co-host-jackie-os-split-230343444.html?guccounter=1","external_links_name":"\"Kylie Sandilands 'in tears' over co-host Jackie O's split\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/kyle-jackie-o-top-most-hated-list-20091005-gi1e.html","external_links_name":"\"Kyle, Jackie O top most hated list\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.com.au/jackie-o-opens-up-about-why-shes-gained-weight","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O opens up about why she's gained weight\""},{"Link":"https://7news.com.au/sunrise/entertainment/jackie-o-henderson-unveils-incredible-body-transformation-c-3692239","external_links_name":"\"'I still have wine': Jackie O Henderson shares weight loss tips as she shows off body transformation\""},{"Link":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/health/diet-nutrition/jackie-o-weight-loss-secrets-70535","external_links_name":"\"How Jackie O maintained her incredible 10kg weight loss over the holidays and learned to love her curves\""},{"Link":"https://www.nowtolove.com.au/celebrity/celeb-news/jackie-o-henderson-weight-loss-68722","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: See Jackie O's incredible transformation after shedding 10 kilos with WW\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/fitness/weight-loss/fell-off-the-wagon-jackie-o-makes-candid-weight-admission/news-story/525199bdad62553fb53a5b8a4cc1e8be","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O makes candid weight admission\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.com.au/jackie-o-henderson-diet-weight-loss","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O Henderson \"done with dieting\" despite being a weight loss ambassador\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/jackie-o-to-take-break-from-radio-for-health-reasons-20221114-p5bxya.html","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O to take break from radio for 'health reasons'\""},{"Link":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/jackie-o-shocks-as-she-announces-time-off-from-radio-miss-you-204244679.html","external_links_name":"\"Jackie O shocks as she announces break from radio: 'Miss you'\""},{"Link":"https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/jackie-o-henderson-reveals-massive-12kg-weight-loss-214611806.html","external_links_name":"\"Jackie 'O' Henderson reveals massive 12kg weight loss\""},{"Link":"https://www.weightwatchers.com/au/ambassadors/jackieo","external_links_name":"\"WeightWatchers Ambassador Jackie O\""},{"Link":"https://www.soundhealthandlastingwealth.com/weight-loss/jackie-o-henderson-shows-off-her-slimmed-down-figure-in-tiny-shorts-after-shedding-12kg/","external_links_name":"\"Jackie 'O' Henderson shows off her slimmed-down figure in tiny shorts after shedding 12kg\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0642913/","external_links_name":"Jackie O"},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25854325-5007146,00.html","external_links_name":"Radio bottom feeders need intervention"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s2644599.htm","external_links_name":"Fun – Kyle and Jackie O Style"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokrolu%C5%A1ki_Potok
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Mokroluški Creek
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["1 Course","2 Characteristics","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°48′5.2632″N 20°26′30.7644″E / 44.801462000°N 20.441879000°E / 44.801462000; 20.441879000This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mokroluški Creek" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
River in SerbiaMokroluški CreekChanneled mouth of the Mokroluški potok into the Sava, under the Gazela BridgeNative nameМокролушки поток (Serbian)LocationCountrySerbiaPhysical characteristicsSource • locationVeliki Mokri Lug, east Belgrade, Serbia
Mouth • locationSava, at Belgrade, Serbia • coordinates44°48′5.2632″N 20°26′30.7644″E / 44.801462000°N 20.441879000°E / 44.801462000; 20.441879000Lengthapprox. 15 km (9.3 mi)Basin featuresProgressionSava→ Danube→ Black Sea
The Mokroluški Creek (Serbian: Мокролушки поток / Mokroluški potok, "Mokri Lug Creek") is a stream in north-central Serbia, which forms a 15-kilometre-long (9 mi) former right tributary to the Sava river. During its entire course, it runs through the urban section of Belgrade. It is one of the 40 rivers, streams and creeks that flow or used to flow through Belgrade, but the majority of them are conducted underground into the city sewage system which is also the case with Mokroluški potok.
Course
The Mokroluški potok originates in Belgrade's eastern neighborhood of Veliki Mokri Lug, in the municipality of Zvezdara, which also gives the name to the stream (Mokri Lug stream). The Mokroluški potok flows generally in a north-west direction and its valley is used as a route for the Belgrade-Niš highway (constructed 1967-74). After it passes the cemetery of the neighboring Mali Mokri Lug, it reaches the neighborhood of Medaković III where the stream is conducted underground for the first time. The channeled mouth of the stream is still visible under the Gazela Bridge.
After an underground flow of about one kilometer, the stream resurfaces in the neighborhood of Medaković II, but one kilometer later, in the neighborhood of Marinkova Bara, it goes underground again. Formerly, it used to flow through the neighborhoods of Dušanovac, Autokomanda and Jatagan Mala. The area in the lower valley of the now underground stream was used for digging earth and gravel which were used to cover and drain the swamps on the Sava's right bank, so that neighborhoods of Savamala and Bara Venecija could be constructed, and for the building of Belgrade's central railway station. After the works were completed, the area around Mokroluški potok was left as a steep, elongated cut in the ground and so was given its present name (Prokop).
The stream was mostly conducted underground in the 1970s. Before it was channeled, the stream often flooded the area of Dušanovac and Marinkova Bara during the heavy rains, as it was where it received two tributaries, Duboki potok from the north and Kumodraški potok, from the south.
Characteristics
The valley of the creek was a route for the Roman aqueduct, which conducted the waters from the Mokri Lug area to the Singidunum castrum. At some point, it received waters from another aqueduct, from the left, which originated in the modern neighborhood of Kumodraž. Both Mokri Lug and Kumodraž are located on the hills, so the natural inclination allowed for the water to flow downhill to Singidunum.
At Mostar, before flowing into the Sava, northern slopes of Senjak hill descended to the streams left bank. Up to the 19th century, the slope was known as Zamastir. Czech émigré Heinrich Smutek, arranged a large estate (with a brickyard) and a garden in the area, and opened a kafana "Smutekovac". As it became highly popular with the Belgraders, the name Zamastir was in time replaced with Smutekovac. The slope above the stream became one of the main excursion areas for the citizens. In the 1870s the area was purchased and parceled by Đorđe Vajfert who opened the brewery in 1872.
Though undistinguished in terms of hydrology, the stream was important in Belgrade geography, while in architecture it has been described as the "key topology character of Belgrade's history". Its valley serves as the route for the highway. A small bridge (most) over the stream, near its mouth into the Sava, gave name to the local kafana "Mostar" after which, in turn, the entire neighborhood was named Mostar. In architecture, "the narrative of the Belgrade's terrain ended steeply at the (stream's) line, finalizing the development of Sava amphitheater and marking the edge of the city in its next spreading to the south, further from the Belgrade Fortress and the Trench (which surrounded it)".
References
^ a b Branka Vasiljević (8 May 2022). Београдско пиво некад било златно . Politika (in Serbian). p. 16.
^ Zdravko Zdravković (12 December 2017), "Još nešto o Starom savskom mostu" , Politika (in Serbian), p. 26
^ Branka Jakšić (24 September 2017), "Pogled s neba i podzemne avanture", Politika (in Serbian)
^ Bojan Kovačević (April 2014), "Lica grada", Politika (in Serbian)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"}],"text":"River in SerbiaThe Mokroluški Creek (Serbian: Мокролушки поток / Mokroluški potok, \"Mokri Lug Creek\") is a stream in north-central Serbia, which forms a 15-kilometre-long (9 mi) former right tributary to the Sava river. During its entire course, it runs through the urban section of Belgrade. It is one of the 40 rivers, streams and creeks that flow or used to flow through Belgrade, but the majority of them are conducted underground into the city sewage system which is also the case with Mokroluški potok.","title":"Mokroluški Creek"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veliki Mokri Lug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Mokri_Lug"},{"link_name":"Zvezdara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezdara"},{"link_name":"Niš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Mali Mokri Lug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Mokri_Lug"},{"link_name":"Medaković III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medakovi%C4%87_III"},{"link_name":"Gazela Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazela_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Medaković II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medakovi%C4%87_II"},{"link_name":"Marinkova Bara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinkova_Bara"},{"link_name":"Dušanovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1anovac,_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Autokomanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokomanda"},{"link_name":"Jatagan Mala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatagan_Mala"},{"link_name":"Savamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savamala"},{"link_name":"Bara Venecija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_Venecija"},{"link_name":"Prokop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokop_(Belgrade)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pivo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Mokroluški potok originates in Belgrade's eastern neighborhood of Veliki Mokri Lug, in the municipality of Zvezdara, which also gives the name to the stream (Mokri Lug stream). The Mokroluški potok flows generally in a north-west direction and its valley is used as a route for the Belgrade-Niš highway (constructed 1967-74). After it passes the cemetery of the neighboring Mali Mokri Lug, it reaches the neighborhood of Medaković III where the stream is conducted underground for the first time. The channeled mouth of the stream is still visible under the Gazela Bridge.After an underground flow of about one kilometer, the stream resurfaces in the neighborhood of Medaković II, but one kilometer later, in the neighborhood of Marinkova Bara, it goes underground again. Formerly, it used to flow through the neighborhoods of Dušanovac, Autokomanda and Jatagan Mala. The area in the lower valley of the now underground stream was used for digging earth and gravel which were used to cover and drain the swamps on the Sava's right bank, so that neighborhoods of Savamala and Bara Venecija could be constructed, and for the building of Belgrade's central railway station. After the works were completed, the area around Mokroluški potok was left as a steep, elongated cut in the ground and so was given its present name (Prokop).The stream was mostly conducted underground in the 1970s.[1] Before it was channeled, the stream often flooded the area of Dušanovac and Marinkova Bara during the heavy rains,[2] as it was where it received two tributaries, Duboki potok from the north and Kumodraški potok, from the south.","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct"},{"link_name":"Singidunum castrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Kumodraž","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumodra%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Senjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjak"},{"link_name":"brickyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickyard"},{"link_name":"kafana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafana"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Vajfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Vajfert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pivo-1"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar_interchange"},{"link_name":"Sava amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savamala"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The valley of the creek was a route for the Roman aqueduct, which conducted the waters from the Mokri Lug area to the Singidunum castrum. At some point, it received waters from another aqueduct, from the left, which originated in the modern neighborhood of Kumodraž. Both Mokri Lug and Kumodraž are located on the hills, so the natural inclination allowed for the water to flow downhill to Singidunum.[3]At Mostar, before flowing into the Sava, northern slopes of Senjak hill descended to the streams left bank. Up to the 19th century, the slope was known as Zamastir. Czech émigré Heinrich Smutek, arranged a large estate (with a brickyard) and a garden in the area, and opened a kafana \"Smutekovac\". As it became highly popular with the Belgraders, the name Zamastir was in time replaced with Smutekovac. The slope above the stream became one of the main excursion areas for the citizens. In the 1870s the area was purchased and parceled by Đorđe Vajfert who opened the brewery in 1872.[1]Though undistinguished in terms of hydrology, the stream was important in Belgrade geography, while in architecture it has been described as the \"key topology character of Belgrade's history\". Its valley serves as the route for the highway. A small bridge (most) over the stream, near its mouth into the Sava, gave name to the local kafana \"Mostar\" after which, in turn, the entire neighborhood was named Mostar. In architecture, \"the narrative of the Belgrade's terrain ended steeply at the (stream's) line, finalizing the development of Sava amphitheater and marking the edge of the city in its next spreading to the south, further from the Belgrade Fortress and the Trench (which surrounded it)\".[4]","title":"Characteristics"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Branka Vasiljević (8 May 2022). Београдско пиво некад било златно [Belgrade's beer was golden once]. Politika (in Serbian). p. 16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zdravko Zdravković (12 December 2017), \"Još nešto o Starom savskom mostu\" [More info on the Old Sava Bridge], Politika (in Serbian), p. 26","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/394307/Jos-nesto-o-Starom-savskom-mostu","url_text":"\"Još nešto o Starom savskom mostu\""}]},{"reference":"Branka Jakšić (24 September 2017), \"Pogled s neba i podzemne avanture\", Politika (in Serbian)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/389373/Pogled-s-neba-i-podzemne-avanture","url_text":"\"Pogled s neba i podzemne avanture\""}]},{"reference":"Bojan Kovačević (April 2014), \"Lica grada\", Politika (in Serbian)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika","url_text":"Politika"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klementia_of_Habsburg
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Clemence of Austria
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["1 Marriage","2 Queen of Hungary?","3 See also","4 References"]
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Titular Queen of Hungary
Clemence of AustriaPortrait by Anton BoysBorn1262Vienna, AustriaDiedFebruary, 1293 or 1295 (aged 30–33)BurialNaples CathedralSpouseCharles Martel of AnjouIssueCharles I of HungaryBeatrice, Dauphine of ViennoisClemence, Queen of FranceHouseHabsburgFatherRudolf I of GermanyMotherGertrude of Hohenberg
Clemence of Austria (in German: Klementia) (1262 – February 1293, or 1295) was a daughter of King Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenberg. She was a member of the House of Habsburg.
Marriage
On 8 January 1281, Clemence married Charles Martel of Anjou.
Clemence and Charles Martel had three children:
Charles I of Hungary, became King of Hungary in 1308, married four times; his first wife was Mary of Halics, his second wife was Mary Piast, his third wife was Beatrice of Luxembourg and his fourth wife was Elizabeth Piast. All of his children were with Elisabeth. His only illegitimate child was Coloman, later Bishop of Győr.
Beatrice of Hungary (1290–1343), the wife of John II of Viennois
Clemence of Hungary, the second wife of Louis X of France and mother of John I of France.
It is believed that Clemence died in 1293, in relation to the birth of her youngest daughter and namesake, Clemence. Others argue that she died in 1295, months after Charles Martel. She is buried in Naples.
Queen of Hungary?
Charles Martel was set up by Pope Nicholas IV and the ecclesiastical party as the titular King of Hungary (1290–1295) as successor of his maternal uncle, the childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary against whom the Pope had already earlier declared a crusade.
He never managed to govern the Kingdom of Hungary, where an agnate of the Árpád dynasty, his cousin Andrew III of Hungary actually ruled that period. Charles Martel was, however, successful in asserting his claims in parts of Croatia, a kingdom then in personal union with Hungary.
Charles Martel died young in Naples, during the lifetime of his parents. Charles Martel and Clemence's son, Charles would ultimately succeed where he had failed in winning the throne of Hungary.
See also
Habsburg family tree
References
^ Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 173.
^ Constantin Wurzbach, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaisertums Österreich, Vienna, 1860, Vol. VI, p. 159 (online version)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudolph I of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gertrude of Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"}],"text":"Clemence of Austria (in German: Klementia) (1262 – February 1293, or 1295) was a daughter of King Rudolph I of Germany and Gertrude of Hohenberg. She was a member of the House of Habsburg.","title":"Clemence of Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Martel of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloman,_Bishop_of_Gy%C5%91r"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Hungary_(1290%E2%80%931343)"},{"link_name":"John II of Viennois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Viennois"},{"link_name":"Clemence of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemence_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Louis X of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"John I of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"}],"text":"On 8 January 1281, Clemence married Charles Martel of Anjou.[1]Clemence and Charles Martel had three children:Charles I of Hungary, became King of Hungary in 1308, married four times; his first wife was Mary of Halics, his second wife was Mary Piast, his third wife was Beatrice of Luxembourg and his fourth wife was Elizabeth Piast. All of his children were with Elisabeth. His only illegitimate child was Coloman, later Bishop of Győr.\nBeatrice of Hungary (1290–1343), the wife of John II of Viennois\nClemence of Hungary, the second wife of Louis X of France and mother of John I of France.It is believed that Clemence died in 1293, in relation to the birth of her youngest daughter and namesake, Clemence. Others[2] argue that she died in 1295, months after Charles Martel. She is buried in Naples.","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Nicholas IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV"},{"link_name":"King of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus IV of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Árpád dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Andrew III of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Charles Martel was set up by Pope Nicholas IV and the ecclesiastical party as the titular King of Hungary (1290–1295) as successor of his maternal uncle, the childless Ladislaus IV of Hungary against whom the Pope had already earlier declared a crusade.He never managed to govern the Kingdom of Hungary, where an agnate of the Árpád dynasty, his cousin Andrew III of Hungary actually ruled that period. Charles Martel was, however, successful in asserting his claims in parts of Croatia, a kingdom then in personal union with Hungary.Charles Martel died young in Naples, during the lifetime of his parents. Charles Martel and Clemence's son, Charles would ultimately succeed where he had failed in winning the throne of Hungary.[citation needed]","title":"Queen of Hungary?"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Habsburg family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_family_tree"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.literature.at/webinterface/library/ALO-BOOK_V01?objid=11804&page=167&zoom=3&ocr=","external_links_name":"(online version)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stanford_Wood
|
Robert Stanford Wood
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Sir Robert Stanford Wood KBE CB (5 July 1886 – 18 May 1963) was a civil servant and educational administrator. He was the last Principal of Southampton University College and the first Vice Chancellor of its successor, the University of Southampton, in 1952.
Early life
He was born is Islington, London, the son of a Baptist Minister. He attended the City of London School and then Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took the classical tripos and then historical tripos.
Career
He spent two years at Nottingham High School for Boys. Later he joined the Board of Education in 1911 as a school inspector and later became Principal Private Secretary to the President of the Board of Education, Lord Eustace Percy. He continued in the Civil Service rising through the ranks.and remained in London during the Second World War. Part of his key work was incorporated into the Education Act 1944 working closely with R A Butler who introduced the Act in August 1944. He also developed an initiative that produced 35,000 additional teachers between 1945 and 1951, regarded as a considerable achievement.
By the 1944 act the Board of Education became the Ministry of Education. It was expected that Wood would become permanent secretary, but this did not happen probably due to objections from Ellen Wilkinson, the Labour minister of education. Wood then left the ministry in 1946 succeeding Kenneth Vickers as Principal of Southampton University College. He led the University College to full university status in 1952, becoming its first Vice Chancellor.
Acquisition of new buildings and equipment was a priority made difficult by considerable damage to the port of Southampton during the war. Halls of residence were provided for students and by 1952 student numbers had almost doubled. An institute of education was also established. He worked closely with Lillian Penson, Vice-Chancellor of London University, which awarded external degrees to Southampton students at the time. Wood retired as vice-chancellor but due to age at the end of the 1952 session.
Personal life
In 1922 he married Iris Cecilie and they had a daughter.
He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1939, and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1941. He died in Kensington, London.
See also
List of University of Southampton people
References
^ a b c d e f David Crook: Wood, Sir Robert Stanford (1886–1963), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Aug 2013
^ London Gazette, 8 June 1939. Retrieved 5 March 2018
^ London Gazette, 12 June 1941. Retrieved 5 March 2018
Academic offices
Preceded byKenneth Hotham Vickers
Principal of Southampton University College1946-1952andVice Chancellor of the University of Southampton 1952
Succeeded byDavid Gwilym James
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Robert Stanford Wood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"City of London School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_School"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"He was born is Islington, London, the son of a Baptist Minister. He attended the City of London School and then Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took the classical tripos and then historical tripos.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham High School for Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_High_School"},{"link_name":"Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Eustace Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Percy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Education Act 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1944"},{"link_name":"R A Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_Butler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Ellen Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Hotham_Vickers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"},{"link_name":"Lillian Penson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Penson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"He spent two years at Nottingham High School for Boys. Later he joined the Board of Education in 1911 as a school inspector and later became Principal Private Secretary to the President of the Board of Education, Lord Eustace Percy. He continued in the Civil Service rising through the ranks.and remained in London during the Second World War. Part of his key work was incorporated into the Education Act 1944 working closely with R A Butler who introduced the Act in August 1944. He also developed an initiative that produced 35,000 additional teachers between 1945 and 1951, regarded as a considerable achievement.[1]By the 1944 act the Board of Education became the Ministry of Education. It was expected that Wood would become permanent secretary, but this did not happen probably due to objections from Ellen Wilkinson, the Labour minister of education. Wood then left the ministry in 1946 succeeding Kenneth Vickers as Principal of Southampton University College. He led the University College to full university status in 1952, becoming its first Vice Chancellor.[1]Acquisition of new buildings and equipment was a priority made difficult by considerable damage to the port of Southampton during the war. Halls of residence were provided for students and by 1952 student numbers had almost doubled. An institute of education was also established. He worked closely with Lillian Penson, Vice-Chancellor of London University, which awarded external degrees to Southampton students at the time. Wood retired as vice-chancellor but due to age at the end of the 1952 session.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-1"}],"text":"In 1922 he married Iris Cecilie and they had a daughter.He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1939,[2] and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1941.[3] He died in Kensington, London.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of University of Southampton people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Southampton_people"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37004","external_links_name":"David Crook: Wood, Sir Robert Stanford (1886–1963), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 17 Aug 2013"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34633/supplement/3855/data.pdf","external_links_name":"London Gazette, 8 June 1939"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35184/supplement/3286/data.pdf","external_links_name":"London Gazette, 12 June 1941"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66005022","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmmf4mgDPh3XfTjM9VYP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2008022802","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t82td3","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
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