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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Historian%27s_Craft
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The Historian's Craft
|
["1 Content","2 Reaction","3 References","4 External links"]
|
First US edition
The Historian's Craft (French: Apologie pour l'histoire ou Métier d'historien) is a 1949 book by Marc Bloch and first published in English in 1953 (New York: Knopf). It was the first of his works to be translated into English. At that stage he was not as well known in the English-speaking world as he was to be in the 1960s where his works on feudal society and rural history were published. The book was written in 1941 and 1942. Bloch joined the French Resistance prior to its completion.
Content
The work explores the craft of the historian from a number of different angles and discusses what constitutes history and how it should be configured and created in literary form by the historian. The scope of the work is broad across space and time: in one chapter, for instance, he cites a number of examples of erroneous history-writing and forgeries, citing sources as wide-ranging as the Commentaries of Julius Caesar and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. His approach is one that is configured not for those who are necessarily professional historians themselves (members of what he referred to as "the guild") but instead for all interested readers and non-specialists.
Bloch also expressed the viewpoint that the craft of the historian should not be a judgmental one – that the historian should attempt to explain and describe rather than evaluate in normative terms. At one stage in the work, Bloch observes that "the mania for making judgments" is a "satanic enemy of true history".
Reaction
The Historian's Craft has been described as unrepresentative of his historical approach in that they discuss contemporary events in which Bloch was personally involved and without access to primary sources. Along with the unfinished Strange Defeat, it was published posthumously in 1949. The historian Rees Davies has described The Historian's Craft as "beautifully sensitive and profound";: 265 the book was written in response to his son, Étienne, asking, "Tell me, Daddy. What is the use of history?". Addressing fellow historian and close friend Lucien Febvre "by way of a dedication", Bloch wrote:
Long have we worked together for a wider and more human history. Today our common task is threatened. Not by our fault. We are vanquished, for a moment, by an unjust destiny. But the time will come, I feel sure, when our collaboration can again be made public, and again be free. Meanwhile, it is in these pages filled with your presence that, for my part, our joint work goes on.— Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft, Dedication
References
^ Spang, Rebecca. "Marc Bloch: His Life and Legacy". Project Muse. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^ Bloch, Marc (1992). The Historian's Craft. Manchester University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 071903292X. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
^ Edgar, Harry. "Book Review 132: The Historian's Craft". The Maui News. Archived from the original on 14 Jul 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ Ghegoiu, Silviu. "Essay on Marc Bloch's The Historian's Craft". Academia.edu. Archived from the original on 27 Nov 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ a b Stirling, K. (2007). "Rereading Marc Bloch: The Life and Works of a Visionary Modernist". History Compass. 5 (2): 525–538. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00409.x. OCLC 423737359.
^ Loyn, H. (1999). "Marc Bloch". In Clark, C. (ed.). Febvre, Bloch and other Annales Historians. The Annales School. Vol. IV. London: Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-41520-237-4.
^ Davies, R. R. (1967). "Marc Bloch". History. 52: 265–282. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1967.tb01201.x. OCLC 466923053.
^ Bloch 1992, p. 3.
^ Hughes-Warrington 2015, p. 16.
^ Hughes-Warrington, M. (2015). Fifty Key Thinkers on History (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-13448-253-5.
External links
Online-Publication (critical summary / book review) „Apologie der Geschichtswissenschaft – oder: Der Beruf des Historikers“ (engl.: The historian's craft), Department of History, Leibniz University Hanover
|
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[{"image_text":"First US edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/85/TheHistoriansCraft.jpg/220px-TheHistoriansCraft.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_de_Guerra_del_Peru
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Peruvian Navy
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["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.2 20th century","1.3 21st century","2 Organization","2.1 Coast Guard","2.2 Naval Aviation","2.3 Naval Infantry","3 Bases","4 Personnel","4.1 Ranks","5 Ships","5.1 Current ships","5.2 Museum Ships","5.3 Recently Decommissioned Ships","6 Equipment","7 Peacekeeping operations","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 Notes","11 Sources","12 External links"]
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Naval branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces
Peruvian NavyMarina de Guerra del PerúCoat of arms of the Peruvian NavyFounded8 October 1821BranchNavySize25,988 active personnel
51 ships, 43 aircraftNaval headquartersCallao naval base, PeruPatronMiguel Grau SeminarioAnniversariesOctober 8 – Navy's Foundation Day and Anniversary of the Battle of AngamosFleet6 Submarines7 Frigates7 Corvettes7 patrol ships1 Landing Platform, Dock2 landing ships, tank6 River gunboats 2 Training Ships25 AuxiliariesEngagements
Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombian-Peruvian War
War of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
First Ecuadorian-Peruvian War
Chincha Islands War
War of the Pacific
Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
CommandersGeneral Commander of the Navy Luis Polar FigariInsigniaFlagNaval ensignNaval jackStandardRoundelLow-visibility roundelMilitary unit
The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.
The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.
History
19th century
Battle of Angamos, 8 October 1879
The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Naval Infantry was also formed during the war with Spain, performing successfully in their first battle where they seized Arica from the Spanish.
Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then assisted in the subsequent Peruvian occupation. The Navy saw further action during the war of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866).
The breakout of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison to the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, famously delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.
20th century
Following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Navy had to be completely rebuilt. In 1900 the force consisted of only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships – the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value". The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition from the United Kingdom of the scout cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920.
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in June 1973
Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945.
During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. The navy purchased one cruiser the BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) from the Netherlands, eight Carvajal-class frigates from Italy – four newly purchased and four ex-Lupo-class frigates – as well as six PR-72P-class corvettes from France. The buildup proved to be temporary due to the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s, forcing the decommissioning of several warships and resulting in a general lack of funds for maintenance.
The economic upturn of the 1990s and into the 2000s would later permit some improvement, although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.
21st century
BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53), current fleet flagship
Into the 21st century, the Peruvian Navy began to modernize their ships. In 2008, the Type 209/1100 submarines were modernized while the Carvajal-class frigates began to be modernized in 2011. The Type 209/1200 submarines began to be modernized in late-2017 beginning with the BAP Chipana (SS-34).
SIMA has continued to construct ships for the Navy. In 2013, SIMA partnered with Posco Daewoo Corporation and Daesun Shipbuilding of South Korea to construct two Makassar-class landing platform docks. The BAP Pisco (AMP-156), recently launched on 25 April 2017, as well as the BAP Paita which is currently under construction will provide Peru with increased expeditionary warfare capabilities, with the ability to accommodate multiple Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, newly purchased LAV IIs and helicopters.
In 2018, a modernization program was initiated to upgrade Peru's Type 209/1200 submarines, the BAP Chipana, BAP Angamos, BAP Antofagasta and BAP Pisagua, with a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems being made for further assistance with SIMA.
During the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis, the Navy of Peru was involved in political scandals. During the first impeachment process against president Martín Vizcarra, the next in the order of succession to the presidency, President of the Congress Manuel Merino, had been in contact with the Commanding General of the Navy saying that he was attempting to remove Vizcarra from office. While the 2021 Peruvian general election was underway, the imprisoned former head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) Vladimiro Montesinos was able to make phone calls from a landline telephone at the Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC) at the Callao Naval Base to organize projects and campaign support for Keiko Fujimori in the Vladi-audios scandal.
Organization
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Peruvian NavyNaval Jack of Peru
History
History
Battles
Ships
Current ships
Historic ships
Insignia
Military ranks of Peru
Organisation
Naval Aviation
Naval Infantry
Coast Guard
Naval School
vte
The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Alberto Alcalá Luna. Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Chief Supreme of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:
Comandancia General de la Marina (Navy General Command)
Estado Mayor General de la Marina (Navy General Staff)
Inspectoría General de la Marina (Navy General Inspectorate)
Operational units are divided between three commands:
Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico
Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:
Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Force)
Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)
Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía
Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.
Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas
Directive General of Captains and Coast Guard, oversees Coast Guard operations
Coast Guard
Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Río Quilca (PM-207) of the Peruvian Coast GuardAVINAV Bell AB-212 with fast-roping MarinesPeruvian Marines of various specialties
Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes. The Peruvian Coast Guard often performs anti-drug trafficking operations within the nation's waters. The Coast Guard has approximately 1,000 personnel.
Naval Aviation
Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation
The Naval Aviation Force (in Spanish): (Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines. Naval Aviation has about 800 personnel.
Naval Infantry
Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry
Naval Infantry Brigade
1st Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón
2nd Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón
Amphibious Support Group
Fire support Group
Commando Grouping
Engineers Unit
Other units
3rd Naval Infantry Battalion – Tumbes
4th Naval Infantry Battalion – Puno
1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Iquitos
2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Pucallpa
Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur – Mollendo
Bases
Callao naval base.
Ancón – Naval Infantry headquarters and base
Callao – Main naval base, dockyard and naval aviation base, Naval Medical Center which contains the US Navy unit Naval Medical Research Unit Six
Chimbote – Minor base and dockyard
Iquitos – On the Amazon river
Paita – Minor base
Pisco – Minor base
Puno – On Lake Titicaca
San Juan de Marcona – Naval aviation base
Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this has not been considered an ideal location since it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. In the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered though high costs and a poor economic situation made the project unfeasible.
Personnel
Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).Submarine crew saluting while at sea.
Personnel (as of 2001)
Commissioned Officers
2,107
Non-commissioned officers
16,863
Cadets
620
NCO in training
1,533
Enlisted
4,855
Civilians
5,079
Total
25,988 (excl. civilians)
Ranks
Further information: Peruvian Navy enlisted rate insignia and Peruvian Navy officer rank insignia
Ranks of the officers of the Navy
Ranks of the sub-officers of the Navy
Ranks of the enlisted of the navy
Ships
Ships of the Peruvian Navy are prefixed BAP, which stands for Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship).
Current ships
Main article: List of active Peruvian Navy ships
Ship
Origin
Type
Class
In service
Notes
Submarines (4 in service, 2 in upgrade)
BAP Angamos (SS-31)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1200
Yes
ex-BAP Casma.
BAP Antofagasta (SS-32)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1200
No
Currently being upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard since January 2020.
BAP Pisagua (SS-33)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1200
Yes
BAP Chipana (SS-34)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1200
No
ex-BAP Blume. Currently being upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard since December 2017.
BAP Islay (SS-35)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1100
Yes
Upgraded in 2008
BAP Arica (SS-36)
Germany
diesel-electric submarine
Type 209/1100
Yes
Upgraded in 2008
Guided missile frigates (7 in service)
BAP Villavicencio (FM-52)
Italy
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
Yes
BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53)
Peru
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
Yes
Ordered in 1973. Laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard and commissioned in 1984 as BAP Montero until 2017, when became fleet flagship
BAP Mariátegui (FM-54)
Peru
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
Yes
Ordered in 1973. Laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard and commissioned in 1987.
BAP Aguirre (FM-55)
Italy
guided missile frigate
Lupo-class frigate
Yes
ex-Orsa (F-567), overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard along with BAP Bolognesi. Currently in sea trials.
BAP Palacios (FM-56)
Italy
guided missile frigate
Lupo-class frigate
Yes
ex-Lupo (F-564)
BAP Bolognesi (FM-57)
Italy
guided missile frigate
Lupo-class frigate
Yes
ex-Perseo (F-566), overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard with locally-made CMS and ESM systems, a Kronos NV 3D radar, MASS countermeasures system and 4 MM40 Block III Exocet missiles replacing Otomat.
BAP Quiñones (FM-58)
Italy
guided missile frigate
Lupo-class frigate
Yes
ex-Sagittario (F-565)
Guided missile corvettes (8 in service)
BAP Velarde (CM-21)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP Santillana (CM-22)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP De los Heros (CM-23)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP Herrera (CM-24)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP Larrea (CM-25)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)
France
fast attack craft
PR-72P-class corvette
Yes
BAP Ferre (CM-27)
South Korea
fast attack craft
Pohang-class corvette
Yes
ex-Gyeonjyu (PCC-758). Built in 1985. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2016.
BAP Guise (CM-28)
South Korea
fast attack craft
Pohang-class corvette
Yes
ex-Suncheon (PCC-767). Built in 1987. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2021. Commissioned in 2022.
Offshore Patrols vessels (7 in service)
BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201)
Italy
Frigate
Lupo-class frigate
Yes
ex-BAP Carvajal (FM-51). Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Pativilca (PM-204)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Cañete (PM-205)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Piura (PM-206)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3rd, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Quilca (PM-207)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Tumbes (PM-208)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Locumba (PM-209)
Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel
Yes
Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Amphibious (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Pisco (AMP-156)
Peru
Landing Platform, Dock
Makassar class
Yes
Ordered on July 13, 2013; laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard, launched on April 25, 2017; commissioned on June 21, 2018.
BAP Paita (AMP-157)
Peru
Landing Platform, Dock
Makassar class
No
Ordered on March 15, 2018; laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard.
BAP Callao (DT-143)
United States
Landing Ship, Tank
Terrebonne Parish class
No
ex-USS Washoe County. Sunk as target 30 September 2021
BAP Eten (DT-144)
United States
Landing Ship, Tank
Terrebonne Parish class
Yes
ex-USS Traverse County
Seven in service
United Kingdom
Landing Craft Air Cushion
Griffon Hoverwork 2000TD
Yes
River gunboats vessels (6 in service)
BAP Loreto (CF-11)
United States
River gunboat
Loreto class
Yes
BAP Amazonas (CF-12)
United States
River gunboat
Loreto class
Yes
BAP Marañón (CF-13)
United Kingdom
River gunboat
Marañón class
Yes
BAP Ucayali (CF-14)
United Kingdom
River gunboat
Marañón class
Yes
BAP Clavero (CF-15)
Peru
River gunboat
Clavero class
Yes
Laid down in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard. Damaged by an uncontrolled fire in her first operational deployment on May 25, 2010; leaving two crewmen badly injured. Returned to service on July 27, 2012, during the BRACOLPER 2012 exercise.
BAP Castilla (CF-16)
Peru
River gunboat
Clavero class
Yes
Laid down on April 9, 2010, in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard, launched on June 8, 2013, and commissioned on March 14, 2016, second and final ship of its class, has some improvements over its sister ship, mainly in armament
Training ships (2 in service)
BAP Unión (BEV-161)
Peru
Sail training ship
–
Yes
laid down on December 8, 2012, in the SIMA Callao shipyard, commissioned January 27, 2016, with an estimated cost of US$50 million.
BAP Marte (ALY-313)
Canada
Sailing yacht
–
Yes
assigned to the Peruvian Naval School as a training ship
Tugs and support ships (5 in service)
BAP Unanue (AMB-160)
United States
Diving support ship
Sotoyomo class
Yes
ex-USS Wateree
BAP San Lorenzo (ART-323)
Germany
Torpedo recovery vessel
–
Yes
BAP Morales (RAS-180)
Peru
Diving support offshore tugboat
Morales class
Yes
Ordered in 2014, 50 TBP class locally designed tugboat, equipped to support diving, firefighting and rescue operations. Delivered in November 2016
BAP Selendón (ARB-129)
Peru
Harbour tugboat
20 TBP class tug
Yes
Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011. Delivered in the first quarter of 2012.
BAP Medina (ARB-130)
Peru
Harbour tugboat
20 TBP class tug
Yes
Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011. Delivered in late 2012.
Tankers and barges (4 in service)
BAP Caloyeras (ACA-111)
United States
Water barge
YW-83 class
Yes
ex-US YW-128
BAP Noguera (ACP-118)
United States
Fuel barge
YO type
Yes
ex-US YO-221
BAP Gauden (ACP-119)
United States
Fuel barge
YO type
Yes
ex-US YO-171
BAP Tacna (ARL-158)
Netherlands
Replenishment Ship
Amsterdam class
Yes
ex-HNLMS AmsterdamBuilt in 1995, acquired in July 2014 from the Royal Netherlands Navy, commissioned on December 4, 2014, at the Den Helder naval base, Netherlands.
Hospital vessels (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Rio Yavarí
Peru
River hospital ship
Yavarí PIAS class
Yes
Built by Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2021.
BAP Rio Putumayo II
Peru
River hospital ship
Napo PIAS class
Yes
Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2016.
BAP Rio Putumayo I
Peru
River hospital ship
Napo PIAS class
Yes
Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Morona
Peru
River hospital ship
Napo PIAS class
Yes
Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Rio Napo
Peru
River hospital ship
Napo PIAS class
Yes
Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2013.
BAP Rio Yahuas (ABH-302)
Peru
River hospital ship
Morona class
Yes
Ex BAP Morona (ABH-302)
BAP Corrientes (ABH-303)
Peru
Small river hospital craft
–
Yes
BAP Curaray (ABH-304)
Peru
Small river hospital craft
–
Yes
BAP Pastaza (ABH-305)
Peru
Small river hospital craft
–
Yes
BAP Lago Titicaca I
Peru
Lake hospital ship
Lago Titicaca PIAS class
Yes
Built by SIMA Peru, commissioned in 2017.
BAP Puno (ABH-306)
United Kingdom
Lake hospital ship
Yaravi class
Yes
ex-Yapuraoperated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Scientific research vessels (6 in service)
BAP Carrasco (BOP-171)
Spain
Oceanographic research ship
NC-704 class
Yes
95-m long steel-hulled vessel designed to operate in the Antarctic region as well as in Peruvian waters. Construction contract signed in December 2014 with Freire Shipyard. Keel-laying scheduled for June 22, 2015, to be delivered July 2016. Commissioned in May 2017.
BAP Stiglich (AH-172)
Peru
Hydrographic survey ship
Morona class
Yes
BAP Zimic (COMBSH-173)
Netherlands
Hydrographic survey ship
Dokkum class
Yes
ex-HNLMS Abcoude minesweeper. ex-BAP Carrasco, repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao, in 2015 received a high power multibeam echosounder.
BAP La Macha (AEH-174)
Peru
Hydrographic survey ship
–
Yes
BAP Carrillo (AH-175)
Netherlands
Hydrographic survey ship
Van Straelen class
Yes
ex-HNLMS van Hamel minesweeper
BAP Melo (AH-176)
Netherlands
Hydrographic survey ship
Van Straelen class
Yes
ex-HNLMS van der Wel minesweeper. Repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao.
Museum Ships
Vessel
Origin
Type
Class
Decommissioned
Notes
BAP América (RH-90)
United Kingdom
River gunboat
América class
restored at SIMA Iquitos shipyard, on display in Clavero naval station.
BAP Abtao (SS-42)
United States
Sierra-type submarine
2 de Mayo class
1998
become a museum ship in 2004
Yavarí
United Kingdom
Lake gunboat
Yavarí class
1976
restored and become a museum ship in 2015 and is the oldest iron lake steamer sailing.
Recently Decommissioned Ships
Vessel
Origin
Type
Class
Decommissioned
Notes
BAP Bayovar (ATP-154)
Russia
Oil tanker
Grigoriy Nesterenko type
2017
ex-Petr Schmidt, auctioned on March 21, 2018
BAP Zorritos (ATP-155)
Russia
Oil tanker
Grigoriy Nesterenko type
2017
ex-Grigoriy Nesterenko, auctioned on March 21, 2018
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)
Netherlands
Guided missile cruiser
De Zeven Provinciën class
26 September 2017
ex-HNLMS De Ruyter (C801)
BAP Guardian Rios (ARA-123)
United States
Offshore tugboat
Cherokee class
2015
ex-USS Pinto, inactive since 2014, to be scrapped
BAP Dueñas (ARB-126)
United States
Harbour tugboat
PC-461-class
2015
ex-USS PC-1138, decommissioned in 1956 and sold, then first converted into icebreaker and finally into a tugboat (hull shortened), acquired by the Peruvian Navy in 1984. Inactive since 2014, to be scrapped
BAP Unión (ABE-161)
Peru
Transport ship
Ilo class
December 2014
ex-BAP Mollendo (ATC-131). Decommissioned in late 2014, towed to be scrapped in Ecuador.
BAP Carvajal (FM-51)
Italy
Guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
26 December 2013
Transferred to the Coast Guard under the name BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201) after being stripped down of its missile weaponry and main radar, reclassified as Patrullera Oceánica (Offshore patrol vessel).
BAP Paita (DT-141)
United States
Tank landing ship
Terrebonne Parish class
September 2012
ex-USS Walworth County (LST-1164), sunk as a target during the exercise Independencia
BAP Pisco (DT-142)
United States
Landing Ship, Tank
Terrebonne Parish class
2012
ex-USS Waldo County (LST-1163), scrapped that year after sold.
BAP Ferré (DM-74)
United Kingdom
Guided missile destroyer
Daring class
13 July 2007
ex-HMS Decoy
BAP Talara (ATP-152)
Peru
Replenishment tanker
Talara class
12 August 2008
capable of underway replenishment at sea from the stern
BAP Lobitos (ATP-153)
Peru
Oil tanker
Sealift Pacific class
20 July 2008
ex-USNS Sealift Caribbean (T-AOT-174)
Equipment
Name
Origin
Type
Version
Used by
Notes
Naval artillery
Oto Melara 127/54 Compact Gun
Italy
dual-purpose naval gun
127/54 Compact
Lupo-class
Oto Melara 76/62 Compact Gun
Italy
dual-purpose naval gun
76/62 Compact
PR-72P-class
Oto Melara Twin 40 Compact Gun
Italy
Close-in weapon system (CIWS)
Twin Forty
Lupo-classPR-72P-classMakassar-class
Anti-ship missiles
MBDA Otomat
Italy
Anti-ship missile (AShM)
Otomat II Block 1
Lupo-class
on December 8, 2008, an updated Otomat missile was successfully launched from BAP Aguirre, hit a target at a range in excess of 150 km (93 mi).
MBDA Exocet
France
Anti-ship missile (AShM)
MM40 Block 3
Lupo-class
four fire control systems and sixteen missiles ordered on December 15, 2010. Scheduled to be installed in the 4 Aguirre class frigates.
MBDA Exocet
France
Anti-ship missile (AShM)
MM38
PR-72P-class
MBDA Exocet
France
Anti-ship missile (AShM)
AM39 Block 1
ASH-3D Sea King
Land-based. Currently not embarked in any surface unit of the Peruvian Navy
Surface-to-air missile
MBDA Aspide
Italy
Surface-to-air missile (SAM)
Aspide 1A
Lupo-class
9K38 Igla
Russia
MANPADS
9K310 Igla-1
PR-72P-classPeruvian Naval Infantry
used in MGP-86 mount for close air defenceto be replaced with the FN-6 missile system
FN-6
People's Republic of China
MANPADS
FN-6
Peruvian Naval Infantry
a small batch acquired in July 2009 for US$1.1 million
Torpedoes
Atlas Elektronik SUT
Germany
533 mm heavyweight torpedo
SUT 264
Type 209 submarine
Atlas Elektronik SST
Germany
533 mm heavyweight torpedo
SST-4 mod 0
Type 209 submarine
Mark 44 torpedo
United States
324 mm lightweight torpedo
Mk 44 mod 1
Lupo-classAB-212ASW ASH-3D
Alenia-Whitehead A244/S
Italy
324 mm lightweight torpedo
A244/S
Lupo-classAB-212ASW ASH-3D
Peacekeeping operations
The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs). By 2012 the Peruvian Navy sent its first officer to serve in United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.
Gallery
BAP Carvajal (FM-51).
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).
Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).
Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).
BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).
BAP Clavero and BAP Castilla berthed in Iquitos Naval Base
BAP Unión leaving the Callao harbour
See also
Battle of Angamos
Battle of Iquique
Battle of Pacocha
Ironclad Huáscar
Miguel Grau
SIFOREX
War of the Pacific
List of Peruvian steam frigates
Notes
^ https://www.marina.mil.pe/en/autoridades/almirante/#:~:text=On%20August%203%2C%202021%2C%20Admiral,Commander%20of%20the%20Peruvian%20Navy.
^ "Comandancia de Fuerzas de Infanteria – Marina de Guerra del Perú". marina.mil.pe. Marina de Guerra del Perú. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
^ Keltie, J. S., ed. (1900). The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: MacMillan. p. 887. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.)
^ "Armed Forces Strength in selected years, 1829 – 1992". Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ a b c d "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú | COMOPERPAC". Peruvian Navy. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ a b "Peru launched its First LPD – BAP Pisco Landing Platform Dock". Navy Recognition. May 4, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ "GDLS culmina las entregas de LAV II a la Infantería de Marina peruana-noticia defensa.com". Defensa.com. August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
^ "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ "El Gobierno peruano califica de "golpismo" la moción de censura contra Vizcarra". ABC (in Spanish). September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
^ "Operaciones "irregulares" del 'Doc' desde la Base Naval | IDL Reporteros". IDL Reporteros. July 1, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ "Los fantasmas vuelven en Perú: Montesinos tramó el soborno de tres jueces electorales". Ambito. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ "Conspiraciones telefónicas | IDL Reporteros". IDL Reporteros. June 26, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
^ "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 1985.
^ , based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "BAP - Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship) | AcronymFinder".
^ Fish, Tim (June 29, 2011). "Briefing: South America Naval Capabilities". Jane's Defence Weekly: 289.
^ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peruvian Navy commissions BAP Pisco". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
^ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peru to construct second landing platform vessel". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
^ "Dos heridos deja incendio de BAP "Clavero" en el río Putumayo, informan" (in Spanish). Andina. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ Marina de Guerra del Perú (August 2, 2012). "Perú: Unidades fluviales de Brasil y Colombia participaron en el ejercicio BRACOLPER 2012" (in Spanish). Base Naval. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú entregó PIAS "Río Putumayo II" y Cañonera Fluvial B.A.P "Castilla" (CF-16) en eficaz contribución a los programas de inclusión social del Estado". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
^ "Servicios Industriales de la Marina construirán Buque Escuela a Vela". Peruvian Navy. December 7, 2012. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
^ Benvenuto, Carlos Ramírez (December 6, 2012). "Un nuevo buque escuela para la Marina y el Perú" (PDF). El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ "Positivos avances en construcción del Remolcador Auxiliar de Salvamento B.A.P. "Morales" RAS-180". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
^ a b "NotiSIMA Año 5, Edición 31" (PDF) (in Spanish). SIMA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ "En Holanda, se afirmó el Pabellón Nacional del Buque Logístico B.A.P. Tacna" (in Spanish). Peruvian Navy. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ Ing, David; Toremans, Guy. "Spain's Freire shipyard set to cut steel on Peru's new survey ship". IHS. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
^ Toremans, Guy (May 9, 2017). "Peruvian Navy commissions new multirole oceanographic research vessel". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Historic Naval Ships Association BAP ABTAO (SS-42) Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "Venta por Subasta Pública Nro. 001-2018 – DIRBINFRATER". Marina de Guerra del Perú. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
^ Sanchez, Alejandro (September 26, 2017). "Peruvian Navy designates new flagship". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ "Lapeer (PC 1138) ex-PC-1138". NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive. NavSource Naval History. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú realizará ceremonia de Zarpe de Expedición Científica a la Antártida – ANTAR XXII, Colocación de la Quilla del Remolcador Auxiliar de Salvamento y Patrullera Marítima, Transferencia del BAP Carvajal a DICAPI". Peruvian Navy. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.
^ "Supreme Decree No. 014-2007-DE/MGP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2009. (1.33 MB). July 13, 2007.
^ "Supreme Decree No. 018-2008-DE/MGP" (PDF). (361 KB). August 23, 2009.
^ "Supreme Decree No. 014-2008-DE/MGP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2011. (84.9 KB). August 23, 2009.
^ "Peruvian Navy Carries Out Record Breaking Launch". Jean Dupont. MBDA. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
^ "PCM transfiere más de S/. 114 millones para adquisición de material militar" (in Spanish). Andina. December 15, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
^ "Perú: Adquisición de misiles MANPADS". Alejo Marchessini. Defensa.com. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
^ "UNFICYP Facts and Figures – United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus". United Nations. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Sources
Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002–2003. Naval Institute Press, 2002.
Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
"La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).
Gibbs, Jay (2005). "Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374.
Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.
Pixley, William & Walker, Hartley P. (2001). "Question 33/00: Peruvian Warships Loa and Victoria". Warship International. XXXVIII (3). International Naval Research Organization: 248. ISSN 0043-0374.
Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
"Los Programas de Renovacion y Modernizacion de la Marina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 32 a 35.
"Entrevista al Almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, Comandante General de la MArina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 36 a 43.
External links
Official Peruvian Navy Website
Maquina de Combate – Photo gallery.
Servicio Industrial de la Marina Archived October 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine – Peruvian Navy Shipyards. In English and Spanish.
The Peruvian Navy: The XIX Century Maritime Campaigns – a series of articles covering the history of the 19th century Peruvian Navy by Juan del Campo.
vte Peruvian Armed ForcesService Branches
Peruvian Joint Command
Peruvian Army
Peruvian Navy
aviation
infantry
Peruvian Air Force
Wars and Conflicts
Peruvian War of Independence
Gran Colombia–Peru War
Colombia–Peru War
War of the Pacific
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Cenepa War
Related dependenciesSIMA
Military ranks of Peru
Ministry of Defense
vteNavies of Latin America
Argentina
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Colombia
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peruvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"disaster relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_management"},{"link_name":"peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"Battle of Angamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"}],"text":"Military unitThe Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.","title":"Peruvian Navy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angamos2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Angamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Angamos"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Peru#Wars_of_independence_(1811%E2%80%931824)"},{"link_name":"warships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warship"},{"link_name":"Arica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MARINEhistory-2"},{"link_name":"Gran Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Gran_Colombia"},{"link_name":"blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"seaport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaport"},{"link_name":"Guayaquil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil"},{"link_name":"Peru-Bolivian Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Chincha Islands War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War"},{"link_name":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Chilean Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Navy"},{"link_name":"hit-and-run tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Miguel Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Grau_Seminario"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"Huáscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Angamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"Battle of Angamos, 8 October 1879The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Naval Infantry was also formed during the war with Spain, performing successfully in their first battle where they seized Arica from the Spanish.[2]Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then assisted in the subsequent Peruvian occupation. The Navy saw further action during the war of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866).The breakout of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison to the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, famously delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"scout cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Almirante Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAP_Almirante_Grau_(1907)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Augusto B. Leguía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_B._Legu%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"Navy Aviation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dia_172V3.jpg"},{"link_name":"BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Almirante_Grau_(CLM-81)"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Army"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powers"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Almirante_Grau_(CLM-81)"},{"link_name":"Carvajal-class frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvajal-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"PR-72P-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR-72P-class"},{"link_name":"corvettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"decommissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"},{"link_name":"maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repair_and_maintenance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Navy had to be completely rebuilt. In 1900 the force consisted of only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships – the latter described by a contemporary British publication as \"of no real value\".[3] The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition from the United Kingdom of the scout cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920.BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in June 1973Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945.During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme[4] which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. The navy purchased one cruiser the BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) from the Netherlands, eight Carvajal-class frigates from Italy – four newly purchased and four ex-Lupo-class frigates – as well as six PR-72P-class corvettes from France. The buildup proved to be temporary due to the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s, forcing the decommissioning of several warships and resulting in a general lack of funds for maintenance.The economic upturn of the 1990s and into the 2000s would later permit some improvement, although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Almirante_Grau_(FM-53).jpg"},{"link_name":"BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Almirante_Grau_(FM-53)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subMODERN-5"},{"link_name":"Carvajal-class frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvajal-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PERnav-6"},{"link_name":"BAP Chipana (SS-34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Chipana_(SS-34)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subMODERN-5"},{"link_name":"SIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMA"},{"link_name":"Posco Daewoo Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSCO_International"},{"link_name":"Makassar-class landing platform docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar-class_landing_platform_dock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRmay17-7"},{"link_name":"BAP Pisco (AMP-156)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Pisco_(AMP-156)"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"expeditionary warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare"},{"link_name":"Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Craft_Vehicle_Personnel"},{"link_name":"LAV IIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASLAV#ASLAV_Type_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRmay17-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Type 209/1200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_209_submarine"},{"link_name":"BAP Chipana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Chipana_(SS-34)"},{"link_name":"BAP Angamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Angamos_(SS-31)"},{"link_name":"BAP Antofagasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Antofagasta_(SS-32)"},{"link_name":"BAP Pisagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_Pisagua_(SS-33)"},{"link_name":"ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThyssenKrupp_Marine_Systems"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-subMODERN2-9"},{"link_name":"2017–present Peruvian political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%93present_Peruvian_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"first impeachment process against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_impeachment_process_against_Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra"},{"link_name":"Martín Vizcarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra"},{"link_name":"order of succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"President of the Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_the_Republic_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Manuel Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Merino"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"2021 Peruvian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election"},{"link_name":"National Intelligence Service (SIN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"Vladimiro Montesinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos"},{"link_name":"landline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline"},{"link_name":"Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Reclusi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A1xima_Seguridad"},{"link_name":"Keiko Fujimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori"},{"link_name":"Vladi-audios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos#Vladi-audios"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53), current fleet flagshipInto the 21st century, the Peruvian Navy began to modernize their ships. In 2008, the Type 209/1100 submarines were modernized[5] while the Carvajal-class frigates began to be modernized in 2011.[6] The Type 209/1200 submarines began to be modernized in late-2017 beginning with the BAP Chipana (SS-34).[5]SIMA has continued to construct ships for the Navy. In 2013, SIMA partnered with Posco Daewoo Corporation and Daesun Shipbuilding of South Korea to construct two Makassar-class landing platform docks.[7] The BAP Pisco (AMP-156), recently launched on 25 April 2017, as well as the BAP Paita which is currently under construction will provide Peru with increased expeditionary warfare capabilities, with the ability to accommodate multiple Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, newly purchased LAV IIs and helicopters.[7][8]In 2018, a modernization program was initiated to upgrade Peru's Type 209/1200 submarines, the BAP Chipana, BAP Angamos, BAP Antofagasta and BAP Pisagua, with a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems being made for further assistance with SIMA.[9]During the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis, the Navy of Peru was involved in political scandals. During the first impeachment process against president Martín Vizcarra, the next in the order of succession to the presidency, President of the Congress Manuel Merino, had been in contact with the Commanding General of the Navy saying that he was attempting to remove Vizcarra from office.[10] While the 2021 Peruvian general election was underway, the imprisoned former head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) Vladimiro Montesinos was able to make phone calls from a landline telephone at the Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC) at the Callao Naval Base to organize projects and campaign support for Keiko Fujimori in the Vladi-audios scandal.[11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Alberto Alcalá Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Alcal%C3%A1_Luna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Peru)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Navy General Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(military_formation)"},{"link_name":"Navy General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff"},{"link_name":"Navy General Inspectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"}],"text":"The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Alberto Alcalá Luna. Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Chief Supreme of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:Comandancia General de la Marina (Navy General Command)\nEstado Mayor General de la Marina (Navy General Staff)\nInspectoría General de la Marina (Navy General Inspectorate)Operational units are divided between three commands:Comandancia General de Operaciones del PacíficoPacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)\nFuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)\nFuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Force)\nFuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)\nFuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)Comandancia General de Operaciones de la AmazoníaAmazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.Dirección General de Capitanías y GuardacostasDirective General of Captains and Coast Guard, oversees Coast Guard operations","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRESIDENTE_DE_LA_REP%C3%9ABLICA_DESTACA_CAPACIDAD_INDUSTRIAL_DE_LA_MARINA_DE_GUERRA_(33189918716).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_AB-212_Peruvian_Navy.jpg"},{"link_name":"fast-roping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast-roping"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_Marines.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"territorial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2122-14"}],"sub_title":"Coast Guard","text":"BAP Río Quilca (PM-207) of the Peruvian Coast GuardAVINAV Bell AB-212 with fast-roping MarinesPeruvian Marines of various specialtiesCoast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes. The Peruvian Coast Guard often performs anti-drug trafficking operations within the nation's waters. The Coast Guard has approximately 1,000 personnel.[14]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS2123-15"}],"sub_title":"Naval Aviation","text":"The Naval Aviation Force (in Spanish): (Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines. Naval Aviation has about 800 personnel.[15]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Amphibious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_warfare"},{"link_name":"Fire support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_support"},{"link_name":"Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando"},{"link_name":"Tumbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbes_(city)"},{"link_name":"Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle"},{"link_name":"Pucallpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucallpa"},{"link_name":"Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detachment_(military)"},{"link_name":"Mollendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollendo"}],"sub_title":"Naval Infantry","text":"Naval Infantry Brigade1st Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón\n2nd Naval Infantry Battalion – Ancón\nAmphibious Support Group\nFire support Group\nCommando Grouping\nEngineers UnitOther units3rd Naval Infantry Battalion – Tumbes\n4th Naval Infantry Battalion – Puno\n1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Iquitos\n2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Pucallpa\nNaval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur – Mollendo","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Callao_naval_base.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anc%C3%B3n_District"},{"link_name":"Callao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao"},{"link_name":"Main naval base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"Naval Medical Research Unit Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Unit_Six"},{"link_name":"Chimbote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimbote"},{"link_name":"Iquitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquitos"},{"link_name":"Paita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paita"},{"link_name":"Pisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco,_Peru"},{"link_name":"Puno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puno"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Marcona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Marcona"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Callao naval base.Ancón – Naval Infantry headquarters and base\nCallao – Main naval base, dockyard and naval aviation base, Naval Medical Center which contains the US Navy unit Naval Medical Research Unit Six\nChimbote – Minor base and dockyard\nIquitos – On the Amazon river\nPaita – Minor base\nPisco – Minor base\nPuno – On Lake Titicaca\nSan Juan de Marcona – Naval aviation baseAlthough most of the fleet is based at Callao, this has not been considered an ideal location since it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. In the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered though high costs and a poor economic situation made the project unfeasible.[16]","title":"Bases"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Mari%C3%A1tegui_CIC.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_submarine_crew.jpg"}],"text":"Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).Submarine crew saluting while at sea.","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peruvian Navy enlisted rate insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy_enlisted_rate_insignia"},{"link_name":"Peruvian Navy officer rank insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Navy_officer_rank_insignia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ranks","text":"Further information: Peruvian Navy enlisted rate insignia and Peruvian Navy officer rank insigniaRanks of the officers of the Navy[18]\nRanks of the sub-officers of the Navy[19]\nRanks of the enlisted of the navy[20]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prefixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_prefix"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Ships of the Peruvian Navy are prefixed BAP, which stands for Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship).[21]","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current ships","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Museum Ships","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recently Decommissioned Ships","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Peacekeeping Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNOCI"},{"link_name":"United Nations Mission in Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan"},{"link_name":"United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMO"},{"link_name":"United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISFA"}],"text":"The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces[47] ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs). By 2012 the Peruvian Navy sent its first officer to serve in United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.","title":"Peacekeeping operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Carvajal_Unitas_46-05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Sanchez_Carrion_Unitas_45-04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peruvian_submarines_during_an_exercise.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Callao_Unitas_45-04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Mollendo_(ATC_131).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NUEVAS_EMBARCACIONES_LLEVAR%C3%81N_SEGURIDAD_Y_PROGRESO_A_LAS_CUENCAS_AMAZ%C3%93NICAS._(25053006414).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAP_Uni%C3%B3n_(Callao).jpg"}],"text":"BAP Carvajal (FM-51).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSubmarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNaval 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Retrieved February 21, 2015.\n\n^ \"Positivos avances en construcción del Remolcador Auxiliar de Salvamento B.A.P. \"Morales\" RAS-180\". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.\n\n^ a b \"NotiSIMA Año 5, Edición 31\" (PDF) (in Spanish). SIMA. July 17, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015.\n\n^ \"En Holanda, se afirmó el Pabellón Nacional del Buque Logístico B.A.P. Tacna\" (in Spanish). Peruvian Navy. Archived from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015.\n\n^ Ing, David; Toremans, Guy. \"Spain's Freire shipyard set to cut steel on Peru's new survey ship\". IHS. Retrieved April 24, 2015.\n\n^ Toremans, Guy (May 9, 2017). \"Peruvian Navy commissions new multirole oceanographic research vessel\". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2017.\n\n^ Historic Naval Ships Association BAP ABTAO (SS-42) Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b \"Venta por Subasta Pública Nro. 001-2018 – DIRBINFRATER\". Marina de Guerra del Perú. Retrieved July 28, 2018.\n\n^ Sanchez, Alejandro (September 26, 2017). \"Peruvian Navy designates new flagship\". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved September 28, 2017.\n\n^ \"Lapeer (PC 1138) ex-PC-1138\". NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive. NavSource Naval History. Retrieved May 5, 2016.\n\n^ \"Marina de Guerra del Perú realizará ceremonia de Zarpe de Expedición Científica a la Antártida – ANTAR XXII, Colocación de la Quilla del Remolcador Auxiliar de Salvamento y Patrullera Marítima, Transferencia del BAP Carvajal a DICAPI\". Peruvian Navy. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2013.\n\n^ \"Supreme Decree No. 014-2007-DE/MGP\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2009. (1.33 MB). July 13, 2007.\n\n^ \"Supreme Decree No. 018-2008-DE/MGP\" (PDF). (361 KB). August 23, 2009.\n\n^ \"Supreme Decree No. 014-2008-DE/MGP\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2011. (84.9 KB). August 23, 2009.\n\n^ \"Peruvian Navy Carries Out Record Breaking Launch\". Jean Dupont. MBDA. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved September 7, 2009.\n\n^ \"PCM transfiere más de S/. 114 millones para adquisición de material militar\" (in Spanish). Andina. December 15, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2015.\n\n^ \"Perú: Adquisición de misiles MANPADS\". Alejo Marchessini. Defensa.com. July 27, 2009. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2009.\n\n^ \"UNFICYP Facts and Figures – United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus\". United Nations. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2014.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0043-0374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374"}],"text":"Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002–2003. Naval Institute Press, 2002.\nBasadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.\n\"La base de Chimbote\", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).\nGibbs, Jay (2005). \"Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific\". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374.\nOrtiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.\nPixley, William & Walker, Hartley P. (2001). \"Question 33/00: Peruvian Warships Loa and Victoria\". Warship International. XXXVIII (3). International Naval Research Organization: 248. ISSN 0043-0374.\nRial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.\n\"Los Programas de Renovacion y Modernizacion de la Marina de Guerra del Peru\", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 32 a 35.\n\"Entrevista al Almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, Comandante General de la MArina de Guerra del Peru\", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 36 a 43.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Battle of Angamos, 8 October 1879","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Angamos2.jpg/220px-Angamos2.jpg"},{"image_text":"BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in June 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Dia_172V3.jpg/220px-Dia_172V3.jpg"},{"image_text":"BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53), current fleet flagship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BAP_Almirante_Grau_%28FM-53%29.jpg/250px-BAP_Almirante_Grau_%28FM-53%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Naval Jack of Peru","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Naval_Jack_of_Peru.svg/150px-Naval_Jack_of_Peru.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Callao naval base.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Callao_naval_base.jpg/220px-Callao_naval_base.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Battle of Angamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Angamos"},{"title":"Battle of Iquique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique"},{"title":"Battle of Pacocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pacocha"},{"title":"Ironclad Huáscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ship)"},{"title":"Miguel Grau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Grau_Seminario"},{"title":"SIFOREX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIFOREX"},{"title":"War of the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific"},{"title":"List of Peruvian steam frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_steam_frigates"}]
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ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Lachinov
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Dmitry Lachinov
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["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"]
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Russian physicist
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dmitry Lachinov in 1870
Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov (Russian: Дмитрий Александрович Лачи́нов) (10 May
1842 – 15 October 1902) was a physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist from the Russian Empire.
Biography
Dmitry Lachinov studied in the St. Petersburg University, where he was a pupil of Heinrich Lenz, Pafnuty Chebyshev, and Feodor Petrushevsky. In 1862, when the University was closed because of the students' unrest, Lachinov went to Germany and for two and a half years studied there under the guidance of Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen and Hermann Helmholtz, attending practical lessons in their laboratories in Heidelberg and Tübingen.
In a paper released in 1880, Lachinov became the first one to point out the possibility of electricity transmission over long distances, and to propose the means of achieving it — 18 months before the first publication of the article with similar conclusions by Marcel Deprez.
In 1889 Lachinov wrote the first textbook on meteorology and climatology in Russia. In its 2nd edition (July 1895), he gave the first description of the lightning detector invented earlier by Alexander Popov (the device was also a prototype of the first practical radio receiver).
Lachinov's own inventions include a mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester (or defectoscope), optical dynamometer, a special types of photometer and electrolyser. One of his main achievements was a method of industrial synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis (1888).
Dmitry Lachinov is the great-grandfather of physical chemist Mikhail Schultz.
Lachinov was The Officer of the Order Légion d'honneur.
A page from the Lachinov's paper Electromechanic work, shows the details of electrical insulation defectoscope.
See also
List of Russian inventors
References
Sources
Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich at Great Cyrill and Methodius Encyclopedia (in Russian)
Rzhosnitsky B. N. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955 (in Russian)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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In 1862, when the University was closed because of the students' unrest, Lachinov went to Germany and for two and a half years studied there under the guidance of Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen and Hermann Helmholtz, attending practical lessons in their laboratories in Heidelberg and Tübingen.In a paper released in 1880, Lachinov became the first one to point out the possibility of electricity transmission over long distances, and to propose the means of achieving it — 18 months before the first publication of the article with similar conclusions by Marcel Deprez.In 1889 Lachinov wrote the first textbook on meteorology and climatology in Russia. In its 2nd edition (July 1895), he gave the first description of the lightning detector invented earlier by Alexander Popov (the device was also a prototype of the first practical radio receiver).Lachinov's own inventions include a mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester (or defectoscope), optical dynamometer, a special types of photometer and electrolyser. One of his main achievements was a method of industrial synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis (1888).Dmitry Lachinov is the great-grandfather of physical chemist Mikhail Schultz.Lachinov was The Officer of the Order Légion d'honneur.A page from the Lachinov's paper Electromechanic work, shows the details of electrical insulation defectoscope.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110726201906/http://www.megabook.ru/Article.asp?AID=645734"},{"link_name":"Cyrill and Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Cyrill_and_Methodius"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4255427#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/883154380987230291494"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8pQqP3vVB9F76rKjDMP"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019144644"}],"text":"Lachinov Dmitry Aleksandrovich at Great Cyrill and Methodius Encyclopedia (in Russian)\nRzhosnitsky B. 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[{"title":"List of Russian inventors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geva%C5%9F
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Gevaş
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["1 History","2 Composition","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°17′52″N 43°06′20″E / 38.29778°N 43.10556°E / 38.29778; 43.10556District and municipality in Van, TurkeyGevaş
Vostan • ՈստանDistrict and municipalityGevaş tombMap showing Gevaş District in Van ProvinceGevaşLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°17′52″N 43°06′20″E / 38.29778°N 43.10556°E / 38.29778; 43.10556CountryTurkeyProvinceVanGovernment • MayorMurat Sezer (AKP)Area1,544 km2 (596 sq mi)Population (2022)26,918 • Density17/km2 (45/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Postal code65700Area code0432Websitewww.gevas.bel.tr
Gevaş (Armenian: Ոստան, romanized: Vostan, lit. ' court', Kurdish: Westan) is a municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,544 km2, and its population is 26,918 (2022). In the last elections of March 2019, Murat Sezer from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected Mayor. As Kaymakam, Hamit Genç was appointed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoĝan in July 2019.
The municipality is populated by Kurds.
History
Historically, Gevaş was for some time the main town of the Armenian kingdom of Vaspurakan and later between the 14th and 15th centuries the centre of a small Kurdish emirate. In their time the settlement had moved nearer to the lake. Later the town was incorporated in the Ottoman Empire. Before World War I, the district had a Muslim majority with a large Christian Armenian minority.
Main sights include surviving ruins of the castle, the monumental tomb known as Halime Hatun Kümbeti, built in 1358, very likely for the daughter of a local emir, a mosque built before 1446 (restoration in that year), the tomb of Sheikh Ibrahim, father of Halime Hatun as well as the ruins of an Armenian church in Ili, probably built after 941 and an Armenian Church/monastery on Kuşadası Island west of Aghtamar Island.
Composition
There are 42 neighbourhoods in Gevaş District:
Abalı
Akdamar
Aladüz
Altınsaç
Anaköy
Atalan
Aydınocak
Bağlama
Bahçelievler
Barışık
Dağyöre
Daldere
Değirmitaş
Dereağzı
Dilmetaş
Dokuzağaç
Elmalı
Göründü
Gündoğan
Güzelkonak
Hasbey
Hişet
İkizler
İnköy
Karşıyaka
Kayalar
Kazanç
Kızıltaş
Koçak
Kurultu
Kuşluk
Orta
Pınarbaşı
Selimiye
Timar
Töreli
Uğurveren
Uysal
Yanıkçay
Yemişlik
Yoldöndü
Yuva
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gevaş.
^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ a b c d e Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9780907132325.
^ a b Mendeş, Hurşit Baran (2022). Ertoşîler (in Turkish). Doz. p. 342.
^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "Van Gevaş Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
^ "KAYMAKAMIMIZ". www.gevas.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
vteGevaş in Van Province of TurkeyDistricts
Bahçesaray
Başkale
Çaldıran
Çatak
Edremit
Erciş
Gevaş
Gürpınar
İpekyolu
Muradiye
Özalp
Saray
Tuşba
Districts of VanList of provinces by regionIstanbul
Istanbul
West Marmara
Balıkesir
Çanakkale
Edirne
Kırklareli
Tekirdağ
Aegean
Afyonkarahisar
Aydın
Denizli
İzmir
Kütahya
Manisa
Muğla
Uşak
East Marmara
Bilecik
Bolu
Bursa
Düzce
Eskişehir
Kocaeli
Sakarya
Yalova
West Anatolia
Ankara
Karaman
Konya
Mediterranean
Adana
Antalya
Burdur
Hatay
Isparta
Kahramanmaraş
Mersin
Osmaniye
Central Anatolia
Aksaray
Kayseri
Kırıkkale
Kırşehir
Nevşehir
Niğde
Sivas
Yozgat
West Black Sea
Amasya
Bartın
Çankırı
Çorum
Karabük
Kastamonu
Samsun
Sinop
Tokat
Zonguldak
East Black Sea
Artvin
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Ordu
Rize
Trabzon
Northeast Anatolia
Ağrı
Ardahan
Bayburt
Erzincan
Erzurum
Iğdır
Kars
Central East Anatolia
Bingöl
Bitlis
Elazığ
Hakkâri
Malatya
Muş
Tunceli
Van
Southeast Anatolia
Adıyaman
Batman
Diyarbakır
Gaziantep
Kilis
Mardin
Siirt
Şanlıurfa
Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about an Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-2"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Van Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tuik-1"},{"link_name":"elections of March 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Justice and Development Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kaymakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaymakam"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoĝan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"District and municipality in Van, TurkeyGevaş (Armenian: Ոստան, romanized: Vostan, lit. '[princely] court',[2] Kurdish: Westan[3]) is a municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey.[4] Its area is 1,544 km2,[5] and its population is 26,918 (2022).[1] In the last elections of March 2019, Murat Sezer from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected Mayor.[6] As Kaymakam, Hamit Genç was appointed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoĝan in July 2019.[7]The municipality is populated by Kurds.[3]","title":"Gevaş"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaspurakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaspurakan"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-2"},{"link_name":"Aghtamar Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akdamar_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Turkey-2"}],"text":"Historically, Gevaş was for some time the main town of the Armenian kingdom of Vaspurakan and later between the 14th and 15th centuries the centre of a small Kurdish emirate. In their time the settlement had moved nearer to the lake.[2] Later the town was incorporated in the Ottoman Empire. Before World War I, the district had a Muslim majority with a large Christian Armenian minority.Main sights include surviving ruins of the castle, the monumental tomb known as Halime Hatun Kümbeti, built in 1358, very likely for the daughter of a local emir,[2] a mosque built before 1446 (restoration in that year), the tomb of Sheikh Ibrahim, father of Halime Hatun[2] as well as the ruins of an Armenian church in Ili, probably built after 941 and an Armenian Church/monastery on Kuşadası Island west of Aghtamar Island.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neighbourhoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"There are 42 neighbourhoods in Gevaş District:[8]Abalı\nAkdamar\nAladüz\nAltınsaç\nAnaköy\nAtalan\nAydınocak\nBağlama\nBahçelievler\nBarışık\nDağyöre\nDaldere\nDeğirmitaş\nDereağzı\nDilmetaş\nDokuzağaç\nElmalı\nGöründü\nGündoğan\nGüzelkonak\nHasbey\nHişet\nİkizler\nİnköy\nKarşıyaka\nKayalar\nKazanç\nKızıltaş\nKoçak\nKurultu\nKuşluk\nOrta\nPınarbaşı\nSelimiye\nTimar\nTöreli\nUğurveren\nUysal\nYanıkçay\nYemişlik\nYoldöndü\nYuva","title":"Composition"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Van","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Van_districts.png/100px-Van_districts.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I. Pindar Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN 9780907132325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907132325","url_text":"9780907132325"}]},{"reference":"Mendeş, Hurşit Baran (2022). Ertoşîler (in Turkish). Doz. p. 342.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Van Gevaş Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri\". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/van/gevas/ilcesi-yerel-secim-sonuclari","url_text":"\"Van Gevaş Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"KAYMAKAMIMIZ\". www.gevas.gov.tr. Retrieved 2020-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gevas.gov.tr/kaymakamimiz","url_text":"\"KAYMAKAMIMIZ\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC_dissidents
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FARC dissidents
|
["1 Organization","1.1 Leadership and membership","1.2 Locations","1.3 Aims and ideology","2 Events","3 See also","4 References"]
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FARC members continuing to fight since 2016
FARC dissidentsThe FARC coat of arms; some dissident groups use the regular flag of Colombia instead.Leaders
"Cabuyo"
Gentil Duarte (alleged) †
Jesús Santrich †
"The Poet"
Rogelio Guerrero
Iván Márquez
Dates of operation2016–presentIdeology
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Guevarism
Foco theory
Bolivarianism
Left-wing nationalism
Revolutionary socialism
Political positionFar-leftAllies
ELN (formerly)
EPL
FBL (alleged)
FAR-EPT
Primeiro Comando da Capital
Comando Vermelho
Jalisco New Generation Cartel
Venezuela (alleged)
Opponents
Colombia
ELN (currently)
Venezuela
Preceded byFARC-EP
FARC dissidents (Spanish: Disidencias de las Farc), also known as Carlos Patiño Front, are a group, formerly part of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), who have refused to lay down their arms after the Colombian peace process came into effect in 2016, or resumed their insurgency afterwards. In 2018, the dissidents numbered some 2,000, to 2,500, armed combatants with an unknown number of civilian militia supporting them. The FARC dissidents have become "an increasing headache" for the Colombian armed forces, as they have to fight them, the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), the National Liberation Army (ELN), and the Clan del Golfo at the same time.
FARC dissidents have been responsible for several attacks on the Colombian armed forces. These fighters are believed to be heavily involved in the production and sale of cocaine. In June 2020, it was revealed that the presence of FARC dissidents in northern Antioquia instigated a direct armed conflict with the Clan del Golfo known as Operation Mil.
Organization
Leadership and membership
FARC dissidents have been led by former mid-level commanders such as alias Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias Jhon 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas and alias Julián Chollo. The group has attempted to recruit locals in the Putumayo Province in Colombia to take up their cause. On October 15, 2020, Colombian President Iván Duque announced that a FARC dissent member known by the alias of "Cabuyo" was now the head of the FARC dissents.
Locations
Dissidents of FARC's 1st Front are located in the eastern plains of Colombia. Jhon 40 and their dissident 43rd Front moved into the Amazonas state of western Venezuela where they can operate with Colombian allies. Venezuela has served as the primary location for many FARC dissidents. Other dissidents hide in the mountains north of Medellín. In 2018, Cabuyo was reported to be based in the north of Antioquia.
These groups have constituted a form of parallel state in very poor rural areas historically marked by the absence of the state they control. They manage disputes of all kinds, such as divorce and theft, organize public works, and impose taxes on economic activities. Prostitution, gambling and drug use are prohibited. Some of the population viewed this presence favorably: "FARC exerts a positive control, thanks to which these regions are healthy. The government looks down on them, but in this village you can go to bed with money in your pocket, it's always there when you wake up. In other areas, you will wake up without even your clothes."
Aims and ideology
Despite claiming to still follow the Leftist ideology of FARC, many dissidents are more motivated in their continuing struggle against the government by difficulty with reintegrating into civilian society, a desire to protect themselves from other paramilitary or crime groups, and criminal connections. Dissident groups would become part of the rivalries between the different drug cartels, allying with some and fighting against others.
Events
FARC dissidents arrested in Putumayo, Peru during Operation Armageddon
On 15 July 2018, the Colombian and Peruvian governments launched a joint military effort known as Operation Armageddon to combat FARC dissidents. Peru issued a 60-day state of emergency in the Putumayo Province, an area bordering both Colombia and Ecuador. On the first day alone, more than 50 individuals were arrested in the operation, with the majority being Colombian nationals, while four cocaine labs were dismantled.
On 28 July 2019, during the XXV São Paulo Forum hosted in Caracas, Nicolás Maduro declared that the FARC-EP dissidents leaders Iván Márquez and Jesús Santrich were "welcome" in Venezuela and to the São Paulo Forum on condition that they lay down their arms.
On 26 June 2020, Clan del Golfo and FARC dissidents were confirmed to be in a direct armed conflict in northern Antioquia known as Operation Mil. The Clan del Golfo, which dispatched 1,000 of its paramilitaries from Urabá, southern Córdoba and Chocó, hopes to remove FARC dissent from northern Antioquia and take control of the entire municipality of Ituango.
On 21 March 2021, the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela launched a large-scale military operation against FARC dissidents in Apure, Venezuela. The 2021 Apure clashes has resulted in the mass displacement of over 5,000 civilians to Colombia.
On 25 May 2022, Colombian and Venezuelan intelligence officials confirmed the death of Miguel Botache Santillana, alias Gentil Duarte, the top leader of the FARC dissidents.
See also
2021 Apure clashes
Dissident Irish Republicans
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Nicholas Casey; Federico Rios Escobar (18 September 2018). "Colombia Struck a Peace Deal With Guerrillas — but Many Return to Arms". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^ a b Castillo, Cynthia Vargas (October 15, 2020). "Duque asks commanders of the Public Force to capture or kill alias Otoniel". RCN Radio. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ a b c d Venezuela: A Mafia State?. Medellin, Colombia: InSight Crime. 2018. pp. 3–84.
^ a b "Amazon: Brazilian Criminal Groups and FARC Dissidents Join Forces for Cocaine Trafficking". Dialogo Americas. 11 December 2023.
^ "The Guatemalan Link between Jalisco New Generation Cartel and FARC Dissidents". El Faro. 6 July 2022.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Some 1,900 Colombian guerrillas operating from Venezuela, says Colombia military chief". Reuters.
^ a b Turkewitz, Julie (2 April 2021). "5,000 Flee as Venezuela Launches Largest Military Campaign in Decades". The New York Times.
^ "At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army". Reuters. 18 April 2021.
^ a b Cali, Casa Editorial El País. "Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas".
^ "Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM". 20 March 2018.
^ "Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia".
^ "Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta - Noticias Caracol". 25 February 2018.
^ "Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC". 4 March 2018.
^ "La historia de 'Gentil Duarte', el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país". El Espectador. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ a b c "Disidencias despliegan "comando antiparamilitar" en el norte de Antioquia". 27 June 2020.
^ a b "Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border". Reuters. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
^ Alsema, Adriaan (March 3, 2018). "Who are leading the FARC dissident groups and where". Colombia Reports. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ Cuffe, Juan Diego Quesada, Sandra (30 January 2023). "Coca y sangre: la represión oculta del Ejército colombiano". El País América Colombia (in Spanish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich "son bienvenidos" a Venezuela". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
^ "Alias 'Gentil Duarte' habría muerto víctima de un atentado en Venezuela". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). 25 May 2022.
vteColombian conflict (1964–present)
Participants
Timeline
Key aspects
La Violencia (1948–1958)
Marquetalia Republic
The National Front
Dominican Embassy siege (1980)
Palace of Justice siege (1985)
DAS Building bombing (1989)
Patriotic Union Party extermination
Humanitarian exchange
Mapiripán Massacre (1997)
El Caguán DMZ
Failed peace process (1999–2002)
Bojayá massacre (2002)
Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)
El Nogal Club bombing (2003)
Neiva bombing (2003)
Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)
Operation Emmanuel
"False positives" scandal
Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)
Operation Jaque (2008)
Operation Fenix (2008)
Nariño massacres (2009)
2013 Colombian clashes
Renewed peace process (2012–present)
Peace agreement referendum (2016)
2022 Huila attack
Total Peace concept
Government aspects
Democratic security
Plan Colombia
Plan Patriota
Colombia–United States relations
Human rights in Colombia
Politics of Colombia
Illegal drug trade
Illegal drug trade in Colombia
War on drugs
Operation Snowcap
Narcoterrorism
Catatumbo campaign
Kidnappings
Kidnappings in Colombia
FARC political hostages
Lawsuits
Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)
Doe v. Chiquita (2007)
Guerrillas
Government of Colombia
Paramilitaries
ELN
EPL
FARC dissidents
FARIP
Former guerrillas
FARC-EP
List of FARC attacks
M19
MOEC
CGSB
ERP
MAQL
Linked to
PCCC
Foro de São Paulo
PC de C (M-L)
Cuban revolutionaries
Provisional IRA
Colombia Three
ETA
ANNCOL
Fighters+Lovers
Colombian drug cartels
Some Colombian politicians
Military Forces of Colombia:
National Army
Air Force
Navy
Colombian Naval Infantry
National Police
Other:
Migración Colombia
Attorney General units
Former government program
CONVIVIR
Linked to
DynCorp International
United Nations
Mission in Colombia
European Union
United States
Canada
Águilas Negras
Los Rastrojos
Clan Úsuga
Former paramilitaries
AUC
AAA
Linked to
Spearhead Ltd
CONVIVIR
Colombian drug cartels
Mexican drug cartels
Some Colombian military personnel
Some Colombian politicians
vteOrganized crime groups in the AmericasArgentina
Ashkenazum
Puccio family
Zwi Migdal
Bolivia
Chapare Cartel
La Corporación
Santa Cruz Cartel
Brazil
Amigos dos Amigos
Brazilian police militias
Carecas do ABC
Comando Vermelho
Família do Norte
Guardiões do Estado
Primeiro Comando da Capital
Terceiro Comando
Terceiro Comando Puro
Zwi Migdal
CanadaSee: Organized crime groups in CanadaCaribbean
No Limit Soldiers (Curaçao)
Zoe Pound (Haiti)
Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies (Haiti)
Jamaican posse
Shower Posse
Yardies
Colombia
Black Eagles
Bloque Meta
Cali Cartel
Clan del Golfo
Libertadores del Vichada
Medellín Cartel
The Extraditables
Muerte a Secuestradores
Los Priscos
Norte del Valle Cartel
North Coast Cartel
Oficina de Envigado
Los Rastrojos
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FARC dissidents
United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
Mexico
La Barredora
Beltrán-Leyva Organization
Los Mazatlecos
Los Negros
Colima Cartel
La Familia Michoacana
Guadalajara Cartel
Gulf Cartel
Los Metros
Los Pelones
Los Rojos
Independent Cartel of Acapulco
Jalisco New Generation Cartel
Juárez Cartel
La Línea
Knights Templar Cartel
Milenio Cartel
Oaxaca Cartel
Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
Sinaloa Cartel
Los Ántrax
Artistas Asesinos
Gente Nueva
Los Mexicles
La Resistencia
Sonora Cartel
South Pacific Cartel
Tijuana Cartel
Los Viagras
Los Zetas
United StatesSee: Organized crime groups in the United StatesVenezuela
Cartel of the Suns
Tren de Aragua
Mafia bibliography
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombian peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"Popular Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"Clan del Golfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farcclanwar-15"}],"text":"FARC dissidents (Spanish: Disidencias de las Farc), also known as Carlos Patiño Front,[8] are a group, formerly part of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), who have refused to lay down their arms after the Colombian peace process came into effect in 2016, or resumed their insurgency afterwards.[1] In 2018, the dissidents numbered some 2,000,[9][10] to 2,500,[3] armed combatants with an unknown number of civilian militia supporting them. The FARC dissidents have become \"an increasing headache\" for the Colombian armed forces, as they have to fight them, the Popular Liberation Army (EPL), the National Liberation Army (ELN), and the Clan del Golfo at the same time.[9]FARC dissidents have been responsible for several attacks on the Colombian armed forces.[11][12][13] These fighters are believed to be heavily involved in the production and sale of cocaine.[14] In June 2020, it was revealed that the presence of FARC dissidents in northern Antioquia instigated a direct armed conflict with the Clan del Golfo known as Operation Mil.[15]","title":"FARC dissidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Putumayo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Department"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REUTperu18-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-headoffarc-2"}],"sub_title":"Leadership and membership","text":"FARC dissidents have been led by former mid-level commanders such as alias Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias Jhon 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas and alias Julián Chollo. The group has attempted to recruit locals in the Putumayo Province in Colombia to take up their cause.[16] On October 15, 2020, Colombian President Iván Duque announced that a FARC dissent member known by the alias of \"Cabuyo\" was now the head of the FARC dissents.[2]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amazonas state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_(Venezuelan_state)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-3"},{"link_name":"Medellín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-1"},{"link_name":"Antioquia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioquia_Department"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Locations","text":"Dissidents of FARC's 1st Front are located in the eastern plains of Colombia. Jhon 40 and their dissident 43rd Front moved into the Amazonas state of western Venezuela where they can operate with Colombian allies. Venezuela has served as the primary location for many FARC dissidents.[3] Other dissidents hide in the mountains north of Medellín.[1] In 2018, Cabuyo was reported to be based in the north of Antioquia.[17]These groups have constituted a form of parallel state in very poor rural areas historically marked by the absence of the state they control. They manage disputes of all kinds, such as divorce and theft, organize public works, and impose taxes on economic activities. Prostitution, gambling and drug use are prohibited. Some of the population viewed this presence favorably: \"FARC exerts a positive control, thanks to which these regions are healthy. The government looks down on them, but in this village you can go to bed with money in your pocket, it's always there when you wake up. In other areas, you will wake up without even your clothes.\"[18]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug cartels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-1"}],"sub_title":"Aims and ideology","text":"Despite claiming to still follow the Leftist ideology of FARC, many dissidents are more motivated in their continuing struggle against the government by difficulty with reintegrating into civilian society, a desire to protect themselves from other paramilitary or crime groups, and criminal connections. Dissident groups would become part of the rivalries between the different drug cartels, allying with some and fighting against others.[1]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Armageddon_-_Peru.jpg"},{"link_name":"Putumayo, Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Province"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Putumayo Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_Province"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REUTperu18-16"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Forum"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Maduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro"},{"link_name":"Iván Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Jesús Santrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Santrich"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Clan del Golfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farcclanwar-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farcclanwar-15"},{"link_name":"National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Apure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure"},{"link_name":"2021 Apure clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"FARC dissidents arrested in Putumayo, Peru during Operation ArmageddonOn 15 July 2018, the Colombian and Peruvian governments launched a joint military effort known as Operation Armageddon to combat FARC dissidents. Peru issued a 60-day state of emergency in the Putumayo Province, an area bordering both Colombia and Ecuador. On the first day alone, more than 50 individuals were arrested in the operation, with the majority being Colombian nationals, while four cocaine labs were dismantled.[16]On 28 July 2019, during the XXV São Paulo Forum hosted in Caracas, Nicolás Maduro declared that the FARC-EP dissidents leaders Iván Márquez and Jesús Santrich were \"welcome\" in Venezuela and to the São Paulo Forum on condition that they lay down their arms.[19]On 26 June 2020, Clan del Golfo and FARC dissidents were confirmed to be in a direct armed conflict in northern Antioquia known as Operation Mil.[15] The Clan del Golfo, which dispatched 1,000 of its paramilitaries from Urabá, southern Córdoba and Chocó, hopes to remove FARC dissent from northern Antioquia and take control of the entire municipality of Ituango.[15]On 21 March 2021, the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela launched a large-scale military operation against FARC dissidents in Apure, Venezuela. The 2021 Apure clashes has resulted in the mass displacement of over 5,000 civilians to Colombia.[7]On 25 May 2022, Colombian and Venezuelan intelligence officials confirmed the death of Miguel Botache Santillana, alias Gentil Duarte, the top leader of the FARC dissidents.[20]","title":"Events"}]
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[{"image_text":"FARC dissidents arrested in Putumayo, Peru during Operation Armageddon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Operation_Armageddon_-_Peru.jpg/250px-Operation_Armageddon_-_Peru.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"2021 Apure clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes"},{"title":"Dissident Irish Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissident_republican"}]
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[{"reference":"Nicholas Casey; Federico Rios Escobar (18 September 2018). \"Colombia Struck a Peace Deal With Guerrillas — but Many Return to Arms\". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/18/world/americas/colombia-farc-peace.html?action=click&module=In%20Other%20News&pgtype=Homepage&action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage","url_text":"\"Colombia Struck a Peace Deal With Guerrillas — but Many Return to Arms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Castillo, Cynthia Vargas (October 15, 2020). \"Duque asks commanders of the Public Force to capture or kill alias Otoniel\". RCN Radio. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcnradio.com/politica/duque-pide-comandantes-de-la-fuerza-publica-capturar-o-dar-de-baja-alias-otoniel","url_text":"\"Duque asks commanders of the Public Force to capture or kill alias Otoniel\""}]},{"reference":"Venezuela: A Mafia State?. Medellin, Colombia: InSight Crime. 2018. pp. 3–84.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medellin,_Colombia","url_text":"Medellin, Colombia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight_Crime","url_text":"InSight Crime"}]},{"reference":"\"Amazon: Brazilian Criminal Groups and FARC Dissidents Join Forces for Cocaine Trafficking\". Dialogo Americas. 11 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/amazon-brazilian-criminal-groups-and-farc-dissidents-join-forces-for-cocaine-trafficking/","url_text":"\"Amazon: Brazilian Criminal Groups and FARC Dissidents Join Forces for Cocaine Trafficking\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Guatemalan Link between Jalisco New Generation Cartel and FARC Dissidents\". El Faro. 6 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elfaro.net/en/202207/centroamerica/26255/The-Guatemalan-Link-between-Jalisco-New-Generation-Cartel-and-FARC-Dissidents.htm","url_text":"\"The Guatemalan Link between Jalisco New Generation Cartel and FARC Dissidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Some 1,900 Colombian guerrillas operating from Venezuela, says Colombia military chief\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/exclusive-some-1900-colombian-guerrillas-operating-venezuela-says-colombia-2021-09-30/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Some 1,900 Colombian guerrillas operating from Venezuela, says Colombia military chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Turkewitz, Julie (2 April 2021). \"5,000 Flee as Venezuela Launches Largest Military Campaign in Decades\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/world/americas/venezuela-colombia-military-campaign.html","url_text":"\"5,000 Flee as Venezuela Launches Largest Military Campaign in Decades\""}]},{"reference":"\"At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army\". Reuters. 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/least-14-rebels-killed-fighting-with-colombian-army-2021-04-18/","url_text":"\"At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army\""}]},{"reference":"Cali, Casa Editorial El País. \"Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/disidencias-de-las-farc-un-blanco-cada-vez-mas-grande-para-las-fuerzas-armadas.html","url_text":"\"Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM\". 20 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/disidencias-de-las-farc-contarian-con-1200-hombres-articulo-745490","url_text":"\"Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/01/18/un-ataque-perpetrado-por-disidentes-de-las-farc-dejo-a-6-policias-heridos-en-colombia/","url_text":"\"Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta - Noticias Caracol\". 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticias.caracoltv.com/colombia/policia-murio-en-ataque-atribuido-disidencia-de-farc-en-meta","url_text":"\"Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta - Noticias Caracol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC\". 4 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prensa.com/mundo/policias-muertos-ataque-disidencia-FARC_0_4976502372.html","url_text":"\"Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC\""}]},{"reference":"\"La historia de 'Gentil Duarte', el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país\". El Espectador. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/la-historia-de-gentil-duarte-el-disidente-de-las-farc-mas-buscado-del-pais-articulo-747661","url_text":"\"La historia de 'Gentil Duarte', el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disidencias despliegan \"comando antiparamilitar\" en el norte de Antioquia\". 27 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://caracol.com.co/emisora/2020/06/27/medellin/1593219073_729114.html","url_text":"\"Disidencias despliegan \"comando antiparamilitar\" en el norte de Antioquia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border\". Reuters. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-colombia-drug-trafficking/peru-arrests-more-than-50-in-anti-drug-bust-at-colombian-border-idUSKBN1K704T","url_text":"\"Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Alsema, Adriaan (March 3, 2018). \"Who are leading the FARC dissident groups and where\". Colombia Reports. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://colombiareports.com/leading-farc-dissident-groups/","url_text":"\"Who are leading the FARC dissident groups and where\""}]},{"reference":"Cuffe, Juan Diego Quesada, Sandra (30 January 2023). \"Coca y sangre: la represión oculta del Ejército colombiano\". El País América Colombia (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2023-01-30/coca-y-sangre-la-represion-oculta-del-ejercito-colombiano.html","url_text":"\"Coca y sangre: la represión oculta del Ejército colombiano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich \"son bienvenidos\" a Venezuela\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2021-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190729/463744522312/maduro-dice-que-ivan-marquez-y-jesus-santrich-son-bienvenidos-a-venezuela.html","url_text":"\"Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich \"son bienvenidos\" a Venezuela\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia","url_text":"La Vanguardia"}]},{"reference":"\"Alias 'Gentil Duarte' habría muerto víctima de un atentado en Venezuela\". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). 25 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://caracol.com.co/radio/2022/05/25/judicial/1653457487_742118.html","url_text":"\"Alias 'Gentil Duarte' habría muerto víctima de un atentado en Venezuela\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/18/world/americas/colombia-farc-peace.html?action=click&module=In%20Other%20News&pgtype=Homepage&action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage","external_links_name":"\"Colombia Struck a Peace Deal With Guerrillas — but Many Return to Arms\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcnradio.com/politica/duque-pide-comandantes-de-la-fuerza-publica-capturar-o-dar-de-baja-alias-otoniel","external_links_name":"\"Duque asks commanders of the Public Force to capture or kill alias Otoniel\""},{"Link":"https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/amazon-brazilian-criminal-groups-and-farc-dissidents-join-forces-for-cocaine-trafficking/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon: Brazilian Criminal Groups and FARC Dissidents Join Forces for Cocaine Trafficking\""},{"Link":"https://elfaro.net/en/202207/centroamerica/26255/The-Guatemalan-Link-between-Jalisco-New-Generation-Cartel-and-FARC-Dissidents.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Guatemalan Link between Jalisco New Generation Cartel and FARC Dissidents\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/exclusive-some-1900-colombian-guerrillas-operating-venezuela-says-colombia-2021-09-30/","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Some 1,900 Colombian guerrillas operating from Venezuela, says Colombia military chief\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/world/americas/venezuela-colombia-military-campaign.html","external_links_name":"\"5,000 Flee as Venezuela Launches Largest Military Campaign in Decades\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/least-14-rebels-killed-fighting-with-colombian-army-2021-04-18/","external_links_name":"\"At least 14 rebels killed in fighting with Colombian army\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/disidencias-de-las-farc-un-blanco-cada-vez-mas-grande-para-las-fuerzas-armadas.html","external_links_name":"\"Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/disidencias-de-las-farc-contarian-con-1200-hombres-articulo-745490","external_links_name":"\"Disidencias de las Farc contarían con 1.200 hombres - ELESPECTADOR.COM\""},{"Link":"https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/01/18/un-ataque-perpetrado-por-disidentes-de-las-farc-dejo-a-6-policias-heridos-en-colombia/","external_links_name":"\"Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia\""},{"Link":"https://noticias.caracoltv.com/colombia/policia-murio-en-ataque-atribuido-disidencia-de-farc-en-meta","external_links_name":"\"Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta - Noticias Caracol\""},{"Link":"https://www.prensa.com/mundo/policias-muertos-ataque-disidencia-FARC_0_4976502372.html","external_links_name":"\"Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC\""},{"Link":"https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/la-historia-de-gentil-duarte-el-disidente-de-las-farc-mas-buscado-del-pais-articulo-747661","external_links_name":"\"La historia de 'Gentil Duarte', el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país\""},{"Link":"https://caracol.com.co/emisora/2020/06/27/medellin/1593219073_729114.html","external_links_name":"\"Disidencias despliegan \"comando antiparamilitar\" en el norte de Antioquia\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-colombia-drug-trafficking/peru-arrests-more-than-50-in-anti-drug-bust-at-colombian-border-idUSKBN1K704T","external_links_name":"\"Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border\""},{"Link":"https://colombiareports.com/leading-farc-dissident-groups/","external_links_name":"\"Who are leading the FARC dissident groups and where\""},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2023-01-30/coca-y-sangre-la-represion-oculta-del-ejercito-colombiano.html","external_links_name":"\"Coca y sangre: la represión oculta del Ejército colombiano\""},{"Link":"https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190729/463744522312/maduro-dice-que-ivan-marquez-y-jesus-santrich-son-bienvenidos-a-venezuela.html","external_links_name":"\"Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich \"son bienvenidos\" a Venezuela\""},{"Link":"https://caracol.com.co/radio/2022/05/25/judicial/1653457487_742118.html","external_links_name":"\"Alias 'Gentil Duarte' habría muerto víctima de un atentado en Venezuela\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverend_Jerry_Falwell
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Jerry Falwell
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["1 Early life and education","2 Associated organizations","2.1 Thomas Road Baptist Church","2.2 Liberty Christian Academy","2.3 Liberty University","2.4 Moral Majority","2.5 PTL","3 Social and political views","3.1 Families","3.2 Tithing","3.3 Vietnam War","3.4 Civil rights","3.5 Israel and Jews","3.6 Education","3.7 Apartheid","3.8 The Clinton Chronicles","3.9 Views on homosexuality","3.10 Teletubbies","3.11 September 11 attacks","3.12 Labor unions","3.13 Relationship with American fundamentalism","3.14 Islam","4 Legal issues","4.1 SEC and bonds","4.2 Falwell versus Penthouse","4.3 Hustler Magazine v. Falwell","4.4 Falwell versus Jerry Sloan","4.5 Trademark infringement lawsuit against Christopher Lamparello","5 Apocalyptic beliefs","6 Failing health and death","7 Legacy","8 Publications","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Footnotes","11.2 Bibliography","12 External links"]
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American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist (1933–2007)
This article is about Jerry Falwell Sr. For his son, see Jerry Falwell Jr.
The ReverendJerry FalwellBornJerry Laymon Falwell(1933-08-11)August 11, 1933Lynchburg, Virginia, U.S.DiedMay 15, 2007(2007-05-15) (aged 73)Lynchburg, Virginia, U.S.OccupationsPastortelevangelistpolitical activistKnown forFounding the Moral MajorityTelevisionThe Old-Time Gospel HourTitleChancellor of Liberty University (1971–2007)Political partyRepublicanSpouse
Macel Pate (m. 1958)Children3, including Jerry Jr. and JonathanEcclesiastical careerReligionChristianity (Baptist)ChurchBaptist Bible Fellowship InternationalSouthern Baptist ConventionOrdained1956Congregations servedThomas Road Baptist Church
Jerry Laymon Falwell Sr. (August 11, 1933 – May 15, 2007) was an American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist. He was the founding pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church, a megachurch in Lynchburg, Virginia. He founded Lynchburg Christian Academy (Liberty Christian Academy) in 1967, founded Liberty University in 1971, and co-founded the Moral Majority in 1979.
Early life and education
Falwell and his twin brother Gene were born in the Fairview Heights area of Lynchburg, Virginia, on August 11, 1933, the sons of Helen Virginia (née Beasley) and Carey Hezekiah Falwell. His father was an entrepreneur and one-time bootlegger who was agnostic. His father shot and killed his own brother Garland and died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1948 at the age of 55. His paternal grandfather was a staunch atheist. Jerry Falwell was a member of a group in Fairview Heights known to the police as "the Wall Gang" because they sat on a low concrete wall at the Pickeral Café. Falwell met Macel Pate on his first visit to Park Avenue Baptist Church in 1949; Macel was a pianist there. They married on April 12, 1958. The couple had sons Jerry Jr. (a lawyer, and former chancellor of Liberty University) and Jonathan (senior pastor at Thomas Road Baptist Church) and a daughter Jeannie (a surgeon).
Falwell and his wife had a close relationship, and she supported him throughout his career. The Falwells often appeared together in public, and they did not shy away from showing physical affection. Reflecting on his marriage, Falwell jokingly commented, "Macel and I have never considered divorce. Murder maybe, but never divorce." Macel appreciated her husband's non-combative, affable nature, writing in her book that he "hated confrontation and didn't want strife in our home ... he did everything in his power to make me happy." The Falwells were married nearly fifty years until his death.
He graduated from Brookville High School in Lynchburg, and from then-unaccredited Baptist Bible College in Springfield, Missouri in 1956. He enrolled there to subvert Pate's relationship with her fiancé who was a student there. Falwell was later awarded three honorary doctorates: Doctor of Divinity from Tennessee Temple Theological Seminary, Doctor of Letters from California Graduate School of Theology, and Doctor of Laws from Central University in Seoul, South Korea.
Associated organizations
Thomas Road Baptist Church
Main article: Thomas Road Baptist Church
In 1956, aged 22, Falwell founded the Thomas Road Baptist Church. Originally located at 701 Thomas Road in Lynchburg, Virginia, with 35 members, the church became a megachurch. In the same year, he began The Old-Time Gospel Hour, a nationally syndicated radio and television ministry. When Falwell died, his son Jonathan inherited his father's ministry, and took over as the senior pastor of the church. The weekly program's name was then changed to Thomas Road Live.
Liberty Christian Academy
Main article: Liberty Christian Academy
During the 1950s and 1960s, Falwell spoke and campaigned against the civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and the racial desegregation of public school systems by the US federal government. Liberty Christian Academy (LCA, founded as Lynchburg Christian Academy) is a Christian school in Lynchburg which was described in 1966 by the Lynchburg News as "a private school for white students".
The Lynchburg Christian Academy later opened in 1967 by Falwell as a segregation academy and as a ministry of Thomas Road Baptist Church.
The Liberty Christian Academy is recognized as an educational facility by the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Virginia State Board of Education, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and the Association of Christian Schools International.
Liberty University
Main article: Liberty University
In 1971, Falwell co-founded Liberty University with Elmer L. Towns. Liberty University offers over 350 accredited programs of study, with approximately 13,000 students on-campus and 90,000 online.
Moral Majority
Main article: Moral Majority
Falwell greeting President Gerald Ford in 1976
Falwell with President Ronald Reagan in 1983
Falwell with President George H. W. Bush in 1991
The Moral Majority became one of the largest political lobbies for evangelical Christians in the United States during the 1980s. According to Falwell's self-published autobiography, the Moral Majority was promoted as being "pro-life, pro-traditional family, pro-moral, and pro-American" and was credited with delivering two thirds of the white evangelical vote to Ronald Reagan during the 1980 presidential election. According to Jimmy Carter, "that autumn a group headed by Jerry Falwell purchased $10 million in commercials on southern radio and TV to brand me as a traitor to the South and no longer a Christian." As head of the Moral Majority, Falwell consistently pushed for Republican candidates and for conservative politics. This led Billy Graham to criticize him for "sermonizing" about political issues that lacked a moral element. Graham stated at the time of Falwell's death, "We did not always agree on everything, but I knew him to be a man of God. His accomplishments went beyond most clergy of his generation."
PTL
Falwell rides the water slide at Heritage USA
In March 1987, Pentecostal televangelist Jim Bakker came under media scrutiny when it was revealed that he had a sexual encounter (and alleged rape) with Jessica Hahn and had paid for her silence. Bakker believed that fellow Pentecostal pastor Jimmy Swaggart was attempting to take over his ministry because he had initiated a church investigation into allegations of his sexual misconduct. To avoid the takeover, Bakker resigned on March 19 and appointed Falwell to succeed him as head of his PTL ministry, which included the PTL Satellite Network, television program The PTL Club and the Christian-themed amusement park Heritage USA.
Bakker believed Falwell would temporarily lead the ministry until the scandal died down, but Falwell barred Bakker from returning to PTL on April 28, and referred to him as "probably the greatest scab and cancer on the face of Christianity in 2,000 years of church history". Later that summer, as donations to the ministry declined in the wake of Bakker's scandal and resignation, Falwell raised $20 million to keep PTL solvent and delivered on a promise to ride the water slide at Heritage USA. Despite this, Falwell was unable to revive the ministry from bankruptcy and he resigned in October 1987.
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Families
Falwell advocated beliefs and practices influenced by his version of biblical teachings.
Tithing
In 1989, he told Liberty University employees that membership in his church and tithing were mandatory.
Vietnam War
Falwell felt the Vietnam War was being fought with "limited political objectives", when it should have been an all out war against the North. In general, Falwell held that the president "as a minister of God" has the right to use arms to "bring wrath upon those who would do evil."
Civil rights
On his evangelist program The Old-Time Gospel Hour in the mid-1960s, Falwell regularly featured segregationist politicians like governors Lester Maddox and George Wallace. About Martin Luther King he said: "I do question the sincerity and non-violent intentions of some civil rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mr. James Farmer, and others, who are known to have left-wing associations."
In speaking of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, he said, in 1958:
If Chief Justice Warren and his associates had known God's word and had desired to do the Lord's will, I am quite confident that the 1954 decision would never have been made. The facilities should be separate. When God has drawn a line of distinction, we should not attempt to cross that line.
In 1977, Falwell supported Anita Bryant's campaign, which was called by its proponents "Save Our Children", to overturn an ordinance in Dade County, Florida, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and he supported a similar movement in California.
Twenty-eight years later, during a 2005 MSNBC television appearance, Falwell said he was not troubled by reports that the nominee for Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, John G. Roberts (whose appointment was confirmed by the US Senate) had done volunteer legal work for gay rights activists on the case of Romer v. Evans. Falwell told then-MSNBC host Tucker Carlson that if he were a lawyer, he too would argue for civil rights for LGBT people. "I may not agree with the lifestyle, but that has nothing to do with the civil rights of that part of our constituency", said Falwell. When Carlson countered that conservatives "are always arguing against 'special rights' for gays," Falwell said equal access to housing and employment are basic rights, not special rights. "Civil rights for all Americans, black, white, red, yellow, the rich, poor, young, old, gay, straight, et cetera, is not a liberal or conservative value. It's an American value that I would think that we pretty much all agree on."
Israel and Jews
Falwell's relationship with Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin was reported in the media in the summer of 1981. His staunch pro-Israel stand, sometimes referred to as "Christian Zionism", drew the support of the Anti-Defamation League and its leader Abraham Foxman. However, they condemned what they perceived as intolerance towards Muslims in Falwell's public statements. They also criticized him for remarking that "Jews can make more money accidentally than you can on purpose." In his book Listen, America! Falwell referred to the Jewish people as "spiritually blind and desperately in need of their Messiah and Savior."
In the 1984 book Jerry Falwell and the Jews, Falwell is quoted saying: I feel that the destiny of the state of Israel is without question the most crucial international matter facing the world today. I believe that the people of Israel have not only a theological but also a historical and legal right to the land. I am personally a Zionist, having gained that perspective from my belief in Old Testament Scriptures. I have also visited Israel many times. I have arrived at the conclusion that unless the United States maintains its unswerving devotion to the State of Israel, the very survival of that nation is at stake ... Every American who agrees Israel has the right to the land must be willing to exert all possible pressure on the powers that be to guarantee America's support of the State of Israel at this time.
Education
Falwell repeatedly denounced certain teachings in public schools and secular education in general, calling them breeding grounds for atheism, secularism, and humanism, which he claimed to be in contradiction with Christian morality. He advocated that the United States change its public education system by implementing a school voucher system which would allow parents to send their children to either public or private schools. In his book America Can Be Saved he wrote that "I hope I live to see the day when, as in the early days of our country, we won't have any public schools. The churches will have taken them over again and Christians will be running them."
Falwell supported President George W. Bush's Faith Based Initiative, but had strong reservations concerning where the funding would go and the restrictions placed on churches: My problem is where it might go under his successors. ... I would not want to put any of the Jerry Falwell Ministries in a position where we might be subservient to a future Bill Clinton, God forbid. ... It also concerns me that once the pork barrel is filled, suddenly the Church of Scientology, the Jehovah Witnesses , the various and many denominations and religious groups—and I don't say those words in a pejorative way—begin applying for money—and I don't see how any can be turned down because of their radical and unpopular views. I don't know where that would take us.
Apartheid
In the 1980s Falwell said sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa would result in what, he felt, would be a worse situation, such as a Soviet-backed revolution. He also urged his followers to buy up gold Krugerrands and push US "reinvestment" in South Africa. In 1985 he drew the ire of many when he called Nobel Peace Prize winner and Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu a phony "as far as representing the black people of South Africa".
The Clinton Chronicles
Main article: The Clinton Chronicles
In 1994, Falwell promoted and distributed the video documentary The Clinton Chronicles: An Investigation into the Alleged Criminal Activities of Bill Clinton. The video purported to connect Bill Clinton to a murder conspiracy involving Vince Foster, James McDougall, Ron Brown, and a cocaine-smuggling operation. The theory was discredited, but the recording sold more than 150,000 copies.
The film's production costs were partly met by "Citizens for Honest Government", to which Falwell paid $200,000 in 1994 and 1995. In 1995 Citizens for Honest Government interviewed Arkansas state troopers Roger Perry and Larry Patterson regarding the murder conspiracy about Vincent Foster. Perry and Patterson also gave information regarding the allegations in the Paula Jones affair.
The infomercial for the 80-minute videotape included footage of Falwell interviewing a silhouetted journalist who claimed to be afraid for his life. The journalist accused Clinton of orchestrating the deaths of several reporters and personal confidants who had gotten too close to his supposed illegal activities. The silhouetted journalist was subsequently revealed to be Patrick Matrisciana, the producer of the video and president of Citizens for Honest Government. "Obviously, I'm not an investigative reporter", Matrisciana admitted to investigative journalist Murray Waas. Later, Falwell seemed to back away from personally trusting the video. In an interview for the 2005 documentary The Hunting of the President, Falwell admitted, "to this day I do not know the accuracy of the claims made in The Clinton Chronicles."
Views on homosexuality
Falwell condemned homosexuality as forbidden by the Bible. Homosexual rights groups called Falwell an "agent of intolerance" and "the founder of the anti-gay industry" for statements he had made and for campaigning against LGBT social movements. Falwell supported Anita Bryant's 1977 "Save Our Children" campaign to overturn a Florida ordinance prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and a similar movement in California. In urging the repeal of the ordinance, Falwell told one crowd, "Gay folks would just as soon kill you as look at you." When the LGBT-friendly Metropolitan Community Church was almost accepted into the World Council of Churches, Falwell called them "brute beasts" and stated that they are, "part of a vile and satanic system" that "will be utterly annihilated, and there will be a celebration in heaven." He later denied saying this. Falwell also regularly linked the AIDS pandemic to LGBT issues and stated, "AIDS is not just God's punishment for homosexuals, it is God's punishment for the society that tolerates homosexuals."
After comedian and actress Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian, Falwell referred to her in a sermon as "Ellen DeGenerate". DeGeneres responded, "Really, he called me that? Ellen DeGenerate? I've been getting that since the fourth grade. I guess I'm happy I could give him work."
Falwell's legacy regarding homosexuality is complicated by his support for LGBT civil rights (see "civil rights" section above), as well as his attempts to reconcile with the LGBT community in later years. In October 1999, Falwell hosted a meeting of 200 evangelicals with 200 gay people and lesbians at Thomas Road Baptist Church for an "Anti-Violence Forum", during which he acknowledged that some American evangelicals' comments about homosexuality entered the realm of hate speech that could incite violence. At the forum, Falwell told homosexuals in attendance, "I don't agree with your lifestyle, I will never agree with your lifestyle, but I love you" and added, "Anything that leaves the impression that we hate the sinner, we want to change that." He later commented to New York Times columnist Frank Rich that "admittedly, evangelicals have not exhibited an ability to build a bond of friendship to the gay and lesbian community. We've said go somewhere else, we don't need you here our churches."
Teletubbies
In February 1999 a National Liberty Journal article (the media attributed it to Falwell) claimed that Tinky Winky, a Teletubby, was intended as a homosexual role model. The NLJ is a publication of the university he founded. An article published in 1998 by the Salon website had referred to Tinky Winky's status as an icon for the same movement. In response, Steve Rice, spokesperson for Itsy Bitsy Entertainment, which licenses Teletubbies in the United States, said, "I really find it absurd and kind of offensive." The UK show was aimed at pre-school children, but the article stated "he is purple–the gay pride color; and his antenna is shaped like a triangle–the gay-pride symbol". Apart from those characteristics Tinky Winky also carries a magic bag which the NLJ and Salon articles said was a purse. Falwell added that "role modeling the gay lifestyle is damaging to the moral lives of children".
September 11 attacks
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Falwell said on Pat Robertson's The 700 Club, "I really believe that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way, all of them who have tried to secularize America. I point the finger in their face and say 'you helped this happen.'" In his opinion, LGBT organizations had angered God, thereby in part causing God to let the attacks happen. Falwell believed the attacks were "probably deserved", a statement which Christopher Hitchens described as treason. Following heavy criticism, Falwell said that no one but the terrorists were to blame, and stated, "If I left that impression with gays or lesbians or anyone else, I apologize." Falwell was later the object of some of his own followers' outrage for retracting his statements about divine judgment on America and its causes, because they had heard the same themes in his preaching over many years that America must repent of its lack of devotion to God, immoral living, and timid support of Israel if America wanted divine protection and blessing.
Labor unions
Falwell also said, "Labor unions should study and read the Bible instead of asking for more money. When people get right with God, they are better workers."
Relationship with American fundamentalism
Falwell at an "I Love America" rally in 1980 Cultural anthropologist Susan Friend Harding, in her extensive ethnographic study of Falwell, noted that he adapted his preaching to win a broader, less extremist audience as he grew famous. This manifested itself in several ways: For example, he no longer condemned "worldly" lifestyle choices such as dancing, drinking wine, and attending movie theaters; softening his rhetoric which predicted an apocalypse and God's vengeful wrath; and shifting from a belief in outright biblical patriarchy to a complementarian view of appropriate gender roles. He further mainstreamed himself by aiming his strongest criticism at "secular humanists", pagans or various liberals in place of the racist, anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic rhetoric that was common among Southern fundamentalist preachers but increasingly condemned as hate speech by the consensus of American society.
Islam
Falwell opposed Islam. According to Asharq Al-Awsat, a pan-Arab newspaper, Falwell called Islam "satanic". In a televised interview with 60 Minutes, Falwell called Muhammad a "terrorist", to which he added: "I concluded from reading Muslim and non-Muslim writers that Muhammad was a violent man, a man of war." Falwell later apologized to Muslims for what he had said about Muhammad and affirmed that he did not necessarily intend to offend "honest and peace-loving" Muslims. However, he refused to remove his comments about Islam from his website. Egyptian Christian intellectuals, in response, signed a statement in which they condemned and rejected what Falwell had said about Muhammad being a terrorist.
Legal issues
Beginning in the 1970s, Falwell was involved in legal matters which occupied much of his time and propelled his name recognition.
SEC and bonds
In 1972, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) launched an investigation of bonds issued by Falwell's organizations. The SEC charged Falwell's church with "fraud and deceit" in the issuance of $6.5 million in unsecured church bonds. The church won a 1973 federal court case prosecuted at the behest of the SEC, in which the court exonerated the church and ruled that while technical violations of law did occur, there was no proof the church intended any wrongdoing.
Falwell versus Penthouse
Falwell filed a $10 million lawsuit against Penthouse for publishing an article based upon interviews he gave to freelance reporters, after failing to convince a federal court to place an injunction upon the publication of that article. The suit was dismissed in Federal district court in 1981 on the grounds that the article was not defamatory or an invasion of Falwell's privacy (the Virginia courts had not recognized this privacy tort, which is recognized in other states).
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
Main article: Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
In 1983, Larry Flynt's pornographic magazine Hustler carried a parody of a Campari ad, featuring a mock "interview" with Falwell in which he admits that his "first time" was incest with his mother in an outhouse while drunk. Falwell sued for $45 million, alleging invasion of privacy, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. A jury rejected the invasion of privacy and libel claims, holding that the parody could not have reasonably been taken to describe true events, but ruled in favor of Falwell on the emotional distress claim and awarded damages of $200,000. This was upheld on appeal. Flynt then appealed to the US Supreme Court, which unanimously held that the First Amendment prevents public figures from recovering damages for emotional distress caused by parodies.
After Falwell's death, Larry Flynt released a comment regarding his friendship over the years with Falwell.
My mother always told me that no matter how much you dislike a person, when you meet them face to face you will find characteristics about them that you like. Jerry Falwell was a perfect example of that. I hated everything he stood for, but after meeting him in person, years after the trial, Jerry Falwell and I became good friends. He would visit me in California and we would debate together on college campuses. I always appreciated his sincerity even though I knew what he was selling and he knew what I was selling.
Falwell versus Jerry Sloan
Falwell in Tallahassee, Florida, in 1984
In 1984, Falwell was ordered to pay gay rights activist and former Baptist Bible College classmate Jerry Sloan $5,000 after losing a court battle. In July 1984 during a televised debate in Sacramento, California, Falwell denied calling the gay-friendly Metropolitan Community Churches "brute beasts" and "a vile and Satanic system" that will "one day be utterly annihilated and there will be a celebration in heaven".
When Sloan insisted he had a tape, Falwell promised $5,000 if he could produce it. Sloan did, Falwell refused to pay, and Sloan successfully sued. The money was donated to build Sacramento's first LGBT community center, the Lambda Community Center, serving "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex" communities. Falwell appealed the decision with his attorney charging that the Jewish judge in the case was prejudiced. He lost again and was made to pay an additional $2,875 in sanctions and court fees.
Trademark infringement lawsuit against Christopher Lamparello
Main article: Lamparello v. Falwell
In Lamparello v. Falwell, a dispute over the ownership of the Internet domain fallwell.com, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed an earlier District Court decision, arguing that Christopher Lamparello, who owned the domain, "clearly created his website intending only to provide a forum to criticize ideas, not to steal customers." Lamparello's website describes itself as not being connected to Jerry Falwell and is critical of Falwell's views on homosexuality. On April 17, 2006, the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the Court of Appeals ruling that Lamparello's usage of the domain was legal.
Previous to this, a different man had turned over jerryfalwell.com and jerryfallwell.com after Falwell threatened to sue for trademark infringement. Lawyers for Public Citizen Litigation Group's Internet Free Speech project represented the domain name owners in both cases.
Apocalyptic beliefs
On July 31, 2006, CNN's Paula Zahn Now program featured a segment on "whether the crisis in the Middle East is actually a prelude to the end of the world". In an interview Falwell claimed, "I believe in the pre-millennial, pre-tribulational coming of Christ for all of his church, and to summarize that, your first poll, do you believe Jesus' coming the second time will be in the future, I would vote yes with the 59 percent and with Billy Graham and most evangelicals."
Based on that and other statements, Falwell has been identified as a dispensationalist.
In 1999, Falwell declared the Antichrist would probably arrive within a decade and "of course he'll be Jewish". After accusations of anti-Semitism Falwell apologized and explained he was simply expressing the theological tenet that the Antichrist and Christ share many attributes.
Failing health and death
In early 2005, Falwell was hospitalized for two weeks with a viral infection, discharged, and re-hospitalized on May 30, 2005 in respiratory arrest. He was released from the hospital and returned to work. Later in the same year, a stent was implanted to correct a 70 percent blockage in his coronary arteries.
On May 15, 2007, Falwell was found unconscious and without a pulse in his office at about 10:45 a.m., after he missed a morning appointment, and was taken to Lynchburg General Hospital. "I had breakfast with him, and he was fine at breakfast... He went to his office, I went to mine and they found him unresponsive," said Ron Godwin, the executive vice president of Falwell's Liberty University. His condition was initially reported as "gravely serious"; CPR was administered unsuccessfully. At 2:10 p.m., during a live press conference, a doctor for the hospital confirmed that Falwell had died of "cardiac arrhythmia, or sudden cardiac death". The hospital released a statement saying that he was pronounced dead at Lynchburg General Hospital at 12:40 p.m., at the age of 73. Falwell's family; including his wife, the former Macel Pate (1933–2015); and sons, Jerry Falwell Jr. and Jonathan Falwell; were at the hospital at the time of the pronouncement.
The Falwells' shared headstone
Falwell's funeral took place on May 22, 2007, at Thomas Road Baptist Church after he lay in repose both at the church and at Liberty University. Falwell's burial service was private. He is interred at a spot on the Liberty University campus near the Carter Glass Mansion and Falwell's office. B. R. Lakin, his mentor, is buried nearby. After Falwell's death, his sons succeeded him at the two positions he held, Jerry Falwell Jr. as president of Liberty University and Jonathan Falwell as the senior pastor of Thomas Road Baptist Church. Jerry Falwell Sr.'s daughter, Jeannie F. Savas, is a surgeon.
The last televised interview with Jerry Falwell Sr. was conducted by Christiane Amanpour for the CNN original series CNN Presents: God's Warriors. He had been interviewed on May 8, one week before his death; in the interview he revealed that he had asked God for at least 20 more years in order to accomplish his vision for the university he founded. Falwell's last televised sermon was his May 13, 2007, message on Mother's Day.
Legacy
Views on Falwell's legacy are mixed. Supporters praise his advancement of his socially conservative message. They also tout his evangelist ministries, and his stress on church planting and growth. Conversely, many of his detractors have accused him of hate speech and identified him as an "agent of intolerance".
The antitheistic social commentator Christopher Hitchens described his work as "Chaucerian fraud" and a "faith-based fraud." Hitchens took special umbrage with Falwell's alignment with "the most thuggish and demented Israeli settlers", and his declaration that 9/11 represented God's judgment on America's sinful behaviour; deeming it "extraordinary that not even such a scandalous career is enough to shake our dumb addiction to the 'faith-based.'" Hitchens also mentioned that, despite his support for Israel, Falwell "kept saying to his own crowd, yes, you have got to like the Jews, because they can make more money in 10 minutes than you can make in a lifetime". Appearing on CNN a day after Falwell's death, Hitchens said, "The empty life of this ugly little charlatan proves only one thing: that you can get away with the most extraordinary offenses to morality and to truth in this country if you will just get yourself called 'reverend'."
At one point, prank callers, especially home activists, were an estimated 25 percent of Falwell's total calls until the ministry disconnected the toll-free number in 1986. In the mid-1980s Edward Johnson, programmed his Atari home computer to make thousands of repeat phone calls to Falwell's 1-800 phone number, since Johnson claimed Falwell had swindled large amounts of money from his followers, including Johnson's mother. Southern Bell forced Johnson to stop after he had run up Falwell's telephone bill by an estimated $500,000.
Falwell's son, Jerry Falwell Jr., is a lawyer; he became the president of Liberty University after his father's death, until being put on indefinite leave on August 7, 2020, after posting an inappropriate photo with a young woman on social media. He resigned on August 24 amid further questions about his and his wife's sexual and financial involvement with an associate. Falwell Jr. said later that the real reason his father began attending church as a teenager was because he had fallen in love with Macel (who played piano there and was engaged at the time). Later Jerry Falwell Sr. used deception to convince her to break off the engagement.
Filmmaker Terrence Malick had intended since the 1980s to write and direct a film about the lives of Jerry Falwell and pianist-singer Jerry Lee Lewis but the movie was not made.
Publications
Falwell, Jerry (January 30, 2006). Achieving Your Dreams. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12246-4.
Falwell, Jerry (October 17, 2005). Building Dynamic Faith. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12133-6.
Falwell, Jerry (1973). Capturing a Town for Christ. REVELL. ISBN 0-8007-0606-4.
Champions for God. Victor Books, 1985. ISBN 9-780-89693534-1
Church Aflame. (co-author Elmer Towns) Impact, 1971.
Dynamic Faith Journal. Thomas Nelson (64 pages) (January 30, 2006) ISBN 0-529-12245-6
Falwell: An Autobiography. Liberty House, 1996. (Ghost written by Mel White) ISBN 1-888684-04-6
Fasting Can Change Your Life. Regal, 1998. ISBN 0-830-72197-5
Finding Inner Peace and Strength. Doubleday, 1982.
If I Should Die Before I Wake. Thomas Nelson, 1986. (ghost-written by Mel White)
Jerry Falwell: Aflame for God. Thomas Nelson, 1979. (co-authors Gerald Strober and Ruth Tomczak)
Liberty Bible Commentary on the New Testament. Thomas Nelson/Liberty University, 1978.
Liberty Bible Commentary. Thomas Nelson, 1982.
Listen, America! Bantam Books (July 1981) ISBN 0-553-14998-9
Stepping Out on Faith. Tyndale House, 1984. ISBN 0-842-36626-1
Strength for the Journey. Simon & Schuster, 1987. (ghost-written by Mel White)
The Fundamentalist Phenomenon. Doubleday, 1981. ISBN 0-385-17383-0
The Fundamentalist Phenomenon/The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity. Baker Book House, 1986.
The New American Family. Word, 1992. ISBN 0-849-91050-1
When It Hurts Too Much to Cry. Tyndale House, 1984. ISBN 0-8423-7993-2
Wisdom for Living. Victor Books, 1984.
See also
Christian fundamentalism
Faith and Values Coalition
Jerry Johnston
List of fatwas
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
National Christian Network
Notes
^ Pronounced /ˈfɔːlwɛl/.
References
Footnotes
^ Flint 1978, p. 19.
^ Hamm 2010, p. 1; Phillips 2017, p. 151.
^ "Jerry Falwell Told Followers He Was at Peace with Death". Fox News. Associated Press. May 16, 2007. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
^ a b Melzer, Eartha Jane (August 26, 2005). "Falwell Speaks in Favour of Gay Civil Rights". Soulfource.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ a b c d e f Applebome, Peter (May 15, 2007). "Jerry Falwell, Leading Religious Conservative, Dies at 73". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017.
^ "Falwell, Jerry (1933–2007)". Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
^ "Personal Details for C. A. Beasley". FamilySearch.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ a b c Sherman, Gabriel (January 24, 2022). "Son of a Preacher Man". Vanity Fair. Vol. 44, no. 2. New York: Condé Nast. p. 106. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ Towns 2014.
^ Winters 2012, p. 68.
^ M. Falwell 2008.
^ "Higher Learning Commission:Baptist Bible College". Higher Learning Commission. April 1, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ "Higher Learning Commission". www.hlcommission.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ "Executive Biographies:Dr. Jerry Falwell". Liberty University. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ "Sons Walking in Own Shoes, Albeit Footsteps of Famous Dads". theledger.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017.
^ "Founder". Liberty University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015.
^ "Old Time Gospel Hour". Flick Out.
^ Dowland 2007, p. 23; Dowland 2015, p. 27; Griffith 2017.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "AdvancED - Institution Summary". Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
^ "Member Search « ACSI". Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 2, 2014.
^ "Chancellor Falwell announces Towns will step down for sabbatical - Liberty University". www.liberty.edu. August 28, 2013.
^ "Liberty University". Archived from the original on April 19, 2014.
^ a b "Moral Majority Founder Jerry Falwell Dies". NBC News. May 15, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ J. Falwell 1997, p. 388.
^ King 1997; Williams 2010.
^ Carter 2010, p. 469.
^ Ostling, Richard N. (December 19, 1988). "Jim Bakker's Crumbling World". Time. Vol. 132, no. 25. New York. p. 72. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
^ "Fire-and-brimstone evangelist Jimmy Swaggart admitted today he instigated a..." United Press International. March 24, 1987. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
^ a b Funk, Tim (March 17, 2018). "Jim Bakker's theme park was like a Christian Disneyland. Here's what happened to it". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
^ "Son of Jim and Tammy Faye Finds His Own 'Grace'". All Things Considered. NPR. January 5, 2019. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
^ Harris, Art (April 29, 1987). "Falwell Takes Control, Bars Bakker from PTL". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
^ "American Notes: Fund Raising". Time. New York. September 21, 1987. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved November 29, 2007.
^ "Falwell Quits, Warning PTL Ministry May End". The New York Times. October 9, 1987. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
^ Dobson, Hindson & J. Falwell 1986.
^ Associated Press, Falwell Mandates Tithing and Church Membership for All of His Employees, latimes.com, USA, March 11, 1989
^ J. Falwell 1980, p. 85.
^ J. Falwell 1980, p. 98.
^ "Holy War". SPLCenter.org. June 26, 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ J. Falwell 1982, p. 310.
^ a b c Blumenthal, Max (May 28, 2007). "Age of Intolerance". The Nation. New York. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Mouly, Ruth, and Roland Robertson. “Zionism in American Premillenarian Fundamentalism.” American Journal of Theology & Philosophy, vol. 4, no. 3, 1983, p. 103. JSTOR website Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ McKay, Mary Jayne (June 8, 2003). "Zion's Christian Soldiers". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
^ Sachs, Susan (June 15, 2002). "Baptist Pastor Attacks Islam, Inciting Cries of Intolerance". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ "ADL Condemns Falwell's Anti-Muslim Remarks; Urges Him to Apologize". Adl.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2003. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "Irving Kristol's Rebel Alliance with Anti-Semites". Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
^ J. Falwell 1980, p. 113.
^ Simon 1984, p. 62.
^ "Biography: Falwell, Jerry". Atheism.about.com. November 21, 1982. Archived from the original on January 4, 2003. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Falwell, Jerry (2001). "Falwell: 'Deep Concerns'". Beliefnet. Interviewed by Caldwell, Deborah. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Ostling, Richard N. (September 2, 1985). "Jerry Falwell's Crusade". Time. New York. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
^ "Religion: An Unholy Uproar". Time. New York. September 2, 1985. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
^ Pear, Robert (August 21, 1985). "Falwell Denounces Tutu as a 'Phony'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "Falwell Offers Tutu Qualified Apology". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. August 24, 1985. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
^ "Falwell Gives Qualified Apology for Calling Bishop Tutu a Phony". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 24, 1985. Retrieved March 14, 2019.
^ a b c d e The Falwell connection Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine by Murray Waas Salon.com
^ The Hunting of the President (DVD) 2005
^ Johnson, Hans; Eskridge, William (May 19, 2007). "The Legacy of Falwell's Bully Pulpit". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ a b Burns, Katy (May 17, 2007). "Jerry Falwell's Greatest Hates". Concord Monitor. Concord, New Hampshire. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ a b "about Lambda Community Fund". Archived from the original on January 25, 2008. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
^ Press, Bill. "Press: The Sad Legacy of Jerry Falwell". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
^ Handy, Bruce (April 14, 1997). "He Called Me Ellen Degenerate?". Time. New York. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
^ Niebuhr, Gustav (October 23, 1999). "Falwell Finds an Accord with Gay Rights Backer". Religion Journal. The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017.
^ Schwartz, Deb (October 25, 1999). "The Odd Couple". Salon. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Rich, Frank (November 6, 1999). "Has Jerry Falwell Seen the light?". The New York Times. p. A17. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "PARENTS Alert... Parents Alert". NLJ. Archived from the original on May 16, 2006. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
^ Millman, Joyce. "Tubbythumping". Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
^ Arizona supporter funds largest-ever gift annuity to LU Archived 2011-05-26 at the Wayback Machine (February 27, 2008) By Mitzi Bible – Liberty Journal
^ "Gay Tinky Winky bad for children". BBC News. February 15, 1999. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ Burke, Heather (May 15, 2007). "Jerry Falwell, Evangelist, Political Activist, Dies". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ a b "Falwell Apologizes to Gays, Feminists, Lesbians". CNN. September 14, 2001. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
^ Falwell speaks about WTC disaster, Christian Broadcasting Network Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ Goodstein, Laurie (September 15, 2019). "After the Attacks: Finding Fault; Falwell's Finger-Pointing Inappropriate, Bush Says". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
^ "Christopher Hitchens and Ralph Reed Square Off over Late Leader's Influence; the Christian Right." Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine Hannity & Colmes. May 17, 2007. FOX News. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
^ "Top Stories". NY1. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008.
^ Winters 2012, pp. 383–384.
^ Ricco, Joanne (August 2002). "The Right Wing Attack on the American Labor Movement" (PDF). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Wisconsin State AFL-CIO. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2007.
^ Harding 2000.
^ A case that is forgotten...another group of takfir from Arab-West Report
^ Rev. Jerry Falwell: I think Muhammad was a terrorist from Arab-West Report
^ Recent developments from Arab-West Report
^ "Christian Leaders in Egypt Condemn Jerry Falwell's Statement About the Prophet Being a Terrorist". Arab-West Report.
^ a b "Religion, Politics a Potent Mix for Jerry Falwell". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ "Falwell Says He Will Press $10 Million Penthouse Suit". The New York Times. Associated Press. February 5, 1981. p. A10.
^ "Penthouse Wins in Court Against Falwell Suit". The New York Times. United Press International. August 7, 1981. p. A8.
^ "Falwell Won't Pursue Suit". The New York Times. United Press International. September 10, 1981. p. A28.
^ Menand, Louis (February 6, 1997). "It's a Wonderful Life". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 44, no. 2.
^ Flynt, Larry (May 20, 2007). "The Porn King and the Preacher". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010.
^ "Milestones: Oct. 7, 1985". Time. New York. October 7, 1985. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ "The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved January 21, 2017.
^ a b c Supreme Court declines Falwell Web appeal Associated Press. April 17, 2006
^ Paula Zahn Now, CNN: Transcript. Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine July 31, 2006.
^ Clouse 2008, p. 269.
^ Cohen, Debra Nussbaum (January 22, 1999). "Falwell Antichrist remark sparks anti-Semitism charges". J. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
^ "NPR: Cultural Impact of the Book of Revelation". National Public Radio. September 28, 2006. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ "Falwell: The church won the 2004 elections". WSFA 12. June 21, 2005. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
^ Falwell is taken off ventilator, upgraded to stable condition Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. USA Today. May 30, 2005
^ "Rev. Jerry Falwell Dies at 73 after collapsing". Sauk Valley Newspapers. May 15, 2007. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
^ Page, Susan (May 15, 2007). "Evangelist Jerry Falwell Dies at 73". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 17, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.
^ a b Transcript CNN.com, May 15, 2007
^ "Macel Falwell". Campbellsville, Kentucky: Central Kentucky News-Journal. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ CNN – God's Warriors from CNN
^ "Video News". CNN. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
^ a b c Hitchens, Christopher. "Jerry Falwell, faith-based fraud Archived 2013-08-16 at the Wayback Machine." Slate. May 16, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
^ "Jerry Falwell's Legacy". CNN. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
^ Hayduke, George. "Prey TV", Screw Unto Others: Revenge Tactics for all Occasions. pg. 166
^ "Evangelism: The Bell Tolls for Falwell". Time. New York. April 14, 1986. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
^ "Liberty University's Falwell taking leave of absence". August 7, 2020. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
^ "Jerry Falwell Jr. resigns from Liberty University. Again". Religion News Service. August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
^ Reuters
^ Garrison, Joey; Shesgreen, Deirdre. "Is Jerry Falwell Jr. out as president of Liberty University? Report: A daylong back-and-forth ends with him again saying he has resigned". USA Today. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ Roston, Aram. "Business partner of Falwells says he had affair with the power couple". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ Robles, Frances; Rutenberg, Jim (June 18, 2019). "The Evangelical, the 'Pool Boy,' the Comedian and Michael Cohen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ "INSIDE JERRY FALWELL JR.'S UNLIKELY RISE AND PRECIPITOUS FALL AT LIBERTY UNIVERSITY". Vanity Fair. January 24, 2022.
^ Barfield, Charles (January 23, 2020). "'A Hidden Life' Composer Talks Unproduced Malick Film Described As A "Parallel Story Between Jerry Lee Lewis & Jerry Falwell"". The Playlist. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
^ The Playlist Staff (July 12, 2011). "The Lost Projects And Unproduced Screenplays Of Terrence Malick". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2022. Once again, during those supposed 'lost years' of the '80s, Terrence Malick was commissioned to write a script about Jerry Lee Lewis.
Bibliography
Carter, Jimmy (2010). White House Diary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Clouse, Robert G. (2008). "Fundamentalist Theology". In Walls, Jerry L. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford University Press.
Dobson, Ed; Hindson, Ed; Falwell, Jerry (1986). The Fundamentalist Phenomenon (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. ISBN 978-0-8010-2958-5.
Dowland, Seth (2007). Defending Manhood: Gender, Social Order and the Rise of the Christian Right in the South, 1965–1995 (PhD dissertation). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University. ISBN 978-0-549-71783-6.
——— (2015). Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-8122-4760-2.
Falwell, Jerry (1980). Listen, America!. New York: Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-385-15897-8.
——— (1982) . "Ministers and Marches". God's Bullies: Native Reflections on Preachers and Politics. By Young, Perry Deane. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 310–317. ISBN 978-0-03-059706-0. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
——— (1997). Falwell: An Autobiography. Lynchburg, Pennsylvania: Liberty House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-888684-04-9. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
Falwell, Macel (2008). Jerry Falwell: His Life and Legacy. With Hemry, Melanie. New York: Howard Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-8028-7. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
Flint, Betty Gail (1978). Thomas Road Baptist Church: A Study of the New Fundamentalism (MA thesis). Williamsburg, Virginia: College of William & Mary. doi:10.21220/s2-fe1r-nj46.
Griffith, R. Marie (2017). Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09476-9.
Hamm, Billy (2010). An Analysis of the Evangelistic Impact of the Baptist Bible Fellowship International (DMin thesis). Lynchburg, Virginia: Liberty University. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
Harding, Susan Friend (2000). The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05989-1. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
King, Randall E. (1997). "When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273. ISSN 2040-4867.
Phillips, Benjamin Blair (2017). "Falwell, Jerry F., Sr. (1933–2007)". In Demy, Timothy J.; Shockley, Paul R. (eds.). Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-61069-774-3.
Simon, Merrill (1984). Jerry Falwell and the Jews. New York: Jonathan David Publishers.
Towns, Elmer L. (2014). The Ten Most Influential Churches of the Past Century. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Destiny Image Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7684-0541-5.
Williams, Daniel K. (2010). "Jerry Falwell's Sunbelt Politics: The Regional Origins of the Moral Majority". Journal of Policy History. 22 (2): 125–147. doi:10.1017/S0898030610000011. ISSN 1528-4190. S2CID 146148193.
Winters, Michael Sean (2012). God's Right Hand: How Jerry Falwell Made God a Republican and Baptized the American Right. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-197067-2. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
External links
Jerry Falwell at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata
Jerry Falwell Ministries
Jerry Falwell Photo Gallery (1933–2007) from Time.com
Jerry Falwell speaking on YouTube about Roe v. Wade (1982)
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Senior Pastor of Thomas Road Baptist Church c. 1956 – 2007
Succeeded byJonathan Falwell
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Succeeded byJohn Borek
Preceded byJohn Borek
President of Liberty University 2003–2007
Succeeded byJerry Falwell Jr.
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Succeeded byJerry Nims
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr."},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"televangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televangelism"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soulforce-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Road Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Road_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"megachurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachurch"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Liberty Christian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Christian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"Moral Majority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_Majority"}],"text":"This article is about Jerry Falwell Sr. For his son, see Jerry Falwell Jr.Jerry Laymon Falwell Sr.[a] (August 11, 1933 – May 15, 2007)[3] was an American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist.[4] He was the founding pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church, a megachurch in Lynchburg, Virginia. He founded Lynchburg Christian Academy (Liberty Christian Academy) in 1967, founded Liberty University in 1971, and co-founded the Moral Majority in 1979.","title":"Jerry Falwell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynchburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"bootlegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-runner"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowns2014-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters201268-11"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Falwell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Falwell2008-12"},{"link_name":"Brookville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookville_High_School_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Baptist Bible College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Bible_College_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Springfield, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Temple Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Baptist_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"California Graduate School of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_University"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official_biography-15"}],"text":"Falwell and his twin brother Gene were born in the Fairview Heights area of Lynchburg, Virginia, on August 11, 1933, the sons of Helen Virginia (née Beasley) and Carey Hezekiah Falwell.[5][6][7] His father was an entrepreneur and one-time bootlegger who was agnostic.[5] His father shot and killed his own brother Garland and died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1948 at the age of 55.[8] His paternal grandfather was a staunch atheist.[5] Jerry Falwell was a member of a group in Fairview Heights known to the police as \"the Wall Gang\" because they sat on a low concrete wall at the Pickeral Café.[9] Falwell met Macel Pate on his first visit to Park Avenue Baptist Church in 1949; Macel was a pianist there.[8] They married on April 12, 1958.[10] The couple had sons Jerry Jr. (a lawyer, and former chancellor of Liberty University) and Jonathan (senior pastor at Thomas Road Baptist Church) and a daughter Jeannie (a surgeon).Falwell and his wife had a close relationship, and she supported him throughout his career. The Falwells often appeared together in public, and they did not shy away from showing physical affection. Reflecting on his marriage, Falwell jokingly commented, \"Macel and I have never considered divorce. Murder maybe, but never divorce.\" Macel appreciated her husband's non-combative, affable nature, writing in her book that he \"hated confrontation and didn't want strife in our home ... he did everything in his power to make me happy.\" The Falwells were married nearly fifty years until his death.[11]He graduated from Brookville High School in Lynchburg, and from then-unaccredited[12][13] Baptist Bible College in Springfield, Missouri in 1956. He enrolled there to subvert Pate's relationship with her fiancé who was a student there.[8] Falwell was later awarded three honorary doctorates: Doctor of Divinity from Tennessee Temple Theological Seminary, Doctor of Letters from California Graduate School of Theology, and Doctor of Laws from Central University in Seoul, South Korea.[14]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Road Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Road_Baptist_Church"},{"link_name":"megachurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megachurch"},{"link_name":"The Old-Time Gospel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old-Time_Gospel_Hour"},{"link_name":"Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Falwell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Thomas Road Baptist Church","text":"In 1956, aged 22, Falwell founded the Thomas Road Baptist Church. Originally located at 701 Thomas Road in Lynchburg, Virginia, with 35 members, the church became a megachurch. In the same year, he began The Old-Time Gospel Hour, a nationally syndicated radio and television ministry. When Falwell died, his son Jonathan inherited his father's ministry, and took over as the senior pastor of the church.[15] The weekly program's name was then changed to Thomas Road Live.[16][17]","title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"racial desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_desegregation"},{"link_name":"segregation academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowland200723Dowland201527Griffith2017-19"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Association of Christian Schools International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Christian_Schools_International"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Liberty Christian Academy","text":"During the 1950s and 1960s, Falwell spoke and campaigned against the civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and the racial desegregation of public school systems by the US federal government. Liberty Christian Academy (LCA, founded as Lynchburg Christian Academy) is a Christian school in Lynchburg which was described in 1966 by the Lynchburg News as \"a private school for white students\".The Lynchburg Christian Academy later opened in 1967 by Falwell as a segregation academy and as a ministry of Thomas Road Baptist Church.[18]The Liberty Christian Academy is recognized as an educational facility by the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Virginia State Board of Education,[19] Southern Association of Colleges and Schools,[20] and the Association of Christian Schools International.[21]","title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmer L. Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_L._Towns"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Liberty University","text":"In 1971, Falwell co-founded Liberty University with Elmer L. Towns.[22] Liberty University offers over 350 accredited programs of study, with approximately 13,000 students on-campus and 90,000 online.[23]","title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_B1710_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_(1976-09-30)(Gerald_Ford_Library)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Jerry_Falwell.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19932_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Falwell1997388-26"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"1980 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1997Williams2010-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter2010469-28"},{"link_name":"Billy Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSNBC-25"}],"sub_title":"Moral Majority","text":"Falwell greeting President Gerald Ford in 1976Falwell with President Ronald Reagan in 1983Falwell with President George H. W. Bush in 1991The Moral Majority became one of the largest political lobbies for evangelical Christians in the United States during the 1980s.[24] According to Falwell's self-published autobiography, the Moral Majority was promoted as being \"pro-life, pro-traditional family, pro-moral, and pro-American\"[25] and was credited with delivering two thirds of the white evangelical vote to Ronald Reagan during the 1980 presidential election.[26] According to Jimmy Carter, \"that autumn [1980] a group headed by Jerry Falwell purchased $10 million in commercials on southern radio and TV to brand me as a traitor to the South and no longer a Christian.\"[27] As head of the Moral Majority, Falwell consistently pushed for Republican candidates and for conservative politics. This led Billy Graham to criticize him for \"sermonizing\" about political issues that lacked a moral element. Graham stated at the time of Falwell's death, \"We did not always agree on everything, but I knew him to be a man of God. His accomplishments went beyond most clergy of his generation.\"[24]","title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerryfalwellwaterslide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heritage USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_USA"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"Jim Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker"},{"link_name":"Jessica Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Hahn"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time12-1988-29"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Swaggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"PTL Satellite Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTL_Satellite_Network"},{"link_name":"The PTL Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PTL_Club"},{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"Heritage USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_USA"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATC-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"PTL","text":"Falwell rides the water slide at Heritage USAIn March 1987, Pentecostal televangelist Jim Bakker came under media scrutiny when it was revealed that he had a sexual encounter (and alleged rape) with Jessica Hahn and had paid for her silence.[28] Bakker believed that fellow Pentecostal pastor Jimmy Swaggart was attempting to take over his ministry because he had initiated a church investigation into allegations of his sexual misconduct.[29] To avoid the takeover, Bakker resigned on March 19 and appointed Falwell to succeed him as head of his PTL ministry, which included the PTL Satellite Network, television program The PTL Club and the Christian-themed amusement park Heritage USA.[30]Bakker believed Falwell would temporarily lead the ministry until the scandal died down,[31] but Falwell barred Bakker from returning to PTL on April 28,[32] and referred to him as \"probably the greatest scab and cancer on the face of Christianity in 2,000 years of church history\".[30] Later that summer, as donations to the ministry declined in the wake of Bakker's scandal and resignation, Falwell raised $20 million to keep PTL solvent and delivered on a promise to ride the water slide at Heritage USA.[33] Despite this, Falwell was unable to revive the ministry from bankruptcy and he resigned in October 1987.[34]","title":"Associated organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobsonHindsonJ._Falwell1986-36"}],"sub_title":"Families","text":"Falwell advocated beliefs and practices influenced by his version of biblical teachings.[35]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithing"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Tithing","text":"In 1989, he told Liberty University employees that membership in his church and tithing were mandatory. [36]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Falwell198085-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Falwell198098-39"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam War","text":"Falwell felt the Vietnam War was being fought with \"limited political objectives\", when it should have been an all out war against the North.[37] In general, Falwell held that the president \"as a minister of God\" has the right to use arms to \"bring wrath upon those who would do evil.\"[38]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Old-Time Gospel Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old-Time_Gospel_Hour"},{"link_name":"segregationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"Lester Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox"},{"link_name":"George Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wallace"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Falwell1982310-41"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumenthal_2007-42"},{"link_name":"Anita Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Save Our Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Our_Children"},{"link_name":"Dade County, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"John G. Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Roberts"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"Romer v. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer_v._Evans"},{"link_name":"Tucker Carlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Carlson"},{"link_name":"LGBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soulforce-5"}],"sub_title":"Civil rights","text":"On his evangelist program The Old-Time Gospel Hour in the mid-1960s, Falwell regularly featured segregationist politicians like governors Lester Maddox and George Wallace.[39] About Martin Luther King he said: \"I do question the sincerity and non-violent intentions of some civil rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mr. James Farmer, and others, who are known to have left-wing associations.\"[40]In speaking of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, he said, in 1958:If Chief Justice Warren and his associates had known God's word and had desired to do the Lord's will, I am quite confident that the 1954 decision would never have been made. The facilities should be separate. When God has drawn a line of distinction, we should not attempt to cross that line.[41]In 1977, Falwell supported Anita Bryant's campaign, which was called by its proponents \"Save Our Children\", to overturn an ordinance in Dade County, Florida, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and he supported a similar movement in California.[5]Twenty-eight years later, during a 2005 MSNBC television appearance, Falwell said he was not troubled by reports that the nominee for Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, John G. Roberts (whose appointment was confirmed by the US Senate) had done volunteer legal work for gay rights activists on the case of Romer v. Evans. Falwell told then-MSNBC host Tucker Carlson that if he were a lawyer, he too would argue for civil rights for LGBT people. \"I may not agree with the lifestyle, but that has nothing to do with the civil rights of that part of our constituency\", said Falwell. When Carlson countered that conservatives \"are always arguing against 'special rights' for gays,\" Falwell said equal access to housing and employment are basic rights, not special rights. \"Civil rights for all Americans, black, white, red, yellow, the rich, poor, young, old, gay, straight, et cetera, is not a liberal or conservative value. It's an American value that I would think that we pretty much all agree on.\"[4]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menachem Begin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Christian Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Zionism"},{"link_name":"Anti-Defamation League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League"},{"link_name":"Abraham Foxman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Foxman"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jews-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Falwell1980113-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon198462-49"}],"sub_title":"Israel and Jews","text":"Falwell's relationship with Israeli Prime Minister, Menachem Begin was reported in the media in the summer of 1981.[42] His staunch pro-Israel stand, sometimes referred to as \"Christian Zionism\", drew the support of the Anti-Defamation League and its leader Abraham Foxman.[43] However, they condemned what they perceived as intolerance towards Muslims in Falwell's public statements.[44] They also criticized him for remarking that \"Jews can make more money accidentally than you can on purpose.\"[45][46] In his book Listen, America! Falwell referred to the Jewish people as \"spiritually blind and desperately in need of their Messiah and Savior.\"[47]In the 1984 book Jerry Falwell and the Jews, Falwell is quoted saying:I feel that the destiny of the state of Israel is without question the most crucial international matter facing the world today. I believe that the people of Israel have not only a theological but also a historical and legal right to the land. I am personally a Zionist, having gained that perspective from my belief in Old Testament Scriptures. I have also visited Israel many times. I have arrived at the conclusion that unless the United States maintains its unswerving devotion to the State of Israel, the very survival of that nation is at stake ... Every American who agrees Israel has the right to the land must be willing to exert all possible pressure on the powers that be to guarantee America's support of the State of Israel at this time.[48]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"secular education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_education"},{"link_name":"atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"school voucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_voucher"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Faith Based Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Faith-Based_and_Community_Initiatives"},{"link_name":"pork barrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_barrel"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Falwell repeatedly denounced certain teachings in public schools and secular education in general, calling them breeding grounds for atheism, secularism, and humanism, which he claimed to be in contradiction with Christian morality. He advocated that the United States change its public education system by implementing a school voucher system which would allow parents to send their children to either public or private schools. In his book America Can Be Saved he wrote that \"I hope I live to see the day when, as in the early days of our country, we won't have any public schools. The churches will have taken them over again and Christians will be running them.\"[49]Falwell supported President George W. Bush's Faith Based Initiative, but had strong reservations concerning where the funding would go and the restrictions placed on churches:My problem is where it might go under his successors. ... I would not want to put any of the Jerry Falwell Ministries in a position where we might be subservient to a future Bill Clinton, God forbid. ... It also concerns me that once the pork barrel is filled, suddenly the Church of Scientology, the Jehovah Witnesses [sic], the various and many denominations and religious groups—and I don't say those words in a pejorative way—begin applying for money—and I don't see how any can be turned down because of their radical and unpopular views. I don't know where that would take us.[50]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Krugerrands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krugerrand"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pear_1985-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Apartheid","text":"In the 1980s Falwell said sanctions against the apartheid regime of South Africa would result in what, he felt, would be a worse situation, such as a Soviet-backed revolution. He also urged his followers to buy up gold Krugerrands and push US \"reinvestment\" in South Africa.[51] In 1985 he drew the ire of many when he called Nobel Peace Prize winner and Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu a phony \"as far as representing the black people of South Africa\".[52][53][54][55]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Vince Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Foster"},{"link_name":"James McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McDougal"},{"link_name":"Ron Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell-57"},{"link_name":"Arkansas state troopers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police"},{"link_name":"Larry Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Paula Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Jones"},{"link_name":"affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopergate_(Bill_Clinton)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell-57"},{"link_name":"infomercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell-57"},{"link_name":"Murray Waas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Waas"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell-57"},{"link_name":"The Hunting of the President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_President"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"The Clinton Chronicles","text":"In 1994, Falwell promoted and distributed the video documentary The Clinton Chronicles: An Investigation into the Alleged Criminal Activities of Bill Clinton. The video purported to connect Bill Clinton to a murder conspiracy involving Vince Foster, James McDougall, Ron Brown, and a cocaine-smuggling operation. The theory was discredited, but the recording sold more than 150,000 copies.[56]The film's production costs were partly met by \"Citizens for Honest Government\", to which Falwell paid $200,000 in 1994 and 1995.[56] In 1995 Citizens for Honest Government interviewed Arkansas state troopers Roger Perry and Larry Patterson regarding the murder conspiracy about Vincent Foster. Perry and Patterson also gave information regarding the allegations in the Paula Jones affair.[56]The infomercial for the 80-minute videotape included footage of Falwell interviewing a silhouetted journalist who claimed to be afraid for his life. The journalist accused Clinton of orchestrating the deaths of several reporters and personal confidants who had gotten too close to his supposed illegal activities. The silhouetted journalist was subsequently revealed to be Patrick Matrisciana, the producer of the video and president of Citizens for Honest Government.[56] \"Obviously, I'm not an investigative reporter\", Matrisciana admitted to investigative journalist Murray Waas.[56] Later, Falwell seemed to back away from personally trusting the video. In an interview for the 2005 documentary The Hunting of the President, Falwell admitted, \"to this day I do not know the accuracy of the claims made in The Clinton Chronicles.\"[57]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBT social movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_social_movements"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumenthal_2007-42"},{"link_name":"Anita Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bryant"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT051507-6"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-homosexuals-59"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Community Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church"},{"link_name":"World Council of Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vile-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intersex-61"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIDS-62"},{"link_name":"Ellen DeGeneres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Frank Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rich"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Views on homosexuality","text":"Falwell condemned homosexuality as forbidden by the Bible. Homosexual rights groups called Falwell an \"agent of intolerance\" and \"the founder of the anti-gay industry\" for statements he had made and for campaigning against LGBT social movements.[5][41] Falwell supported Anita Bryant's 1977 \"Save Our Children\" campaign to overturn a Florida ordinance prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and a similar movement in California.[5] In urging the repeal of the ordinance, Falwell told one crowd, \"Gay folks would just as soon kill you as look at you.\"[58] When the LGBT-friendly Metropolitan Community Church was almost accepted into the World Council of Churches, Falwell called them \"brute beasts\" and stated that they are, \"part of a vile and satanic system\" that \"will be utterly annihilated, and there will be a celebration in heaven.\"[59] He later denied saying this.[60] Falwell also regularly linked the AIDS pandemic to LGBT issues and stated, \"AIDS is not just God's punishment for homosexuals, it is God's punishment for the society that tolerates homosexuals.\"[61]After comedian and actress Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian, Falwell referred to her in a sermon as \"Ellen DeGenerate\". DeGeneres responded, \"Really, he called me that? Ellen DeGenerate? I've been getting that since the fourth grade. I guess I'm happy I could give him work.\"[62]Falwell's legacy regarding homosexuality is complicated by his support for LGBT civil rights (see \"civil rights\" section above), as well as his attempts to reconcile with the LGBT community in later years. In October 1999, Falwell hosted a meeting of 200 evangelicals with 200 gay people and lesbians at Thomas Road Baptist Church for an \"Anti-Violence Forum\", during which he acknowledged that some American evangelicals' comments about homosexuality entered the realm of hate speech that could incite violence.[63] At the forum, Falwell told homosexuals in attendance, \"I don't agree with your lifestyle, I will never agree with your lifestyle, but I love you\" and added, \"Anything that leaves the impression that we hate the sinner, we want to change that.\"[64] He later commented to New York Times columnist Frank Rich that \"admittedly, evangelicals have not exhibited an ability to build a bond of friendship to the gay and lesbian community. We've said go somewhere else, we don't need you here [at] our churches.\"[65]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NLJ-67"},{"link_name":"Teletubby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletubbies"},{"link_name":"Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tubbythump-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Teletubbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletubbies"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tinky-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winky-71"},{"link_name":"gay pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_triangle"}],"sub_title":"Teletubbies","text":"In February 1999 a National Liberty Journal article (the media attributed it to Falwell)[66] claimed that Tinky Winky, a Teletubby, was intended as a homosexual role model. The NLJ is a publication of the university he founded. An article published in 1998 by the Salon website had referred to Tinky Winky's status as an icon for the same movement.[67][68] In response, Steve Rice, spokesperson for Itsy Bitsy Entertainment, which licenses Teletubbies in the United States, said, \"I really find it absurd and kind of offensive.\"[69][70] The UK show was aimed at pre-school children, but the article stated \"he is purple–the gay pride color; and his antenna is shaped like a triangle–the gay-pride symbol\". Apart from those characteristics Tinky Winky also carries a magic bag which the NLJ and Salon articles said was a purse. Falwell added that \"role modeling the gay lifestyle is damaging to the moral lives of children\".","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Pat Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson"},{"link_name":"The 700 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_700_Club"},{"link_name":"ACLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU"},{"link_name":"People for the American Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell_apology-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell_9/11-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hitchens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-falwell_apology-72"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shield_of_protection-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters2012383%E2%80%93384-77"}],"sub_title":"September 11 attacks","text":"After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Falwell said on Pat Robertson's The 700 Club, \"I really believe that the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way, all of them who have tried to secularize America. I point the finger in their face and say 'you helped this happen.'\"[71][72] In his opinion, LGBT organizations had angered God, thereby in part causing God to let the attacks happen.[73] Falwell believed the attacks were \"probably deserved\", a statement which Christopher Hitchens described as treason.[74] Following heavy criticism, Falwell said that no one but the terrorists were to blame, and stated, \"If I left that impression with gays or lesbians or anyone else, I apologize.\"[71][75] Falwell was later the object of some of his own followers' outrage for retracting his statements about divine judgment on America and its causes, because they had heard the same themes in his preaching over many years that America must repent of its lack of devotion to God, immoral living, and timid support of Israel if America wanted divine protection and blessing.[76]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Labor unions","text":"Falwell also said, \"Labor unions should study and read the Bible instead of asking for more money. When people get right with God, they are better workers.\"[77]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Jerry_Falwell_holds_a_religious_rally.jpg"},{"link_name":"biblical patriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy"},{"link_name":"complementarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarianism"},{"link_name":"\"secular humanists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"pagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"liberals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"anti-Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2000-79"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with American fundamentalism","text":"Falwell at an \"I Love America\" rally in 1980Cultural anthropologist Susan Friend Harding, in her extensive ethnographic study of Falwell, noted that he adapted his preaching to win a broader, less extremist audience as he grew famous. This manifested itself in several ways: For example, he no longer condemned \"worldly\" lifestyle choices such as dancing, drinking wine, and attending movie theaters; softening his rhetoric which predicted an apocalypse and God's vengeful wrath; and shifting from a belief in outright biblical patriarchy to a complementarian view of appropriate gender roles. He further mainstreamed himself by aiming his strongest criticism at \"secular humanists\", pagans or various liberals in place of the racist, anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic rhetoric that was common among Southern fundamentalist preachers but increasingly condemned as hate speech by the consensus of American society.[78]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Asharq Al-Awsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat"},{"link_name":"pan-Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Arabism"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Christian"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Islam","text":"Falwell opposed Islam. According to Asharq Al-Awsat, a pan-Arab newspaper, Falwell called Islam \"satanic\".[79] In a televised interview with 60 Minutes, Falwell called Muhammad a \"terrorist\", to which he added: \"I concluded from reading Muslim and non-Muslim writers that Muhammad was a violent man, a man of war.\" Falwell later apologized to Muslims for what he had said about Muhammad and affirmed that he did not necessarily intend to offend \"honest and peace-loving\" Muslims. However, he refused to remove his comments about Islam from his website.[80][81] Egyptian Christian intellectuals, in response, signed a statement in which they condemned and rejected what Falwell had said about Muhammad being a terrorist.[82]","title":"Social and political views"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Beginning in the 1970s, Falwell was involved in legal matters which occupied much of his time and propelled his name recognition.","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"},{"link_name":"deceit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceit"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-potent-84"}],"sub_title":"SEC and bonds","text":"In 1972, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) launched an investigation of bonds issued by Falwell's organizations. The SEC charged Falwell's church with \"fraud and deceit\" in the issuance of $6.5 million in unsecured church bonds.[83] The church won a 1973 federal court case prosecuted at the behest of the SEC, in which the court exonerated the church and ruled that while technical violations of law did occur, there was no proof the church intended any wrongdoing.","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthouse_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelancer"},{"link_name":"defamatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defame"},{"link_name":"privacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"sub_title":"Falwell versus Penthouse","text":"Falwell filed a $10 million lawsuit against Penthouse for publishing an article based upon interviews he gave to freelance reporters, after failing to convince a federal court to place an injunction upon the publication of that article. The suit was dismissed in Federal district court in 1981 on the grounds that the article was not defamatory or an invasion of Falwell's privacy (the Virginia courts had not recognized this privacy tort, which is recognized in other states).[84][85][86]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Flynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flynt"},{"link_name":"pornographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"parody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody_advertisement"},{"link_name":"Campari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campari"},{"link_name":"outhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse"},{"link_name":"intentional infliction of emotional distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_infliction_of_emotional_distress"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell","text":"In 1983, Larry Flynt's pornographic magazine Hustler carried a parody of a Campari ad, featuring a mock \"interview\" with Falwell in which he admits that his \"first time\" was incest with his mother in an outhouse while drunk. Falwell sued for $45 million, alleging invasion of privacy, libel, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.[87] A jury rejected the invasion of privacy and libel claims, holding that the parody could not have reasonably been taken to describe true events, but ruled in favor of Falwell on the emotional distress claim and awarded damages of $200,000. This was upheld on appeal. Flynt then appealed to the US Supreme Court, which unanimously held that the First Amendment prevents public figures from recovering damages for emotional distress caused by parodies.After Falwell's death, Larry Flynt released a comment regarding his friendship over the years with Falwell.My mother always told me that no matter how much you dislike a person, when you meet them face to face you will find characteristics about them that you like. Jerry Falwell was a perfect example of that. I hated everything he stood for, but after meeting him in person, years after the trial, Jerry Falwell and I became good friends. He would visit me in California and we would debate together on college campuses. I always appreciated his sincerity even though I knew what he was selling and he knew what I was selling.[88]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerry_Falwell,_1984.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tallahassee, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"gay rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Community Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church"},{"link_name":"Satanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vile-60"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexual"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intersex-61"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Falwell versus Jerry Sloan","text":"Falwell in Tallahassee, Florida, in 1984In 1984, Falwell was ordered to pay gay rights activist and former Baptist Bible College classmate Jerry Sloan $5,000 after losing a court battle. In July 1984 during a televised debate in Sacramento, California, Falwell denied calling the gay-friendly Metropolitan Community Churches \"brute beasts\" and \"a vile and Satanic system\" that will \"one day be utterly annihilated and there will be a celebration in heaven\".[59]When Sloan insisted he had a tape, Falwell promised $5,000 if he could produce it. Sloan did, Falwell refused to pay, and Sloan successfully sued.[89] The money was donated to build Sacramento's first LGBT community center, the Lambda Community Center, serving \"lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex\" communities.[60] Falwell appealed the decision with his attorney charging that the Jewish judge in the case was prejudiced. He lost again and was made to pay an additional $2,875 in sanctions and court fees.[90]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websitelawsuit-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websitelawsuit-92"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"hear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari"},{"link_name":"jerryfalwell.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamparello_v._Falwell#Related_case:_jerryfalwell.com"},{"link_name":"trademark infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_infringement"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websitelawsuit-92"},{"link_name":"Public Citizen Litigation Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Citizen_Litigation_Group"}],"sub_title":"Trademark infringement lawsuit against Christopher Lamparello","text":"In Lamparello v. Falwell, a dispute over the ownership of the Internet domain fallwell.com, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reversed an earlier District Court decision, arguing that Christopher Lamparello, who owned the domain, \"clearly created his website intending only to provide a forum to criticize ideas, not to steal customers.\"[91] Lamparello's website describes itself as not being connected to Jerry Falwell and is critical of Falwell's views on homosexuality.[91] On April 17, 2006, the Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal of the Court of Appeals ruling that Lamparello's usage of the domain was legal.Previous to this, a different man had turned over jerryfalwell.com and jerryfallwell.com after Falwell threatened to sue for trademark infringement.[91] Lawyers for Public Citizen Litigation Group's Internet Free Speech project represented the domain name owners in both cases.","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Paula Zahn Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Zahn_Now"},{"link_name":"Billy Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Graham"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"dispensationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensationalism"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClouse2008269-94"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Antichrist-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"text":"On July 31, 2006, CNN's Paula Zahn Now program featured a segment on \"whether the crisis in the Middle East is actually a prelude to the end of the world\". In an interview Falwell claimed, \"I believe in the pre-millennial, pre-tribulational coming of Christ for all of his church, and to summarize that, your first poll, do you believe Jesus' coming the second time will be in the future, I would vote yes with the 59 percent and with Billy Graham and most evangelicals.\"[92]Based on that and other statements, Falwell has been identified as a dispensationalist.[93]In 1999, Falwell declared the Antichrist would probably arrive within a decade and \"of course he'll be Jewish\".[94] After accusations of anti-Semitism Falwell apologized and explained he was simply expressing the theological tenet that the Antichrist and Christ share many attributes.[95]","title":"Apocalyptic beliefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_infection"},{"link_name":"respiratory arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-condition-98"},{"link_name":"stent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stent"},{"link_name":"coronary arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"CPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPR"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia"},{"link_name":"sudden cardiac death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transcript-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr."},{"link_name":"Jonathan Falwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Falwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerry_Falwell_Sr_%2B_Macel_Pate_Falwell_Shared_Gravestone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carter Glass Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montview"},{"link_name":"B. R. Lakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Lakin"},{"link_name":"Christiane Amanpour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Amanpour"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"CNN Presents: God's Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transcript-101"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)"}],"text":"In early 2005, Falwell was hospitalized for two weeks with a viral infection, discharged, and re-hospitalized on May 30, 2005 in respiratory arrest.[96][97] He was released from the hospital and returned to work. Later in the same year, a stent was implanted to correct a 70 percent blockage in his coronary arteries.[98]On May 15, 2007, Falwell was found unconscious and without a pulse in his office at about 10:45 a.m., after he missed a morning appointment, and was taken to Lynchburg General Hospital.[99] \"I had breakfast with him, and he was fine at breakfast... He went to his office, I went to mine and they found him unresponsive,\" said Ron Godwin, the executive vice president of Falwell's Liberty University. His condition was initially reported as \"gravely serious\"; CPR was administered unsuccessfully. At 2:10 p.m., during a live press conference, a doctor for the hospital confirmed that Falwell had died of \"cardiac arrhythmia, or sudden cardiac death\".[100] The hospital released a statement saying that he was pronounced dead at Lynchburg General Hospital at 12:40 p.m., at the age of 73. Falwell's family; including his wife, the former Macel Pate (1933–2015);[101] and sons, Jerry Falwell Jr. and Jonathan Falwell; were at the hospital at the time of the pronouncement.The Falwells' shared headstoneFalwell's funeral took place on May 22, 2007, at Thomas Road Baptist Church after he lay in repose both at the church and at Liberty University. Falwell's burial service was private. He is interred at a spot on the Liberty University campus near the Carter Glass Mansion and Falwell's office. B. R. Lakin, his mentor, is buried nearby. After Falwell's death, his sons succeeded him at the two positions he held, Jerry Falwell Jr. as president of Liberty University and Jonathan Falwell as the senior pastor of Thomas Road Baptist Church. Jerry Falwell Sr.'s daughter, Jeannie F. Savas, is a surgeon.The last televised interview with Jerry Falwell Sr. was conducted by Christiane Amanpour for the CNN original series CNN Presents: God's Warriors.[102] He had been interviewed on May 8, one week before his death; in the interview he revealed that he had asked God for at least 20 more years in order to accomplish his vision for the university he founded.[100][103] Falwell's last televised sermon was his May 13, 2007, message on Mother's Day.","title":"Failing health and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"socially conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_conservative"},{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blumenthal_2007-42"},{"link_name":"antitheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitheism"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hitchens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate2-105"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate2-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate2-105"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Atari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari"},{"link_name":"Southern Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Bell"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belltoll-108"},{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr."},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanf-115"},{"link_name":"Terrence Malick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malick"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Views on Falwell's legacy are mixed. Supporters praise his advancement of his socially conservative message. They also tout his evangelist ministries, and his stress on church planting and growth. Conversely, many of his detractors have accused him of hate speech and identified him as an \"agent of intolerance\".[41]The antitheistic social commentator Christopher Hitchens described his work as \"Chaucerian fraud\" and a \"faith-based fraud.\" Hitchens took special umbrage with Falwell's alignment with \"the most thuggish and demented Israeli settlers\",[104] and his declaration that 9/11 represented God's judgment on America's sinful behaviour; deeming it \"extraordinary that not even such a scandalous career is enough to shake our dumb addiction to the 'faith-based.'\"[104] Hitchens also mentioned that, despite his support for Israel, Falwell \"kept saying to his own crowd, yes, you have got to like the Jews, because they can make more money in 10 minutes than you can make in a lifetime\".[104] Appearing on CNN a day after Falwell's death, Hitchens said, \"The empty life of this ugly little charlatan proves only one thing: that you can get away with the most extraordinary offenses to morality and to truth in this country if you will just get yourself called 'reverend'.\"[105]At one point, prank callers, especially home activists, were an estimated 25 percent of Falwell's total calls until the ministry disconnected the toll-free number in 1986.[106] In the mid-1980s Edward Johnson, programmed his Atari home computer to make thousands of repeat phone calls to Falwell's 1-800 phone number, since Johnson claimed Falwell had swindled large amounts of money from his followers, including Johnson's mother. Southern Bell forced Johnson to stop after he had run up Falwell's telephone bill by an estimated $500,000.[107]Falwell's son, Jerry Falwell Jr., is a lawyer; he became the president of Liberty University after his father's death, until being put on indefinite leave on August 7, 2020, after posting an inappropriate photo with a young woman on social media. He resigned on August 24 amid further questions about his and his wife's sexual and financial involvement with an associate.[108][109][110][111][112][113] Falwell Jr. said later that the real reason his father began attending church as a teenager was because he had fallen in love with Macel (who played piano there and was engaged at the time). Later Jerry Falwell Sr. used deception to convince her to break off the engagement.[114]Filmmaker Terrence Malick had intended since the 1980s to write and direct a film about the lives of Jerry Falwell and pianist-singer Jerry Lee Lewis but the movie was not made.[115][116]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-529-12246-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-12246-4"},{"link_name":"Building Dynamic Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/buildingdynamicf0000falw"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-529-12133-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-12133-6"},{"link_name":"Capturing a Town for Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/capturingtownfor00town"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8007-0606-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8007-0606-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9-780-89693534-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-89693534-1"},{"link_name":"Elmer Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Towns"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-529-12245-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-12245-6"},{"link_name":"Ghost written","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_writer"},{"link_name":"Mel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_White"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-potent-84"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-888684-04-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888684-04-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-830-72197-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-830-72197-5"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Mel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_White"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Liberty University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_University"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Bantam Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-553-14998-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-14998-9"},{"link_name":"Tyndale House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-842-36626-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-842-36626-1"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Mel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_White"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-385-17383-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17383-0"},{"link_name":"Baker Book House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Book_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-849-91050-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-849-91050-1"},{"link_name":"Tyndale House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndale_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8423-7993-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-7993-2"}],"text":"Falwell, Jerry (January 30, 2006). Achieving Your Dreams. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12246-4.\nFalwell, Jerry (October 17, 2005). Building Dynamic Faith. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12133-6.\nFalwell, Jerry (1973). Capturing a Town for Christ. REVELL. ISBN 0-8007-0606-4.\nChampions for God. Victor Books, 1985. ISBN 9-780-89693534-1\nChurch Aflame. (co-author Elmer Towns) Impact, 1971.\nDynamic Faith Journal. Thomas Nelson (64 pages) (January 30, 2006) ISBN 0-529-12245-6\nFalwell: An Autobiography. Liberty House, 1996. (Ghost written by Mel White[83]) ISBN 1-888684-04-6\nFasting Can Change Your Life. Regal, 1998. ISBN 0-830-72197-5\nFinding Inner Peace and Strength. Doubleday, 1982.\nIf I Should Die Before I Wake. Thomas Nelson, 1986. (ghost-written by Mel White)\nJerry Falwell: Aflame for God. Thomas Nelson, 1979. (co-authors Gerald Strober and Ruth Tomczak)\nLiberty Bible Commentary on the New Testament. Thomas Nelson/Liberty University, 1978.\nLiberty Bible Commentary. Thomas Nelson, 1982.\nListen, America! Bantam Books (July 1981) ISBN 0-553-14998-9\nStepping Out on Faith. Tyndale House, 1984. ISBN 0-842-36626-1\nStrength for the Journey. Simon & Schuster, 1987. (ghost-written by Mel White)\nThe Fundamentalist Phenomenon. Doubleday, 1981. ISBN 0-385-17383-0\nThe Fundamentalist Phenomenon/The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity. Baker Book House, 1986.\nThe New American Family. Word, 1992. ISBN 0-849-91050-1\nWhen It Hurts Too Much to Cry. Tyndale House, 1984. ISBN 0-8423-7993-2\nWisdom for Living. Victor Books, 1984.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"/ˈfɔːlwɛl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"}],"text":"^ Pronounced /ˈfɔːlwɛl/.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Falwell greeting President Gerald Ford in 1976","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ford_B1710_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-09-30%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ford_B1710_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_%281976-09-30%29%28Gerald_Ford_Library%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falwell with President Ronald Reagan in 1983","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Jerry_Falwell.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Jerry_Falwell.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falwell with President George H. W. Bush in 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19932_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bush_Contact_Sheet_P19932_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falwell rides the water slide at Heritage USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Jerryfalwellwaterslide.jpg/170px-Jerryfalwellwaterslide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falwell at an \"I Love America\" rally in 1980","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dr._Jerry_Falwell_holds_a_religious_rally.jpg/220px-Dr._Jerry_Falwell_holds_a_religious_rally.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falwell in Tallahassee, Florida, in 1984","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jerry_Falwell%2C_1984.jpg/220px-Jerry_Falwell%2C_1984.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Falwells' shared headstone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jerry_Falwell_Sr_%2B_Macel_Pate_Falwell_Shared_Gravestone.jpg/313px-Jerry_Falwell_Sr_%2B_Macel_Pate_Falwell_Shared_Gravestone.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Christian fundamentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism"},{"title":"Faith and Values Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_Values_Coalition"},{"title":"Jerry Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Johnston"},{"title":"List of fatwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fatwas"},{"title":"List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Southern_Baptist_Convention_affiliated_people"},{"title":"National Christian Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Christian_Network"}]
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[{"reference":"Falwell, Jerry (January 30, 2006). Achieving Your Dreams. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12246-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-12246-4","url_text":"0-529-12246-4"}]},{"reference":"Falwell, Jerry (October 17, 2005). Building Dynamic Faith. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-529-12133-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buildingdynamicf0000falw","url_text":"Building Dynamic Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-529-12133-6","url_text":"0-529-12133-6"}]},{"reference":"Falwell, Jerry (1973). Capturing a Town for Christ. REVELL. ISBN 0-8007-0606-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/capturingtownfor00town","url_text":"Capturing a Town for Christ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8007-0606-4","url_text":"0-8007-0606-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Falwell Told Followers He Was at Peace with Death\". Fox News. Associated Press. May 16, 2007. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070818020252/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272718,00.html","url_text":"\"Jerry Falwell Told Followers He Was at Peace with Death\""},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,272718,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melzer, Eartha Jane (August 26, 2005). \"Falwell Speaks in Favour of Gay Civil Rights\". Soulfource.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archives.soulforce.org/2005/08/","url_text":"\"Falwell Speaks in Favour of Gay Civil Rights\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170714120644/http://www.archives.soulforce.org/2005/08/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Applebome, Peter (May 15, 2007). \"Jerry Falwell, Leading Religious Conservative, Dies at 73\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Applebome","url_text":"Applebome, Peter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630165807/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/obituaries/15cnd-falwell.html?hp","url_text":"\"Jerry Falwell, Leading Religious Conservative, Dies at 73\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/15/obituaries/15cnd-falwell.html?hp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Falwell, Jerry (1933–2007)\". Archived from the original on November 2, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Falwell_Jerry_1933-2007","url_text":"\"Falwell, Jerry (1933–2007)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161102053303/http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Falwell_Jerry_1933-2007","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Personal Details for C. A. Beasley\". FamilySearch.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XRFD-YBG","url_text":"\"Personal Details for C. A. Beasley\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071229/https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XRFD-YBG","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Gabriel (January 24, 2022). \"Son of a Preacher Man\". Vanity Fair. Vol. 44, no. 2. New York: Condé Nast. p. 106. 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Retrieved December 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960051,00.html","url_text":"\"Milestones: Oct. 7, 1985\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved January 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=unQdAAAAIBAJ&pg=5828,4267772&dq=sloan%20vs%20falwell&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Debra Nussbaum (January 22, 1999). \"Falwell Antichrist remark sparks anti-Semitism charges\". J. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. 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Retrieved November 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124053353/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961073,00.html","url_text":"\"Evangelism: The Bell Tolls for Falwell\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961073,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty University's Falwell taking leave of absence\". August 7, 2020. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/liberty-universitys-falwell-taking-leave-absence-72244277","url_text":"\"Liberty University's Falwell taking leave of absence\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200923055845/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/liberty-universitys-falwell-taking-leave-absence-72244277","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jerry Falwell Jr. resigns from Liberty University. Again\". Religion News Service. August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://religionnews.com/2020/08/24/jerry-falwell-resigns-liberty-university-alleged-affair-trump-pool-attendant/","url_text":"\"Jerry Falwell Jr. resigns from Liberty University. Again\""}]},{"reference":"Garrison, Joey; Shesgreen, Deirdre. \"Is Jerry Falwell Jr. out as president of Liberty University? Report: A daylong back-and-forth ends with him again saying he has resigned\". USA Today. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/08/24/jerry-falwell-resigns-head-liberty-university/5626468002/","url_text":"\"Is Jerry Falwell Jr. out as president of Liberty University? Report: A daylong back-and-forth ends with him again saying he has resigned\""}]},{"reference":"Roston, Aram. \"Business partner of Falwells says he had affair with the power couple\". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 24, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-falwell-relationship/","url_text":"\"Business partner of Falwells says he had affair with the power couple\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200824165934/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-falwell-relationship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robles, Frances; Rutenberg, Jim (June 18, 2019). \"The Evangelical, the 'Pool Boy,' the Comedian and Michael Cohen\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/trump-falwell-endorsement-michael-cohen.html","url_text":"\"The Evangelical, the 'Pool Boy,' the Comedian and Michael Cohen\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/trump-falwell-endorsement-michael-cohen.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"INSIDE JERRY FALWELL JR.'S UNLIKELY RISE AND PRECIPITOUS FALL AT LIBERTY UNIVERSITY\". Vanity Fair. January 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/01/inside-jerry-falwell-jr-unlikely-rise-and-precipitous-fall","url_text":"\"INSIDE JERRY FALWELL JR.'S UNLIKELY RISE AND PRECIPITOUS FALL AT LIBERTY UNIVERSITY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"Barfield, Charles (January 23, 2020). \"'A Hidden Life' Composer Talks Unproduced Malick Film Described As A \"Parallel Story Between Jerry Lee Lewis & Jerry Falwell\"\". The Playlist. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theplaylist.net/jerry-lee-lewis-jerry-falwell-terrence-malick-20200123/","url_text":"\"'A Hidden Life' Composer Talks Unproduced Malick Film Described As A \"Parallel Story Between Jerry Lee Lewis & Jerry Falwell\"\""}]},{"reference":"The Playlist Staff (July 12, 2011). \"The Lost Projects And Unproduced Screenplays Of Terrence Malick\". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2022. Once again, during those supposed 'lost years' of the '80s, Terrence Malick was commissioned to write a script about Jerry Lee Lewis.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127063953/https://www.indiewire.com/2011/07/the-lost-projects-and-unproduced-screenplays-of-terrence-malick-117563/","url_text":"\"The Lost Projects And Unproduced Screenplays Of Terrence Malick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Business_Media","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"},{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2011/07/the-lost-projects-and-unproduced-screenplays-of-terrence-malick-117563/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Jimmy (2010). White House Diary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter","url_text":"Carter, Jimmy"}]},{"reference":"Clouse, Robert G. (2008). \"Fundamentalist Theology\". In Walls, Jerry L. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clouse_(academic)","url_text":"Clouse, Robert G."}]},{"reference":"Dobson, Ed; Hindson, Ed; Falwell, Jerry (1986). The Fundamentalist Phenomenon (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House. ISBN 978-0-8010-2958-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Dobson","url_text":"Dobson, Ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Hindson","url_text":"Hindson, Ed"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalistph0000dobs_z8k7","url_text":"The Fundamentalist Phenomenon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2958-5","url_text":"978-0-8010-2958-5"}]},{"reference":"Dowland, Seth (2007). Defending Manhood: Gender, Social Order and the Rise of the Christian Right in the South, 1965–1995 (PhD dissertation). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University. ISBN 978-0-549-71783-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-71783-6","url_text":"978-0-549-71783-6"}]},{"reference":"——— (2015). Family Values and the Rise of the Christian Right. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-8122-4760-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4760-2","url_text":"978-0-8122-4760-2"}]},{"reference":"Falwell, Jerry (1980). Listen, America!. New York: Doubleday and Company. ISBN 978-0-385-15897-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-15897-8","url_text":"978-0-385-15897-8"}]},{"reference":"——— (1982) [1965]. \"Ministers and Marches\". God's Bullies: Native Reflections on Preachers and Politics. By Young, Perry Deane. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 310–317. ISBN 978-0-03-059706-0. Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsbulliesnativ00youn/page/310","url_text":"God's Bullies: Native Reflections on Preachers and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Deane_Young","url_text":"Young, Perry Deane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059706-0","url_text":"978-0-03-059706-0"}]},{"reference":"——— (1997). Falwell: An Autobiography. Lynchburg, Pennsylvania: Liberty House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-888684-04-9. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/falwellautobiogr00falw","url_text":"Falwell: An Autobiography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888684-04-9","url_text":"978-1-888684-04-9"}]},{"reference":"Falwell, Macel (2008). Jerry Falwell: His Life and Legacy. With Hemry, Melanie. New York: Howard Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-8028-7. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jerryfalwellhisl00falw","url_text":"Jerry Falwell: His Life and Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-8028-7","url_text":"978-1-4165-8028-7"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Betty Gail (1978). Thomas Road Baptist Church: A Study of the New Fundamentalism (MA thesis). Williamsburg, Virginia: College of William & Mary. doi:10.21220/s2-fe1r-nj46.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21220%2Fs2-fe1r-nj46","url_text":"10.21220/s2-fe1r-nj46"}]},{"reference":"Griffith, R. Marie (2017). Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09476-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Marie_Griffith","url_text":"Griffith, R. Marie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09476-9","url_text":"978-0-465-09476-9"}]},{"reference":"Hamm, Billy (2010). An Analysis of the Evangelistic Impact of the Baptist Bible Fellowship International (DMin thesis). Lynchburg, Virginia: Liberty University. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/340","url_text":"An Analysis of the Evangelistic Impact of the Baptist Bible Fellowship International"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Susan Friend (2000). The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05989-1. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofjerryfalwe0000hard","url_text":"The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05989-1","url_text":"978-0-691-05989-1"}]},{"reference":"King, Randall E. (1997). \"When Worlds Collide: Politics, Religion, and Media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade\". Journal of Church and State. 39 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273. ISSN 2040-4867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F39.2.273","url_text":"10.1093/jcs/39.2.273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2040-4867","url_text":"2040-4867"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Benjamin Blair (2017). \"Falwell, Jerry F., Sr. (1933–2007)\". In Demy, Timothy J.; Shockley, Paul R. (eds.). Evangelical America: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Religious Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-61069-774-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-774-3","url_text":"978-1-61069-774-3"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Merrill (1984). Jerry Falwell and the Jews. New York: Jonathan David Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Towns, Elmer L. (2014). The Ten Most Influential Churches of the Past Century. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Destiny Image Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7684-0541-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_L._Towns","url_text":"Towns, Elmer L."},{"url":"https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=towns_books","url_text":"The Ten Most Influential Churches of the Past Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7684-0541-5","url_text":"978-0-7684-0541-5"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Daniel K. (2010). \"Jerry Falwell's Sunbelt Politics: The Regional Origins of the Moral Majority\". Journal of Policy History. 22 (2): 125–147. doi:10.1017/S0898030610000011. ISSN 1528-4190. S2CID 146148193.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030610000011","url_text":"10.1017/S0898030610000011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1528-4190","url_text":"1528-4190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146148193","url_text":"146148193"}]},{"reference":"Winters, Michael Sean (2012). God's Right Hand: How Jerry Falwell Made God a Republican and Baptized the American Right. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-197067-2. Retrieved April 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sean_Winters","url_text":"Winters, Michael Sean"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsrighthandhow0000wint","url_text":"God's Right Hand: How Jerry Falwell Made God a Republican and Baptized the American Right"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-197067-2","url_text":"978-0-06-197067-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girard_Perregaux
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Girard-Perregaux
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["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 Recent developments","2 Watch manufacturing","2.1 Notable patents","3 Notable models","3.1 Tourbillon with three gold bridges","3.2 Vintage 1945","3.3 Girard-Perregaux 1966","3.4 Laureato","4 Notable patrons and owners","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°05′54″N 6°48′59″E / 47.09843°N 6.8163°E / 47.09843; 6.8163Swiss watch manufacturer
47°05′54″N 6°48′59″E / 47.09843°N 6.8163°E / 47.09843; 6.8163
Girard-Perregaux SACompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryLuxury watchmakingFounded1791 1852 (Girard & Cie)FounderJean-François Bautte Constant GirardHeadquartersLa Chaux-de-Fonds, SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwideKey peoplePatrick PruniauxProductsWatchesParentSowind GroupWebsitewww.girard-perregaux.com
Girard-Perregaux SA (French: ) is a luxury Swiss watch manufacture with its origins dating back to 1791. In 2022, then-owner French luxury group Kering sold its stake in Sowind Group SA, the parent company of Girard-Perregaux, via management buyout.
Headquartered in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, the company opened the Girard-Perregaux Museum near its headquarters in Villa Marguerite in 1999. It is best known for the historic Tourbillon with three gold bridges, which was awarded a gold medal at the 1889 International Exposition in Paris soon after the launch of the watch. Other notable models from the company include the collection 1966, Vintage 1945, and models such as Tri-Axial Tourbillon and Laureato, an icon inspired from the 1970s.
History
Early history
Constant Girard
In 1791, watchmaker and goldsmith Jean-François Bautte signed his first watches. He created a manufacturing company in Geneva, grouping for the first time ever all the watchmaking facets of that time. This included the engineering of the watch all the way to the final hand-assembly and hand-polishing of each piece. In 1832, Jacques Bautte and Jean-Samuel Rossel succeeded Jean Bautte, becoming the head of the company.
In 1852, the watchmaker Constant Girard founded Girard & Cie in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. He then married Marie Perregaux in 1854, and the Girard-Perregaux Manufacture was founded in 1856. In 1906, Constant Girard-Gallet, who took over control of the Manufacture from his father, acquired the Bautte House and merged it with Girard-Perregaux & Cie.
Recent developments
Since the quartz crisis, the brand has pursued its activities by reinforcing from the 1980s its position in the domain of high-quality mechanical watches. Since late 1980s, Girard-Perregaux has been a part of the Swiss Sowind Group.
In 1999, the Villa Marguerite, a building in La Chaux-de-Fonds from the beginning of the 20th century, became the Girard-Perregaux Museum. A selection of old watches and documents illustrating the history of the brand was presented there, before its closure.
In 2011, Sowind Group, the Swiss holding incorporating Girard-Perregaux, became a subsidiary of the French luxury group Kering. In 2012, Girard-Perregaux launched the Le Corbusier Watch Trilogy, paying a tribute to the famous architect. In 2021, Girard-Perregaux partnered with the luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin.
Watch manufacturing
In 1965, Girard-Perregaux designed the first high-frequency mechanical movement, with the balance beating at 36,000 vibrations/hour: the Gyromatic HFGirard-Perregaux relies on being a manufacturer of movements and watches, and a manufacturer of cases and bands. They bring together some tens of different components: watchmakers, engineers, movement decorators, polishers, etc. This global approach, founded on the traditional know-how of the watchmaking craftsmanship, allows them to create and direct high quality watches and movements from the assembly stages all the way to the final encasement.
Girard-Perregaux designs, manufactures and develops its own movements:
a large collection of high-end watch making movements, of which the Tourbillon with three gold bridges is the emblematic piece.
a complete range of mechanical movements at automatic reassembly (GP2700, GP3200, GP3300, GP4500), that can fit all the types of watches, all by serving as the base for the module constructions of mechanisms with complications.
Quartz movements
Notable patents
The Manufacture has approximately 80 patents in the watchmaking domain and is the originator of many innovative concepts.
1965: Girard-Perregaux designed the first mechanical movement at high frequency, with the balance beating at 36,000 vibrations/hour: the Gyromatic HF.
1967: Girard-Perregaux received the Centenary Award from the Astronomical Observatory de Neuchatel in recognition of the accomplishments of the Manufacture generally, and specifically for the Observatory Chronometer wristwatch that used the Gyromatic HF movement.
1970: Girard-Perregaux presented its first wristwatch to the world to be equipped with a quartz movement and the following year a second one which vibrates at 32,768 hertz, the frequency remaining the universal standard for quartz watches today.
2008: Girard-Perregaux presented prototypes of a constant-force escapement, distinguishing itself from all the other known escapements to this day. The first watch housing the constant escapement was presented in 2013.
2016: Girard-Perregaux re-launched its model Laureato, born in the 1970s, in the form of a limited edition of 225 timepieces. In 2017, the Laureato became a full collection.
Notable models
Tourbillon with three gold bridges
Tourbillon with three gold bridges
It is the emblematic model of Girard-Perregaux. In 1884, Constant Girard submitted to the United States Patent Office a patent of the design of the movement “Tourbillon with three gold bridges.” The three bridges were redesigned in the form of arrows and placed parallel to each other. The movement was no longer just a functional and technical element, but it also became an element of design in every way. In 1889, the Tourbillon with three gold bridges was awarded a gold medal at the Universal Exposition of Paris.
In 1980, Girard-Perregaux decided to make 20 pieces to conform to the original of 1889: 1500 hours of work were necessary to create the first one. To celebrate its bicentenary in 1991, the company created a miniaturized wristwatch version of its famed Tourbillon with three gold Bridges. Since then, it is offered in different versions, and is sometimes associated with other watchmakers’ complications.
Vintage 1945
Vintage 1945 has a rectangular case and a design inspired by an Art Deco style watch dating back to 1945. The Vintage 1945 is powered by the Girard-Perregaux 9600-0019, mechanical self-winding movement, an all in-house movement.
Girard-Perregaux 1966
In 2012, Girard-Perregaux introduced a new Girard-Perregaux 1966 Full Calendar and a 1966 Chronograph, which has been highlighted as a new grand classic by Girard-Perregaux themselves. This Girard-Perregaux 1966 is a slightly larger faced model than previously issued by the watchmaker at 42 mm and may be a sign of the changing demands upon watchmakers by the watch enthusiast community.
Laureato
The Laureato was born in 1975. Its original design featured an integrated bracelet and an octagonal bezel. In the 1980s, the Laureato models mostly featured quartz movements.
In 1995, to celebrate the Laureato’s 20th anniversary, the Manufacture decided to relaunch the model, this time equipped with a calibre GP3100 automatic movement, with three hands and a date. In 2005, a sportier version of the Laureato, named the Evo3, designating the model’s third major evolution, was presented. In 2016, for the 225th Anniversary of the brand, the Laureato collection returned to centre stage thanks to a re-design of its lines, aimed to be as close as possible to its original features: octagonal bezel and fully-integrated bracelet were back. However, the movement fitted into the steel case was not a quartz, but a GP3300 movement.
Since 2017, new models combining different case materials, such as pink gold, titanium, steel and ceramic, along with blue, black or silver hobnail-pattern ("Clou de Paris") dial have joined the Laureato collection. The latest addition is a sapphire case model, presented in 2020, the Laureato Absolute Light.
Notable patrons and owners
An award-winning Girard-Perregaux pocket watch
Quentin Tarantino, American film director & screenwriter
Kobe Bryant, American basketball player
Pierce Brosnan, Irish-American actor
Bruce Blakeman, American politician
Hugh Jackman, Australian actor
Nicolas Sarkozy, 23rd President of France
Farouk of Egypt, King of Egypt
Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
See also
List of watch manufacturers
Manufacture d'horlogerie
References
^ a b c Girard-Perregaux (2017-10-13). "The History of Girard-Perregaux". Girard-Perregaux. Archived from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ a b c d e f g "Girard-Perregaux". www.kering.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ Forster, Jack (February 2, 2022). "Interview: Ulysse Nardin, Girard-Perregaux CEO Patrick Pruniaux on the Brands' Departure from the Kering Group". Hodinkee.
^ a b "Girard-Perregaux Museum - Villa Marguerite - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ a b c d "Girard-Perregaux - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ a b c "Girard-Perregaux". hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ a b c d "History - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ a b Forster, Jack (February 3, 2016). "Introducing: The Girard-Perregaux Laureato 2016 (Could This Be The Watch That Puts GP Back On Top?)". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ a b c François Chaille, Girard-Perregaux
^ "Girard-Perregaux va ouvrir un nouveau musée". Tribune de Genève (in French). ISSN 1010-2248. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ Girard-Perregaux Unveils the Le Corbusier Watch Trilogy
^ Richard Mille partners with Ferrari; Girard-Perregaux with Aston Martin
^ Watch Collector on a Budget? Start With Vintage Quartz
^ The Restoration Of The Girard-Perregaux Caliber 350, The Most Important Quartz Watch You've Never Heard Of
^ Clymer, Benjamin (April 11, 2013). "In-Depth: The Girard-Perregaux Constant (Force) Escapement, Explained". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Watch Bridges Constant Escapement L.M 93505-21-631-BA6E". Girard-Perregaux. 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ The Watch Review Site, "Girard-Perregaux Vintage 1945 Three Gold Bridges", March 2012
^ The Watch Review Site, "Girard-Perregaux 1966 Chrongraph 42mm", March 2012
^ Muraj, Evald (February 23, 2015). "Introducing The Girard-Perregaux 1966, With Guilloché Dial And Reduced Sizing". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "1966 Collection - Girard-Perregaux: Swiss watch manufacture". Girard-Perregaux. 2016-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ Amsellem, Nicolas (2017-06-02). "Girard-Perregaux Laureato automatique 38mm : le retour de la Laureato". Les Rhabilleurs (in French). Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ "Girard-Perregaux - Back in Time : " Laureato " - Trends and style - WorldTempus". en.worldtempus.com. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ "Girard-Perregaux Laureato 42 mm 81010-11-131-11A". www.chronopassion.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ "Crystal Clear: Girard-Perregaux's New Laureato Absolute Light Combines Aesthetics, Clarity, and Functionality". Watchonista. 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
^ Jack, Valerie (2013-10-22). "Quentin Tarantino Spotted Wearing Girard-Perregaux 1966 Annual Calendar & Equation of Time". Luxury Watch Trends 2018 - Baselworld SIHH Watch News. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ Girard-Perregaux (2013-10-21). "Girard-Perregaux, Tribute to Quentin Tarantino, Lumière Award 2013". Girard-Perregaux. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Girard-Perregaux Partners Kobe Bryant Foundation". Luxury Insider. 2012-05-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "The On- And Off-Screen Watches Of Brosnan, Pierce Brosnan". Quill & Pad. 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Girard-Perregaux and Hugh Jackman Fight Cancer". WatchTime - USA's No.1 Watch Magazine. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Celebrity Watches". Official Watches. 2015-04-20. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2018-12-24.
^ "Nicolas Sarkozy Wearing Girard-Perregaux". Luxuo. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
^ Novela, Daniel (2013-02-22). "Power, And the Watch". Luxury Watch Trends 2018 - Baselworld SIHH Watch News. Retrieved 2019-01-27.
^ "5 Antique Pocket Watches Over 100 Years Old". Luxury Bazaar. 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
^ Weare, Michael (2013-12-05). "Girard-Perregaux Brand Profile". DreamChrono. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
^ "Girard Perregaux Heritage Dates Back to 1791". www.armstrongrockwell.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
External links
Official website
All the information about Girard Perregaux
Girard Perregaux Watch News and Reviews
Website of the Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie
Girard-Perregaux Brand Profile by Michael Weare
Website of the Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie
Girard-Perregaux Watch news and Reviews at The Watch Review Site
Watch Ya Gonna Do About It Girard-Perregaux Reviews
vteKeringPeopleFounder
François Pinault
Board of directors
François-Henri Pinault (Chairman and CEO)
Jean-François Palus (Group managing director)
Patricia Barbizet (Vice-Chair of the Board of Directors)
Brands
Creed
Gucci
Saint Laurent
Boucheron
Bottega Veneta
Balenciaga
Alexander McQueen
Brioni
Qeelin
Pomellato
Dodo
Christopher Kane
Tomas Maier
Lindberg
Maui Jim
Creed
Valentino
Culture
Kering Foundation
Women in Motion
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"47°05′54″N 6°48′59″E / 47.09843°N 6.8163°E / 47.09843; 6.8163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Girard-Perregaux¶ms=47.09843_N_6.8163_E_"},{"link_name":"[ʒiʁaʁ pɛʁəɡo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch"},{"link_name":"manufacture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture_d%27horlogerie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Kering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kering"},{"link_name":"Sowind Group SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowind_Group_SA"},{"link_name":"management buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_buyout"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"La Chaux-de-Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Tourbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourbillon"},{"link_name":"International Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_exposition"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"}],"text":"Swiss watch manufacturer47°05′54″N 6°48′59″E / 47.09843°N 6.8163°E / 47.09843; 6.8163Girard-Perregaux SA (French: [ʒiʁaʁ pɛʁəɡo]) is a luxury Swiss watch manufacture with its origins dating back to 1791.[1][2] In 2022, then-owner French luxury group Kering sold its stake in Sowind Group SA, the parent company of Girard-Perregaux, via management buyout.[2][3] \nHeadquartered in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, the company opened the Girard-Perregaux Museum near its headquarters in Villa Marguerite in 1999.[4] It is best known for the historic Tourbillon with three gold bridges, which was awarded a gold medal at the 1889 International Exposition in Paris soon after the launch of the watch.[2][5][6] Other notable models from the company include the collection 1966, Vintage 1945, and models such as Tri-Axial Tourbillon and Laureato, an icon inspired from the 1970s.[6][7][8]","title":"Girard-Perregaux"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constant_Girard-Perregaux.jpg"},{"link_name":"goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"Jean-François Bautte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bautte"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Constant Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Girard"},{"link_name":"La Chaux-de-Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chaille,_Girard-Perregaux-9"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Constant GirardIn 1791, watchmaker and goldsmith Jean-François Bautte signed his first watches.[7] He created a manufacturing company in Geneva, grouping for the first time ever all the watchmaking facets of that time. This included the engineering of the watch all the way to the final hand-assembly and hand-polishing of each piece.[1] In 1832, Jacques Bautte and Jean-Samuel Rossel succeeded Jean Bautte, becoming the head of the company.[1]In 1852, the watchmaker Constant Girard founded Girard & Cie in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. He then married Marie Perregaux in 1854, and the Girard-Perregaux Manufacture was founded in 1856.[7] In 1906, Constant Girard-Gallet, who took over control of the Manufacture from his father, acquired the Bautte House and merged it with Girard-Perregaux & Cie.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quartz crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crisis"},{"link_name":"Sowind Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowind_group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sowind Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowind_Group"},{"link_name":"Kering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Recent developments","text":"Since the quartz crisis, the brand has pursued its activities by reinforcing from the 1980s its position in the domain of high-quality mechanical watches. Since late 1980s, Girard-Perregaux has been a part of the Swiss Sowind Group.[2][7]In 1999, the Villa Marguerite, a building in La Chaux-de-Fonds from the beginning of the 20th century, became the Girard-Perregaux Museum. A selection of old watches and documents illustrating the history of the brand was presented there, before its closure.[4][10]In 2011, Sowind Group, the Swiss holding incorporating Girard-Perregaux, became a subsidiary of the French luxury group Kering.[2] In 2012, Girard-Perregaux launched the Le Corbusier Watch Trilogy, paying a tribute to the famous architect.[11] In 2021, Girard-Perregaux partnered with the luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GYROMATIC_HF.tif"},{"link_name":"manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture_d%27horlogerie"},{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_movement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chaille,_Girard-Perregaux-9"},{"link_name":"Tourbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourbillon"},{"link_name":"mechanical movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_movement"},{"link_name":"Quartz movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_movement"}],"text":"In 1965, Girard-Perregaux designed the first high-frequency mechanical movement, with the balance beating at 36,000 vibrations/hour: the Gyromatic HFGirard-Perregaux relies on being a manufacturer of movements and watches, and a manufacturer of cases and bands. They bring together some tens of different components: watchmakers, engineers, movement decorators, polishers, etc. This global approach, founded on the traditional know-how of the watchmaking craftsmanship, allows them to create and direct high quality watches and movements from the assembly stages all the way to the final encasement.[9]Girard-Perregaux designs, manufactures and develops its own movements:a large collection of high-end watch making movements, of which the Tourbillon with three gold bridges is the emblematic piece.\na complete range of mechanical movements at automatic reassembly (GP2700, GP3200, GP3300, GP4500), that can fit all the types of watches, all by serving as the base for the module constructions of mechanisms with complications.\nQuartz movements","title":"Watch manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fran%C3%A7ois_Chaille,_Girard-Perregaux-9"},{"link_name":"Astronomical Observatory de Neuchatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel_Observatory"},{"link_name":"quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-8"}],"sub_title":"Notable patents","text":"The Manufacture has approximately 80 patents in the watchmaking domain and is the originator of many innovative concepts.1965: Girard-Perregaux designed the first mechanical movement at high frequency, with the balance beating at 36,000 vibrations/hour: the Gyromatic HF.[9]\n1967: Girard-Perregaux received the Centenary Award from the Astronomical Observatory de Neuchatel in recognition of the accomplishments of the Manufacture generally, and specifically for the Observatory Chronometer wristwatch that used the Gyromatic HF movement.\n1970: Girard-Perregaux presented its first wristwatch to the world to be equipped with a quartz movement and the following year a second one which vibrates at 32,768 hertz, the frequency remaining the universal standard for quartz watches today.[13][14]\n2008: Girard-Perregaux presented prototypes of a constant-force escapement, distinguishing itself from all the other known escapements to this day. The first watch housing the constant escapement was presented in 2013.[15][16]\n2016: Girard-Perregaux re-launched its model Laureato, born in the 1970s, in the form of a limited edition of 225 timepieces. In 2017, the Laureato became a full collection.[8]","title":"Watch manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GP_tourbillon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tourbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourbillon"}],"text":"Tourbillon with three gold bridges","title":"Notable models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"United States Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"Tourbillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourbillon"},{"link_name":"Universal Exposition of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"complications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_(horology)"}],"sub_title":"Tourbillon with three gold bridges","text":"It is the emblematic model of Girard-Perregaux.[2][5][6] In 1884, Constant Girard submitted to the United States Patent Office a patent of the design of the movement “Tourbillon with three gold bridges.” The three bridges were redesigned in the form of arrows and placed parallel to each other. The movement was no longer just a functional and technical element, but it also became an element of design in every way. In 1889, the Tourbillon with three gold bridges was awarded a gold medal at the Universal Exposition of Paris.[2][5]In 1980, Girard-Perregaux decided to make 20 pieces to conform to the original of 1889: 1500 hours of work were necessary to create the first one. To celebrate its bicentenary in 1991, the company created a miniaturized wristwatch version of its famed Tourbillon with three gold Bridges. Since then, it is offered in different versions, and is sometimes associated with other watchmakers’ complications.","title":"Notable models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Vintage 1945","text":"Vintage 1945 has a rectangular case and a design inspired by an Art Deco style watch dating back to 1945.[5] The Vintage 1945 is powered by the Girard-Perregaux 9600-0019, mechanical self-winding movement, an all in-house movement.[17]","title":"Notable models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Girard-Perregaux 1966","text":"In 2012, Girard-Perregaux introduced a new Girard-Perregaux 1966 Full Calendar and a 1966 Chronograph, which has been highlighted as a new grand classic by Girard-Perregaux themselves.[18] This Girard-Perregaux 1966 is a slightly larger faced model than previously issued by the watchmaker at 42 mm and may be a sign of the changing demands upon watchmakers by the watch enthusiast community.[19][20]","title":"Notable models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Laureato","text":"The Laureato was born in 1975.[21] Its original design featured an integrated bracelet and an octagonal bezel. In the 1980s, the Laureato models mostly featured quartz movements.[citation needed]In 1995, to celebrate the Laureato’s 20th anniversary, the Manufacture decided to relaunch the model, this time equipped with a calibre GP3100 automatic movement, with three hands and a date.[22] In 2005, a sportier version of the Laureato, named the Evo3, designating the model’s third major evolution, was presented. In 2016, for the 225th Anniversary of the brand, the Laureato collection returned to centre stage thanks to a re-design of its lines, aimed to be as close as possible to its original features: octagonal bezel and fully-integrated bracelet were back. However, the movement fitted into the steel case was not a quartz, but a GP3300 movement.[23]Since 2017, new models combining different case materials, such as pink gold, titanium, steel and ceramic, along with blue, black or silver hobnail-pattern (\"Clou de Paris\") dial have joined the Laureato collection. The latest addition is a sapphire case model, presented in 2020, the Laureato Absolute Light.[24]","title":"Notable models"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trois_Ponts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kobe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pierce Brosnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Bruce Blakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Blakeman"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"President of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Farouk of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"An award-winning Girard-Perregaux pocket watchQuentin Tarantino, American film director & screenwriter[25][26]\nKobe Bryant, American basketball player[27]\nPierce Brosnan, Irish-American actor[28]\nBruce Blakeman, American politician\nHugh Jackman, Australian actor[29][30]\nNicolas Sarkozy, 23rd President of France[31][32]\nFarouk of Egypt, King of Egypt[33]\nQueen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom[34][35]","title":"Notable patrons and owners"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Constant Girard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constant_Girard-Perregaux.jpg/200px-Constant_Girard-Perregaux.jpg"},{"image_text":"In 1965, Girard-Perregaux designed the first high-frequency mechanical movement, with the balance beating at 36,000 vibrations/hour: the Gyromatic HF","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/GYROMATIC_HF.tif/lossless-page1-200px-GYROMATIC_HF.tif.png"},{"image_text":"Tourbillon with three gold bridges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GP_tourbillon.jpg/200px-GP_tourbillon.jpg"},{"image_text":"An award-winning Girard-Perregaux pocket watch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Trois_Ponts.jpg/170px-Trois_Ponts.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of watch manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_watch_manufacturers"},{"title":"Manufacture d'horlogerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacture_d%27horlogerie"}]
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[{"reference":"Girard-Perregaux (2017-10-13). \"The History of Girard-Perregaux\". Girard-Perregaux. Archived from the original on 2019-10-16. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191016194437/https://girard-perregaux.watchonista.com/history/the-girard-perregaux-history","url_text":"\"The History of Girard-Perregaux\""},{"url":"https://girard-perregaux.watchonista.com/history/the-girard-perregaux-history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux\". www.kering.com. Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190121085258/http://www.kering.com/en/brands/luxe/girard-perregaux","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux\""},{"url":"http://www.kering.com/en/brands/luxe/girard-perregaux","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Forster, Jack (February 2, 2022). \"Interview: Ulysse Nardin, Girard-Perregaux CEO Patrick Pruniaux on the Brands' Departure from the Kering Group\". Hodinkee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/ulysse-nardin-girard-perregaux-ceo-patrick-pruniaux-on-the-brands-departure-from-the-kering-group","url_text":"\"Interview: Ulysse Nardin, Girard-Perregaux CEO Patrick Pruniaux on the Brands' Departure from the Kering Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux Museum - Villa Marguerite - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/encyclopaedia/watchmaking-museums/s/girard-perregaux-museum-villa-marguerite/","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux Museum - Villa Marguerite - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/brand/s/girard-perregaux/","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux\". hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hodinkee.com/brands/girard-perregaux","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/brands/history/h/girard-perregaux/","url_text":"\"History - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie\""}]},{"reference":"Forster, Jack (February 3, 2016). \"Introducing: The Girard-Perregaux Laureato 2016 (Could This Be The Watch That Puts GP Back On Top?)\". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/the-girard-perregaux-laureato-2016","url_text":"\"Introducing: The Girard-Perregaux Laureato 2016 (Could This Be The Watch That Puts GP Back On Top?)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux va ouvrir un nouveau musée\". Tribune de Genève (in French). ISSN 1010-2248. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tdg.ch/economie/girardperregaux-ouvrir-nouveau-musee/story/24220299","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux va ouvrir un nouveau musée\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1010-2248","url_text":"1010-2248"}]},{"reference":"Clymer, Benjamin (April 11, 2013). \"In-Depth: The Girard-Perregaux Constant (Force) Escapement, Explained\". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/in-depth-the-girard-perregaux-constant-force-escapement-explained","url_text":"\"In-Depth: The Girard-Perregaux Constant (Force) Escapement, Explained\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch Bridges Constant Escapement L.M 93505-21-631-BA6E\". Girard-Perregaux. 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.girard-perregaux.com/en/bridges/constant-escapement-lm-93505-21-631-ba6e","url_text":"\"Watch Bridges Constant Escapement L.M 93505-21-631-BA6E\""}]},{"reference":"Muraj, Evald (February 23, 2015). \"Introducing The Girard-Perregaux 1966, With Guilloché Dial And Reduced Sizing\". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/introducing-the-girard-perregaux-1966-now-with-guilloch-dial-and-new-sizing","url_text":"\"Introducing The Girard-Perregaux 1966, With Guilloché Dial And Reduced Sizing\""}]},{"reference":"\"1966 Collection - Girard-Perregaux: Swiss watch manufacture\". Girard-Perregaux. 2016-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200901155726/https://www.girard-perregaux.com/en/1966","url_text":"\"1966 Collection - Girard-Perregaux: Swiss watch manufacture\""},{"url":"https://www.girard-perregaux.com/en/1966","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amsellem, Nicolas (2017-06-02). \"Girard-Perregaux Laureato automatique 38mm : le retour de la Laureato\". Les Rhabilleurs (in French). Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesrhabilleurs.com/2017/06/girard-perregaux-laureato-is-back/","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux Laureato automatique 38mm : le retour de la Laureato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux - Back in Time : \" Laureato \" - Trends and style - WorldTempus\". en.worldtempus.com. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.worldtempus.com/article/watches/trends-and-style/girard-perregaux-back-in-time----laureato--28156.html","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux - Back in Time : \" Laureato \" - Trends and style - WorldTempus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux Laureato 42 mm 81010-11-131-11A\". www.chronopassion.fr (in French). Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronopassion.fr/montres/girard-perregaux/639/girard-perregaux-laureato-42-mm-81010-11-131-11a","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux Laureato 42 mm 81010-11-131-11A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crystal Clear: Girard-Perregaux's New Laureato Absolute Light Combines Aesthetics, Clarity, and Functionality\". Watchonista. 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watchonista.com/articles/novelties/crystal-clear-girard-perregauxs-new-laureato-absolute-light-combines-aesthetics-clarity-and","url_text":"\"Crystal Clear: Girard-Perregaux's New Laureato Absolute Light Combines Aesthetics, Clarity, and Functionality\""}]},{"reference":"Jack, Valerie (2013-10-22). \"Quentin Tarantino Spotted Wearing Girard-Perregaux 1966 Annual Calendar & Equation of Time\". Luxury Watch Trends 2018 - Baselworld SIHH Watch News. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautetime.com/quentin-tarantino-spotted-wearing-girard-perregaux-1966-minute-repeater-annual-calendar-equation-of-time/31517/","url_text":"\"Quentin Tarantino Spotted Wearing Girard-Perregaux 1966 Annual Calendar & Equation of Time\""}]},{"reference":"Girard-Perregaux (2013-10-21). \"Girard-Perregaux, Tribute to Quentin Tarantino, Lumière Award 2013\". Girard-Perregaux. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://girard-perregaux.watchonista.com/news/girard-perregaux-tribute-quentin-tarantino-lumiere-award-2013","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux, Tribute to Quentin Tarantino, Lumière Award 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux Partners Kobe Bryant Foundation\". Luxury Insider. 2012-05-23. Archived from the original on 2020-07-26. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726193213/https://www.luxury-insider.com/luxury-news/2012/05/girard-perregaux-partners-kobe-bryant-foundation","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux Partners Kobe Bryant Foundation\""},{"url":"https://www.luxury-insider.com/luxury-news/2012/05/girard-perregaux-partners-kobe-bryant-foundation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The On- And Off-Screen Watches Of Brosnan, Pierce Brosnan\". Quill & Pad. 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://quillandpad.com/2016/08/08/off-screen-watches-brosnan-pierce-brosnan/","url_text":"\"The On- And Off-Screen Watches Of Brosnan, Pierce Brosnan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard-Perregaux and Hugh Jackman Fight Cancer\". WatchTime - USA's No.1 Watch Magazine. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watchtime.com/blog/girard-perregaux-supports-fight-cancer-foundation/","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux and Hugh Jackman Fight Cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrity Watches\". Official Watches. 2015-04-20. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2018-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030951/https://www.officialwatches.com/blog/celebrity-watches/","url_text":"\"Celebrity Watches\""},{"url":"https://www.officialwatches.com/blog/celebrity-watches/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nicolas Sarkozy Wearing Girard-Perregaux\". Luxuo. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luxuo.com/style/watches/nicolas-sarkozy-girard-perregaux.html","url_text":"\"Nicolas Sarkozy Wearing Girard-Perregaux\""}]},{"reference":"Novela, Daniel (2013-02-22). \"Power, And the Watch\". Luxury Watch Trends 2018 - Baselworld SIHH Watch News. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hautetime.com/power-and-the-watch/18683/","url_text":"\"Power, And the Watch\""}]},{"reference":"\"5 Antique Pocket Watches Over 100 Years Old\". Luxury Bazaar. 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2019-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.luxurybazaar.com/wp/antique-pocket-watches-on-ebay-100-years-old/","url_text":"\"5 Antique Pocket Watches Over 100 Years Old\""}]},{"reference":"Weare, Michael (2013-12-05). \"Girard-Perregaux Brand Profile\". DreamChrono. Retrieved 2019-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreamchrono.com/2013/12/girard-perregaux-brand-profile/","url_text":"\"Girard-Perregaux Brand Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girard Perregaux Heritage Dates Back to 1791\". www.armstrongrockwell.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-28. Retrieved 2019-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228063014/http://www.armstrongrockwell.com/GirardPerregaux.htm","url_text":"\"Girard Perregaux Heritage Dates Back to 1791\""},{"url":"http://www.armstrongrockwell.com/GirardPerregaux.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F_earthquake
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2010 Elazığ earthquake
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["1 Earthquake","1.1 Damage","1.2 Aftershocks","2 Response","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°47′N 40°02′E / 38.79°N 40.03°E / 38.79; 40.03Earthquake in eastern Turkey
2010 Elazığ earthquakeIstanbulUTC time2010-03-08 02:32:35ISC event14373453USGS-ANSSComCatLocal date8 March 2010 (2010-03-08)Local time04:32Magnitude6.1 MwDepth10 km (6.2 mi) Epicenter38°47′N 40°02′E / 38.79°N 40.03°E / 38.79; 40.03 FaultEast Anatolian FaultTypeStrike-slipAreas affectedTurkeyMax. intensityMMI VI (Strong)Casualties42–57 dead, 74 injured
The 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6.1 Mw earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time). The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey. Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died. By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42. Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings. A stampede through the streets led to further injuries.
The earthquake came one week to the day after the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers sent a report to parliament detailing inadequate building projects and the possibility that Istanbul would be destroyed by an earthquake, which could kill tens of thousands of people, at some point in the next three decades.
Earthquake
USGS ShakeMap for the event
The quake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault, a major transform fault which represents the boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate.
Damage
According to officials, most of the deaths occurred in three villages: Okçular, Yukarı Kanatlı and Kayalı. At least five villages, though, suffered loss of life. Villagers fled buildings, spending the night outside and lighting fires in the streets for warmth.
Thirty houses collapsed in Okçular, and the death toll is at least 17. Reports from the scene indicate "the village is totally flattened" and "everything has been knocked down – there is not a stone in place".
At least 25 people died in Yukarı Demirci, and emergency services went to Kovancılar.
Many people used vehicles and taxis to drive to the hospital. Most were asleep at the time the quake struck, with four sleeping sisters perishing in one house. Farm animals were also killed, and minarets fell down.
Aftershocks
Several aftershocks were felt, the strongest measuring 5.5 (at 09:47 local time), 5.1 (at 12:14) and 5.3 (at 13:12). A total of over 20 aftershocks were counted within a short time following the quake. Villagers were told to stay away from buildings for several days due to the potential of further aftershocks.
Onur Tan et al. (2011) analyzed 2130 aftershocks (ML≥0.3) and reported in Geophysical Research Letters.
Response
Turkey: Four government ministers, including Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek, visited the scene as soon as news of the earthquake was reported. The Red Crescent and Turkey's disaster management centre donated blankets and tents. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan later arrived.
Pakistan: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent a condolence message to his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdoğan over the loss of lives and property and said that "We have learnt with utter sense of shock and profound sadness the news of the massive earthquake that has hit your beautiful country, today. Our hearts go out to our Turkish brethren over the loss of precious lives and destruction of property. I wish to convey, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan and on my own behalf our deepest condolences and commiserations to the people and Government of Turkey in bearing this enormous natural calamity."
Israel: Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered an aid proposal to be put together but later said that Turkey informed Israel that it did not require assistance at this time.
See also
Turkey portal
2020 Elazığ earthquake
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Turkey
References
^ a b c ISC (2016), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012), Version 3.0, International Seismological Centre
^ a b USGS. "M6.1 - eastern Turkey". United States Geological Survey.
^ "Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 04:32:31". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
^ "Magnitude 6.1 - EASTERN TURKEY". USGS. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
^ a b c d e f g h "Strong earthquake hits eastern Turkey". BBC News. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
^ "Elazığ depreminde ölü sayısı 10 kişi düştü". Hürriyet. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
^ "Elazığda Ölü Sayısı 42 Oldu 13 Mart 2010 14:10". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
^ "Strong quake in eastern Turkey kills 41". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "Death toll from Turkish quake climbing". news.com.au. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Nick Iliev (8 March 2010). "Many dead in strong Turkey earthquake". The Sofia Echo. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "Earthquake warning for Turkey". Al Jazeera. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Mw 6.0 Basyurt-Karakocan (Eastern Turkey) on 08/03/2010 at 02:32 UTC European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre
^ a b c d e f g h Burhan Ozbilici; Suzan Fraser (8 March 2010). "Survivors shiver in Turkey after quake kills 51". AP. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010 – via Houston Chronicle.
^ a b c Sebnem Arsu (8 March 2010). "Quake Kills Dozens in Eastern Turkey". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "11 killed, over 20 injured in earthquake in Turkey". Xinhua News Agency. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ a b c Andy Jack (8 March 2010). "Deadly Earthquake Hits Eastern Turkey". Sky News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "Earthquake rocks eastern Turkey". Al Jazeera. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ "Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 09:47:38". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 12:14:23". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "Gökdere-Palu (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 13:12:10". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "PM sympathizes with Turkish counterpart on massive earthquake". Associated Press of Pakistan. 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ Turkey rejects Israel's offer of post-quake aid
External links
Dozens dead from earthquake in Turkey – CNN
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
ReliefWeb's main page for this event.
vteElazığHistory
2010 Elazığ earthquake
2016 Elazığ bombing
2020 Elazığ earthquake
Landmarks
Lake Hazar
Armenian Evangelical Church
Elazığ Atatürk Stadium
Elazığ Botanical Park
Elazığ Culture Park
Elazığ Gazi Caddesi
Transport
Elazığ Airport
Elazığ railway station
Education
Fırat University
Culture
Elazığspor
Elazığ Belediyespor
This list is incomplete.
vte← Earthquakes in 2010 →January
Solomon Islands (7.1, Jan 3)
Eureka, California (US) (6.5, Jan 10)
Haiti (7.0, Jan 12)†‡
February
Chile (8.8, Feb 27)†
Salta (Argentina) (6.3, Feb 27)
March
Kaohsiung (Taiwan) (6.4, 6.7, Mar 4)
Elazığ (Turkey) (6.1, Mar 8)†
1st Pichilemu (Chile) (6.9, Mar 11)
1st Biobío (Chile) (6.7, Mar 15)
April
2nd Biobío (Chile) (5.9, Apr 2)
Baja California (Mexico) (7.2, Apr 4)
1st Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.8, Apr 6)
Yushu, Qinghai (China) (6.9, Apr 14)†
Afghanistan (5.4, Apr 18)
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (Australia) (5.2, Apr 20)
3rd Biobío (Chile) (6.2, Apr 23)
May
2nd Pichilemu (Chile) (6.0, May 2)
4th Biobío (Chile) (6.4, May 3)
2nd Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.2, May 9)
Algeria (5.3, May 14)
Moca (Puerto Rico) (5.8, May 16)
June
Papua (Indonesia) (7.0, Jun 16)
Quebec (Canada) (5.0, Jun 23)
Oaxaca (Mexico) (6.2, Jun 30)
July
5th Biobío (Chile) (6.5, Jul 14)
Mindanao (Philippines) (7.3, 7.6, 7.4, Jul 24-25)
Iran (5.6, July 30)
August
Damghan (5.7, Aug 27)
September
Canterbury (New Zealand) (7.1, Sep 4)
October
Mentawai (Indonesia) (7.7, Oct 25)†
November
Serbia (5.3, Nov 3)
December
Hosseinabad (Iran) (6.5, Dec 20)
Aguas Buenas (Puerto Rico) (5.1, Dec 24)
Indiana (3.8, Dec 30)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
vteEarthquakes in TurkeyHistorical
AD 17 Lydia
115 Antioch
141 Lycia
262 SW Anatolia
447 Constantinople
526 Antioch
557 Constantinople
840 Erzurum
847 Damascus
1114 Marash
1269 Cilicia
1509 Constantinople
1513 Marash
1598 Amasya–Çorum
1653 East Smyrna
1668 North Anatolia
1688 Smyrna
1766 Istanbul
1766 Marmara
1840 Ahora
1855 Bursa
1856 Heraklion
1859 Erzurum
1866 Bingöl
1872 Antioch
1875 Dinar
1881 Chios
1883 Çeşme
1893 Malatya
1894 Istanbul
1898 Balıkesir
1899 Aydın–Denizli
1903 Manzikert
1912 Mürefte
1914 Burdur
1919 Ayvalık
Contemporary
1924 Pasinler
1926 Kars
1929 Suşehri
1930 Salmas
1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
1935 Digor
1938 Kırşehir
1939 Erzincan
1941 Van–Erciş
1942 Niksar–Erbaa
1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
1943 Tosya–Ladik
1944 Bolu–Gerede
1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
1946 Varto–Hınıs
1949 Karlıova
1951 Kurşunlu
1952 Hasankale
1953 Yenice–Gönen
1957 Fethiye
1957 Abant
1964 Manyas
1966 Varto
1967 Mudurnu
1968 Bartın
1969 Alaşehir
1970 Gediz
1971 Bingöl
1975 Lice
1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
1983 Erzurum
1983 Biga
1986 Malatya
1992 Erzincan
1995 Dinar
1998 Adana–Ceyhan
1999 İzmit
1999 Düzce
2002 Afyon
2003 Bingöl
2004 Doğubayazıt
2010 Elazığ
2011 Kütahya
2011 Van
2014 Aegean Sea
2017 Aegean Sea
2019 Istanbul
2020 Elazığ
2020 Van
2020 Bingöl
2020 Aegean Sea
2022 Düzce
2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandilli_1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS_Earthquake_Hazards_Program-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Başyurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fyurt,_Karako%C3%A7an"},{"link_name":"Elazığ Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurriyet200903010-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Earthquake in eastern TurkeyThe 2010 Elazığ earthquake was a 6.1 Mw earthquake that occurred on 8 March 2010 at 02:32 UTC (04:32 local time).[3][4][5] The epicentre was Başyurt in Elazığ Province, in eastern Turkey. Initial reports in global media said as many as 57 people had died.[5] By 10 March, reports in the Turkish media placed the death toll at 41 and later, the death toll rose to 42.[6][7] Another 74 were injured, many after falling and jumping from buildings.[8][9] A stampede through the streets led to further injuries.[10]The earthquake came one week to the day after the Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers sent a report to parliament detailing inadequate building projects and the possibility that Istanbul would be destroyed by an earthquake, which could kill tens of thousands of people, at some point in the next three decades.[11]","title":"2010 Elazığ earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_2010_Turkey_earthquake_intensity_USGS.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Anatolian Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault"},{"link_name":"transform fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault"},{"link_name":"Anatolian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Arabian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Plate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"USGS ShakeMap for the eventThe quake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault, a major transform fault which represents the boundary between the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate.[12]","title":"Earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"Kovancılar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovanc%C4%B1lar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinhua-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skynews-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"minarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skynews-16"}],"sub_title":"Damage","text":"According to officials, most of the deaths occurred in three villages: Okçular, Yukarı Kanatlı and Kayalı.[5] At least five villages, though, suffered loss of life.[13][14] Villagers fled buildings, spending the night outside and lighting fires in the streets for warmth.[13]Thirty houses collapsed in Okçular, and the death toll is at least 17.[5] Reports from the scene indicate \"the village is totally flattened\" and \"everything has been knocked down – there is not a stone in place\".[5][14]At least 25 people died in Yukarı Demirci,[13] and emergency services went to Kovancılar.[15]Many people used vehicles and taxis to drive to the hospital.[13] Most were asleep at the time the quake struck,[13] with four sleeping sisters perishing in one house.[16][17] Farm animals were also killed,[13] and minarets fell down.[16]","title":"Earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandilli_2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandilli_3-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kandilli_4-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skynews-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-houstonchronicle-13"},{"link_name":"Geophysical Research Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2011GL047702.shtml"}],"sub_title":"Aftershocks","text":"Several aftershocks were felt, the strongest measuring 5.5 (at 09:47 local time), 5.1 (at 12:14) and 5.3 (at 13:12).[5][13][18][19][20] A total of over 20 aftershocks were counted within a short time following the quake.[16] Villagers were told to stay away from buildings for several days due to the potential of further aftershocks.[13]Onur Tan et al. (2011) analyzed 2130 aftershocks (ML≥0.3) and reported in Geophysical Research Letters.","title":"Earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Cemil Çiçek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Red Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Crescent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-5"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-14"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Ehud Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehud_Barak"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Turkey: Four government ministers, including Deputy Prime Minister Cemil Çiçek, visited the scene as soon as news of the earthquake was reported.[5] The Red Crescent and Turkey's disaster management centre donated blankets and tents.[5] Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan later arrived.[14]Pakistan: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani sent a condolence message to his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdoğan over the loss of lives and property and said that \"We have learnt with utter sense of shock and profound sadness the news of the massive earthquake that has hit your beautiful country, today. Our hearts go out to our Turkish brethren over the loss of precious lives and destruction of property. I wish to convey, on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan and on my own behalf our deepest condolences and commiserations to the people and Government of Turkey in bearing this enormous natural calamity.\"[21]Israel: Defense Minister Ehud Barak ordered an aid proposal to be put together but later said that Turkey informed Israel that it did not require assistance at this time.[22]","title":"Response"}]
|
[{"image_text":"USGS ShakeMap for the event","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/March_2010_Turkey_earthquake_intensity_USGS.jpg/200px-March_2010_Turkey_earthquake_intensity_USGS.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Turkey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey"},{"title":"2020 Elazığ earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_earthquake"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2010"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey"}]
|
[{"reference":"ISC (2016), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012), Version 3.0, International Seismological Centre","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php","url_text":"ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2012)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre","url_text":"International Seismological Centre"}]},{"reference":"USGS. \"M6.1 - eastern Turkey\". United States Geological Survey.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h8x1#general_region","url_text":"\"M6.1 - eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 04:32:31\". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717015257/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308043231.html","url_text":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 04:32:31\""},{"url":"http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308043231.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Magnitude 6.1 - EASTERN TURKEY\". USGS. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100311153614/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tpac/","url_text":"\"Magnitude 6.1 - EASTERN TURKEY\""},{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tpac/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strong earthquake hits eastern Turkey\". BBC News. 2010-03-08. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8554857.stm","url_text":"\"Strong earthquake hits eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308053644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8554857.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elazığ depreminde ölü sayısı 10 kişi düştü\". Hürriyet. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230730113909/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/arama/","url_text":"\"Elazığ depreminde ölü sayısı 10 kişi düştü\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"},{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=14067516","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elazığda Ölü Sayısı 42 Oldu 13 Mart 2010 14:10\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2010-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723175459/http://www.aktifhaber.com/news_detail.php?id=276877","url_text":"\"Elazığda Ölü Sayısı 42 Oldu 13 Mart 2010 14:10\""},{"url":"http://www.aktifhaber.com/news_detail.php?id=276877","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Strong quake in eastern Turkey kills 41\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/strong-quake-in-eastern-turkey-kills-41-20100308-psmm.html","url_text":"\"Strong quake in eastern Turkey kills 41\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Death toll from Turkish quake climbing\". news.com.au. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/world/death-toll-from-turkish-quake-climbing/story-e6frfkyi-1225838417184","url_text":"\"Death toll from Turkish quake climbing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News.com.au","url_text":"news.com.au"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310054430/http://www.news.com.au/world/death-toll-from-turkish-quake-climbing/story-e6frfkyi-1225838417184","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nick Iliev (8 March 2010). \"Many dead in strong Turkey earthquake\". The Sofia Echo. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sofiaecho.com/2010/03/08/869523_many-dead-in-strong-turkey-earthquake","url_text":"\"Many dead in strong Turkey earthquake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sofia_Echo","url_text":"The Sofia Echo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310100301/http://sofiaecho.com/2010/03/08/869523_many-dead-in-strong-turkey-earthquake","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Earthquake warning for Turkey\". Al Jazeera. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/03/20103473676377.html","url_text":"\"Earthquake warning for Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100309054240/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/03/20103473676377.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burhan Ozbilici; Suzan Fraser (8 March 2010). \"Survivors shiver in Turkey after quake kills 51\". AP. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010 – via Houston Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100311213254/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6903556.html","url_text":"\"Survivors shiver in Turkey after quake kills 51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"},{"url":"http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6903556.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Sebnem Arsu (8 March 2010). \"Quake Kills Dozens in Eastern Turkey\". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/world/europe/09turkey.html","url_text":"\"Quake Kills Dozens in Eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"11 killed, over 20 injured in earthquake in Turkey\". Xinhua News Agency. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100311191229/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/08/c_13201726.htm","url_text":"\"11 killed, over 20 injured in earthquake in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency","url_text":"Xinhua News Agency"},{"url":"http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/08/c_13201726.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andy Jack (8 March 2010). \"Deadly Earthquake Hits Eastern Turkey\". Sky News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Turkey-Earthquake-At-Least-57-People-Killed-As-Quake-Hits-Eastern-Turkey/Article/201003215569225?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15569225_Turkey_Earthquake%3A_At_Least_57_People_Killed_As_Quake_Hits_Eastern_Turkey","url_text":"\"Deadly Earthquake Hits Eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News","url_text":"Sky News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100414020144/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Turkey-Earthquake-At-Least-57-People-Killed-As-Quake-Hits-Eastern-Turkey/Article/201003215569225?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15569225_Turkey_Earthquake%3A_At_Least_57_People_Killed_As_Quake_Hits_Eastern_Turkey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Earthquake rocks eastern Turkey\". Al Jazeera. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/03/2010384324637117.html","url_text":"\"Earthquake rocks eastern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308053340/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/03/2010384324637117.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 09:47:38\". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323064714/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308094738.html","url_text":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 09:47:38\""},{"url":"http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308094738.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 12:14:23\". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063059/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308121423.html","url_text":"\"Başyurt-Karakocan (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 12:14:23\""},{"url":"http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308121423.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gökdere-Palu (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 13:12:10\". Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063114/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308131210.html","url_text":"\"Gökdere-Palu (Elâzığ) 08.03.2010 13:12:10\""},{"url":"http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/map/en/20100308131210.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PM sympathizes with Turkish counterpart on massive earthquake\". Associated Press of Pakistan. 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 9 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304121126/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97983&Itemid=2","url_text":"\"PM sympathizes with Turkish counterpart on massive earthquake\""},{"url":"http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97983&Itemid=2","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri
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Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
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["1 Biography","2 Death","3 Temple controversy","4 Awards","5 Bibliography","5.1 Poetry","5.2 Essays","5.3 Travelogues","5.4 Translations","6 See also","7 Further reading","8 References","9 External links"]
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Indian poet (1939–2021)
Vishnunarayanan NamboothiriBorn(1939-06-02)June 2, 1939Thiruvalla, Kerala, IndiaDiedFebruary 25, 2021(2021-02-25) (aged 81)Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaOccupationWriter, poet, academic, priestLanguageMalayalamNationalityIndianNotable worksSwathanthrathe Kurichu Oru GeethamBhoomigeethangalIndiayenna VikaaramCharulataNotable awards2014 Padma Shri2014 Ezhuthachan Puraskaram2004 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions1994 Sahitya Akademi AwardSpouseSavithriChildren2RelativesVishnu Namboothiri (father)Adhithi Antharjanam (mother)
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (2 June 1939 – 25 February 2021) was an Indian writer and scholar of Malayalam literature. Known primarily for his poems, Namboothiri also contributed to other genres such as essays, translations and children's literature. Swathanthrathe Kurichu Oru Geetham, Bhoomigeethangal, Indiayenna Vikaaram and Charulata count among his notable works. The Government of India honored him with the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri in 2014 and the Government of Kerala awarded him the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, the highest literary award in Malayalam, the same year. He was also a recipient of Vayalar Award, Vallathol Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions, Asan Prize, Sahitya Akademi Award and Odakkuzhal Award.
Biography
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri was born on June 2, 1939, to Vishnu Namboothiri and Adhithi Antharjanam at Seeravally Illam in Thiruvalla, Kerala. After traditional education of Vedas, Puranas and Sanskrit from his grandfather, he did his school education at Prince Marthanda Varma High School, Peringara and subsequently, obtained his graduate degree from St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry and his master's degree from St. Joseph's College, Devagiri, topping the examination. He started his career as a teacher of Mathematics at his alma mater, Peringara School but moved to Malabar Christian College as a faculty in English department. Later, he worked in various parts of the state such as Kozhikode, Kollam, Pattambi, Ernakulam, Tripunithura, Chittur, Thalassery (Government Brennen College) and the State Institute of Languages, before superannuating from service as the head of the department of English at the University College Thiruvananthapuram. Later, he also worked as the high priest at Sreevallabha Temple, his ancestral temple.
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri was married to Savithri Antharjanam and the couple had two daughters, Adhithi and Aparna.
Death
He died on February 25, 2021, aged 81, at his home in Thycaud near Thiruvananthapuram due to age-related illnesses. He was cremated with full state honours at Santhikavadam Crematorium near his home.
Temple controversy
During his tenure as the high priest of Sreevallabha Temple, an official of the temple raised an issue in 1997 regarding his travel to London for presenting a paper on Vedas, which the official claimed that crossing the seas was an unacceptable practice for a priest. He was asked to abstain from performing his duties as the priest. However, the controversy subsided after public resistance and Namboothiri resumed his priestly duties.
Awards
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri, whose poems are known to be a blend of tradition with modernity, received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry in 1979 for his poetry anthology, Bhumigeethangal. Fifteen years later, Sahitya Akademi selected his anthology, Ujjayiniyile Rappakalukal for the 1994 Sahitya Akademi Award. In between, he received the Odakkuzhal Award for his work, Mukhamevide?. He received the Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram in 1996, and Kerala Sahitya Akademi honored him again in 2004 with their Award for Overall Contributions. He received the Mathrubhumi Literary Award in 2009 and the year 2010 brought him two awards, *Vayalar Award for Chaarulata and the Vallathol Award. The Government of India honored him in 2014 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India, and the same year, The Government of Kerala awarded him their highest literary award of the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram. The other awards received by him include Changampuzha Award, Ulloor Award, Pandalam Keralavarma Poetry Award, Deviprasadam Trust Award (2005), Ettumanoor Somadasan Sahitya Puraskaram and C. V. Kunhiraman Literary Prize.
Bibliography
Poetry
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Vaishnavam. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182654662.
Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1968). Swaathandhryathe-Kurich Oru Geetham (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: SPCS. OCLC 31893744.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (1985). Aparājita: theraññeṭutta kavitakaḷ (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 17123469.
Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1987). Āraṇyakaṃ. Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books. OCLC 24213789.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2010). India Enna Vikaram. National Book Stall.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Ujjayiniyile Raapakalukal (in Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 88. ISBN 8182643902.
Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (1978). Bhoomigeethangal (in Malayalam). India: Viṣṇunārāyaṇannampūtiri : Kōṭṭayaṃ : Vitaraṇaṃ, Nāṣanal Bukkst̲āḷ. OCLC 1121464462.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Mukhamevide.
Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1986). Athirthiyilekkoru Yaathra. Kōṭṭayaṃ: DC Books. OCLC 18260284.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Parikramam. National Book Stall.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Sreevalli.
Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (2006). Uttarayanam. Title on p. Facing t.p.:Utharaayanam. Kozhikode: Poorna Publications. ISBN 9788130003795. OCLC 679299312.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Ente Kavitha (in Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 208. ISBN 9788182645646.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2013). Pranayageethangal. SPCS. ISBN 9780000194237.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Kayyoppu Maram.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Charulatha. National Book Stall.
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2015). Jayaprakasham. Mathrubhumi Books.
Essays
Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (1981). Asaahitheeyam (in Malayalam). Irinjalakuda: Samsārā Publications. OCLC 1119071712.
Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1985). Kavithayude DNA (in Malayalam). Kottayam, India: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 21079328.
Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri. Alakadalum Neyyampalulkalum (in Malayalam).
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2017). Sreevallabho Rakshathu. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182671546.
Travelogues
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2014). Yaathrayaatham (First ed.). Kozhikode, Keralam, India. ISBN 978-81-8266-114-1. OCLC 964438066.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Translations
Bhasan (2007). Karnabhaaram. Translated by Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-8176901284.
Rithu Samhaaram
Gandhi
Bold, Harold C; Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri, Viṣṇu (1974). Sasyalōkam. Translated by Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Bhasha Institute. OCLC 1065261213.
Kuttikalude Shakespeare
See also
Malayalam literature
Further reading
Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. "The Days and Nights of Ujjain". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
References
^ a b c d "കവി വിഷ്ണു നാരായണൻ നമ്പൂതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Vishnu Narayanan Namboodiri". Humans of Thiruvalla. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ a b c "കവി വിഷ്ണുനാരായണന് നമ്പൂതിരി അന്തരിച്ചു Mathrubhumi". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Prominent personalities of Kerala". State of Kerala. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ stateofkerala.in. "Kerala State - Everything about Kerala". www.stateofkerala.in. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Acclaimed Malayalam Poet Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri passes away". News Track. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ "Poet Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri passes away". The Hindu. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ B. S. Anil Kumar (25 February 2021). "Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri: Malayalam poet Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri passes away". The Times of India. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ "Poet, teacher, priest Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri no more - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ "Poet, teacher, priest Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri no more". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Malayalam Poet Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri Dies, PM Expresses Grief". NDTV.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ "Malayalam poet Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri passes away". Hindustan Times. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ Bharat, Divya (25 February 2021). "Poet Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri passes away - Divya Bharat". Divya Bharat 🇮🇳. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ "Awards for Poetry". 26 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::." 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Winners of Odakkuzhal Award". www.keralaculture.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Winners of Vallathol Literary Awards". www.keralaculture.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Winners of Asan Prize". www.keralaculture.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Mathrubhumi Literary Award". www.keralaculture.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Vayalar Award for poet Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 October 2010.
^ "Winners of Vayalar Award". www.keralaculture.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Vishnunarayanan Namboodiri gets Vallathol award". IBNLive.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
^ "Padma Awards Announced". Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 25 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
^ "List of Padma awardees". The Hindu. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
^ "List of Padma awardees". The Hindu. 25 January 2014.
^ "Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri gets award". The Hindu. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ "Awards, Trusts and Scholarships: 2: Deviprasaadam Trust". Namboothiri.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
^ "ഏറ്റുമാനൂര് സോമദാസന് സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്കാരം വിഷ്ണു നാരായണന് നമ്പൂതിരിക്ക്". DC Books. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
External links
"Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
"Vishnu Narayanan Namboothiri turns 80". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
"Malayalam Poet Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri celebrates 80th birthday". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
vteSahitya Akademi Award for Malayalam1955–1975
R. Narayana Panickar (1955)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1957)
K. P. Kesava Menon (1958)
Uroob (1960)
G. Sankara Kurup (1963)
P. Kesavadev (1964)
Balamani Amma (1965)
Kuttikrishna Marar (1966)
P. Kunhiraman Nair (1967)
Edasseri Govindan Nair (1969)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1970)
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon (1971)
S. K. Pottekkatt (1972)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (1973)
Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup (1974)
O. N. V. Kurup (1975)
1976–2000
Cherukad (1976)
Lalithambika Antharjanam (1977)
Sugathakumari (1978)
N. V. Krishna Warrier (1979)
Punathil Kunjabdulla (1980)
Vilasini (1981)
V. K. N. (1982)
S. Guptan Nair (1983)
Ayyappa Paniker (1984)
Sukumar Azhikode (1985)
M. Leelavathy (1986)
N. Krishna Pillai (1987)
C. Radhakrishnan (1988)
Olappamanna (1989)
O. V. Vijayan (1990)
M. P. Sankunni Nair (1991)
M. Mukundan (1992)
N. P. Mohammed (1993)
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (1994)
Thikkodiyan (1995)
T. Padmanabhan (1996)
Anand (1997)
Kovilan (1998)
C. V. Sreeraman (1999)
R. Ramachandran (2000)
2001–present
Attoor Ravi Varma (2001)
K. G. Sankara Pillai (2002)
Sara Joseph (2003)
Zacharia (2004)
Kakkanadan (2005)
M. Sukumaran (2006)
Sethu (2007)
K. P. Appan (2008)
U. A. Khader (2009)
M. P. Veerendra Kumar (2010)
M. K. Sanu (2011)
K. Satchidanandan (2012)
M. N. Paloor (2013)
Subhash Chandran (2014)
K. R. Meera (2015)
Prabha Varma (2016)
K. P. Ramanunni (2017)
S. Ramesan Nair (2018)
V. Madhusoodanan Nair (2019)
Omchery N. N. Pillai (2020)
George Onakkoor (2021)
M. Thomas Mathew (2022)
E. V. Ramakrishnan (2023)
vteRecipients of Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
Sooranad Kunjan Pillai (1993)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1994)
Balamani Amma (1995)
K. M. George (1996)
Ponkunnam Varkey (1997)
M. P. Appan (1998)
K. P. Narayana Pisharody (1999)
Pala Narayanan Nair (2000)
O. V. Vijayan (2001)
Kamala Surayya (2002)
T. Padmanabhan (2003)
Sukumar Azhikode (2004)
S. Guptan Nair (2005)
Kovilan (2006)
O. N. V. Kurup (2007)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (2008)
Sugathakumari (2009)
M. Leelavathy (2010)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (2011)
Attoor Ravi Varma (2012)
M. K. Sanu (2013)
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (2014)
Puthussery Ramachandran (2015)
C. Radhakrishnan (2016)
Satchidanandan (2017)
M. Mukundan (2018)
Anand (2019)
Zacharia (2020)
P. Vatsala (2021)
Sethu (2022)
S. K. Vasanthan (2023)
vtePadma Award winners of KeralaPadma Vibhushan
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
E. C. George Sudarshan
E. Sreedharan
G. Madhavan Nair
John Matthai
K. N. Raj
K. R. Ramanathan
K. Shankar Pillai
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
M. S. Valiathan
N. R. Pillai
O. N. V. Kurup
V. K. Krishna Menon
V. R. Krishna Iyer
Verghese Kurien
K. J. Yesudas
Padma Bhushan (Male)
A. C. N. Nambiar
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar
A. Ramachandran
A. Sreedhara Menon
C. P. Krishnan Nair
Chembai
E. C. George Sudarshan
Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss
G. Madhavan Nair
G. Sankara Kurup
Gabriel Chiramel
George Joseph (scientist)
Guru Kunchu Kurup
Jacob Chandy
K. G. Subramanyan
K. J. Yesudas
K. M. George
K. M. Mathew
K. P. Kesava Menon
K. P. P. Nambiar
K. P. S. Menon (senior)
K. R. Ramanathan
K. Radhakrishnan
K. Sankaran Nair
K. Shankar Pillai
K. Sukumaran
K. T. Thomas (Justice)
Kandathil Mammen Cherian
Kavalam Narayana Panicker
Kottayan Katankot Venugopal
Kunhiraman Palat Candeth
Kuzhur Narayana Marar
M. S. Valiathan
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
M. V. Pylee
Madavoor Vasudevan Nair
Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai
Mohanlal
O. V. Vijayan
P. K. Warrier
Palghat Mani Iyer
Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma
Pothan Joseph
Prem Nazir
Raghavan Thirumulpad
Ramankutty Nair
Satish Nambiar #
T. J. S. George
T. K. Oommen
T. N. Krishnan *
T. V. Gopalakrishnan
T. V. R. Shenoy
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Thayil John Cherian
Thomas Kailath #
Trichur V. Ramachandran
V. K. Narayana Menon
Vainu Bappu #
Vallathol Narayana Menon
Verghese Kurien
Padma Bhushan (Female)
Balamani Amma
Lakshmi N. Menon
P. Leela
Tara Cherian #
Padma Shri (Male)
A. Marthanda Pillai
A. Sivathanu Pillai
Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Ammannur Madhava Chakyar
Antony Padiyara
Ayyappa Paniker
Azad Moopen
B. Paul Thaliath
B. Ravi Pillai
Balachandra Menon
C. G. Krishnadas Nair
Cheril Krishna Menon
E. Sreedharan
Eledath Thaikkattu Neelakandan Mooss
Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis
G. Aravindan
G. Shankar
G. Vijayaraghavan
Gopinath Pillai
J. Hareendran Nair
Jayaram
Jose Chacko Periappuram
K. J. Yesudas
K. M. George
K. M. Mammen Mappillai
K. P. Haridas
K. P. Udayabhanu
K. Raghavan
K. Ravindran Nair
K. Shankar Pillai
Kalamandalam Gopi
Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair
Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri
Kandathil Mammen Cherian
Kandathil Mammen Philip
Kavungal Chathunni Panicker
Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair
Kunhiraman Palat Candeth
Kunnenkeril K. Jacob
Kurian John Melamparambil
Kuzhivelil Mathew
Laurie Baker !
Madhavan Chandradathan
M. A. Yousuf Ali
M. G. Ramachandran #
M. Krishnan Nair (doctor)
M. Night Shyamalan #
M. R. Kurup
M. S. Valiathan
M. Vijayan
Madhu (actor)
Mammen Mathew
Mammootty
Mani Madhava Chakyar
Mathew Kalarickal
Mattannoor Sankarankutty
Mitraniketan Viswanathan
Mohanlal
N. Balakrishnan Nair
N. Kesava Panikkar
N. R. Madhava Menon
Narayana Panicker Kochupillai
Neyyattinkara Vasudevan
O. N. V. Kurup
P. Gopinathan
P. K. Narayanan Nambiar
P. K. Rajagopalan
P. K. Warrier
P. Parameswaran
Paul Pothen
Perakath Verghese Benjamin
Peruvanam Kuttan Marar
Philip Augustine
Prem Nazir
Priyadarshan
Pucadyil Ittoop John
Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph
R. Marthanda Varma
R. K. Krishna Kumar
Rajagopalan Krishnan
Resul Pookutty
Shaji N. Karun
Sooranad Kunjan Pillai
Stanley John
Sunny Varkey
T. K. Alex
T. N. Krishnan *
Thayil John Cherian
Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
Thilakan
Thomas Kunnunkal
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair
Vellayani Arjunan
Verghese Kurien
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
Padma Shri (Female)
Achamma Mathai
Anju Bobby George
Dipika Pallikal #
K. M. Beenamol
K. S. Chithra
Kalamandalam Kshemavathy
Kalamandalam Satyabhama
Leela Omchery
Lucy Oommen
M. D. Valsamma
M. Leelavathy
M. Subhadra Nair
Mary Poonen Lukose
Mary Verghese
P. T. Usha
Pepita Seth !
Rachel Thomas (skydiver)
Shiny Abraham
Shobana
Sudha Varghese
Sugathakumari
Sukumari
Thangam Philip
Usha Uthup
Lakshmikutty
Vidya Balan *
(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile
vteVayalar Award1970s
Lalithambika Antharjanam - Agnisakshi (1977)
P. K. Balakrishnan - Ini Njan Urangatte (1978)
Malayattoor Ramakrishnan - Yanthram (1979)
1980s
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai - Kayar (1980)
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon - Makarakoythu (1981)
O. N. V. Kurup - Uppu (1982)
Vilasini (M. K. Menon) - Avakasikal (1983)
Sugathakumari - Ambalamani (1984)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair - Randamoozham (1985)
N. N. Kakkadu - Saphalameeyathra (1986)
N. Krishna Pillai - Prathipathram Bhashanabhedam (1987)
Thirunalloor Karunakaran - Thirunalloor Karunakarante Kavithakal (1988)
Sukumar Azhikode - Thathwamasi (1989)
1990s
C. Radhakrishnan - Munpe Parakkunna Pakshikal (1990)
O. V. Vijayan - Gurusagaram (1991)
M. K. Sanu - Changambuzha: Nakshathrangalude Snehabhajanam (1992)
Anand - Marubhoomikal Undakunnathu (1993)
K. Surendran - Guru (1994)
Thikkodiyan - Arangu Kanatha Nadan (1995)
Perumbadavam Sreedharan - Oru Sankeerthanam Pole (1996)
Madhavikutty (Kamala Surayya) - Neermathalam Pootha Kalam (1997)
S. Guptan Nair - Srishtiyum Srishtavum (1998)
Kovilan - Thattakam (1999)
2000s
T. Padmanabhan - Puzha Kadannu Marangalude Idayilekku (2000)
M. V. Devan - Devaspandanam (2001)
K. Ayyappapanicker - Ayyappapanickerude Krithikal (2002)
M. Mukundan - Kesavante Vilapangal (2003)
Sarah Joseph - Alahayude Penmakkal (2004)
K. Satchidanandan - Sakshyangal (2005)
Sethu - Adayalangal (2006)
M. Leelavathy - Appuvinte Anweshanam (2007)
M. P. Veerendra Kumar - Haimavathabhuvil (2008)
M. Thomas Mathew - Marar: Lavanyanubhavathinte Yuktishilpam (2009)
2010s
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri - Charulatha (2010)
K. P. Ramanunni - Jeevithathinte Pusthakam (2011)
Akkitham - Anthimahakalam (2012)
Prabha Varma - Shyama Madhavam (2013)
K. R. Meera - Aarachaar (2014)
Subhash Chandran - Manushyanu Oru Aamukham (2015)
U. K. Kumaran - Thakshankunnu Swaroopam (2016)
T. D. Ramakrishnan - Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki (2017)
K. V. Mohan Kumar - Ushnarashi (2018)
V. J. James - Nireeshwaran (2019)
2020s
Ezhacherry Ramachandran - Oru Virginian Veyilkaalam (2020)
Benyamin - Manthalirile 20 Communist Varshangal (2021)
S. Hareesh - Meesa (2022)
Sreekumaran Thampi - Jeevitham Oru Pendulum (2023)
vteMalayalam literatureOrganisations
Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad
Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham
Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society
Literary awards
Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award
Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram
Cherukad Award
Edasseri Award
Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Humour
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Translation
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Travelogue
Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Mathrubhumi Literary Award
Muttathu Varkey Award
O. N. V. Literary Award
O. V. Vijayan Literary Award
Odakkuzhal Award
Padmarajan Award
P. Kesavadev Literary Award
Ulloor Award
Vallathol Award
Vayalar Award
Fiction writers
Ajijesh Pachat
Akbar Kakkattil
Anand
Anita Nair
Anoop Sasikumar
Appu Nedungadi
Ashitha
Ashtamoorthi K. V.
Aymanam John
Babu Bharadwaj
B. M. Suhara
B. Sandhya
C. Radhakrishnan
C. V. Balakrishnan
C. V. Raman Pillai
C. V. Sreeraman
Chandramathi
Cherukad
E. Harikumar
E. Vasu
G. R. Indugopan
George Onakkoor
Gracy
I. K. K. Menon
Jayasree Kalathil
John Abraham
Jose Panachippuram
Joy J. Kaimaparamban
K. J. Baby
Arch Deacon Koshy
K. L. Mohana Varma
K. N. Ezhuthachan
K. P. Nirmal Kumar
K. P. Ramanunni
K. R. Meera
K. Rekha
K. Surendran
K. P. Joseph Kalarickal
K. Thayat
Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai
Kakkanadan
Kamala Surayya
Kanam EJ
Karunakaran
Karur Neelakanta Pillai
Khadija Mumtaz
Kottayam Pushpanath
Kovilan
K. V. Anoop
Lajo Jose
Lalithambika Antharjanam
M. Govindan
M. Mukundan
M. Sukumaran
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Madampu Kunjukuttan
Madhupal
Malayath Appunni
Malayattoor Ramakrishnan
Mallika Yunis
Muttathu Varkey
N. Mohanan
N. N. Pisharody
N. P. Chellappan Nair
N. P. Mohammed
N. S. Madhavan
Nandanar
Narayan
O. V. Vijayan
Omchery N. N. Pillai
Oyyarathu Chandu Menon
P. Ayyaneth
P. Surendran
P. F. Mathews
P. K. Balakrishnan
P. Kesavadev
P. R. Nathan
P. R. Shyamala
P. Surendran
P. Valsala
Padmarajan
Pamman
Parappurath
Pattathuvila Karunakaran
Paul Chirakkarode
Paul Zacharia
Perumbadavam Sreedharan
Ponjikkara Rafi
Ponkunnam Varkey
Punathil Kunjabdulla
Raghunath Paleri
S. Hareesh
S. K. Pottekkatt
Santhosh Echikkanam
Sarah Joseph
Sarah Thomas
Savithri Rajeevan
Socrates K. Valath
Sudhakar Mangalodayam
Sethu
Shihabuddin Poythumkadavu
Sohanlal
Sreekrishnapuram Krishnankutty
Subhash Chandran
T. P. Rajeevan
T. Padmanabhan
T. V. Kochubava
T. V. Varkey
Tatapuram Sukumaran
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Thikkodiyan
Thomas Joseph
U. A. Khader
U. K. Kumaran
Unnikrishnan Puthur
Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode
Uroob
V. K. N.
V. P. Sivakumar
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
Vallachira Madhavan
Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
Vilasini
Vinoy Thomas
Poets
A. Ayyappan
A. C. Sreehari
A. R. Raja Raja Varma
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
Arnos Pathiri
Attoor Ravi Varma
Balachandran Chullikkadu
Balamani Amma
Bodheswaran
Chandiroor Divakaran
Changampuzha Krishna Pillai
Cherukad
Cherusseri Namboothiri
D. Vinayachandran
Edappalli Raghavan Pillai
Edasseri Govindan Nair
G. Shankara Kurup
Irayimman Thampi
K. Ayyappa Paniker
K. C. Kesava Pillai
K. V. Ramakrishnan
Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
Kadathanat Madhavi Amma
Kadavanad Kuttikrishnan
Kamala Surayya
Kattakayam Cherian Mappillai
Kavitha Balakrishnan
Kumaran Asan
Kunchan Nambiar
Kureepuzha Sreekumar
Lalitha Lenin
M. Govindan
M. P. Appan
M. S. Banesh
Manoj Kuroor
Mary John Thottam
Mohanakrishnan Kaladi
Moyinkutty Vaidyar
N. N. Kakkad
N. V. Krishna Warrier
Nalapat Narayana Menon
Nellikkal Muraleedharan
Niranam poets
O. N. V. Kurup
Olappamanna Subramanian Namboothirippad
P. Kunhiraman Nair
P. P. Ramachandran
Pala Narayanan Nair
Poonthanam Namboothiri
Pulikkottil Hyder
Punaloor Balan
Puthussery Ramachandran
S. Joseph
Satchidanandan
Satyan Madakkara
Savithri Rajeevan
Sugathakumari
Thirunalloor Karunakaran
Tholan
Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan
Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer
Unnayi Variyar
V. Madhusoodanan Nair
V. C. Balakrishna Panicker
V. M. Girija
Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
Vallathol Narayana Menon
Vayalar Ramavarma
Veerankutty
Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup
Vijayalakshmi
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri
V Madhusoodanan Nair
Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon
Sreedevi Kakkad
Playwrights
C. J. Thomas
C. L. Jose
C. N. Sreekantan Nair
Cherukad
G. Sankara Pillai
K. T. Muhammed
M. Govindan
Nalapat Narayana Menon
S. L. Puram Sadanandan
Thoppil Bhasi
T. N. Gopinathan Nair
V. T. Bhattathiripad
Children's literature
Malayath Appunni
P. Narendranath
Sumangala
Shebaly
Sippy Pallippuram
Kiliroor Radhakrishnan
Essayists/Critics
Annie Thayyil
C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
C. S. Venkiteswaran
Joseph Mundassery
K. M. Daniel
K. P. Appan
K. P. Sankaran
K. Damodaran
K. M. George
Kesari Balakrishna Pillai
Kozhikodan
Kuttikrishna Marar
Kuttipuzha Krishna Pillai
M. K. Sanu
M. Krishnan Nair (author)
M. Leelavathy
M. N. Karassery
M. N. Vijayan
M. P. Paul
M. R. Chandrasekharan
Narendra Prasad
O. V. Vijayan
P. Surendran
S. Guptan Nair
S. Rajasekharan
Sabeena Rafi
Sanjayan
Sukumar Azhikode
V. C. Sreejan
V. T. Bhattathiripad
Vijayakrishnan
V. V. K. Valath
Scholars andGrammarians
A. R. Raja Raja Varma
Arnos Paathiri
George Mathan
Hermann Gundert
Jyeṣṭhadeva
Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran
Kottarathil Sankunni
Krishna Chaithanya
R. Narayana Panickar
Vadakkumkur Rajarajavarmaraja
Translators
Leela Devi
M. K. Kumaran
M. N. Sathyaardhi
N. K. Damodaran
Nileena Abraham
Genre
Champukkal
Drama
Kilippattu
Manipravalam
Novel
Vadakkan Pattukal
Venmani School
Vanchippattu
Novels
Aalahayude Penmakkal
Aalohari Anandam
Aadujeevitham
Aarachaar
Akkapporinte Irupathu Nasrani Varshangal
Anal Haq
Anargha Nimisham
Anuragathinte Dinangal
Agnisakshi
Ara Nazhika Neram
Arabi Ponnu
Arohanam
Asuravithu
Avakasikal
Ayussinte Pusthakam
Balyakalasakhi
Barsa
Chemmeen
Cheviyorkkuka! Anthimakahalam
Daivathinte Vikrithikal
Delhi Gadhakal
Enmakaje
Ente Katha
Ente Thankam
Francis Itty Cora
Gurusagaram
Indulekha
Kaalam
Kayar
Kesavante Vilapangal
Khasakkinte Itihasam
Kocharethi
Kundalatha
Manju (novel)
Manushyanu Oru Aamukham
Maranathinte Nizhalil
Marthandavarma
Mathilukal
Maya
Mayyazhippuzhayude Theerangalil
Mucheettukalikkarante Makal
Mullappoo Niramulla Pakalukal
Muthassi
Naadan Premam
Naalukettu
Nakshathrangale Kaaval
Ntuppuppakkoranendarnnu
Odayil Ninnu
Ormayude Arakal
Oru Desathinte Katha
Oru Sankeerthanam Pole
Oru Theruvinte Katha
Othappu
Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha
Pathummayude Aadu
Peruvazhiyambalam
Ponni
Pravasam
Premalekhanam
Randamoozham
Randidangazhi
Rathinirvedam
Sarada
Shabdangal
Smarakasilakal
Sufi Paranja Katha
Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
Thottiyude Makan
Ummachu
Vasanavikriti
Vasanthathile Poomarangal
Verukal
Viddikalude Swargam
Visappu
Yakshi
Yanthram
Treatises
Aithihyamala
Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum
Kerala Panineeyam
Nātyakalpadrumam
Sarvavijnanakosam
State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications
Viswasahityavijnanakosam
Yuktibhāṣā
Poems
Atmopadesa Śatakam
Daiva Daśakaṁ
Jnanappana
Omanathinkal Kidavo
Makarakoythu
Puthen Pana
Ramanan (play in verse)
Rani (poem)
Sree Bhoothanaathopakhyaanam
Unnuneeli Sandesam
Kuchelavritham Vanchippattu
Krishnagatha
Assorted articles
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Templates
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vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Literature & Education1950s
K. Shankar Pillai (1954)
Krishna Kanta Handique (1955)
Surya Kumar Bhuyan (1956)
Sukhdev Pande (1956)
Nalini Bala Devi (1957)
S. R. Ranganathan (1957)
Ram Chandra Varma (1958)
Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas (1958)
K. S. Chandrasekharan (1958)
1960s
B. S. Kesavan (1960)
Artaballabha Mohanty (1960)
N. D. Sundaravadivelu (1961)
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1961)
Vishnukant Jha (1961)
Jinvijay (1961)
Evengeline Lazarus (1961)
1970s
Ananda Chandra Barua (1970)
Sulabha Panandikar (1971)
1980s
Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj (1981)
Abid Ali Khan (1981)
Ram Punjwani (1981)
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1982)
R. V. Pandit (1982)
Sher Singh Sher (1982)
Gaura Pant Shivani (1982)
Ahalya Chari (1983)
Amitabha Chaudhuri (1983)
Saliha Abid Hussain (1983)
Komal Kothari (1983)
Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik (1983)
Raghuvir Sharan Mitra (1983)
Attar Singh (1983)
Mayangnokcha Ao (1984)
Kshem Suman Chandra (1984)
Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat (1984)
Shanta Gandhi (1984)
Sadhu Singh Hamdard (1984)
Qurratulain Hyder (1984)
Ganpatrao Jadhav (1984)
Syed Abdul Malik (1984)
John Arthur King Martyn (1984)
Sooranad Kunjan Pillai (1984)
Syed Hasan Askari (1985)
Jamesh Dokhuma (1985)
Kaka Hathrasi (1985)
Bharat Mishra (1985)
Harishankar Parsai (1985)
Ashangbam Minaketan Singh (1985)
Anil Agarwal (1986)
Binod Kanungo (1986)
Chitra Naik (1986)
Abdur Rahman (1986)
Nuchhungi Renthlei (1986)
Raghunath Sharma (1986)
Abdul Sattar (1987)
Nazir Ahmed (1987)
Vanaja Iyengar (1987)
Khawlkungi (1987)
Badri Narayan (1987)
Debi Prasanna Pattanayak (1987)
Sant Singh Sekhon (1987)
N. Khelchandra Singh (1987)
Madaram Brahma (1988)
Nissim Ezekiel (1988)
K. M. George (1988)
Mario Miranda (1988)
Vidya Niwas Mishra (1988)
Ali Jawad Zaidi (1988)
Kalim Aajiz (1989)
Barsane Lal Chaturvedi (1989)
Anita Desai (1989)
Moti Lal Saqi (1989)
Rongbong Terang (1989)
V. Venkatachalam (1989)
1990s
M. Aram (1990)
Vijay Kumar Chopra (1990)
Behram Contractor (1990)
Radha Mohan Gadanayak (1990)
Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari (1990)
Yashpal Jain (1990)
Sharad Joshi (1990)
Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra (1990)
Gopi Chand Narang (1990)
Dagdu Maruti Pawar (1990)
Nilmani Phookan Jr (1990)
Shyam Singh Shashi (1990)
Ram Nath Shastri (1990)
Bharat Bhushan (yogi) (1991)
Kapil Deva Dvivedi (1991)
B. K. S. Iyengar (1991)
Satish Chandra Kakati (1991)
Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte (1991)
Madan Lal Madhu (1991)
Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor (1991)
Keshav Malik (1991)
Surendra Mohanty (1991)
P. T. Narasimhachar (1991)
V. G. Bhide (1992)
Gulabdas Broker (1992)
Krishna Chaithanya (1992)
Rajammal P. Devadas (1992)
Vasant Shankar Kanetkar (1992)
V. C. Kulandaiswamy (1992)
R. S. Lugani (1992)
Shovana Narayan (1992)
Nisith Ranjan Ray (1992)
M. Kirti Singh (1992)
B. K. Thapar (1992)
Mark Tully (1992)
B. N. Goswamy (1998)
O. N. V. Kurup (1998)
Lalsangzuali Sailo (1998)
Gurdial Singh (1998)
Narayan Gangaram Surve (1998)
Ruskin Bond (1999)
Shayama Chona (1999)
G. P. Chopra (1999)
Namdeo Dhasal (1999)
Kanhaiya Lal Nandan (1999)
Satya Vrat Shastri (1999)
Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh (1999)
2000s
Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky (2000)
P. S. Chawngthu (2000)
Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla (2000)
Mandan Mishra (2000)
Rehman Rahi (2000)
K. P. Saxena (2000)
Nabaneeta Dev Sen (2000)
Elangbam Nilakanta Singh (2000)
Bala V. Balachandran (2001)
Jeelani Bano (2001)
Manoj Das (2001)
Javare Gowda (2001)
Chandrashekhara Kambara (2001)
Gnanananda Kavi (2001)
Kumar Ketkar (2001)
Ravindra Kumar (2001)
Kalidas Gupta Riza (2001)
Padma Sachdev (2001)
Bhabendra Nath Saikia (2001)
Vachnesh Tripathi (2001)
Munirathna Anandakrishnan (2002)
Gopal Chhotray (2002)
Gyan Chand Jain (2002)
Madhu Mangesh Karnik (2002)
Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar (2002)
V. K. Madhavan Kutty (2002)
Turlapaty Kutumba Rao (2002)
Kim Yang-shik (2002)
Manzoor Ahtesham (2003)
Jagdish Chaturvedi (2003)
Motilal Jotwani (2003)
Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad (2003)
Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag (2003)
Shailendra Nath Shrivastava (2003)
Pritam Singh (2003)
Vairamuthu (2003)
Hamlet Bareh (2004)
Kumarpal Desai (2004)
Tatyana Elizarenkova (2004)
Anil Kumar Gupta (2004)
Gowri Ishwaran (2004)
Leeladhar Jagudi (2004)
Sunita Jain (2004)
Prithvi Nath Kaula (2004)
Ayyappa Paniker (2004)
P. Parameswaran (2004)
Bal Samant (2004)
Kanhaiyalal Sethia (2004)
Ramesh Chandra Shah (2004)
Heinrich von Stietencron (2004)
Sudhir Tailang (2004)
Dalip Kaur Tiwana (2004)
Amiya Kumar Bagchi (2005)
Shobhana Bhartia (2005)
Manas Chaudhuri (2005)
Darchhawna (2005)
J. S. Grewal (2005)
Amin Kamil (2005)
Gadul Singh Lama (2005)
Mammen Mathew (2005)
S. B. Mujumdar (2005)
Bilat Paswan Vihangam (2005)
Ajeet Cour (2006)
Sucheta Dalal (2006)
Laltluangliana Khiangte (2006)
Lothar Lutze (2006)
Mrinal Pande (2006)
Sugathakumari (2006)
Sitanshu Yashaschandra (2006)
Temsüla Ao (2007)
Vijaydan Detha (2007)
Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia (2007)
Amitav Ghosh (2007)
Meenakshi Gopinath (2007)
Giriraj Kishore (2007)
Shekhar Pathak (2007)
Pratibha Ray (2007)
Rostislav Rybakov (2007)
Vikram Seth (2007)
Vaali (2007)
Sivanthi Adithan (2008)
Bina Agarwal (2008)
Vellayani Arjunan (2008)
Nirupam Bajpai (2008)
Surjya Kanta Hazarika (2008)
Vinod Dua (2008)
M. Leelavathy (2008)
Amitabh Mattoo (2008)
Bholabhai Patel (2008)
Rajdeep Sardesai (2008)
Sukhadeo Thorat (2008)
Srinibash Udgata (2008)
Suresh Gundu Amonkar
Abhay Chhajlani
Birendra Nath Datta
Shashi Deshpande
Bannanje Govindacharya
Panchapakesa Jayaraman
Mathoor Krishnamurty
Jayanta Mahapatra
Laxman Mane
John Ralston Marr
Alok Mehta
A. Sankara Reddy
Lalthangfala Sailo
Ngawang Samten
Ranbir Chander Sobti
Ram Shankar Tripathi
2010s
Lalzuia Colney (2010)
Maria Aurora Couto (2010)
Romuald D'Souza (2010)
Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar (2010)
Surendra Dubey (2010)
Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010)
Hermann Kulke (2010)
Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010)
Govind Chandra Pande (2010)
Mrs YGP (2010)
Sheldon Pollock (2010)
Arun Sarma (2010)
Jitendra Udhampuri (2010)
Granville Austin (2011)
Mahim Bora (2011)
Urvashi Butalia (2011)
Pullella Sriramachandrudu (2011)
Mamang Dai (2011)
Pravin Darji (2011)
Chandra Prakash Deval (2011)
Deviprasad Dwivedi (2011)
Balraj Komal (2011)
Krishna Kumar (2011)
Rajni Kumar (2011)
Devanur Mahadeva (2011)
Barun Mazumder (2011)
Ritu Menon (2011)
Avvai Natarajan (2011)
Bhalchandra Nemade (2011)
Karl Harrington Potter (2011)
Koneru Ramakrishna Rao (2011)
Devi Dutt Sharma (2011)
Nilamber Dev Sharma (2011)
Geeta Dharmarajan (2012)
Eberhard Fischer (2012)
Kedar Gurung (2012)
Surjit Patar (2012)
Sachchidanand Sahai (2012)
Allan Sealy (2012)
Pepita Seth (2012)
Vijay Dutt Shridhar (2012)
Ralte L. Thanmawia (2012)
Anvita Abbi (2013)
Nida Fazli (2013)
Radhika Herzberger (2013)
Noboru Karashima (2013)
Salik Lucknawi (2013)
J. Malsawma (2013)
Devendra Patel (2013)
Christopher Pinney (2013)
Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam (2013)
Rama Kant Shukla (2013)
Jagdish Prasad Singh (2013)
Akhtarul Wasey (2013)
Naheed Abidi (2014)
Ashok Chakradhar (2014)
Keki N. Daruwalla (2014)
G. N. Devy (2014)
Kolakaluri Enoch (2014)
Ved Kumari Ghai (2014)
Manorama Jafa (2014)
Rehana Khatoon (2014)
P. Kilemsungla (2014)
Sengaku Mayeda (2014)
Waikhom Gojen Meitei (2014)
Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (2014)
Dinesh Singh (2014)
Huang Baosheng (2015)
Bettina Bäumer (2015)
Lakshmi Nandan Bora (2015)
Jean-Claude Carrière (2015)
Gyan Chaturvedi (2015)
Raj Chetty (2015)
Bibek Debroy (2015)
Ashok Gulati (2015)
George L. Hart (2015)
Sunil Jogi (2015)
Usha Kiran Khan (2015)
Narayana Purushothama Mallaya (2015)
Lambert Mascarenhas (2015)
Taarak Mehta (2015)
Ram Bahadur Rai (2015)
J. S. Rajput (2015)
Bimal Kumar Roy (2015)
Annette Schmiedchen (2015)
Gunvant Shah (2015)
Brahmdev Sharma (2015)
Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah (2016)
S. L. Bhyrappa (2016)
Kameshwar Brahma (2016)
Jawahar Lal Kaul (2016)
Sal Khan (2016)
Ashok Malik (2016)
Haldhar Nag (2016)
Pushpesh Pant (2016)
Dahyabhai Shastri (2016)
Prahlad Chandra Tasa (2016)
Anant Agarwal (2017)
Eli Ahmed (2017)
Michel Danino (2017)
Narendra Kohli (2017)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (2017)
Kashi Nath Pandita (2017)
Vishnu Pandya (2017)
V. G. Patel (2017)
H.R. Shah (2017)
Chamu Krishna Shastry (2017)
Bhawana Somaaya (2017)
Punam Suri (2017)
Harihar Kripalu Tripathi (2017)
G. Venkatasubbiah (2017)
Prafulla Govinda Baruah (2018)
Shyamlal Chaturvedi (2018)
Arup Kumar Dutta (2018)
Arvind Gupta (2018)
Digamber Hansda (2018)
Anwar Jalalpuri (2018)
Piyong Temjen Jamir (2018)
Joyasree Goswami Mahanta (2018)
Zaverilal Mehta (2018)
Tomio Mizokami (2018)
Habibullo Rajabov (2018)
Vagish Shastri (2018)
Maharao Raghuveer Singh (2018)
A Zakia (2018)
Narsingh Dev Jamwal (2019)
Nagindas Sanghavi (2019)
Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri (2019)
Devendra Swarup (2019)
2020s
Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra (2020)
Binapani Mohanty (2020)
Damayanti Beshra (2020)
H. M. Desai (2020)
Lil Bahadur Chettri (2020)
Meenakshi Jain (2020)
N. Chandrasekharan Nair (2020)
Narayan Joshi Karayal (2020)
Prithwindra Mukherjee (2020)
Robert Thurman (2020)
S. P. Kothari (2020)
Shahabuddin Rathod (2020)
Sudharma (2020)
Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam (2020)
Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi (2020)
Yogesh Praveen (2020)
Benichandra Jamatia (2020)
Carlos G. Vallés (2021)
Dadudan Gadhvi (2021)
Imran Shah (2021)
Mangal Singh Hazowary (2021)
Mridula Sinha (2021)
Namdeo Kamble (2021)
Rangasami L. Kashyap (2021)
Srikant Datar (2021)
Solomon Pappaiah (2021)
Asavadi Prakasarao (2021)
Lalbiakthanga Pachuau (2021)
Najma Akhtar (2022)
T Senka Ao (2022)
J K Bajaj (2022)
Sirpi Balasubramaniam (2022)
Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat (2022)
Harmohinder Singh Bedi (2022)
Maria Christopher Byrski (2022)
Khalil Dhantejvi (Posthumous) (2022)
Dhaneswar Engti (2022)
Narasimha Rao Garikapati (2022)
Girdhari Ram Gonjhu (Posthumous) (2022)
Shaibal Gupta (Posthumous) (2022)
Narasingha Prasad Guru (2022)
Avadh Kishore Jadia (2022)
Tara Jauhar (2022)
Rutger Kortenhorst (2022)
P Narayana Kurup (2022)
V L Nghaka (2022)
Chirapat Prapandavidya (2022)
Vidyanand Sarek (2022)
Kali Pada Saren (2022)
Dilip Shahani (2022)
Vishwamurti Shastri (2022)
Tatiana Lvovna Shaumyan (2022)
Siddhalingaiah (Posthumous) (2022)
Vidya Vindu Singh (2022)
Raghuvendra Tanwar (2022)
Badaplin War (2022)
Radha Charan Gupta (2023)
C. I. Issac (2023)
Rattan Singh Jaggi (2023)
Anand Kumar (2023)
Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande (2023)
Antaryami Mishra (2023)
Ramesh Patange (2023)
B. Ramakrishna Reddy (2023)
Mohan Singh (2023)
Prakash Chandra Sood (2023)
Janum Singh Soy (2023)
Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (2023)
Dhaniram Toto (2023)
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_literature"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Government of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Ezhuthachan Puraskaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhuthachan_Puraskaram"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Award"},{"link_name":"Vallathol Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallathol_Award"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Overall_Contributions"},{"link_name":"Asan Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asan_Smaraka_Kavitha_Puraskaram"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"Odakkuzhal Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakkuzhal_Award"}],"text":"Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri (2 June 1939 – 25 February 2021) was an Indian writer and scholar of Malayalam literature. Known primarily for his poems, Namboothiri also contributed to other genres such as essays, translations and children's literature. Swathanthrathe Kurichu Oru Geetham, Bhoomigeethangal, Indiayenna Vikaaram and Charulata count among his notable works. The Government of India honored him with the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri in 2014 and the Government of Kerala awarded him the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, the highest literary award in Malayalam, the same year. He was also a recipient of Vayalar Award, Vallathol Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions, Asan Prize, Sahitya Akademi Award and Odakkuzhal Award.","title":"Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiruvalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvalla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-1"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"St. Berchmans College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Berchmans_College"},{"link_name":"Changanacherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changanacherry"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's College, Devagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_College,_Devagiri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboodiri-2"},{"link_name":"Malabar Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Kollam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam"},{"link_name":"Pattambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattambi"},{"link_name":"Ernakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"Tripunithura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripunithura"},{"link_name":"Chittur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittur"},{"link_name":"Thalassery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery"},{"link_name":"Government Brennen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Brennen_College,_Thalassery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81_Mathrubhumi-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prominent_personalities_of_Kerala-4"},{"link_name":"University College Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"Sreevallabha Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerala_State_-_Everything_about_Kerala-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81_Mathrubhumi-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acclaimed_Malayalam_Poet_Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboothiri_passes_away-6"}],"text":"Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri was born on June 2, 1939, to Vishnu Namboothiri and Adhithi Antharjanam at Seeravally Illam in Thiruvalla, Kerala.[1] After traditional education of Vedas, Puranas and Sanskrit from his grandfather, he did his school education at Prince Marthanda Varma High School, Peringara and subsequently, obtained his graduate degree from St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry and his master's degree from St. Joseph's College, Devagiri, topping the examination.[2] He started his career as a teacher of Mathematics at his alma mater, Peringara School but moved to Malabar Christian College as a faculty in English department. Later, he worked in various parts of the state such as Kozhikode, Kollam, Pattambi, Ernakulam, Tripunithura, Chittur, Thalassery (Government Brennen College)[3] and the State Institute of Languages,[4] before superannuating from service as the head of the department of English at the University College Thiruvananthapuram. Later, he also worked as the high priest at Sreevallabha Temple, his ancestral temple.[1]Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri was married to Savithri Antharjanam[5] and the couple had two daughters, Adhithi and Aparna.[3][6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thiruvananthapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poet_Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboothiri_passes_away-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri:_Malayalam_poet_Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri_passes_away_|_Thiruvananthapuram_News_-_Times_of_India-8"}],"text":"He died on February 25, 2021, aged 81, at his home in Thycaud near Thiruvananthapuram due to age-related illnesses.[7] He was cremated with full state honours at Santhikavadam Crematorium near his home.[8]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sreevallabha Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreevallabha_Temple"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poet,_teacher,_priest_Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboothiri_no_more_-_Times_of_India-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poet,_teacher,_priest_Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboothiri_no_more-10"}],"text":"During his tenure as the high priest of Sreevallabha Temple, an official of the temple raised an issue in 1997 regarding his travel to London for presenting a paper on Vedas, which the official claimed that crossing the seas was an unacceptable practice for a priest.[9] He was asked to abstain from performing his duties as the priest. However, the controversy subsided after public resistance and Namboothiri resumed his priestly duties.[10]","title":"Temple controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malayalam_Poet_Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri_Dies,_PM_Expresses_Grief-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malayalam_poet_Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri_passes_away-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poet_Vishnu_Narayanan_Namboothiri_passes_away_-_Divya_Bharat-13"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards_for_Poetry-14"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-..::_SAHITYA_:_Akademi_Awards_::..-15"},{"link_name":"Odakkuzhal Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakkuzhal_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners_of_Odakkuzhal_Award-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners_of_Vallathol_Literary_Awards-17"},{"link_name":"Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asan_Smaraka_Kavitha_Puraskaram"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners_of_Asan_Prize-18"},{"link_name":"Kerala Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi"},{"link_name":"Award for Overall Contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_for_Overall_Contributions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathrubhumi_Literary_Award-19"},{"link_name":"Vayalar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayalar_Award"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winners_of_Vayalar_Award-21"},{"link_name":"Vallathol Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallathol_Award"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pib-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ezhuthachan Puraskaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhuthachan_Puraskaram"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ulloor Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulloor_Award"},{"link_name":"Deviprasadam Trust Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviprasadam_Trust_Award"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deviprasadam_Trust-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81_Mathrubhumi-3"}],"text":"Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri, whose poems are known to be a blend of tradition with modernity,[11][12][13] received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry in 1979 for his poetry anthology, Bhumigeethangal.[14] Fifteen years later, Sahitya Akademi selected his anthology, Ujjayiniyile Rappakalukal for the 1994 Sahitya Akademi Award.[15] In between, he received the Odakkuzhal Award for his work, Mukhamevide?.[16][17] He received the Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram in 1996,[18] and Kerala Sahitya Akademi honored him again in 2004 with their Award for Overall Contributions.[1] He received the Mathrubhumi Literary Award in 2009[19] and the year 2010 brought him two awards, *Vayalar Award for Chaarulata[20][21] and the Vallathol Award.[22] The Government of India honored him in 2014 with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India,[23][24][25] and the same year, The Government of Kerala awarded him their highest literary award of the Ezhuthachan Puraskaram.[26] The other awards received by him include Changampuzha Award, Ulloor Award, Pandalam Keralavarma Poetry Award, Deviprasadam Trust Award (2005),[27] Ettumanoor Somadasan Sahitya Puraskaram[28] and C. V. Kunhiraman Literary Prize.[1][3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788182654662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182654662"},{"link_name":"Swaathandhryathe-Kurich Oru Geetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31893744"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31893744","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31893744"},{"link_name":"Aparājita: theraññeṭutta kavitakaḷ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17123469"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17123469","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17123469"},{"link_name":"Āraṇyakaṃ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24213789"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24213789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24213789"},{"link_name":"India Enna Vikaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613517-india-enna-vikaram"},{"link_name":"Ujjayiniyile Raapakalukal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/4134/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8182643902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8182643902"},{"link_name":"Bhoomigeethangal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121464462"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1121464462","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1121464462"},{"link_name":"Athirthiyilekkoru Yaathra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18260284"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18260284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/18260284"},{"link_name":"Parikramam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613521-parikramam"},{"link_name":"Uttarayanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/85766389.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788130003795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788130003795"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"679299312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/679299312"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788182645646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182645646"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780000194237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780000194237"},{"link_name":"Charulatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613524-charulatha"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakasham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613508-jayaprakasham"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Vaishnavam. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182654662.\nVishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1968). Swaathandhryathe-Kurich Oru Geetham (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: SPCS. OCLC 31893744.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (1985). Aparājita: theraññeṭutta kavitakaḷ (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 17123469.\nVishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1987). Āraṇyakaṃ. Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books. OCLC 24213789.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2010). India Enna Vikaram. National Book Stall.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Ujjayiniyile Raapakalukal (in Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 88. ISBN 8182643902.\nViṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (1978). Bhoomigeethangal (in Malayalam). India: Viṣṇunārāyaṇannampūtiri : Kōṭṭayaṃ : Vitaraṇaṃ, Nāṣanal Bukkst̲āḷ. OCLC 1121464462.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Mukhamevide.\nVishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1986). Athirthiyilekkoru Yaathra. Kōṭṭayaṃ: DC Books. OCLC 18260284.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Parikramam. National Book Stall.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Sreevalli.\nViṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (2006). Uttarayanam. Title on p. Facing t.p.:Utharaayanam. Kozhikode: Poorna Publications. ISBN 9788130003795. OCLC 679299312.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Ente Kavitha (in Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 208. ISBN 9788182645646.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2013). Pranayageethangal. SPCS. ISBN 9780000194237.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Kayyoppu Maram.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Charulatha. National Book Stall.\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2015). Jayaprakasham. Mathrubhumi Books.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asaahitheeyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119071712"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1119071712","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119071712"},{"link_name":"Kavithayude DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21079328"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21079328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21079328"},{"link_name":"Sreevallabho Rakshathu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613461-sreevallabho-rakshathu"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788182671546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182671546"}],"sub_title":"Essays","text":"Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (1981). Asaahitheeyam (in Malayalam). Irinjalakuda: Samsārā Publications. OCLC 1119071712.\nVishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1985). Kavithayude DNA (in Malayalam). Kottayam, India: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 21079328.\nVishnunarayanan Nambudiri. Alakadalum Neyyampalulkalum (in Malayalam).\nNamboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2017). Sreevallabho Rakshathu. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182671546.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaathrayaatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/964438066"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-8266-114-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8266-114-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"964438066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/964438066"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"sub_title":"Travelogues","text":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2014). Yaathrayaatham (First ed.). Kozhikode, Keralam, India. ISBN 978-81-8266-114-1. OCLC 964438066.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karnabhaaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25514"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8176901284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176901284"},{"link_name":"Sasyalōkam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1065261213"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1065261213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1065261213"}],"sub_title":"Translations","text":"Bhasan (2007). Karnabhaaram. Translated by Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Kerala Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-8176901284.\nRithu Samhaaram\nGandhi\nBold, Harold C; Nārāyaṇan Nampūtiri, Viṣṇu (1974). Sasyalōkam. Translated by Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala Bhasha Institute. OCLC 1065261213.\nKuttikalude Shakespeare","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Days and Nights of Ujjain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/vishnu-narayanan-namboothiri/vishnu-narayanan-namboothiri-poem-malayalam-1.5469656"}],"text":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. \"The Days and Nights of Ujjain\". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Malayalam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_literature"}]
|
[{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Vaishnavam. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182654662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182654662","url_text":"9788182654662"}]},{"reference":"Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1968). Swaathandhryathe-Kurich Oru Geetham (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: SPCS. OCLC 31893744.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31893744","url_text":"Swaathandhryathe-Kurich Oru Geetham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31893744","url_text":"31893744"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (1985). Aparājita: theraññeṭutta kavitakaḷ (in Malayalam). Kōṭṭayaṃ: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 17123469.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17123469","url_text":"Aparājita: theraññeṭutta kavitakaḷ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17123469","url_text":"17123469"}]},{"reference":"Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1987). Āraṇyakaṃ. Kozhikode: Mathrubhumi Books. OCLC 24213789.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24213789","url_text":"Āraṇyakaṃ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24213789","url_text":"24213789"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2010). India Enna Vikaram. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613517-india-enna-vikaram","url_text":"India Enna Vikaram"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Ujjayiniyile Raapakalukal (in Malayalam). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 88. 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Mukhamevide.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1986). Athirthiyilekkoru Yaathra. Kōṭṭayaṃ: DC Books. OCLC 18260284.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18260284","url_text":"Athirthiyilekkoru Yaathra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18260284","url_text":"18260284"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Parikramam. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613521-parikramam","url_text":"Parikramam"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Sreevalli.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (2006). Uttarayanam. Title on p. Facing t.p.:Utharaayanam. Kozhikode: Poorna Publications. ISBN 9788130003795. 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ISBN 9780000194237.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780000194237","url_text":"9780000194237"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. Kayyoppu Maram.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2012). Charulatha. National Book Stall.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613524-charulatha","url_text":"Charulatha"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2015). Jayaprakasham. Mathrubhumi Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613508-jayaprakasham","url_text":"Jayaprakasham"}]},{"reference":"Viṣṇunārāyaṇan Nampūtiri (1981). Asaahitheeyam (in Malayalam). Irinjalakuda: Samsārā Publications. OCLC 1119071712.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119071712","url_text":"Asaahitheeyam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1119071712","url_text":"1119071712"}]},{"reference":"Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri (1985). Kavithayude DNA (in Malayalam). Kottayam, India: Little Prince Publications. OCLC 21079328.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21079328","url_text":"Kavithayude DNA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21079328","url_text":"21079328"}]},{"reference":"Vishnunarayanan Nambudiri. Alakadalum Neyyampalulkalum (in Malayalam).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2017). Sreevallabho Rakshathu. Mathrubhumi Books. ISBN 9788182671546.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/73613461-sreevallabho-rakshathu","url_text":"Sreevallabho Rakshathu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182671546","url_text":"9788182671546"}]},{"reference":"Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan (2014). Yaathrayaatham (First ed.). Kozhikode, Keralam, India. ISBN 978-81-8266-114-1. OCLC 964438066.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964438066","url_text":"Yaathrayaatham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8266-114-1","url_text":"978-81-8266-114-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/964438066","url_text":"964438066"}]},{"reference":"Bhasan (2007). Karnabhaaram. Translated by Namboothiri, Vishnunarayanan. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye
|
Debye
|
["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
CGS unit of electric dipole moment
For other uses, see Debye (disambiguation).
The debye (symbol: D) (/dɛˈbaɪ/; Dutch: ) is a CGS unit (a non-SI metric unit) of electric dipole moment named in honour of the physicist Peter J. W. Debye. It is defined as 10−18 statcoulomb-centimetres. Historically the debye was defined as the dipole moment resulting from two charges of opposite sign but an equal magnitude of 10−10 statcoulomb (generally called e.s.u. (electrostatic unit) in older scientific literature), which were separated by 1 ångström. This gave a convenient unit for molecular dipole moments.
1 D
= 10−18 statC·cm
= 10−18 cm5/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1
= 10−10 statC·Å
≘ 1/299792458×10−21 C·m
≈ 3.33564×10−30 C·m
≈ 0.3934303 e·a0
≈ 0.2081943 e⋅Å
≈ 0.02081943 e·nm
Typical dipole moments for simple diatomic molecules are in the range of 0 to 11 D. Molecules with symmetry point groups or containing inversion symmetry will not have a permanent dipole moment, while highly ionic molecular species have a very large dipole moment, e.g. gas-phase potassium bromide, KBr, with a dipole moment of 10.41 D. A proton and an electron 1 Å apart have a dipole moment of 4.8 D.
The debye is still used in atomic physics and chemistry because SI units have until recently been inconveniently large. The smallest SI unit of electric dipole moment is the quectocoulomb-metre, which corresponds closely to 0.3 D.
See also
Buckingham (unit) (CGS unit of electric quadrupole)
Notes
^ Two equal and opposite charges separated by some distance constitute an electric dipole. This dipole possesses an electric dipole moment whose value is given as charge times length of separation. The dipole itself is a vector whose direction coincides with the position vector of the positive charge with respect to the negative charge:
p = qr.
^ a b The statcoulomb is also known as the franklin or electrostatic unit of charge.
1 statC = 1 Fr = 1 esu = 1 cm3/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1.
^ 10−10 statcoulomb corresponds to approximately 0.2083 units of elementary charge.
^ The ångström is within an order of magnitude of the nuclear separation for a typical covalent bond.
1 Å = 100 pm = 10−8 cm = 10−10 m.
^ In any of the CGS systems, electromagnetic units are expressed in terms of the three base units, cm, g and s, albeit the systems are mutually inconsistent in this regard.
^ One debye corresponds to 10−21 C·m2/s divided by the speed of light. Conversely, 1 C·m ≘ 2.9979×1029 D.
^ Also expressible as 3.33564 qC·m.
^ The product e·a0 is also called the atomic unit of electric dipole moment (see Atomic unit of electric dipole moment, NIST.)
^ With a value of 10−30, quecto- is the smallest SI prefix, accepted as an SI prefix by the CGPM on 18 November 2022.
References
^ "Debye". Random House Dictionary. 2013.
^ CGS units Archived 2011-08-09 at the Wayback Machine R. Rowlett (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).
^ Physical chemistry 2nd Edition (1966) G. M. Barrow. McGraw-Hill.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Debye (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/dɛˈbaɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[dəˈbɛiə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"CGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"},{"link_name":"metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"electric dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peter J. W. Debye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._W._Debye"},{"link_name":"statcoulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statcoulomb"},{"link_name":"centimetres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statC-4"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ångström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statC-4"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[note 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_radius"},{"link_name":"[note 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge"},{"link_name":"nm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre"},{"link_name":"potassium bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"atomic physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[note 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"For other uses, see Debye (disambiguation).The debye (symbol: D) (/dɛˈbaɪ/;[1] Dutch: [dəˈbɛiə]) is a CGS unit[2] (a non-SI metric unit) of electric dipole moment[note 1] named in honour of the physicist Peter J. W. Debye. It is defined as 10−18 statcoulomb-centimetres.[note 2] Historically the debye was defined as the dipole moment resulting from two charges of opposite sign but an equal magnitude of 10−10 statcoulomb[note 3] (generally called e.s.u. (electrostatic unit) in older scientific literature), which were separated by 1 ångström.[note 4] This gave a convenient unit for molecular dipole moments.1 D \n= 10−18 statC·cm\n\n\n\n\n= 10−18 cm5/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1 [note 5]\n\n\n\n\n= 10−10 statC·Å [note 2]\n\n\n\n\n≘ 1/299792458×10−21 C·m[note 6]\n\n\n\n\n≈ 3.33564×10−30 C·m [note 7]\n\n\n\n\n≈ 0.3934303 e·a0 [note 8]\n\n\n\n\n≈ 0.2081943 e⋅Å\n\n\n\n\n≈ 0.02081943 e·nmTypical dipole moments for simple diatomic molecules are in the range of 0 to 11 D. Molecules with symmetry point groups or containing inversion symmetry will not have a permanent dipole moment, while highly ionic molecular species have a very large dipole moment, e.g. gas-phase potassium bromide, KBr, with a dipole moment of 10.41 D.[3] A proton and an electron 1 Å apart have a dipole moment of 4.8 D.The debye is still used in atomic physics and chemistry because SI units have until recently been inconveniently large. The smallest SI unit of electric dipole moment is the quectocoulomb-metre,[note 9] which corresponds closely to 0.3 D.","title":"Debye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"electric dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statC_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statC_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"covalent bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"CGS systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS_system"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"atomic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_unit"},{"link_name":"Atomic unit of electric dipole moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?auedm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"quecto-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quecto-"},{"link_name":"SI prefix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_prefix"}],"text":"^ Two equal and opposite charges separated by some distance constitute an electric dipole. This dipole possesses an electric dipole moment whose value is given as charge times length of separation. The dipole itself is a vector whose direction coincides with the position vector of the positive charge with respect to the negative charge:\np = qr.\n\n^ a b The statcoulomb is also known as the franklin or electrostatic unit of charge.\n1 statC = 1 Fr = 1 esu = 1 cm3/2⋅g1/2⋅s−1.\n\n^ 10−10 statcoulomb corresponds to approximately 0.2083 units of elementary charge.\n\n^ The ångström is within an order of magnitude of the nuclear separation for a typical covalent bond. \n1 Å = 100 pm = 10−8 cm = 10−10 m.\n\n^ In any of the CGS systems, electromagnetic units are expressed in terms of the three base units, cm, g and s, albeit the systems are mutually inconsistent in this regard.\n\n^ One debye corresponds to 10−21 C·m2/s divided by the speed of light. Conversely, 1 C·m ≘ 2.9979×1029 D.\n\n^ Also expressible as 3.33564 qC·m.\n\n^ The product e·a0 is also called the atomic unit of electric dipole moment (see Atomic unit of electric dipole moment, NIST.)\n\n^ With a value of 10−30, quecto- is the smallest SI prefix, accepted as an SI prefix by the CGPM on 18 November 2022.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Buckingham (unit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_(unit)"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda
|
Saïda, Algeria
|
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Location","2.2 Climate","3 Transport","4 Demographics","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Coordinates: 34°50′N 0°09′E / 34.833°N 0.150°E / 34.833; 0.150"Saïda" redirects here. For other uses, see Saida.
City in Saïda Province, AlgeriaSaïda
سعيدةCitySaïdaMotto(s): "From the people, for the people"Location of Saïda in Saïda ProvinceSaïdaLocation of Saïda in AlgeriaCoordinates: 34°50′00″N 0°09′00″E / 34.833333°N 0.15°E / 34.833333; 0.15Country AlgeriaProvinceSaïda ProvinceDistrictSaïda DistrictGovernment • TypeMunicipalityArea • Total75.62 km2 (29.20 sq mi)Elevation980 m (3,220 ft)Population (2008 census) • Total142,497 • Density1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)Postal code20000ISO 3166 codeCP
Saïda (Arabic: سعيدة, saʿīda, pronounced ) is a commune and the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.
History
The city's site has been of military importance ever since the Romans built a fort there. Saïda was a stronghold of Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian national leader, who burned the town as French forces approached it in 1844.
Modern Saïda was founded as a French military outpost in 1854 and once housed a regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Its growth was stimulated by the arrival of the Oran-Béchar (narrow-gauge) railway in 1862.
In 2005 the population was 158,856 inhabitants. It is nicknamed the city of waters, because of its abundant underground springs. The area is forested and the main products of the town are cereals, wool, leather and bottled mineral waters.
Geography
Location
Saïda is located in north-western Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range at the northern fringe of the High Plateaus. The city lies on the right bank of the Wadi Saïda, protected by wooded mountains on the opposite shore that rise steeply from the valley floor to an elevation of some 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).
Climate
Climate data for Saïda (1991–2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
25.0(77.0)
28.6(83.5)
32.6(90.7)
35.3(95.5)
42.2(108.0)
42.9(109.2)
44.2(111.6)
43.7(110.7)
41.3(106.3)
37.5(99.5)
31.1(88.0)
27.5(81.5)
44.2(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
14.1(57.4)
15.2(59.4)
18.4(65.1)
21.4(70.5)
26.4(79.5)
32.1(89.8)
36.6(97.9)
36.1(97.0)
30.3(86.5)
25.1(77.2)
18.2(64.8)
15.0(59.0)
24.1(75.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.5(47.3)
9.3(48.7)
11.9(53.4)
14.2(57.6)
18.5(65.3)
23.4(74.1)
27.6(81.7)
27.5(81.5)
22.8(73.0)
18.4(65.1)
12.7(54.9)
9.7(49.5)
17.0(62.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2.9(37.2)
3.3(37.9)
5.4(41.7)
7.0(44.6)
10.5(50.9)
14.7(58.5)
18.7(65.7)
19.0(66.2)
15.2(59.4)
11.8(53.2)
7.1(44.8)
4.4(39.9)
10.0(50.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−9.3(15.3)
−6.2(20.8)
−5.8(21.6)
−3.5(25.7)
−0.6(30.9)
5.4(41.7)
8.4(47.1)
7.0(44.6)
6.6(43.9)
2.0(35.6)
−2.4(27.7)
−11.0(12.2)
−11.0(12.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
42.9(1.69)
36.5(1.44)
43.0(1.69)
38.7(1.52)
30.1(1.19)
12.1(0.48)
6.0(0.24)
10.8(0.43)
25.7(1.01)
43.0(1.69)
44.4(1.75)
36.7(1.44)
369.9(14.56)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
7.1
6.3
6.1
5.7
4.7
2.1
1.1
1.6
3.7
4.8
6.4
6.4
56.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
193.4
197.9
233.6
260.4
296.1
327.6
334.9
310.9
261.1
244.7
194.9
183.0
3,038.5
Source: NOAA
Transport
Saïda is served by a narrow gauge railway from Mohammadia; however, a standard gauge line is proposed.
Demographics
Saïda had a population of 110,865 in 1998, while the population grew to 124,989 in 2008, representing a 12.74% increase.
Gallery
Saïda, Algeria
Saïda, Algeria
Saïda, Algeria
See also
Algeria portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saida (Algeria).
Railway stations in Algeria
Massacre of Saïda (1881)
References
^ a b c d e "Saïda | Algeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
^ "Saïda Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
vte Provincial seats of Algeria
Adrar
Aïn Defla
Aïn Témouchent
Algiers
Annaba
Batna
Béchar
Béjaïa
Biskra
Blida
Bordj Bou Arréridj
Bouïra
Boumerdès
Chlef
Constantine
Djelfa
El Bayadh
El Oued
El Taref
Ghardaïa
Guelma
Illizi
Jijel
Khenchela
Laghouat
Mascara
Médéa
Mila
Mostaganem
M'Sila
Naâma
Oran
Ouargla
Oum El Bouaghi
Relizane
Saida
Sétif
Sidi Bel Abbès
Skikda
Souk Ahras
Tamanrasset
Tébessa
Tiaret
Tindouf
Tipasa
Tissemsilt
Tizi Ouzou
Tlemcen
Flag of Algeria
vte Saïda ProvinceCapital: SaïdaDistricts
Aïn El Hadjar
El Hassasna
Ouled Brahim
Saïda
Sidi Boubekeur
Youb
Communes
Aïn El Hadjar
Aïn Sekhouna
Aïn Soltane
Doui Thabet
El Hassasna
Hounet
Maamora
Moulay Larbi
Ouled Brahim
Ouled Khaled
Saïda
Sidi Ahmed
Sidi Amar
Sidi Boubekeur
Tircine
Youb
34°50′N 0°09′E / 34.833°N 0.150°E / 34.833; 0.150
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saida_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[saʕiːda]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Saïda Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda_Province"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"}],"text":"\"Saïda\" redirects here. For other uses, see Saida.City in Saïda Province, AlgeriaSaïda (Arabic: سعيدة, saʿīda, pronounced [saʕiːda]) is a commune and the capital city of Saïda Province, Algeria.","title":"Saïda, Algeria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Qadir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"French Foreign Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Béchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9char"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bottled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_water"},{"link_name":"mineral waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"The city's site has been of military importance ever since the Romans built a fort there.[1] Saïda was a stronghold of Abd al-Qadir, the Algerian national leader, who burned the town as French forces approached it in 1844.[1]Modern Saïda was founded as a French military outpost in 1854 and once housed a regiment of the French Foreign Legion. Its growth was stimulated by the arrival of the Oran-Béchar (narrow-gauge) railway in 1862.In 2005 the population was 158,856 inhabitants.[citation needed] It is nicknamed the city of waters, because of its abundant underground springs. The area is forested and the main products of the town are cereals, wool, leather and bottled mineral waters.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tell Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Atlas"},{"link_name":"Wadi Saïda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Sa%C3%AFda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Saïda is located in north-western Algeria, on the southern slopes of the Tell Atlas mountain range at the northern fringe of the High Plateaus. The city lies on the right bank of the Wadi Saïda, protected by wooded mountains on the opposite shore that rise steeply from the valley floor to an elevation of some 4,000 feet (1,200 metres).[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMOCLINO-2"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Saïda (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n35.3(95.5)\n\n42.2(108.0)\n\n42.9(109.2)\n\n44.2(111.6)\n\n43.7(110.7)\n\n41.3(106.3)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n44.2(111.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n14.1(57.4)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−9.3(15.3)\n\n−6.2(20.8)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n42.9(1.69)\n\n36.5(1.44)\n\n43.0(1.69)\n\n38.7(1.52)\n\n30.1(1.19)\n\n12.1(0.48)\n\n6.0(0.24)\n\n10.8(0.43)\n\n25.7(1.01)\n\n43.0(1.69)\n\n44.4(1.75)\n\n36.7(1.44)\n\n369.9(14.56)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n7.1\n\n6.3\n\n6.1\n\n5.7\n\n4.7\n\n2.1\n\n1.1\n\n1.6\n\n3.7\n\n4.8\n\n6.4\n\n6.4\n\n56.0\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n193.4\n\n197.9\n\n233.6\n\n260.4\n\n296.1\n\n327.6\n\n334.9\n\n310.9\n\n261.1\n\n244.7\n\n194.9\n\n183.0\n\n3,038.5\n\n\nSource: NOAA[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"narrow gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge"},{"link_name":"Mohammadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammadia,_Mascara"},{"link_name":"standard gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_gauge"}],"text":"Saïda is served by a narrow gauge railway from Mohammadia; however, a standard gauge line is proposed.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Saïda had a population of 110,865 in 1998, while the population grew to 124,989 in 2008, representing a 12.74% increase.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9.JPG"}],"text":"Saïda, Algeria\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaïda, Algeria\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaïda, Algeria","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Flag of Algeria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Algeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Algeria"},{"title":"Saida (Algeria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saida_(Algeria)"},{"title":"Railway stations in Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Algeria"},{"title":"Massacre of Saïda (1881)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Sa%C3%AFda_(1881)"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Saïda | Algeria\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Saida","url_text":"\"Saïda | Algeria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saïda Climate Normals 1991–2020\". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231126/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Saida_60536.csv","url_text":"\"Saïda Climate Normals 1991–2020\""},{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Saida_60536.csv","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria¶ms=34_50_N_0_09_E_region:DZ_type:city","external_links_name":"34°50′N 0°09′E / 34.833°N 0.150°E / 34.833; 0.150"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria¶ms=34.833333_N_0.15_E_type:city(142497)_region:DZ-20","external_links_name":"34°50′00″N 0°09′00″E / 34.833333°N 0.15°E / 34.833333; 0.15"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Saida","external_links_name":"\"Saïda | Algeria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231126/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Saida_60536.csv","external_links_name":"\"Saïda Climate Normals 1991–2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/Saida_60536.csv","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria¶ms=34_50_N_0_09_E_region:DZ_type:city","external_links_name":"34°50′N 0°09′E / 34.833°N 0.150°E / 34.833; 0.150"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1868606/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4844547-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006074808","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1183021&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_screening
|
Stochastic screening
|
["1 Advantages","2 Disadvantages","3 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Stochastic screening" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shades of gray produced by FM screening.
Magnified version of the same image.
Stochastic screening or FM screening is a halftone process based on pseudo-random distribution of halftone dots, using frequency modulation (FM) to change the density of dots according to the gray level desired. Traditional amplitude modulation halftone screening is based on a geometric and fixed spacing of dots, which vary in size depending on the tone color represented (for example, from 10 to 200 micrometres). The stochastic screening or FM screening instead uses a fixed size of dots (for example, about 25 micrometres) and a distribution density that varies depending on the color’s tone.
The strategy of stochastic screening, which has existed since the seventies, has had a revival in recent times thanks to increased use of computer-to-plate (CTP) techniques. In previous techniques, computer to film, during the exposure there could be a drastic variation in the quality of the plate. It was a very delicate and difficult procedure that was not much used. Today, with CTP during the creation of the plate you just need to check a few parameters on the density and tonal correction curve. When you make a plate with stochastic screening you must use a tone correction curve, this curve allows one to align the tone reproduction of an FM screen to that of an industry standard.
Given the same final presswork tone value, an FM screen utilizes more halftone dots than an AM/XM screen. The result is that more light is filtered by the ink and less light simply reflects off the surface of the substrate. The result is that FM screens exhibit a greater color gamut than conventional AM/XM halftone screen frequencies.
The creation of a plate with stochastic screening is done the same way as is done with an AM/XM screen. A tone reproduction compensation curve is typically applied to align the stochastic screening to conventional AM/FM tone reproductions targets (e.g. ISO 12647-2).
Advantages
The screening of four colors is no longer made with four different angles as with the traditional screen therefore it eliminates screening moiré.
FM screening does not create rosette patterns.
Halftone dot sizes can be as fine as 10 micrometres, which gives the product a quality comparable to that of photographic prints.
The effects of misregistration are not completely eliminated, but the effect is certainly less apparent than in the traditional screening, this feature is very favorable for printing on rotary machines where the misregistration is very common due to effects such as web growth.
The use of FM screening allowed Archant, a UK regional publisher, to switch to fonts with "tiny holes"; such an "eco-font" permitted a reduction in ink without turning fine text grainy.
Disadvantages
The small dots used in FM screening require special care and cleanliness, especially when plates are made from films.
References
^ Helen Lambourne (May 6, 2011). "New 'eco-font' developed by publisher". Derby: HoldtheFrontPage.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-10. We have always printed black solid text using 100pc black ink but ...we intend to reduce all text to a 90pc screen. This does not affect quality in any way but it does save on ink. Archant is the only newspaper company in this country capable of undertaking this because of its FM screen technology. Traditional newspaper AM screen technology would have resulted in fine text becoming grainy....Photographs will be unaffected and it will also have the added benefit of less black ink rub off. The process involves punching tiny holes, which are invisible without a magnifying glass, into the font.
^
Kaj Johansson; Peter Lundberg; Robert Ryberg (2007). A Guide to Graphic Print Production (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-471-76138-9.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retino_FM_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retino_FM_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"halftone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone"},{"link_name":"pseudo-random","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandomness"},{"link_name":"frequency modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation"},{"link_name":"amplitude modulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation"},{"link_name":"micrometres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"computer-to-plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_to_plate"},{"link_name":"computer to film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_to_film"}],"text":"Shades of gray produced by FM screening.Magnified version of the same image.Stochastic screening or FM screening is a halftone process based on pseudo-random distribution of halftone dots, using frequency modulation (FM) to change the density of dots according to the gray level desired. Traditional amplitude modulation halftone screening is based on a geometric and fixed spacing of dots, which vary in size depending on the tone color represented (for example, from 10 to 200 micrometres). The stochastic screening or FM screening instead uses a fixed size of dots (for example, about 25 micrometres) and a distribution density that varies depending on the color’s tone.The strategy of stochastic screening, which has existed since the seventies,[citation needed] has had a revival in recent times thanks to increased use of computer-to-plate (CTP) techniques. In previous techniques, computer to film, during the exposure there could be a drastic variation in the quality of the plate. It was a very delicate and difficult procedure that was not much used. Today, with CTP during the creation of the plate you just need to check a few parameters on the density and tonal correction curve. When you make a plate with stochastic screening you must use a tone correction curve, this curve allows one to align the tone reproduction of an FM screen to that of an industry standard.\nGiven the same final presswork tone value, an FM screen utilizes more halftone dots than an AM/XM screen. The result is that more light is filtered by the ink and less light simply reflects off the surface of the substrate. The result is that FM screens exhibit a greater color gamut than conventional AM/XM halftone screen frequencies.\nThe creation of a plate with stochastic screening is done the same way as is done with an AM/XM screen. A tone reproduction compensation curve is typically applied to align the stochastic screening to conventional AM/FM tone reproductions targets (e.g. ISO 12647-2).","title":"Stochastic screening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Archant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The screening of four colors is no longer made with four different angles as with the traditional screen therefore it eliminates screening moiré.\nFM screening does not create rosette patterns.\nHalftone dot sizes can be as fine as 10 micrometres, which gives the product a quality comparable to that of photographic prints.[citation needed]\nThe effects of misregistration are not completely eliminated, but the effect is certainly less apparent than in the traditional screening, this feature is very favorable for printing on rotary machines where the misregistration is very common due to effects such as web growth.\nThe use of FM screening allowed Archant, a UK regional publisher, to switch to fonts with \"tiny holes\"; such an \"eco-font\" permitted a reduction in ink without turning fine text grainy.[1]","title":"Advantages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The small dots used in FM screening require special care and cleanliness, especially when plates are made from films.[2]","title":"Disadvantages"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Shades of gray produced by FM screening.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Retino_FM_2.jpg/100px-Retino_FM_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Magnified version of the same image.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Retino_FM_2.jpg/500px-Retino_FM_2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Helen Lambourne (May 6, 2011). \"New 'eco-font' developed by publisher\". Derby: HoldtheFrontPage.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-05-10. We have always printed black solid text using 100pc black ink but ...we intend to reduce all text to a 90pc screen. This does not affect quality in any way but it does save on ink. Archant is the only newspaper company in this country capable of undertaking this because of its FM screen technology. Traditional newspaper AM screen technology would have resulted in fine text becoming grainy....Photographs will be unaffected and it will also have the added benefit of less black ink rub off. The process involves punching tiny holes, which are invisible without a magnifying glass, into the font.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2011/news/new-eco-font-developed-by-newspaper-publisher/","url_text":"\"New 'eco-font' developed by publisher\""}]},{"reference":"Kaj Johansson; Peter Lundberg; Robert Ryberg (2007). A Guide to Graphic Print Production (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-471-76138-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QU9BPwAACAAJ&q=intitle:%22guide+to+graphic+print+production%22","url_text":"A Guide to Graphic Print Production"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-76138-9","url_text":"978-0-471-76138-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stochastic+screening%22","external_links_name":"\"Stochastic screening\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Stochastic+screening%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Stochastic+screening%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Stochastic+screening%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Stochastic+screening%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Stochastic+screening%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2011/news/new-eco-font-developed-by-newspaper-publisher/","external_links_name":"\"New 'eco-font' developed by publisher\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QU9BPwAACAAJ&q=intitle:%22guide+to+graphic+print+production%22","external_links_name":"A Guide to Graphic Print Production"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinterland_Who%27s_Who
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Hinterland Who's Who
|
["1 Format","2 Presumed lost installments","3 Re-airings","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Canadian series of wildlife public service announcements
Hinterland Who's Who is a Canadian series of 60-second public service announcements profiling Canadian animals, produced by Environment Canada Wildlife Service and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in the 1960s and 70s, and re-launched by the Canadian Wildlife Federation in the 2000s.
Format
The Hinterland Who's Who series was commissioned in 1962 by the Canadian Wildlife Service, as a way to generate interest in Canada's wildlife through a series of short, one-minute vignettes, broadcast during commercial breaks. The series, produced for the CWS by the National Film Board, has been airing on Canadian television since 1963.
In the original announcements, a distinctive refrain of flute music (John Cacavas' Flute Poem) opens the ad, and is accompanied by the low-key style of the narrator, John Livingston (originally the executive director of the Canadian Audubon Society), describing the animal over footage of it taken in the wild.
The end of each message, where viewers were reminded to contact the Canadian Wildlife Service for additional information, varied. The earliest installments from 1963 concluded with, "For a more complete story on the , why not contact the Canadian Wildlife Service in Ottawa?" After the series was introduced in colour, it concluded with, "For more information on the , contact the Canadian Wildlife Service, in Ottawa." Newer segments in the late-1970s and 1980s ended with, "For more information on the , why not contact the Canadian Wildlife Service in Ottawa?", with later instalments including its postal code, K1A 0H3. Viewers requesting information received a four-page, illustrated brochure providing more details on the featured animal.
By the early-1990s, the series received about $3.6 million in free publicity, and over a million leaflets were sent out to inquiring viewers.
A French version of this series was also produced, as Merveilles de la faune (Wonders of Wildlife) or Faune et flore du pays (The country's fauna and flora).
In 2003, the Canadian Wildlife Federation, in cooperation with the Government of Canada, began producing new episodes of Hinterland Who's Who, featuring two versions:
those containing the quiet narrative of the original series of commercials
those containing modern background music, directed at younger viewers
These versions, now available as 30- or 60- second installments, are often hosted on-camera and voiced by a female Canadian Wildlife Service worker (Jody Gienow), concluding with, "To learn more about , and how you can protect it, visit "hww.ca". The initial animals featured in the new series included the polar bear, the monarch butterfly, the leatherback sea turtle, and the loon.
In both cases, the new Hinterland Who's Who narrative includes suggestions for conservation along with the description of the animal and its behavior.
Presumed lost installments
In July 2013, it was announced that the first four installments of Hinterland Who's Who, released in the Summer of 1963, were presumed lost, as the Canadian Wildlife Federation and the Canadian Wildlife Service were unable to locate any copies for the series' 50th anniversary, despite extensive searches of various sources, including the NFB, Library and Archives Canada, the CBC archives, and even YouTube. These segments, filmed in black and white with versions in English and French, featured the beaver, the loon, the gannet and the moose.
Soon after the problem of the search was made public, one of the missing installments, an English-language version featuring the loon, was found in the CBC Vancouver archives a few days later, as part of a commercial break during a broadcast of the 1932 Laurel and Hardy classic comedy, Helpmates on July 1, 1969, a holiday then known as Dominion Day. According to Colin Preston, library coordinator at the CBC Vancouver Media Archives, the 1969 recordings were saved by a former CBC employee, who later donated them to the archives for posterity. The footage for the 1963 loon installment was originally filmed in colour, but converted to black and white for the installment. The colour film and soundtrack would be recycled in later versions of the series. Another of the missing four, the original beaver vignette, was subsequently found by Preston as well, as were the moose, and the gannet. The French-language versions of all four animals soon followed.
Re-airings
Starting in August 2016, the local Mountain View, California television show John Wants Answers started airing the original Hinterland Who's Who vignettes in high definition. The show obtained digital high definition copies converted from the original film from the NFB.
In popular culture
These announcements became a widely recognized and often-parodied feature of Canadian pop culture.
SCTV episode 142 featured a spoof of the Hinterland Who's Who "Woodchuck" episode, voiced by John Candy. The woodchuck also makes a brief appearance in episode 143.
Also on SCTV, Bob and Doug McKenzie parodied the Hinterland's distinctive flute theme by singing "coo roo coo coo, coo coo coo coo" at the start of each Great White North sketch.
A spoof Hinterland Who's Who episode entitled "The Wood Spider" credited to "First Church of Christ, Filmmaker" was released on YouTube in 2006 and has garnered over 61 million views as of November 2023. The video purported to show the behavior of wood spiders given various drugs, such as alcohol, caffeine, and THC, a mocking reference to the 1940s research of Peter N. Witt, who showed that giving drugs to spiders alters their web building behavior.
The Double Exposure comedy series on CBC Radio repeatedly sent up the series with a number of 'Political Hinterland Who's Who' sequences in the late 1980s and 1990s. With no visuals, the narrator's elaborate punning compared bureaucratic affairs to the struggle for survival in nature. "On the depression north of Lake Ontario, the Great Blue Harris, or in Latin, Attila Foraqueensparkicus, has stirred up a hornets' nest with its fellow creatures living off a diet of bologna and tuna. The Great Blue Harris, not concerned with the welfare of others, has stirred the left wing back into full flight."
The PSA "House Hippo" by Concerned Children's Advertisers was a parody of the series. It features a voice over and footage of a small hippo. The narration was similar in style to "Hinterland Who's Who".
The game Dragon Age: Inquisition, produced by Canadian video game developer BioWare, features a sub-quest named "Hinterland Who's Who".
See also
Heritage Minutes, sixty-second short films, each illustrating an important moment in Canadian history
References
^ a b c d e f "Hinterland Who's Who - History".
^ a b "Hinterland Who's Who beaver vignette found in CBC Archives". CBC News. July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
^ "Hinterland Who's Who - HWW Profile".
^ a b The Loon, 1963 original version!. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
^ "Hinterland Who's Who".
^ a b c "Long-lost loon from 1963 Hinterland Who is Who vignettes lands in Vancouver". vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25.
^ Randy Boswell, Postmedia News (9 July 2013). "Hibernating or extinct? Original black-and-white Hinterland Who's Who TV spots missing on 50th anniversary". National Post.
^ Hinterland Who's Who - The Loon. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
^ The Moose, 1963 original version!. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
^ The Gannet, original 1963 version!. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.
^ "John Wants Answers".
^ "SPIDERS SEDUCED INTO YIELDING SECRETS OF WEB". The New York Times. 17 September 1985.
External links
Hinterland Who's Who homepage (current series)
Hinterland Who's Who: The Beaver (original series)
Hinterland Who's Who: The Loon (original series)
Hinterland Who's Who: Little Brown Bat (new series)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public service announcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"Environment Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Canada"},{"link_name":"National Film Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Wildlife_Federation"}],"text":"Hinterland Who's Who is a Canadian series of 60-second public service announcements profiling Canadian animals, produced by Environment Canada Wildlife Service and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in the 1960s and 70s, and re-launched by the Canadian Wildlife Federation in the 2000s.","title":"Hinterland Who's Who"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"},{"link_name":"National Film Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-2"},{"link_name":"flute music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute_music"},{"link_name":"John Cacavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cacavas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Livingston_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTubeLoon-4"},{"link_name":"postal code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Canadian Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Wildlife_Federation"},{"link_name":"Government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"polar bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"leatherback sea turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HWWhistory-1"}],"text":"The Hinterland Who's Who series was commissioned in 1962 by the Canadian Wildlife Service, as a way to generate interest in Canada's wildlife through a series of short, one-minute vignettes, broadcast during commercial breaks.[1] The series, produced for the CWS by the National Film Board, has been airing on Canadian television since 1963.[2]In the original announcements, a distinctive refrain of flute music (John Cacavas' Flute Poem)[3] opens the ad, and is accompanied by the low-key style of the narrator, John Livingston (originally the executive director of the Canadian Audubon Society),[1] describing the animal over footage of it taken in the wild.The end of each message, where viewers were reminded to contact the Canadian Wildlife Service for additional information, varied. The earliest installments from 1963 concluded with, \"For a more complete story on the [animal], why not contact the Canadian Wildlife Service in Ottawa?\"[4] After the series was introduced in colour, it concluded with, \"For more information on the [animal], contact the Canadian Wildlife Service, in Ottawa.\" Newer segments in the late-1970s and 1980s ended with, \"For more information on the [animal], why not contact the Canadian Wildlife Service in Ottawa?\", with later instalments including its postal code, K1A 0H3. Viewers requesting information received a four-page, illustrated brochure providing more details on the featured animal.[1]By the early-1990s, the series received about $3.6 million in free publicity, and over a million leaflets were sent out to inquiring viewers.[1]A French version of this series was also produced, as Merveilles de la faune (Wonders of Wildlife) or Faune et flore du pays (The country's fauna and flora).In 2003, the Canadian Wildlife Federation, in cooperation with the Government of Canada, began producing new episodes of Hinterland Who's Who, featuring two versions:those containing the quiet narrative of the original series of commercials\nthose containing modern background music, directed at younger viewersThese versions, now available as 30- or 60- second installments,[1] are often hosted on-camera and voiced by a female Canadian Wildlife Service worker (Jody Gienow), concluding with, \"To learn more about [subject], and how you can protect it, visit \"hww.ca\".[5] The initial animals featured in the new series included the polar bear, the monarch butterfly, the leatherback sea turtle, and the loon.[1]In both cases, the new Hinterland Who's Who narrative includes suggestions for conservation along with the description of the animal and its behavior.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library and Archives Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanSun071113-6"},{"link_name":"beaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver"},{"link_name":"gannet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannet"},{"link_name":"moose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CBC Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBUT-DT"},{"link_name":"Laurel and Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Helpmates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helpmates"},{"link_name":"Dominion Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YouTubeLoon-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanSun071113-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VanSun071113-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In July 2013, it was announced that the first four installments of Hinterland Who's Who, released in the Summer of 1963, were presumed lost, as the Canadian Wildlife Federation and the Canadian Wildlife Service were unable to locate any copies for the series' 50th anniversary, despite extensive searches of various sources, including the NFB, Library and Archives Canada, the CBC archives, and even YouTube. These segments, filmed in black and white with versions in English and French,[6] featured the beaver, the loon, the gannet and the moose.[7]Soon after the problem of the search was made public, one of the missing installments, an English-language version featuring the loon, was found in the CBC Vancouver archives a few days later, as part of a commercial break during a broadcast of the 1932 Laurel and Hardy classic comedy, Helpmates on July 1, 1969, a holiday then known as Dominion Day. According to Colin Preston, library coordinator at the CBC Vancouver Media Archives, the 1969 recordings were saved by a former CBC employee, who later donated them to the archives for posterity.[4][6] The footage for the 1963 loon installment was originally filmed in colour, but converted to black and white for the installment.[6] The colour film and soundtrack would be recycled in later versions of the series.[8] Another of the missing four, the original beaver vignette, was subsequently found by Preston as well,[2] as were the moose,[9] and the gannet.[10] The French-language versions of all four animals soon followed.","title":"Presumed lost installments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Wants Answers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wants_Answers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Starting in August 2016, the local Mountain View, California television show John Wants Answers started airing the original Hinterland Who's Who vignettes in high definition. The show obtained digital high definition copies converted from the original film from the NFB.[11]","title":"Re-airings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SCTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_City_Television"},{"link_name":"John Candy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Candy"},{"link_name":"woodchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodchuck"},{"link_name":"Bob and Doug McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_and_Doug_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"wood spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsman_spider"},{"link_name":"THC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THC"},{"link_name":"Peter N. Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_N._Witt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"showed that giving drugs to spiders alters their web building behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_psychoactive_drugs_on_animals#Spiders"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Double Exposure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Exposure_(comedy_series)"},{"link_name":"Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Harris"},{"link_name":"House Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_Hippo"},{"link_name":"Concerned Children's Advertisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_Committed_to_Kids"},{"link_name":"Dragon Age: Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Age:_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"BioWare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioWare"}],"text":"These announcements became a widely recognized and often-parodied feature of Canadian pop culture.SCTV episode 142 featured a spoof of the Hinterland Who's Who \"Woodchuck\" episode, voiced by John Candy. The woodchuck also makes a brief appearance in episode 143.\nAlso on SCTV, Bob and Doug McKenzie parodied the Hinterland's distinctive flute theme by singing \"coo roo coo coo, coo coo coo coo\" at the start of each Great White North sketch.\nA spoof Hinterland Who's Who episode entitled \"The Wood Spider\" credited to \"First Church of Christ, Filmmaker\" was released on YouTube in 2006 and has garnered over 61 million views as of November 2023. The video purported to show the behavior of wood spiders given various drugs, such as alcohol, caffeine, and THC, a mocking reference to the 1940s research of Peter N. Witt, who showed that giving drugs to spiders alters their web building behavior.[12]\nThe Double Exposure comedy series on CBC Radio repeatedly sent up the series with a number of 'Political Hinterland Who's Who' sequences in the late 1980s and 1990s. With no visuals, the narrator's elaborate punning compared bureaucratic affairs to the struggle for survival in nature. \"On the depression north of Lake Ontario, the Great Blue Harris, or in Latin, Attila Foraqueensparkicus, has stirred up a hornets' nest with its fellow creatures living off a diet of bologna and tuna. The Great Blue Harris, not concerned with the welfare of others, has stirred the left wing back into full flight.\"\nThe PSA \"House Hippo\" by Concerned Children's Advertisers was a parody of the series. It features a voice over and footage of a small hippo. The narration was similar in style to \"Hinterland Who's Who\".\nThe game Dragon Age: Inquisition, produced by Canadian video game developer BioWare, features a sub-quest named \"Hinterland Who's Who\".","title":"In popular culture"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Heritage Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Minute"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - History\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hww.ca/en/about-us/50th/history.html","url_text":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hinterland Who's Who beaver vignette found in CBC Archives\". CBC News. July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2013/07/29/bc-hinterland-whos-who-beaver.html?cmp=rss","url_text":"\"Hinterland Who's Who beaver vignette found in CBC Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - HWW Profile\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hww.ca/en/about-us/hww-profile.html","url_text":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - HWW Profile\""}]},{"reference":"The Loon, 1963 original version!. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr4szXuxEPk","url_text":"The Loon, 1963 original version!"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Kr4szXuxEPk","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hinterland Who's Who\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hww.ca/","url_text":"\"Hinterland Who's Who\""}]},{"reference":"\"Long-lost loon from 1963 Hinterland Who is Who vignettes lands in Vancouver\". vancouversun.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325174901/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Long+lost+loon+from+1963+Hinterland+vignettes/8647764/story.html","url_text":"\"Long-lost loon from 1963 Hinterland Who is Who vignettes lands in Vancouver\""},{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Long+lost+loon+from+1963+Hinterland+vignettes/8647764/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Randy Boswell, Postmedia News (9 July 2013). \"Hibernating or extinct? Original black-and-white Hinterland Who's Who TV spots missing on 50th anniversary\". National Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/07/09/hibernating-or-extinct-original-black-and-white-hinterland-whos-who-tv-spots-missing-on-50th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Hibernating or extinct? Original black-and-white Hinterland Who's Who TV spots missing on 50th anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Hinterland Who's Who - The Loon. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lninX4Nsvfo","url_text":"Hinterland Who's Who - The Loon"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/lninX4Nsvfo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Moose, 1963 original version!. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4xdI5GrjJs&feature=c4-overview&list=UUpXaXOmAPcfDuGjrOnRTQig","url_text":"The Moose, 1963 original version!"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/M4xdI5GrjJs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Gannet, original 1963 version!. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaWcLUGccQY","url_text":"The Gannet, original 1963 version!"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/MaWcLUGccQY","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"John Wants Answers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://johnwantsanswers.com/","url_text":"\"John Wants Answers\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPIDERS SEDUCED INTO YIELDING SECRETS OF WEB\". The New York Times. 17 September 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/science/spiders-seduced-into-yielding-secrets-of-web.html","url_text":"\"SPIDERS SEDUCED INTO YIELDING SECRETS OF WEB\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hww.ca/en/about-us/50th/history.html","external_links_name":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - History\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2013/07/29/bc-hinterland-whos-who-beaver.html?cmp=rss","external_links_name":"\"Hinterland Who's Who beaver vignette found in CBC Archives\""},{"Link":"http://www.hww.ca/en/about-us/hww-profile.html","external_links_name":"\"Hinterland Who's Who - HWW Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr4szXuxEPk","external_links_name":"The Loon, 1963 original version!"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Kr4szXuxEPk","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hww.ca/","external_links_name":"\"Hinterland Who's Who\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325174901/http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Long+lost+loon+from+1963+Hinterland+vignettes/8647764/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Long-lost loon from 1963 Hinterland Who is Who vignettes lands in Vancouver\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Long+lost+loon+from+1963+Hinterland+vignettes/8647764/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/07/09/hibernating-or-extinct-original-black-and-white-hinterland-whos-who-tv-spots-missing-on-50th-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Hibernating or extinct? Original black-and-white Hinterland Who's Who TV spots missing on 50th anniversary\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lninX4Nsvfo","external_links_name":"Hinterland Who's Who - The Loon"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/lninX4Nsvfo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4xdI5GrjJs&feature=c4-overview&list=UUpXaXOmAPcfDuGjrOnRTQig","external_links_name":"The Moose, 1963 original version!"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/M4xdI5GrjJs","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaWcLUGccQY","external_links_name":"The Gannet, original 1963 version!"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/MaWcLUGccQY","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://johnwantsanswers.com/","external_links_name":"\"John Wants Answers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/17/science/spiders-seduced-into-yielding-secrets-of-web.html","external_links_name":"\"SPIDERS SEDUCED INTO YIELDING SECRETS OF WEB\""},{"Link":"http://www.hww.ca/","external_links_name":"Hinterland Who's Who homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2398625745","external_links_name":"Hinterland Who's Who: The Beaver"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kr4szXuxEPk","external_links_name":"Hinterland Who's Who: The Loon"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_amnqvUl0k","external_links_name":"Hinterland Who's Who: Little Brown Bat"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Dakar_Rally
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2005 Dakar Rally
|
["1 Entries","1.1 Bikes","1.2 Cars","1.3 Trucks","2 Stages","3 Stage results","3.1 Motorcycles","3.2 Cars","3.3 Trucks","4 Final standings","4.1 Motorcycles","4.2 Cars","4.3 Trucks","5 References"]
|
2005 Dakar Rally← Previous eventNext event →Host country Spain Morocco/ Western Sahara Mauritania Mali SenegalResultsCars winner Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul CottretMitsubishiBikes winner Cyril DespresKTMTrucks winner Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey MokeevKamaz
The KTM on which Andy Caldecott placed sixth in the 2005 Dakar Rally
2005 Dakar Rally also known as the 2005 Paris-Dakar Rally was the 27th running of the Dakar Rally event. The 2005 event was 5,565 miles (8,956 km) long, began in Barcelona on 31 December 2004 and passed through Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Mali before ending at Dakar in Senegal on 16 January 2005. The course was shorter than in 2004 but was more challenging. A record number of competitors, 696 cars, motorbikes and trucks (including assistance vehicles) in total, entered the rally.
This year introduced a regulation for motorcycles that allowed open class single cylinder motorcycles of any capacity but limited twin cylinder motorcycles to 450cc.
Robby Gordon and Colin McRae swapped the lead in the early stages of the rally, until McRae suffered a crash during the sixth stage between Smara and Zouerat and retired from the event. Stephane Peterhansel took the lead after winning the seventh stage. The eighth stage between Tichit and Tidjikja across the Mauritanian desert was cancelled due to stormy weather. Luc Alphand won the ninth stage although Peterhansel retained the overall lead. Peterhansel won the tenth stage around the town of Atar in Mauritania, and retained his lead after the twelfth stage. The motorcycle stage was cancelled as a mark of respect for Fabrizio Meoni, twice winner of the motorcycle category, who died following an accident on the 11th stage. Peterhansel also won the thirteenth stage from Bamako to Kayes in Mali. The 14th stage was won by Ari Vatanen, the 51st of his career, the 15th was won by Giniel de Villiers, and the final stage by Bruno Saby. The overall title was won by Stephane Peterhansel for the second successive year. The motorcycle category was won by Cyril Despres.
Entries
Number of participants
Stage
Bikes
Cars
Trucks
Total
Start of Rally
230
164
69
463
End of Rally
104
75
36
215
Bikes
Leading Entries
Manufacturer
Team
No.
Rider
KTM
Gauloises KTM
2
Cyril Despres
3
Alfie Cox
4
Fabrizio Meoni
9
Jean Brucy
Team Scandinavia
5
Pål Anders Ullevålseter
KTM Repsol-Red Bull
6
Marc Coma
7
Isidre Esteve
14
Giovanni Sala
16
Jordi Durán
De Gavardo
8
Carlo de Gavardo
Red Bull USA KTM
17
Scot Harden
21
Kellon Walch
22
Chris Blais
KTM Team Australia
23
Andy Caldecott
Petrobras-Lubrax
25
Jean de Azevedo
KTM-Toni-Togo
26
Alain Duclos
Yamaha
Yamaha France
12
David Frétigné
Note: Number one was not issued as a mark of respect Richard Sainct, who was killed during the Rally of the Pharaohs in Egypt in September 2004. The reigning champion in the category, Nani Roma, switched to the car category for this year.
Cars
Leading Entries
Manufacturer
Team
No.
Driver
Co-Driver
Schlesser
Schlesser-Ford Raid
300
Jean-Louis Schlesser
François Borsotto
301
José Maria Servia
Arnaud Debron
SMG
SMG
302
Philippe Gache
Jean-Pierre Garcin
Honda
Fast & Speed
305
Thierry Magnaldi
Jean-Paul Forthomme
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Ralliart
306
Stéphane Peterhansel
Jean-Paul Cottret
309
Hiroshi Masuoka
Andreas Schulz
312
Luc Alphand
Gilles Picard
316
Andrea Mayer
Jean-Michel Polato
320
Nani Roma
Henri Magne
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Motorsport
307
Bruno Saby
Michel Périn
310
Jutta Kleinschmidt
Fabrizia Pons
313
Juha Kankkunen
Juha Repo
317
Robby Gordon
Dirk von Zitzewitz
Nissan
Nissan Rally Raid Team
308
Colin McRae
Tina Thörner
311
Ari Vatanen
Tiziano Siviero
314
Giniel de Villiers
Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan Dessoude
315
Carlos Sousa
Thierry Delli-Zotti
319
Kenjiro Shinozuka
Pascal Maimon
322
Grégoire de Mévius
Jacky Dubois
BMW
X-Raid
318
Nasser Al-Attiyah
Alain Guehennec
325
José Luis Monterde
Rafael Tornabell
Trucks
Leading Entries
Manufacturer
Team
No.
Driver
Co-Drivers
Hino
Sugawara
500
Yoshimasa Sugawara
Katsumi Hamura
501
Teruhito Sugawara
Seiichi Suzuki
Mercedes-Benz
Vismara Sport System
503
Giacomo Vismara
Mario Cambiaghi Claudio Bellina
Kamaz
Kamaz-Master
515
Vladimir Chagin
Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
520
Firdaus Kabirov
Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
525
Ilgizar Mardeev
Stanislav Konopko Vladimir Goloub
DAF
Team De Rooy
516
Gerard de Rooy
Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
521
Jan de Rooy
Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
526
Hugo Duisters
Yvo Geusens Mohamed El Bouzidi
Iveco
Motorsport Italia
517
Miki Biasion
Giorgio Albiero Livio Diamante
522
Markku Alén
Guido Toni Adriano Micozzi
Tatra
Petrobras-Lubrax
518
André de Azevedo
Jaromír Martinec Luiz Antonio de Azevedo
Loprais Tatra
519
Karel Loprais
Petr Gilar Josef Kalina
MAN
Exact Software
555
Hans Stacey
Eddy Chevallier Johan van Gestel
Stages
The KTM ridden by David Schwarz in the 2005 Dakar Rally
Stage
Date
From
To
Total(km)
Stage winners
Bikes
Cars
Trucks
1
31 December
Barcelona
50
D. Frétigné
R. Gordon
H. Bekx
2
1 January
Barcelona
Granada
920
Liaison only
3
2 January
Granada
Rabat
573
D. Frétigné
C. McRae
H. Bekx
4
3 January
Rabat
Agadir
666
Stage cancelled1
R. Gordon
V. Chagin
5
4 January
Agadir
/ Smara
654
A. Caldecott
C. McRae
V. Chagin
6
5 January
/ Smara
Zouérat
622
F. Meoni
S. Peterhansel
V. Chagin
7
6 January
Zouérat
Tichit
669
D. Frétigné
S. Peterhansel
F. Kabirov
8
7 January
Tichit
Tidjikja
Stage cancelled2
9
8 January
Tidjikja
Atar
399
I. Esteve
L. Alphand
V. Chagin
9 January
Atar
Rest day
10
10 January
Atar
499
C. Despres
S. Peterhansel
F. Kabirov
11
11 January
Atar
Kiffa
695
M. Coma
J. Kleinschmidt
H. Bekx
12
12 January
Kiffa
Bamako
819
Stage cancelled3
G. de Villiers
G. de Rooy
13
13 January
Bamako
Kayes
668
A. Caldecott
S. Peterhansel
G. de Rooy
14
14 January
Kayes
Tambacounda
630
J. de Azevedo
B. Saby4
G. de Rooy
15
15 January
Tambacounda
Dakar
569
C. Despres
G. de Villiers
V. Chagin
16
16 January
Dakar
68
K. Walch
B. Saby
V. Chagin
Notes:
^1 — Stage cancelled for bikes only due to adverse weather conditions.
^2 — Stage cancelled for all classes due to poor visibility.
^3 — Stage cancelled for bikes only as tribute for Fabrizio Meoni, who died during the previous stage.
^4 — Stage winner Ari Vatanen penalised for excess speed.
Stage results
Motorcycles
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
David Frétigné
Yamaha
4:11
1
David Frétigné
Yamaha
4:11
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
4:19
0:08
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
4:19
0:08
3
Eric Verhoef
KTM
4:24
0:13
3
Eric Verhoef
KTM
4:24
0:13
2
Liaison only
3
1
David Frétigné
Yamaha
7:57
1
David Frétigné
Yamaha
12:08
2
Alfie Cox
KTM
7:59
0:02
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
12:19
0:11
3
Cyril Despres
KTM
8:00
0:03
3
Kellon Walch
KTM
12:55
0:47
4
Stage cancelled due to adverse weather conditions
5
1
Andy Caldecott
KTM
4:00:09
1
Marc Coma
KTM
4:13:13
2
Marc Coma
KTM
4:00:12
0:03
2
Andy Caldecott
KTM
4:13:57
0:43
3
Cyril Despres
KTM
4:03:39
3:30
3
Cyril Despres
KTM
4:15:58
2:45
6
1
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
4:37:14
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
8:56:49
2
Pål Anders Ullevålseter
KTM
4:38:52
1:38
2
Marc Coma
KTM
8:57:24
0:35
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
4:40:12
2:58
3
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
8:58:05
1:16
7
1
David Frétigné
Yamaha
9:16:26
1
Marc Coma
KTM
18:18:21
2
Marc Coma
KTM
9:20:57
4:31
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
18:18:37
0:16
3
Cyril Despres
KTM
9:21:48
5:22
3
Andy Caldecott
KTM
18:24:01
5:40
8
Stage cancelled due to poor visibility
9
1
Isidre Esteve
KTM
5:14:10
1
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
23:41:32
2
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
5:15:39
1:29
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
23:44:27
2:55
3
Pål Anders Ullevålseter
KTM
5:18:19
4:09
3
Marc Coma
KTM
23:46:23
4:51
10
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
5:28:26
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
29:12:53
2
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
5:38:34
10:08
2
Fabrizio Meoni
KTM
29:20:06
7:13
3
Isidre Esteve
KTM
5:40:50
12:24
3
Marc Coma
KTM
29:28:55
16:02
11
1
Marc Coma
KTM
5:58:59
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
35:13:04
2
Cyril Despres
KTM
6:00:11
1:12
2
Marc Coma
KTM
35:27:54
14:50
3
Isidre Esteve
KTM
6:02:56
3:57
3
Isidre Esteve
KTM
35:35:27
22:23
12
Stage cancelled due to death of Fabrizio Meoni
13
1
Andy Caldecott
KTM
3:51:41
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
39:13:03
2
David Frétigné
Yamaha
3:53:47
2:06
2
Marc Coma
KTM
39:29:09
16:06
3
Chris Blais
KTM
3:55:13
3:32
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
39:33:42
20:39
14
1
Jean de Azevedo
KTM
5:10:56
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
44:39:591
2
Chris Blais
KTM
5:11:19
0:23
2
Marc Coma
KTM
44:43:15
3:16
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
5:11:30
0:34
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
44:45:12
5:13
15
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
2:27:37
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
47:07:36
2
Alain Duclos
KTM
2:29:01
1:24
2
Marc Coma
KTM
47:17:21
9:45
3
Andy Caldecott
KTM
2:29:31
1:54
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
47:19:45
12:09
16
1
Kellon Walch
KTM
17:17
1
Cyril Despres
KTM
47:27:31
2
Isidre Esteve
KTM
18:09
0:52
2
Marc Coma
KTM
47:26:38
9:17
3
Eric Verhoef
KTM
18:12
0:55
3
Alfie Cox
KTM
47:39:00
11:29
Notes:
^1 — Despres' time includes a nine-minute penalty.
Cars
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
4:20
1
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
4:20
2
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
4:22
0:02
2
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
4:22
0:02
3
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
4:23
0:03
3
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
4:23
0:03
2
Liaison only
3
1
Colin McRae Tina Thörner
Nissan
7:48
1
Colin McRae Tina Thörner
Nissan
12:22
2
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
7:54
0:06
2
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
12:23
0:01
3
Ari Vatanen Tiziano Siviero
Nissan
7:58
0:10
3
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
12:24
0:02
4
1
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
1:14:01
1
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
1:26:24
2
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
1:14:54
0:53
2
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
1:27:23
0:59
3
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
1:15:09
1:08
3
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
1:27:38
1:14
5
1
Colin McRae Tina Thörner
Nissan
3:37:14
1
Colin McRae Tina Thörner
Nissan
5:07:24
2
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
3:43:29
6:15
2
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
5:12:52
5:28
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
3:44:32
7:18
3
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
5:13:25
6:01
6
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
4:00:29
1
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
9:22:31
2
Hiroshi Masuoka Andreas Schulz
Mitsubishi
4:06:27
5:58
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
9:23:11
0:40
3
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
4:07:55
7:26
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
9:26:27
3:56
7
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
8:21:57
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
17:51:47
2
Nasser Al-Attiyah Alain Guehennec
BMW
8:47:37
25:40
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
18:13:19
21:32
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
8:48:04
26:07
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
18:14:31
22:44
8
Stage cancelled due to poor visibility
9
1
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
4:52:39
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
22:45:57
2
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
4:54:10
1:31
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
23:05:58
20:01
3
Robby Gordon Dirk von Zitzewitz
Volkswagen
5:10:08
17:29
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
23:26:23
40:26
10
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
5:22:58
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
28:08:55
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
5:24:25
1:27
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
28:30:23
21:28
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
5:53:17
30:19
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
29:19:40
1:10:45
11
1
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
5:29:37
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
33:41:14
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
5:30:41
1:04
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
34:01:04
19:50
3
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
5:32:19
2:42
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
34:49:17
1:08:03
12
1
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
7:20:58
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
41:05:13
2
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
7:23:59
3:01
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
41:28:29
23:16
3
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
7:27:25
6:27
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
42:24:00
1:18:47
13
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
3:30:07
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
44:35:20
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
3:34:24
4:17
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
45:02:53
27:33
3
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
3:38:06
7:59
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
46:06:15
1:30:55
14
1
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
4:59:24
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
49:46:23
2
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
5:01:53
2:29
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
50:13:05
26:41
3
Ari Vatanen Tiziano Siviero
Nissan
5:02:081
2:44
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
53:02:40
3:16:17
15
1
Giniel de Villiers Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
2:21:15
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
52:09:30
2
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
2:22:12
0:57
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
52:36:43
27:13
3
Carlos Sousa Thierry Delli-Zotti
Nissan
2:22:15
1:00
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
55:32:47
3:23:17
16
1
Bruno Saby Michel Périn
Volkswagen
19:00
1
Stéphane Peterhansel Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
52:31:39
2
Thierry Magnaldi Jean-Paul Forthomme
Honda
19:20
0:20
2
Luc Alphand Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
52:58:53
27:14
3
Ari Vatanen Tiziano Siviero
Nissan
19:57
0:57
3
Jutta Kleinschmidt Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
55:53:39
3:22:00
Notes:
^1 — Vatanen's time includes a 12-minute penalty for excess speed during the liaison section of the stage.
Trucks
Stage result
General classification
Stage
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
Pos
Competitor
Make
Time
Gap
1
1
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
5:20
1
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
5:20
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
5:35
0:15
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
5:35
0:15
3
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
5:36
0:16
3
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
5:36
0:16
2
Liaison only
3
1
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
9:56
1
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
15:16
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
10:05
0:09
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
15:40
0:24
3
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
10:17
0:21
3
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
15:56
0:40
4
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
1:28:38
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
1:45:05
2
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
1:30:12
1:34
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
1:46:15
1:10
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
1:30:35
1:57
3
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
1:46:15
1:10
5
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
4:34:00
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
6:19:05
2
André de Azevedo Luis Antonio Azevedo Jaromír Martinec
Tatra
4:35:46
1:46
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
6:25:23
6:18
3
Karel Loprais Petr Gilar Josef Kalina
Tatra
4:38:26
4:26
3
André de Azevedo Luis Antonio Azevedo Jaromír Martinec
Tatra
6:26:39
7:34
6
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
4:43:22
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
11:02:27
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
5:01:24
18:02
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
11:28:02
25:35
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
5:02:39
19:17
3
André de Azevedo Luis Antonio Azevedo Jaromír Martinec
Tatra
11:36:26
33:59
7
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
11:43:01
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
23:11:03
2
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
13:09:34
1:26:33
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
24:48:45
1:37:42
3
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
13:12:12
1:29:11
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
26:43:36
3:32:33
8
Stage cancelled due to poor visibility
9
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
6:08:38
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
29:58:02
2
Hans Stacey Eddy Chevaillier Johan van Gestel
MAN
6:26:23
17:45
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
31:39:24
1:41:22
3
Karel Loprais Petr Gilar Josef Kalina
Tatra
6:27:33
18:55
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
33:45:32
3:47:30
10
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
7:49:49
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
37:47:51
2
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
8:06:58
17:09
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
40:05:10
2:17:19
3
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
8:15:53
26:04
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
42:14:36
4:26:45
11
1
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
7:28:16
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
45:32:31
2
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
7:32:22
4:06
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
47:33:26
2:00:55
3
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
7:39:35
11:19
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
50:25:44
4:53:13
12
1
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
9:35:14
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
55:13:02
2
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
9:40:31
5:17
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
58:09:14
2:56:12
3
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
10:30:02
54:48
3
Giacomo Vismara Mario Cambiaghi Claudio Bellina
Mercedes-Benz
61:24:35
6:11:33
13
1
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
4:27:38
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
60:32:35
2
Jan de Rooy Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
4:46:28
18:50
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
63:12:55
2:40:20
3
Hugo Duisters Yvo Geusens Mohamed El Bouzidi
DAF
4:59:01
31:23
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
66:35:18
6:02:43
14
1
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
6:32:14
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
67:35:58
2
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
6:56:52
24:38
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
70:31:19
2:55:21
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
7:03:23
31:09
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
73:32:10
5:56:12
15
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
2:49:57
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
70:45:58
2
Hugo Duisters Yvo Geusens Mohamed El Bouzidi
DAF
2:56:34
6:37
2
Hans Bekx Tonie Maessen Edwin Willems
DAF
73:49:17
3:03:19
3
Gérard de Rooy Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
3:03:16
13:19
3
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
76:46:33
6:00:35
16
1
Vladimir Chagin Semen Yakubov Sergey Savostin
Kamaz
24:52
1
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
71:33:55
2
Hugo Duisters Yvo Geusens Mohamed El Bouzidi
DAF
26:35
1:43
2
Yoshimasa Sugawara Katsumi Hamura
Hino
78:00:23
6:04:19
3
Firdaus Kabirov Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
27:57
3:05
3
Giacomo Vismara Mario Cambiaghi Claudio Bellina
Mercedes-Benz
78:00:23
6:46:28
Final standings
Motorcycles
Pos
No.
Rider
Bike
Entrant
Time
1
2
Cyril Despres
KTM LC4 660R
Gauloises KTM
47:27:31
2
6
Marc Coma
KTM LC4 660R
KTM Repsol-Red Bull
+9:17
3
3
Alfie Cox
KTM LC4 660R
Gauloises KTM
+11:29
4
7
Isidre Esteve
KTM LC4 660R
KTM Repsol-Red Bull
+11:51
5
12
David Frétigné
Yamaha
Yamaha France
+33:36
6
23
Andy Caldecott
KTM LC4 660R
KTM Team Australia
+48:11
7
25
Jean de Azevedo
KTM LC4 660R
Petrobras-Lubrax
+1:27:41
8
14
Giovanni Sala
KTM LC4 660R
KTM Repsol-Red Bull
+1:33:53
9
22
Chris Blais
KTM LC4 660R
Red Bull KTM USA
+1:53:10
10
9
Jean Brucy
KTM LC4 660R
Gauloises KTM
+3:11:39
Cars
Pos
No.
Driver
Co-Driver
Car
Entrant
Time
1
306
Stéphane Peterhansel
Jean-Paul Cottret
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Ralliart
52:31:39
2
312
Luc Alphand
Gilles Picard
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Ralliart
+27:14
3
310
Jutta Kleinschmidt
Fabrizia Pons
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Motorsport
+3:22:00
4
314
Giniel de Villiers
Jean-Marie Lurquin
Nissan
Nissan Rally Raid Team
+4:02:36
5
307
Bruno Saby
Michel Périn
Volkswagen
Volkswagen Motorsport
+8:44:14
6
320
Nani Roma
Henri Magne
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Ralliart
+9:19:37
7
315
Carlos Sousa
Thierry Delli-Zotti
Nissan
Nissan Dessoude
+10:02:29
8
305
Thierry Magnaldi
Jean-Paul Forthomme
Honda
Fast & Speed Honda
+11:03:44
9
325
José Luis Monterde
Rafael Tornabell
BMW
Team X-Raid
+13:27:31
10
353
Ramon Dalmau
Enric Oller
Mitsubishi
Epsilon Team
+19:16:53
Trucks
Pos
No.
Driver
Co-Drivers
Truck
Time
1
520
Firdaus Kabirov
Aydar Belyaev Andrey Mokeev
Kamaz
71:13:55
2
500
Yoshimasa Sugawara
Katsumi Hamura
Hino
+6:04:19
3
503
Giacomo Vismara
Mario Cambiaghi Claudio Bellina
Mercedes-Benz
+6:46:28
4
521
Jan de Rooy
Dany Colebunders Clemens Smulders
DAF
+7:37:43
5
516
Gérard de Rooy
Tom Colsoul Arno Slaats
DAF
+9:34:39
6
501
Teruhito Sugawara
Seiichi Suzuki
Hino
+11:05:33
7
522
Markku Alén
Toni Guido Adriano Micozzi
Iveco
+11:26:19
8
542
Karl Sadlauer
Franz Maier Martin Mayer
MAN
+12:18:50
9
543
Peter Reif
Gunter Pichlbauer Stefan Huber
MAN
+12:34:39
10
552
Jan Govaere
Mario Gherardyn Yves Despiegelaere
GINAF
+14:03:24
References
^ a b c "'Tougher' route for Dakar drivers". BBC Sport. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Record entry set for Dakar Rally". BBC Sport. 29 December 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "No Big Twins for Dakar Rally In '05". Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
^ "Gordon grabs early Dakar glory". BBC Sport. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Stage win gives McRae Dakar lead". BBC Sport. 2 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Gordon back on top in Dakar rally". BBC Sport. 3 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "McRae storms back into Dakar lead". BBC Sport. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "McRae crashes out of Dakar Rally". BBC Sport. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Peterhansel moves into Dakar lead". BBC Sport. 6 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Bad weather wipes out Dakar stage". BBC Sport. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Alphand cuts down Dakar deficit". BBC Sport. 8 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Peterhansel tightens Dakar grip". BBC Sport. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ a b "Peterhansel maintains Dakar lead". BBC Sport. 12 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Rider Meoni dies in Dakar Rally". BBC Sport. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Peterhansel increases Dakar lead". BBC Sports. 13 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "Veteran Vatanen takes Dakar stage". BBC Sport. 14 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ "De Villers seals Dakar stage win". BBC Sport. 15 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
^ a b c "Peterhansel retains Dakar crown". BBC Sport. 16 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KTM_of_Andy_Caldecott_-_Dakar_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"Andy Caldecott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Caldecott"},{"link_name":"Dakar Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Rally"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Tougher'_route_for_Dakar_drivers-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Tougher'_route_for_Dakar_drivers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Robby Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robby_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Colin McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_McRae"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stage_win_gives_McRae_Dakar_lead-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon_back_on_top_in_Dakar_rally-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae_storms_back_into_Dakar_lead-7"},{"link_name":"Smara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smara"},{"link_name":"Zouerat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouerat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae_crashes_out_of_Dakar_Rally-8"},{"link_name":"Stephane Peterhansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephane_Peterhansel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_moves_into_Dakar_lead-9"},{"link_name":"Tichit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tichit"},{"link_name":"Tidjikja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidjikja"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Luc Alphand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Alphand"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Atar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atar"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_tightens_Dakar_grip-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_maintains_Dakar_lead-13"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Meoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Meoni"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_maintains_Dakar_lead-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rider_Meoni_dies_in_Dakar_Rally-14"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"Kayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayes"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_increases_Dakar_lead-15"},{"link_name":"Ari Vatanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Vatanen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veteran_Vatanen_takes_Dakar_stage-16"},{"link_name":"Giniel de Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giniel_de_Villiers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Villers_seals_Dakar_stage_win-17"},{"link_name":"Bruno Saby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Saby"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_retains_Dakar_crown-18"},{"link_name":"Stephane Peterhansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephane_Peterhansel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_retains_Dakar_crown-18"},{"link_name":"Cyril Despres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Despres"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterhansel_retains_Dakar_crown-18"}],"text":"The KTM on which Andy Caldecott placed sixth in the 2005 Dakar Rally2005 Dakar Rally also known as the 2005 Paris-Dakar Rally was the 27th running of the Dakar Rally event. The 2005 event was 5,565 miles (8,956 km) long, began in Barcelona on 31 December 2004 and passed through Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Mali before ending at Dakar in Senegal on 16 January 2005.[1] The course was shorter than in 2004 but was more challenging.[1] A record number of competitors, 696 cars, motorbikes and trucks (including assistance vehicles) in total, entered the rally.[2]This year introduced a regulation for motorcycles that allowed open class single cylinder motorcycles of any capacity but limited twin cylinder motorcycles to 450cc.[3]Robby Gordon and Colin McRae swapped the lead in the early stages of the rally,[4][5][6][7] until McRae suffered a crash during the sixth stage between Smara and Zouerat and retired from the event.[8] Stephane Peterhansel took the lead after winning the seventh stage.[9] The eighth stage between Tichit and Tidjikja across the Mauritanian desert was cancelled due to stormy weather.[10] Luc Alphand won the ninth stage although Peterhansel retained the overall lead.[11] Peterhansel won the tenth stage around the town of Atar in Mauritania,[12] and retained his lead after the twelfth stage.[13] The motorcycle stage was cancelled as a mark of respect for Fabrizio Meoni, twice winner of the motorcycle category, who died following an accident on the 11th stage.[13][14] Peterhansel also won the thirteenth stage from Bamako to Kayes in Mali.[15] The 14th stage was won by Ari Vatanen, the 51st of his career,[16] the 15th was won by Giniel de Villiers,[17] and the final stage by Bruno Saby.[18] The overall title was won by Stephane Peterhansel for the second successive year.[18] The motorcycle category was won by Cyril Despres.[18]","title":"2005 Dakar Rally"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Sainct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sainct"},{"link_name":"Rally of the Pharaohs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_des_Pharaons"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-'Tougher'_route_for_Dakar_drivers-1"},{"link_name":"Nani Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_Roma"}],"sub_title":"Bikes","text":"Note: Number one was not issued as a mark of respect Richard Sainct, who was killed during the Rally of the Pharaohs in Egypt in September 2004.[1] The reigning champion in the category, Nani Roma, switched to the car category for this year.","title":"Entries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cars","title":"Entries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trucks","title":"Entries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Schwarz_-_KTM_-_2005_Barcelona_to_Dakar_Rally.jpg"},{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"^2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"^3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_3"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Meoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Meoni"},{"link_name":"^4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_4"},{"link_name":"Ari Vatanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Vatanen"}],"text":"The KTM ridden by David Schwarz in the 2005 Dakar RallyNotes:^1 — Stage cancelled for bikes only due to adverse weather conditions.\n^2 — Stage cancelled for all classes due to poor visibility.\n^3 — Stage cancelled for bikes only as tribute for Fabrizio Meoni, who died during the previous stage.\n^4 — Stage winner Ari Vatanen penalised for excess speed.","title":"Stages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stage results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_5"}],"sub_title":"Motorcycles","text":"Notes:^1 — Despres' time includes a nine-minute penalty.","title":"Stage results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_6"}],"sub_title":"Cars","text":"Notes:^1 — Vatanen's time includes a 12-minute penalty for excess speed during the liaison section of the stage.","title":"Stage results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trucks","title":"Stage results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Motorcycles","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cars","title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Trucks","title":"Final standings"}]
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[{"image_text":"The KTM on which Andy Caldecott placed sixth in the 2005 Dakar Rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/KTM_of_Andy_Caldecott_-_Dakar_2005.jpg/220px-KTM_of_Andy_Caldecott_-_Dakar_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"The KTM ridden by David Schwarz in the 2005 Dakar Rally","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/David_Schwarz_-_KTM_-_2005_Barcelona_to_Dakar_Rally.jpg/220px-David_Schwarz_-_KTM_-_2005_Barcelona_to_Dakar_Rally.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"'Tougher' route for Dakar drivers\". BBC Sport. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4020647.stm","url_text":"\"'Tougher' route for Dakar drivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Record entry set for Dakar Rally\". BBC Sport. 29 December 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4132439.stm","url_text":"\"Record entry set for Dakar Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Big Twins for Dakar Rally In '05\". Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2022-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221122543/https://www.motorcycledaily.com/2004/07/01july04_bigtwins/","url_text":"\"No Big Twins for Dakar Rally In '05\""},{"url":"https://www.motorcycledaily.com/2004/07/01july04_bigtwins/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon grabs early Dakar glory\". BBC Sport. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4138075.stm","url_text":"\"Gordon grabs early Dakar glory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stage win gives McRae Dakar lead\". BBC Sport. 2 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4141071.stm","url_text":"\"Stage win gives McRae Dakar lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon back on top in Dakar rally\". BBC Sport. 3 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4143167.stm","url_text":"\"Gordon back on top in Dakar rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"McRae storms back into Dakar lead\". BBC Sport. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4146925.stm","url_text":"\"McRae storms back into Dakar lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"McRae crashes out of Dakar Rally\". BBC Sport. 5 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4149621.stm","url_text":"\"McRae crashes out of Dakar Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterhansel moves into Dakar lead\". BBC Sport. 6 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4153231.stm","url_text":"\"Peterhansel moves into Dakar lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bad weather wipes out Dakar stage\". BBC Sport. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4154775.stm","url_text":"\"Bad weather wipes out Dakar stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alphand cuts down Dakar deficit\". BBC Sport. 8 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4157941.stm","url_text":"\"Alphand cuts down Dakar deficit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterhansel tightens Dakar grip\". BBC Sport. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4162677.stm","url_text":"\"Peterhansel tightens Dakar grip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterhansel maintains Dakar lead\". BBC Sport. 12 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4168479.stm","url_text":"\"Peterhansel maintains Dakar lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rider Meoni dies in Dakar Rally\". BBC Sport. 11 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4165021.stm","url_text":"\"Rider Meoni dies in Dakar Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterhansel increases Dakar lead\". BBC Sports. 13 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4172009.stm","url_text":"\"Peterhansel increases Dakar lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veteran Vatanen takes Dakar stage\". BBC Sport. 14 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4175821.stm","url_text":"\"Veteran Vatanen takes Dakar stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"De Villers seals Dakar stage win\". BBC Sport. 15 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4177379.stm","url_text":"\"De Villers seals Dakar stage win\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peterhansel retains Dakar crown\". BBC Sport. 16 January 2005. Retrieved 2009-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4179021.stm","url_text":"\"Peterhansel retains Dakar crown\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4020647.stm","external_links_name":"\"'Tougher' route for Dakar drivers\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4132439.stm","external_links_name":"\"Record entry set for Dakar Rally\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220221122543/https://www.motorcycledaily.com/2004/07/01july04_bigtwins/","external_links_name":"\"No Big Twins for Dakar Rally In '05\""},{"Link":"https://www.motorcycledaily.com/2004/07/01july04_bigtwins/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4138075.stm","external_links_name":"\"Gordon grabs early Dakar glory\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4141071.stm","external_links_name":"\"Stage win gives McRae Dakar lead\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4143167.stm","external_links_name":"\"Gordon back on top in Dakar rally\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4146925.stm","external_links_name":"\"McRae storms back into Dakar lead\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4149621.stm","external_links_name":"\"McRae crashes out of Dakar Rally\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4153231.stm","external_links_name":"\"Peterhansel moves into Dakar lead\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4154775.stm","external_links_name":"\"Bad weather wipes out Dakar stage\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4157941.stm","external_links_name":"\"Alphand cuts down Dakar deficit\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4162677.stm","external_links_name":"\"Peterhansel tightens Dakar grip\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4168479.stm","external_links_name":"\"Peterhansel maintains Dakar lead\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4165021.stm","external_links_name":"\"Rider Meoni dies in Dakar Rally\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4172009.stm","external_links_name":"\"Peterhansel increases Dakar lead\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4175821.stm","external_links_name":"\"Veteran Vatanen takes Dakar stage\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4177379.stm","external_links_name":"\"De Villers seals Dakar stage win\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/4179021.stm","external_links_name":"\"Peterhansel retains Dakar crown\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Academy_(Ethiopia)
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Imperial Academy (Ethiopia)
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["1 Constituent bodies","1.1 Language and Literature","1.2 Fine Arts","1.3 Science and Technology","2 See also","3 References"]
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1942–1980s national academy of Ethiopia, now split into independent organisations
The Imperial Academy was the national academy of Ethiopia, first established by the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts in 1942. It was tasked with preserving the "traditional genius" of the country; among other things, the native Ethiopic script and the literary and scholarly tradition it enabled, as well as the "promotion of research in languages and fine arts".
In 1956 Emperor Haile Selassie promulgated a decree chartering the Academy as an independent organisation. The Academy, as a single body, eventually ceased to operate during the time of the Derg regime in the 1980s, although some of its constituent organizations have persisted - directly or indirectly - to the present.
Constituent bodies
At the time of its foundation, the Academy comprised three subsidiary groups: The Language and Literature Council, the Fine Arts Council, and the Science and Technology Council.
Language and Literature
The role of the Language and Literature Council, after its establishment, over time shifted from the academic study of languages and literature towards that of a Language regulator (i.e. the Académie française or the Real Academia Española) for the Amharic language. In light of this, it was reorganised into the National Academy of the Amharic Language in 1972. It was charged with setting the national language policy as to "foster the growth of the Amharic language" and to "encourage the development of its literature". To this end, it designed a programme of spelling reform (albeit unimplemented), published compilations of Ethiopian proverbs (in multiple language), volumes of translated Ge'ez language poetry, technical and bi-lingual dictionaries, and multiple professional journals.
After the overthrow of the imperial government by the Derg (Coordinating Council of the Armed Forces) in the 1974 coup d'état and the installation of a socialist military government, the Language Academy was seen as a chauvinistic vehicle of linguistic imperialism, and one that favoured of the tongue of the ruling elite at the expense of the country's eight dozen other languages and dialects. As a result, in 1979 it was transformed into the Academy of Ethiopian Languages under the Ministry of Culture and Sport, whose regulatory remit extended to all Ethiopian languages. It had four academic subcommittees: lexicography, linguistics, terminology, and literature - both written and oral (the inclusion of the latter signifying a significant break with the prior emphasis on Ge'ez and its literary tradition).
It continued to operate after the fall of the military regime as an independent organization until 1997, when it became a research body of Addis Ababa University, known as the Ethiopian Languages Research Centre until 2010, when it was restored to the status of an autonomous academy and language regulator and renamed as Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures. In 2013, however, the entirely separate Regional Somali Language Academy, based in Djibouti, was set up by multinational agreement - including Ethiopia - as the international regulator of Somali language.
Fine Arts
The Fine Arts Council, later the Academy of Fine Arts, counted, among others, Baalu Girma, Afewerk Tekle, and Ashenafi Kebede as members. It had ceased to operate by the time of the fall of the Derg in 1991.
Science and Technology
The Science and Technology Council, later the Academy of Sciences and Technology, became defunct some time during the rule of the Derg. However, it can be considered to have a partial successor in the form of the Ethiopian Academy of Sciences, which was founded in 2010 following the efforts of academics, such as the historian Bahru Zewde, over several years to establish such an organisation. Its mission was declared as to "advance the development of all the sciences, including the natural sciences, mathematics, the health sciences, agricultural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities, fine arts and letters, making its envisioned scope closer to that of the entire Imperial Academy than just the sciences.
See also
Addis Ababa University
Haile Selassie I Prize
References
^ a b c d e f Hordofa Janko, Kebede (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. p. 410. ISBN 9783447052382. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ a b c Fishman, Joshua A. (2011). In Praise of the Beloved Language. A Comparative View of Positive Ethnolinguistic Consciousness. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 186–7. ISBN 978-3-11-081324-1.
^ a b "Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures". Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa University. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ a b "History - About us". Ethiopian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_academy"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education and Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ethiopia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic_script"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishman-2"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishman-2"},{"link_name":"Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishman-2"}],"text":"The Imperial Academy was the national academy of Ethiopia, first established by the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts in 1942.[1] It was tasked with preserving the \"traditional genius\" of the country; among other things, the native Ethiopic script and the literary and scholarly tradition it enabled, as well as the \"promotion of research in languages and fine arts\".[1][2]In 1956 Emperor Haile Selassie promulgated a decree chartering the Academy as an independent organisation.[2] The Academy, as a single body, eventually ceased to operate during the time of the Derg regime in the 1980s, although some of its constituent organizations have persisted - directly or indirectly - to the present.[2]","title":"Imperial Academy (Ethiopia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"}],"text":"At the time of its foundation, the Academy comprised three subsidiary groups: The Language and Literature Council, the Fine Arts Council, and the Science and Technology Council.[1]","title":"Constituent bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Language regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_regulator"},{"link_name":"Académie française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Real Academia Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Amharic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"language policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"},{"link_name":"spelling reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reform"},{"link_name":"Ge'ez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez"},{"link_name":"professional journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_journal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"},{"link_name":"Derg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state"},{"link_name":"military government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_government"},{"link_name":"chauvinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvinism"},{"link_name":"linguistic imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism"},{"link_name":"country's eight dozen other languages and dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Culture and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Culture_and_Sport_(Ethiopia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AELCWebsite-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Janko-1"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AELCWebsite-3"},{"link_name":"Regional Somali Language Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Somali_Language_Academy"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_City"},{"link_name":"Somali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_language"}],"sub_title":"Language and Literature","text":"The role of the Language and Literature Council, after its establishment, over time shifted from the academic study of languages and literature towards that of a Language regulator (i.e. the Académie française or the Real Academia Española) for the Amharic language. In light of this, it was reorganised into the National Academy of the Amharic Language in 1972. It was charged with setting the national language policy as to \"foster the growth of the Amharic language\" and to \"encourage the development of its literature\".[1] To this end, it designed a programme of spelling reform (albeit unimplemented), published compilations of Ethiopian proverbs (in multiple language), volumes of translated Ge'ez language poetry, technical and bi-lingual dictionaries, and multiple professional journals.[1]After the overthrow of the imperial government by the Derg (Coordinating Council of the Armed Forces) in the 1974 coup d'état and the installation of a socialist military government, the Language Academy was seen as a chauvinistic vehicle of linguistic imperialism, and one that favoured of the tongue of the ruling elite at the expense of the country's eight dozen other languages and dialects. As a result, in 1979 it was transformed into the Academy of Ethiopian Languages under the Ministry of Culture and Sport, whose regulatory remit extended to all Ethiopian languages.[3] It had four academic subcommittees: lexicography, linguistics, terminology, and literature - both written and oral (the inclusion of the latter signifying a significant break with the prior emphasis on Ge'ez and its literary tradition).[1]It continued to operate after the fall of the military regime as an independent organization until 1997, when it became a research body of Addis Ababa University, known as the Ethiopian Languages Research Centre until 2010, when it was restored to the status of an autonomous academy and language regulator and renamed as Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures.[3] In 2013, however, the entirely separate Regional Somali Language Academy, based in Djibouti, was set up by multinational agreement - including Ethiopia - as the international regulator of Somali language.","title":"Constituent bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baalu Girma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalu_Girma"},{"link_name":"Afewerk Tekle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afewerk_Tekle"},{"link_name":"Ashenafi Kebede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashenafi_Kebede"}],"sub_title":"Fine Arts","text":"The Fine Arts Council, later the Academy of Fine Arts, counted, among others, Baalu Girma, Afewerk Tekle, and Ashenafi Kebede as members. It had ceased to operate by the time of the fall of the Derg in 1991.","title":"Constituent bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Bahru Zewde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahru_Zewde"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAS-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAS-4"}],"sub_title":"Science and Technology","text":"The Science and Technology Council, later the Academy of Sciences and Technology, became defunct some time during the rule of the Derg. However, it can be considered to have a partial successor in the form of the Ethiopian Academy of Sciences, which was founded in 2010 following the efforts of academics, such as the historian Bahru Zewde, over several years to establish such an organisation.[4] Its mission was declared as to \"advance the development of all the sciences, including the natural sciences, mathematics, the health sciences, agricultural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities, fine arts and letters, making its envisioned scope closer to that of the entire Imperial Academy than just the sciences.[4]","title":"Constituent bodies"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Addis Ababa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University"},{"title":"Haile Selassie I Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haile_Selassie_I_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
|
[{"reference":"Hordofa Janko, Kebede (2003). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. p. 410. ISBN 9783447052382. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA411","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447052382","url_text":"9783447052382"}]},{"reference":"Fishman, Joshua A. (2011). In Praise of the Beloved Language. A Comparative View of Positive Ethnolinguistic Consciousness. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 186–7. ISBN 978-3-11-081324-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081324-1","url_text":"978-3-11-081324-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures\". Addis Ababa University. Addis Ababa University. Retrieved 9 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aau.edu.et/aelc/","url_text":"\"Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_University","url_text":"Addis Ababa University"}]},{"reference":"\"History - About us\". Ethiopian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eas-et.org/new/index.php/about-us/history","url_text":"\"History - About us\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA411","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha"},{"Link":"http://www.aau.edu.et/aelc/","external_links_name":"\"Academy of Ethiopian Languages and Cultures\""},{"Link":"http://www.eas-et.org/new/index.php/about-us/history","external_links_name":"\"History - About us\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Hamilton-Merritt
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Jane Hamilton-Merritt
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["1 Early life, education, and teaching","2 Raising alpacas and llamas","3 Photojournalism and advocacy","4 Criticism","5 Selected publications","6 References"]
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Jane Hamilton-Merritt (born Mary Jane LaRowe) is a retired college professor, photojournalist, author, and animal rights and animal husbandry advocate. She resides in Redding, Connecticut. In 1999, she was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame. Some of her work has focused on breeding and raising Llamas and Alpaca.
Early life, education, and teaching
Jane Hamilton-Merritt was born Mary Jane LaRowe in 1947 in Noble County, Indiana, not far from Fort Wayne. Her parents were Claude LaRowe, a farmer, and Alvada (Brown) LaRowe.
She attended Ball State University in Muncie, where she received both a B.A. and an M.A. degree. She went on to get a Ph.D. in Southeast Asia Studies at Union Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Hamilton-Merritt was a professor at Southern Connecticut State University, where she taught writing and journalism for nearly two decades (1979–97) on a part-time basis. In 1991–92 she was a visiting faculty fellow at Yale University. In 1997, she retired from teaching at Southern Connecticut State University, to work full-time for the resettlement of a group of Hmong living in a compound near Bangkok, Thailand. She also raises llama and alpacas on her Connecticut farm, in her retirement.
Raising alpacas and llamas
Hamilton-Merritt is an active member and officer in the Greater Appalachian Llama and Alpaca Association. She frequently shows her animals in Connecticut and New England events.
Photojournalism and advocacy
Hamilton-Merritt reportedly went to Vietnam as a free-lance war correspondent, reportedly spending six years covering aspects of the Vietnam War, including the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos. She claims to have won the Inland Daily Press Association's Grand Prize Trophy for her purported front-line war coverage, but there is no independent sources to document her claim. Print articles, and repeated electronic archive research, from this period have not turned up under either of her names, raising questions as to when and how her Vietnam-War-era work was published. To date, no known independent sources exist of her writings during this period.
Hamilton-Merritt is also known for the work she has done on behalf of the Laotian and Hmong people, who were U.S. allies in the Vietnam War before being largely forgotten in the aftermath. In 1980, she wrote an early story in Reader’s Digest on reported chemical and biological warfare in communist Laos under the Marxist government. She has worked as an adviser to several American school systems with large numbers of Hmong children. Beginning in the early 1990s, she worked with several non-profit organizations and non-governmental organizations seeking to stop forced repatriation of Hmong political refugees from camps in Thailand back to communist Laos, on the grounds that this puts them at great risk of execution or slavery.
In 1993, in cooperation with Indiana University Press (IUP), she published a book on the Hmong and Lao people, Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992.
For her work to help bring awareness about the Hmong people's situation and their recent history, Hamilton-Merritt has reportedly been largely self-nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, which she did not receive. Mr. Burke Marshall, of Yale Law School, reportedly wrote in support of her nomination: “They (the Hmong) are a people who have been deeply damaged and wronged by history and by the actions of great nations...”
Hamilton-Merritt was one of the editors of Indiana University's Vietnam War Era Classics Series.
Criticism
Hamilton-Merritt has been critical of Professor Alfred W. McCoy controversial writings about the Hmong people, General Vang Pao, Laos, and Southeast Asia during the period of North Vietnamese invasion of Laos. In return, Hamilton-Merritt's writings regarding Vang Pao and the Hmong have been criticized by McCoy.
Selected publications
Books
Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992 (Indiana University Press, 1993)
A Meditator's Diary: A Western Woman's Unique Experiences in Thailand's Monasteries (1976)
Articles
"Gas Warfare in Laos: Communism's Drive to Annihilate a People" (Reader's Digest, October 1980, pp. 81–88)
"Hmong and Yao: Mountain Peoples of Southeast Asia" (Survive, 1982)
"The Killing Fields of Laos" (interview, Vietnam, December 1993, pp. 46–53)
"General Giap's Laotian Nemesis" (Vietnam, June 1995, pp. 27–32)
References
^ Greater Appalachian Llama and Alpaca Association Newsletter, January 2016, http://www.galaonline.org
^ a b Noble County, Indiana, Death Records. "Genealogical and Death Records of Noble County, Indiana, Noble County, Indiana, December 23, 2010, Death Notice, Claude LaRowe". gen.nobleco.lib.in.us. Noble County, Indiana, Public Library. Retrieved 25 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Jane Hamilton-Merritt". Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame website.
^ Greater Appalachian Llama and Alpaca Association, January 2016, http://www.galaonline/board.html
^ Smith, J. Christina. The Hmong, 1987-1995: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography, p. 11.
^ a b Isthmus, 10 April 2007, Madison, Wisconsin, "Alfred McCoy Briefing Paper"
vteConnecticut Women's Hall of Fame1990s1994
Mary Jobe Akeley
Anni Albers
Marian Anderson
Beatrice Fox Auerbach
Emma Fielding Baker
Evelyn Longman Batchelder
Catharine Beecher
Jody Cohen
Prudence Crandall
Katharine Seymour Day
Fidelia Fielding
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Dorothy Goodwin
Ella Grasso
Estelle Griswold
Mary Hall
Alice Hamilton
Katharine Hepburn
Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
Isabella Beecher Hooker
Emeline Roberts Jones
Barbara B. Kennelly
Clare Boothe Luce
Rachel Taylor Milton
Alice Paul
Ellen Ash Peters
Ann Petry
Sarah Porter
Theodate Pope Riddle
Edna Negron Rosario
Margaret Rudkin
Susan Saint James
Lydia Sigourney
Virginia Thrall Smith
Smiths of Glastonbury
Hilda Crosby Standish
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Gladys Tantaquidgeon
Betty Tianti
Hannah Bunce Watson
Chase G. Woodhouse
1995
Helen M. Feeney
Caroline Hewins
Donna Lopiano
María Colón Sánchez
1996
Edythe J. Gaines
Madeleine L'Engle
Susanne Langer
1997
Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt
Annie Dillard
Margo Rose
Laura Wheeler Waring
1998
Dorrit Hoffleit
Constance Baker Motley
Rosa Ponselle
Lillian Vernon
Mabel Osgood Wright
1999
Jane Hamilton-Merritt
Sophie Tucker
Ann Uccello
Florence Wald
2000s2000
Emily Barringer
Adrianne Baughns-Wallace
Mary Goodrich Jenson
2001
Laura Nyro
Catherine Roraback
Maria Miller Stewart
2002
Florence Griswold
Eileen Kraus
Miriam Therese Winter
2003
Dotha Bushnell Hillyer
Clarice McLean
2005
Martha Coolidge
Helen Frankenthaler
Rosalind Russell
2006
Helen Keller
Mary Townsend Seymour
Anne Stanback
2007
Dorothy Hamill
Joan Joyce
Glenna Collett-Vare
2008
Jewel Plummer Cobb
Patricia Goldman-Rakic
Barbara McClintock
Joan A. Steitz
2009
Martha Minerva Franklin
Carolyn M. Mazure
Helen L. Smits
2010s2010
Anne M. Mulcahy
Martha Parsons
Maggie Wilderotter
2011
Isabelle M. Kelley
Denise Nappier
Patricia Wald
2012
Anne Garrels
Annie Leibovitz
Faith Middleton
2013
Rosa DeLauro
Barbara Franklin
Linda Lorimer
Augusta Lewis Troup
2014
Beatrix Farrand
Jennifer Lawton
Marian Salzman
2015
Margaret Bourke-White
Carolyn Miles
Indra Nooyi
2016
Rebecca Lobo
Jane Pauley
Joyce Yerwood
2017
Kristen Griest
Ruth A. Lucas
Regina Rush-Kittle
2018
Lucia Chase
Anika Noni Rose
Tina Weymouth
2019
Marian Chertow
Nell Newman
Martha Langevin
Elizabeth George Plouffe
2020s2020
Josephine Bennett
Frances Ellen Burr
Catherine Flanagan
Sarah Lee Brown Fleming
Clara Hill (suffragist)
Elsie Hill
Helena Hill
Emily Pierson
2021
Enola G. Aird
Patricia Baker
Donna Berman
Khalilah L. Brown-Dean
Glynda C. Carr
Callie Gale Heilmann
Jerimarie Liesegang
Kica Matos
Marilyn Ondrasik
Pamela Selders
Teresa C. Younger
2022
Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe
Jennifer Rizzotti
Lhakpa Sherpa
Suzy Whaley
2023
Lisa Cortés
Laura Cruickshank
Carla Squatrito
Regina Winters-Toussaint
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jane Hamilton-Merritt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-noble-2"},{"link_name":"Ball State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"Union Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"Southern Connecticut State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"Southern Connecticut State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Connecticut_State_University"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"}],"text":"Jane Hamilton-Merritt was born Mary Jane LaRowe in 1947 in Noble County, Indiana, not far from Fort Wayne.[2] Her parents were Claude LaRowe, a farmer, and Alvada (Brown) LaRowe.[2]She attended Ball State University in Muncie, where she received both a B.A. and an M.A. degree.[3] She went on to get a Ph.D. in Southeast Asia Studies at Union Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio.[3]Hamilton-Merritt was a professor at Southern Connecticut State University, where she taught writing and journalism for nearly two decades (1979–97) on a part-time basis.[3] In 1991–92 she was a visiting faculty fellow at Yale University.[3] In 1997, she retired from teaching at Southern Connecticut State University, to work full-time for the resettlement of a group of Hmong living in a compound near Bangkok, Thailand.[3] She also raises llama and alpacas on her Connecticut farm, in her retirement.","title":"Early life, education, and teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"}],"text":"Hamilton-Merritt is an active member and officer in the Greater Appalachian Llama and Alpaca Association.[4] She frequently shows her animals in Connecticut and New England events.","title":"Raising alpacas and llamas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-5"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese invasion of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"Lao people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwhf-3"}],"text":"Hamilton-Merritt reportedly went to Vietnam as a free-lance war correspondent,[5] reportedly spending six years covering aspects of the Vietnam War, including the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos. She claims to have won the Inland Daily Press Association's Grand Prize Trophy for her purported front-line war coverage, but there is no independent sources to document her claim. Print articles, and repeated electronic archive research, from this period have not turned up under either of her names, raising questions as to when and how her Vietnam-War-era work was published. To date, no known independent sources exist of her writings during this period.Hamilton-Merritt is also known for the work she has done on behalf of the Laotian and Hmong people, who were U.S. allies in the Vietnam War before being largely forgotten in the aftermath. In 1980, she wrote an early story in Reader’s Digest on reported chemical and biological warfare in communist Laos under the Marxist government.[3] She has worked as an adviser to several American school systems with large numbers of Hmong children.[3] Beginning in the early 1990s, she worked with several non-profit organizations and non-governmental organizations seeking to stop forced repatriation of Hmong political refugees from camps in Thailand back to communist Laos, on the grounds that this puts them at great risk of execution or slavery.[3]In 1993, in cooperation with Indiana University Press (IUP), she published a book on the Hmong and Lao people, Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992.[3]For her work to help bring awareness about the Hmong people's situation and their recent history, Hamilton-Merritt has reportedly been largely self-nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, which she did not receive. Mr. Burke Marshall, of Yale Law School, reportedly wrote in support of her nomination: “They (the Hmong) are a people who have been deeply damaged and wronged by history and by the actions of great nations...”[3]Hamilton-Merritt was one of the editors of Indiana University's Vietnam War Era Classics Series.[3]","title":"Photojournalism and advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred W. McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._McCoy"},{"link_name":"Vang Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vang_Pao"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese invasion of Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isthmus-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isthmus-6"}],"text":"Hamilton-Merritt has been critical of Professor Alfred W. McCoy controversial writings about the Hmong people, General Vang Pao, Laos, and Southeast Asia during the period of North Vietnamese invasion of Laos.[6] In return, Hamilton-Merritt's writings regarding Vang Pao and the Hmong have been criticized by McCoy.[6]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"BooksTragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret War for Laos, 1942-1992 (Indiana University Press, 1993)\nA Meditator's Diary: A Western Woman's Unique Experiences in Thailand's Monasteries (1976)Articles\"Gas Warfare in Laos: Communism's Drive to Annihilate a People\" (Reader's Digest, October 1980, pp. 81–88)\n\"Hmong and Yao: Mountain Peoples of Southeast Asia\" (Survive, 1982)\n\"The Killing Fields of Laos\" (interview, Vietnam, December 1993, pp. 46–53)\n\"General Giap's Laotian Nemesis\" (Vietnam, June 1995, pp. 27–32)","title":"Selected publications"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Noble County, Indiana, Death Records. \"Genealogical and Death Records of Noble County, Indiana, Noble County, Indiana, December 23, 2010, Death Notice, Claude LaRowe\". gen.nobleco.lib.in.us. Noble County, Indiana, Public Library. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gen.nobleco.lib.in.us/Obituaries/Lat.htm","url_text":"\"Genealogical and Death Records of Noble County, Indiana, Noble County, Indiana, December 23, 2010, Death Notice, Claude LaRowe\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_P5
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Pennsylvania Railroad class P5
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[]
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"P5A" redirects here. For a planned Mars spacecraft, see AMSAT § Current projects.
PRR P5/P5aPRR P5a #4761Type and originPower typeElectricBuilderPRR Altoona Works (13)Baldwin-Westinghouse (54)General Electric (25)Build date1931–1935Total produced92SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte4-6-4 • AAR2-C-2 • UIC2′Co2′Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeLeading dia.36 in (914 mm)Driver dia.72 in (1,829 mm)Trailing dia.36 in (914 mm)Wheelbase49 ft 10 in (15.19 m) (total);20 ft (6.10 m) (rigid)Length62 ft (19 m)Width10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) (P5, P5a, P5b);10 ft 8.25 in (3.26 m) (P5a (modified))Height15 ft (4.57 m) over locked-down pantographsAxle load74,000 lb (34,000 kg; 34 t) (P5, P5a);77,800 lb (35,300 kg; 35.3 t) (P5b);77,000 lb (35,000 kg; 35 t) (P5a (modified))Adhesive weight220,000 lb (100,000 kg; 100 t) (P5, P5a);444,700 lb (201,700 kg; 201.7 t) (P5b, all wheels driven);229,000 lb (104,000 kg; 104 t) (P5a (modified))Loco weight392,000 lb (178,000 kg; 178 t) (P5, P5a);444,700 lb (201,700 kg; 201.7 t) (P5b);394,000 lb (179,000 kg; 179 t) (P5a (modified))Electric system/s11 kV AC @ 25 Hz CatenaryCurrent pickup(s)PantographTraction motors6× 625 hp (466 kW) AC motors; plus 4× 375 hp (280 kW) motors on the trucks on P5bTransmissionAC current fed via transformer tap changers to paired motors geared (25:97) to quill drives on each driving axle; plus single motors geared to driving axles on end trucks on P5b (gear ratio: 17:50)CareerOperatorsPennsylvania RailroadNumbers4700–4791Preserved4700DispositionOne P5 prototype preserved; rest scrapped.
The Pennsylvania Railroad's class P5 comprised 92 mixed-traffic electric locomotives constructed 1931–1935 by the PRR, Westinghouse and General Electric. Although the original intention was that they work mainly passenger trains, the success of the GG1 locomotives meant that the P5 class were mostly used on freight. A single survivor, prototype #4700, is at the National Museum of Transportation in St Louis, Missouri.
They had an AAR wheel arrangement of 2-C-2, or 2′Co2′ in the UIC classification system — three pairs of driven wheels rigidly mounted to the locomotive, with a two-axle unpowered truck at each end. This is an equivalent to a 4-6-4 in the Whyte notation. The PRR did not have any 4-6-4 steam locomotives, so the P5s were the only 4-6-4 type locomotives owned by the PRR.
The first P5s were built with box cabs. A grade crossing accident in which the crew were killed led to the substitution of a central cab to give better crash protection, a streamlined steeple type, in later production, a design which was also applied to the GG1.
Table of P5 locomotive production
Year
Builder
Bodystyle
Road numbers
Notes
1931
Altoona
Boxcab
7898-7899
Class P5, Renumbered 4700 & 4791 respectively in 1933
1932
Westinghouse
4701–4732
4702 rebuilt to P5b in 1937
General Electric
4755–4774
4770 rebuilt as Modified in 1945
1933
Westinghouse
4733-4742
1934
Altoona
Modified
4780
1935
Westinghouse
4743–4754
General Electric
4775-4779
Altoona
4781-4790
When the GG1s were put in passenger service, the P5s were regeared and used in freight service for many years. The last of the class was withdrawn from service in April 1965.
P5 prototypes
Two prototype locomotives were outshopped from the PRR's Altoona Works in 1931. They were essentially the PRR's 2-B-2 O1 design lengthened by adding another pair of driving wheels; while the O1 was an "electric Atlantic" equivalent to the E6s steam locomotive, the P5 was an "electric Pacific" designed to match or better the performance of the PRR's ubiquitous K4s Pacifics.
These prototypes had electrical equipment from both Westinghouse and General Electric; the design was by both companies and the PRR's electrical department, and the equipment from each manufacturer was identical.
P5a production locomotives
Orders were placed for 90 production locomotives classified P5a due to minor changes from the prototypes (notably, larger traction motor blowers). Production was split between General Electric and Westinghouse; the GE examples were assembled at GE's Erie, Pennsylvania facility, still a locomotive assembly plant today, while final assembly for the Westinghouse order was subcontracted to the Baldwin Locomotive Works.
P5a (modified) steeplecabs
A fatal grade crossing accident on the New York Division confirmed traincrews' concerns about safety when the crew were killed after colliding with a truckload of apples. A redesign was undertaken, giving the locomotives a central cab, raised higher, with narrower-topped, streamlined "noses" to the locomotive to enable the crew to see forward. The final 28 locomotives were built to this design, which was not given a separate class designation since it was mechanically and electrically identical; they were called class P5a (modified), and colloquially Modifieds.
P5a (modified) #4780
Documentation published in 2010 disproved the decades long belief that the modified P5's new shell design came first and was then applied to the GG1, R1, and eventually the DD2. Instead, it was revealed that the GG1 project, under the direction of industrial designer Donald R. Dohner, was the first to receive the center cab design, and that soon afterward it was applied to the R1 and P5.
The Modified units (along with the R1 and prototype GG1) were built with riveted carbodies. However, unit #4770, rebuilt to a Modified appearance in January 1945 after being wrecked in February 1944, differed from previous Modifieds in having an all-welded carbody, the type of construction famously utilized in the production run of the GG1.
P5b experiment
In October 1937, P5a #4702 was rebuilt with motors in its trucks to become the only locomotive in subclass P5b. Each truck axle was given a 375-horsepower (280 kW) motor, adding 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) to give a total power output of 5,250 hp (3,910 kW) and a wheel arrangement of B-C-B or Bo′CoBo′. The main drivers had used double traction motors on each axle, but the trucks were a single motor per axle. This modification also meant that locomotive's entire weight was carried on driven wheels. Despite these advantages the experiment was not repeated, however #4702 continued in its modified form.
Visually, the class P5b could be distinguished from a boxcab P5a by having a lower row of ventilation grilles on the sides of the superstructure, and by having outside brake cylinders on the trucks.
See also
PRR locomotive classification
References
^ a b c d e f g Staufer, Alvin F.; Pennypacker, Bert (1962). Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957. Research by Martin Flattley. Carollton, Ohio: Alvin F. Staufer. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-9445-1304-0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pennsylvania Railroad. "P5 & P5a". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Pennsylvania Railroad. "P5b". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pennsylvania Railroad. "P5a (modified)". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society (August 2004). "PRR Chronology 1965" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-30.
^ Wayt, Hampton C. (Fall 2010). "Update on the GG1's genesis". Classic Trains (Kalmbach) 11 (3): 86–87.
^ "2 Killed as 90 Car Freight Speeds Past Flagman and Plows Into Standing train". Philadelphia Inquirer. February 14, 1944. p. 1.
^ Interstate Commerce Commission. Investigation no. 2774 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company report in re accident near Roxton, Pa., on February 13, 1944. OCLC 947002343.
^ Volkmer, William D. (1991). Pennsy Electric Years. Edison, New Jersey: Morning Sun Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 1-878887-01-7.
vteElectric locomotives built by GEDC Electrics (Bipolar motors)
NYC S-Motor
NYC T-Motor
MILW EP-2 “Bi-polar”
DC Electrics
Canadian National Class Z-1-a
JNR ED11
JNR ED14
MILW EF-1 / EP-1
MILW ES-1
MILW ES-2
GE 289A Boxcab
Mexican Railway Boxcabs
NYC P Motor
NYC Q-Motor
NYC R-Motor
CUT P1-a
Tri-power boxcab
NYC R-2
Paulista Rwy. 2-C+C-2
“Little Joe”
CN Centercab Electric
NJ E-10
AC Electrics
New Haven EP3
PRR P5a
PRR GG1
New Haven EP4
New Haven EF3a
PRR E2b
AC Electrics (3 phase)GN boxcabAC Electrics (motor generator)
New Haven EF2
New Haven EY3
GN Y-1 / PRR FF2
GN W-1
VGN EL-2B
AC Electrics (Ignitron Rectifier)
New Haven EP-5
VGN EL-C / New Haven EF-4 / PC E33
PRR E44
AC Electrics (Silicon Rectifier)
E50C
E60C
E60CH / E60CP / E60MA
E25B
E60C-2
(see also: List of GE locomotives)
vteElectric locomotives built by the Westinghouse Electric CompanyDC Electrics
PRR AA1
MILW EP-3
AC Electrics
NH EP-1
CN Z-2
NH EY-2
NH EF-1
NH EP-2
PRR P5a
PRR R1
NH EF-3b
AC Electrics (side rod)
N&W LC-1
N&W LC-2
VGN EL-3a
AC Electrics (motor generator)
GN Z-1
AC Electrics (Ignitron rectifier)
PRR E3b
PRR E2c
(see also: List of Westinghouse locomotives)
vtePennsylvania Railroad locomotives
A (0-4-0):
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5s
B (0-6-0):
B1 (s)
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B1 (e)
C (0-8-0):
C1
C29
C30
C31
D (4-4-0):
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15
D16
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D30
D31
D32
D33
D34
D35
D36
D37
D38
D39
D61
"Odd D" #10003
E (4-4-2):
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E21
E22
E23
E28
de Glehn
F (2-6-0):
F1
F2
F3
F21
F22
F23
F24
F25
F26
F27
F30
F31
F61
G (4-6-0):
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6
G53
H (2-8-0):
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H8
H9
H10
I (2-10-0):
I1
J (2-6-2 and 2-10-4):
J1
J28
K (4-6-2):
K1
K2
K3s
K4s
K5
K21s
K28
K29s
L (2-8-2):
L1s
L2s
L5
L6
M (4-8-2):
M1
N (2-10-2):
N1s
N2s
O (4-4-4):
O1
P (4-6-4):
P5
Q (4-6-4-4 and 4-4-6-4):
Q1
Q2
R (4-8-4):
R1
S (6-4-4-6 and 6-8-6):
S1
S2
T (4-4-4-4):
T1
Articulated steam locomotives:
CC1s
CC2s
HC1s
HH1
HH1s
HH2s
Articulated electric locomotives:
AA1
BB1
BB2
BB3
DD1
DD2
FF1
FF2
GG1
Non-standard:
E2b
E2c
E3b
E44
|
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For a planned Mars spacecraft, see AMSAT § Current projects.The Pennsylvania Railroad's class P5 comprised 92 mixed-traffic electric locomotives constructed 1931–1935 by the PRR, Westinghouse and General Electric.[1] Although the original intention was that they work mainly passenger trains, the success of the GG1 locomotives meant that the P5 class were mostly used on freight. A single survivor, prototype #4700, is at the National Museum of Transportation in St Louis, Missouri.They had an AAR wheel arrangement of 2-C-2, or 2′Co2′ in the UIC classification system — three pairs of driven wheels rigidly mounted to the locomotive, with a two-axle unpowered truck at each end. This is an equivalent to a 4-6-4 in the Whyte notation.[2][3][4] The PRR did not have any 4-6-4 steam locomotives, so the P5s were the only 4-6-4 type locomotives owned by the PRR.The first P5s were built with box cabs. A grade crossing accident in which the crew were killed led to the substitution of a central cab to give better crash protection, a streamlined steeple type, in later production, a design which was also applied to the GG1.When the GG1s were put in passenger service, the P5s were regeared and used in freight service for many years. The last of the class was withdrawn from service in April 1965.[5]","title":"Pennsylvania Railroad class P5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennsypower-1"},{"link_name":"PRR's 2-B-2 O1 design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_O1"},{"link_name":"E6s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_E6"},{"link_name":"K4s Pacifics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_K4s"}],"text":"Two prototype locomotives were outshopped from the PRR's Altoona Works in 1931.[1] They were essentially the PRR's 2-B-2 O1 design lengthened by adding another pair of driving wheels; while the O1 was an \"electric Atlantic\" equivalent to the E6s steam locomotive, the P5 was an \"electric Pacific\" designed to match or better the performance of the PRR's ubiquitous K4s Pacifics.These prototypes had electrical equipment from both Westinghouse and General Electric; the design was by both companies and the PRR's electrical department, and the equipment from each manufacturer was identical.","title":"P5 prototypes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennsypower-1"},{"link_name":"Erie, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Baldwin Locomotive Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works"}],"text":"Orders were placed for 90 production locomotives classified P5a due to minor changes from the prototypes (notably, larger traction motor blowers).[1] Production was split between General Electric and Westinghouse; the GE examples were assembled at GE's Erie, Pennsylvania facility, still a locomotive assembly plant today, while final assembly for the Westinghouse order was subcontracted to the Baldwin Locomotive Works.","title":"P5a production locomotives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grade crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_crossing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennsypower-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennsypower-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PRR_P5a_mod.jpg"},{"link_name":"GG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_GG1"},{"link_name":"R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_R1"},{"link_name":"DD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_DD2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A fatal grade crossing accident on the New York Division confirmed traincrews' concerns about safety when the crew were killed after colliding with a truckload of apples.[1] A redesign was undertaken, giving the locomotives a central cab, raised higher, with narrower-topped, streamlined \"noses\" to the locomotive to enable the crew to see forward. The final 28 locomotives were built to this design, which was not given a separate class designation since it was mechanically and electrically identical; they were called class P5a (modified), and colloquially Modifieds.[1]P5a (modified) #4780Documentation published in 2010 disproved the decades long belief that the modified P5's new shell design came first and was then applied to the GG1, R1, and eventually the DD2. Instead, it was revealed that the GG1 project, under the direction of industrial designer Donald R. Dohner, was the first to receive the center cab design, and that soon afterward it was applied to the R1 and P5.[6]The Modified units (along with the R1 and prototype GG1) were built with riveted carbodies. However, unit #4770, rebuilt to a Modified appearance in January 1945 after being wrecked in February 1944,[7][8] differed from previous Modifieds in having an all-welded carbody, the type of construction famously utilized in the production run of the GG1.[9]","title":"P5a (modified) steeplecabs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p5bdiagram-3"},{"link_name":"double traction motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_traction_motor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwillingsmotor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pennsypower-1"}],"text":"In October 1937, P5a #4702 was rebuilt with motors in its trucks to become the only locomotive in subclass P5b. Each truck axle was given a 375-horsepower (280 kW) motor,[3] adding 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) to give a total power output of 5,250 hp (3,910 kW) and a wheel arrangement of B-C-B or Bo′CoBo′. The main drivers had used double traction motors [de] on each axle, but the trucks were a single motor per axle. This modification also meant that locomotive's entire weight was carried on driven wheels. Despite these advantages the experiment was not repeated, however #4702 continued in its modified form.Visually, the class P5b could be distinguished from a boxcab P5a by having a lower row of ventilation grilles on the sides of the superstructure, and by having outside brake cylinders on the trucks.[1]","title":"P5b experiment"}]
|
[{"image_text":"P5a (modified) #4780","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PRR_P5a_mod.jpg/220px-PRR_P5a_mod.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"PRR locomotive classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRR_locomotive_classification"}]
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[{"reference":"Staufer, Alvin F.; Pennypacker, Bert (1962). Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957. Research by Martin Flattley. Carollton, Ohio: Alvin F. Staufer. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-9445-1304-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9445-1304-0","url_text":"978-0-9445-1304-0"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Railroad. \"P5 & P5a\". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5_p5a.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","url_text":"\"P5 & P5a\""}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Railroad. \"P5b\". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5b.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","url_text":"\"P5b\""}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Railroad. \"P5a (modified)\". PRR Locomotive Diagrams. Retrieved 2008-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5b.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","url_text":"\"P5a (modified)\""}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Railroad Technical and Historical Society (August 2004). \"PRR Chronology 1965\" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1965%20June%2004.wd.pdf","url_text":"\"PRR Chronology 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Killed as 90 Car Freight Speeds Past Flagman and Plows Into Standing train\". Philadelphia Inquirer. February 14, 1944. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"Philadelphia Inquirer"}]},{"reference":"Interstate Commerce Commission. Investigation no. 2774 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company report in re accident near Roxton, Pa., on February 13, 1944. OCLC 947002343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/947002343","url_text":"947002343"}]},{"reference":"Volkmer, William D. (1991). Pennsy Electric Years. Edison, New Jersey: Morning Sun Books. pp. 26–27. ISBN 1-878887-01-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878887-01-7","url_text":"1-878887-01-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5_p5a.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","external_links_name":"\"P5 & P5a\""},{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5b.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","external_links_name":"\"P5b\""},{"Link":"http://prr.railfan.net/diagrams/PRRdiagrams.html?diag=p5b.gif&sel=ele&sz=sm&fr=","external_links_name":"\"P5a (modified)\""},{"Link":"http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1965%20June%2004.wd.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PRR Chronology 1965\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/947002343","external_links_name":"947002343"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Hawkins
|
Jessica Hawkins
|
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Racing record","3.1 Career summary","3.2 Complete W Series results","3.3 Complete British Touring Car Championship results","3.4 Complete British GT Championship results","4 References","5 External links"]
|
British racing driver (born 1995)
Jessica HawkinsHawkins at W Series 2021Nationality BritishBorn (1995-02-16) 16 February 1995 (age 29)Headley, East Hampshire, EnglandBritish GT Championship careerDebut season2024Current teamBeechdean MotorsportCar number97Starts4Wins0Podiums0Poles0Fastest laps0Best finishTBD in 2024Previous series2019, 2021–2220202019–202016, 201820172015–1620152014W SeriesBritish Touring Car ChampionshipJaguar I-Pace eTrophyVolkswagen Racing Cup GBMini Challenge UKMRF Challenge Formula 2000MSA FormulaBritish Formula Ford Championship
Jessica Mary Hawkins (born 16 February 1995) is a British racing driver and stunt driver from East Hampshire, England. She currently competes in the 2024 British GT Championship driving for Beechdean Motorsport. In 2022, Hawkins competed in the W Series, as well as the British Touring Car Championship. She is also the driver ambassador and head of racing for F1 Academy for the Aston Martin F1 Team.
Career
Hawkins made her professional motorsport debut in British Formula Ford at Silverstone, in a one-off event where she twice finished inside the top ten. Her strong rookie performance saw her being picked up by Falcon Motorsport to contest the 2015 MSA Formula Championship. She had to wait until the fourth round of the championship at Oulton Park to make her debut, and only completed half of the ten-round championship – finishing 11th twice and placing 23rd in the championship. She entered the Bahrain round of the 2015–16 MRF Challenge but finished 15th in both races.
In 2016 Hawkins moved into single-make racing, competing in the Volkswagen Racing Cup series. She crossed over to the Mini Challenge in 2017, scoring six class wins and finishing runner-up to Matt Hammond in the Pro division. Hawkins returned to the VW Cup in 2018, spending most of that year working as a stunt driver on Fast and Furious Live. In 2019 she moved to the newly-formed women-only W Series, where she was 11th after two points finishes in the last two races of the season. In 2020, after the cancellation of the W Series season, Hawkins made her debut in the 2020 British Touring Car Championship racing for Power Maxed Racing in Snetterton Circuit. She qualified in 22nd place where she stayed during Race 1. During Race 2, she made up one place to take P21, and then in Race 3, she climbed another position to take 20th place.Hawkins contesting the 2019 W Series Brands Hatch round
Hawkins continued working as a stunt driver in 2021, featuring on James Bond film No Time to Die. On 19 May, she was announced as the driver ambassador for the Aston Martin F1 Team. She returned to W Series for the second edition of the championship, once again placing 11th in the standings, with four points finishes between the Hungary and US races, including a 5th place finish in Zandvoort, and also made a one-off return to the BTCC at Snetterton when asked to take over the Ford Focus of Andy Neate when he elected to sit out the event.
Hawkins holds the 0-100mph lawnmower record.
In September 2023, Hawkins tested the Aston Martin AMR21 over 26 laps at Hungaroring, becoming the first female driver to test an F1 car since Tatiana Calderón with Sauber in 2018. In November, Aston Martin announced that Hawkins' role within the team will be extended as the team's head of racing for F1 Academy, where she will be working closely with Aston Martin's F1 Academy representative driver Tina Hausmann.
Personal life
Hawkins is currently in a relationship with Abbie Eaton, also a British racing driver.
Racing record
Career summary
Season
Series
Team
Races
Wins
Poles
F/Laps
Podiums
Points
Position
2014
British Formula Ford Championship
MBM Motorsport
3
0
0
0
0
0
NC
2015
MSA Formula
Falcon Motorsport
15
0
0
0
0
13
23rd
2015–16
MRF Challenge Formula 2000
MRF Racing
2
0
0
0
0
0
27th
2016
Volkswagen Racing Cup GB
Team HARD Racing
3
0
0
0
0
54
22nd
2017
Mini Challenge UK – Pro Class
Excelr8 Motorsport
18
5
3
1
13
727
2nd
2018
Volkswagen Racing Cup GB
Allumy Motorsport
2
0
0
0
0
36
25th
2019
W Series
Hitech GP
6
0
0
0
0
12
11th
2019–20
Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy
Jaguar VIP Car
2
0
0
0
0
0
NC
2020
British Touring Car Championship
Power Maxed Racing
3
0
0
0
0
0
33rd
2021
W Series
Racing X
8
0
0
0
0
27
11th
British Touring Car Championship
Racing with Wera & Photon Group
3
0
0
0
0
0
33rd
2022
TCR UK Touring Car Championship
FastR Racing Team
11
1
0
0
1
129
14th
W Series
Click2Drive Bristol Street Motors Racing
7
0
0
0
1
37
9th
2023
Britcar Prototype Cup - Praga
University of Wolverhampton Racing
3
1
0
1
2
54
2nd
Zeo Prototype Cup - Class A
6
5
2
4
5
N/A
1st
2024
British GT Championship - GT3
Beechdean Motorsport
4
0
0
0
0
0
NC*
* Season still in progress.
Complete W Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DC
Points
2019
Hitech GP
HOC11
ZOL13
MIS15
NORRet
ASS7
BRH7
11th
12
2021
Racing X
RBR16
RBR16
SIL16
HUN10
SPA6
ZAN5
COA6
COA15
11th
27
2022
Bristol Street Motors Racing
MIA2
MIA18†
CAT11
SIL6
LEC10
HUN14
SIN5
9th
37
† Did not finish, but was classified having completed 90% of the race distance.
Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded just in first race; races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races; * signifies that driver led race for at least one lap – 1 point given all races)
Year
Team
Car
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
DC
Points
2020
Power Maxed Car Care Racing
Vauxhall Astra
DON1
DON2
DON3
BRH1
BRH2
BRH3
OUL1
OUL2
OUL3
KNO1
KNO2
KNO3
THR1
THR2
THR3
SIL1
SIL2
SIL3
CRO1
CRO2
CRO3
SNE122
SNE221
SNE320
BRH
BRH
BRH
33rd
0
2021
Racing with Wera & Photon Group
Ford Focus ST
THR1
THR2
THR3
SNE323
SNE121
SNE323
BRH1
BRH2
BRH3
OUL1
OUL2
OUL3
KNO1
KNO2
KNO3
THR1
THR2
THR3
CRO1
CRO2
CRO3
SIL1
SIL2
SIL3
DON1
DON2
DON3
BRH1
BRH2
BRH3
33rd
0
Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year
Team
Car
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
DC
Points
2024
Beechdean AMR
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3
GT3
OUL118
OUL215
SIL116
DON111
SPA1
SNE1
SNE2
DON1
BRH1
NC*
0*
* Season still in progress.
References
^ "Aston Martin F1: Jessica Hawkins". Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ "Jessica Mary HAWKINS". Companies House. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
^ "Hawkins Joins Howard For British GT3 Campaign". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
^ "Jessica Hawkins – W Series". W Series. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
^ "Jessica Hawkins Formula Ford Debut Silverstone 2014 – Flickr". Flickr. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ "#RACINGFORHEROES DRIVER JESSICA HAWKINS TO CONTEST MSA FORMULA". Ford Performance. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
^ "Toby Sowery to make MSA Formula debut with Fortec". Formula Scout. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
^ "MSA Formula Championship Points 2015" (PDF). MSA Formula. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
^ "MRF Challenge 2015 – Bahrain Round 2, Race 2". MRF. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ "Fantastic Opportunity to Join Jessica Hawkins, Apprentice Supermarket.com and Team HARD on the Race Track". Jessica Hawkins – SlidePlayer.com. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "Jessica Hawkins debuts in the Mini Challenge at Snetterton". GirlRacer.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
^ "W Series: Jessica Hawkins leads a showcase of female driving talent". inews.co.uk. 3 May 2019.
^ "Jessica Hawkins takes PMR seat for Snetterton". ITV.
^ "James Bond stunt driver gets Aston Martin F1 role". PlanetF1. 19 May 2021.
^ admin (31 May 2021). "Jessica Hawkins returns to the Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship". Motorbase Performance. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
^ "Fastest acceleration 0-100 MPH for a lawnmower (Prototype)".
^ "Aston Martin: Jessica Hawkins becomes first woman to test F1 car since 2018". BBC News. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ "Aston Martin F1 Team announces Tina Hausmann as its F1 Academy driver". www.astonmartinf1.com. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
^ Medland, Chris (19 October 2021). "The James Bond stunt driver racing at COTA". Racer.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jessica Hawkins.
Profile at Driver Database
Official website
Jessica Hawkins at IMDb
vteW Series drivers
Ayla Ågren
Tereza Bábíčková
Sarah Bovy
Bianca Bustamante
Jamie Chadwick
Chloe Chambers
Sabré Cook
Emely de Heus
Abbie Eaton
Belén García
Marta García
Megan Gilkes
Esmee Hawkey
Jessica Hawkins
Shea Holbrook
Vivien Keszthelyi
Emma Kimiläinen
Miki Koyama
Nerea Martí
Sarah Moore
Juju Noda
Tasmin Pepper
Vicky Piria
Alice Powell
Abbi Pulling
Gosia Rdest
Naomi Schiff
Irina Sidorkova
Bruna Tomaselli
Beitske Visser
Fabienne Wohlwend
Caitlin Wood
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"racing driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing#Racing_driver"},{"link_name":"stunt driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_driver"},{"link_name":"East Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"2024 British GT Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_British_GT_Championship"},{"link_name":"Beechdean Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechdean_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Series_(championship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"F1 Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_Academy"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin F1 Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One"}],"text":"Jessica Mary Hawkins (born 16 February 1995)[2] is a British racing driver and stunt driver from East Hampshire, England. She currently competes in the 2024 British GT Championship driving for Beechdean Motorsport.[3] In 2022, Hawkins competed in the W Series,[4] as well as the British Touring Car Championship. She is also the driver ambassador and head of racing for F1 Academy for the Aston Martin F1 Team.","title":"Jessica Hawkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Formula Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_British_Formula_Ford_Championship"},{"link_name":"Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2015 MSA Formula Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_MSA_Formula_Championship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oulton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulton_Park"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit"},{"link_name":"2015–16 MRF Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_MRF_Challenge_Formula_2000_Championship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mini Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Challenge_UK"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fast and Furious Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fast_and_the_Furious#Fast_&_Furious_Live"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Series_(championship)"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_W_Series"},{"link_name":"W Series season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_W_Series"},{"link_name":"2020 British Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_British_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Power Maxed Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Maxed_Racing"},{"link_name":"Snetterton Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snetterton_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Brands_Hatch_W_Series_round_22.jpg"},{"link_name":"2019 W Series Brands Hatch round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_W_Series_Brands_Hatch_round"},{"link_name":"James Bond film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films"},{"link_name":"No Time to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin F1 Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_W_Series"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroring"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Zandvoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_Zandvoort"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin AMR21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_AMR21"},{"link_name":"Hungaroring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroring"},{"link_name":"Tatiana Calderón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Calder%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauber_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"F1 Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F1_Academy"},{"link_name":"Tina Hausmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Hausmann"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Hawkins made her professional motorsport debut in British Formula Ford at Silverstone, in a one-off event where she twice finished inside the top ten.[5] Her strong rookie performance saw her being picked up by Falcon Motorsport to contest the 2015 MSA Formula Championship.[6] She had to wait until the fourth round of the championship at Oulton Park to make her debut, and only completed half of the ten-round championship – finishing 11th twice and placing 23rd in the championship.[7][8] She entered the Bahrain round of the 2015–16 MRF Challenge but finished 15th in both races.[9]In 2016 Hawkins moved into single-make racing, competing in the Volkswagen Racing Cup series.[10] She crossed over to the Mini Challenge in 2017, scoring six class wins and finishing runner-up to Matt Hammond in the Pro division.[11] Hawkins returned to the VW Cup in 2018, spending most of that year working as a stunt driver on Fast and Furious Live.[12] In 2019 she moved to the newly-formed women-only W Series, where she was 11th after two points finishes in the last two races of the season. In 2020, after the cancellation of the W Series season, Hawkins made her debut in the 2020 British Touring Car Championship racing for Power Maxed Racing in Snetterton Circuit. She qualified in 22nd place where she stayed during Race 1. During Race 2, she made up one place to take P21, and then in Race 3, she climbed another position to take 20th place.[13]Hawkins contesting the 2019 W Series Brands Hatch roundHawkins continued working as a stunt driver in 2021, featuring on James Bond film No Time to Die. On 19 May, she was announced as the driver ambassador for the Aston Martin F1 Team.[14] She returned to W Series for the second edition of the championship, once again placing 11th in the standings, with four points finishes between the Hungary and US races, including a 5th place finish in Zandvoort, and also made a one-off return to the BTCC at Snetterton when asked to take over the Ford Focus of Andy Neate when he elected to sit out the event.[15]Hawkins holds the 0-100mph lawnmower record.[16]In September 2023, Hawkins tested the Aston Martin AMR21 over 26 laps at Hungaroring, becoming the first female driver to test an F1 car since Tatiana Calderón with Sauber in 2018.[17] In November, Aston Martin announced that Hawkins' role within the team will be extended as the team's head of racing for F1 Academy, where she will be working closely with Aston Martin's F1 Academy representative driver Tina Hausmann.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abbie Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Eaton"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Hawkins is currently in a relationship with Abbie Eaton, also a British racing driver.[19]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career summary","text":"* Season still in progress.","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete W Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)† Did not finish, but was classified having completed 90% of the race distance.","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete British Touring Car Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded just in first race; races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races; * signifies that driver led race for at least one lap – 1 point given all races)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete British GT Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)* Season still in progress.","title":"Racing record"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hawkins contesting the 2019 W Series Brands Hatch round","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/2019_Brands_Hatch_W_Series_round_22.jpg/220px-2019_Brands_Hatch_W_Series_round_22.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Aston Martin F1: Jessica Hawkins\". Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/driver/jessica-hawkins","url_text":"\"Aston Martin F1: Jessica Hawkins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessica Mary HAWKINS\". Companies House. Retrieved 3 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/JGYQo0sNanGYKHQSIN0TiebiCBk/appointments","url_text":"\"Jessica Mary HAWKINS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawkins Joins Howard For British GT3 Campaign\". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 8 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysportscar.com/2024/03/07/hawkins-joins-howard-for-british-gt3-campaign.html","url_text":"\"Hawkins Joins Howard For British GT3 Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessica Hawkins – W Series\". W Series. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://wseries.com/drivers/jessica-hawkins/","url_text":"\"Jessica Hawkins – W Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Series_(championship)","url_text":"W Series"}]},{"reference":"\"Jessica Hawkins Formula Ford Debut Silverstone 2014 – Flickr\". Flickr. Retrieved 27 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/19193662@N00/sets/72157647803455040/","url_text":"\"Jessica Hawkins Formula Ford Debut Silverstone 2014 – Flickr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr","url_text":"Flickr"}]},{"reference":"\"#RACINGFORHEROES DRIVER JESSICA HAWKINS TO CONTEST MSA FORMULA\". Ford Performance. Retrieved 11 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://performance.ford.com/series/road-racing/news/articles/2014/12/-racingforheroes-driver-jessica-hawkins-to-contest-msa-formula.html","url_text":"\"#RACINGFORHEROES DRIVER JESSICA HAWKINS TO CONTEST MSA FORMULA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company","url_text":"Ford Performance"}]},{"reference":"\"Toby Sowery to make MSA Formula debut with Fortec\". Formula Scout. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formulascout.com/toby-sowery-to-make-msa-formula-debut-with-fortec/28257","url_text":"\"Toby Sowery to make MSA Formula debut with Fortec\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSA Formula Championship Points 2015\" (PDF). MSA Formula. Retrieved 12 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://fiaformula4.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/282930_MSA-Formula-Championship-Points-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"MSA Formula Championship Points 2015\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSA_Formula","url_text":"MSA Formula"}]},{"reference":"\"MRF Challenge 2015 – Bahrain Round 2, Race 2\". MRF. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. 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Retrieved 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190422080800/https://www.girlracer.co.uk/index.php/motorsport/motorsport-news/24052-jessica-hawkins-debuts-in-the-mini-challenge-at-snetterton","url_text":"\"Jessica Hawkins debuts in the Mini Challenge at Snetterton\""},{"url":"https://www.girlracer.co.uk/index.php/motorsport/motorsport-news/24052-jessica-hawkins-debuts-in-the-mini-challenge-at-snetterton","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"W Series: Jessica Hawkins leads a showcase of female driving talent\". inews.co.uk. 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/sport/w-series-jessica-hawkins-women-motor-racing-287651","url_text":"\"W Series: Jessica Hawkins leads a showcase of female driving talent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessica Hawkins takes PMR seat for Snetterton\". 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Retrieved 16 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorbaseperformance.co.uk/jessica-hawkins-returns-to-the-kwik-fit-british-touring-car-championship/","url_text":"\"Jessica Hawkins returns to the Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fastest acceleration 0-100 MPH for a lawnmower (Prototype)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/569900-fastest-acceleration-0-100mph-for-a-lawnmower-prototype","url_text":"\"Fastest acceleration 0-100 MPH for a lawnmower (Prototype)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Martin: Jessica Hawkins becomes first woman to test F1 car since 2018\". BBC News. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/formula1/66921772","url_text":"\"Aston Martin: Jessica Hawkins becomes first woman to test F1 car since 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aston Martin F1 Team announces Tina Hausmann as its F1 Academy driver\". www.astonmartinf1.com. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/news/announcement/aston-martin-f1-team-announces-tina-hausmann-as-its-f1-academy-driver","url_text":"\"Aston Martin F1 Team announces Tina Hausmann as its F1 Academy driver\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231124035735/https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/news/announcement/aston-martin-f1-team-announces-tina-hausmann-as-its-f1-academy-driver","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Medland, Chris (19 October 2021). \"The James Bond stunt driver racing at COTA\". Racer.","urls":[{"url":"https://racer.com/2021/10/19/insight-the-james-bond-stunt-driver-racing-at-cota/","url_text":"\"The James Bond stunt driver racing at COTA\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mater_(UIUC)
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Alma Mater (Illinois sculpture)
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["1 Description","2 History","2.1 2012–14 restoration","3 Symbol and impact","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°06′36″N 88°13′42″W / 40.1099°N 88.2284°W / 40.1099; -88.2284Sculpture by Lorado Taft
Alma MaterSculpture in 2011, before restorationArtistLorado TaftYear1929, 2012–2014 (Restored)TypeBronze sculptureLocationUrbana, IllinoisOwnerUniversity of Illinois
The Alma Mater, a bronze statue by sculptor Lorado Taft, is a beloved symbol of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The 10,000-pound statue depicts a mother-figure wearing academic robes and flanked by two attendant figures representing "Learning" and "Labor", after the university's motto "Learning and Labor." Sited at the corner of Green and Wright Streets at the heart of the campus, the statue is an iconic figure for the university and a popular backdrop for student graduation photos. It is appreciated for its romantic, heraldic overtones and warmth of pose. The statue was removed from its site at the entrance to the university for restoration in 2012 and was returned to its site in the spring of 2014.
Description
Sculpture in 2014 after restoration
The Alma Mater is a bronze figure of a woman in academic robes. She stands in front of a stylized throne, or klismos, with her arms outstretched in welcome. The attendant figure "Labor" is a male who stands to her proper right and wears a blacksmith's apron. At his feet lies a sheaf of papers. The proper left figure "Learning" is a female robed a classical gown with a sun bas-relief on front. Learning and Labor extend their hands in a handshake over the throne. The work stands approximately 13-feet tall. The granite base carries three inscriptions:
Front: "ALMA MATER / To thy happy children / of the future / those of the past / send greetings"
Left (Green St side): "Given to the University / by the sculptor / the alumni fund / and the senior classes of / 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929."
Right (Altgeld side): "Her children arise up and call her Blessed" Proverbs 31:28.
The long flowerbed stretching from the front of the Alma Mater to the corner of Green Street and Wright Street is known as the Alma Mater Plaza.
History
Taft's Alma Mater contrasts with the queenly dignity of Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater at Columbia University in New York.
In the winter showing Altgeld Hall in the background.
Lorado Taft, who graduated from the University of Illinois in 1879, wrote in correspondence that he began to consider sculpting on the theme of "Labor and Learning", the motto of the University of Illinois in 1883, while home from Paris
He did not however begin to seek funding for the project until 1916, thirteen years after Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater was unveiled at Columbia University. Taft was familiar with French's reserved, seated Alma Mater treatment and desired to create a more generous and "cordial" figure suitable for a Midwest mother." He began to correspond that year about the work, writing of it on a grand scale and in terms of the figures in position, pose and dress. The central matriarch would stand "at least twelve feet high" and risen from her throne, advancing a step with outstretched arms, "a gesture of generously greeting her children." Taft envisioned a sculpture that students would climb on and, indeed, climbing on the statue and sitting on the throne have become campus traditions.
On the theme of the motto, he would pose two more figures on the same scale yet subordinate. He based Learning on Lemnia Athena as an heraldic gesture, clasping hands with a sturdy figure of Labor over the back of the chair. The subordination of figures was accomplished by sculpting them "with less accent" so as to make them appear "out of focus." According to financier Roland R. Conklin, an alumnus of the class of 1880, an initial completion date of October, 1918 was pushed back due to Taft's other commissions. Having secured the necessary patronage, Taft and Conklin announced the gift on November 27, 1916. The plaster cast was presented at the annual convocation of the Alumni Association at 3:00 PM on June 13, 1922.
The Alma Mater was cast in 1929 by the American Art Bronze Foundry with materials paid for by donations by the Alumni Fund and the classes of 1923–1929, and with time donated by the sculptor himself. Taft insisted that his aim was not personal glory: he wished that his signature appear on the bronze and nowhere else, and even spoke decidedly of forgoing the dedication ceremony. But attend he did, and at the statue's dedication on June 11, 1929, the university bestowed on Taft an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.
For 33 years, the statue's provisional location was on the south campus behind Foellinger Auditorium, but the Alumni Association moved Alma Mater to Altgeld Hall on August 22, 1962, despite student dissent. The Daily Illini protested the new location as in the "worst possible taste; it makes the Alma Mater a debased, commercial ‘advertisement’ for the University.” Taft, whose father was the first geology professor at the university, lived for many years in Champaign at 601 E. John Street, less than two blocks from the site at Altgeld.
2012–14 restoration
External videos University of Illinois Facilities & Services – Conservation of the Alma Mater, University of Illinois, 2013 (6:31) Alma Mater Update, February 2014, University of Illinois, (3:39) A time lapse video showing the return of the Alma Mater sculpture, University of Illinois, (5:02)
On August 7, 2012, the statue was removed for a planned, $100,000 restoration to repair surface corrosion, cracks, and water penetration into the sculpture. According to the campus historic preservation officer, a previous 1981 attempt to waterproof the statue by university staff had the unintended effect of sealing water inside the sculpture, causing serious internal damage. The statue was restored by Conservation Sculpture and Objects Studio Inc. of Forest Park, Illinois.
"Learning" of the Alma Mater Statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, showing the surface after the restoration
The Alma Mater was expected to return before the commencement for the Class of 2013. However, the director of the restoration, Andrzej Dajnowski, reported that the damage was worse than original estimates and that the timeline was to be extended. Restoration costs tripled original estimates to more than $360,000. The statue was not returned until April 2014. Rumors amongst the student body speculated that the statue had actually been damaged, lost, or stolen.
Anticipating student reaction to the statue's absence for the 2013 commencement, the university announced extensive plans to provide alternative photo opportunities, including replica statues by School of Art and Design to be placed around campus, green screen photos for a virtual photo with the statue, and improving other landmarks on the campus.
The university decided to restore the original bronze color of the statue rather than leave the natural green patina that is associated with the image. Initially, the restoration committee had not announced a decision on the issue. The oxidation was removed by laser, and the metal was sealed with a wax compound.
Symbol and impact
The Alma Mater has long been a public symbol of the University of Illinois. Her image is currently the profile image for the official University Twitter account, figures prominently on the university website, and the statue is featured on the i-Card, the official university identification card for the flagship Urbana-Champaign campus.
The Alma Mater statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign during the 2012 commencement week.
The statue is sometimes adorned to reflect current events. In 2005, during the Final Four, the Alma Mater sported an Illini jersey. In late 2007, the Alma Mater was decorated with a variety of red, orange, and blue roses to signify the Illinois football team's 2008 Rose Bowl appearance. In 2010, the Alma Mater was decorated with a UIUC cap and gown custom-made by Herff Jones to signify the university's graduation exercises. In March 2021, the Alma Mater donned a face mask, similar to the one Ayo Dosunmu wore in the 2021 NCAA Tournament after breaking his nose.
In the 2012–13 absence of the statue, it was popular for students to don costumes mimicking the Alma Mater's robes and pose on the empty granite base.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alma Mater by Lorado Taft.
UIUC Main Campus
Alma Mater (New York sculpture)
Bronze sculpture
Lincoln the Lawyer
References
^ a b c Timmons, Mary (Spring 2014). "Lady in Waiting". Illinois Alumni. University of Illinois Alumni Association. pp. 20–27.
^ a b Gregory, Ted (8 October 2012). "Missing Alma Mater: University's beloved icon takes a sabbatical at the sculpture spa". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ "Alma Mater Group, (sculpture)". Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. 1992 . Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ Leetaru, Kalev. "Alma Mater". UI Histories Project. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i Scheinman, Muriel (1995). A Guide to Art at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 0252064429.
^ a b c "Mother of us all". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. University of Illinois. December 15, 1916. pp. 132–133.
^ a b c Scheinman, Muriel (March 22, 2010). "Labors Of Love: Lorado Taft – the sculptor behind the 'Alma Mater' – embraced both his art and his University". Illinois Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ The Semi-Centennial Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois. 1918. p. ixxvi.
^ "Wiki editor failed to get title". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. University of Illinois. May 15, 1922. p. 233.
^ "University of Illinois Campus Tour- Alma Mater". Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved June 13, 2007.
^ a b "Photo: Alma Mater Dedication with Taft and Kinley". University of Illinois Archives. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Toepp, Jamie; Cooper, Ashley; Carrillo, Samantha. "Taft House". Explore C-U. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
^ a b Rohr, Lauren (May 7, 2012). "Alma Mater to be removed for crack, stain repair". Daily Illini. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ "Alma Restoration Begins!". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ "Alma Mater taking leave after commencement". Retrieved August 2, 2012.
^ "Alma Mater to be dismantled in one day". Retrieved August 2, 2012.
^ "Alma Mater to be taken down Aug. 7". Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
^ a b c d e Wurth, Julie (4 March 2013). "Updated: Alma Mater won't be back in time for commencement; repair cost triples". The News-Gazette. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
^ Anna (1 October 2012). "Alma Mater restoration update". WCIA. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
^ "Home – i-card". www.icardnet.uillinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
^ "Herff Jones: HERFF JONES SAYS, "ALMA MATTERS"". Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
External links
Save Outdoor Sculpture Survey of Alma Mater
University of Illinois Twitter Account @Illinois_Alma
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The statue was removed from its site at the entrance to the university for restoration in 2012 and was returned to its site in the spring of 2014.[1]","title":"Alma Mater (Illinois sculpture)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Mater_Restored_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"klismos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klismos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian_record-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UIhistories-4"}],"text":"Sculpture in 2014 after restorationThe Alma Mater is a bronze figure of a woman in academic robes. She stands in front of a stylized throne, or klismos, with her arms outstretched in welcome. The attendant figure \"Labor\" is a male who stands to her proper right and wears a blacksmith's apron. At his feet lies a sheaf of papers. The proper left figure \"Learning\" is a female robed a classical gown with a sun bas-relief on front. Learning and Labor extend their hands in a handshake over the throne.[3] The work stands approximately 13-feet tall. The granite base carries three inscriptions:Front: \"ALMA MATER / To thy happy children / of the future / those of the past / send greetings\"\nLeft (Green St side): \"Given to the University / by the sculptor / the alumni fund / and the senior classes of / 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929.\"\nRight (Altgeld side): \"Her children arise up and call her Blessed\" Proverbs 31:28.The long flowerbed stretching from the front of the Alma Mater to the corner of Green Street and Wright Street is known as the Alma Mater Plaza.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Almamater.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chester French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French"},{"link_name":"Alma Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alma_Mater,_Lorado_Taft.jpg"},{"link_name":"Altgeld Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgeld_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lorado Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorado_Taft"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chester French's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French"},{"link_name":"Alma Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AQFN16-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_historian_Illinois_Alum_Mag-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alum2014-1"},{"link_name":"Lemnia Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnian_Athena"},{"link_name":"heraldic gesture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AQFN16-6"},{"link_name":"Roland R. Conklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_R._Conklin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AQFN16-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AQFN22-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tour-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DedicationPhoto-11"},{"link_name":"Foellinger Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foellinger_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheinman95-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_historian_Illinois_Alum_Mag-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DedicationPhoto-11"},{"link_name":"Daily Illini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Illini"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_historian_Illinois_Alum_Mag-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THouse-12"}],"text":"Taft's Alma Mater contrasts with the queenly dignity of Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater at Columbia University in New York.In the winter showing Altgeld Hall in the background.Lorado Taft, who graduated from the University of Illinois in 1879, wrote in correspondence that he began to consider sculpting on the theme of \"Labor and Learning\", the motto of the University of Illinois in 1883, while home from Paris[5]He did not however begin to seek funding for the project until 1916, thirteen years after Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater was unveiled at Columbia University.[5][6] Taft was familiar with French's reserved, seated Alma Mater treatment and desired to create a more generous and \"cordial\" figure suitable for a Midwest mother.\"[7] He began to correspond that year about the work, writing of it on a grand scale and in terms of the figures in position, pose and dress.[5] The central matriarch would stand \"at least twelve feet high\" and risen from her throne, advancing a step with outstretched arms, \"a gesture of generously greeting her children.\" Taft envisioned a sculpture that students would climb on and, indeed, climbing on the statue and sitting on the throne have become campus traditions.[1]On the theme of the motto, he would pose two more figures on the same scale yet subordinate. He based Learning on Lemnia Athena as an heraldic gesture, clasping hands with a sturdy figure of Labor over the back of the chair.[5] The subordination of figures was accomplished by sculpting them \"with less accent\" so as to make them appear \"out of focus.\"[6] According to financier Roland R. Conklin, an alumnus of the class of 1880, an initial completion date of October, 1918 was pushed back due to Taft's other commissions.[6] Having secured the necessary patronage, Taft and Conklin announced the gift on November 27, 1916.[8] The plaster cast was presented at the annual convocation of the Alumni Association at 3:00 PM on June 13, 1922.[9]The Alma Mater was cast in 1929 by the American Art Bronze Foundry with materials paid for by donations by the Alumni Fund and the classes of 1923–1929,[5][10] and with time donated by the sculptor himself.[5] Taft insisted that his aim was not personal glory: he wished that his signature appear on the bronze and nowhere else, and even spoke decidedly of forgoing the dedication ceremony.[5] But attend he did, and at the statue's dedication on June 11, 1929, the university bestowed on Taft an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.[5][11]For 33 years, the statue's provisional location was on the south campus behind Foellinger Auditorium, but the Alumni Association moved Alma Mater to Altgeld Hall on August 22, 1962, despite student dissent.[5][7][11] The Daily Illini protested the new location as in the \"worst possible taste; it makes the Alma Mater a debased, commercial ‘advertisement’ for the University.”[7] Taft, whose father was the first geology professor at the university, lived for many years in Champaign at 601 E. John Street, less than two blocks from the site at Altgeld.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyillini-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Learning_of_Alma_Mater.jpeg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013_Update-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013_Update-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"green screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_screen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013_Update-18"},{"link_name":"patina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013_Update-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyillini-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-march2013_Update-18"}],"sub_title":"2012–14 restoration","text":"On August 7, 2012, the statue was removed for a planned, $100,000 restoration to repair surface corrosion, cracks, and water penetration into the sculpture.[13][14] According to the campus historic preservation officer, a previous 1981 attempt to waterproof the statue by university staff had the unintended effect of sealing water inside the sculpture, causing serious internal damage. The statue was restored by Conservation Sculpture and Objects Studio Inc. of Forest Park, Illinois.\"Learning\" of the Alma Mater Statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, showing the surface after the restorationThe Alma Mater was expected to return before the commencement for the Class of 2013.[15][16][17] However, the director of the restoration, Andrzej Dajnowski, reported that the damage was worse than original estimates and that the timeline was to be extended. Restoration costs tripled original estimates to more than $360,000.[18][19] The statue was not returned until April 2014.[18] Rumors amongst the student body speculated that the statue had actually been damaged, lost, or stolen.[citation needed]Anticipating student reaction to the statue's absence for the 2013 commencement, the university announced extensive plans to provide alternative photo opportunities, including replica statues by School of Art and Design to be placed around campus, green screen photos for a virtual photo with the statue, and improving other landmarks on the campus.[18]The university decided to restore the original bronze color of the statue rather than leave the natural green patina that is associated with the image.[18] Initially, the restoration committee had not announced a decision on the issue.[13] The oxidation was removed by laser, and the metal was sealed with a wax compound.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UIUC_Alma_Mater_Commencement_Week_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Illini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Fighting_Illini"},{"link_name":"2008 Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Herff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herff_Jones"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ayo Dosunmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Dosunmu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TribuneMissingAlmaMater-2"}],"text":"The Alma Mater has long been a public symbol of the University of Illinois. Her image is currently the profile image for the official University Twitter account, figures prominently on the university website, and the statue is featured on the i-Card, the official university identification card for the flagship Urbana-Champaign campus.[20]The Alma Mater statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign during the 2012 commencement week.The statue is sometimes adorned to reflect current events. In 2005, during the Final Four, the Alma Mater sported an Illini jersey. In late 2007, the Alma Mater was decorated with a variety of red, orange, and blue roses to signify the Illinois football team's 2008 Rose Bowl appearance. In 2010, the Alma Mater was decorated with a UIUC cap and gown custom-made by Herff Jones to signify the university's graduation exercises.[21] In March 2021, the Alma Mater donned a face mask, similar to the one Ayo Dosunmu wore in the 2021 NCAA Tournament after breaking his nose.In the 2012–13 absence of the statue, it was popular for students to don costumes mimicking the Alma Mater's robes and pose on the empty granite base.[2]","title":"Symbol and impact"}]
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[{"image_text":"Sculpture in 2014 after restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alma_Mater_Restored_2014.jpg/310px-Alma_Mater_Restored_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taft's Alma Mater contrasts with the queenly dignity of Daniel Chester French's Alma Mater at Columbia University in New York.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/240px-Almamater.jpg"},{"image_text":"In the winter showing Altgeld Hall in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alma_Mater%2C_Lorado_Taft.jpg/240px-Alma_Mater%2C_Lorado_Taft.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Learning\" of the Alma Mater Statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, showing the surface after the restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Learning_of_Alma_Mater.jpeg/240px-Learning_of_Alma_Mater.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Alma Mater statue at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign during the 2012 commencement week.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/UIUC_Alma_Mater_Commencement_Week_2012.jpg/240px-UIUC_Alma_Mater_Commencement_Week_2012.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Alma Mater by Lorado Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alma_Mater_by_Lorado_Taft"},{"title":"UIUC Main Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIUC_Main_Campus"},{"title":"Alma Mater (New York sculpture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)"},{"title":"Bronze sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_sculpture"},{"title":"Lincoln the Lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_the_Lawyer"}]
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[{"reference":"Timmons, Mary (Spring 2014). \"Lady in Waiting\". Illinois Alumni. University of Illinois Alumni Association. pp. 20–27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gregory, Ted (8 October 2012). \"Missing Alma Mater: University's beloved icon takes a sabbatical at the sculpture spa\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-10-08/news/ct-met-alma-mater-redux-20121008_1_sculpture-spa-campus-gateway","url_text":"\"Missing Alma Mater: University's beloved icon takes a sabbatical at the sculpture spa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alma Mater Group, (sculpture)\". Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. 1992 [survey date]. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!312917~!0#focus","url_text":"\"Alma Mater Group, (sculpture)\""}]},{"reference":"Leetaru, Kalev. \"Alma Mater\". UI Histories Project. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120914132905/http://uihistoriesproject.chass.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/cview?SITEID=1&ID=13","url_text":"\"Alma Mater\""},{"url":"http://uihistoriesproject.chass.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/cview?SITEID=1&ID=13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scheinman, Muriel (1995). A Guide to Art at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 0252064429.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0252064429","url_text":"A Guide to Art at the University of Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252064429","url_text":"0252064429"}]},{"reference":"\"Mother of us all\". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. University of Illinois. December 15, 1916. pp. 132–133.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois","url_text":"University of Illinois"}]},{"reference":"Scheinman, Muriel (March 22, 2010). \"Labors Of Love: Lorado Taft – the sculptor behind the 'Alma Mater' – embraced both his art and his University\". Illinois Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227043127/http://www.uiaa.org/illinois/news/blog/index.asp?id=76","url_text":"\"Labors Of Love: Lorado Taft – the sculptor behind the 'Alma Mater' – embraced both his art and his University\""},{"url":"http://www.uiaa.org/illinois/news/blog/index.asp?id=76","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Semi-Centennial Alumni Record of the University of Illinois. University of Illinois. 1918. p. ixxvi.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Wiki editor failed to get title\". The Alumni Quarterly and Fortnightly Notes. University of Illinois. May 15, 1922. p. 233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois","url_text":"University of Illinois"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Illinois Campus Tour- Alma Mater\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved June 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070202180638/http://uitours.ncsa.uiuc.edu/landmarks/almamater/","url_text":"\"University of Illinois Campus Tour- Alma Mater\""},{"url":"http://uitours.ncsa.uiuc.edu/landmarks/almamater/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo: Alma Mater Dedication with Taft and Kinley\". University of Illinois Archives. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728194758/http://archives.library.illinois.edu/archon/?p=digitallibrary/digitalcontent&id=2301","url_text":"\"Photo: Alma Mater Dedication with Taft and Kinley\""}]},{"reference":"Toepp, Jamie; Cooper, Ashley; Carrillo, Samantha. \"Taft House\". Explore C-U. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160908025840/https://explorecu.org/items/show/295","url_text":"\"Taft House\""},{"url":"https://explorecu.org/items/show/295","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rohr, Lauren (May 7, 2012). \"Alma Mater to be removed for crack, stain repair\". Daily Illini. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130215191025/http://www.dailyillini.com/article_4e19e579-4921-50cc-881b-0a42f5c0c7b0.html","url_text":"\"Alma Mater to be removed for crack, stain repair\""},{"url":"http://www.dailyillini.com/article_4e19e579-4921-50cc-881b-0a42f5c0c7b0.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alma Restoration Begins!\". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131226013535/http://illinois.edu/lb/article/4831/65626","url_text":"\"Alma Restoration Begins!\""},{"url":"http://illinois.edu/lb/article/4831/65626","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alma Mater taking leave after commencement\". Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-gazette.com/news/university-illinois/2012-02-17/alma-mater-taking-leave-after-commencement.html","url_text":"\"Alma Mater taking leave after commencement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alma Mater to be dismantled in one day\". Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-gazette.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/art/2012-08-02/alma-mater-be-dismantled-one-day.html","url_text":"\"Alma Mater to be dismantled in one day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alma Mater to be taken down Aug. 7\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved August 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801063310/http://www.dailyillini.com/article/2012/07/alma-mater-to-be-taken-down-aug-6","url_text":"\"Alma Mater to be taken down Aug. 7\""},{"url":"http://www.dailyillini.com/article/2012/07/alma-mater-to-be-taken-down-aug-6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wurth, Julie (4 March 2013). \"Updated: Alma Mater won't be back in time for commencement; repair cost triples\". The News-Gazette. Retrieved 7 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-gazette.com/news/university-illinois/2013-03-04/updated-alma-mater-wont-be-back-time-commencement-repair-cost-tr","url_text":"\"Updated: Alma Mater won't be back in time for commencement; repair cost triples\""}]},{"reference":"Anna (1 October 2012). \"Alma Mater restoration update\". WCIA. Archived from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130221162402/http://illinoishomepage.net/fulltext?nxd_id=421122","url_text":"\"Alma Mater restoration update\""},{"url":"http://illinoishomepage.net/fulltext?nxd_id=421122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home – i-card\". www.icardnet.uillinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2019-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190511160907/https://www.icardnet.uillinois.edu/public/","url_text":"\"Home – i-card\""},{"url":"https://www.icardnet.uillinois.edu/public/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Herff Jones: HERFF JONES SAYS, \"ALMA MATTERS\"\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-24. Retrieved May 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224212328/http://www.herffjones.com/alma","url_text":"\"Herff Jones: HERFF JONES SAYS, \"ALMA MATTERS\"\""},{"url":"http://www.herffjones.com/alma","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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repair cost triples\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130221162402/http://illinoishomepage.net/fulltext?nxd_id=421122","external_links_name":"\"Alma Mater restoration update\""},{"Link":"http://illinoishomepage.net/fulltext?nxd_id=421122","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190511160907/https://www.icardnet.uillinois.edu/public/","external_links_name":"\"Home – i-card\""},{"Link":"https://www.icardnet.uillinois.edu/public/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140224212328/http://www.herffjones.com/alma","external_links_name":"\"Herff Jones: HERFF JONES SAYS, \"ALMA MATTERS\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.herffjones.com/alma","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!312917~!0#focus","external_links_name":"Save Outdoor Sculpture Survey of Alma Mater"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/illinois_alma","external_links_name":"University of Illinois Twitter Account @Illinois_Alma"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alma_Mater_(Illinois_sculpture)¶ms=40.1099_N_88.2284_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"40°06′36″N 88°13′42″W / 40.1099°N 88.2284°W / 40.1099; -88.2284"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant_(Assembly_constituency)
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Mant Assembly constituency
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["1 Wards / Areas","2 Members of the Legislative Assembly","3 Election results","3.1 2022","3.2 2012 election","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India
MantConstituency for the Uttar Pradesh Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionNorth IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictMathuraTotal electors3,28,948 (2019)ReservationNoneMember of Legislative Assembly18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative AssemblyIncumbent Rajesh Chaudhary PartyBharatiya Janata PartyElected year2022
Mant Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It is a part of the Mathura district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Mathura Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 82.
Wards / Areas
Main article: List of villages in Mant Tehsil
Extent of Mant Assembly constituency is PCs Falain-II, Jatawari, Barha, Husaini, Rampur of Paigaon KC, PCs Ujhani, Shergarh, Peerpur, Dhimri, Ranhera, Senwa, Astadi & Gulalpur of Chhata KC of Chhata Tehsil; KCs Nauhjhil, Surir, Bhidauni, Akabarpur, Harnaul, Mant & Bajana NP of Mant Tehsil.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
#
Term
Name
Party
From
To
Days
Comments
Ref
01
16th Vidhan Sabha
Jayant Chaudhary
Rashtriya Lok Dal
Mar-2012
Mar-2012
-
-
02
16th Vidhan Sabha
Shyam Sunder Sharma
All India Trinamool Congress
Jun-2012
Mar-2017
-
-
03
17th Vidhan Sabha
Bahujan Samaj Party
Mar-2017
Mar-2022
04
18th Vidhan Sabha
Rajesh Chaudhary
Bharatiya Janata Party
Mar-2022
Incumbent
Election results
2022
2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Mant
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
BJP
Rajesh Chaudhary
83,958
BSP
Shyam Sunder Sharma
74378
SP
Sanjay Lathar
60585
AAP
Rambabu Singh
1427
INC
Suman Chaudhary
1281
None of the Above
NOTA
1180
Majority
Turnout
65.10%
BJP gain from BSP
Swing
2012 election
2012 General Elections: Mant
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
RLD
Jayant Chaudhary
87,062
43.11
-
AD
Pt. Shyam Sunder Sharma Pachahara
71,007
35.16
-
BSP
Th. Ram Pal Singh
32,246
15.97
-
Remainder 10 candidates
11,659
5.76
-
Majority
16,055
7.95
-
Turnout
201,974
70.38
-
RLD hold
Swing
See also
Mathura district
Mathura Lok Sabha constituency
Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Portals: India Politics
References
^ "Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ a b "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" (PDF). Election Commission of India official website. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ "All MLAs from Assembly constituency". Elections.in. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ "Member list". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ a b "2012 Election Results" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ "Re-elected members". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
^ Bhandari, Shashwat (16 January 2022). "AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 | Check complete list". indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
External links
"Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections". eci.gov.in. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
vteAssembly constituencies of Uttar PradeshCurrentconstituencies
A
Agra Cantt.
Agra North
Agra Rural
Agra South
Ajagara
Akbarpur
Akbarpur-Raniya
Alapur
Aliganj
Aligarh
Amanpur
Amethi
Amritpur
Amroha
Anupshahr
Aonla
Arya Nagar
Asmoli
Atrauli
Atraulia
Aurai
Auraiya
Ayah Shah
Ayodhya
Azamgarh
B
Babaganj
Baberu
Babina
Bachhrawan
Badaun
Badlapur
Baghpat
Bah
Baheri
Bahraich
Bairia
Bakshi Ka Talab
Balamau
Baldev
Balha
Ballia Nagar
Balrampur
Banda
Bangarmau
Bansdih
Bansgaon
Bansi
Bara
Barabanki
Barauli
Baraut
Bareilly
Bareilly Cantt.
Barhaj
Barhapur
Barkhera
Basti Sadar
Behat
Belthara Road
Bhadohi
Bhagwantnagar
Bharthana
Bhatpar Rani
Bhinga
Bhognipur
Bhojipura
Bhojpur
Bhongaon
Bidhuna
Bijnor
Bikapur
Bilari
Bilaspur
Bilgram-Mallanwan
Bilhaur
Bilsi
Bindki
Bisalpur
Bisauli
Biswan
Bithari Chainpur
Bithoor
Budhana
Bulandshahr
C
Caimpiyarganj
Chail
Chakia
Chamraua
Chandausi
Chandpur
Charkhari
Charthawal
Chaubepur
Chauri-Chaura
Chhanbey
Chhaprauli
Chharra
Chhata
Chhibramau
Chillupar
Chitrakoot
Chunar
Colonelganj
D
Dadraul
Dadri
Dariyabad
Dataganj
Debai
Deoband
Deoria
Dhampur
Dhanaura
Dhanghata
Dhaurahra
Dholana
Dibiyapur
Didarganj
Domariyaganj
Duddhi
E
Etah
Etawah
Etmadpur
F
Faridpur
Farrukhabad
Fatehabad
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur
Fazilnagar
Firozabad
G
Gainsari
Gangoh
Garautha
Garhmukteshwar
Gaura
Gauriganj
Ghatampur
Ghaziabad
Ghazipur Sadar
Ghorawal
Ghosi
Gola Gokrannath
Gonda
Gopalpur
Gopamau
Gorakhpur Rural
Gorakhpur Urban
Goshainganj
Goverdhan
Govind Nagar
Gunnaur
Gyanpur
H
Haidergarh
Hamirpur
Handia
Hapur
Harchandpur
Hardoi
Hargaon
Harraiya
Hasanpur
Hastinapur
Hata
Hathras
Husainganj
I
Iglas
Isauli
Itwa
J
Jagdishpur
Jahanabad
Jakhanian
Jalalabad
Jalalpur
Jalesar
Jangipur
Jasrana
Jaswantnagar
Jaunpur
Jewar
Jhansi Nagar
K
Kadipur
Kaimganj
Kairana
Kaiserganj
Kalpi
Kalyanpur
Kannauj
Kanpur Cantt.
Kanth
Kapilvastu
Kaptanganj
Karachhana
Karhal
Kasganj
Kasta
Katehari
Katra
Katra Bazar
Kerakat
Khadda
Khaga
Khair
Khajani
Khalilabad
Khatauli
Kheragarh
Khurja
Kidwai Nagar
Kishni
Kithore
Koil
Koraon
Kunda
Kundarki
Kursi
Kushinagar
L
Laharpur
Lakhimpur
Lalganj
Lalitpur
Lambhua
Loni
Lucknow Cantt.
Lucknow Central
Lucknow East
Lucknow North
Lucknow West
M
Machhlishahr
Madhogarh
Madhuban
Mahadewa
Maharajganj
Maharajpur
Mahasi
Mahmoodabad
Mahoba
Maholi
Mainpuri
Majhawan
Malhani
Malihabad
Manikpur
Manjhanpur
Mankapur
Mant
Marhara
Marihan
Mariyahu
Matera
Mathura
Mau
Mauranipur
Meerapur
Meerganj
Meerut
Meerut Cantt.
Meerut South
Mehnagar
Mehnaun
Mehroni
Meja
Menhdawal
Milak
Milkipur
Mirzapur
Misrikh
Modinagar
Mohammadabad
Mohammdi
Mohan
Mohanlalganj
Moradabad Nagar
Moradabad Rural
Mubarakpur
Mughalsarai
Muhammadabad-Gohna
Mungra Badshahpur
Muradnagar
Muzaffarnagar
N
Nagina
Najibabad
Nakur
Nanpara
Naraini
Naugawan Sadat
Nautanwa
Nawabganj
Nehtaur
Nighasan
Nizamabad
Noida
Noorpur
O
Obra
Orai
P
Padrauna
Palia
Paniyara
Pathardeva
Patiyali
Patti
Payagpur
Phaphamau
Pharenda
Phephana
Phoolpur Pawai
Phulpur
Pilibhit
Pindra
Pipraich
Powayan
Pratapgarh
Pratappur
Prayagraj North
Prayagraj South
Prayagraj West
Puranpur
Purqazi
Purwa
R
Raebareli
Ram Nagar
Ramkola
Rampur
Rampur Karkhana
Rampur Khas
Rampur Maniharan
Raniganj
Rasara
Rasulabad
Rath
Robertsganj
Rohaniya
Rudauli
Rudhauli
Rudrapur
S
Sadabad
Safipur
Sagri
Sahajanwa
Saharanpur
Saharanpur Nagar
Sahaswan
Sahibabad
Saidpur
Saiyadraja
Sakaldiha
Salempur
Salon
Sambhal
Sandi
Sandila
Sardhana
Sareni
Sarojini Nagar
Sawaijpur
Sevapuri
Sevata
Shahabad
Shahganj
Shahjahanpur
Shamli
Shekhupur
Shikarpur
Shikohabad
Shivpur
Shohratgarh
Shravasti
Sidhauli
Sikanderpur
Sikandra
Sikandra Rao
Sikandrabad
Sirathu
Sirsaganj
Sishamau
Siswa
Sitapur
Siwalkhas
Soraon
Sri Nagar
Suar
Sultanpur
Sultanpur Sadar
Syana
T
Tamkuhi Raj
Tanda
Tarabganj
Thakurdwara
Thana Bhawan
Tilhar
Tiloi
Tindwari
Tirwa
Tulsipur
Tundla
U
Unchahar
Unnao
Utraula
V
Varanasi Cantt.
Varanasi North
Varanasi South
Vishwanathganj
Z
Zafrabad
Zahoorabad
Zaidpur
Zamania
Formerconstituencies
Agra East
Agra West
Baghra
Doaba
Garwara
Generalganj
Harora
Ikauna
Kandhla
Kolsala
Maniram
Muzaffarabad
Ranikhet South
Sarsawa
Sataon
vteElections in Uttar PradeshGeneral elections
1951
1957
1962
1967
1971
1977
1980
1984
1989
1991
1996
1998
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
2024
Legislative Assembly
1952
1957
1962
1967
1969
1974
1977
1980
1985
1989
1991
1993
1996
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022
2027
Local electionsMunicipal
...
2007
2012
2017
2023
Panchayat
...
2010
2015
2021
See also: Elections in India
|
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[{"reference":"\"Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008\" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf","url_text":"\"Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Electoral_Officer,_Uttar_Pradesh","url_text":"Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh"},{"url":"http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\" (PDF). Election Commission of India official website. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India","url_text":"Election Commission of India"}]},{"reference":"\"All MLAs from Assembly constituency\". Elections.in. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mant.html","url_text":"\"All MLAs from Assembly constituency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member list\". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm","url_text":"\"Member list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly","url_text":"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly"},{"url":"http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Election Results\" (PDF). Election Commission of India website. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Election Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India","url_text":"Election Commission of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Re-elected members\". Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly website. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102611/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/memberListReElected.htm","url_text":"\"Re-elected members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly","url_text":"Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly"},{"url":"http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/memberListReElected.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bhandari, Shashwat (16 January 2022). \"AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 | Check complete list\". indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/aap-releases-150-candidates-for-uttar-pradesh-polls-2022-check-full-list-2022-01-16-754742","url_text":"\"AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 | Check complete list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections\". eci.gov.in. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/","url_text":"\"Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(British_TV_channel)
|
Now (British TV channel)
|
["1 History","2 Programming","3 Sky Arts (Original)","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Former British satellite television channel operated by BSB (1990)
This article is about the former British television channel. For the current internet TV service, see Now (Sky). For the Turkish TV channel of the same name, see Now (Turkish TV channel).
Television channel
NowLogo of "Now"OwnershipOwnerBritish Satellite Broadcasting (later Sky)Sister channelsThe Movie ChannelThe Sports ChannelGalaxyThe Power StationThe Computer ChannelHistoryLaunched28 March 1990; 34 years ago (28 March 1990)Closed1 December 1990; 33 years ago (1 December 1990)Replaced bySky NewsSky Arts
Now was a British television channel transmitted as part of the British Satellite Broadcasting service during 1990.
History
The Now channel was originally designed to be a live 24-hour news channel similar to CNN and Sky News, with its content provided by ITN. Between the awarding of the franchise and the launch of the channel, ITN withdrew its involvement with BSB after failing to reach an agreement on how to provide its news service and the Now channel's remit was changed to a mix of daytime lifestyle shows, current affairs programming, and arts programmes at weekends. The channel was promoted under the slogan "The Channel For Living". Now was broadcast throughout BSB's short spell on air from March to December 1990 on the Marcopolo satellites.
On 2 November 1990, BSB merged with Sky to form British Sky Broadcasting, it was decided to streamline the channels available on both services. Now was replaced with Sky News, which Sky Television had broadcast on the Astra 1A satellite.
Now ceased broadcasting on Saturday 1 December 1990 at 1.00am – the first of the five BSB channels to close. As there were still arts programmes yet to be shown on Now, BSkyB broadcast Sky Arts as a weekend-only opt-out of the Sky News service on the Marcopolo satellite. Once all shows were broadcast, Sky Arts was closed, though the name itself eventually returned in March 2007 when the channel Artsworld, which was taken over by BSkyB in June 2005, was relaunched.
Programming
Now featured a mix of talk and chat shows, documentaries, news, current affairs and arts programming. As with all of BSB's other channels, Now carried short BSB News bulletins throughout the day.
One of Now's most memorable programmes was Now Sir Robin fronted by ex-Question Time presenter Sir Robin Day, which later transferred to Sky News. The programme covered the week's political happenings and confrontations. Now broadcast a number of theatre and classical music performances during its short period on-air. Arts programming featured on most nights.
Sky Arts (Original)
Television channel
Sky ArtsProgrammingPicture format4:3 (576i SDTV)OwnershipOwnerBritish Sky BroadcastingHistoryLaunched2 December 1990 (1990-12-02)ReplacedNowClosed31 December 1992 (1992-12-31)Replaced bySky SoapSky Travel
Originally, Sky Arts was planned as a full channel on the Astra 1A satellite at the beginning of the Sky Television service in 1989. Promotional material broadcast during the launch indicated the channel would appear later that year along with Disney Channel. Neither channel launched at the time, Disney due to disputes with Sky, whilst arts programming (such as an early broadcast of the opera Carmen) was instead broadcast on Sky One.
Following the merger of British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television to form British Sky Broadcasting in 1990, Now was replaced with Sky News. However, contracts were still in place to transmit some shows intended for the Now channel, so occasional weekend opt-outs from Sky News took place for Marcopolo satellite viewers (which was owned by BSB prior to the merger and which carried Now). This opt-out was entitled Sky Arts.
Around six months later, all outstanding programmes had been broadcast. This meant that the full Sky News service was broadcast on both Marcopolo and Astra and Sky Arts ceased to broadcast.
References
^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "BSB contract award | December 1986". YouTube.
^ Peter Chippindale, Suzanne Franks and Roma Felstein, Dished!: Rise and Fall of British Satellite Broadcasting (London: Simon & Schuster Ltd, 1991)
^ "TV History". UK Free TV. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
^ Sky Opening and Eurosport First Day, 1989. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. And still to come in 1989, Sky Arts, plus the ultimate in family entertainment, introducing The Disney Channel!
^ Sweney, Mark (12 November 2014). "BSkyB to be rebranded as Sky after takeover of European sister companies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ "James Murdoch To Replace Nicholas Ferguson As Sky Chairman". International Business Times. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ Chris Wathan The BSB/Sky Merger Archived 21 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine Analogue/Sat
^ About BSkyB – Murdoch on Astra...versus BSB on Marco Polo Irish Cable & Digital Guide
External links
Now at TVARK
Portals: United Kingdom Television Journalism The arts 1990s
vteBritish Satellite BroadcastingBSB channels (top) and their replacement by the merger (bottom)
Galaxy ▼ Sky One
The Movie Channel ▼ Retained
Now ▼ Sky News & Sky Arts
The Power Station ▼ Sky Movies
The Sports Channel ▼Sky Sports
The Computer Channel ▼ Extinct
Other: Marco Polo House
Marcopolo (now Thor)
Sky
Sky Television
vteSky GroupA subsidiary of ComcastUK and IrelandChannels
Challenge
Sky Arts
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Sky Comedy
Sky Crime
Sky Documentaries
Sky Kids
Sky Max
Sky Mix
Sky Nature
Sky News
Sky Replay
Sky Sci-Fi
Sky Showcase
Sky Sports
Box Office
F1
News
Sky Witness
Defunct channels
Now
Galaxy
The Power Station
The Sports Channel
The Comedy Channel
Sky Arts
Sky 2
The Movie Channel
Sky Scottish
Sky Soap
.tv
PremPlus
Sky News Ireland
The Amp
Sky One
Sky Travel
Sky Real Lives
Bravo
2
Challenge Jackpot
Channel One
Sky Living
Loves
Sky 3D
Real Lives
Merit
Joint ventures
Sky Sports Racing
A&E Networks UK
History
H2
Blaze
Crime & Investigation
Ginx TV
Paramount UK Partnership
Comedy Central
Extra
Sky News Arabia
Defunct JVs
A&E Networks UK
Lifetime
Bio
Defunct magazines
Sky Magazine
Sky Kids
Other
Amstrad
Diagonal View
Freesat from Sky
On Demand
Sky Sports Active
Digibox
Minidish
Sky+
HD
Sky Q
Sky Betting & Gaming
Sky Broadband
Sky Active
Sky Go
Sky News Radio
Sky Store
Sky Text
Sky Vision
Now
The Cloud
Open....
Sky Multichannels
Germany and AustriaChannels
Sky One
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Sky Krimi
Sky Crime
Sky Sport
Sky Sport News
Sky Sport Bundesliga
Sky Sport F1
Defunct
Sky 3D
Sky Arts
Sky Select
Sky Comedy
Other
Sky Store
ItalyChannels
Sky Uno
Sky Arte
Sky Atlantic
Sky Cinema
Due
Sky Meteo 24
Sky Primafila
Sky Sport
Sky Sport F1
Sky Sport MotoGP
Sky Sport 24
Sky Calcio
Sky TG24
Cielo
TV8
Sky Documentaries
Sky Investigation
Sky Nature
Sky Serie
Defunct
Sky Vivo
Sky Show
Sky 3D
Sky Music
Sky Radio
History
Timeline
Criticisms
British Satellite Broadcasting
Sky Television (1984–1990)
Living TV Group
Former joint ventures & properties
Australian News Channel
Granada Sky Broadcasting
Japan Sky Broadcasting
Sky México
Sky Brasil
Stream TV
See also
Sky Campus
Sky Studios
Jupiter Entertainment (60%)
Love Productions
Sky España
Sky Switzerland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Now (Sky)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(Sky)"},{"link_name":"Now (Turkish TV channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(Turkish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"British Satellite Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"}],"text":"This article is about the former British television channel. For the current internet TV service, see Now (Sky). For the Turkish TV channel of the same name, see Now (Turkish TV channel).Television channelNow was a British television channel transmitted as part of the British Satellite Broadcasting service during 1990.","title":"Now (British TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"ITN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Marcopolo satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"British Sky Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"Astra 1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_1A"},{"link_name":"Sky Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Arts#Previous_life"}],"text":"The Now channel was originally designed to be a live 24-hour news channel similar to CNN and Sky News, with its content provided by ITN.[1] Between the awarding of the franchise and the launch of the channel, ITN withdrew its involvement with BSB after failing to reach an agreement on how to provide its news service[2] and the Now channel's remit was changed to a mix of daytime lifestyle shows, current affairs programming, and arts programmes at weekends. The channel was promoted under the slogan \"The Channel For Living\". Now was broadcast throughout BSB's short spell on air from March to December 1990 on the Marcopolo satellites.On 2 November 1990, BSB merged with Sky to form British Sky Broadcasting, it was decided to streamline the channels available on both services. Now was replaced with Sky News, which Sky Television had broadcast on the Astra 1A satellite.Now ceased broadcasting on Saturday 1 December 1990 at 1.00am – the first of the five BSB channels to close. As there were still arts programmes yet to be shown on Now, BSkyB broadcast Sky Arts as a weekend-only opt-out of the Sky News service on the Marcopolo satellite. Once all shows were broadcast, Sky Arts was closed, though the name itself eventually returned in March 2007 when the channel Artsworld, which was taken over by BSkyB in June 2005, was relaunched.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Question Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time"},{"link_name":"Robin Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Day"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"}],"text":"Now featured a mix of talk and chat shows, documentaries, news, current affairs and arts programming. As with all of BSB's other channels, Now carried short BSB News bulletins throughout the day.One of Now's most memorable programmes was Now Sir Robin fronted by ex-Question Time presenter Sir Robin Day, which later transferred to Sky News. The programme covered the week's political happenings and confrontations. Now broadcast a number of theatre and classical music performances during its short period on-air. Arts programming featured on most nights.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astra 1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_1A"},{"link_name":"Sky Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"British Satellite Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"British Sky Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sky News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marcopolo satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Television channelOriginally, Sky Arts was planned as a full channel on the Astra 1A satellite at the beginning of the Sky Television service in 1989. Promotional material broadcast during the launch indicated the channel would appear later that year along with Disney Channel.[4] Neither channel launched at the time, Disney due to disputes with Sky, whilst arts programming (such as an early broadcast of the opera Carmen) was instead broadcast on Sky One.Following the merger of British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television to form British Sky Broadcasting in 1990,[5] Now was replaced with Sky News.[6] However, contracts were still in place to transmit some shows intended for the Now channel, so occasional weekend opt-outs from Sky News took place for Marcopolo satellite viewers (which was owned by BSB prior to the merger and which carried Now). This opt-out was entitled Sky Arts.[7][8]Around six months later, all outstanding programmes had been broadcast. This meant that the full Sky News service was broadcast on both Marcopolo and Astra and Sky Arts ceased to broadcast.[citation needed]","title":"Sky Arts (Original)"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/oZhhkOsXRCM","external_links_name":"Ghostarchive"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201113122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZhhkOsXRCM","external_links_name":"Wayback Machine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZhhkOsXRCM","external_links_name":"\"BSB contract award | December 1986\""},{"Link":"http://www.ukfree.tv/tvhistory.php","external_links_name":"\"TV History\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvKHmxw506s","external_links_name":"Sky Opening and Eurosport First Day, 1989"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211217/xvKHmxw506s","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/nov/13/bskyb-rebranded-sky-takeover-british-rupert-murdoch","external_links_name":"\"BSkyB to be rebranded as Sky after takeover of European sister companies\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.com/james-murdoch-replace-nicholas-ferguson-sky-chairman-2285513","external_links_name":"\"James Murdoch To Replace Nicholas Ferguson As Sky Chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/bsbskymerge.html","external_links_name":"The BSB/Sky Merger"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091121080025/http://www.selkirkshire.demon.co.uk/analoguesat/bsbskymerge.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.iolfree.ie/~icdg/sky_about.htm","external_links_name":"About BSkyB – Murdoch on Astra...versus BSB on Marco Polo"},{"Link":"http://www2.tv-ark.org.uk/skytv/bsb_now.html","external_links_name":"Now at TVARK"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay
|
Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
|
["1 Results","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relayat the XII Olympic Winter GamesCross-country skiingVenueSeefeldDate11 FebruaryCompetitors64 (16 teams) from 16 nationsWinning time2:07:59.72Medalists
Matti PitkänenJuha MietoPertti TeurajärviArto Koivisto
Finland
Pål TyldumEinar SagstuenIvar FormoOdd Martinsen
Norway
Yevgeny BelyayevNikolay BazhukovSergey SavelyevIvan Garanin
Soviet Union← 19721980 →
Cross-country skiing at the1976 Winter Olympics5 kmwomen10 kmwomen15 kmmen30 kmmen50 kmmenRelaymenwomenvte
The 4 × 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria was held on Thursday 12 February at Seefeld. It was the ninth appearance of the 4 × 10 km relay in the Winter Olympics.
It was the fourth time that Finland won the gold medal in the event. Norway finished second in the relay, the Soviet Union won bronze.
Results
Sources:
Rank
Bib
Team
Time
Deficit
4
FinlandMatti PitkänenJuha MietoPertti TeurajärviArto Koivisto
2:07:59.72
–
3
NorwayPål TyldumEinar SagstuenIvar FormoOdd Martinsen
2:09:58.36
+1:58.64
2
Soviet UnionYevgeny BelyayevNikolay BazhukovSergey SavelyevIvan Garanin
2:10:51.46
+2:51.74
4
14
SwedenBenny SödergrenChrister JohanssonThomas WassbergSven-Åke Lundbäck
2:11:16.88
+3:17.16
5
6
SwitzerlandFranz RenggliEdi HauserHeinz GählerFredel Kälin
2:11:28.53
+3:28.81
6
12
United StatesDoug PetersonTim CaldwellBill Koch Ronny Yeager
2:11:41.35
+3:41.63
7
8
ItalyRenzo ChiocchettiTonio BiondiniUlrico Kostner Giulio Capitanio
2:12:07.12
+4:07.40
8
9
AustriaRudolf HornReinhold FeichterWerner Vogel Herbert Wachter
2:12:22.80
+4:23.08
9
11
West GermanyFrank BetzGeorg KandlingerWalter Demel Georg Zipfel
2:12:38.96
+4:39.24
10
5
CzechoslovakiaFrantišek ŠimonMilan JarýJiří Beran Stanislav Henych
2:12:49.99
+4:50.27
11
10
FranceDaniel DrezetJean-Paul VandelYves Blondeau Jean-Paul Pierrat
2:13:05.26
+5:05.54
12
13
CanadaBert BullockErnie LennieEdward Day Hans Skinstad
2:15:31.85
+7:32.13
13
7
PolandWiesław GębalaJan StaszelJan Dragon Władysław Podgórski
2:16:06.63
+8:06.91
14
16
BulgariaLyubomir ToskovIvan LebanovKhristo Barzanov Petar Pankov
2:19:45.66
+11:45.94
1
East GermanyGerd HesslerAxel LesserGerhard Grimmer Gert-Dietmar Klause
DNF
15
TurkeySacit ÖzbeyBahri YılmazŞeref Çınar Yavuz Özbey
DNF
References
^ a b "4x10 km relay Seefeld in Tirol". www.skisport365.com. Skisport365.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ "Cross Country Skiing at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's 4 x 10 kilometres Relay". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ "Relay 4x10 km Men". www.olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
External links
Results International Ski Federation (FIS)
vteOlympic champions in men's 4 × 10 km cross-country relay
1936: Sulo Nurmela, Klaes Karppinen, Matti Lähde, Kalle Jalkanen (FIN)
1948: Nils Östensson, Nils Täpp, Gunnar Eriksson, Martin Lundström (SWE)
1952: Heikki Hasu, Paavo Lonkila, Urpo Korhonen, Tapio Mäkelä (FIN)
1956: Fyodor Terentyev, Pavel Kolchin, Nikolay Anikin, Vladimir Kuzin (URS)
1960: Toimi Alatalo, Eero Mäntyranta, Väinö Huhtala, Veikko Hakulinen (FIN)
1964: Karl-Åke Asph, Sixten Jernberg, Janne Stefansson, Assar Rönnlund (SWE)
1968: Odd Martinsen, Pål Tyldum, Harald Grønningen, Ole Ellefsæter (NOR)
1972: Vladimir Voronkov, Yuri Skobov, Fyodor Simashev, Vyacheslav Vedenin (URS)
1976: Matti Pitkänen, Juha Mieto, Pertti Teurajärvi, Arto Koivisto (FIN)
1980: Vasily Rochev, Nikolay Bazhukov, Yevgeny Belyayev, Nikolay Zimyatov (URS)
1984: Thomas Wassberg, Benny Kohlberg, Jan Ottosson, Gunde Svan (SWE)
1988: Jan Ottosson, Thomas Wassberg, Gunde Svan, Torgny Mogren (SWE)
1992: Terje Langli, Vegard Ulvang, Kristen Skjeldal, Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR)
1994: Maurilio De Zolt, Marco Albarello, Giorgio Vanzetta, Silvio Fauner (ITA)
1998: Sture Sivertsen, Erling Jevne, Bjørn Dæhlie, Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2002: Anders Aukland, Frode Estil, Kristen Skjeldal, Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2006: Fulvio Valbusa, Giorgio Di Centa, Pietro Piller Cottrer, Cristian Zorzi (ITA)
2010: Daniel Rickardsson, Johan Olsson, Anders Södergren, Marcus Hellner (SWE)
2014: Lars Nelson, Daniel Rickardsson, Johan Olsson, Marcus Hellner (SWE)
2018: Didrik Tønseth, Martin Johnsrud Sundby, Simen Hegstad Krüger, Johannes Høsflot Klæbo (NOR)
2022: Aleksey Chervotkin, Alexander Bolshunov, Denis Spitsov, Sergey Ustiugov (ROC)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"1976 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Seefeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seefeld_in_Tirol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skisport365-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_at_the_1976_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"The 4 × 10 kilometre relay cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria was held on Thursday 12 February at Seefeld.[1] It was the ninth appearance of the 4 × 10 km relay in the Winter Olympics.[2]It was the fourth time that Finland won the gold medal in the event. Norway finished second in the relay, the Soviet Union won bronze.","title":"Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skisport365-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sources:[1][3]","title":"Results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"4x10 km relay Seefeld in Tirol\". www.skisport365.com. Skisport365.com. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://skisport365.com/ski/resultat.php?lop=788","url_text":"\"4x10 km relay Seefeld in Tirol\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cross Country Skiing at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's 4 x 10 kilometres Relay\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417181615/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1976/CCS/mens-4-x-10-kilometres-relay.html","url_text":"\"Cross Country Skiing at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's 4 x 10 kilometres Relay\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1976/CCS/mens-4-x-10-kilometres-relay.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Relay 4x10 km Men\". www.olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 22 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1976/cross-country-skiing/relay-4x10km-men","url_text":"\"Relay 4x10 km Men\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://skisport365.com/ski/resultat.php?lop=788","external_links_name":"\"4x10 km relay Seefeld in Tirol\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417181615/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1976/CCS/mens-4-x-10-kilometres-relay.html","external_links_name":"\"Cross Country Skiing at the 1976 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's 4 x 10 kilometres Relay\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/winter/1976/CCS/mens-4-x-10-kilometres-relay.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/innsbruck-1976/cross-country-skiing/relay-4x10km-men","external_links_name":"\"Relay 4x10 km Men\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/results.html?sectorcode=CC&raceid=1763","external_links_name":"Results International Ski Federation (FIS)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StopWatch
|
StopWatch
|
["1 History","2 Sources","3 External links"]
|
Civil right organisation
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StopWatch is a joint venture between a range of civil society organizations, activist and human rights groups, academics, and campaigners in the United Kingdom (UK). StopWatch was established to address concerns about the use of Stop and Search powers by police in the UK with regards to the law, community relations, and civil rights. Its primary target is addressing the significant ethnic disproportionality in the use of stop and search. It also aims to review the use of powers that do not require reasonable suspicion to order a stop and search, such as Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and to ensure effective monitoring and accountability are employed in conjunction with Stop and Search powers. In addition, it aims to promote more effective methods of policing that do not have the same impact on civil liberties and community relations.
The StopWatch Campaign involves: Equanomics UK; Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS); Mannheim Centre for Criminology, LSE; Muslim Safety Forum; NACRO; Not Another Drop; Open Society Justice Initiative; Release; The Runnymede Trust; School of Law, King's College London; Second Wave; and Turning Point.
History
StopWatch began formation in the summer of 2010 in response to concerns about the use of a variety of stop and search powers. Following a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that the power to search people without suspicion was illegal, amendments to Section 44 powers were proposed by the new Home Secretary Theresa May. Previously, police officers were, in certain defined areas, able to use anti-terrorism legislation to stop people without requiring reasonable suspicion that they were actually involved in terrorism. Under the new proposals, police officers would no longer have this license. However, StopWatch has drawn attention to changes to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which would remove requirements for the collection of key data such as name, and whether any injury or damage resulting from the incident.
StopWatch was officially launched on 18 October 2010 by Jesse Jackson at King's College London. Reverend Jackson has previously addressed similar issues in the US with his Rainbow PUSH coalition in New York.
One of StopWatch's key targets is a 50% reduction in dis-proportionality in stop and search figures. Since its formation, statistics were released indicating that Black people were 26 times more likely to be stopped and searched. Members claimed, however, that their aim is not to eliminate stop and search powers per se, but rather to help create a more responsible, and measured approach to its usage, as well as enhance police officers’ interaction with the public generally.
Sources
^ "Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group". TheGrio. 2010-10-18. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20.
^ a b "About StopWatch". StopWatch. Archived from the original on 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
^ "StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation" (PDF). StopWatch. May 2012.
^ "Rules on stop and search changed". July 8, 2010. BBC. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ "Section 44 Terrorism Act". Liberty. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
^ "The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
^ "Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle". October 18, 2010. BBC. 18 October 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
^ Townsend, Mark (17 October 2010). "Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
External links
StopWatch official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stop and Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_and_Search#Search_without_arrest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Federation of Student Islamic Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Student_Islamic_Societies"},{"link_name":"LSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Muslim Safety Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Safety_Forum"},{"link_name":"NACRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACRO"},{"link_name":"Open Society Justice Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Justice_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_(agency)"},{"link_name":"The Runnymede Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnymede_Trust"},{"link_name":"School of Law, King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Turning Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_(charity)"}],"text":"StopWatch is a joint venture between a range of civil society organizations, activist and human rights groups, academics, and campaigners in the United Kingdom (UK). StopWatch was established to address concerns about the use of Stop and Search powers by police in the UK with regards to the law, community relations, and civil rights.[1] Its primary target is addressing the significant ethnic disproportionality in the use of stop and search. It also aims to review the use of powers that do not require reasonable suspicion to order a stop and search, such as Section 60 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and to ensure effective monitoring and accountability are employed in conjunction with Stop and Search powers. In addition, it aims to promote more effective methods of policing that do not have the same impact on civil liberties and community relations.[2][3]The StopWatch Campaign involves: Equanomics UK; Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS); Mannheim Centre for Criminology, LSE; Muslim Safety Forum; NACRO; Not Another Drop; Open Society Justice Initiative; Release; The Runnymede Trust; School of Law, King's College London; Second Wave; and Turning Point.","title":"StopWatch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Section 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2000#Section_44_powers_(stop_and_search)"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rainbow PUSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow/PUSH"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"StopWatch began formation in the summer of 2010 in response to concerns about the use of a variety of stop and search powers. Following a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that the power to search people without suspicion was illegal, amendments to Section 44 powers were proposed by the new Home Secretary Theresa May.[4] Previously, police officers were, in certain defined areas, able to use anti-terrorism legislation to stop people without requiring reasonable suspicion that they were actually involved in terrorism.[5] Under the new proposals, police officers would no longer have this license. However, StopWatch has drawn attention to changes to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which would remove requirements for the collection of key data such as name, and whether any injury or damage resulting from the incident.[6][clarification needed]StopWatch was officially launched on 18 October 2010 by Jesse Jackson at King's College London.[7] Reverend Jackson has previously addressed similar issues in the US with his Rainbow PUSH coalition in New York.One of StopWatch's key targets is a 50% reduction in dis-proportionality in stop and search figures. Since its formation, statistics were released indicating that Black people were 26 times more likely to be stopped and searched.[8] Members claimed, however, that their aim is not to eliminate stop and search powers per se, but rather to help create a more responsible, and measured approach to its usage, as well as enhance police officers’ interaction with the public generally.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101020071401/http://www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php"},{"link_name":"TheGrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGrio"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"About StopWatch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101109041928/http://www.stop-watch.org/about.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stop-watch.org/about.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//assets.website-files.com/61488f992b58e687f1108c7c/61dec50cc2173b67571a0eb2_StopWatchHMICconsultation-2012.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Rules on stop and search changed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/10555430"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Section 44 Terrorism Act\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111108113354/http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php"},{"link_name":"Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1108/contents/made"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_9103000/9103767.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/17/stop-and-search-race-figures"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"}],"text":"^ \"Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group\". TheGrio. 2010-10-18. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20.\n\n^ a b \"About StopWatch\". StopWatch. Archived from the original on 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2010-11-03.\n\n^ \"StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation\" (PDF). StopWatch. May 2012.\n\n^ \"Rules on stop and search changed\". July 8, 2010. BBC. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.\n\n^ \"Section 44 Terrorism Act\". Liberty. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2010-11-03.\n\n^ \"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010\". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-11-03.\n\n^ \"Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle\". October 18, 2010. BBC. 18 October 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.\n\n^ Townsend, Mark (17 October 2010). \"Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search\". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2010.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group\". TheGrio. 2010-10-18. Archived from the original on 2010-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020071401/http://www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php","url_text":"\"Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGrio","url_text":"TheGrio"},{"url":"http://www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About StopWatch\". StopWatch. Archived from the original on 2010-11-09. Retrieved 2010-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101109041928/http://www.stop-watch.org/about.html","url_text":"\"About StopWatch\""},{"url":"http://www.stop-watch.org/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation\" (PDF). StopWatch. May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.website-files.com/61488f992b58e687f1108c7c/61dec50cc2173b67571a0eb2_StopWatchHMICconsultation-2012.pdf","url_text":"\"StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rules on stop and search changed\". July 8, 2010. BBC. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10555430","url_text":"\"Rules on stop and search changed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Section 44 Terrorism Act\". Liberty. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2010-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108113354/http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php","url_text":"\"Section 44 Terrorism Act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)","url_text":"Liberty"},{"url":"http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010\". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1108/contents/made","url_text":"\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle\". October 18, 2010. BBC. 18 October 2010. Retrieved November 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_9103000/9103767.stm","url_text":"\"Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle\""}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Mark (17 October 2010). \"Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search\". The Observer. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/17/stop-and-search-race-figures","url_text":"\"Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101020071401/http://www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php","external_links_name":"\"Jackson starts StopWatch, a UK civil rights group\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegrio.com/politics/rev-jackson-starts-stopwatch-a-uk-civil-rights-group.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101109041928/http://www.stop-watch.org/about.html","external_links_name":"\"About StopWatch\""},{"Link":"http://www.stop-watch.org/about.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://assets.website-files.com/61488f992b58e687f1108c7c/61dec50cc2173b67571a0eb2_StopWatchHMICconsultation-2012.pdf","external_links_name":"\"StopWatch response to Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularies Framework & Plan 2012/13 consultation\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10555430","external_links_name":"\"Rules on stop and search changed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111108113354/http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Section 44 Terrorism Act\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/human-rights/justice/stop-and-search/section-44/index.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1108/contents/made","external_links_name":"\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revisions to Codes E and F) Order 2010\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_9103000/9103767.stm","external_links_name":"\"Jesse Jackson launches group to tackle\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/oct/17/stop-and-search-race-figures","external_links_name":"\"Black people are 26 times more likely than whites to face stop and search\""},{"Link":"http://www.stop-watch.org/","external_links_name":"StopWatch official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35056_Cullers
|
List of minor planets: 35001–36000
|
[]
|
List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets
The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 35001 through 36000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.
Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.
Near-Earth obj.
MBA (inner)
MBA (outer)
Centaur
Mars-crosser
MBA (middle)
Jupiter trojan
Trans-Neptunian obj.
Unclassified
Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code
30,000s
31,000s
32,000s
33,000s
34,000s
35,000s
36,000s
37,000s
38,000s
39,000s
40,000s
35,001…
35,101…
35,201…
35,301…
35,401…
35,501…
35,601…
35,701…
35,801…
35,901…
35001–35100
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35001
1978 VN4
—
November 7, 1978
Palomar
E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus
MAS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35002
1978 VY8
—
November 7, 1978
Palomar
E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
35003
1979 MT1
—
June 25, 1979
Siding Spring
E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus
FLO
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35004
1979 MC3
—
June 25, 1979
Siding Spring
E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35005
1979 MY3
—
June 25, 1979
Siding Spring
E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35006
1979 ON8
—
July 24, 1979
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35007
1979 OD11
—
July 24, 1979
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
MAR
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35008
1980 FZ2
—
March 16, 1980
La Silla
C.-I. Lagerkvist
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35009
1980 US1
—
October 31, 1980
Palomar
S. J. Bus
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35010
1981 DV1
—
February 28, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35011
1981 DU2
—
February 28, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35012
1981 EU2
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35013
1981 EL3
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
GEF
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35014
1981 EX5
—
March 7, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
EOS
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35015
1981 EO6
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35016
1981 EC7
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HIL · 3:2
12 km
MPC · JPL
35017
1981 EG7
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
V
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35018
1981 EX9
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35019
1981 EH10
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35020
1981 EJ12
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35021
1981 ER12
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35022
1981 EK13
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35023
1981 EO14
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35024
1981 EV14
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35025
1981 EA15
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
EOS
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35026
1981 EM16
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35027
1981 ET18
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35028
1981 ET21
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35029
1981 EM22
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
NYS
1.1 km
MPC · JPL
35030
1981 EW22
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35031
1981 EE23
—
March 3, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35032
1981 EL26
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
KLI
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35033
1981 EA27
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35034
1981 EF27
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35035
1981 ER29
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35036
1981 EC30
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
35037
1981 EC32
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35038
1981 EL32
—
March 7, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35039
1981 EE33
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
EUN
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35040
1981 EV33
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HNS
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35041
1981 ER34
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
VER
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35042
1981 EO36
—
March 7, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35043
1981 EH38
—
March 1, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35044
1981 ET40
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35045
1981 EB42
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HYG
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35046
1981 EL43
—
March 3, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HEN
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35047
1981 EF44
—
March 6, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HYG
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35048
1981 EF45
—
March 15, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35049
1981 EE46
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
HYG
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35050
1981 EA47
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35051
1981 ED47
—
March 2, 1981
Siding Spring
S. J. Bus
NYS
1.2 km
MPC · JPL
35052
1982 JY1
—
May 15, 1982
Palomar
Palomar Obs.
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35053 Rojyurij
1982 UA11
Rojyurij
October 25, 1982
Nauchnij
L. V. Zhuravleva
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35054
1983 WK
—
November 28, 1983
Anderson Mesa
E. Bowell
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35055
1984 RB
—
September 2, 1984
Palomar
E. F. Helin
H
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35056 Cullers
1984 ST
Cullers
September 28, 1984
Palomar
C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35057
1984 SP4
—
September 23, 1984
La Silla
H. Debehogne
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35058
1985 RP4
—
September 12, 1985
La Silla
H. Debehogne
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35059
1986 QM1
—
August 27, 1986
La Silla
H. Debehogne
EUT
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35060
1986 QG3
—
August 29, 1986
La Silla
H. Debehogne
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35061
1986 QL3
—
August 29, 1986
La Silla
H. Debehogne
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
35062 Sakuranosyou
1988 EP
Sakuranosyou
March 12, 1988
Kobuchizawa
M. Inoue, O. Muramatsu
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35063
1988 FD
—
March 16, 1988
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
PHO
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35064
1988 RE10
—
September 14, 1988
Cerro Tololo
S. J. Bus
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35065
1988 SU1
—
September 16, 1988
Cerro Tololo
S. J. Bus
EOS
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35066
1988 SV1
—
September 16, 1988
Cerro Tololo
S. J. Bus
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35067
1989 LL
—
June 4, 1989
Palomar
E. F. Helin
FLO
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35068
1989 SF4
—
September 26, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
35069
1989 SH4
—
September 26, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35070
1989 TE3
—
October 7, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35071
1989 TE5
—
October 7, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35072
1989 TX6
—
October 7, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35073
1989 TG16
—
October 4, 1989
La Silla
H. Debehogne
MAS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35074
1989 UF1
—
October 25, 1989
Gekko
Y. Oshima
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35075
1989 XW1
—
December 2, 1989
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
35076 Yataro
1990 BA1
Yataro
January 21, 1990
Geisei
T. Seki
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35077
1990 OT2
—
July 30, 1990
Palomar
H. E. Holt
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35078
1990 QB7
—
August 20, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35079
1990 QR7
—
August 16, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35080
1990 QH8
—
August 16, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35081
1990 QT8
—
August 16, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35082
1990 RJ3
—
September 14, 1990
Palomar
H. E. Holt
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35083
1990 SP6
—
September 22, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35084
1990 SP9
—
September 22, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35085
1990 SL11
—
September 16, 1990
Palomar
H. E. Holt
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35086
1990 TW8
—
October 14, 1990
Kleť
A. Mrkos
FLO
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35087 von Sydow
1990 UE5
von Sydow
October 16, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
H
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35088
1990 VU4
—
November 15, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35089
1990 WH1
—
November 18, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35090
1990 WR1
—
November 18, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35091
1990 WC2
—
November 18, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35092
1990 WK6
—
November 21, 1990
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35093 Akicity
1991 EH1
Akicity
March 14, 1991
Geisei
T. Seki
HYG
9.2 km
MPC · JPL
35094
1991 GW2
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
THM
8.2 km
MPC · JPL
35095
1991 GY3
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35096
1991 GV4
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35097
1991 GS5
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35098
1991 GB7
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35099
1991 GY7
—
April 8, 1991
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS ·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35100
1991 NK
—
July 8, 1991
Palomar
E. F. Helin
JUN
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35101–35200
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35101
1991 PL16
—
August 7, 1991
Palomar
H. E. Holt
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35102
1991 RT
—
September 4, 1991
Palomar
E. F. Helin
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35103
1991 RZ14
—
September 15, 1991
Palomar
H. E. Holt
KOR
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35104
1991 RP17
—
September 11, 1991
Palomar
H. E. Holt
MIT
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35105
1991 RP23
—
September 15, 1991
Palomar
H. E. Holt
MAR
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35106
1991 TE11
—
October 11, 1991
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35107
1991 VH
—
November 9, 1991
Siding Spring
R. H. McNaught
APO +1km · PHA · moon
930 m
MPC · JPL
35108
1991 VZ7
—
November 3, 1991
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
DOR
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35109
1991 XM
—
December 4, 1991
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35110
1992 BJ2
—
January 30, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35111
1992 BH4
—
January 29, 1992
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35112
1992 BT5
—
January 30, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35113
1992 CR2
—
February 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35114
1992 DC7
—
February 29, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
KOR
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35115
1992 DN8
—
February 29, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35116
1992 DV8
—
February 29, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35117
1992 DN9
—
February 29, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35118
1992 EV5
—
March 2, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35119
1992 EY6
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
9.7 km
MPC · JPL
35120
1992 EN7
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35121
1992 EP8
—
March 2, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35122
1992 ET15
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35123
1992 EB17
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
FLO
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35124
1992 EU21
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
35125
1992 ED22
—
March 1, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35126
1992 EM25
—
March 6, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35127
1992 EQ26
—
March 2, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35128
1992 EG27
—
March 2, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
FLO
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35129
1992 EZ29
—
March 3, 1992
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35130
1992 LQ
—
June 3, 1992
Palomar
G. J. Leonard
EOS
9.7 km
MPC · JPL
35131
1992 PE2
—
August 2, 1992
Palomar
H. E. Holt
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35132
1992 PY3
—
August 2, 1992
Palomar
H. E. Holt
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35133
1992 QX
—
August 29, 1992
Palomar
E. F. Helin
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35134
1992 RE
—
September 4, 1992
Siding Spring
R. H. McNaught
H
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35135
1992 RO1
—
September 1, 1992
Palomar
E. F. Helin
CHL
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35136
1992 RU1
—
September 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35137 Meudon
1992 RT4
Meudon
September 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35138
1992 RV5
—
September 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35139
1992 RP7
—
September 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35140
1992 RQ7
—
September 2, 1992
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35141
1992 SH1
—
September 23, 1992
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35142
1992 ST7
—
September 26, 1992
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35143
1992 UF1
—
October 19, 1992
Kitami
M. Yanai, K. Watanabe
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35144
1992 YE1
—
December 18, 1992
Caussols
E. W. Elst
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35145
1993 AM
—
January 13, 1993
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
ADE
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35146
1993 FC9
—
March 17, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
KOR
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35147
1993 FD9
—
March 17, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35148
1993 FX15
—
March 17, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
HYG
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
35149
1993 FG33
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35150
1993 FR41
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35151
1993 FQ50
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35152
1993 FG51
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
35153
1993 FU52
—
March 17, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35154
1993 FF53
—
March 17, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35155
1993 FU58
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
35156
1993 FH59
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
THM
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
35157
1993 FQ73
—
March 21, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
KOR
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35158
1993 FL82
—
March 19, 1993
La Silla
UESAC
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35159
1993 LH1
—
June 13, 1993
Siding Spring
R. H. McNaught
MAR
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35160
1993 NY
—
July 12, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35161
1993 OW
—
July 16, 1993
Palomar
E. F. Helin
PHO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35162
1993 OE2
—
July 20, 1993
Caussols
E. W. Elst
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35163
1993 OD5
—
July 20, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35164
1993 PZ8
—
August 14, 1993
Caussols
E. W. Elst
FLO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35165 Québec
1993 QF1
Québec
August 16, 1993
Caussols
E. W. Elst
ALA
11 km
MPC · JPL
35166
1993 QD8
—
August 20, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35167
1993 RX13
—
September 14, 1993
La Silla
H. Debehogne, E. W. Elst
·
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
35168
1993 RS14
—
September 15, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35169
1993 SP2
—
September 19, 1993
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35170
1993 TM
—
October 8, 1993
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35171
1993 TF1
—
October 15, 1993
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35172
1993 TA3
—
October 11, 1993
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35173
1993 TP9
—
October 12, 1993
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35174
1993 TV13
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35175
1993 TJ21
—
October 10, 1993
Palomar
H. E. Holt
·
14 km
MPC · JPL
35176
1993 TK21
—
October 10, 1993
Palomar
H. E. Holt
V
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35177
1993 TP22
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
35178
1993 TQ27
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
9.8 km
MPC · JPL
35179
1993 TK28
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35180
1993 TC38
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35181
1993 TO38
—
October 9, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35182
1993 US1
—
October 20, 1993
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35183
1993 UY2
—
October 20, 1993
Siding Spring
R. H. McNaught
ALA
16 km
MPC · JPL
35184
1993 UW3
—
October 20, 1993
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35185
1993 VS
—
November 14, 1993
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35186
1993 VV1
—
November 11, 1993
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35187
1993 VW1
—
November 11, 1993
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35188
1993 VP3
—
November 11, 1993
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35189
1994 AE
—
January 2, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35190
1994 AW
—
January 4, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35191
1994 CE3
—
February 10, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35192
1994 CG6
—
February 12, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35193
1994 CG14
—
February 8, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35194
1994 ET3
—
March 10, 1994
Palomar
E. F. Helin
H
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35195
1994 JD4
—
May 3, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35196
1994 JC8
—
May 11, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
HOF
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35197 Longmire
1994 LH
Longmire
June 7, 1994
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35198
1994 PM1
—
August 9, 1994
Siding Spring
R. H. McNaught
H
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35199
1994 PE3
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35200
1994 PX4
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35201–35300
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35201
1994 PW6
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
THM ·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35202
1994 PH8
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
THM
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35203
1994 PF15
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35204
1994 PV15
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
CHA
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
35205
1994 PS17
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35206
1994 PO27
—
August 12, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
KOR
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35207
1994 PN36
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35208
1994 PB38
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35209
1994 PJ38
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35210
1994 PR39
—
August 10, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35211
1994 RR2
—
September 2, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35212
1994 RP18
—
September 3, 1994
La Silla
E. W. Elst
KOR
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35213
1994 RF25
—
September 12, 1994
Xinglong
SCAP
·
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
35214
1994 SC5
—
September 28, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35215
1994 SH9
—
September 28, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35216
1994 UH3
—
October 26, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
THM
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
35217
1994 VK1
—
November 4, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35218
1994 WU2
—
November 30, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35219
1994 WY2
—
November 30, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35220
1994 WU7
—
November 28, 1994
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
9.6 km
MPC · JPL
35221
1994 XK1
—
December 7, 1994
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
MAS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35222 Delbarrio
1994 XD6
Delbarrio
December 4, 1994
Cima Ekar
M. Tombelli
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35223
1995 BR
—
January 23, 1995
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35224
1995 BN1
—
January 25, 1995
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35225
1995 DX8
—
February 24, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35226
1995 FT4
—
March 23, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35227
1995 FR5
—
March 23, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35228
1995 FB14
—
March 27, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35229 Benckert
1995 FY20
Benckert
March 24, 1995
Tautenburg Observatory
F. Börngen
V
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35230
1995 GW
—
April 7, 1995
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35231
1995 GH7
—
April 4, 1995
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35232
1995 GS7
—
April 4, 1995
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35233 Krčín
1995 KJ
Krčín
May 26, 1995
Kleť
J. Tichá, M. Tichý
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35234
1995 NH
—
July 1, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EUN
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35235
1995 OZ14
—
July 25, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
DOR
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35236
1995 PC1
—
August 2, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35237 Matzner
1995 QP
Matzner
August 23, 1995
Ondřejov
L. Kotková
DOR
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35238
1995 QR1
—
August 20, 1995
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35239 Ottoseydl
1995 SH2
Ottoseydl
September 25, 1995
Kleť
M. Tichý, Z. Moravec
KOR
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35240
1995 SY5
—
September 17, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35241
1995 SD41
—
September 25, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35242
1995 SJ52
—
September 29, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35243
1995 TZ1
—
October 14, 1995
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35244
1995 TX7
—
October 15, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35245
1995 UW12
—
October 17, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35246
1995 UQ15
—
October 17, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35247
1995 UZ20
—
October 19, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35248
1995 UR53
—
October 21, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
35249
1995 WQ3
—
November 21, 1995
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo
KOR
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35250
1995 WB28
—
November 19, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35251
1995 YE5
—
December 16, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35252
1995 YJ14
—
December 20, 1995
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35253
1996 AB7
—
January 12, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
35254
1996 BW2
—
January 26, 1996
Uto
F. Uto
TIR
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35255
1996 BS8
—
January 19, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35256
1996 DT1
—
February 23, 1996
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35257
1996 HM14
—
April 17, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35258
1996 HN23
—
April 20, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35259
1996 HN24
—
April 20, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
FLO · slow?
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35260
1996 HA25
—
April 20, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35261
1996 JX5
—
May 11, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35262
1996 NA2
—
July 15, 1996
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35263
1996 NH3
—
July 14, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35264
1996 NM5
—
July 14, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
V
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35265 Takeosaitou
1996 NS5
Takeosaitou
July 12, 1996
Nanyo
T. Okuni
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35266
1996 PC4
—
August 9, 1996
Haleakala
NEAT
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35267
1996 PO7
—
August 8, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35268 Panoramix
1996 QY
Panoramix
August 19, 1996
Kleť
M. Tichý
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35269 Idefix
1996 QC1
Idefix
August 21, 1996
Kleť
M. Tichý, J. Tichá
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35270 Molinari
1996 RL
Molinari
September 7, 1996
Sormano
V. Giuliani, P. Chiavenna
ERI
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35271
1996 RR3
—
September 13, 1996
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35272
1996 RH10
—
September 7, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
21 km
MPC · JPL
35273
1996 RF11
—
September 8, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35274 Kenziarino
1996 RF24
Kenziarino
September 7, 1996
Nanyo
T. Okuni
FLO
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35275
1996 RB25
—
September 11, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35276
1996 RS25
—
September 13, 1996
Haleakala
NEAT
L4
25 km
MPC · JPL
35277
1996 RV27
—
September 10, 1996
La Silla
UDTS
L4
23 km
MPC · JPL
35278
1996 SM
—
September 16, 1996
Prescott
P. G. Comba
V
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35279
1996 SR
—
September 20, 1996
Rand
G. R. Viscome
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35280
1996 SQ1
—
September 17, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35281
1996 SD6
—
September 18, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35282
1996 SC7
—
September 21, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35283 Bradtimerson
1996 TB1
Bradtimerson
October 5, 1996
Rand
G. R. Viscome
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35284
1996 TM3
—
October 5, 1996
King City, Ontario Observatory
R. G. Sandness
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35285
1996 TR5
—
October 6, 1996
Catalina Station
C. W. Hergenrother
PHO
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35286 Takaoakihiro
1996 TP9
Takaoakihiro
October 14, 1996
Yatsuka
H. Abe
ADE · slow
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
35287
1996 TA18
—
October 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35288
1996 TL19
—
October 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35289
1996 TL40
—
October 8, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35290
1996 TE42
—
October 8, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35291
1996 TN46
—
October 10, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MIT
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35292
1996 TE47
—
October 11, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35293
1996 TC54
—
October 5, 1996
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35294
1996 UG4
—
October 29, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35295 Omo
1996 VM
Omo
November 1, 1996
Colleverde
V. S. Casulli
EUN
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35296
1996 VY1
—
November 1, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
MIT
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35297
1996 VS3
—
November 2, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35298
1996 VH5
—
November 3, 1996
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35299
1996 VK8
—
November 7, 1996
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35300
1996 VQ18
—
November 6, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35301–35400
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35301
1996 XE
—
December 1, 1996
Oohira
T. Urata
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35302
1996 XD6
—
December 7, 1996
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
URS
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
35303
1996 XR6
—
December 1, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35304
1996 XY11
—
December 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35305
1996 XB12
—
December 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35306
1996 XQ17
—
December 5, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35307
1996 XG20
—
December 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35308
1996 XJ20
—
December 4, 1996
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35309
1996 YF3
—
December 24, 1996
Xinglong
SCAP
MAR
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35310
1997 AX1
—
January 3, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FIR
15 km
MPC · JPL
35311
1997 AE2
—
January 3, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
EOS
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35312
1997 AX2
—
January 4, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
DOR
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35313 Hangtianyuan
1997 AC6
Hangtianyuan
January 2, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
KOR
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35314
1997 AW8
—
January 2, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35315
1997 AX9
—
January 3, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35316 Monella
1997 AW13
Monella
January 11, 1997
Sormano
P. Sicoli, M. Cavagna
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35317
1997 AQ23
—
January 14, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
BRA
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35318
1997 BD1
—
January 25, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35319
1997 BU4
—
January 31, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35320
1997 BR8
—
January 30, 1997
Črni Vrh
H. Mikuž
EUN
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35321
1997 CU9
—
February 1, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
URS
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35322
1997 CX16
—
February 6, 1997
Chichibu
N. Satō
EOS ·
8.1 km
MPC · JPL
35323
1997 CD26
—
February 13, 1997
Oohira
T. Urata
EOS
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35324 Orlandi
1997 ET7
Orlandi
March 7, 1997
Bologna
San Vittore Obs.
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35325 Claudiaguarnieri
1997 EU7
Claudiaguarnieri
March 7, 1997
Bologna
San Vittore Obs.
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35326 Lucastrabla
1997 EV7
Lucastrabla
March 7, 1997
Bologna
San Vittore Obs.
THM
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35327
1997 EP13
—
March 3, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35328
1997 EH15
—
March 4, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35329
1997 EG34
—
March 4, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35330
1997 EN35
—
March 4, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35331
1997 EO47
—
March 12, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
35332
1997 EY52
—
March 8, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35333
1997 EW55
—
March 10, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35334 Yarkovsky
1997 FO1
Yarkovsky
March 31, 1997
Sormano
P. Sicoli, F. Manca
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35335
1997 FU1
—
March 30, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35336
1997 FO2
—
March 31, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
URS
16 km
MPC · JPL
35337
1997 FB3
—
March 31, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35338
1997 GD7
—
April 2, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35339
1997 GS16
—
April 3, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35340
1997 GV18
—
April 3, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
9.7 km
MPC · JPL
35341
1997 GT22
—
April 6, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
8.0 km
MPC · JPL
35342
1997 GZ24
—
April 7, 1997
Goodricke-Pigott
M. T. Chamberlin
·
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
35343
1997 GV36
—
April 3, 1997
Kitami
K. Endate, K. Watanabe
THM
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35344
1997 HX6
—
April 30, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35345
1997 HY6
—
April 30, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35346 Ivanoferri
1997 JX
Ivanoferri
May 1, 1997
Bologna
San Vittore Obs.
VER
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35347 Tallinn
1997 JN12
Tallinn
May 3, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EOS
10 km
MPC · JPL
35348
1997 JO18
—
May 8, 1997
Burlington
T. Handley
TIR
10 km
MPC · JPL
35349
1997 LY12
—
June 7, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
HYG
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35350 Lespaul
1997 LP14
Lespaul
June 8, 1997
La Silla
E. W. Elst
HYG
9.3 km
MPC · JPL
35351
1997 MP3
—
June 28, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35352 Texas
1997 PD2
Texas
August 7, 1997
Needville
W. G. Dillon, R. Pepper
NYS
1.3 km
MPC · JPL
35353 Naďapravcová
1997 RW9
Naďapravcová
September 8, 1997
Ondřejov
P. Pravec
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35354
1997 SP1
—
September 22, 1997
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35355 Honzík
1997 SB2
Honzík
September 23, 1997
Ondřejov
P. Pravec
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35356 Vondrák
1997 SL3
Vondrák
September 25, 1997
Ondřejov
P. Pravec, L. Kotková
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35357 Haraldlesch
1997 SX9
Haraldlesch
September 28, 1997
Starkenburg Observatory
Starkenburg Obs.
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35358 Lorifini
1997 SL17
Lorifini
September 27, 1997
San Marcello
L. Tesi, M. Tombelli
CHL
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35359
1997 SO33
—
September 26, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35360
1997 TY11
—
October 7, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35361
1997 TH26
—
October 11, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35362
1997 TZ26
—
October 7, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35363
1997 TV28
—
October 6, 1997
La Silla
UDTS
L4
19 km
MPC · JPL
35364 Donaldpray
1997 UT
Donaldpray
October 21, 1997
Ondřejov
P. Pravec
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35365 Cooney
1997 UU
Cooney
October 21, 1997
Ondřejov
P. Pravec
V
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35366 Kaifeng
1997 UP4
Kaifeng
October 18, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35367 Dobrédílo
1997 UW7
Dobrédílo
October 28, 1997
Ondřejov
L. Kotková
EUT
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35368
1997 UB8
—
October 28, 1997
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35369
1997 UJ11
—
October 29, 1997
Haleakala
NEAT
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35370 Daisakyu
1997 UF21
Daisakyu
October 29, 1997
Saji
Saji Obs.
FLO
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35371 Yokonozaki
1997 UZ21
Yokonozaki
October 25, 1997
Nyukasa
M. Hirasawa, S. Suzuki
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35372
1997 UN24
—
October 28, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35373
1997 UT25
—
October 25, 1997
La Silla
UDTS
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35374
1997 VK
—
November 1, 1997
Prescott
P. G. Comba
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35375
1997 VP1
—
November 1, 1997
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35376
1997 VJ5
—
November 8, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35377
1997 WN2
—
November 23, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35378
1997 WN12
—
November 23, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35379
1997 WS20
—
November 25, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35380
1997 WJ21
—
November 30, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35381
1997 WH31
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35382
1997 WJ36
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35383
1997 WU36
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35384
1997 WK37
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35385
1997 WL37
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35386
1997 WM43
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35387
1997 WY44
—
November 29, 1997
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35388
1997 WY56
—
November 25, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35389
1997 XO
—
December 3, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
fast?
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35390
1997 XW
—
December 3, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35391 Uzan
1997 XN3
Uzan
December 3, 1997
Caussols
ODAS
NYS
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35392
1997 XD5
—
December 6, 1997
Caussols
ODAS
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35393
1997 XJ5
—
December 2, 1997
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35394 Countbasie
1997 XD9
Countbasie
December 7, 1997
Caussols
CERGA
CLO
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35395
1997 XM10
—
December 4, 1997
Gekko
T. Kagawa, T. Urata
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35396
1997 XF11
—
December 6, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
APO +1km · PHA
700 m
MPC · JPL
35397
1997 YJ
—
December 18, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35398
1997 YR
—
December 20, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35399
1997 YQ1
—
December 20, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35400
1997 YU2
—
December 21, 1997
Chichibu
N. Satō
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35401–35500
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35401
1997 YW2
—
December 21, 1997
Chichibu
N. Satō
NYS
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35402
1997 YK3
—
December 17, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35403 Latimer
1997 YW4
Latimer
December 22, 1997
Needville
C. Gustava, K. Rivich
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35404
1997 YV5
—
December 25, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35405
1997 YU7
—
December 21, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35406
1997 YH8
—
December 28, 1997
Haleakala
NEAT
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35407
1997 YF11
—
December 28, 1997
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35408
1997 YS13
—
December 31, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
MAS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35409
1997 YT13
—
December 31, 1997
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35410
1997 YC15
—
December 28, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35411
1997 YX16
—
December 29, 1997
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35412
1997 YN17
—
December 31, 1997
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35413
1998 AS
—
January 5, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
MAS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35414
1998 AC3
—
January 3, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
V
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35415
1998 AD3
—
January 3, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35416
1998 AC4
—
January 2, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NYS
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35417
1998 AT4
—
January 6, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35418
1998 AP5
—
January 8, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
MAR
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35419 Beckysmethurst
1998 AC6
Beckysmethurst
January 8, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
V
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35420
1998 AG6
—
January 8, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35421
1998 AO6
—
January 4, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35422
1998 AF7
—
January 5, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35423
1998 AL7
—
January 6, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
NYS
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35424
1998 BK
—
January 18, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
ERI
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35425
1998 BY
—
January 19, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35426
1998 BN1
—
January 19, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35427 Chelseawang
1998 BJ2
Chelseawang
January 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35428
1998 BS2
—
January 19, 1998
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35429 Bochartdesaron
1998 BW4
Bochartdesaron
January 18, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35430
1998 BT6
—
January 24, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35431
1998 BY6
—
January 24, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35432
1998 BG9
—
January 24, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
AMO
500 m
MPC · JPL
35433
1998 BP9
—
January 22, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35434
1998 BF13
—
January 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35435 Erikayang
1998 BL13
Erikayang
January 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35436
1998 BU15
—
January 24, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
·
9.5 km
MPC · JPL
35437
1998 BN19
—
January 18, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35438
1998 BZ22
—
January 23, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35439
1998 BK25
—
January 28, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
V
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35440
1998 BG30
—
January 29, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35441 Kyoko
1998 BH33
Kyoko
January 31, 1998
Mishima
M. Akiyama
EUN
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35442
1998 BR33
—
January 31, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35443
1998 BG42
—
January 20, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35444 Giuliamarconcini
1998 BU43
Giuliamarconcini
January 25, 1998
Cima Ekar
U. Munari, M. Tombelli
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35445
1998 CY
—
February 5, 1998
Kleť
M. Tichý, Z. Moravec
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35446 Stáňa
1998 CK1
Stáňa
February 6, 1998
Kleť
J. Tichá, M. Tichý
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35447
1998 CW2
—
February 6, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35448
1998 CX2
—
February 6, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
V
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35449
1998 CR3
—
February 6, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35450
1998 CV4
—
February 6, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
RAF
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35451
1998 CW4
—
February 6, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
EUN
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35452
1998 DF10
—
February 22, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35453
1998 DE13
—
February 22, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
DOR
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35454
1998 DE14
—
February 27, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35455
1998 DN14
—
February 22, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35456
1998 DF15
—
February 22, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
WIT
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35457
1998 DN15
—
February 22, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35458
1998 DU15
—
February 23, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
MAR
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35459 Klaurieger
1998 DG20
Klaurieger
February 27, 1998
Ondřejov
L. Kotková
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35460
1998 DU20
—
February 26, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
NYS
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35461 Mazzucato
1998 DM23
Mazzucato
February 26, 1998
San Marcello
L. Tesi, A. Boattini
V
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35462 Maramkaire
1998 DW23
Maramkaire
February 27, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35463
1998 DJ32
—
February 22, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35464 Elisaconsigli
1998 DC33
Elisaconsigli
February 27, 1998
Cima Ekar
G. Forti, M. Tombelli
KLI
6.6 km
MPC · JPL
35465 Emilianoricci
1998 DF33
Emilianoricci
February 27, 1998
Cima Ekar
U. Munari, M. Tombelli
V
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35466
1998 DO34
—
February 27, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35467
1998 ED
—
March 1, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
EUN
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35468
1998 EW2
—
March 2, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35469
1998 ED3
—
March 2, 1998
Prescott
P. G. Comba
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35470
1998 EC8
—
March 2, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35471
1998 ED8
—
March 2, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35472
1998 EJ8
—
March 2, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35473
1998 EZ8
—
March 9, 1998
Uccle
T. Pauwels
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35474
1998 EA9
—
March 9, 1998
Uccle
T. Pauwels
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35475
1998 EP9
—
March 6, 1998
Gekko
T. Kagawa
NYS
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35476
1998 EN10
—
March 1, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35477
1998 ER10
—
March 1, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35478
1998 EG11
—
March 1, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35479
1998 FT4
—
March 23, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35480
1998 FN5
—
March 24, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
EUN
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35481
1998 FA8
—
March 20, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35482
1998 FJ11
—
March 22, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35483
1998 FQ12
—
March 20, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35484
1998 FC14
—
March 25, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35485
1998 FZ14
—
March 24, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35486
1998 FH15
—
March 27, 1998
Farra d'Isonzo
Farra d'Isonzo
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35487
1998 FK16
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35488
1998 FJ21
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35489
1998 FE22
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35490
1998 FD27
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35491
1998 FQ27
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35492
1998 FA29
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35493
1998 FG29
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35494
1998 FZ31
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35495
1998 FO32
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35496
1998 FC33
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HNS
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35497
1998 FT33
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35498
1998 FC35
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.5 km
MPC · JPL
35499
1998 FO35
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35500
1998 FP39
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35501–35600
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35501
1998 FM41
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35502
1998 FP41
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35503
1998 FT42
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
35504
1998 FF43
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35505
1998 FS43
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35506
1998 FU43
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35507
1998 FY43
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35508
1998 FC44
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35509
1998 FK44
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.6 km
MPC · JPL
35510
1998 FF47
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35511
1998 FY48
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35512
1998 FH53
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MRX
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35513
1998 FL53
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35514
1998 FZ56
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
TEL
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35515
1998 FK57
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35516
1998 FU57
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35517
1998 FV58
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
35518
1998 FU59
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35519
1998 FJ60
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
35520
1998 FX60
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
AGN
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35521
1998 FX61
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35522
1998 FY62
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35523
1998 FQ63
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
35524
1998 FK64
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35525
1998 FV64
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35526
1998 FX67
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
35527
1998 FG68
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.0 km
MPC · JPL
35528
1998 FC69
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35529
1998 FU69
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
DOR
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35530
1998 FE70
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35531
1998 FQ70
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
35532
1998 FV71
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
slow
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35533
1998 FO72
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35534 Clementfeller
1998 FW73
Clementfeller
March 20, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EUP
17 km
MPC · JPL
35535
1998 FS77
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35536
1998 FG78
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35537
1998 FC79
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35538
1998 FH80
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35539
1998 FJ91
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35540
1998 FE94
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35541
1998 FS95
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35542
1998 FS99
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35543
1998 FU99
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35544
1998 FT102
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35545
1998 FQ103
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35546
1998 FA105
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35547
1998 FV106
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35548
1998 FL107
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
BRA
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35549
1998 FT108
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35550
1998 FD109
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35551
1998 FA114
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35552
1998 FE115
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
ADE
13 km
MPC · JPL
35553
1998 FK116
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.5 km
MPC · JPL
35554
1998 FL118
—
March 31, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35555
1998 FC120
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35556
1998 FC122
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.2 km
MPC · JPL
35557
1998 FO122
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
9.7 km
MPC · JPL
35558
1998 FT122
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35559
1998 FO127
—
March 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35560
1998 FU130
—
March 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35561
1998 FZ132
—
March 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35562
1998 GL1
—
April 5, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35563
1998 GK3
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35564
1998 GY5
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35565
1998 GF6
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35566
1998 GE7
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35567
1998 GC9
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35568
1998 GD9
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35569
1998 GN9
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
35570
1998 GF10
—
April 2, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35571
1998 HV6
—
April 21, 1998
Les Tardieux Obs.
M. Boeuf
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35572
1998 HW6
—
April 19, 1998
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35573
1998 HH9
—
April 18, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
8.8 km
MPC · JPL
35574
1998 HE12
—
April 19, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35575
1998 HC18
—
April 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35576
1998 HB21
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35577
1998 HZ26
—
April 21, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35578
1998 HE34
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35579
1998 HA36
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35580
1998 HK39
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NEM
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35581
1998 HD40
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
35582
1998 HD45
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35583
1998 HX45
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35584
1998 HY46
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35585
1998 HZ51
—
April 30, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35586
1998 HG54
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35587
1998 HR63
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
AGN
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35588
1998 HU80
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35589
1998 HY80
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
35590
1998 HQ86
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35591
1998 HB91
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35592
1998 HR94
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35593
1998 HP98
—
April 21, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
CHA
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
35594
1998 HY114
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
35595
1998 HO116
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35596
1998 HZ117
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
fast?
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35597
1998 HJ118
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35598
1998 HZ118
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35599
1998 HV120
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35600
1998 HY121
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35601–35700
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35601
1998 HJ122
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35602
1998 HC124
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
35603
1998 HP124
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
PAD
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35604
1998 HZ124
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35605
1998 HU125
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
12 km
MPC · JPL
35606
1998 HG126
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35607
1998 HJ127
—
April 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35608
1998 HX127
—
April 18, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MRX
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35609
1998 HC132
—
April 19, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35610
1998 HW133
—
April 19, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35611
1998 HU136
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35612
1998 HR137
—
April 20, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
KOR
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35613
1998 HS147
—
April 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.0 km
MPC · JPL
35614
1998 HB148
—
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
THM
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
35615
1998 HE148
—
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35616
1998 HN148
—
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
KOR
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35617
1998 HY148
—
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35618 Tartu
1998 HC149
Tartu
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
9.4 km
MPC · JPL
35619
1998 HT149
—
April 25, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
GEF
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35620
1998 JZ
—
May 1, 1998
Haleakala
NEAT
ADE
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
35621 Lorius
1998 JD4
Lorius
May 15, 1998
Modra
A. Galád, A. Pravda
·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35622
1998 JF4
—
May 5, 1998
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35623 Pedrodavid
1998 KF7
Pedrodavid
May 23, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
KRM ·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35624
1998 KR7
—
May 23, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
8.9 km
MPC · JPL
35625
1998 KK8
—
May 23, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
EOS
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35626
1998 KD9
—
May 27, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35627
1998 KW9
—
May 24, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
LIX
15 km
MPC · JPL
35628
1998 KQ13
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35629
1998 KK21
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35630
1998 KQ23
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HIL · 3:2
17 km
MPC · JPL
35631
1998 KL24
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35632
1998 KA26
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35633
1998 KM28
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35634
1998 KS32
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.8 km
MPC · JPL
35635
1998 KV33
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35636
1998 KO34
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35637
1998 KV34
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35638
1998 KU37
—
May 22, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35639
1998 KY49
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35640
1998 KN51
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35641
1998 KT51
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35642
1998 KF53
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35643
1998 KN55
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35644
1998 KW59
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35645
1998 KU60
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35646 Estela
1998 KO66
Estela
May 18, 1998
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
HYG
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35647
1998 KA67
—
May 23, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35648
1998 KR68
—
May 29, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
CLO
7.6 km
MPC · JPL
35649
1998 ML4
—
June 23, 1998
Catalina
CSS
·
12 km
MPC · JPL
35650
1998 MD11
—
June 19, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35651
1998 MS29
—
June 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
HYG
11 km
MPC · JPL
35652
1998 MT29
—
June 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35653
1998 MF30
—
June 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EOS
9.1 km
MPC · JPL
35654
1998 MR33
—
June 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35655 Étienneklein
1998 OJ6
Étienneklein
July 24, 1998
Caussols
ODAS
HYG
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35656
1998 OZ12
—
July 26, 1998
La Silla
E. W. Elst
·
19 km
MPC · JPL
35657
1998 QE5
—
August 22, 1998
Xinglong
SCAP
·
6.7 km
MPC · JPL
35658
1998 QV9
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
BRG
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35659
1998 QU10
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
10 km
MPC · JPL
35660
1998 QS38
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
MEL
10 km
MPC · JPL
35661
1998 QV39
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35662
1998 QW40
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35663
1998 QT50
—
August 17, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35664
1998 QC64
—
August 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
ALA
12 km
MPC · JPL
35665
1998 RF18
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35666
1998 RZ47
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
DOR
7.8 km
MPC · JPL
35667
1998 RN72
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35668
1998 RB76
—
September 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35669
1998 SO12
—
September 22, 1998
Višnjan Observatory
Višnjan Obs.
H
1.0 km
MPC · JPL
35670
1998 SU27
—
September 24, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
APO · critical
490 m
MPC · JPL
35671
1998 SN165
—
September 23, 1998
Steward Observatory
A. Gleason
other TNO
324 km
MPC · JPL
35672
1998 UZ14
—
October 23, 1998
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
L4
18 km
MPC · JPL
35673
1998 VQ15
—
November 10, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
L4
35 km
MPC · JPL
35674
1998 VC32
—
November 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
H
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35675
1998 XK17
—
December 15, 1998
Bédoin
P. Antonini
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35676
1998 XA30
—
December 14, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35677
1998 XE95
—
December 15, 1998
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35678
1998 XW96
—
December 11, 1998
Mérida
O. A. Naranjo
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35679
1998 YK3
—
December 17, 1998
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35680
1999 AS21
—
January 15, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35681
1999 BC2
—
January 16, 1999
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
H
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35682
1999 BP2
—
January 18, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35683 Broumov
1999 BK5
Broumov
January 21, 1999
Kleť
Kleť Obs.
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35684
1999 BO5
—
January 16, 1999
Kushiro
S. Ueda, H. Kaneda
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35685
1999 BT11
—
January 21, 1999
Caussols
ODAS
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35686
1999 BW18
—
January 16, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35687
1999 CP8
—
February 6, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35688
1999 CD10
—
February 15, 1999
High Point
D. K. Chesney
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35689
1999 CD12
—
February 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35690
1999 CT21
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35691
1999 CE26
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.7 km
MPC · JPL
35692
1999 CV32
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35693
1999 CQ48
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35694
1999 CP54
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35695
1999 CE57
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35696
1999 CE97
—
February 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35697
1999 CG104
—
February 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO · slow
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35698
1999 CJ118
—
February 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35699
1999 CO118
—
February 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35700
1999 DL2
—
February 19, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35701–35800
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35701
1999 FF7
—
March 16, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35702
1999 FN9
—
March 22, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35703 Lafiascaia
1999 FP10
Lafiascaia
March 20, 1999
Montelupo
M. Tombelli, E. Masotti
FLO
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35704
1999 FB13
—
March 19, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35705
1999 FK17
—
March 23, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35706
1999 FG25
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35707
1999 FZ25
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35708
1999 FX27
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35709
1999 FR28
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35710
1999 FT29
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
ERI
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35711
1999 FZ29
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35712
1999 FF30
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35713
1999 FS30
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35714
1999 FB31
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35715
1999 FD32
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35716
1999 FY32
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35717
1999 FK33
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35718
1999 FE34
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35719
1999 FY34
—
March 19, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35720
1999 FP36
—
March 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35721
1999 FW39
—
March 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35722
1999 FM41
—
March 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35723
1999 FT42
—
March 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35724
1999 FW53
—
March 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35725 Tramuntana
1999 FQ59
Tramuntana
March 27, 1999
Majorca
Á. López J., R. Pacheco
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35726
1999 GW
—
April 5, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35727
1999 GM1
—
April 7, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35728
1999 GA2
—
April 6, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
FLO
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35729
1999 GZ4
—
April 13, 1999
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35730
1999 GM7
—
April 7, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35731
1999 GH8
—
April 9, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
NYS
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35732
1999 GL8
—
April 9, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35733
1999 GW8
—
April 10, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35734 Dilithium
1999 GT9
Dilithium
April 14, 1999
Goodricke-Pigott
R. A. Tucker
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35735
1999 GP11
—
April 11, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35736
1999 GQ19
—
April 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35737
1999 GN20
—
April 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35738
1999 GO20
—
April 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35739
1999 GR21
—
April 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35740
1999 GK24
—
April 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35741
1999 GX24
—
April 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35742
1999 GD29
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35743
1999 GP29
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35744
1999 GF30
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35745
1999 GZ30
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35746
1999 GX31
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35747
1999 GE32
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35748
1999 GK32
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35749
1999 GF33
—
April 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35750
1999 GP34
—
April 6, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35751
1999 GE36
—
April 7, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35752
1999 GW36
—
April 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35753
1999 GE45
—
April 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35754
1999 GN50
—
April 10, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35755
1999 GV53
—
April 11, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35756
1999 GX58
—
April 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35757
1999 GY60
—
April 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35758
1999 HE
—
April 16, 1999
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35759
1999 HQ
—
April 17, 1999
Woomera
F. B. Zoltowski
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35760
1999 HP1
—
April 17, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
PHO
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35761
1999 HC2
—
April 21, 1999
Kleť
Kleť Obs.
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35762
1999 HF2
—
April 20, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević, M. Jurić
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35763
1999 HK3
—
April 16, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35764
1999 HP7
—
April 19, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35765
1999 HR8
—
April 17, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS ·
6.2 km
MPC · JPL
35766
1999 HB9
—
April 17, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35767
1999 JM
—
May 6, 1999
Oizumi
T. Kobayashi
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35768 Wendybauer
1999 JR1
Wendybauer
May 8, 1999
Catalina
CSS
KOR
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35769 Tombauer
1999 JX1
Tombauer
May 8, 1999
Catalina
CSS
V
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35770
1999 JH2
—
May 8, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35771
1999 JE6
—
May 11, 1999
Nachi-Katsuura
Y. Shimizu, T. Urata
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35772
1999 JM7
—
May 8, 1999
Catalina
CSS
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35773
1999 JT7
—
May 13, 1999
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35774
1999 JL9
—
May 7, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35775
1999 JW9
—
May 8, 1999
Catalina
CSS
·
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35776
1999 JE11
—
May 9, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35777
1999 JB13
—
May 10, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
CLO ·
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35778
1999 JL16
—
May 15, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35779
1999 JB18
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35780
1999 JR18
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35781
1999 JA19
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35782
1999 JW19
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35783
1999 JU20
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35784
1999 JS21
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35785
1999 JY21
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35786
1999 JR22
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35787
1999 JY22
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35788
1999 JL24
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35789
1999 JF25
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35790
1999 JG25
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35791
1999 JK25
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35792
1999 JL29
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35793
1999 JN30
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35794
1999 JB31
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35795
1999 JF31
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.6 km
MPC · JPL
35796
1999 JL31
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35797
1999 JY31
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35798
1999 JJ32
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35799
1999 JK32
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35800
1999 JT32
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35801–35900
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35801
1999 JB38
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35802
1999 JF39
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35803
1999 JT40
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35804
1999 JK41
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35805
1999 JP41
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35806
1999 JB42
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35807
1999 JS42
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35808
1999 JA43
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35809
1999 JY43
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35810
1999 JB44
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35811
1999 JS45
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35812
1999 JD46
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35813
1999 JM47
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.5 km
MPC · JPL
35814
1999 JK48
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35815
1999 JO48
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35816
1999 JU49
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35817
1999 JV49
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35818
1999 JC50
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.7 km
MPC · JPL
35819
1999 JG50
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35820
1999 JM50
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35821
1999 JW50
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35822
1999 JD52
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35823
1999 JQ52
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35824
1999 JF53
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35825
1999 JL53
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35826
1999 JT53
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35827
1999 JY53
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35828
1999 JZ53
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35829
1999 JH54
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35830
1999 JL54
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35831
1999 JN55
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35832
1999 JR56
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35833
1999 JN57
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35834
1999 JT57
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35835
1999 JD58
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35836
1999 JG58
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35837
1999 JH58
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
9.9 km
MPC · JPL
35838
1999 JN58
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35839
1999 JV58
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35840
1999 JH59
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35841
1999 JR59
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35842
1999 JX59
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35843
1999 JZ59
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35844
1999 JD60
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35845
1999 JM60
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35846
1999 JO60
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35847
1999 JJ61
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.9 km
MPC · JPL
35848
1999 JY61
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MIT
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35849
1999 JK62
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35850
1999 JS62
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35851
1999 JW62
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35852
1999 JD63
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35853
1999 JY63
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35854
1999 JZ63
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.1 km
MPC · JPL
35855
1999 JC64
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
35856
1999 JG64
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35857
1999 JN64
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35858
1999 JZ65
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35859
1999 JN66
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUT
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35860
1999 JO66
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35861
1999 JT66
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35862
1999 JO67
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.2 km
MPC · JPL
35863
1999 JX67
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35864
1999 JG68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35865
1999 JL68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35866
1999 JM68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35867
1999 JO68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35868
1999 JP68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35869
1999 JR68
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35870
1999 JQ69
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35871
1999 JW70
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35872
1999 JB72
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.5 km
MPC · JPL
35873
1999 JO72
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35874
1999 JU72
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35875
1999 JP73
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
4.6 km
MPC · JPL
35876
1999 JX74
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35877
1999 JR75
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35878
1999 JX75
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35879
1999 JA76
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35880
1999 JC76
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35881
1999 JM77
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35882
1999 JT77
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35883
1999 JH78
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35884
1999 JW78
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35885
1999 JO79
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAS
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35886
1999 JG80
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35887
1999 JH80
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
RAF
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35888
1999 JS80
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35889
1999 JA81
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35890
1999 JR81
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35891
1999 JS81
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35892
1999 JV82
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35893
1999 JC83
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35894
1999 JF83
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
5.1 km
MPC · JPL
35895
1999 JX83
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35896
1999 JW84
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.3 km
MPC · JPL
35897
1999 JU85
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35898
1999 JC86
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35899
1999 JC87
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.0 km
MPC · JPL
35900
1999 JH88
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35901–36000
back to top
Designation
Discovery
Properties
Ref
Permanent
Provisional
Citation
Date
Site
Discoverer(s)
Category
Diam.
35901
1999 JK88
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35902
1999 JM88
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35903
1999 JY88
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.0 km
MPC · JPL
35904
1999 JJ89
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35905
1999 JA92
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35906
1999 JL92
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35907
1999 JO92
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35908
1999 JP92
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
35909
1999 JY93
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35910
1999 JZ93
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35911
1999 JB95
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.2 km
MPC · JPL
35912
1999 JY95
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.9 km
MPC · JPL
35913
1999 JC97
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MEL
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35914
1999 JM97
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.9 km
MPC · JPL
35915
1999 JV97
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.9 km
MPC · JPL
35916
1999 JS98
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35917
1999 JK99
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35918
1999 JL99
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.5 km
MPC · JPL
35919
1999 JY99
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35920
1999 JJ101
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35921
1999 JU101
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35922
1999 JO102
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35923
1999 JX103
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35924
1999 JA104
—
May 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.7 km
MPC · JPL
35925
1999 JP104
—
May 15, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35926
1999 JL105
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.3 km
MPC · JPL
35927
1999 JN106
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
4.8 km
MPC · JPL
35928
1999 JV107
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35929
1999 JK108
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.1 km
MPC · JPL
35930
1999 JD110
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35931
1999 JW112
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35932
1999 JP113
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35933
1999 JD117
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35934
1999 JZ120
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.0 km
MPC · JPL
35935
1999 JO122
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35936
1999 JX123
—
May 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35937
1999 JD124
—
May 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35938
1999 JQ125
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35939
1999 JO127
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.4 km
MPC · JPL
35940
1999 JE128
—
May 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35941
1999 JT129
—
May 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35942
1999 JP132
—
May 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
1.4 km
MPC · JPL
35943
1999 KP2
—
May 16, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
5.6 km
MPC · JPL
35944
1999 KT2
—
May 16, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAS
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35945
1999 KU2
—
May 16, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
·
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35946
1999 KO4
—
May 20, 1999
Prescott
P. G. Comba
NYS
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35947
1999 KT5
—
May 16, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
MAR
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35948
1999 KD6
—
May 17, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
NEM
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35949
1999 KQ10
—
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35950
1999 KL13
—
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35951
1999 KE14
—
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35952
1999 KN14
—
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35953
1999 KJ15
—
May 20, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
8.7 km
MPC · JPL
35954
1999 KY15
—
May 18, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35955
1999 KS17
—
May 17, 1999
Catalina
CSS
KOR
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35956
1999 LG2
—
June 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.2 km
MPC · JPL
35957
1999 LZ3
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.1 km
MPC · JPL
35958
1999 LF4
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35959
1999 LE5
—
June 10, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.9 km
MPC · JPL
35960
1999 LB7
—
June 9, 1999
Kitt Peak
Spacewatch
EUN
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35961
1999 LH7
—
June 12, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
7.5 km
MPC · JPL
35962
1999 LX9
—
June 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.4 km
MPC · JPL
35963
1999 LL11
—
June 8, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
MAR
4.1 km
MPC · JPL
35964
1999 LC13
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35965
1999 LH13
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.2 km
MPC · JPL
35966
1999 LJ13
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.3 km
MPC · JPL
35967
1999 LG14
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
35968
1999 LK14
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35969
1999 LY14
—
June 11, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
1.8 km
MPC · JPL
35970
1999 LE21
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.5 km
MPC · JPL
35971
1999 LJ26
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35972
1999 LL26
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.1 km
MPC · JPL
35973
1999 LU26
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35974
1999 LW26
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35975
1999 LG27
—
June 9, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
5.4 km
MPC · JPL
35976 Yorktown
1999 MY1
Yorktown
June 25, 1999
Anderson Mesa
LONEOS
PHO
3.7 km
MPC · JPL
35977 Lexington
1999 NA
Lexington
July 3, 1999
Kleť
J. Tichá, M. Tichý
·
5.8 km
MPC · JPL
35978 Arlington
1999 NC
Arlington
July 5, 1999
Kleť
J. Tichá, M. Tichý
FLO
3.4 km
MPC · JPL
35979
1999 NC2
—
July 12, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.3 km
MPC · JPL
35980
1999 NO3
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35981
1999 NU3
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
EUN
4.0 km
MPC · JPL
35982
1999 NJ4
—
July 11, 1999
Reedy Creek
J. Broughton
·
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35983
1999 NG5
—
July 15, 1999
Višnjan Observatory
K. Korlević
·
4.9 km
MPC · JPL
35984
1999 NK7
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
7.4 km
MPC · JPL
35985
1999 NJ8
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
4.3 km
MPC · JPL
35986
1999 NL8
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
6.9 km
MPC · JPL
35987
1999 NV8
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.7 km
MPC · JPL
35988
1999 NO9
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
11 km
MPC · JPL
35989
1999 NF10
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
2:1J
7.2 km
MPC · JPL
35990
1999 NG10
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.8 km
MPC · JPL
35991
1999 NN11
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
2.6 km
MPC · JPL
35992
1999 NF12
—
July 13, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.3 km
MPC · JPL
35993
1999 NS17
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
2.8 km
MPC · JPL
35994
1999 NS18
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
6.3 km
MPC · JPL
35995
1999 NK20
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
NYS
1.7 km
MPC · JPL
35996
1999 NN20
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
·
3.6 km
MPC · JPL
35997
1999 NQ20
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
LIX
8.4 km
MPC · JPL
35998
1999 NP21
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
V
3.0 km
MPC · JPL
35999
1999 NB22
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
GEF
3.5 km
MPC · JPL
36000
1999 NV22
—
July 14, 1999
Socorro
LINEAR
FLO
2.4 km
MPC · JPL
back to top
See also
Meanings of minor planet names: 35001–36000
References
^ "Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.
^ a b c "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.
^ a b "Critical Lists of Asteroids". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.
External links
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (35001)–(40000) (IAU Minor Planet Center)
vteList of minor planets1–25,000
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150,001–175,000
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175,001–200,000
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200,001–225,000
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225,001–250,000
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237k
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243k
244k
245k
246k
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249k
250,001–275,000
250k
251k
252k
253k
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255k
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264k
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275,001–300,000
275k
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325,001–350,000
325k
326k
327k
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335k
336k
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350,001–375,000
350k
351k
352k
353k
354k
355k
356k
357k
358k
359k
360k
361k
362k
363k
364k
365k
366k
367k
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375,001–400,000
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385k
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399k
400,001–425,000
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407k
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409k
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411k
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419k
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425,001–450,000
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428k
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437k
438k
439k
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447k
448k
449k
450,001–475,000
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451k
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457k
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464k
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474k
475,001–500,000
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476k
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539k
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550,001–575,000
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-sources-1"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Critical list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowellCrit-3"},{"link_name":"detailed description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Description_of_partial_lists"},{"link_name":"list of every page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"link_name":"statistical break-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Diagram-breakup-into-populations"},{"link_name":"dynamical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"numerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(numerical)"},{"link_name":"alphabetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"naming citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_35001%E2%80%9336000"},{"link_name":"Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_for_Small_Bodies_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#Main_index"},{"link_name":"100K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#100K"},{"link_name":"200K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#200K"},{"link_name":"300K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#300K"},{"link_name":"400K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#400K"},{"link_name":"500K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#500K"},{"link_name":"600K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#600K"},{"link_name":"color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"30,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_30001%E2%80%9331000"},{"link_name":"31,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_31001%E2%80%9332000"},{"link_name":"32,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_32001%E2%80%9333000"},{"link_name":"33,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_33001%E2%80%9334000"},{"link_name":"34,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_34001%E2%80%9335000"},{"link_name":"35,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"36,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_36001%E2%80%9337000"},{"link_name":"37,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_37001%E2%80%9338000"},{"link_name":"38,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_38001%E2%80%9339000"},{"link_name":"39,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_39001%E2%80%9340000"},{"link_name":"40,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_40001%E2%80%9341000"},{"link_name":"35,001…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#001"},{"link_name":"35,101…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101"},{"link_name":"35,201…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#201"},{"link_name":"35,301…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#301"},{"link_name":"35,401…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#401"},{"link_name":"35,501…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#501"},{"link_name":"35,601…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#601"},{"link_name":"35,701…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#701"},{"link_name":"35,801…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#801"},{"link_name":"35,901…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#901"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 35001 through 36000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\"[1] and data available from the Minor Planet Center.[2] Critical list information is also provided by the MPC,[2] unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory.[3] A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code\n\n30,000s\n31,000s\n32,000s\n33,000s\n34,000s\n35,000s\n36,000s\n37,000s\n38,000s\n39,000s\n40,000s\n\n\n35,001…\n35,101…\n35,201…\n35,301…\n35,401…\n35,501…\n35,601…\n35,701…\n35,801…\n35,901…","title":"List of minor planets: 35001–36000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"35001–35100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35101–35200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35201–35300"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35301–35400"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35401–35500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35501–35600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35601–35700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35701–35800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"35801–35900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to topback to top","title":"35901–36000"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Meanings of minor planet names: 35001–36000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_35001%E2%80%9336000"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem","url_text":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","url_text":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","url_text":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory","url_text":"Lowell Observatory"}]}]
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Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"Link":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","external_links_name":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"Link":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","external_links_name":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"Link":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs035001.html","external_links_name":"Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (35001)–(40000)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkki_Ry%C3%B6m%C3%A4
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Erkki Ryömä
|
["1 References"]
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Finnish farmer and politician (1907–1997)
Erkki Paavo Ryömä (20 February 1907 – 4 January 1997) was a Finnish farmer and politician, born in Karkku. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1962 to 1966, representing the Agrarian League, which changed its name to Centre Party in 1965. He was a presidential elector in the 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. Erkki Ryömä was a nephew of Hannes Ryömä and a cousin of Mauri Ryömä
References
^ "Eduskunta - kansanedustajat". Eduskunta.fi. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
This article about a Finnish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Karkku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkku"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Agrarian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Finland)"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Finnish_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Finnish_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Finnish_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Hannes Ryömä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannes_Ry%C3%B6m%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Mauri Ryömä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri_Ry%C3%B6m%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Erkki Paavo Ryömä (20 February 1907 – 4 January 1997) was a Finnish farmer and politician, born in Karkku. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1962 to 1966, representing the Agrarian League, which changed its name to Centre Party in 1965. He was a presidential elector in the 1956, 1962 and 1968 presidential elections. Erkki Ryömä was a nephew of Hannes Ryömä and a cousin of Mauri Ryömä[1]","title":"Erkki Ryömä"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911403.aspx","url_text":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/911403.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erkki_Ry%C3%B6m%C3%A4&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_44_class_locomotive
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New South Wales 44 class locomotive
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["1 History","2 Fleet status","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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Class of Australian diesel-electric locomotive
New South Wales 44 classChicago Freight Car Leasing Australia liveried 4471 in Melbourne in November 2005Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricBuilderAE Goodwin, AuburnSerial numberAlco 82807 to 82912Alco 83731 to 83750Alco G-3421-01 to G-3421-40ModelAlco DL-500BBuild date1957–1967Total produced100SpecificationsConfiguration: • UICCo-CoGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gaugeWheel diameter40 in (1,016 mm)LengthOver headstocks: 55 ft 5 in (16.89 m),Over coupler pulling faces: 58 ft 5 in (17.81 m)Width9 ft 4 in (2.84 m)HeightMax: 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m)Axle loadFirst 60, GE t/m: 18 long tons 14 cwt (41,900 lb or 19 t),First 60, AEI t/m: 17 long tons 14 cwt (39,600 lb or 18 t),Last 40: 18 long tons 8 cwt (41,200 lb or 18.7 t)Loco weightFirst 60, GE t/m: 112 long tons 1 cwt (251,000 lb or 113.8 t),First 60, AEI t/m: 106 long tons 3 cwt (237,800 lb or 107.9 t),Last 40: 110 long tons 3 cwt (246,700 lb or 111.9 t)Fuel typeDiesel fuelFuel capacity1,200 imp gal (5,500 L; 1,400 US gal)Lubricant cap.170 imp gal (770 L; 200 US gal)Coolant cap.220 imp gal (1,000 L; 260 US gal)Sandbox cap.16 cu ft (0.45 m3)Prime moverAlco 251BRPM range400–1000Engine typeFour-stroke V12 dieselAspirationTurbochargedGeneratorFirst 60:General Electric 5GT581Last 40 Associated Electrical Industries 5302Traction motorsFirst 60: GE 731 or AEI 253 AZ or AEI 254 AZ,Last 40: AEI 254 BYCylinders12Cylinder size9 in × 10.5 in (229 mm × 267 mm)Performance figuresMaximum speedFirst 60, GE t/m: 80 mph (129 km/h),First 60, AEI t/m: 75 mph (121 km/h),Last 40: 80 mph (129 km/h)Power outputGross: 1,950 hp (1,450 kW),For traction: 1,800 hp (1,340 kW)Tractive effortContinuous: First 60, GE t/m: 47,100 lbf (209.51 kN) at 11.5 mph (18.5 km/h),First 60, AEI t/m: 40,500 lbf (180.15 kN) at 13.7 mph (22.0 km/h),Last 40: 44,000 lbf (195.72 kN) at 12.9 mph (20.8 km/h)CareerOperatorsNSW Department of RailwaysNumber in class100Numbers4401–44100First run8 July 1957Preserved4401, 4403, 4420, 4464, 4465, 4472, 4473, 4486, 4490Disposition9 preserved, 2 stored, 2 operational, 87 scrapped
The 44 class are a class of diesel-electric locomotives built by AE Goodwin, Auburn for the New South Wales Department of Railways between 1957 and 1967.
History
Preserved 4403 at Goulburn in March 2012
4465 and 4472 at Broadmeadow Locomotive Depot in 1990
4479 and a 45 class haul a freight train at Fairy Hill, north of Casino in 1987
The 44 class were built by AE Goodwin, the Australian licensee of US company Alco, and were based on the Alco DL500B model. The locomotives were fitted with Alco 12-251B engines, developing 1343 kW. They were built in two batches, the first 60 between July 1957 and April 1961 and the second 40 between October 1965 and December 1967. The last 40 had Associated Electrical Industries as opposed to General Electric generators and traction motors, as well as illuminated segregated number boxes at the No.2 end. The model was very similar to dual cab South Australian Railways 930 class.
With driving cabs within both ends, the front (No.1 end) of the locomotive had a rounded nose (although not as round as the Clyde/GM "Bulldog nose" type) and a flat nose at the No.2 end. During their career, the locomotives served every part of New South Wales and operated every type of train.
In the late 1980s, some earlier examples in need of rewiring began to be withdrawn, but many survived into the 1990s, with the last being withdrawn in July 1997. Over forty still owned by the State Rail Authority were auctioned off in December 1994.
While most were scrapped, a number saw service with other freight operators. Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia, Great Northern Rail Services, Independent Rail of Australia, Silverton Rail and Southern Shorthaul Railroad all operated 44s, with most ending up with Qube Logistics until their final withdrawal in 2014.
A number of preserved examples are main-line registered and, as well as operating heritage trains, are used periodically by other operators.
Three are on Transport Heritage NSW's Heritage and Conservation Register list. 4401 was in the custody of 3801 Limited, and 4403 was with the Australian Railway Historical Society, Canberra until 2017. 4401 is now in the custody of the Junee Roundhouse Railway Museum, and 4403 and 4490 are with the NSW Rail Museum.
Fleet status
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Locomotive
Serial No
Completed
Current Owner
Livery
Status
4401
82807
Jul 57
Transport Heritage NSW
Indian red
Preserved, Static Display, Junee
4403
82809
Nov 57
Transport Heritage NSW
Indian red
Preserved, Operational, Thirlmere
4420
82892
Sep 58
Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum
Red terror
Preserved, Stored, Dorrigo
4458
83748
Feb 61
Qube Logistics
Silver
Stored, Junee
4464
G-3421-04
Jan 66
Lachlan Alco Locomotive Group
Indian red
Preserved, Operational
4465
G-3421-05
Feb 66
John Currey
Candy
Stored, Werris Creek
4472
G-3421-12
Aug 66
Hunter Valley Railway Trust
Silver & Yellow
Preserved, Stored, East Greta
4473
G-3421-13
Sep 66
Lachlan Alco Locomotive Group
Indian red
Preserved, Operational
4477
G-3421-17
Dec 66
Qube Logistics
CFCLA
Stored, Junee
4486
G-3421-26
May 67
Lachlan Alco Locomotive Group
Indian red
Preserved, Operational
4488
G-3421-28
Jul 67
Qube Logistics
Silver
Stored, Junee
4490
G-3421-30
Jul 67
Transport Heritage NSW
Indian red
Preserved, Operational, Thirlmere
4497
G-3421-37
Oct 67
Qube Logistics
Silver
Operational, Junee
References
^ "State Rail's Locomotive Auction Results" Railway Digest January 1995 page 36
^ 44 Class Railpage
^ 44 Class Vicsig
^ RailCorp S170 Heritage & Conservation Register RailCorp
Further reading
New South Wales Rail System Locomotives. Sydney: Archives Section, State Rail Authority of New South Wales. 1984.
External links
Media related to New South Wales 44 class locomotives at Wikimedia Commons
vteNew South Wales Rail rolling stockNSWGR steam locomotives
X10
E17
F351
M36
N67
Z11
Z12
Z13
Z14
Z15
Z16
Z17
Z18
Z19
Z20
Z21
Z22
Z23
Z24
Z25
Z26
Z27
Z28
Z29
C30
C30T
C32
C34
C35
C36
C38
D50
D53
D55
D57
D58
D59
AD60
NSWGR individual steam locomotives
1
1210
1243
3112
3237
3265
3526
3642
3801
3820
3830
5917
6029
NSW private steam locomotives
Burra
Kiama
Kiama Fowler
ROD 2-8-0
Silverton A
Silverton W
Silverton Y
SMR 10
Wallaby
Diesel locomotives
40
41
42
421
422
43
44
442
45
47
48
49
70
71
72
73
79
80
81
82
90
PL
X100 tractor
X200 tractor
NSW private diesel locomotives
AIS D1
AIS D9
AIS D16
AIS D34
AIS D35
BHP 32
BHP 37
Silverton 48s
CAR1
Interail 423 class
JL/GL class
5000 class
5020 class
QUBE 14 class
QUBE 1100
C44aci
TT Class
LDP Class
WH Class
Electric locomotives
71
46
85
86
Electric multiple unitsDriven
Bradfield
Standard suburban
Tulloch single deck
Sputnik
U
Tulloch double deck
V
S
K
C
T
Skitube
M
H
A
B
D
Automated
Metropolis
Diesel railcars
CPH
Creamy Kate
Silver City Comet
FP
FP1
400/500
600/700
900/800
South Maitland Railway railcar
1100
620/720
1200
660/760
Xplorer
Endeavour
CRT Cargosprinter
Hunter
Bi-mode multiple units
R
Push-pull
XPT
X2000 Tilt Train
Wooden passenger carriages
American Suburban (A type)
Far West Baby Health Clinic Cars
Steel passenger carriages
S Type
N Type
HUB
RUB
Stainless steel
Classification system
Steam Locomotives
Rail transport in New South Wales
Rail rollingstock in New South Wales
Sydney Trains rolling stock
NSW TrainLink rolling stock
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The locomotives were fitted with Alco 12-251B engines, developing 1343 kW. They were built in two batches, the first 60 between July 1957 and April 1961 and the second 40 between October 1965 and December 1967. The last 40 had Associated Electrical Industries as opposed to General Electric generators and traction motors, as well as illuminated segregated number boxes at the No.2 end. The model was very similar to dual cab South Australian Railways 930 class.With driving cabs within both ends, the front (No.1 end) of the locomotive had a rounded nose (although not as round as the Clyde/GM \"Bulldog nose\" type) and a flat nose at the No.2 end. During their career, the locomotives served every part of New South Wales and operated every type of train.In the late 1980s, some earlier examples in need of rewiring began to be withdrawn, but many survived into the 1990s, with the last being withdrawn in July 1997. Over forty still owned by the State Rail Authority were auctioned off in December 1994.[1]While most were scrapped, a number saw service with other freight operators. Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia, Great Northern Rail Services, Independent Rail of Australia, Silverton Rail and Southern Shorthaul Railroad all operated 44s, with most ending up with Qube Logistics until their final withdrawal in 2014.A number of preserved examples are main-line registered and, as well as operating heritage trains, are used periodically by other operators.[2][3]Three are on Transport Heritage NSW's Heritage and Conservation Register list. 4401 was in the custody of 3801 Limited, and 4403 was with the Australian Railway Historical Society, Canberra until 2017. 4401 is now in the custody of the Junee Roundhouse Railway Museum, and 4403 and 4490 are with the NSW Rail Museum.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet status"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"New South Wales Rail System Locomotives. Sydney: Archives Section, State Rail Authority of New South Wales. 1984.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"New South Wales Rail System Locomotives. Sydney: Archives Section, State Rail Authority of New South Wales. 1984.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.railpage.com.au/locos/class/34/","external_links_name":"44 Class"},{"Link":"http://www.vicsig.net/index.php?page=locomotives&class=44&orgstate=N&type=Diesel-Electric","external_links_name":"44 Class"},{"Link":"http://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/railcorp/railcorp-s170-register-movable.pdf","external_links_name":"RailCorp S170 Heritage & Conservation Register"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Hartman
|
Karen Hartman
|
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Musical books","4 Plays","5 References"]
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American dramatist
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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Karen Hartman is a Senior Artist in Residence at University of Washington School of Drama in Seattle. She completed her bachelor's degree in Literature at Yale University and received Master of Fine Arts in Playwriting from Yale School of Drama. Hartman held the Playwright Center's McKnight Residency and Commission for a nationally recognized playwright in 2014 and 2015.
Biography
Karen grew up in San Diego, California. After graduating from Yale, she moved to New York City. She lived in Brooklyn until 2014, when she became Senior Artist in Residence at the University of Washington School of Drama. She is married to author and educator Todd London, and she has one son, Grisha.
Career
Karen Hartman's plays have been produced all around the United States, including in New York at the Women's Project, National Asian American Theatre Company, P73, and Summer Play Festival, and regionally at Cincinnati Playhouse, Dallas Theater Center, the Magic, Seattle Repertory Theatre, San Diego Repertory Theatre, Victory Gardens, Theater J, Horizon Theatre, Unicorn Theater, and elsewhere.
Hartman's essays and commentary have been published in the New York Times and the Washington Post. She is the co-founder of national program #TogetherForAbortion, which brings people together for conversations about women's reproductive rights.
Hartman's work has been supported by many foundations, including the Rockefeller Foundation at Bellagio, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Helen Merrill Foundation, and Fulbright Scholarship. Also, she was granted with many awards including Daryl Roth “Creative Spirit” Award and New Dramatists Joseph A. Callaway Award. Moreover, she hold Hodder Fellowship and Jerome Fellowship. Hartman's musical book Sea Change was a finalist for O’Neill Musical Theater Conference, scored by AnnMarie Milazzo. She has been a playwright-in-residence at the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain.
Karen Hartman has four productions of three world premieres in the 2016/17 season: Roz and Ray at Victory Gardens and Seattle Repertory Theater, Book of Joseph, and Project Dawn at People's Light in Malvern, PA.
Musical books
The Magic Flute – librettist. Produced by Seattle Meany Theater
MotherBone –librettist. Produced by Salvage Vanguard Theater
Plays
New Golden Age, produced by Primary Stages (2022)
Gum and The Mother of Modern Censorship –author. Published by Dramatists Play Service, Inc.
Troy Women –author. Published by Playscripts
Girl Under Grain –author. Published by NoPassport Press
Leah's Train –author. Published by Playscripts.inc
Alice: Tales of a Curious Girl (adapted from Lewis Carroll) –author. Published by Playscripts.inc
Wild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea (adapted from Moby-Dick) –author. Published by Playscripts.inc
Antigone Project –co-author. Published by NoPassport Press
New America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society –co-author. Published by Autumn House
Roz and Ray –author. Produced by Seattle Repertory Theater(2016) and Victory Gardens(2016)
Project Dawn –author. Produced by Peoples Light
The Book of Joseph –author. Produced by Chicago Shakespeare Theater
SuperTrue –author. Produced by Know Theatre of Cincinnati
Goldie, Max and Milk –author. Produced by Florida Stage Company (2011) and The Phoenix Theater (2011)
Going Gone –author. Produced by Cincinnati Playhouse
No Second Troy, produced at Yale University (1992), Harvard University (1993), Pearl Street Warehouse (2018)
Reproducing Georgia, produced at American Place Theater (1994), Soulstice Theater (2017), Harvard University (1992)
References
^ "Karen Hartman". People's Light. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Karen Hartman". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Karen Hartman". University of Washington School of Drama. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "UW Music and Pacific MusicWorks: W.A. Mozart, The Magic Flute". University of Washington School of Music. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "MotherBone". Salvage Vanguard Theater. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "New Golden Age". Primary Stages. 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
^ "Gum and The Mother of Modern Censorship". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Troy Women". PlayScripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Hartman, Karen (19 May 2010). Girl Under Train. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0578049816.
^ "Leah's Train". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "ALICE: Tales of a Curious Girl". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Wild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "New America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society edited by Holly Messitt and James Tolan". Autumn House Press. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Roz and Ray". Seattle Repertory Theatre. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Shine a light". BroadStreetReview.com. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "The Book of Joseph". Chicago Shakespeare Theater. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "SuperTrue". Know Theatre of Cincinnati. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "'Goldie, Max & Milk' a winning combo". Sunsentinel. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Karen Hartman". People's Light. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Saul, Michael (November 13, 1992). "No Second Troy Rewrites History of Trojan Women Playwright Weaves Tales of Today and Fifth Century B.C." Yale Daily News. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
^ Brantley, Ben (April 27, 1994). "O'Keeffe and Stieglitz as Ghostly Mentors". New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Washington School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Drama"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Drama"}],"text":"Karen Hartman is a Senior Artist in Residence at University of Washington School of Drama in Seattle. She completed her bachelor's degree in Literature at Yale University and received Master of Fine Arts in Playwriting from Yale School of Drama. Hartman held the Playwright Center's McKnight Residency and Commission for a nationally recognized playwright in 2014 and 2015.","title":"Karen Hartman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"Karen grew up in San Diego, California. After graduating from Yale, she moved to New York City. She lived in Brooklyn until 2014, when she became Senior Artist in Residence at the University of Washington School of Drama. She is married to author and educator Todd London, and she has one son, Grisha.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Project"},{"link_name":"P73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P73"},{"link_name":"Summer Play Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Play_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Dallas Theater Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Theater_Center"},{"link_name":"Seattle Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"San Diego Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Victory Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Theater J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_J"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"the Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Karen Hartman's plays have been produced all around the United States, including in New York at the Women's Project, National Asian American Theatre Company, P73, and Summer Play Festival, and regionally at Cincinnati Playhouse, Dallas Theater Center, the Magic, Seattle Repertory Theatre, San Diego Repertory Theatre, Victory Gardens, Theater J, Horizon Theatre, Unicorn Theater, and elsewhere.Hartman's essays and commentary have been published in the New York Times and the Washington Post. She is the co-founder of national program #TogetherForAbortion, which brings people together for conversations about women's reproductive rights.Hartman's work has been supported by many foundations, including the Rockefeller Foundation at Bellagio, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Helen Merrill Foundation, and Fulbright Scholarship. Also, she was granted with many awards including Daryl Roth “Creative Spirit” Award and New Dramatists Joseph A. Callaway Award. Moreover, she hold Hodder Fellowship and Jerome Fellowship. Hartman's musical book Sea Change was a finalist for O’Neill Musical Theater Conference, scored by AnnMarie Milazzo.[1] She has been a playwright-in-residence at the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain.[2]Karen Hartman has four productions of three world premieres in the 2016/17 season: Roz and Ray at Victory Gardens and Seattle Repertory Theater, Book of Joseph, and Project Dawn at People's Light in Malvern, PA.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Magic Flute – librettist. Produced by Seattle Meany Theater [4]\nMotherBone –librettist. Produced by Salvage Vanguard Theater[5]","title":"Musical books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Moby-Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby-Dick"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"New Golden Age, produced by Primary Stages (2022)[6]\nGum and The Mother of Modern Censorship –author. Published by Dramatists Play Service, Inc.[7]\nTroy Women –author. Published by Playscripts [8]\nGirl Under Grain –author. Published by NoPassport Press[9]\nLeah's Train –author. Published by Playscripts.inc [10]\nAlice: Tales of a Curious Girl (adapted from Lewis Carroll) –author. Published by Playscripts.inc [11]\nWild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea (adapted from Moby-Dick) –author. Published by Playscripts.inc [12]\nAntigone Project –co-author. Published by NoPassport Press\nNew America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society –co-author. Published by Autumn House [13]\nRoz and Ray –author. Produced by Seattle Repertory Theater(2016) and Victory Gardens(2016)[14]\nProject Dawn –author. Produced by Peoples Light [15]\nThe Book of Joseph –author. Produced by Chicago Shakespeare Theater [16]\nSuperTrue –author. Produced by Know Theatre of Cincinnati [17]\nGoldie, Max and Milk –author. Produced by Florida Stage Company (2011) and The Phoenix Theater (2011) [18]\nGoing Gone –author. Produced by Cincinnati Playhouse [19]\nNo Second Troy, produced at Yale University (1992), Harvard University (1993), Pearl Street Warehouse (2018) [20]\nReproducing Georgia, produced at American Place Theater (1994), Soulstice Theater (2017), Harvard University (1992) [21]","title":"Plays"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Karen Hartman\". People's Light. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peopleslight.org/about/new-plays-projects/new-play-frontiers/npf-playwrights/karen-hartman/","url_text":"\"Karen Hartman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karen Hartman\". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dramatists.com/dps/bios.aspx?authorbio=Karen+Hartman","url_text":"\"Karen Hartman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karen Hartman\". University of Washington School of Drama. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://drama.washington.edu/people/karen-hartman","url_text":"\"Karen Hartman\""}]},{"reference":"\"UW Music and Pacific MusicWorks: W.A. Mozart, The Magic Flute\". University of Washington School of Music. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.washington.edu/events/2015-05-10/uw-music-and-pacific-musicworks-wa-mozart-magic-flute","url_text":"\"UW Music and Pacific MusicWorks: W.A. Mozart, The Magic Flute\""}]},{"reference":"\"MotherBone\". Salvage Vanguard Theater. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://salvagevanguard.org/productions/2002/motherbone","url_text":"\"MotherBone\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Golden Age\". Primary Stages. 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://primarystages.org/shows/past-seasons/2022/23-season/new-golden-age/#:~:text=Primary%20Stages%20is%20thrilled%20to,down%20a%20big%20tech%20dystopia","url_text":"\"New Golden Age\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gum and The Mother of Modern Censorship\". Dramatists Play Service. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=3188","url_text":"\"Gum and The Mother of Modern Censorship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Troy Women\". PlayScripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/1574","url_text":"\"Troy Women\""}]},{"reference":"Hartman, Karen (19 May 2010). Girl Under Train. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0578049816.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0578049816","url_text":"978-0578049816"}]},{"reference":"\"Leah's Train\". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/2172","url_text":"\"Leah's Train\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALICE: Tales of a Curious Girl\". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/1212","url_text":"\"ALICE: Tales of a Curious Girl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea\". Playscripts. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/2343","url_text":"\"Wild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea\""}]},{"reference":"\"New America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society edited by Holly Messitt and James Tolan\". Autumn House Press. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autumnhouse.org/product/new-americacontemporary-literature-for-a-changing-society-holly-messitt-and-james-tolan/","url_text":"\"New America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society edited by Holly Messitt and James Tolan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roz and Ray\". Seattle Repertory Theatre. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattlerep.org/Plays/1617/RR/Synopsis","url_text":"\"Roz and Ray\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shine a light\". BroadStreetReview.com. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadstreetreview.com/film/peoples-light-presents-karen-hartmans-project-dawn","url_text":"\"Shine a light\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Book of Joseph\". Chicago Shakespeare Theater. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagoshakes.com/plays_and_events/joseph","url_text":"\"The Book of Joseph\""}]},{"reference":"\"SuperTrue\". Know Theatre of Cincinnati. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://knowtheatre.com/season-20/supertrue/","url_text":"\"SuperTrue\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Goldie, Max & Milk' a winning combo\". Sunsentinel. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-12-22/entertainment/fl-goldie-max-milk-review-20101222_1_florida-stage-family-values-lesbian","url_text":"\"'Goldie, Max & Milk' a winning combo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karen Hartman\". People's Light. Retrieved 23 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peopleslight.org/about/new-plays-projects/new-play-frontiers/npf-playwrights/karen-hartman/","url_text":"\"Karen Hartman\""}]},{"reference":"Saul, Michael (November 13, 1992). \"No Second Troy Rewrites History of Trojan Women Playwright Weaves Tales of Today and Fifth Century B.C.\" Yale Daily News. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ydnhistorical.library.yale.edu/?a=d&d=YDN19921113-01.2.26&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","url_text":"\"No Second Troy Rewrites History of Trojan Women Playwright Weaves Tales of Today and Fifth Century B.C.\""}]},{"reference":"Brantley, Ben (April 27, 1994). \"O'Keeffe and Stieglitz as Ghostly Mentors\". New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/04/27/911364.html?pageNumber=53","url_text":"\"O'Keeffe and Stieglitz as Ghostly Mentors\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.peopleslight.org/about/new-plays-projects/new-play-frontiers/npf-playwrights/karen-hartman/","external_links_name":"\"Karen Hartman\""},{"Link":"http://www.dramatists.com/dps/bios.aspx?authorbio=Karen+Hartman","external_links_name":"\"Karen Hartman\""},{"Link":"https://drama.washington.edu/people/karen-hartman","external_links_name":"\"Karen Hartman\""},{"Link":"https://music.washington.edu/events/2015-05-10/uw-music-and-pacific-musicworks-wa-mozart-magic-flute","external_links_name":"\"UW Music and Pacific MusicWorks: W.A. Mozart, The Magic Flute\""},{"Link":"http://salvagevanguard.org/productions/2002/motherbone","external_links_name":"\"MotherBone\""},{"Link":"https://primarystages.org/shows/past-seasons/2022/23-season/new-golden-age/#:~:text=Primary%20Stages%20is%20thrilled%20to,down%20a%20big%20tech%20dystopia","external_links_name":"\"New Golden Age\""},{"Link":"http://www.dramatists.com/cgi-bin/db/single.asp?key=3188","external_links_name":"\"Gum and The Mother of Modern Censorship\""},{"Link":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/1574","external_links_name":"\"Troy Women\""},{"Link":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/2172","external_links_name":"\"Leah's Train\""},{"Link":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/1212","external_links_name":"\"ALICE: Tales of a Curious Girl\""},{"Link":"https://www.playscripts.com/play/2343","external_links_name":"\"Wild Kate: A Tale of Revenge at Sea\""},{"Link":"http://www.autumnhouse.org/product/new-americacontemporary-literature-for-a-changing-society-holly-messitt-and-james-tolan/","external_links_name":"\"New America: Contemporary Literature for a Changing Society edited by Holly Messitt and James Tolan\""},{"Link":"https://www.seattlerep.org/Plays/1617/RR/Synopsis","external_links_name":"\"Roz and Ray\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadstreetreview.com/film/peoples-light-presents-karen-hartmans-project-dawn","external_links_name":"\"Shine a light\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagoshakes.com/plays_and_events/joseph","external_links_name":"\"The Book of Joseph\""},{"Link":"https://knowtheatre.com/season-20/supertrue/","external_links_name":"\"SuperTrue\""},{"Link":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-12-22/entertainment/fl-goldie-max-milk-review-20101222_1_florida-stage-family-values-lesbian","external_links_name":"\"'Goldie, Max & Milk' a winning combo\""},{"Link":"https://www.peopleslight.org/about/new-plays-projects/new-play-frontiers/npf-playwrights/karen-hartman/","external_links_name":"\"Karen Hartman\""},{"Link":"https://ydnhistorical.library.yale.edu/?a=d&d=YDN19921113-01.2.26&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------","external_links_name":"\"No Second Troy Rewrites History of Trojan Women Playwright Weaves Tales of Today and Fifth Century B.C.\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/04/27/911364.html?pageNumber=53","external_links_name":"\"O'Keeffe and Stieglitz as Ghostly Mentors\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Drobysh
|
Viktor Drobysh
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Russian composer
Viktor DrobyshWebsitehttp://www.drobysh.com/
Viktor Yakovlevich Drobysh (Russian: Ви́ктор Я́ковлевич Дро́быш; born June 27, 1966, Leningrad, Russian SFSR) is a Russian composer and music producer, Honored Artist of Russia (2010).
Song Author group Buranovskiye Babushki Party for Everybody, who took 2nd place at Eurovision 2012.
From 1996 he worked in Germany. After working in Germany, Drobysh moved to Finland, where he created the duet Pets.
In 2004, Drobysh participated as a co-producer in the talent show Fabrika Zvyozd of Channel One Russia. In 2006, he single-handedly led the 6th season of the project.
In August 2004, Viktor Drobysh's Producer Centre was created. It was engaged in promoting the groups Tootsie, K.G.B., Chelsea, Princessa Avenue and Ultrafiolet, as well as solo artists, such as Yulia Mikhalchik, Natalia Podolskaya, Stas Piekha, Dmitry Koldun, Zara, Avraam Russo, Sogdiana Fedorinskaya, Prokhor Chaliapin and others.
References
^ "Почётное звание присвоено указом Президента России № 1637 от 29.12.2010". Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
^ Национальная музыкальная корпорация
External links
Витя Дробыш и Кач
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Leningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR"},{"link_name":"Honored Artist of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honored_Artist_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1637-2010-1"},{"link_name":"Buranovskiye Babushki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buranovskiye_Babushki"},{"link_name":"Party for Everybody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Everybody"},{"link_name":"Eurovision 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_2012"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Fabrika Zvyozd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika_Zvyozd"},{"link_name":"Channel One Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia"},{"link_name":"Yulia Mikhalchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Mikhalchik"},{"link_name":"Natalia Podolskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_Podolskaya"},{"link_name":"Stas Piekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stas_Piekha"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Koldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Koldun"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_(Russian_singer)"},{"link_name":"Avraam Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Russo"},{"link_name":"Sogdiana Fedorinskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdiana_Fedorinskaya"},{"link_name":"Prokhor Chaliapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokhor_Chaliapin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Viktor Yakovlevich Drobysh (Russian: Ви́ктор Я́ковлевич Дро́быш; born June 27, 1966, Leningrad, Russian SFSR) is a Russian composer and music producer, Honored Artist of Russia (2010).[1]Song Author group Buranovskiye Babushki Party for Everybody, who took 2nd place at Eurovision 2012.From 1996 he worked in Germany. After working in Germany, Drobysh moved to Finland, where he created the duet Pets.In 2004, Drobysh participated as a co-producer in the talent show Fabrika Zvyozd of Channel One Russia. In 2006, he single-handedly led the 6th season of the project.In August 2004, Viktor Drobysh's Producer Centre was created. It was engaged in promoting the groups Tootsie, K.G.B., Chelsea, Princessa Avenue and Ultrafiolet, as well as solo artists, such as Yulia Mikhalchik, Natalia Podolskaya, Stas Piekha, Dmitry Koldun, Zara, Avraam Russo, Sogdiana Fedorinskaya, Prokhor Chaliapin and others.[2]","title":"Viktor Drobysh"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Почётное звание присвоено указом Президента России № 1637 от 29.12.2010\". Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110114025809/http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1538455","url_text":"\"Почётное звание присвоено указом Президента России № 1637 от 29.12.2010\""},{"url":"http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1538455","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.drobysh.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.drobysh.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110114025809/http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1538455","external_links_name":"\"Почётное звание присвоено указом Президента России № 1637 от 29.12.2010\""},{"Link":"http://graph.document.kremlin.ru/page.aspx?1;1538455","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://drobysh.com/","external_links_name":"Национальная музыкальная корпорация"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070509191714/http://podzemka.net/news/2007/04/29/kach-i-mumiy-troll/","external_links_name":"Витя Дробыш и Кач"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/110154260414024480005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/17adb6f1-370e-46a2-ae10-bca8cbc840b1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Wanaparthy
|
Wanaparthy Samsthanam
|
["1 History","2 The Vassal Family","3 Contributions to architecture","4 Armed forces","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad
Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace
Wanaparthy Samsthanam or Raja of Wanaparthy was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad. He controlled the feudatory of Wanaparthy. It was one of the three important samsthanams in Telangana, the other two being Gadwal Samsthanam and Jatprole Samsthanam.
History
Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded by Veera Venkata Krishna Reddy who hails from Present day Kadapa Dist and belong to Motati Clan, Wanaparthy Samasthanam traces its history back to the 14th century after the Kakatiya kingdom declined. The successive Turkic Muslim dynasties, who invaded and settled in Deccan, found it ideal for Samsthanam to prevail. It was surrounded by three other Samsthanams.
Wanaparthy was one of the 14 major Zamindari segments in Telangana in Post-Independent India.
For administrative purposes the Samsthan was divided into two talukas namely "sugar" and "Kesampet" under to Tahsildars.
1512 - 1540 AD : Raja Veera Krishna Reddy
1540 - 1566 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy
1566 - 1592 AD : Raja Rama Krishna Reddy
1592 - 1625 AD : Raja Pedda Venkata Reddy
1625 - 1648 AD : Raja Inunidi Venkata Reddy
1648 - 1676 AD : Raja Gopal Rao
1676 - 1691 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao
1691 - 1719 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy
1719 - 1746 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao
1746 - 1763 AD : Raja Sawai Venkata Rao
1763 - : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao
1781 AD : Rani Janamma
1781 - 1807 AD : Rani B. Janamma
1807 - 1822 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao I
1822 - 1866 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao I,
on 17 March 1843, the title of "Balwant" was conferred on the Raja as a mark of honour by 3rd Nizam Sikander Jah. To build an armed force, Raja imported Siddis from Somalia and Abyssinia and organized them into 2 regiments African Bodyguard and Wanaparthy Lancers.
On account of skirmishes and conflicts between Rajas forces and Nizams the British residency intervened and arranged a treaty by which the Raja presented his regiments to Nizam and was appointed as inspector general of Nizams forces and Nizam accepted Rajas autonomy.
The Hyderabadi battalion of the Bison Division was formed on 5 November 1853. The Nizam had appointed the Raja as inspector of his army and after the Raja's death in 1866, the battalion was absorbed into the Nizam's Army and became its nucleus.
1866 - 1880 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao II
1880 - 1922 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao III, he was adopted from a family in Rangapuram that traditionally supplied adoptive heirs to the royal family; married and had issue. He died on 22 November 1922, being survived by two sons.
1922 - 1944 AD : Raja Krishna Deva Rao
As his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III.
1944 - 1998 AD : Janumpalli Rameshwar Rao III
Thereafter India abolished all regal titles
He was born on 23 February 1923 in Madras to Raja Krishnadeva Rao and Rani Sarala Devi.
He studied at Nizam College, Hyderabad, Madras University and Bombay University.
1944 : He was granted full administrative powers in 1944.
1950 - 1957 : Joined the Foreign Service and served in various capacities till 1957, including a posting as First Secretary, India's Commission in Nairobi.
1957 –1977 : Member of Parliament from Mahabhubnagar Constituency Member of the United Nations Conciliation Commission on the Congo 1960/1961; Chairman of Orient Longman 1964/1968
He died at the age of 75 years in Hyderabad on 15 September 1998. He is survived by wife Shanta, one son and three daughters.
The Vassal Family
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wanaparthy Samsthanam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Raja Rameshwar Rao II, who was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad, died on 22 November 1922. As his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III, later to become simply J. Rameshwar Rao.
With the surname 'Janampalli', Ramdev Rao was the youngest son of the Raja of Wanaparthy. He had an older sister, Janamma, and elder brother Krishna Dev. The family roots have spread around Mahbubnagar district, Jadcherla and nearby talukas.
Kingdom of Hyderabad first Hindu Kotwal Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was a Grand Nephew of the Raja of Wanaparthy.
Raja Ramdev Rao has said that he didn't have much interaction with his father – it was quite a formal relationship – and he only replied to him when spoken to.
Contributions to architecture
Raja Rameshwar Rao left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. 1885 constructed Wanaparthy Palace, Sarala Sagar Project is the second biggest dam in Asia with siphon technology. It is the oldest project in India after independence Raja of Wanaparthy Raja Rameshwara Rao founded by the Sarala Sagar Dam Project that has incorporated siphon technology from California, United States.
Armed forces
The early Rajas maintained an army numbering 2000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. The time the kingdom fell into the ambit of the powerful Hyderabad State, until Wanaparthy's armed forces were absorbed into the Hyderabad Army as the Bison battalion on the orders of Nizam of Hyderabad. The ruler was relegated from commander to the honorary post of Inspector of the Bison battalion. Subsequent to the Hyderabad State's merger with the Indian Union in 1948, all units of the Hyderabad State Forces were disbanded and volunteers absorbed into the Indian Army. These units, colloquially known as the "Hyderabadis" had, for that time, a unique mixed class composition.
See also
Gadwal Samsthanam
Papannapet Samsthanam
Samasthans of Hyderabad
References
^ "I can speak good hyderabadi hindi: Aditi Rao Hydari". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ "Archive News". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ "A dam with unique Siphon Technology". Deccan Chronicle.
^ "Sarala Sagar Project | An Engineering Wonder | with Auto Siphon System - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
^ "`Hyderabadis' celebrate Raising Day". The Hindu. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanaparthy_palace.JPG"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Wanaparthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanaparthy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"samsthanams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Gadwal Samsthanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadwal_Samsthanam"}],"text":"Wanaparthy Samsthanam's PalaceWanaparthy Samsthanam or Raja of Wanaparthy was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad. He controlled the feudatory of Wanaparthy.[1][2] It was one of the three important samsthanams in Telangana, the other two being Gadwal Samsthanam and Jatprole Samsthanam.","title":"Wanaparthy Samsthanam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kakatiya kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sikander Jah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikander_Jah"},{"link_name":"Hyderabadi battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabadi_battalion"},{"link_name":"Janumpalli Rameshwar Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rameshwar_Rao"}],"text":"Wanaparthy Samsthanam was founded by Veera Venkata Krishna Reddy who hails from Present day Kadapa Dist and belong to Motati Clan, Wanaparthy Samasthanam traces its history back to the 14th century after the Kakatiya kingdom declined. The successive Turkic Muslim dynasties, who invaded and settled in Deccan, found it ideal for Samsthanam to prevail. It was surrounded by three other Samsthanams.Wanaparthy was one of the 14 major Zamindari segments in Telangana in Post-Independent India.For administrative purposes the Samsthan was divided into two talukas namely \"sugar\" and \"Kesampet\" under to Tahsildars.1512 - 1540 AD : Raja Veera Krishna Reddy1540 - 1566 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy1566 - 1592 AD : Raja Rama Krishna Reddy1592 - 1625 AD : Raja Pedda Venkata Reddy1625 - 1648 AD : Raja Inunidi Venkata Reddy1648 - 1676 AD : Raja Gopal Rao1676 - 1691 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao1691 - 1719 AD : Raja Venkata Reddy1719 - 1746 AD : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao1746 - 1763 AD : Raja Sawai Venkata Rao1763 - : Raja Bahiri Gopal Rao1781 AD : Rani Janamma1781 - 1807 AD : Rani B. Janamma1807 - 1822 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao I1822 - 1866 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao I, \non 17 March 1843, the title of \"Balwant\" was conferred on the Raja as a mark of honour by 3rd Nizam Sikander Jah. To build an armed force, Raja imported Siddis from Somalia and Abyssinia and organized them into 2 regiments African Bodyguard and Wanaparthy Lancers.On account of skirmishes and conflicts between Rajas forces and Nizams the British residency intervened and arranged a treaty by which the Raja presented his regiments to Nizam and was appointed as inspector general of Nizams forces and Nizam accepted Rajas autonomy.The Hyderabadi battalion of the Bison Division was formed on 5 November 1853. The Nizam had appointed the Raja as inspector of his army and after the Raja's death in 1866, the battalion was absorbed into the Nizam's Army and became its nucleus.1866 - 1880 AD : Raja Ramkrishna Rao II1880 - 1922 AD : Raja Rameshwar Rao III, he was adopted from a family in Rangapuram that traditionally supplied adoptive heirs to the royal family; married and had issue. He died on 22 November 1922, being survived by two sons.1922 - 1944 AD : Raja Krishna Deva Rao\nAs his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III.1944 - 1998 AD : Janumpalli Rameshwar Rao III\nThereafter India abolished all regal titlesHe was born on 23 February 1923 in Madras to Raja Krishnadeva Rao and Rani Sarala Devi.He studied at Nizam College, Hyderabad, Madras University and Bombay University.1944 : He was granted full administrative powers in 1944.1950 - 1957 : Joined the Foreign Service and served in various capacities till 1957, including a posting as First Secretary, India's Commission in Nairobi.1957 –1977 : Member of Parliament from Mahabhubnagar Constituency Member of the United Nations Conciliation Commission on the Congo 1960/1961; Chairman of Orient Longman 1964/1968He died at the age of 75 years in Hyderabad on 15 September 1998. He is survived by wife Shanta, one son and three daughters.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raja Rameshwar Rao II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Rameshwar_Rao_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Rameshwar Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rameshwar_Rao"},{"link_name":"Mahbubnagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahbubnagar_district"},{"link_name":"Jadcherla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadcherla"},{"link_name":"Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Bahadur_Venkatarama_Reddy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Raja Rameshwar Rao II, who was a vassal of the Nizam of Hyderabad, died on 22 November 1922. As his successor, Krishna Dev, was a minor, his estate was managed as a Ward of the Court. Krishna Dev himself died before attaining majority and the crown passed on to his son Rameshwar Rao III, later to become simply J. Rameshwar Rao.With the surname 'Janampalli', Ramdev Rao was the youngest son of the Raja of Wanaparthy. He had an older sister, Janamma, and elder brother Krishna Dev. The family roots have spread around Mahbubnagar district, Jadcherla and nearby talukas.\nKingdom of Hyderabad first Hindu Kotwal Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy was a Grand Nephew of the Raja of Wanaparthy.[citation needed]Raja Ramdev Rao has said that he didn't have much interaction with his father – it was quite a formal relationship – and he only replied to him when spoken to.","title":"The Vassal Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"siphon technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon"},{"link_name":"Raja of Wanaparthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_of_Wanaparthy"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Raja Rameshwar Rao left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. 1885 constructed Wanaparthy Palace, Sarala Sagar Project is the second biggest dam in Asia with siphon technology. It is the oldest project in India after independence Raja of Wanaparthy Raja Rameshwara Rao founded by the Sarala Sagar Dam Project that has incorporated siphon technology from California, United States.[3][4]","title":"Contributions to architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad State's merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad State Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State_Forces"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The early Rajas maintained an army numbering 2000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. The time the kingdom fell into the ambit of the powerful Hyderabad State, until Wanaparthy's armed forces were absorbed into the Hyderabad Army as the Bison battalion on the orders of Nizam of Hyderabad. The ruler was relegated from commander to the honorary post of Inspector of the Bison battalion. Subsequent to the Hyderabad State's merger with the Indian Union in 1948, all units of the Hyderabad State Forces were disbanded and volunteers absorbed into the Indian Army. These units, colloquially known as the \"Hyderabadis\" had, for that time, a unique mixed class composition.[5]","title":"Armed forces"}]
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[{"image_text":"Wanaparthy Samsthanam's Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wanaparthy_palace.JPG/220px-Wanaparthy_palace.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Gadwal Samsthanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadwal_Samsthanam"},{"title":"Papannapet Samsthanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papannapet_Samsthanam"},{"title":"Samasthans of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samasthans_of_Hyderabad&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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[{"reference":"\"I can speak good hyderabadi hindi: Aditi Rao Hydari\". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-can-speak-good-hyderabadi-hindi-Aditi-Rao-Hydari/articleshow/11567863.cms","url_text":"\"I can speak good hyderabadi hindi: Aditi Rao Hydari\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Archive News\". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/archive/","url_text":"\"Archive News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"A dam with unique Siphon Technology\". Deccan Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/151018/hyderabad-a-dam-with-unique-siphon-technology.html#:~:text=Saralasagar%20holds%20its%20own%20against%20nature%2060%20yrs%20down%20the%20line.&text=Hyderabad%3A%20The%20Saralasagar%20project%20is,kind%20in%20India%20and%20Asia.","url_text":"\"A dam with unique Siphon Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarala Sagar Project | An Engineering Wonder | with Auto Siphon System - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 17 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrXicvjZPrY","url_text":"\"Sarala Sagar Project | An Engineering Wonder | with Auto Siphon System - YouTube\""}]},{"reference":"\"`Hyderabadis' celebrate Raising Day\". The Hindu. 6 November 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/06/stories/2003110606390400.htm","url_text":"\"`Hyderabadis' celebrate Raising Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudfroid
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Chaudfroid sauce
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Overview","4 Simpler preparations","5 See also","6 References"]
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Chaudfroid sauceChaudfroid of turkey (top), salmon and hamTypeSauceCreated byLouis-Alexandre BerthierServing temperatureColdMain ingredientsBoiled meat carcasses
Chaudfroid sauce, also spelled as chaud-froid sauce, is a culinary sauce that can be prepared using a reduction of boiled meat carcasses and other ingredients. Simpler preparations of the sauce omit the use of meat, and some use sauces such as espagnole, allemande or velouté as a base. Chaudfroid sauce is typically served cold, atop cold meats and cold meat-based dishes such as galantine and terrine.
Etymology
The term "chaud froid" means "hot-cold" in French. The sauce's name is based upon the sauce being prepared hot, but served cold.
History
It has been suggested that chaudfroid sauce was invented by Louis-Alexandre Berthier (20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815) of France, during Berthier's time under Napoleon.
Overview
Chaudfroid sauce is a culinary sauce or gravy that can be prepared as a meat-based sauce by boiling the carcasses or bones of game meats or other meats such as poultry with herbs and spices. Vegetables such as onion and carrot have also been used. After cooking, the reduced sauce mixture is strained and gelatin is then added to provide viscosity. Chaudfroid sauce is used for several meats and meat-based dishes that are served cold, including meats such as fish, poultry, rabbit, venison, partridge, pheasant, duck and hard-boiled eggs, in which the cold sauce is used to coat the cold meat. Chaudfroid sauce has also been used as a topping for cold galantine, terrine and sweetbread dishes. The sauce serves to add flavor to meats and dishes and to decorate them. Chaudfroid sauce can provide the appearance of smoothness to meats, and such dishes are sometimes garnished with parsley or watercress atop the sauce.
Simpler preparations
Chaudfroid sauce can be prepared using a pre-made fumet (reduced stock) from meats and game meats, along with ingredients such as demi glace, liquid essence of truffles, and Port or Madeira wine, which is cooked and reduced to a sauce consistency.
Some simpler preparations of chaudfroid sauce omit the use of meat, and these can be prepared as a brown sauce, a white sauce and as a red sauce using tomato purée. A simpler preparation of chaudfroid sauce without the use of meat can be made by using espagnole sauce, adding ingredients such as aspic jelly, gelatin, cream and sherry to it, and cooking the mixture. Another simpler preparation technique that lacks meat involves the use of allemande sauce or velouté sauce and other ingredients.
A sweet version of chaudfroid sauce is also prepared without meat, using cream or milk, sugar, gelatin and various ingredients such as kirsch, vanilla, rum or fruit pulp. The sweet sauce can be used to coat foods such as apples, pears, apricots and peaches.
Mayonnaise chaudfroid, also referred to as mayonnaise collée, is a simple version of the sauce prepared using mayonnaise and aspic jelly.
See also
Food portal
Aspic
List of sauces
References
^ a b c d e Gisslen, W.; Griffin, M.E.; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 850–852. ISBN 978-0-471-66377-5. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b c Meyer, A. (2012). The Working Garde Manger. CRC Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-1-4665-9242-1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Garlough, R.B.; Campbell, A. (2012). Modern Garde Manger: A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning. pp. 704–705. ISBN 978-1-133-71511-5. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b c Whitehead, J. (1889). The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering. The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering. J. Anderson & Company, printers. p. 273. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Escoffier, G.A. A Guide to Modern Cookery -. pp. pt23–24. ISBN 978-1-4465-4597-3. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Fellows, C. (1904). The Culinary Handbook. Hotel Monthly. p. 157. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
^ Raskin, X. (1922). The French Chef in Private American Families: A Book of Recipes. Rand McNally. p. 59. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Senn, C.H. (1908). The Menu Book. Food & Cookery Publishing Agency. p. 223. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Ranhofer, C. (1916). The Epicurean: A Complete Treatise of Analytical and Practical Studies on the Culinary Art. R. Ranhofer. p. 743. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b The Malone Cook Book. Woman's aid society of the First Congregational church. 1917. p. 90. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ "Aspic". Encyclopedia Britannica. June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Hill, J.M.K. (1911). The Book of Entrées: Including Casserole and Planked Dishes. Little, Brown. p. 265. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Mallock, M.M. (1900). The Economics of Modern Cookery: Or, A Younger Son's Cookery Book. Macmillan. p. 270. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ Grand Diplôme Cooking Course. Danbury Press. 1972. pp. 95–97. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Whitling, L. (1908). The complete cook. Methuen & Co. p. 291. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Escoffier, A. (1941). The Escoffier Cook Book: A Guide to the Fine Art of Cookery. International Cookbook Series. Crown. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-517-50662-2. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
^ a b Senn, C. (2008). The Book of Sauces. Cooking in America. Applewood Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4290-1254-6. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
vteBrown saucesMeat-based
Bordelaise sauce
Breton sauce
Chasseur sauce
Chaudfroid sauce
Demi-glace
Espagnole sauce
Rouennaise sauce
Sauce africaine
Sauce bourguignonne
Sauce Robert
Sauce charcutière
Vinegar-based
British brown sauce
Daddies
HP Sauce
OK Sauce
Steak sauce
A.1. Sauce
Henry Bain sauce
vteWhite sauces
Béchamel sauce
Beurre monté
Chaudfroid sauce
Mornay sauce
Peppercorn sauce
Suprême sauce
Velouté sauce
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_p._850-1"},{"link_name":"sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce"},{"link_name":"reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"espagnole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnole_sauce"},{"link_name":"allemande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemande_sauce"},{"link_name":"velouté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velout%C3%A9_sauce"},{"link_name":"galantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantine"},{"link_name":"terrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrine_(food)"}],"text":"Chaudfroid sauce, also spelled as chaud-froid sauce,[1] is a culinary sauce that can be prepared using a reduction of boiled meat carcasses and other ingredients. Simpler preparations of the sauce omit the use of meat, and some use sauces such as espagnole, allemande or velouté as a base. Chaudfroid sauce is typically served cold, atop cold meats and cold meat-based dishes such as galantine and terrine.","title":"Chaudfroid sauce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_p._850-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2012_p._436-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_p._850-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2012_p._436-2"}],"text":"The term \"chaud froid\" means \"hot-cold\" in French.[1][2] The sauce's name is based upon the sauce being prepared hot, but served cold.[1][2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis-Alexandre Berthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garlough_Campbell_2012_p._704-3"}],"text":"It has been suggested that chaudfroid sauce was invented by Louis-Alexandre Berthier (20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815) of France, during Berthier's time under Napoleon.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce"},{"link_name":"gravy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy"},{"link_name":"game meats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_meat"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garlough_Campbell_2012_p._704-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitehead_1889_p._273-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escoffier_2013_p._24-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellows_1904_p._157-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raskin_1922_p._59-7"},{"link_name":"reduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(cooking)"},{"link_name":"gelatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitehead_1889_p._273-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitehead_1889_p._273-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senn_1908_p._223-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranhofer_1916_p._743-9"},{"link_name":"galantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantine"},{"link_name":"terrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrine_(food)"},{"link_name":"sweetbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetbread"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_p._850-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Malone_Cook_Book_1917_p._90-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_2017-11"},{"link_name":"garnished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnish_(food)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill_1911_p._265-12"}],"text":"Chaudfroid sauce is a culinary sauce or gravy that can be prepared as a meat-based sauce by boiling the carcasses or bones of game meats or other meats such as poultry with herbs and spices.[3][4][5][6] Vegetables such as onion and carrot have also been used.[7] After cooking, the reduced sauce mixture is strained and gelatin is then added to provide viscosity.[4] Chaudfroid sauce is used for several meats and meat-based dishes that are served cold, including meats such as fish, poultry, rabbit, venison, partridge, pheasant, duck and hard-boiled eggs, in which the cold sauce is used to coat the cold meat.[4][8][9] Chaudfroid sauce has also been used as a topping for cold galantine, terrine and sweetbread dishes.[1][10] The sauce serves to add flavor to meats and dishes and to decorate them.[11] Chaudfroid sauce can provide the appearance of smoothness to meats, and such dishes are sometimes garnished with parsley or watercress atop the sauce.[12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(food)"},{"link_name":"demi glace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_glace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escoffier_2013_p._24-5"},{"link_name":"brown sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sauce"},{"link_name":"white sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sauce"},{"link_name":"purée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Malone_Cook_Book_1917_p._90-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallock_1900_p._270-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grand_Dipl%C3%B4me_Cooking_Course_1972-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitling_1908_p._291-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escoffier_1941_p._35-16"},{"link_name":"espagnole sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnole_sauce"},{"link_name":"aspic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitling_1908_p._291-15"},{"link_name":"allemande sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemande_sauce"},{"link_name":"velouté sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velout%C3%A9_sauce"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mallock_1900_p._270-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Escoffier_1941_p._35-16"},{"link_name":"kirsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsch"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senn_2008_p._107-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Senn_2008_p._107-17"},{"link_name":"mayonnaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisslen_Griffin_Bleu_2006_p._850-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyer_2012_p._436-2"}],"text":"Chaudfroid sauce can be prepared using a pre-made fumet (reduced stock) from meats and game meats, along with ingredients such as demi glace, liquid essence of truffles, and Port or Madeira wine, which is cooked and reduced to a sauce consistency.[5]Some simpler preparations of chaudfroid sauce omit the use of meat, and these can be prepared as a brown sauce, a white sauce and as a red sauce using tomato purée.[10][13][14][15][16] A simpler preparation of chaudfroid sauce without the use of meat can be made by using espagnole sauce, adding ingredients such as aspic jelly, gelatin, cream and sherry to it, and cooking the mixture.[15] Another simpler preparation technique that lacks meat involves the use of allemande sauce or velouté sauce and other ingredients.[13][16]A sweet version of chaudfroid sauce is also prepared without meat, using cream or milk, sugar, gelatin and various ingredients such as kirsch, vanilla, rum or fruit pulp.[17] The sweet sauce can be used to coat foods such as apples, pears, apricots and peaches.[17]Mayonnaise chaudfroid, also referred to as mayonnaise collée, is a simple version of the sauce prepared using mayonnaise and aspic jelly.[1][2]","title":"Simpler preparations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Aspic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic"},{"title":"List of sauces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sauces"}]
|
[{"reference":"Gisslen, W.; Griffin, M.E.; Bleu, Le Cordon (2006). Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 850–852. ISBN 978-0-471-66377-5. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EzSwCGBHr3YC&pg=PA850","url_text":"Professional Cooking for Canadian Chefs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-66377-5","url_text":"978-0-471-66377-5"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, A. (2012). The Working Garde Manger. CRC Press. p. 436. ISBN 978-1-4665-9242-1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MWzOBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA436","url_text":"The Working Garde Manger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-9242-1","url_text":"978-1-4665-9242-1"}]},{"reference":"Garlough, R.B.; Campbell, A. (2012). Modern Garde Manger: A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning. pp. 704–705. ISBN 978-1-133-71511-5. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gU0KAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA704","url_text":"Modern Garde Manger: A Global Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-133-71511-5","url_text":"978-1-133-71511-5"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, J. (1889). The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering. The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering. J. Anderson & Company, printers. p. 273. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cJBCAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA273","url_text":"The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering"}]},{"reference":"Escoffier, G.A. A Guide to Modern Cookery -. pp. pt23–24. ISBN 978-1-4465-4597-3. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pzh8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23","url_text":"A Guide to Modern Cookery -"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4465-4597-3","url_text":"978-1-4465-4597-3"}]},{"reference":"Fellows, C. (1904). The Culinary Handbook. Hotel Monthly. p. 157. Retrieved June 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/culinaryhandbook00fell","url_text":"The Culinary Handbook"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/culinaryhandbook00fell/page/157","url_text":"157"}]},{"reference":"Raskin, X. (1922). The French Chef in Private American Families: A Book of Recipes. Rand McNally. p. 59. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FMpnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59","url_text":"The French Chef in Private American Families: A Book of Recipes"}]},{"reference":"Senn, C.H. (1908). The Menu Book. Food & Cookery Publishing Agency. p. 223. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aNYpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223","url_text":"The Menu Book"}]},{"reference":"Ranhofer, C. (1916). The Epicurean: A Complete Treatise of Analytical and Practical Studies on the Culinary Art. R. Ranhofer. p. 743. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=meJJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA743","url_text":"The Epicurean: A Complete Treatise of Analytical and Practical Studies on the Culinary Art"}]},{"reference":"The Malone Cook Book. Woman's aid society of the First Congregational church. 1917. p. 90. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/malonecookbook00hawkgoog","url_text":"The Malone Cook Book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/malonecookbook00hawkgoog/page/n99","url_text":"90"}]},{"reference":"\"Aspic\". Encyclopedia Britannica. June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/aspic","url_text":"\"Aspic\""}]},{"reference":"Hill, J.M.K. (1911). The Book of Entrées: Including Casserole and Planked Dishes. Little, Brown. p. 265. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookentresinclu00hillgoog","url_text":"The Book of Entrées: Including Casserole and Planked Dishes"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookentresinclu00hillgoog/page/n304","url_text":"265"}]},{"reference":"Mallock, M.M. (1900). The Economics of Modern Cookery: Or, A Younger Son's Cookery Book. Macmillan. p. 270. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/economicsmodern00mallgoog","url_text":"The Economics of Modern Cookery: Or, A Younger Son's Cookery Book"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/economicsmodern00mallgoog/page/n283","url_text":"270"}]},{"reference":"Grand Diplôme Cooking Course. Danbury Press. 1972. pp. 95–97. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/granddiplmecoo18danb","url_text":"Grand Diplôme Cooking Course"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/granddiplmecoo18danb/page/95","url_text":"95"}]},{"reference":"Whitling, L. (1908). The complete cook. Methuen & Co. p. 291. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b21538244","url_text":"The complete cook"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/b21538244/page/291","url_text":"291"}]},{"reference":"Escoffier, A. (1941). The Escoffier Cook Book: A Guide to the Fine Art of Cookery. International Cookbook Series. Crown. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-517-50662-2. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OO7NVyLhiSYC&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Escoffier Cook Book: A Guide to the Fine Art of Cookery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-50662-2","url_text":"978-0-517-50662-2"}]},{"reference":"Senn, C. (2008). The Book of Sauces. Cooking in America. Applewood Books. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4290-1254-6. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hp82Ay9c-wMC&pg=PA107","url_text":"The Book of Sauces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1254-6","url_text":"978-1-4290-1254-6"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Media
|
Alpha Media
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["1 Alpha Broadcasting","2 L&L Broadcasting","3 Post-merger changes","4 Theatres","5 Station list","5.1 Holdings","5.2 Divestments","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American radio broadcasting company
Alpha Media LLCTrade nameAlpha MediaIndustryMass mediaGenreRadio broadcastingPredecessorAlpha BroadcastingL&L Broadcasting LLCMain Line BroadcastingTriad BroadcastingFoundedPortland, Oregon (2014 (2014))FounderLawrence R. "Larry" WilsonHeadquartersPortland, Oregon, USNumber of locations135Key peopleLarry Wilson (Chairman)Bob Proffitt (President/CEO)Donna Heffner (CFO)Websitewww.alphamediausa.com
Alpha Media LLC is a radio broadcasting company based in Portland, Oregon, and led by Bob Proffitt. The group does business under the Alpha Media name.
It was formed from the merger of Alpha Broadcasting, L&L Broadcasting, and Main Line Broadcasting on July 1, 2014.
It owns its radio stations through Alpha Media Licensee, LLC. At its formation, it owned 68 radio stations in 12 markets, along with two theatres (in Portland and San Antonio) and a digital marketing firm in Peoria, Illinois.
Alpha Broadcasting
Alpha Broadcasting was founded in 2009 in Portland, Oregon by Larry Wilson, arising from the sale of stations formerly a part of the CBS Radio Portland cluster with those of Rose City Radio.
On April 17, 2014, L&L Broadcasting announced that it has agreed to merge with Alpha, while purchasing the stations of Main Line Broadcasting. The combined entity became known as Alpha Media.
L&L Broadcasting
The broadcasting group was sometimes referred to as Live and Local.
L&L was formed in 2012 to buy all but two of the radio stations of Triad Broadcasting for $21 million; the deal, involving 32 stations in 5 radio markets, closed in May 2013, and transfer was finalized in June 2013. L&L immediately arranged for the 6 stations in the Fargo, North Dakota market to be sold to Jim Ingstad.
In August 2013, L&L arranged to buy, from YMF Media (Yucaipa Companies and Earvin "Magic" Johnson), the six stations formerly owned by Inner City Broadcasting in the Jackson, Mississippi radio market.
In September, 2013, L&L definitively agreed to purchase an additional 5 stations in Columbia, South Carolina from YMF Media.
On April 17, 2014, L&L Broadcasting announced that it has agreed to merge with Alpha Broadcasting, while purchasing the stations of Main Line Broadcasting.
Post-merger changes
The Gurnee Mills studios of Alpha Media's stations serving Kenosha, Wisconsin and the North Shore suburbs of Chicago.
On October 10, 2014, Alpha Media announced that it will be purchasing the remaining stations owned by Buckley Broadcasting in Bakersfield and Merced, California. These were the last stations remaining to be divested by Buckley, which had begun to sell off its radio assets in 2008. The purchase of the Buckley stations was consummated on December 31, 2014, at a price of $5.8 million.
On January 1, 2015, Alpha Media began an LMA on the Access.1 stations in Shreveport, Louisiana and Tyler/Longview, Texas. The purchase was consummated on April 14, 2015, at a price of $13.75 million. Effective February 1, 2017 Alpha transferred control of KFRO to a new owner, and returned operation of KCUL-FM, and KSYR to Access.1.
Effective May 1, 2015, Alpha Media acquired four stations and a translator in the Fredericksburg, Virginia market from The Free Lance-Star, at a price of $8.1 million.
On August 17, 2015, Alpha Media announced it was purchasing Palm Springs, California radio stations KDES-FM and KPSI-FM ("Mix 100.5"). While the purchase price was not originally announced, the transaction was consummated on December 29, 2015 at a price of $3 million.
On February 25, 2016, Alpha Media acquired Digity, LLC for $264 million, adding 116 stations in 26 markets to its portfolio for a total of 251.
In September 2017, Alpha Media announced that it would sell its clusters in Savannah, Kinston/New Bern/Jacksonville, and Myrtle Beach, to Dick Broadcasting Corporation for $19.5 million. Dick assumed control of the stations under local marketing agreements shortly afterward. However, the sale of the Savannah, Georgia stations will not be filed with the FCC until August 2019, with Dick operating them under an LMA for the time being. The sale, at a price of $5,000,000, was consummated on December 1, 2022.
Starting in May 2024, Alpha Media began laying off on-air personalities in several of its markets, starting with a round of cuts at stations in Farmington/Festus and Moberly, Missouri. Later in the month, stations in Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota were also targeted for layoffs of on-air personnel. A social media post by a former on-air personality at one of the affected stations in Brookings, South Dakota, stated that the Alpha Media stations where the former personalities were employed "would be switching from local programming to national syndication." Another described this as "destroying anything that is unique and of value for local listeners and instead providing things they can already get from many other sources."
Theatres
Alpha Media owns the Skype Live Studio (formerly known as The Bing Lounge) in Portland and The Alamo Lounge in San Antonio, Texas.
Station list
Holdings
Callsign
Freq.
City
Market
Transferred
From
Notes
WWDM
101.3 MHz
Sumter, SC
Columbia, SC
November 27, 2013
YMF
WHXT
103.9 MHz
Orangeburg, SC
Columbia, SC
November 27, 2013
YMF
WMFX
102.3 MHz
Saint Andrews, SC
Columbia, SC
November 27, 2013
YMF
WARQ
93.5 MHz
Columbia, SC
Columbia, SC
November 27, 2013
YMF
WJNT
1180 kHz
Pearl, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
Also has booster FM station at 103.3 MHz
WOAD
1300 kHz
Jackson, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
WJQS
1400 kHz
Jackson, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
WJMI
99.7 MHz
Jackson, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
WRKS
105.9 MHz
Pickens, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
WKXI-FM
107.5 MHz
Magee, MS
Jackson, MS
September 24, 2013
YMF
KJXK
102.7 MHz
San Antonio, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KTSA
550 kHz
San Antonio, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KZDC
1250 kHz
San Antonio, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KSAH
720 kHz
Universal City, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KSAH-FM
104.1 MHz
Pearsall, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KLEY-FM
95.7 MHz
Jourdanton, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
KTFM
94.1 MHz
Floresville, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
WGZB-FM
96.5 MHz
Lanesville, IN
Louisville, KY
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WDJX
99.7 MHz
Louisville, KY
Louisville, KY
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WMJM
101.3 MHz
Jeffersontown, KY
Louisville, KY
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WXMA
102.3 MHz
Louisville, KY
Louisville, KY
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WGHL
105.1 MHz
Shepherdsville, KY
Louisville, KY
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WROU-FM
92.1 MHz
West Carrollton, OH
Dayton, OH
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WGTZ
92.9 MHz
Eaton, OH
Dayton, OH
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WCLI-FM
101.5 MHz
Enon, OH
Dayton, OH
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WDHT
102.9 MHz
Urbana, OH
Dayton, OH
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WING
1410 kHz
Dayton, OH
Dayton, OH
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WQCM
94.3 MHz
Greencastle, PA
Hagerstown, MD-Chambersburg, PA
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WIKZ
95.1 MHz
Chambersburg, PA
Hagerstown, MD-Chambersburg, PA
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WDLD
96.7 MHz
Halfway, MD
Hagerstown, MD-Chambersburg, PA
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WCHA
800 kHz
Chambersburg, PA
Hagerstown, MD-Chambersburg, PA
July 1, 2014
Main Line
WHAG
1410 kHz
Halfway, MD
Hagerstown, MD-Chambersburg, PA
July 1, 2014
Main Line
KUPL
98.7 MHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KBFF
95.5 MHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KXL-FM
101.1 MHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KINK
101.9 MHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KXTG
750 kHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KUFO
970 kHz
Portland, OR
Portland, OR
July 1, 2014
Alpha
KLLY
95.3 MHz
Oildale, CA
Bakersfield, CA
December 31, 2014
Buckley
KKBB
99.3 MHz
Bakersfield, CA
Bakersfield, CA
December 31, 2014
Buckley
KNZR
1560 kHz
Bakersfield, CA
Bakersfield, CA
December 31, 2014
Buckley
KNZR-FM
97.7 MHz
Shafter, CA
Bakersfield, CA
December 31, 2014
Buckley
KBTT
103.7 MHz
Haughton, LA
Shreveport, LA
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KDKS-FM
102.1 MHz
Blanchard, LA
Shreveport, LA
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KLKL
95.7 MHz
Minden, LA
Shreveport, LA
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KOKA
980 kHz
Shreveport, LA
Shreveport, LA
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KTAL-FM
98.1 MHz
Texarkana, TX
Shreveport, LA
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KKUS
104.1 MHz
Tyler, TX
Tyler, TX
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KOOI
106.5 MHz
Jacksonville, TX
Tyler, TX
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KOYE
96.7 MHz
Frankston, TX
Tyler, TX
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KYKX
105.7 MHz
Longview, TX
Tyler, TX
April 14, 2015
Access.1 Communications Corp.
KKDV
92.1 MHz
Walnut Creek, CA
San Francisco, CA
May 1, 2015
Coast Radio Group
KKIQ
101.7 MHz
Livermore, CA
San Francisco, CA
May 1, 2015
Coast Radio Group
KUIC
95.3 MHz
Vacaville, CA
San Francisco, CA
May 1, 2015
Coast Radio Group
WFLS-FM
93.3 MHz
Fredericksburg, VA
Fredericksburg, VA
May 1, 2015
Free Lance-Star License, Inc.
WNTX
1350 kHz
Fredericksburg, VA
Fredericksburg, VA
May 1, 2015
Free Lance-Star License, Inc.
WVBX
99.3 MHz
Spotsylvania, VA
Fredericksburg, VA
May 1, 2015
Free Lance-Star License, Inc.
WWUZ
96.9 MHz
Bowling Green, VA
Fredericksburg, VA
May 1, 2015
Free Lance-Star License, Inc.
KONE
101.1 MHz
Lubbock, TX
Lubbock, TX
May 15, 2015
Wilks Broadcast Group
KLLL-FM
96.3 MHz
Lubbock, TX
Lubbock, TX
May 15, 2015
Wilks Broadcast Group
KBTE
104.9 MHz
Tulia, TX
Lubbock, TX
May 15, 2015
Wilks Broadcast Group
KMMX
100.3 MHz
Tahoka, TX
Lubbock, TX
May 15, 2015
Wilks Broadcast Group
KBMG
106.3 MHz
Evanston, WY
Salt Lake City, UT
July 16, 2015
Adelante Media Group
KDUT
102.3 MHz
Randolph, UT
Salt Lake City, UT
July 16, 2015
Adelante Media Group
KTUB
1600 kHz
Centerville, UT
Salt Lake City, UT
July 16, 2015
Adelante Media Group
KBRJ
104.1 MHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KEAG
97.3 MHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KFQD
750 kHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KHAR
590 kHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KMXS
103.1 MHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KWHL
106.5 MHz
Anchorage, AK
Anchorage, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KAYO
100.9 MHz
Wasilla, AK
Wasilla, AK
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KCLB-FM
93.7 MHz
Coachella, CA
Palm Springs, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KCLZ
95.5 MHz
Twentynine Palms, CA
Palm Springs, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KKUU
92.7 MHz
Palm Springs, CA
Palm Springs, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KNWQ
1140 kHz
Palm Springs, CA
Palm Springs, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KNWZ
970 kHz
Coachella, CA
Palm Springs, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KDGL
106.9 MHz
Yucca Valley, CA
Victor Valley, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KNWH
970 kHz
Yucca Valley, CA
Victor Valley, CA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KSAJ-FM
98.5 MHz
Burlingame, KS
Topeka, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
WIBW
580 kHz
Topeka, KS
Topeka, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
WIBW-FM
94.5 MHz
Topeka, KS
Topeka, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KGNC
710 kHz
Amarillo, TX
Amarillo, TX
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KGNC-FM
97.9 MHz
Amarillo, TX
Amarillo, TX
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KXRO
1320 kHz
Aberdeen, WA
Hoquiam, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KWOK
1490 kHz
Aberdeen, WA
Hoquiam, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KXXK
95.3 MHz
Hoquiam, WA
Hoquiam, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KDUX-FM
104.7 MHz
Hoquiam, WA
Hoquiam, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KWIQ
1020 kHz
Moses Lake North, WA
Wenatchee, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KWIQ-FM
100.5 MHz
Moses Lake, WA
Wenatchee, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KKRV
104.7 MHz
Wenatchee, WA
Wenatchee, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KKRT
900 kHz
Wenatchee, WA
Wenatchee, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KWLN
103.3 MHz
Wilson Creek, WA
Wenatchee, WA
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
KTPK
106.9 MHz
Topeka, KS
Topeka, KS
September 1, 2015
JMJ Broadcasting Company, Inc.
KXGL
100.9 MHz
Amarillo, TX
Amarillo, TX
September 1, 2015
JMJ Broadcasting Company, Inc.
WSCZ
93.9 MHz
Winnsboro, SC
Columbia, SC
November 30, 2015
Miller Communications
KDES-FM
98.5 MHz
Cathedral City, CA
Palm Springs, CA
December 29, 2015
Glen Barnett, Inc.
KPSI-FM
100.5 MHz
Palm Springs, CA
Palm Springs, CA
December 29, 2015
R & R Radio Corporation
KBAY
94.5 MHz
Gilroy, CA
San Francisco Bay Area
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KEZR
106.5 MHz
San Jose, CA
San Francisco Bay Area
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KKFD-FM
95.9 MHz
Fairfield, IA
Fairfield, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KMCD
1570 kHz
Fairfield, IA
Fairfield, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIAQ
96.9 MHz
Clarion, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KKEZ
94.5 MHz
Fort Dodge, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KTLB
105.9 MHz
Twin Lakes, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KVFD
1400 kHz
Fort Dodge, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KWMT
540 kHz
Fort Dodge, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KXFT
99.7 MHz
Manson, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KZLB
92.1 MHz
Fort Dodge, IA
Fort Dodge, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KGRN
1410 kHz
Grinnell, IA
Grinnell, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KRTI
106.7 MHz
Grinnell, IA
Grinnell, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KGLO
1300 kHz
Mason City, IA
Mason City, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIAI
93.9 MHz
Mason City, IA
Mason City, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLSS-FM
106.1 MHz
Mason City, IA
Mason City, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KRIB
1490 kHz
Mason City, IA
Mason City, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KYTC
102.7 MHz
Northwood, IA
Mason City, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KCOB
1280 kHz
Newton, IA
Newton, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KCOB-FM
95.9 MHz
Newton, IA
Newton, IA
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WCCQ
98.3 MHz
Crest Hill, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WERV-FM
95.9 MHz
Aurora, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WJOL
1340 kHz
Joliet, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WKRS
1220 kHz
Waukegan, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WSSR
96.7 MHz
Joliet, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WXLC
102.3 MHz
Waukegan, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WCEN-FM
94.5 MHz
Hemlock, MI
Tri-Cities, MI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WGER
106.3 MHz
Saginaw, MI
Tri-Cities, MI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WSGW
790 kHz
Saginaw, MI
Tri-Cities, MI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WSGW-FM
100.5 MHz
Carrollton, MI
Tri-Cities, MI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WTLZ
107.1 MHz
Saginaw, MI
Tri-Cities, MI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KATE
1450 kHz
Albert Lea, MN
Albert Lea, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KCPI
94.9 MHz
Albert Lea, MN
Albert Lea, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KAUS-FM
99.9 MHz
Austin, MN
Austin, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLQL
101.1 MHz
Luverne, MN
Luverne, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KQAD
800 kHz
Luverne, MN
Luverne, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KEEZ-FM
99.1 MHz
Mankato, MN
Mankato, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KMKO-FM
95.7 MHz
Lake Crystal, MN
Mankato, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KRBI-FM
105.5 MHz
St. Peter, MN
Mankato, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KYSM-FM
103.5 MHz
Mankato, MN
Mankato, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KAUS
1480 kHz
Austin, MN
Mower County, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLGR
1490 kHz
Redwood Falls, MN
Redwood Falls, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLGR-FM
97.7 MHz
Redwood Falls, MN
Redwood Falls, MN
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KAAN
870 kHz
Bethany, MO
Bethany, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KAAN-FM
95.5 MHz
Bethany, MO
Bethany, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KWIX-FM
92.5 MHz
Cairo, MO
Cairo, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KRES
104.7 MHz
Moberly, MO
Columbia, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KWIX
1230 kHz
Moberly, MO
Columbia, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KREI
800 kHz
Farmington, MO
Farmington, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJFF
1400 kHz
Festus, MO
Jefferson County, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KKWK
100.1 MHz
Cameron, MO
Kansas City, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KMRN
1360 kHz
Cameron, MO
Kansas City, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIRK
99.9 MHz
Macon, MO
Moberly, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KTCM
97.3 MHz
Madison, MO
Moberly, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KBNN
750 kHz
Lebanon, MO
Springfield, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJEL
103.7 MHz
Lebanon, MO
Springfield, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KTJJ
98.5 MHz
Farmington, MO
St. Louis, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KFBD-FM
97.9 MHz
Waynesville, MO
Waynesville, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIIK
1270 kHz
Waynesville, MO
Waynesville, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJPW
1390 kHz
Waynesville, MO
Waynesville, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KOZQ-FM
102.3 MHz
Waynesville, MO
Waynesville, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJSK
900 kHz
Columbus, NE
Columbus, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KKOT
93.5 MHz
Columbus, NE
Columbus, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLIR
101.1 MHz
Columbus, NE
Columbus, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KTTT
1510 kHz
Columbus, NE
Columbus, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KZEN
100.3 MHz
Columbus, NE
Columbus, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KFOR
1240 kHz
Lincoln, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KFRX
106.3 MHz
Lincoln, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIBZ
104.1 MHz
Crete, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLMS
1480 kHz
Lincoln, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KTGL
92.9 MHz
Beatrice, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KZKX
96.9 MHz
Seward, NE
Lincoln, NE
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WHBC
1480 kHz
Canton, OH
Canton, OH
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WHBC-FM
94.1 MHz
Canton, OH
Canton, OH
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KBRK
1430 kHz
Brookings, SD
Brookings, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KBRK-FM
93.7 MHz
Brookings, SD
Brookings, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KDBX
107.1 MHz
Clear Lake, SD
Brookings, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJJQ
910 kHz
Volga, SD
Brookings, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJAM
1390 kHz
Madison, SD
Madison, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KJAM-FM
103.1 MHz
Madison, SD
Madison, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KDLO-FM
96.9 MHz
Watertown, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KIXX
96.1 MHz
Watertown, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KKSD
104.3 MHz
Milbank, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KSDR
1480 kHz
Watertown, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KSDR-FM
92.9 MHz
Watertown, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KWAT
950 kHz
Watertown, SD
Watertown, SD
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KLAK
97.5 MHz
Tom Bean, TX
Texoma
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KMKT
93.1 MHz
Bells, TX
Sherman, TX
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
KMAD-FM
102.5 MHz
Whitesboro, TX
Whitesboro, TX
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
WIIL
95.1 MHz
Union Grove, WI
Milwaukee, WI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
Station de facto also serves the North Shore suburbs of Chicago and studios are at Gurnee Mills in Gurnee, Illinois
WLIP
1050 kHz
Kenosha, WI
Milwaukee, WI
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
Station de facto also serves the North Shore suburbs of Chicago and studios are at Gurnee Mills in Gurnee, Illinois
WZSR
105.5 MHz
Woodstock, IL
Chicago, IL
April 8, 2019
Matrix Broadcasting LLC
KVWE
102.9 MHz
Amarillo, TX
Amarillo, TX
July 11, 2019
Gray Television
Divestments
Callsign
Freq.
City
Market
Transferred
From
Divested
To
Notes
KLTA
98.7 MHz
Moorhead, MN
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
KPFX
107.9 MHz
Fargo, ND
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
KQWB
1660 kHz
West Fargo, ND
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
KQWB-FM
105.1 MHz
Breckenridge, MN
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
KVOX-FM
99.9 MHz
Moorhead, MN
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
KBMW
1450 kHz
Breckenridge, MN
Fargo, ND
June 26, 2013
Triad
Ingstad
WGZO
103.1 MHz
Parris I., SC
Savannah, GA
November 11, 2013
Triad
Apex
KABI
1560 kHz
Abilene, KS
Salina, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
January 31, 2017
Rocking M Media, LLC
KSAL
1150 kHz
Abilene, KS
Salina, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
January 31, 2017
Rocking M Media, LLC
KSAL-FM
104.9 MHz
Salina, KS
Salina, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
January 31, 2017
Rocking M Media, LLC
KYEZ
93.7 MHz
Salina, KS
Salina, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
January 31, 2017
Rocking M Media, LLC
KBLS
102.5 MHz
Abilene, KS
Salina, KS
September 1, 2015
Morris Communications
January 31, 2017
Manhattan Broadcasting Co., Inc.
WANG
1330 kHz
Havelock, NC
Havelock, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WERO
93.3 MHz
Washington, NC
Greenville, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WKZQ-FM
96.1 MHz
Forestbrook, SC
Myrtle Beach, SC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WMYB
92.1 MHz
Myrtle Beach, SC
Myrtle Beach, SC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WQSL
92.3 MHz
Jacksonville, NC
Wilmington, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WQZL
101.1 MHz
Belhaven, NC
Greenville, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WRNS
960 kHz
Kinston, NC
Kinston, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WRNS-FM
95.1 MHz
Kinston, NC
Kinston, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WRNN
1450 kHz
Myrtle Beach, SC
Myrtle Beach, SC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WRNN-FM
99.5 MHz
Socastee, SC
Myrtle Beach, SC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WXQR-FM
105.5 MHz
Jacksonville, NC
Jacksonville, NC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
WYAV
104.1 MHz
Myrtle Beach, SC
Grand Strand, SC
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
December 20, 2017
Dick Broadcasting
KDKD-FM
95.3 MHz
Clinton, MO
Clinton, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
October 11, 2018
Radford Media Group
KDKD
1280 MHz
Clinton, MO
Clinton, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
October 11, 2018
Radford Media Group
KXEA
104.9 MHz
Lowry City, MO
Lowry City, MO
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
October 11, 2018
Radford Media Group
WRMF
97.9 MHz
Palm Beach, FL
Palm Beach County, FL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WEAT
107.9 MHz
West Palm Beach, FL
West Palm Beach, FL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WIRK
103.1 MHz
Indiantown, FL
West Palm Beach, FL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WMBX
102.3 MHz
Jensen Beach, FL
West Palm Beach, FL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WFTL
850 kHz
West Palm Beach, FL
South Florida
April 27, 2017
ACM JCE IV B LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WMEN
640 kHz
Royal Palm Beach, FL
South Florida
April 27, 2017
ACM JCE IV B LLC
November 14, 2018
Hubbard Radio
WKOY-FM
100.9 MHz
Princeton, WV
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WKEZ
1240 kHz
Bluefield, WV
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WHAJ
104.5 MHz
Bluefield, WV
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WHIS
1440 kHz
Bluefield, WV
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WHKX
106.3 MHz
Bluefield, VA
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WHQX
107.7 MHz
Gary, WV
Bluefield, WV
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 17, 2018
First Media Services, LLC
WCPR-FM
97.9 MHz
Wiggins, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
February 28, 2019
Telesouth Commuications
WGBL
96.7 MHz
Gulfport, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
February 28, 2019
Telesouth Commuications
WANG
1490 kHz
Biloxi, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
February 28, 2019
Telesouth Commuications
WTNI
1640 kHz
Biloxi, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
February 28, 2019
Telesouth Commuications
WXYK
105.9 MHz
Pascagoula, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
March 1, 2019
Teleouth Commuications
WLGF
107.1 MHz
Gulfport, MS
Biloxi, MS
June 26, 2013
Triad
February 28, 2019
Port Broadcasting
WRXQ
100.7 MHz
Coal City, IL
Chicago, IL
February 25, 2016
Digity, LLC
April 14, 2019
Walnut Radio Illinois
WIRL
1290 kHz
Peoria, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
WMBD
1470 kHz
Peoria, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
WPBG
93.3 MHz
Peoria, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
WSWT
106.9 MHz
Peoria, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
WNGY
102.3 MHz
Morton, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
WXCL
104.9 MHz
Pekin, IL
Peoria, IL
June 26, 2013
Triad
April 30, 2019
Midwest Communications
KZKV
103.1 MHz
Karnes City, TX
San Antonio, TX
January 2014
BMP Radio
May 10, 2022
Educational Media Foundation
WRWN
107.9 MHz
Port Royal, SC
Savannah, GA
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
WGCO
98.3 MHz
Midway, GA
Savannah, GA
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
WFXH-FM
106.1 MHz
Hilton Head Island, SC
Savannah, GA
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
WUBB
106.9 MHz
Bluffton, SC
Savannah, GA
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
WHHW
1130 kHz
Hilton Head Island, SC
Savannah, GA
June 26, 2013
Triad
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
WXYY
100.1 MHz
Rincon, GA
Savannah, GA
March 3, 2014
Tama Broadcasting
December 1, 2022
Dick Broadcasting
References
^ "Morris Communications sells radio stations to Alpha Media | Morris Communications". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
^ a b "L&L Broadcasting and Alpha Broadcasting Agree To Merge and Become Alpha Media". 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014.
^ "Thursday, May 2, 2013". Radio Info. Longmeadow, Massachusetts: Radio Info, Inc. 2013-05-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ "A look inside YMF Media". Radio & Television Business Report. Woodbridge, Virginia: Streamline RBR, Inc. May 2, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
^ "L&L Broadcasting adds to its map". Inside Radio. Littleton, New Hampshire: M Street Corporation. August 18, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
^ a b c d e "L & L Broadcasting To Purchase YMF Media In Columbia, SC". All Access. Los Angeles, California: All Access Music Group. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
^ "Alpha Media to Purchase Buckley California Outlets". 10 October 2014.
^ "RR Broadcasting to sell KDES 98.5 and MIX 100.5". 17 August 2015.
^ "Alpha Media/Digity Sale Price & Details". RadioInsight. 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ "Alpha Closes Digity Deal". RadioInk. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
^ Venta, Lance (2017-09-05). "Dick Broadcasting Acquires Three Markets From Alpha Media". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
^ "Alpha Media makes big Missouri Cuts," Radio Insight, May 7, 2024. Accessed 05-23-2024.
^ Johnson, Eric, "Company that owns Austin radio stations lays off on-air personalities, part of sweeping move," Austin Daily Herald, May 23, 2024. Accessed 05-23-2024.
^ "Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand". Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
^ a b c d e f "Tuesday, July 16, 2013". Radio Info. Longmeadow, Massachusetts: Radio Info, Inc. 2013-07-16. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-08-20.
^ a b c d e Heffner, Donna L. (2014-07-01). "Consummation Notice". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2014-07-02. Lead station file number BALH-20140423ACB.
^ a b c d e f Heffner, Donna L. (2014-07-01). "Consummation Notice". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2014-07-02. Lead station file number BALH-20140418AAB.
^ a b "Deal To Transfer WYSO/Dayton From Antioch College To Independent Ownership Filed With FCC", All Access Music Group. April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
^ a b c d e f "Fargo Radio: Jim Ingstad Shuffles His Portfolio". 2 May 2013.
^ a b c d e f "Hubbard Finalizes Deal To Acquire Alpha Media West Palm Beach". 15 November 2018.
^ Venta, Lance (August 2, 2013). "L&L Acquires WSSJ Savannah". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
External links
Official website
vteAlpha MediaAM radio stations
KAAN
KATE
KAUS
KBNN
KBRK
KCOB
KFOR
KFQD
KGLO
KGNC
KGRN
KHAR
KIIK
KJAM
KJFF
KJJQ
KJPW
KJSK
KKRT
KLMS
KMCD
KMRN
KNWH
KNWQ
KNWZ
KNZR
KOKA
KREI
KRIB
KSAH
KTSA
KTTT
KTUB
KUFO
KWIQ
KWIX
KWOK
KXRO
KXTG
KZDC
WCHA
WHAG
WHBC
WHHW
WIBW
WING
WJNT
WJOL
WJQS
WKRS
WLIP
WNTX
WOAD
WSGW
FM radio stations
KAAN-FM
KAUS-FM
KAYO
KBAY
KBFF
KBMG
KBRJ
KBRK-FM
KBTE
KBTT
KCLB-FM
KCLZ
KCOB-FM
KCPI
KDBX
KDES-FM
KDGL
KDKS-FM
KDLO-FM
KDUT
KDUX-FM
KEAG
KEEZ-FM
KEZR
KFBD-FM
KFRX
KGNC-FM
KGNZ
KIAI
KIAQ
KIBZ
KINK
KIRK
KIXX
KJAM-FM
KJEL
KJXK
KKBB
KKDV
KKFD-FM
KKIQ
KKOT
KKRV
KKUS
KKUU
KKWK
KLAK
KLEY-FM
KLIR
KLKL
KLLL-FM
KLLY
KMAD-FM
KMKT
KMMX
KMXS
KNZR-FM
KONE
KOOI
KOYE
KOZQ-FM
KPSI-FM
KRES
KRTI
KSAH-FM
KSAJ-FM
KTAL-FM
KTCM
KTFM
KTJJ
KTLH
KTPK
KUIC
KUPL
KWHL
KWIQ-FM
KWIX-FM
KWLN
KVWE
KXFT
KXGL
KXL-FM
KXXK
KYKX
KZEN
KZLB
W228CI
W242BY
WARQ
WCCQ
WCEN-FM
WCLI-FM
WDHT
WDJX
WDLD
WERV-FM
WFLS-FM
WFXH-FM
WGCO
WGER
WGHL
WGTZ
WGZB-FM
WHBC-FM
WHXT
WIBW-FM
WIIL
WIKZ
WJMI
WKXI-FM
WMFX
WMJM
WQCM
WRKS
WROU-FM
WSCZ
WSGW-FM
WSSR
WTLZ
WUBB
WVBX
WWDM
WWUZ
WXLC
WXMA
WZSR
Website: alphamediausa.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Main Line Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"digital marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing"}],"text":"Alpha Media LLC is a radio broadcasting company based in Portland, Oregon, and led by Bob Proffitt. The group does business under the Alpha Media name.It was formed from the merger of Alpha Broadcasting, L&L Broadcasting, and Main Line Broadcasting on July 1, 2014.It owns its radio stations through Alpha Media Licensee, LLC. At its formation, it owned 68 radio stations in 12 markets, along with two theatres (in Portland and San Antonio) and a digital marketing firm in Peoria, Illinois.","title":"Alpha Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Main Line Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alphabroadcasting.com-2"}],"text":"Alpha Broadcasting was founded in 2009 in Portland, Oregon by Larry Wilson, arising from the sale of stations formerly a part of the CBS Radio Portland cluster with those of Rose City Radio.On April 17, 2014, L&L Broadcasting announced that it has agreed to merge with Alpha, while purchasing the stations of Main Line Broadcasting. The combined entity became known as Alpha Media.[2]","title":"Alpha Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triad Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Fargo, North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ri-20130502-3"},{"link_name":"YMF Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMF_Media"},{"link_name":"Yucaipa Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucaipa_Companies"},{"link_name":"Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Inner City Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_City_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"YMF Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMF_Media"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa-20130916-6"},{"link_name":"Main Line Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alphabroadcasting.com-2"}],"text":"The broadcasting group was sometimes referred to as Live and Local.L&L was formed in 2012 to buy all but two of the radio stations of Triad Broadcasting for $21 million; the deal, involving 32 stations in 5 radio markets, closed in May 2013, and transfer was finalized in June 2013. L&L immediately arranged for the 6 stations in the Fargo, North Dakota market to be sold to Jim Ingstad.[3]In August 2013, L&L arranged to buy, from YMF Media (Yucaipa Companies and Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson),[4] the six stations formerly owned by Inner City Broadcasting in the Jackson, Mississippi radio market.[5]In September, 2013, L&L definitively agreed to purchase an additional 5 stations in Columbia, South Carolina from YMF Media.[6]On April 17, 2014, L&L Broadcasting announced that it has agreed to merge with Alpha Broadcasting, while purchasing the stations of Main Line Broadcasting.[2]","title":"L&L Broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Media_Gurnee_Mills_Studio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurnee Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurnee_Mills"},{"link_name":"Kenosha, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"North Shore suburbs of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Buckley Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_CA"},{"link_name":"Merced, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"KFRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFRO_(AM)"},{"link_name":"KCUL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDPM_(FM)"},{"link_name":"KSYR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVFZ"},{"link_name":"Free Lance-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Lance-Star"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"KDES-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDES-FM"},{"link_name":"KPSI-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPSI-FM"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Gurnee Mills studios of Alpha Media's stations serving Kenosha, Wisconsin and the North Shore suburbs of Chicago.On October 10, 2014, Alpha Media announced that it will be purchasing the remaining stations owned by Buckley Broadcasting in Bakersfield and Merced, California. These were the last stations remaining to be divested by Buckley, which had begun to sell off its radio assets in 2008.[7] The purchase of the Buckley stations was consummated on December 31, 2014, at a price of $5.8 million.On January 1, 2015, Alpha Media began an LMA on the Access.1 stations in Shreveport, Louisiana and Tyler/Longview, Texas. The purchase was consummated on April 14, 2015, at a price of $13.75 million. Effective February 1, 2017 Alpha transferred control of KFRO to a new owner, and returned operation of KCUL-FM, and KSYR to Access.1.Effective May 1, 2015, Alpha Media acquired four stations and a translator in the Fredericksburg, Virginia market from The Free Lance-Star, at a price of $8.1 million.On August 17, 2015, Alpha Media announced it was purchasing Palm Springs, California radio stations KDES-FM and KPSI-FM (\"Mix 100.5\"). While the purchase price was not originally announced,[8] the transaction was consummated on December 29, 2015 at a price of $3 million.On February 25, 2016, Alpha Media acquired Digity, LLC for $264 million, adding 116 stations in 26 markets to its portfolio for a total of 251.[9][10]In September 2017, Alpha Media announced that it would sell its clusters in Savannah, Kinston/New Bern/Jacksonville, and Myrtle Beach, to Dick Broadcasting Corporation for $19.5 million. Dick assumed control of the stations under local marketing agreements shortly afterward. However, the sale of the Savannah, Georgia stations will not be filed with the FCC until August 2019, with Dick operating them under an LMA for the time being.[11] The sale, at a price of $5,000,000, was consummated on December 1, 2022.Starting in May 2024, Alpha Media began laying off on-air personalities in several of its markets, starting with a round of cuts at stations in Farmington/Festus and Moberly, Missouri.[12] Later in the month, stations in Minnesota, Iowa and South Dakota were also targeted for layoffs of on-air personnel. A social media post by a former on-air personality at one of the affected stations in Brookings, South Dakota, stated that the Alpha Media stations where the former personalities were employed \"would be switching from local programming to national syndication.\" Another described this as \"destroying anything that is unique and of value for local listeners and instead providing things they can already get from many other sources.\"[13]","title":"Post-merger changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Alpha Media owns the Skype Live Studio (formerly known as The Bing Lounge) in Portland and The Alamo Lounge in San Antonio, Texas.[14]","title":"Theatres"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Holdings","title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Divestments","title":"Station list"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Gurnee Mills studios of Alpha Media's stations serving Kenosha, Wisconsin and the North Shore suburbs of Chicago.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Alpha_Media_Gurnee_Mills_Studio.jpg/220px-Alpha_Media_Gurnee_Mills_Studio.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Morris Communications sells radio stations to Alpha Media | Morris Communications\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065737/http://www.morris.com/news/morris-communications-sells-radio-stations-alpha-media","url_text":"\"Morris Communications sells radio stations to Alpha Media | Morris Communications\""},{"url":"http://www.morris.com/news/morris-communications-sells-radio-stations-alpha-media","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L&L Broadcasting and Alpha Broadcasting Agree To Merge and Become Alpha Media\". 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220717/http://www.alphabroadcasting.com/l-l-broadcasting-alpha-broadcasting-agree-to-merge-and-become-alpha-media/","url_text":"\"L&L Broadcasting and Alpha Broadcasting Agree To Merge and Become Alpha Media\""},{"url":"http://www.alphabroadcasting.com/l-l-broadcasting-alpha-broadcasting-agree-to-merge-and-become-alpha-media/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thursday, May 2, 2013\". Radio Info. Longmeadow, Massachusetts: Radio Info, Inc. 2013-05-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2013-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103930/http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/05/02/thursday-may-2-2013/","url_text":"\"Thursday, May 2, 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/05/02/thursday-may-2-2013/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A look inside YMF Media\". Radio & Television Business Report. Woodbridge, Virginia: Streamline RBR, Inc. May 2, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbr.com/a-look-inside-ymf-media/","url_text":"\"A look inside YMF Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"L&L Broadcasting adds to its map\". Inside Radio. Littleton, New Hampshire: M Street Corporation. August 18, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2013-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130819043234/http://www.insideradio.com/article.asp?id=2675857&spid=32061","url_text":"\"L&L Broadcasting adds to its map\""},{"url":"http://www.insideradio.com/article.asp?id=2675857&spid=32061","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L & L Broadcasting To Purchase YMF Media In Columbia, SC\". All Access. Los Angeles, California: All Access Music Group. 2013-09-16. Retrieved 2013-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/122329/l-l-broadcasting-to-purchase-ymf-media-in-columbia/","url_text":"\"L & L Broadcasting To Purchase YMF Media In Columbia, SC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Media to Purchase Buckley California Outlets\". 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=b14154","url_text":"\"Alpha Media to Purchase Buckley California Outlets\""}]},{"reference":"\"RR Broadcasting to sell KDES 98.5 and MIX 100.5\". 17 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.desertsun.com/story/money/business/2015/08/17/rr-broadcasting-alpha-media-kdes-mix/31882125/","url_text":"\"RR Broadcasting to sell KDES 98.5 and MIX 100.5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Media/Digity Sale Price & Details\". RadioInsight. 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2018-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/93286/alpha-media-acquires-digity/","url_text":"\"Alpha Media/Digity Sale Price & Details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Closes Digity Deal\". RadioInk. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-05-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioink.com/2016/02/25/alpha-closes-digity-deal/","url_text":"\"Alpha Closes Digity Deal\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (2017-09-05). \"Dick Broadcasting Acquires Three Markets From Alpha Media\". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2017-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/119582/dick-broadcasting-acquires-three-markets-alpha-media/","url_text":"\"Dick Broadcasting Acquires Three Markets From Alpha Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand\". Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alphamediausa.com/","url_text":"\"Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tuesday, July 16, 2013\". Radio Info. Longmeadow, Massachusetts: Radio Info, Inc. 2013-07-16. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130821124928/http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/07/16/tuesday-july-16-2013/","url_text":"\"Tuesday, July 16, 2013\""},{"url":"http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/07/16/tuesday-july-16-2013/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Heffner, Donna L. (2014-07-01). \"Consummation Notice\". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2014-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1642740&Form_id=905&Facility_id=55498","url_text":"\"Consummation Notice\""}]},{"reference":"Heffner, Donna L. (2014-07-01). \"Consummation Notice\". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2014-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1642743&Form_id=905&Facility_id=949","url_text":"\"Consummation Notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fargo Radio: Jim Ingstad Shuffles His Portfolio\". 2 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mediaconfidential.blogspot.com/2013/05/fargo-radio-jim-ingstad-shuffles-his.html","url_text":"\"Fargo Radio: Jim Ingstad Shuffles His Portfolio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hubbard Finalizes Deal To Acquire Alpha Media West Palm Beach\". 15 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/170841/hubbard-to-acquire-alpha-media-west-palm-beach/","url_text":"\"Hubbard Finalizes Deal To Acquire Alpha Media West Palm Beach\""}]},{"reference":"Venta, Lance (August 2, 2013). \"L&L Acquires WSSJ Savannah\". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2013-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84296/ll-acquires-wssj-savannah/","url_text":"\"L&L Acquires WSSJ Savannah\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.alphamediausa.com/","external_links_name":"www.alphamediausa.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065737/http://www.morris.com/news/morris-communications-sells-radio-stations-alpha-media","external_links_name":"\"Morris Communications sells radio stations to Alpha Media | Morris Communications\""},{"Link":"http://www.morris.com/news/morris-communications-sells-radio-stations-alpha-media","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220717/http://www.alphabroadcasting.com/l-l-broadcasting-alpha-broadcasting-agree-to-merge-and-become-alpha-media/","external_links_name":"\"L&L Broadcasting and Alpha Broadcasting Agree To Merge and Become Alpha Media\""},{"Link":"http://www.alphabroadcasting.com/l-l-broadcasting-alpha-broadcasting-agree-to-merge-and-become-alpha-media/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103930/http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/05/02/thursday-may-2-2013/","external_links_name":"\"Thursday, May 2, 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/05/02/thursday-may-2-2013/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rbr.com/a-look-inside-ymf-media/","external_links_name":"\"A look inside YMF Media\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130819043234/http://www.insideradio.com/article.asp?id=2675857&spid=32061","external_links_name":"\"L&L Broadcasting adds to its map\""},{"Link":"http://www.insideradio.com/article.asp?id=2675857&spid=32061","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/122329/l-l-broadcasting-to-purchase-ymf-media-in-columbia/","external_links_name":"\"L & L Broadcasting To Purchase YMF Media In Columbia, SC\""},{"Link":"https://news.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/headline_id=b14154","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Media to Purchase Buckley California Outlets\""},{"Link":"http://www.desertsun.com/story/money/business/2015/08/17/rr-broadcasting-alpha-media-kdes-mix/31882125/","external_links_name":"\"RR Broadcasting to sell KDES 98.5 and MIX 100.5\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/93286/alpha-media-acquires-digity/","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Media/Digity Sale Price & Details\""},{"Link":"https://radioink.com/2016/02/25/alpha-closes-digity-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Closes Digity Deal\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/119582/dick-broadcasting-acquires-three-markets-alpha-media/","external_links_name":"\"Dick Broadcasting Acquires Three Markets From Alpha Media\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/268399/alpha-media-makes-big-missouri-cuts/#:~:text=Alpha%20Media%20has%20made%20significant%20cuts%20in%20at,Mark%20Toti%20and%20KREI%20morning%20host%20Louie%20Seiberlich.","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.austindailyherald.com/2024/05/company-that-owns-austin-radio-stations-lays-off-on-air-personalities-part-of-sweeping-move/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.alphamediausa.com/","external_links_name":"\"Alpha Media | On-Air. On-Site. On-Demand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130821124928/http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/07/16/tuesday-july-16-2013/","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday, July 16, 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioinfo.com/2013/07/16/tuesday-july-16-2013/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1642740&Form_id=905&Facility_id=55498","external_links_name":"\"Consummation Notice\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill_and_display.pl?Application_id=1642743&Form_id=905&Facility_id=949","external_links_name":"\"Consummation Notice\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/185493/deal-to-transfer-wyso-dayton-from-antioch-college-","external_links_name":"Deal To Transfer WYSO/Dayton From Antioch College To Independent Ownership Filed With FCC"},{"Link":"http://mediaconfidential.blogspot.com/2013/05/fargo-radio-jim-ingstad-shuffles-his.html","external_links_name":"\"Fargo Radio: Jim Ingstad Shuffles His Portfolio\""},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/170841/hubbard-to-acquire-alpha-media-west-palm-beach/","external_links_name":"\"Hubbard Finalizes Deal To Acquire Alpha Media West Palm Beach\""},{"Link":"http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/84296/ll-acquires-wssj-savannah/","external_links_name":"\"L&L Acquires WSSJ Savannah\""},{"Link":"http://www.alphamediausa.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.alphamediausa.com/","external_links_name":"alphamediausa.com"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_p%C3%A9dagogique
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Institut national de recherche pédagogique
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°43′57″N 4°49′55″E / 45.73250°N 4.83194°E / 45.73250; 4.83194You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (June 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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Institut national de recherche pédagogique (INRP) (English: National Institute for Educational Research) was the national French research institute for the field of education. It was dissolved in 2010.
References
^ "Institut national de recherche pédagogique (France ; 1976-2010)". FranceArchives (in French). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
External links
Official website
45°43′57″N 4°49′55″E / 45.73250°N 4.83194°E / 45.73250; 4.83194
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_institute"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Institut national de recherche pédagogique (INRP) (English: National Institute for Educational Research) was the national French research institute for the field of education. It was dissolved in 2010.[1]","title":"Institut national de recherche pédagogique"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkC
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Tropomyosin receptor kinase C
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["1 Function","2 Family members","3 Role in disease","4 Role in cancer","4.1 NTRK3 methylation","4.2 TrkC (NTRK3 gene) inhibitors in development","5 Interactions","6 Ligands","7 References","8 Further reading"]
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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
NTRK3Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1WWC, 3V5Q, 4YMJIdentifiersAliasesNTRK3, GP145-TrkC, TRKC, gp145(trkC), neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 3External IDsOMIM: 191316; MGI: 97385; HomoloGene: 49183; GeneCards: NTRK3; OMA:NTRK3 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 15 (human)Band15q25.3Start87,859,751 bpEnd88,256,791 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 7 (mouse)Band7 D2|7 44.01 cMStart78,175,959 bpEnd78,738,012 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inBrodmann area 10Brodmann area 23popliteal arterytibial arteriesfrontal polemiddle temporal gyrusparaflocculus of cerebellumright coronary arteryspinal gangliamiddle frontal gyrusTop expressed inascending aortasubiculumcerebellar vermislobe of cerebellumaortic valvelumbar spinal gangliondorsomedial hypothalamic nucleusolfactory tubercleventral tegmental areaparaventricular nucleus of hypothalamusMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
nucleotide binding
protein tyrosine kinase activity
neurotrophin binding
protein kinase activity
transferase activity
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
kinase activity
neurotrophin receptor activity
GPI-linked ephrin receptor activity
ATP binding
p53 binding
protein binding
receptor tyrosine kinase
transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Cellular component
cytoplasm
integral component of membrane
membrane
receptor complex
integral component of plasma membrane
plasma membrane
glutamatergic synapse
integral component of postsynaptic membrane
axon
Biological process
circadian rhythm
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
ephrin receptor signaling pathway
response to ethanol
activation of protein kinase B activity
positive regulation of synapse assembly
multicellular organism development
positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization
positive regulation of cell migration
response to corticosterone
protein autophosphorylation
negative regulation of cell death
heart development
positive regulation of apoptotic process
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
cochlea development
nervous system development
positive regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
activation of GTPase activity
protein phosphorylation
neurotrophin signaling pathway
cellular response to retinoic acid
neuron fate specification
positive regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
modulation by virus of host transcription
lens fiber cell differentiation
mechanoreceptor differentiation
response to axon injury
positive regulation of positive chemotaxis
cell differentiation
negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
neuron migration
phosphorylation
transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
positive regulation of phospholipase C activity
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
regulation of postsynaptic density assembly
regulation of presynapse assembly
negative regulation of signal transduction
positive regulation of neuron projection development
neuronal action potential propagation
myelination in peripheral nervous system
negative regulation of apoptotic process
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus
regulation of MAPK cascade
positive regulation of MAPK cascade
positive regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez491618213EnsemblENSG00000140538ENSMUSG00000059146UniProtQ16288Q6VNS1RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001007156NM_001012338NM_001243101NM_002530NM_001320134NM_001320135NM_001375810NM_001375811NM_001375812NM_001375813NM_001375814NM_008746NM_182809RefSeq (protein)NP_001007157NP_001012338NP_001230030NP_001307063NP_001307064NP_002521NP_001362739NP_001362740NP_001362741NP_001362742NP_001362743NP_002521.2NP_032772NP_877961Location (UCSC)Chr 15: 87.86 – 88.26 MbChr 7: 78.18 – 78.74 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC), also known as NT-3 growth factor receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3, or TrkC tyrosine kinase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK3 gene.
TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin NT-3 (neurotrophin-3). As such, TrkC mediates the multiple effects of this neurotrophic factor, which includes neuronal differentiation and survival.
The TrkC receptor is part of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. A "tyrosine kinase" is an enzyme which is capable of adding a phosphate group to the certain tyrosines on target proteins, or "substrates". A receptor tyrosine kinase is a "tyrosine kinase" which is located at the cellular membrane, and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Other example of tyrosine kinase receptors include the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, the MuSK protein receptor, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, etc. The "substrate" proteins which are phosphorylated by TrkC include PI3 kinase.
Function
TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin-3 (also known as NTF3 or NT-3). Similar to other NTRK receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases in general, ligand binding induces receptor dimerization followed by trans-autophosphorylation on conserved tyrosine in the intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain of the receptor. These conserved tyrosine serve as docking sites for adaptor proteins that trigger downstream signaling cascades. Signaling through PLCG1, PI3K and RAAS, downstream of activated NTRK3, regulates cell survival, proliferation and motility
Moreover, TrkC has been identified as a novel synaptogenic adhesion molecule responsible for excitatory synapse development.
The TrkC locus encodes at least eight isoforms including forms without the kinase domain or with kinase insertions adjacent to the major autophosphorylation site. These forms arise by alternative splicing events and are expressed in different tissues and cell types. NT-3 activation of catalytic TrkC isoform promotes both proliferation of neural crest cells and neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, the binding of NT-3 to the non-catalytic TrkC isoform induces neuronal differentiation, but nor neuronal proliferation
Family members
Tropomyosin receptor kinases, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptors (Trk) play an essential role in the biology of neurons by mediating Neurotrophin-activated signaling. There are three transmembrane receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC (encoded by the genes NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 respectively) make up the Trk receptor family. This family of receptors are all activated by neurotrophins, including NGF (for Nerve Growth Factor), BDNF (for Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor), NT-4 (for Neurotrophin-4) and NT-3 (for Neurotrophin-3).
While TrkA mediated the effects of NGF, TrkB is bound and activated by BDNF, NT-4 and NT-3. Further, TrkC binds and is activated by NT-3. TrkB binds BDNF and NT-4 more strongly than it binds NT-3. TrkC binds NT-3 more strongly than TrkB does.
There is one other NT-3 receptor family besides the Trks (TrkC & TrkB), called the "LNGFR" (for "low affinity nerve growth factor receptor"). As opposed to TrkC, the LNGFR plays a somewhat less clear role in NT-3 biology. Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins. Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity - since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin. It has also been shown, however, that the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis - so therefore cells expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.
It has been demonstrated that NTRK3 is a dependence receptor, meaning that it can be capable of inducing proliferation when it binds to its ligand NT-3, however, the absence of the NT-3 will result in the induction of apoptosis by NTRK3.
Role in disease
With the past of the years, lot of studies have shown that the lack or deregulation of TrkC or the complex TrkC:NT-3 can be associated with different diseases.
One study have demonstrated that mice defective for either NT-3 or TrkC display severe sensory defects. These mice have normal nociception, but they are defective in proprioception, the sensory activity responsible for localizing the limbs in space.
The reduction of TrkC expression has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's diseases (HD).
The role of NT-3 was also therapeutically studied in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with loss of spinal cord motor neurons that express TrkC
Moreover, it has been shown that TrkC plays a role in cancer. The expression and function of Trk subtypes are dependent on the tumor type. For example, in neuroblastoma, TrkC expression correlates with a good prognosis, but in breast, prostate and pancreatic cancers, the expression of the same TrkC subtype is associated with cancer progression and metastasis.
Role in cancer
Although originally identified as an oncogenic fusion in 1982, only recently has there been a renewed interest in the Trk family as it relates to its role in human cancers because of the identification of NTRK1 (TrkA), NTRK2 (TrkB) and NTRK3 (TrkC) gene fusions and other oncogenic alterations in a number of tumor types. A number of Trk inhibitors are (in 2015) in clinical trials and have shown early promise in shrinking human tumors. Family of neurotrophin receptors including NTRK3 have been shown to induce a variety of pleiotorpic response in malignant cells, including enhanced tumor cell invasiveness and chemotoxis. Increased NTRK3 expression has been demonstrated in neuroblastoma, in medulloblastoma, and in neuroectodermal brain tumors.
NTRK3 methylation
The promoter region of NTRK3 contains a dense CpG island located relatively adjacent to the transcription start site (TSS). Using HumanMethylation450 arrays, quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP), and Methylight assays, it has been indicated that NTRK3 is methylated in all CRC cell lines and non of the normal epithelium samples. In light of its preferential methylation in CRCs and because of its role as a neurotrophin receptor, it has been suggested to have a functional role in colorectal cancer formation. It has also been suggested that methylation status of NTRK3 promoter is capable of discriminating CRC tumor samples from normal adjacent tumor-free tissue. Hence it can be considered as a biomarker for molecular detection of CRC, specially in combination with other markers like SEPT9. NTRK3 has also been indicated as one of the genes in the panel of nine CpG methylation probes located at promoter or exon 1 region of eight genes (including DDIT3, FES, FLT3, SEPT5, SEPT9, SOX1, SOX17, and NTRK3) for prognostic prediction in ESCC (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) patients.
TrkC (NTRK3 gene) inhibitors in development
Entrectinib (formerly RXDX-101) is an investigational drug developed by Ignyta, Inc., which has potential antitumor activity. It is an oral pan-TRK, ALK and ROS1 inhibitor that has demonstrated its anti tumor activity in murine, human tumor cell lines, and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. In vitro, entrectinib inhibits the Trk family members TrkA, TrkB and TrkC at low nano molar concentrations. It is highly bound to plasma proteins (99,5%), and can readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Entrectinib has been approved by the FDA on August 15, 2019 for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor gene fusion
Interactions
TrkC has been shown to interact with:
SH2B2
SQSTM1
KIDINS220
PTPRS
MAPK8IP3/JIP3
Neurotrophin-3
TβRII
DOK5
BMPRII
PLCG1
Ligands
Small molecules peptidomimetics based on β-turn NT-3, with the rationale of targeting the extracellular domain of the TrkC receptor have shown to be agonist of TrkC. Posterior studies, have shown that peptidomimetics with an organic backbone, and a pharmacophore based on β-turn NT-3 structure can also function as an antagonist of TrkC.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000140538 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059146 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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Further reading
Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (September 1991). "trkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3". Cell. 66 (5): 967–79. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90442-2. PMID 1653651. S2CID 23448391.
Tessarollo L, Tsoulfas P, Martin-Zanca D, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Parada LF (June 1993). "trkC, a receptor for neurotrophin-3, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues". Development. 118 (2): 463–75. doi:10.1242/dev.118.2.463. PMID 8223273.
Klein R, Silos-Santiago I, Smeyne RJ, Lira SA, Brambilla R, Bryant S, et al. (March 1994). "Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates la muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements". Nature. 368 (6468): 249–51. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..249K. doi:10.1038/368249a0. PMID 8145824. S2CID 4328770.
Ip NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, Klein R, Glass DJ, Fandl J, et al. (February 1993). "Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with the Trk receptors in neuronal and nonneuronal cells". Neuron. 10 (2): 137–49. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90306-C. PMID 7679912. S2CID 46072027.
Ebendal T (August 1992). "Function and evolution in the NGF family and its receptors". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 32 (4): 461–70. doi:10.1002/jnr.490320402. PMID 1326636. S2CID 24492932.
Guiton M, Gunn-Moore FJ, Glass DJ, Geis DR, Yancopoulos GD, Tavaré JM (September 1995). "Naturally occurring tyrosine kinase inserts block high affinity binding of phospholipase C gamma and Shc to TrkC and neurotrophin-3 signaling". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (35): 20384–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.35.20384. PMID 7657612.
Shelton DL, Sutherland J, Gripp J, Camerato T, Armanini MP, Phillips HS, et al. (January 1995). "Human trks: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression of extracellular domain immunoadhesins". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (1 Pt 2): 477–91. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00477.1995. PMC 6578290. PMID 7823156.
Pflug BR, Dionne C, Kaplan DR, Lynch J, Djakiew D (January 1995). "Expression of a Trk high affinity nerve growth factor receptor in the human prostate". Endocrinology. 136 (1): 262–8. doi:10.1210/endo.136.1.7828539. PMID 7828539.
Lamballe F, Tapley P, Barbacid M (August 1993). "trkC encodes multiple neurotrophin-3 receptors with distinct biological properties and substrate specificities". The EMBO Journal. 12 (8): 3083–94. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05977.x. PMC 413573. PMID 8344249.
Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.
Yamamoto M, Sobue G, Yamamoto K, Terao S, Mitsuma T (August 1996). "Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF) and their receptors (p75NGFR, trkA, trkB, and trkC) in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneural tissues". Neurochemical Research. 21 (8): 929–38. doi:10.1007/BF02532343. PMID 8895847. S2CID 20559271.
Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, et al. (April 1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.
Valent A, Danglot G, Bernheim A (1997). "Mapping of the tyrosine kinase receptors trkA (NTRK1), trkB (NTRK2) and trkC(NTRK3) to human chromosomes 1q22, 9q22 and 15q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". European Journal of Human Genetics. 5 (2): 102–4. doi:10.1159/000484742. PMID 9195161.
Terenghi G, Mann D, Kopelman PG, Anand P (May 1997). "trkA and trkC expression is increased in human diabetic skin". Neuroscience Letters. 228 (1): 33–6. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00350-9. PMID 9197281. S2CID 30847717.
Knezevich SR, McFadden DE, Tao W, Lim JF, Sorensen PH (February 1998). "A novel ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in congenital fibrosarcoma". Nature Genetics. 18 (2): 184–7. doi:10.1038/ng0298-184. PMID 9462753. S2CID 7390311.
Urfer R, Tsoulfas P, O'Connell L, Hongo JA, Zhao W, Presta LG (March 1998). "High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (10): 5829–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5829. PMID 9488719.
Hu YQ, Koo PH (July 1998). "Inhibition of phosphorylation of TrkB and TrkC and their signal transduction by alpha2-macroglobulin". Journal of Neurochemistry. 71 (1): 213–20. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010213.x. PMID 9648868. S2CID 24946628.
Ichaso N, Rodriguez RE, Martin-Zanca D, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R (October 1998). "Genomic characterization of the human trkC gene". Oncogene. 17 (14): 1871–5. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202100. PMID 9778053.
Qian X, Riccio A, Zhang Y, Ginty DD (November 1998). "Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons". Neuron. 21 (5): 1017–29. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80620-0. PMID 9856458.
Bibel M, Hoppe E, Barde YA (February 1999). "Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR". The EMBO Journal. 18 (3): 616–22. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.3.616. PMC 1171154. PMID 9927421.
Labouyrie E, Dubus P, Groppi A, Mahon FX, Ferrer J, Parrens M, et al. (February 1999). "Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow". The American Journal of Pathology. 154 (2): 405–15. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65287-x. PMC 1849993. PMID 10027399.
vtePDB gallery
1wwc: NT3 BINDING DOMAIN OF HUMAN TRKC RECEPTOR
vteTransmembrane receptor, tyrosine kinase: receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)I: EGF/ErbB
HER2/neu - Her 3 - Her 4
II
Insulin - IGF-1
III: PDGF
A - B
IV: FGF
FGFR1 - FGFR2 - FGFR3 - FGFR4
V: VEGF
1 - 2
VII: TRK
TrkA - TrkB - TrkC
VIII: Eph
A
EPHA1
EPHA2
EPHA3
EPHA4
EPHA5
EPHA6
EPHA7
EPHA8
EPHA9
EPHA10
B
EPHB1
B2
EPHB3
EPHB4
EPHB5
EPHB6
XI: Angiopoietin
TIE1 - TIE2
OtherXIV: RET - XVI: Related to receptor tyrosine kinase - XVII: MuSK
vteReceptors: growth factor receptorsType I cytokine receptor
Nerve growth factors: Ciliary neurotrophic factor
Erythropoietin
Receptor protein serine/threonine kinase
TGF pathway: TGF-beta
1
2
Activin
1
2
Bone morphogenetic protein
1
2
Receptor tyrosine kinase
Fibroblast growth factor
1
2
3
4
Nerve growth factors: high affinity Trk
TrkA
TrkB
TrkC
Hepatocyte growth factor
Somatomedin
Insulin-like growth factor 1
ErbB/Epidermal growth factor
VEGF
1
2
3
Tumor necrosis factor receptor
Nerve growth factors: Low affinity/p75
Ig superfamily
Platelet-derived growth factor
A
B
Stem cell factor
Other/ungrouped
Somatomedin
Insulin-like growth factor 2
vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin
Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 4
Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
Angiopoietin 3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
CE-245677
Rebastinib
Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)
CNTF
Agonists: Axokine
CNTF
Dapiclermin
EGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)
Agonists: Amphiregulin
Betacellulin
EGF (urogastrone)
Epigen
Epiregulin
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Murodermin
Nepidermin
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Agerafenib
Brigatinib
Canertinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Grandinin
Icotinib
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Osimertinib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Cetuximab
Depatuxizumab
Depatuxizumab mafodotin
Futuximab
Imgatuzumab
Matuzumab
Necitumumab
Nimotuzumab
Panitumumab
Zalutumumab
ErbB2/HER2
Agonists: Unknown/none
Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Trastuzumab duocarmazine
Trastuzumab emtansine
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Lapatinib
Mubritinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
ErbB3/HER3
Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))
Antibodies: Duligotumab
Patritumab
Seribantumab
ErbB4/HER4
Agonists: Betacellulin
Epigen
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))
FGFFGFR1
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Trafermin
Velafermin
FGFR2
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
Palifermin
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Aprutumab
Aprutumab ixadotin
Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib
FGFR3
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)
FGFR4
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
Trafermin
Unsorted
Agonists: FGF15/19
HGF (c-Met)
Agonists: Fosgonimeton
Hepatocyte growth factor
Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AM7
AMG-458
Amuvatinib
BMS-777607
Cabozantinib
Capmatinib
Crizotinib
Foretinib
Golvatinib
INCB28060
JNJ-38877605
K252a
MK-2461
PF-04217903
PF-2341066
PHA-665752
SU-11274
Tivantinib
Volitinib
Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
Ficlatuzumab
Flanvotumab
Onartuzumab
Rilotumumab
Telisotuzumab
Telisotuzumab vedotin
IGFIGF-1
Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1 LR3
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Insulin
Mecasermin
Mecasermin rinfabate
Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
Linsitinib
NVP-ADW742
NVP-AEW541
OSl-906
Antibodies: AVE-1642
Cixutumumab
Dalotuzumab
Figitumumab
Ganitumab
Robatumumab
R1507
Teprotumumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
IGF-2
Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Antibodies: Dusigitumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
Others
Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
Trofinetide
LNGF (p75NTR)
Agonists: BDNF
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
NGF
NT-3
NT-4
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
Testosterone
Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)
PDGF
Agonists: Becaplermin
Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Avapritinib
Axitinib
Crenolanib
Imatinib
Lenvatinib
Masitinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Radotinib
Quizartinib
Ripretinib
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Toceranib
Antibodies: Olaratumab
Ramucirumab
Tovetumab
RET (GFL)GFRα1
Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
Liatermin
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα2
Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα3
Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα4
Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
Unsorted
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)
Agonists: Ancestim
Stem cell factor
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Axitinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Masitinib
Nilotinib
Pazopanib
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
TGFβ
See here instead.
TrkTrkA
Agonists: Amitriptyline
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
Gambogic amide
NGF
Tavilermide
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
FX007
Testosterone
Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
Milciclib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
Rebastinib
SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))
Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)
TrkB
Agonists: 3,7-DHF
3,7,8,2'-THF
4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
7,3'-DHF
7,8-DHF
7,8,2'-THF
7,8,3'-THF
Amitriptyline
BDNF
BNN-20
Deoxygedunin
Deprenyl
Diosmetin
DMAQ-B1
HIOC
LM22A-4
N-Acetylserotonin
NT-3
NT-4
Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
R7
R13
TDP6
Antagonists: ANA-12
Cyclotraxin B
Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)
Ligands: DHEA
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
TrkC
Agonists: BNN-20
DHEA
NT-3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
VEGF
Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
Ripretinib
Telbermin
VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))
Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Altiratinib
Axitinib
Cabozantinib
Cediranib
Fruquintinib
Lapatinib
Lenvatinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Pegaptanib
Rebastinib
Regorafenib
Semaxanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
Tivozanib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
Bevacizumab
Icrucumab
Ramucirumab
Ranibizumab
Decoy receptors: Aflibercept
Others
Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
Erythropoietin (see here instead)
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
Glia maturation factor (GMF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
Midkine (NEGF2)
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
Oncomodulin
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
Pleiotrophin
Renalase
Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
Wnt signaling proteins
Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)
vteProtein kinases: tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10)Receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)Growth factor receptorsEGF receptor family
EGFR
ERBB2
ERBB3
ERBB4
Insulin receptor family
IGF1R
INSR
INSRR
PDGF receptor family
CSF1R
FLT3
KIT
PDGFR (PDGFRA
PDGFRB)
FGF receptor family
FGFR1
FGFR2
FGFR3
FGFR4
VEGF receptors family
VEGFR1
VEGFR2
VEGFR3
HGF receptor family
MET
RON
Trk receptor family
NTRK1
NTRK2
NTRK3
EPH receptor family
EPHA1
EPHA2
EPHA3
EPHA4
EPHA5
EPHA6
EPHA7
EPHA8
EPHB1
EPHB2
EPHB3
EPHB4
EPHB5
EPHB6
EPHX
LTK receptor family
LTK
ALK
TIE receptor family
TIE
TEK
ROR receptor family
ROR1
ROR2
DDR receptor family
DDR1
DDR2
PTK7 receptor family
PTK7
RYK receptor family
RYK
MuSK receptor family
MUSK
ROS receptor family
ROS1
AATYK receptor family
AATYK
AATYK2
AXL receptor family
AXL
MER
TYRO3
RET receptor family
RET
uncategorised
STYK1
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.2)ABL family
ABL1
ARG
ACK family
ACK1
TNK1
CSK family
CSK
MATK
FAK family
FAK
PYK2
FES family
FES
FER
FRK family
FRK
BRK
SRMS
JAK family
JAK1
JAK2
JAK3
TYK2
SRC-A family
SRC
FGR
FYN
YES1
SRC-B family
BLK
HCK
LCK
LYN
TEC family
TEC
BMX
BTK
ITK
TXK
SYK family
SYK
ZAP70
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin
Agonists: Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 4
Antagonists: Angiopoietin 2
Angiopoietin 3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
CE-245677
Rebastinib
Antibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)
Nesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)
CNTF
Agonists: Axokine
CNTF
Dapiclermin
EGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)
Agonists: Amphiregulin
Betacellulin
EGF (urogastrone)
Epigen
Epiregulin
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Murodermin
Nepidermin
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Agerafenib
Brigatinib
Canertinib
Dacomitinib
Erlotinib
Gefitinib
Grandinin
Icotinib
Lapatinib
Neratinib
Osimertinib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Cetuximab
Depatuxizumab
Depatuxizumab mafodotin
Futuximab
Imgatuzumab
Matuzumab
Necitumumab
Nimotuzumab
Panitumumab
Zalutumumab
ErbB2/HER2
Agonists: Unknown/none
Antibodies: Ertumaxomab
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab deruxtecan
Trastuzumab duocarmazine
Trastuzumab emtansine
Kinase inhibitors: Afatinib
Lapatinib
Mubritinib
Neratinib
Tucatinib
ErbB3/HER3
Agonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))
Antibodies: Duligotumab
Patritumab
Seribantumab
ErbB4/HER4
Agonists: Betacellulin
Epigen
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)
Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))
FGFFGFR1
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Trafermin
Velafermin
FGFR2
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)
Palifermin
Repifermin
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Aprutumab
Aprutumab ixadotin
Kinase inhibitors: Infigratinib
FGFR3
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)
Selpercatinib
Sprifermin
Trafermin
Antibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)
FGFR4
Agonists: Ersofermin
FGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)
Trafermin
Unsorted
Agonists: FGF15/19
HGF (c-Met)
Agonists: Fosgonimeton
Hepatocyte growth factor
Potentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AM7
AMG-458
Amuvatinib
BMS-777607
Cabozantinib
Capmatinib
Crizotinib
Foretinib
Golvatinib
INCB28060
JNJ-38877605
K252a
MK-2461
PF-04217903
PF-2341066
PHA-665752
SU-11274
Tivantinib
Volitinib
Antibodies: Emibetuzumab
Ficlatuzumab
Flanvotumab
Onartuzumab
Rilotumumab
Telisotuzumab
Telisotuzumab vedotin
IGFIGF-1
Agonists: des(1-3)IGF-1
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)
IGF-1 LR3
Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Insulin
Mecasermin
Mecasermin rinfabate
Kinase inhibitors: BMS-754807
Linsitinib
NVP-ADW742
NVP-AEW541
OSl-906
Antibodies: AVE-1642
Cixutumumab
Dalotuzumab
Figitumumab
Ganitumab
Robatumumab
R1507
Teprotumumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
IGF-2
Agonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)
Antibodies: Dusigitumab
Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)
Others
Binding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)
Trofinetide
LNGF (p75NTR)
Agonists: BDNF
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
NGF
NT-3
NT-4
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
EVT-901 (SAR-127963)
Testosterone
Antibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)
PDGF
Agonists: Becaplermin
Platelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Avapritinib
Axitinib
Crenolanib
Imatinib
Lenvatinib
Masitinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Radotinib
Quizartinib
Ripretinib
Sunitinib
Sorafenib
Toceranib
Antibodies: Olaratumab
Ramucirumab
Tovetumab
RET (GFL)GFRα1
Agonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)
Liatermin
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα2
Agonists: Neurturin (NRTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα3
Agonists: Artemin (ARTN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
GFRα4
Agonists: Persephin (PSPN)
Kinase inhibitors: Vandetanib
Unsorted
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)
Agonists: Ancestim
Stem cell factor
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Axitinib
Dasatinib
Imatinib
Masitinib
Nilotinib
Pazopanib
Quizartinib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
TGFβ
See here instead.
TrkTrkA
Agonists: Amitriptyline
BNN-20
BNN-27
Cenegermin
DHEA
DHEA-S
Gambogic amide
NGF
Tavilermide
Antagonists: ALE-0540
Dexamethasone
FX007
Testosterone
Negative allosteric modulators: VM-902A
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
Milciclib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
Rebastinib
SNA-120 (pegylated K252a))
Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)
ASP-6294
Fasinumab
Frunevetmab
Fulranumab
MEDI-578
Ranevetmab
Tanezumab
Aptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004
Decoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)
TrkB
Agonists: 3,7-DHF
3,7,8,2'-THF
4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
7,3'-DHF
7,8-DHF
7,8,2'-THF
7,8,3'-THF
Amitriptyline
BDNF
BNN-20
Deoxygedunin
Deprenyl
Diosmetin
DMAQ-B1
HIOC
LM22A-4
N-Acetylserotonin
NT-3
NT-4
Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
R7
R13
TDP6
Antagonists: ANA-12
Cyclotraxin B
Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)
Ligands: DHEA
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
TrkC
Agonists: BNN-20
DHEA
NT-3
Kinase inhibitors: Altiratinib
AZD-6918
CE-245677
CH-7057288
DS-6051
Entrectinib
GZ-389988
K252a
Larotrectinib
Lestaurtinib
ONO-4474
ONO-5390556
PLX-7486
VEGF
Agonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)
Ripretinib
Telbermin
VEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))
Allosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
Altiratinib
Axitinib
Cabozantinib
Cediranib
Fruquintinib
Lapatinib
Lenvatinib
Motesanib
Nintedanib
Pazopanib
Pegaptanib
Rebastinib
Regorafenib
Semaxanib
Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Toceranib
Tivozanib
Vandetanib
WHI-P 154
Antibodies: Alacizumab pegol
Bevacizumab
Icrucumab
Ramucirumab
Ranibizumab
Decoy receptors: Aflibercept
Others
Additional growth factors: Adrenomedullin
Colony-stimulating factors (see here instead)
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
Ephrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)
Erythropoietin (see here instead)
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
Glia maturation factor (GMF)
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
Interleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
Midkine (NEGF2)
Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
Oncomodulin
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
Pleiotrophin
Renalase
Thrombopoietin (see here instead)
Wnt signaling proteins
Additional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)
Portal: Biology
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHM-TrkB-5"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid7806211-6"},{"link_name":"catalytic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_receptor"},{"link_name":"neurotrophin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"neurotrophin-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-3"},{"link_name":"neurotrophic factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_factor"},{"link_name":"receptor tyrosine kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinases"},{"link_name":"kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"receptor tyrosine kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase"},{"link_name":"ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"insulin receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor"},{"link_name":"IGF-1 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor"},{"link_name":"MuSK protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuSK_protein"},{"link_name":"vascular endothelial growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"PI3 kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3_kinase"}],"text":"Tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC),[5] also known as NT-3 growth factor receptor, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 3, or TrkC tyrosine kinase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTRK3 gene.[6]TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin NT-3 (neurotrophin-3). As such, TrkC mediates the multiple effects of this neurotrophic factor, which includes neuronal differentiation and survival.The TrkC receptor is part of the large family of receptor tyrosine kinases. A \"tyrosine kinase\" is an enzyme which is capable of adding a phosphate group to the certain tyrosines on target proteins, or \"substrates\". A receptor tyrosine kinase is a \"tyrosine kinase\" which is located at the cellular membrane, and is activated by binding of a ligand via its extracellular domain. Other example of tyrosine kinase receptors include the insulin receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, the MuSK protein receptor, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, etc. The \"substrate\" proteins which are phosphorylated by TrkC include PI3 kinase.","title":"Tropomyosin receptor kinase C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalytic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_receptor"},{"link_name":"neurotrophin-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-3"},{"link_name":"PLCG1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLCG1"},{"link_name":"PI3K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PI3K"},{"link_name":"RAAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"TrkC is the high affinity catalytic receptor for the neurotrophin-3 (also known as NTF3 or NT-3). Similar to other NTRK receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases in general, ligand binding induces receptor dimerization followed by trans-autophosphorylation on conserved tyrosine in the intracellular (cytoplasmic) domain of the receptor. These conserved tyrosine serve as docking sites for adaptor proteins that trigger downstream signaling cascades. Signaling through PLCG1, PI3K and RAAS, downstream of activated NTRK3, regulates cell survival, proliferation and motility[7]Moreover, TrkC has been identified as a novel synaptogenic adhesion molecule responsible for excitatory synapse development.[8]The TrkC locus encodes at least eight isoforms including forms without the kinase domain or with kinase insertions adjacent to the major autophosphorylation site. These forms arise by alternative splicing events and are expressed in different tissues and cell types.[9] NT-3 activation of catalytic TrkC isoform promotes both proliferation of neural crest cells and neuronal differentiation. On the other hand, the binding of NT-3 to the non-catalytic TrkC isoform induces neuronal differentiation, but nor neuronal proliferation[10]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TrkA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkA"},{"link_name":"TrkB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkB"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nerve Growth Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_Growth_Factor"},{"link_name":"Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Derived_Neurotrophic_Factor"},{"link_name":"Neurotrophin-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-4"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"TrkB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkB"},{"link_name":"BDNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF"},{"link_name":"TrkC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrkC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"LNGFR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNGFR"},{"link_name":"low affinity nerve growth factor receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"proliferation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_growth"},{"link_name":"ligand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Tropomyosin receptor kinases, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptors (Trk) play an essential role in the biology of neurons by mediating Neurotrophin-activated signaling. There are three transmembrane receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC (encoded by the genes NTRK1, NTRK2 and NTRK3 respectively) make up the Trk receptor family.[11] This family of receptors are all activated by neurotrophins, including NGF (for Nerve Growth Factor), BDNF (for Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor), NT-4 (for Neurotrophin-4) and NT-3 (for Neurotrophin-3). \nWhile TrkA mediated the effects of NGF, TrkB is bound and activated by BDNF, NT-4 and NT-3. Further, TrkC binds and is activated by NT-3.[12] TrkB binds BDNF and NT-4 more strongly than it binds NT-3. TrkC binds NT-3 more strongly than TrkB does.There is one other NT-3 receptor family besides the Trks (TrkC & TrkB), called the \"LNGFR\" (for \"low affinity nerve growth factor receptor\"). As opposed to TrkC, the LNGFR plays a somewhat less clear role in NT-3 biology. Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a \"sink\" for neurotrophins. Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity - since they have a higher \"microconcentration\" of the neurotrophin. It has also been shown, however, that the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis - so therefore cells expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.It has been demonstrated that NTRK3 is a dependence receptor, meaning that it can be capable of inducing proliferation when it binds to its ligand NT-3, however, the absence of the NT-3 will result in the induction of apoptosis by NTRK3.[13]","title":"Family members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"proprioception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"ALS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"With the past of the years, lot of studies have shown that the lack or deregulation of TrkC or the complex TrkC:NT-3 can be associated with different diseases.One study have demonstrated that mice defective for either NT-3 or TrkC display severe sensory defects. These mice have normal nociception, but they are defective in proprioception, the sensory activity responsible for localizing the limbs in space.[14]The reduction of TrkC expression has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's diseases (HD).[15]\nThe role of NT-3 was also therapeutically studied in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with loss of spinal cord motor neurons that express TrkC[16]Moreover, it has been shown that TrkC plays a role in cancer. The expression and function of Trk subtypes are dependent on the tumor type. For example, in neuroblastoma, TrkC expression correlates with a good prognosis, but in breast, prostate and pancreatic cancers, the expression of the same TrkC subtype is associated with cancer progression and metastasis.[17]","title":"Role in disease"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Trk inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trk_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"pleiotorpic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropy"},{"link_name":"chemotoxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"neuroblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblastoma"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"medulloblastoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulloblastoma"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"neuroectodermal brain tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroectodermal_tumor"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Although originally identified as an oncogenic fusion in 1982,[18] only recently has there been a renewed interest in the Trk family as it relates to its role in human cancers because of the identification of NTRK1 (TrkA), NTRK2 (TrkB) and NTRK3 (TrkC) gene fusions and other oncogenic alterations in a number of tumor types. A number of Trk inhibitors are (in 2015) in clinical trials and have shown early promise in shrinking human tumors.[19] Family of neurotrophin receptors including NTRK3 have been shown to induce a variety of pleiotorpic response in malignant cells, including enhanced tumor cell invasiveness and chemotoxis.[20] Increased NTRK3 expression has been demonstrated in neuroblastoma,[21] in medulloblastoma,[22] and in neuroectodermal brain tumors.[23]","title":"Role in cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CpG island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG-island"},{"link_name":"transcription start site (TSS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_start_site"},{"link_name":"HumanMethylation450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumina_Methylation_Assay"},{"link_name":"quantitative methylation-specific PCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylation_specific_PCR"},{"link_name":"Methylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisulfite_sequencing"},{"link_name":"CRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"epithelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium"},{"link_name":"colorectal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"biomarker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker"},{"link_name":"SEPT9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPT9"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"DDIT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage-inducible_transcript_3"},{"link_name":"FES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_sarcoma_oncogene"},{"link_name":"FLT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD135"},{"link_name":"SEPT5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEPT5"},{"link_name":"SOX1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX1"},{"link_name":"SOX17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOX17"},{"link_name":"ESCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_squamous_cell_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"NTRK3 methylation","text":"The promoter region of NTRK3 contains a dense CpG island located relatively adjacent to the transcription start site (TSS). Using HumanMethylation450 arrays, quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP), and Methylight assays, it has been indicated that NTRK3 is methylated in all CRC cell lines and non of the normal epithelium samples. In light of its preferential methylation in CRCs and because of its role as a neurotrophin receptor, it has been suggested to have a functional role in colorectal cancer formation.[24] It has also been suggested that methylation status of NTRK3 promoter is capable of discriminating CRC tumor samples from normal adjacent tumor-free tissue. Hence it can be considered as a biomarker for molecular detection of CRC, specially in combination with other markers like SEPT9.[25] NTRK3 has also been indicated as one of the genes in the panel of nine CpG methylation probes located at promoter or exon 1 region of eight genes (including DDIT3, FES, FLT3, SEPT5, SEPT9, SOX1, SOX17, and NTRK3) for prognostic prediction in ESCC (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) patients.[26]","title":"Role in cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entrectinib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrectinib"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Entrectinib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrectinib"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"TrkC (NTRK3 gene) inhibitors in development","text":"Entrectinib (formerly RXDX-101) is an investigational drug developed by Ignyta, Inc., which has potential antitumor activity. It is an oral pan-TRK, ALK and ROS1 inhibitor that has demonstrated its anti tumor activity in murine, human tumor cell lines, and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. In vitro, entrectinib inhibits the Trk family members TrkA, TrkB and TrkC at low nano molar concentrations. It is highly bound to plasma proteins (99,5%), and can readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).[27]Entrectinib has been approved by the FDA on August 15, 2019 for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor gene fusion[28]","title":"Role in cancer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Neurotrophin-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin-3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"TrkC has been shown to interact with:SH2B2\nSQSTM1\nKIDINS220\nPTPRS[29]\nMAPK8IP3/JIP3\nNeurotrophin-3[30][31][32][33][34]\nTβRII[35]\nDOK5[36]\nBMPRII[37]\nPLCG1[38][39]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"NT-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT-3"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Small molecules peptidomimetics based on β-turn NT-3, with the rationale of targeting the extracellular domain of the TrkC receptor have shown to be agonist of TrkC.[40] Posterior studies, have shown that peptidomimetics with an organic backbone, and a pharmacophore based on β-turn NT-3 structure can also function as an antagonist of TrkC.[41]","title":"Ligands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0092-8674(91)90442-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2891%2990442-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1653651","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1653651"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23448391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23448391"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1242/dev.118.2.463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.118.2.463"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8223273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8223273"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1994Natur.368..249K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.368..249K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/368249a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F368249a0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8145824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8145824"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4328770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4328770"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0896-6273(93)90306-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2893%2990306-C"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7679912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7679912"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46072027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46072027"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/jnr.490320402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjnr.490320402"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1326636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1326636"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24492932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24492932"},{"link_name":"\"Naturally 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factor (GMF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glia_maturation_factor"},{"link_name":"Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoma-derived_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"Interleukins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin"},{"link_name":"T-cell growth factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_growth_factor"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor"},{"link_name":"Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage-stimulating_protein"},{"link_name":"Midkine (NEGF2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midkine"},{"link_name":"Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration-stimulating_factor"},{"link_name":"Oncomodulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncomodulin"},{"link_name":"Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide"},{"link_name":"Pleiotrophin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotrophin"},{"link_name":"Renalase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renalase"},{"link_name":"Thrombopoietin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombopoietin"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators"},{"link_name":"Wnt signaling proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"Cerebrolysin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrolysin"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"}],"text":"Lamballe F, Klein R, Barbacid M (September 1991). \"trkC, a new member of the trk family of tyrosine protein kinases, is a receptor for neurotrophin-3\". Cell. 66 (5): 967–79. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90442-2. PMID 1653651. S2CID 23448391.\nTessarollo L, Tsoulfas P, Martin-Zanca D, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Parada LF (June 1993). \"trkC, a receptor for neurotrophin-3, is widely expressed in the developing nervous system and in non-neuronal tissues\". Development. 118 (2): 463–75. doi:10.1242/dev.118.2.463. PMID 8223273.\nKlein R, Silos-Santiago I, Smeyne RJ, Lira SA, Brambilla R, Bryant S, et al. (March 1994). \"Disruption of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene trkC eliminates la muscle afferents and results in abnormal movements\". Nature. 368 (6468): 249–51. Bibcode:1994Natur.368..249K. doi:10.1038/368249a0. PMID 8145824. S2CID 4328770.\nIp NY, Stitt TN, Tapley P, Klein R, Glass DJ, Fandl J, et al. (February 1993). \"Similarities and differences in the way neurotrophins interact with the Trk receptors in neuronal and nonneuronal cells\". Neuron. 10 (2): 137–49. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90306-C. PMID 7679912. S2CID 46072027.\nEbendal T (August 1992). \"Function and evolution in the NGF family and its receptors\". Journal of Neuroscience Research. 32 (4): 461–70. doi:10.1002/jnr.490320402. PMID 1326636. S2CID 24492932.\nGuiton M, Gunn-Moore FJ, Glass DJ, Geis DR, Yancopoulos GD, Tavaré JM (September 1995). \"Naturally occurring tyrosine kinase inserts block high affinity binding of phospholipase C gamma and Shc to TrkC and neurotrophin-3 signaling\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (35): 20384–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.35.20384. PMID 7657612.\nShelton DL, Sutherland J, Gripp J, Camerato T, Armanini MP, Phillips HS, et al. (January 1995). \"Human trks: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression of extracellular domain immunoadhesins\". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (1 Pt 2): 477–91. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00477.1995. PMC 6578290. PMID 7823156.\nPflug BR, Dionne C, Kaplan DR, Lynch J, Djakiew D (January 1995). \"Expression of a Trk high affinity nerve growth factor receptor in the human prostate\". Endocrinology. 136 (1): 262–8. doi:10.1210/endo.136.1.7828539. PMID 7828539.\nLamballe F, Tapley P, Barbacid M (August 1993). \"trkC encodes multiple neurotrophin-3 receptors with distinct biological properties and substrate specificities\". The EMBO Journal. 12 (8): 3083–94. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05977.x. PMC 413573. PMID 8344249.\nAndersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). \"A \"double adaptor\" method for improved shotgun library construction\". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.\nYamamoto M, Sobue G, Yamamoto K, Terao S, Mitsuma T (August 1996). \"Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF) and their receptors (p75NGFR, trkA, trkB, and trkC) in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneural tissues\". Neurochemical Research. 21 (8): 929–38. doi:10.1007/BF02532343. PMID 8895847. S2CID 20559271.\nYu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, et al. (April 1997). \"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.\nValent A, Danglot G, Bernheim A (1997). \"Mapping of the tyrosine kinase receptors trkA (NTRK1), trkB (NTRK2) and trkC(NTRK3) to human chromosomes 1q22, 9q22 and 15q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 5 (2): 102–4. doi:10.1159/000484742. PMID 9195161.\nTerenghi G, Mann D, Kopelman PG, Anand P (May 1997). \"trkA and trkC expression is increased in human diabetic skin\". Neuroscience Letters. 228 (1): 33–6. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00350-9. PMID 9197281. S2CID 30847717.\nKnezevich SR, McFadden DE, Tao W, Lim JF, Sorensen PH (February 1998). \"A novel ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in congenital fibrosarcoma\". Nature Genetics. 18 (2): 184–7. doi:10.1038/ng0298-184. PMID 9462753. S2CID 7390311.\nUrfer R, Tsoulfas P, O'Connell L, Hongo JA, Zhao W, Presta LG (March 1998). \"High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (10): 5829–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5829. PMID 9488719.\nHu YQ, Koo PH (July 1998). \"Inhibition of phosphorylation of TrkB and TrkC and their signal transduction by alpha2-macroglobulin\". Journal of Neurochemistry. 71 (1): 213–20. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010213.x. PMID 9648868. S2CID 24946628.\nIchaso N, Rodriguez RE, Martin-Zanca D, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R (October 1998). \"Genomic characterization of the human trkC gene\". Oncogene. 17 (14): 1871–5. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202100. PMID 9778053.\nQian X, Riccio A, Zhang Y, Ginty DD (November 1998). \"Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons\". Neuron. 21 (5): 1017–29. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80620-0. PMID 9856458.\nBibel M, Hoppe E, Barde YA (February 1999). \"Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (3): 616–22. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.3.616. PMC 1171154. PMID 9927421.\nLabouyrie E, Dubus P, Groppi A, Mahon FX, Ferrer J, Parrens M, et al. (February 1999). \"Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow\". The American Journal of Pathology. 154 (2): 405–15. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65287-x. PMC 1849993. PMID 10027399.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1wwc: NT3 BINDING DOMAIN OF HUMAN TRKC RECEPTORvteTransmembrane receptor, tyrosine kinase: receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)I: EGF/ErbB\nHER2/neu - Her 3 - Her 4\nII\nInsulin - IGF-1\nIII: PDGF\nA - B\nIV: FGF\nFGFR1 - FGFR2 - FGFR3 - FGFR4\nV: VEGF\n1 - 2\nVII: TRK\nTrkA - TrkB - TrkC\nVIII: Eph\nA\nEPHA1\nEPHA2\nEPHA3\nEPHA4\nEPHA5\nEPHA6\nEPHA7\nEPHA8\nEPHA9\nEPHA10\nB\nEPHB1\nB2\nEPHB3\nEPHB4\nEPHB5\nEPHB6\nXI: Angiopoietin\nTIE1 - TIE2\nOtherXIV: RET - XVI: Related to receptor tyrosine kinase - XVII: MuSKvteReceptors: growth factor receptorsType I cytokine receptor\nNerve growth factors: Ciliary neurotrophic factor\nErythropoietin\nReceptor protein serine/threonine kinase\nTGF pathway: TGF-beta\n1\n2\nActivin\n1\n2\nBone morphogenetic protein\n1\n2\nReceptor tyrosine kinase\nFibroblast growth factor\n1\n2\n3\n4\n\nNerve growth factors: high affinity Trk\nTrkA\nTrkB\nTrkC\n\nHepatocyte growth factor\n\nSomatomedin\nInsulin-like growth factor 1\n\nErbB/Epidermal growth factor\n\nVEGF\n1\n2\n3\nTumor necrosis factor receptor\nNerve growth factors: Low affinity/p75\nIg superfamily\nPlatelet-derived growth factor\nA\nB\nStem cell factor\nOther/ungrouped\nSomatomedin\nInsulin-like growth factor 2vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin\nAgonists: Angiopoietin 1\nAngiopoietin 4\nAntagonists: Angiopoietin 2\nAngiopoietin 3\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nCE-245677\nRebastinib\nAntibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)\nNesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)\nCNTF\nAgonists: Axokine\nCNTF\nDapiclermin\nEGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)\nAgonists: Amphiregulin\nBetacellulin\nEGF (urogastrone)\nEpigen\nEpiregulin\nHeparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)\nMurodermin\nNepidermin\nTransforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)\nKinase inhibitors: Afatinib\nAgerafenib\nBrigatinib\nCanertinib\nDacomitinib\nErlotinib\nGefitinib\nGrandinin\nIcotinib\nLapatinib\nNeratinib\nOsimertinib\nVandetanib\nWHI-P 154\nAntibodies: Cetuximab\nDepatuxizumab\nDepatuxizumab mafodotin\nFutuximab\nImgatuzumab\nMatuzumab\nNecitumumab\nNimotuzumab\nPanitumumab\nZalutumumab\nErbB2/HER2\nAgonists: Unknown/none\nAntibodies: Ertumaxomab\nPertuzumab\nTrastuzumab\nTrastuzumab deruxtecan\nTrastuzumab duocarmazine\nTrastuzumab emtansine\nKinase inhibitors: Afatinib\nLapatinib\nMubritinib\nNeratinib\nTucatinib\nErbB3/HER3\nAgonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))\nAntibodies: Duligotumab\nPatritumab\nSeribantumab\nErbB4/HER4\nAgonists: Betacellulin\nEpigen\nHeparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)\nNeuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))\nFGFFGFR1\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)\nRepifermin\nSelpercatinib\nTrafermin\nVelafermin\nFGFR2\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)\nPalifermin\nRepifermin\nSelpercatinib\nSprifermin\nTrafermin\nAntibodies: Aprutumab\nAprutumab ixadotin\nKinase inhibitors: Infigratinib\nFGFR3\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)\nSelpercatinib\nSprifermin\nTrafermin\nAntibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)\nFGFR4\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)\nTrafermin\nUnsorted\nAgonists: FGF15/19\nHGF (c-Met)\nAgonists: Fosgonimeton\nHepatocyte growth factor\nPotentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAM7\nAMG-458\nAmuvatinib\nBMS-777607\nCabozantinib\nCapmatinib\nCrizotinib\nForetinib\nGolvatinib\nINCB28060\nJNJ-38877605\nK252a\nMK-2461\nPF-04217903\nPF-2341066\nPHA-665752\nSU-11274\nTivantinib\nVolitinib\nAntibodies: Emibetuzumab\nFiclatuzumab\nFlanvotumab\nOnartuzumab\nRilotumumab\nTelisotuzumab\nTelisotuzumab vedotin\nIGFIGF-1\nAgonists: des(1-3)IGF-1\nInsulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)\nIGF-1 LR3\nInsulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)\nInsulin\nMecasermin\nMecasermin rinfabate\nKinase inhibitors: BMS-754807\nLinsitinib\nNVP-ADW742\nNVP-AEW541\nOSl-906\nAntibodies: AVE-1642\nCixutumumab\nDalotuzumab\nFigitumumab\nGanitumab\nRobatumumab\nR1507\nTeprotumumab\nXentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)\nIGF-2\nAgonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)\nAntibodies: Dusigitumab\nXentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)\nOthers\nBinding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)\nCleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)\nTrofinetide\nLNGF (p75NTR)\nAgonists: BDNF\nBNN-20\nBNN-27\nCenegermin\nDHEA\nDHEA-S\nNGF\nNT-3\nNT-4\nAntagonists: ALE-0540\nDexamethasone\nEVT-901 (SAR-127963)\nTestosterone\nAntibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)\nASP-6294\nFasinumab\nFrunevetmab\nFulranumab\nMEDI-578\nRanevetmab\nTanezumab\nAptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004\nDecoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)\nPDGF\nAgonists: Becaplermin\nPlatelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAvapritinib\nAxitinib\nCrenolanib\nImatinib\nLenvatinib\nMasitinib\nMotesanib\nNintedanib\nPazopanib\nRadotinib\nQuizartinib\nRipretinib\nSunitinib\nSorafenib\nToceranib\nAntibodies: Olaratumab\nRamucirumab\nTovetumab\nRET (GFL)GFRα1\nAgonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)\nLiatermin\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα2\nAgonists: Neurturin (NRTN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα3\nAgonists: Artemin (ARTN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα4\nAgonists: Persephin (PSPN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nUnsorted\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nSCF (c-Kit)\nAgonists: Ancestim\nStem cell factor\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAxitinib\nDasatinib\nImatinib\nMasitinib\nNilotinib\nPazopanib\nQuizartinib\nSorafenib\nSunitinib\nToceranib\nTGFβ\nSee here instead.\nTrkTrkA\nAgonists: Amitriptyline\nBNN-20\nBNN-27\nCenegermin\nDHEA\nDHEA-S\nGambogic amide\nNGF\nTavilermide\nAntagonists: ALE-0540\nDexamethasone\nFX007\nTestosterone\nNegative allosteric modulators: VM-902A\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nMilciclib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nRebastinib\nSNA-120 (pegylated K252a))\nAntibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)\nASP-6294\nFasinumab\nFrunevetmab\nFulranumab\nMEDI-578\nRanevetmab\nTanezumab\nAptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004\nDecoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)\nTrkB\nAgonists: 3,7-DHF\n3,7,8,2'-THF\n4'-DMA-7,8-DHF\n7,3'-DHF\n7,8-DHF\n7,8,2'-THF\n7,8,3'-THF\nAmitriptyline\nBDNF\nBNN-20\nDeoxygedunin\nDeprenyl\nDiosmetin\nDMAQ-B1\nHIOC\nLM22A-4\nN-Acetylserotonin\nNT-3\nNT-4\nNorwogonin (5,7,8-THF)\nR7\nR13\nTDP6\nAntagonists: ANA-12\nCyclotraxin B\nGossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)\nLigands: DHEA\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nTrkC\nAgonists: BNN-20\nDHEA\nNT-3\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nVEGF\nAgonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)\nRipretinib\nTelbermin\nVEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))\nAllosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAltiratinib\nAxitinib\nCabozantinib\nCediranib\nFruquintinib\nLapatinib\nLenvatinib\nMotesanib\nNintedanib\nPazopanib\nPegaptanib\nRebastinib\nRegorafenib\nSemaxanib\nSorafenib\nSunitinib\nToceranib\nTivozanib\nVandetanib\nWHI-P 154\nAntibodies: Alacizumab pegol\nBevacizumab\nIcrucumab\nRamucirumab\nRanibizumab\nDecoy receptors: Aflibercept\nOthers\nAdditional growth factors: Adrenomedullin\nColony-stimulating factors (see here instead)\nConnective tissue growth factor (CTGF)\nEphrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)\nErythropoietin (see here instead)\nGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)\nGlia maturation factor (GMF)\nHepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)\nInterleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)\nLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)\nMacrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)\nMidkine (NEGF2)\nMigration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)\nOncomodulin\nPituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)\nPleiotrophin\nRenalase\nThrombopoietin (see here instead)\nWnt signaling proteins\nAdditional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)vteProtein kinases: tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10)Receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.1)Growth factor receptorsEGF receptor family\nEGFR\nERBB2\nERBB3\nERBB4\nInsulin receptor family\nIGF1R\nINSR\nINSRR\nPDGF receptor family\nCSF1R\nFLT3\nKIT\nPDGFR (PDGFRA\nPDGFRB)\nFGF receptor family\nFGFR1\nFGFR2\nFGFR3\nFGFR4\nVEGF receptors family\nVEGFR1\nVEGFR2\nVEGFR3\nHGF receptor family\nMET\nRON\nTrk receptor family\nNTRK1\nNTRK2\nNTRK3\nEPH receptor family\nEPHA1\nEPHA2\nEPHA3\nEPHA4\nEPHA5\nEPHA6\nEPHA7\nEPHA8\nEPHB1\nEPHB2\nEPHB3\nEPHB4\nEPHB5\nEPHB6\nEPHX\nLTK receptor family\nLTK\nALK\nTIE receptor family\nTIE\nTEK\nROR receptor family\nROR1\nROR2\nDDR receptor family\nDDR1\nDDR2\nPTK7 receptor family\nPTK7\nRYK receptor family\nRYK\nMuSK receptor family\nMUSK\nROS receptor family\nROS1\nAATYK receptor family\nAATYK\nAATYK2\nAXL receptor family\nAXL\nMER\nTYRO3\nRET receptor family\nRET\nuncategorised\nSTYK1\nNon-receptor tyrosine kinases (EC 2.7.10.2)ABL family\nABL1\nARG\nACK family\nACK1\nTNK1\nCSK family\nCSK\nMATK\nFAK family\nFAK\nPYK2\nFES family\nFES\nFER\nFRK family\nFRK\nBRK\nSRMS\nJAK family\nJAK1\nJAK2\nJAK3\nTYK2\nSRC-A family\nSRC\nFGR\nFYN\nYES1\nSRC-B family\nBLK\nHCK\nLCK\nLYN\nTEC family\nTEC\nBMX\nBTK\nITK\nTXK\nSYK family\nSYK\nZAP70vteEnzymesActivity\nActive site\nBinding site\nCatalytic triad\nOxyanion hole\nEnzyme promiscuity\nDiffusion-limited enzyme\nCofactor\nEnzyme catalysis\nRegulation\nAllosteric regulation\nCooperativity\nEnzyme inhibitor\nEnzyme activator\nClassification\nEC number\nEnzyme superfamily\nEnzyme family\nList of enzymes\nKinetics\nEnzyme kinetics\nEadie–Hofstee diagram\nHanes–Woolf plot\nLineweaver–Burk plot\nMichaelis–Menten kinetics\nTypes\nEC1 Oxidoreductases (list)\nEC2 Transferases (list)\nEC3 Hydrolases (list)\nEC4 Lyases (list)\nEC5 Isomerases (list)\nEC6 Ligases (list)\nEC7 Translocases (list)vteGrowth factor receptor modulatorsAngiopoietin\nAgonists: Angiopoietin 1\nAngiopoietin 4\nAntagonists: Angiopoietin 2\nAngiopoietin 3\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nCE-245677\nRebastinib\nAntibodies: Evinacumab (against angiopoietin 3)\nNesvacumab (against angiopoietin 2)\nCNTF\nAgonists: Axokine\nCNTF\nDapiclermin\nEGF (ErbB)EGF(ErbB1/HER1)\nAgonists: Amphiregulin\nBetacellulin\nEGF (urogastrone)\nEpigen\nEpiregulin\nHeparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)\nMurodermin\nNepidermin\nTransforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)\nKinase inhibitors: Afatinib\nAgerafenib\nBrigatinib\nCanertinib\nDacomitinib\nErlotinib\nGefitinib\nGrandinin\nIcotinib\nLapatinib\nNeratinib\nOsimertinib\nVandetanib\nWHI-P 154\nAntibodies: Cetuximab\nDepatuxizumab\nDepatuxizumab mafodotin\nFutuximab\nImgatuzumab\nMatuzumab\nNecitumumab\nNimotuzumab\nPanitumumab\nZalutumumab\nErbB2/HER2\nAgonists: Unknown/none\nAntibodies: Ertumaxomab\nPertuzumab\nTrastuzumab\nTrastuzumab deruxtecan\nTrastuzumab duocarmazine\nTrastuzumab emtansine\nKinase inhibitors: Afatinib\nLapatinib\nMubritinib\nNeratinib\nTucatinib\nErbB3/HER3\nAgonists: Neuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 6 (neuroglycan C))\nAntibodies: Duligotumab\nPatritumab\nSeribantumab\nErbB4/HER4\nAgonists: Betacellulin\nEpigen\nHeparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)\nNeuregulins (heregulins) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF))\nFGFFGFR1\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 (KGF2), 20)\nRepifermin\nSelpercatinib\nTrafermin\nVelafermin\nFGFR2\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (KGF), 8, 9, 10 (KGF2), 17, 18, 22)\nPalifermin\nRepifermin\nSelpercatinib\nSprifermin\nTrafermin\nAntibodies: Aprutumab\nAprutumab ixadotin\nKinase inhibitors: Infigratinib\nFGFR3\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 8, 9, 18, 23)\nSelpercatinib\nSprifermin\nTrafermin\nAntibodies: Burosumab (against FGF23)\nFGFR4\nAgonists: Ersofermin\nFGF (1, 2 (bFGF), 4, 6, 8, 9, 19)\nTrafermin\nUnsorted\nAgonists: FGF15/19\nHGF (c-Met)\nAgonists: Fosgonimeton\nHepatocyte growth factor\nPotentiators: Dihexa (PNB-0408)\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAM7\nAMG-458\nAmuvatinib\nBMS-777607\nCabozantinib\nCapmatinib\nCrizotinib\nForetinib\nGolvatinib\nINCB28060\nJNJ-38877605\nK252a\nMK-2461\nPF-04217903\nPF-2341066\nPHA-665752\nSU-11274\nTivantinib\nVolitinib\nAntibodies: Emibetuzumab\nFiclatuzumab\nFlanvotumab\nOnartuzumab\nRilotumumab\nTelisotuzumab\nTelisotuzumab vedotin\nIGFIGF-1\nAgonists: des(1-3)IGF-1\nInsulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)\nIGF-1 LR3\nInsulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)\nInsulin\nMecasermin\nMecasermin rinfabate\nKinase inhibitors: BMS-754807\nLinsitinib\nNVP-ADW742\nNVP-AEW541\nOSl-906\nAntibodies: AVE-1642\nCixutumumab\nDalotuzumab\nFigitumumab\nGanitumab\nRobatumumab\nR1507\nTeprotumumab\nXentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)\nIGF-2\nAgonists: Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)\nAntibodies: Dusigitumab\nXentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)\nOthers\nBinding proteins: IGFBP (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)\nCleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)\nTrofinetide\nLNGF (p75NTR)\nAgonists: BDNF\nBNN-20\nBNN-27\nCenegermin\nDHEA\nDHEA-S\nNGF\nNT-3\nNT-4\nAntagonists: ALE-0540\nDexamethasone\nEVT-901 (SAR-127963)\nTestosterone\nAntibodies: Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)\nASP-6294\nFasinumab\nFrunevetmab\nFulranumab\nMEDI-578\nRanevetmab\nTanezumab\nAptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004\nDecoy receptors: LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)\nPDGF\nAgonists: Becaplermin\nPlatelet-derived growth factor (A, B, C, D)\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAvapritinib\nAxitinib\nCrenolanib\nImatinib\nLenvatinib\nMasitinib\nMotesanib\nNintedanib\nPazopanib\nRadotinib\nQuizartinib\nRipretinib\nSunitinib\nSorafenib\nToceranib\nAntibodies: Olaratumab\nRamucirumab\nTovetumab\nRET (GFL)GFRα1\nAgonists: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)\nLiatermin\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα2\nAgonists: Neurturin (NRTN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα3\nAgonists: Artemin (ARTN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nGFRα4\nAgonists: Persephin (PSPN)\nKinase inhibitors: Vandetanib\nUnsorted\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nSCF (c-Kit)\nAgonists: Ancestim\nStem cell factor\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAxitinib\nDasatinib\nImatinib\nMasitinib\nNilotinib\nPazopanib\nQuizartinib\nSorafenib\nSunitinib\nToceranib\nTGFβ\nSee here instead.\nTrkTrkA\nAgonists: Amitriptyline\nBNN-20\nBNN-27\nCenegermin\nDHEA\nDHEA-S\nGambogic amide\nNGF\nTavilermide\nAntagonists: ALE-0540\nDexamethasone\nFX007\nTestosterone\nNegative allosteric modulators: VM-902A\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nMilciclib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nRebastinib\nSNA-120 (pegylated K252a))\nAntibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110)\nASP-6294\nFasinumab\nFrunevetmab\nFulranumab\nMEDI-578\nRanevetmab\nTanezumab\nAptamers: Against NGF: RBM-004\nDecoy receptors: ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)\nTrkB\nAgonists: 3,7-DHF\n3,7,8,2'-THF\n4'-DMA-7,8-DHF\n7,3'-DHF\n7,8-DHF\n7,8,2'-THF\n7,8,3'-THF\nAmitriptyline\nBDNF\nBNN-20\nDeoxygedunin\nDeprenyl\nDiosmetin\nDMAQ-B1\nHIOC\nLM22A-4\nN-Acetylserotonin\nNT-3\nNT-4\nNorwogonin (5,7,8-THF)\nR7\nR13\nTDP6\nAntagonists: ANA-12\nCyclotraxin B\nGossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)\nLigands: DHEA\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nTrkC\nAgonists: BNN-20\nDHEA\nNT-3\nKinase inhibitors: Altiratinib\nAZD-6918\nCE-245677\nCH-7057288\nDS-6051\nEntrectinib\nGZ-389988\nK252a\nLarotrectinib\nLestaurtinib\nONO-4474\nONO-5390556\nPLX-7486\nVEGF\nAgonists: Placental growth factor (PGF)\nRipretinib\nTelbermin\nVEGF (A, B, C, D (FIGF))\nAllosteric modulators: Cyclotraxin B\nKinase inhibitors: Agerafenib\nAltiratinib\nAxitinib\nCabozantinib\nCediranib\nFruquintinib\nLapatinib\nLenvatinib\nMotesanib\nNintedanib\nPazopanib\nPegaptanib\nRebastinib\nRegorafenib\nSemaxanib\nSorafenib\nSunitinib\nToceranib\nTivozanib\nVandetanib\nWHI-P 154\nAntibodies: Alacizumab pegol\nBevacizumab\nIcrucumab\nRamucirumab\nRanibizumab\nDecoy receptors: Aflibercept\nOthers\nAdditional growth factors: Adrenomedullin\nColony-stimulating factors (see here instead)\nConnective tissue growth factor (CTGF)\nEphrins (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3)\nErythropoietin (see here instead)\nGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)\nGlia maturation factor (GMF)\nHepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)\nInterleukins/T-cell growth factors (see here instead)\nLeukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)\nMacrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)\nMidkine (NEGF2)\nMigration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)\nOncomodulin\nPituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)\nPleiotrophin\nRenalase\nThrombopoietin (see here instead)\nWnt signaling proteins\nAdditional growth factor receptor modulators: Cerebrolysin (neurotrophin mixture)Portal: Biology","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=4916","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=18213","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). \"Chapter 8: Atypical neurotransmitters\". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Another common feature of neurotrophins is that they produce their physiologic effects by means of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptor family (also known as the tyrosine receptor kinase family). ... Try receptors. All neurotrophins bind to a class of highly homologous receptor tyrosine kinases known as Trk receptors, of which three types are known: TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. These transmembrane receptors are glycoproteins whose molecular masses range from 140 to 145 kDa. Each type of Trk receptor tends to bind specific neurotrophins: TrkA is the receptor for NGF, TrkB the receptor for BDNF and NT-4, and TrkC the receptor for NT-3.However, some overlap in the specificity of these receptors has been noted.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4","url_text":"978-0-07-148127-4"}]},{"reference":"McGregor LM, Baylin SB, Griffin CA, Hawkins AL, Nelkin BD (July 1994). \"Molecular cloning of the cDNA for human TrkC (NTRK3), chromosomal assignment, and evidence for a splice variant\". Genomics. 22 (2): 267–72. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1383. 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PMID 8621434.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.10.5691","url_text":"\"TrkC isoforms with inserts in the kinase domain show impaired signaling responses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.10.5691","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.271.10.5691"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621434","url_text":"8621434"}]},{"reference":"Naito Y, Lee AK, Takahashi H (March 2017). \"Emerging roles of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC in synapse organization\". Neuroscience Research. 116 (2017): 10–17. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.009. PMID 27697534. 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PMID 29466156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857389","url_text":"\"Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion-Positive Cancers in Adults and Children\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1714448","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa1714448"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857389","url_text":"5857389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29466156","url_text":"29466156"}]},{"reference":"Benito-Gutiérrez E, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Comella JX (February 2006). \"Origin and evolution of the Trk family of neurotrophic receptors\". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 31 (2): 179–92. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2005.09.007. PMID 16253518. 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Nature. 300 (5892): 539–42. Bibcode:1982Natur.300..539P. doi:10.1038/300539a0. PMID 7144906. S2CID 30179526.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Natur.300..539P","url_text":"1982Natur.300..539P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F300539a0","url_text":"10.1038/300539a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7144906","url_text":"7144906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30179526","url_text":"30179526"}]},{"reference":"Doebele RC, Davis LE, Vaishnavi A, Le AT, Estrada-Bernal A, Keysar S, et al. (October 2015). \"An Oncogenic NTRK Fusion in a Patient with Soft-Tissue Sarcoma with Response to the Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Inhibitor LOXO-101\". Cancer Discovery. 5 (10): 1049–57. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0443. PMC 4635026. PMID 26216294.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635026","url_text":"\"An Oncogenic NTRK Fusion in a Patient with Soft-Tissue Sarcoma with Response to the Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Inhibitor LOXO-101\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1158%2F2159-8290.CD-15-0443","url_text":"10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4635026","url_text":"4635026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26216294","url_text":"26216294"}]},{"reference":"Jin W, Kim GM, Kim MS, Lim MH, Yun C, Jeong J, et al. (November 2010). \"TrkC plays an essential role in breast tumor growth and metastasis\". 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PMID 7823156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6578290","url_text":"\"Human trks: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression of extracellular domain immunoadhesins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.15-01-00477.1995","url_text":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00477.1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6578290","url_text":"6578290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7823156","url_text":"7823156"}]},{"reference":"Pflug BR, Dionne C, Kaplan DR, Lynch J, Djakiew D (January 1995). \"Expression of a Trk high affinity nerve growth factor receptor in the human prostate\". Endocrinology. 136 (1): 262–8. doi:10.1210/endo.136.1.7828539. 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PMID 8344249.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413573","url_text":"\"trkC encodes multiple neurotrophin-3 receptors with distinct biological properties and substrate specificities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1993.tb05977.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05977.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413573","url_text":"413573"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8344249","url_text":"8344249"}]},{"reference":"Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (April 1996). \"A \"double adaptor\" method for improved shotgun library construction\". Analytical Biochemistry. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabio.1996.0138","url_text":"10.1006/abio.1996.0138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619474","url_text":"8619474"}]},{"reference":"Yamamoto M, Sobue G, Yamamoto K, Terao S, Mitsuma T (August 1996). \"Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophic factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and GDNF) and their receptors (p75NGFR, trkA, trkB, and trkC) in the adult human peripheral nervous system and nonneural tissues\". Neurochemical Research. 21 (8): 929–38. doi:10.1007/BF02532343. PMID 8895847. S2CID 20559271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02532343","url_text":"10.1007/BF02532343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8895847","url_text":"8895847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20559271","url_text":"20559271"}]},{"reference":"Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, et al. (April 1997). \"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\". Genome Research. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146. PMID 9110174.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139146","url_text":"\"Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.7.4.353","url_text":"10.1101/gr.7.4.353"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139146","url_text":"139146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9110174","url_text":"9110174"}]},{"reference":"Valent A, Danglot G, Bernheim A (1997). \"Mapping of the tyrosine kinase receptors trkA (NTRK1), trkB (NTRK2) and trkC(NTRK3) to human chromosomes 1q22, 9q22 and 15q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 5 (2): 102–4. doi:10.1159/000484742. PMID 9195161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000484742","url_text":"10.1159/000484742"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9195161","url_text":"9195161"}]},{"reference":"Terenghi G, Mann D, Kopelman PG, Anand P (May 1997). \"trkA and trkC expression is increased in human diabetic skin\". Neuroscience Letters. 228 (1): 33–6. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00350-9. PMID 9197281. S2CID 30847717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3940%2897%2900350-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00350-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9197281","url_text":"9197281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30847717","url_text":"30847717"}]},{"reference":"Knezevich SR, McFadden DE, Tao W, Lim JF, Sorensen PH (February 1998). \"A novel ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in congenital fibrosarcoma\". Nature Genetics. 18 (2): 184–7. doi:10.1038/ng0298-184. PMID 9462753. S2CID 7390311.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng0298-184","url_text":"10.1038/ng0298-184"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9462753","url_text":"9462753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7390311","url_text":"7390311"}]},{"reference":"Urfer R, Tsoulfas P, O'Connell L, Hongo JA, Zhao W, Presta LG (March 1998). \"High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (10): 5829–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.10.5829. PMID 9488719.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.10.5829","url_text":"\"High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.273.10.5829","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.273.10.5829"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9488719","url_text":"9488719"}]},{"reference":"Hu YQ, Koo PH (July 1998). \"Inhibition of phosphorylation of TrkB and TrkC and their signal transduction by alpha2-macroglobulin\". Journal of Neurochemistry. 71 (1): 213–20. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010213.x. PMID 9648868. S2CID 24946628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1471-4159.1998.71010213.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010213.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648868","url_text":"9648868"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24946628","url_text":"24946628"}]},{"reference":"Ichaso N, Rodriguez RE, Martin-Zanca D, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R (October 1998). \"Genomic characterization of the human trkC gene\". Oncogene. 17 (14): 1871–5. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202100. PMID 9778053.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1202100","url_text":"\"Genomic characterization of the human trkC gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1202100","url_text":"10.1038/sj.onc.1202100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9778053","url_text":"9778053"}]},{"reference":"Qian X, Riccio A, Zhang Y, Ginty DD (November 1998). \"Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons\". Neuron. 21 (5): 1017–29. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80620-0. PMID 9856458.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2980620-0","url_text":"\"Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2800%2980620-0","url_text":"10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80620-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9856458","url_text":"9856458"}]},{"reference":"Bibel M, Hoppe E, Barde YA (February 1999). \"Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (3): 616–22. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.3.616. PMC 1171154. PMID 9927421.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171154","url_text":"\"Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.3.616","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/18.3.616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171154","url_text":"1171154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9927421","url_text":"9927421"}]},{"reference":"Labouyrie E, Dubus P, Groppi A, Mahon FX, Ferrer J, Parrens M, et al. (February 1999). \"Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow\". The American Journal of Pathology. 154 (2): 405–15. doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65287-x. PMC 1849993. PMID 10027399.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849993","url_text":"\"Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in human bone marrow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0002-9440%2810%2965287-x","url_text":"10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65287-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1849993","url_text":"1849993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10027399","url_text":"10027399"}]}]
|
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- orthologs"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/","external_links_name":"Bgee"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000140538","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000059146","external_links_name":"Top expressed in"},{"Link":"https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000140538","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/","external_links_name":"BioGPS"},{"Link":"http://biogps.org/gene/4916/","external_links_name":"More reference expression data"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000166","external_links_name":"nucleotide binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004713","external_links_name":"protein tyrosine kinase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043121","external_links_name":"neurotrophin binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004672","external_links_name":"protein kinase 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binding"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004888","external_links_name":"transmembrane signaling receptor activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737","external_links_name":"cytoplasm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021","external_links_name":"integral component of membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020","external_links_name":"membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043235","external_links_name":"receptor complex"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005887","external_links_name":"integral component of plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886","external_links_name":"plasma membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0098978","external_links_name":"glutamatergic synapse"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0099055","external_links_name":"integral component of postsynaptic membrane"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030424","external_links_name":"axon"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007623","external_links_name":"circadian rhythm"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033138","external_links_name":"positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048013","external_links_name":"ephrin receptor signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045471","external_links_name":"response to ethanol"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032148","external_links_name":"activation of protein kinase B activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051965","external_links_name":"positive regulation of synapse assembly"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007275","external_links_name":"multicellular organism development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000251","external_links_name":"positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030335","external_links_name":"positive regulation of cell migration"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051412","external_links_name":"response to corticosterone"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046777","external_links_name":"protein autophosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060548","external_links_name":"negative regulation of cell death"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007507","external_links_name":"heart development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043065","external_links_name":"positive regulation of apoptotic process"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0018108","external_links_name":"peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090102","external_links_name":"cochlea development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007399","external_links_name":"nervous system development"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010628","external_links_name":"positive regulation of gene expression"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001933","external_links_name":"negative regulation of protein phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0090630","external_links_name":"activation of GTPase activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006468","external_links_name":"protein phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0038179","external_links_name":"neurotrophin signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071300","external_links_name":"cellular response to retinoic acid"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048665","external_links_name":"neuron fate specification"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048691","external_links_name":"positive regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008284","external_links_name":"positive regulation of cell population proliferation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019056","external_links_name":"modulation by virus of host transcription"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070306","external_links_name":"lens fiber cell differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042490","external_links_name":"mechanoreceptor differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048678","external_links_name":"response to axon injury"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050927","external_links_name":"positive regulation of positive chemotaxis"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030154","external_links_name":"cell differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048712","external_links_name":"negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001934","external_links_name":"positive regulation of protein phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001764","external_links_name":"neuron migration"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016310","external_links_name":"phosphorylation"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007169","external_links_name":"transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010863","external_links_name":"positive regulation of phospholipase C activity"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0014068","external_links_name":"positive regulation 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_Xianjing
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Kong Xianjing
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["1 Biography","2 Honours and awards","3 References"]
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Chinese engineer and academician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Kong.
Kong Xianjing孔宪京Born (1952-01-04) 4 January 1952 (age 72)Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaAlma materDalian University of TechnologyScientific careerFieldsHydraulic structureInstitutionsDalian University of Technology
Chinese nameSimplified Chinese孔宪京Traditional Chinese孔憲京TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinKǒng Xiànjīng
Kong Xianjing (born 4 January 1952) is a Chinese engineer and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, formerly served as deputy party secretary and vice president of Dalian University of Technology.
Biography
Kong was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, on 4 January 1952, while his ancestral home in Jining, Shandong. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1980, a master's degree in 1983, and a doctor's degree in 1990, all from Dalian Institute of Technology (now Dalian University of Technology).
After graduating from Dalian Institute of Technology in 1980, he stayed at the university and worked successively as associate professor (1990), full professor (1992), and doctoral supervisor (1995). He served as assistant to the president from March 1998 to March 1999 and the university's vice president from March 1999 to January 2002. In January 2002, he was appointed deputy party secretary of the university. After this office was terminated in March 2009, he became executive party secretary, serving until May 2012.
Honours and awards
1999 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class)
2010 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)
2012 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Second Class)
27 November 2017 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
References
^ Luan Guangyu (栾光煜) (28 November 2017). 大工孔宪京教授当选中国工程院院士. sina (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ a b 孔宪京. cae.cn (in Chinese). 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ Ding Xiao (丁晓), ed. (27 November 2017). 中国工程院产生67位新当选院士，比尔·盖茨当选外籍院士. thepaper (in Chinese). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-East
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St Dunstan-in-the-East
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°30′34.82″N 0°4′57.80″W / 51.5096722°N 0.0827222°W / 51.5096722; -0.0827222
Church in London, EnglandSt Dunstan-in-the-EastThe site in 2010LocationSt. Dunstan's HillLondon, EC3CountryUnited KingdomDenominationRoman Catholic, Church of EnglandArchitectureHeritage designationGrade IArchitect(s)Christopher Wren, David Laing
St Dunstan-in-the-East was a Church of England parish church on St Dunstan's Hill, halfway between London Bridge and the Tower of London in the City of London. The church was largely destroyed in the Second World War and the ruins are now a public garden.
History
St Dunstan-in-the-East inside (2014)
The church was originally built in about 1100. A new south aisle was added in 1391 and the church was repaired in 1631 at a cost of more than £2,400.
It was severely damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Rather than being completely rebuilt, the damaged church was patched up between 1668 and 1671. A steeple was added in 1695–1701 to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren.
It was built in a gothic style sympathetic to main body of the church, though with heavy string courses of a kind not used in the Middle Ages. It has a needle spire carried on four flying buttresses in the manner of that of St Nicholas in Newcastle. The restored church had wooden carvings by Grinling Gibbons and an organ by Father Smith, which was transferred to the abbey at St Albans in 1818.
In 1817 it was found that the weight of the nave roof had thrust the walls seven inches out of the perpendicular. It was decided to rebuild the church from the level of the arches, but the state of the structure proved so bad that the whole building was taken down. It was rebuilt to a design in the perpendicular style by David Laing (then architect to the Board of Customs) with assistance from William Tite. The foundation stone was laid in November 1817 and the church re-opened for worship in January 1821. Built of Portland stone, with a plaster lierne nave vault, it was 115 feet long and 65 feet wide and could accommodate between six and seven hundred people. The cost of the work was £36,000. Wren's tower was retained in the new building.
The church was severely damaged in the Blitz of 1941. Wren's tower and steeple survived the bombs' impact. Of the rest of the church only the north and south walls remained. In the re-organisation of the Anglican Church in London following the War it was decided not to rebuild St Dunstan's, and in 1967 the City of London Corporation decided to turn the ruins of the church into a public garden, which opened in 1971. A lawn and trees were planted in the ruins, with a low fountain in the middle of the nave. The tower now houses the All Hallows House Foundation.
St Dunstan's in 1891
1a. All Hallows by the Tower & St Dunstan in the East parish boundary mark - see lostlcp.com for details
The parish is now combined with the Benefice of All Hallows by the Tower and occasional open-air services are held in the church, such as on Palm Sunday prior to a procession to All Hallows by the Tower along St Dunstan's Hill and Great Tower Street. The ruin was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.
See also
Christianity portal
St Dunstan-in-the-West
List of Christopher Wren churches in London
List of churches rebuilt after the Great Fire but since demolished
References
^ Tucker, T. (2006). The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches. London: Friends of the City Churches. ISBN 0-9553945-0-3.
^ Murray, Thomas Boyles (1859). Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East. London: Smith, Elder & Son. p. 10. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
^ "The City Churches" Tabor, M. p72:London; The Swarthmore Press Ltd; 1917
^ "The London Encyclopaedia" Hibbert,C; Weinreb,D; Keay,J: London, Pan Macmillan, 1983 (rev 1993,2008) ISBN 978-1-4050-4924-5
^ a b Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London:the City Churches. The Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books. p. 80. ISBN 0-14-071100-7.
^ Murray, Thomas Boyles (1859). Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East. London: Smith, Elder & Son. p. 43. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1359173)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Dunstan-in-the-East.
Information on St Dunstan Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
BBC "Hidden gardens of the City" Facts
vteChurches in the City of Londonextantchurches
All Hallows-by-the-Tower
All Hallows-on-the-Wall
City Temple
Dutch Church, Austin Friars
St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
St Andrew, Holborn
St Andrew Undershaft
St Anne and St Agnes
St Bartholomew-the-Great
St Bartholomew-the-Less
St Benet, Paul's Wharf
St Botolph, Aldersgate
St Botolph, Aldgate
St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate
St Bride, Fleet Street
St Clement, Eastcheap
St Dunstan-in-the-West
St Edmund, King and Martyr
St Ethelburga, Bishopsgate
St Giles, Cripplegate
St Helen, Bishopsgate
St James, Garlickhythe
St Katharine Cree
St Lawrence Jewry
St Magnus the Martyr
St Margaret Lothbury
St Margaret Pattens
St Martin, Ludgate
St Mary Abchurch
St Mary Aldermary
St Mary Moorfields
St Mary Woolnoth
St Mary-at-Hill
St Mary-le-Bow
St Michael, Cornhill
St Michael, Paternoster Royal
St Nicholas, Cole Abbey
St Olave, Hart Street
St Paul's Cathedral
St Peter upon Cornhill
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
St Stephen Walbrook
St Vedast alias Foster
Temple Church
churches ofwhich only thetower remains
All Hallows Staining
Christ Church, Greyfriars
St Alban, Wood Street
St Alphage London Wall
St Augustine, Watling Street
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St Martin Orgar
St Mary Somerset
St Olave, Old Jewry
churchesrebuilt afterthe Great Firebut sincedemolished
All Hallows Bread Street
All Hallows Lombard Street
All-Hallows-the-Great
St Antholin, Budge Row
St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange
St Benet Fink
St Benet Gracechurch
St Christopher le Stocks
St Dionis Backchurch
St George Botolph Lane
St Katherine Coleman
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street
St Matthew Friday Street
St Michael Bassishaw
St Michael, Crooked Lane
St Michael Queenhithe
St Michael Wood Street
St Mildred, Bread Street
St Mildred, Poultry
St Stephen Coleman Street
St Swithin, London Stone
churchesdestroyed inthe Great Fireand notrebuilt
All Hallows Honey Lane
All-Hallows-the-Less
Holy Trinity the Less
St Andrew Hubbard
St Ann Blackfriars
St Benet Sherehog
St Botolph Billingsgate
St Faith under St Paul's
St Gabriel Fenchurch
St Gregory by St Paul's
St John the Baptist upon Walbrook
St John the Evangelist Friday Street
St John Zachary
St Laurence Pountney
St Leonard, Eastcheap
St Leonard, Foster Lane
St Margaret Moses
St Margaret, New Fish Street
St Martin Pomary
St Martin Vintry
St Mary Bothaw
St Mary Colechurch
St Mary Magdalen Milk Street
St Mary Mounthaw
St Mary Staining
St Mary Woolchurch Haw
St Michael-le-Querne
St Nicholas Acons
St Nicholas Olave
St Olave, Silver Street
St Pancras, Soper Lane
St Peter, Paul's Wharf
St Peter, Westcheap
St Thomas the Apostle
other formerchurches
College of Minor Canons
Holy Trinity Gough Square
Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate
Hospital of St Thomas of Acre
Old St Paul's Cathedral
St Audoen within Newgate
St Augustine Papey
St James Duke's Place
St Martin Outwich
St Mary Axe
St Nicholas Shambles
St Peter le Poer
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States
51°30′34.82″N 0°4′57.80″W / 51.5096722°N 0.0827222°W / 51.5096722; -0.0827222
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church"},{"link_name":"London Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Church in London, EnglandSt Dunstan-in-the-East was a Church of England parish church on St Dunstan's Hill, halfway between London Bridge and the Tower of London in the City of London. The church was largely destroyed in the Second World War[1] and the ruins are now a public garden.","title":"St Dunstan-in-the-East"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Dunstan_in_the_East_13.08.2014_12-55-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir Christopher Wren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren"},{"link_name":"St Nicholas in Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city-5"},{"link_name":"Grinling Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons"},{"link_name":"Father Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Smith_(organ_builder)"},{"link_name":"abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"David Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Laing_(19th_century_architect)"},{"link_name":"William Tite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tite"},{"link_name":"Portland stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_stone"},{"link_name":"lierne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierne_(vault)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-city-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"City of London Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Dunstan_in_the_East_1891.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1a._All_Hallows_by_the_Tower_%26_St_Dunstan_in_the_East.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benefice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice#Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"All Hallows by the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Hallows_by_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"All Hallows by the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Hallows_by_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_Building#England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"St Dunstan-in-the-East inside (2014)The church was originally built in about 1100. A new south aisle was added in 1391 and the church was repaired in 1631 at a cost of more than £2,400.[2]It was severely damaged in the Great Fire of London in 1666.[3] Rather than being completely rebuilt, the damaged church was patched up between 1668 and 1671.[4] A steeple was added in 1695–1701 to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren.\nIt was built in a gothic style sympathetic to main body of the church, though with heavy string courses of a kind not used in the Middle Ages. It has a needle spire carried on four flying buttresses in the manner of that of St Nicholas in Newcastle.[5] The restored church had wooden carvings by Grinling Gibbons and an organ by Father Smith, which was transferred to the abbey at St Albans in 1818.In 1817 it was found that the weight of the nave roof had thrust the walls seven inches out of the perpendicular. It was decided to rebuild the church from the level of the arches, but the state of the structure proved so bad that the whole building was taken down. It was rebuilt to a design in the perpendicular style by David Laing (then architect to the Board of Customs) with assistance from William Tite. The foundation stone was laid in November 1817 and the church re-opened for worship in January 1821. Built of Portland stone, with a plaster lierne nave vault, it was 115 feet long and 65 feet wide and could accommodate between six and seven hundred people. The cost of the work was £36,000. Wren's tower was retained in the new building.[5][6]The church was severely damaged in the Blitz of 1941. Wren's tower and steeple survived the bombs' impact. Of the rest of the church only the north and south walls remained. In the re-organisation of the Anglican Church in London following the War it was decided not to rebuild St Dunstan's, and in 1967 the City of London Corporation decided to turn the ruins of the church into a public garden, which opened in 1971. A lawn and trees were planted in the ruins, with a low fountain in the middle of the nave. The tower now houses the All Hallows House Foundation.St Dunstan's in 18911a. All Hallows by the Tower & St Dunstan in the East parish boundary mark - see lostlcp.com for detailsThe parish is now combined with the Benefice of All Hallows by the Tower and occasional open-air services are held in the church, such as on Palm Sunday prior to a procession to All Hallows by the Tower along St Dunstan's Hill and Great Tower Street. The ruin was designated a Grade I listed building on 4 January 1950.[7]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"St Dunstan-in-the-East inside (2014)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/St_Dunstan_in_the_East_13.08.2014_12-55-19.jpg/170px-St_Dunstan_in_the_East_13.08.2014_12-55-19.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Dunstan's in 1891","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/St_Dunstan_in_the_East_1891.jpg/220px-St_Dunstan_in_the_East_1891.jpg"},{"image_text":"1a. All Hallows by the Tower & St Dunstan in the East parish boundary mark - see lostlcp.com for details","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1a._All_Hallows_by_the_Tower_%26_St_Dunstan_in_the_East.jpg/220px-1a._All_Hallows_by_the_Tower_%26_St_Dunstan_in_the_East.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"St Dunstan-in-the-West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dunstan-in-the-West"},{"title":"List of Christopher Wren churches in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christopher_Wren_churches_in_London"},{"title":"List of churches rebuilt after the Great Fire but since demolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_rebuilt_after_the_Great_Fire_but_since_demolished"}]
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[{"reference":"Tucker, T. (2006). The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches. London: Friends of the City Churches. ISBN 0-9553945-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9553945-0-3","url_text":"0-9553945-0-3"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Thomas Boyles (1859). Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East. London: Smith, Elder & Son. p. 10. Retrieved 22 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNkHAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1998). London:the City Churches. The Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books. p. 80. ISBN 0-14-071100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071100-7","url_text":"0-14-071100-7"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Thomas Boyles (1859). Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East. London: Smith, Elder & Son. p. 43. Retrieved 22 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNkHAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1359173)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359173","url_text":"\"Details from listed building database (1359173)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Dunstan-in-the-East¶ms=51_30_34.82_N_0_4_57.80_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°30′34.82″N 0°4′57.80″W / 51.5096722°N 0.0827222°W / 51.5096722; -0.0827222"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNkHAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNkHAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Chronicles of a City Church, an account of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1359173","external_links_name":"\"Details from listed building database (1359173)\""},{"Link":"http://www.allhallowsbythetower.org.uk/st_dunstan's_in_the_east.htm","external_links_name":"Information on St Dunstan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314221939/http://www.allhallowsbythetower.org.uk/st_dunstan%27s_in_the_east.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/london/city_gardens/","external_links_name":"BBC \"Hidden gardens of the City\" Facts"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156160574","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1023867877","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2007073360","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Dunstan-in-the-East¶ms=51_30_34.82_N_0_4_57.80_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°30′34.82″N 0°4′57.80″W / 51.5096722°N 0.0827222°W / 51.5096722; -0.0827222"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_357
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List of former state routes in Georgia (200–699)
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["1 State Route 204 Spur","2 State Route 205","3 State Route 207","4 State Route 209","5 State Route 210","6 State Route 213","6.1 State Route 213 Spur","7 State Route 214","7.1 State Route 214 Bypass","7.2 State Route 214 Spur","8 State Route 217","9 State Route 218","10 State Route 221","11 State Route 222","12 State Route 226","13 State Route 229","14 State Route 235","15 State Route 238","16 State Route 239","17 State Route 243","18 State Route 244","19 State Route 245","20 State Route 248","21 State Route 249","22 State Route 250","23 State Route 258","24 State Route 259","25 State Route 261","26 State Route 263","27 State Route 265","28 State Route 267","29 State Route 269","30 State Route 276","31 State Route 277","32 State Route 287","33 State Route 289","34 State Route 290","35 State Route 291","36 State Route 294","37 State Route 294N","38 State Route 294S","39 State Route 295","40 State Route 300 (1959–1982)","41 State Route 304","42 State Route 312","43 State Route 318","44 State Route 319","45 State Route 321","46 State Route 322","47 State Route 333 (1963–1982)","47.1 State Route 333 Spur","48 State Route 336","49 State Route 340","50 State Route 342","51 State Route 343","52 State Route 344","53 State Route 345","54 State Route 346","55 State Route 349","56 State Route 350","57 State Route 351","58 State Route 353","59 State Route 357","60 State Route 359","61 State Route 361","62 State Route 363","62.1 State Route 363 Spur","63 State Route 364","64 State Route 366","65 State Route 367","66 State Route 371","67 State Route 373","68 State Route 375","68.1 State Route 375 Connector","69 State Route 379","70 State Route 381","71 State Route 387","72 State Route 407 Loop","73 Routes 400-422","74 References","75 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of former state routes in Georgia" 200–699 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Standard state highway markersStateGeorgia State Route XX (SR XX)System links
Georgia State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
Special
This is a list of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered.
State Route 204 Spur
State Route 204 SpurLocationSavannahLength7.2 mi (11.6 km)Existed1989–2020
Main article: Georgia State Route 204 Spur (Savannah)
State Route 204 Spur (SR 204 Spur) was a spur route of SR 204 that connected the mainline to Skidaway Island. Segments of SR 204 Spur are named Montgomery Cross Road, Waters Avenue, Whitfield Avenue, Diamond Causeway, and Tidewater Way. SR 204 Spur was turned over to local control in February 2020 as part of the deal with the Georgia Department of Transportation that extended SR 17 onto the Jimmy DeLoach Parkway and truncated the eastern terminus of SR 204 to SR 21.
State Route 205
State Route 205LocationCherokee CountyExisted1948–1985
State Route 205 (SR 205) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was assigned to Bells Ferry Road in Cherokee County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established between SR 92 at a point southwest of Canton and SR 5 in the city. By the middle of 1955, all of the highway except for the southern terminus was hard surfaced. The portion at the southern terminus had completed grading, but was not surfaced. About two years later, this southern part was paved. In 1970, SR 92's segment between Acworth and Woodstock was shifted southward, and SR 205 was extended southward on SR 92's old alignment to SR 92's new path. In 1985, it was decommissioned.
State Route 207
State Route 207LocationOconee CountyLength2.1 mi (3.4 km)Existed1942–1983
State Route 207 (SR 207) was a 2.1-mile-long (3.4 km) state highway that existed in the central part of the state, completely within Oconee County. It is now known as Hog Mountain Road. In 1942, SR 207 was established from SR 53 west-northwest of Watkinsville to US 129/SR 15/SR 24 north-northeast of the city. Its entire length was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the entire highway had a "completed hard surface". In 1983, it was decommissioned.
State Route 209
State Route 209LocationOconee CountyExisted1942–1983
State Route 209 (SR 209) was a state highway in the Athens area. It existed entirely within Oconee County. In 1942, it was established from US 78/SR 10 southwest of Bogart, north-northwest to US 29/SR 8 in Bogart, and then northeast to the Oconee–Clarke county line. This northern terminus was just south-southeast of the Oconee–Clarke–Barrow–Jackson county quadripoint. The entire length of the highway was indicated to be "on system–not marked or maintained". The next year, the southern half of the highway had a "completed hard surface". By the end of 1946, the southern terminus was shifted to another intersection with US 78/SR 10, but at a point south-southeast of Bogart. The entire length of this new part was hard surfaced. The northern terminus was truncated to the US 29/SR 8 intersection in Bogart. In 1983, SR 209 was decommissioned.
State Route 210
State Route 210LocationLookout MountainExisted1941–1977
State Route 210 (SR 210) was a very short state highway that was located in Lookout Mountain. At the end of 1941, it was established from SR 157 and SR 193 just west of the city limits of Lookout Mountain and then east and northeast to the Tennessee state line, at the Chattanooga city limits. The next year, the entire length of the highway had a "completed hard surface". Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was shifted to a different alignment. It traveled from SR 157 northwest to the Tennessee state line, at the Lookout Mountain city limits. This new alignment was paved. Between 1963 and 1966, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the east. The highway then traveled on a south-southwest to north-northeast direction. In 1977, SR 210 was redesignated as part of SR 189.
State Route 213
State Route 213LocationWalton, Newton, Jasper, Morgan countiesExisted1941–1982
State Route 213 (SR 213) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, Jasper, and Morgan counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 213 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, it was designated as SR 60. In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction. At the end of the next year, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213. In 1942, SR 142's segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The next year, SR 213 was designated on a southern segment. It extended from SR 36 south-southwest of Covington, then southeast and east to SR 11 in Mansfield. It may have also been designated from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington; however, these segments were not specifically designated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as SR 229, which was also designated on the segment of roadway from Newborn to east of Covington. The Mansfield–Newborn segment of SR 213 was hard surfaced. By the end of 1948, SR 213 was extended east-southeast from Newborn to SR 83 in Pennington. From its western terminus to just west-southwest of Mansfield, and from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington, the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. From just west-southwest of Mansfield to east-southeast of Newborn, which included the SR 142 segment (with which SR 213 had a brief concurrency), it was hard surfaced. In 1953, the segment of SR 213 from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington was hard surfaced. From its western terminus to just west of Mansfield, it had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the western end of SR 213 was paved. At the end of the 1950s, all of the highway was paved. In 1982, SR 213 was decommissioned.
State Route 213 Spur
State Route 213 SpurLocationPenningtonExisted1963–1982
State Route 213 Spur (SR 213 Spur) was a spur route of SR 213 that existed entirely in Pennington, which is southwest of Madison, in Morgan County. Between 1960 and the end of 1963, SR 213 Spur was established in Pennington from SR 213 to SR 83. In 1982, it was decommissioned.
State Route 214
State Route 214LocationMacon CountyExisted1942–1982
State Route 214 (SR 214) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 26 east-southeast of Fountainville to another intersection with SR 26 in Oglethorpe. The next year, its entire length had a "completed hard surface". The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next 40 years. In 1982, SR 214 was decommissioned.
State Route 214 Bypass
State Route 214 BypassLocationOglethorpeExisted1965–1982
State Route 214 Bypass (SR 214 Byp.) was a bypass route of SR 214 just west of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, it was established from SR 26/SR 49 southwest of the city to SR 214/SR 214 Spur northwest of it. In 1982, SR 214 Byp. was decommissioned and redesignated as the southern part of SR 128 Byp.
State Route 214 Spur
State Route 214 SpurLocationOglethorpeExisted1965–1982
State Route 214 Spur (SR 214 Spur) was a spur route of SR 214 that existed mostly within the city limits of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, SR 214 Spur was established from SR 214/SR 214 Byp. northwest of Oglethorpe to SR 90/SR 128 in the city. In 1982, SR 214 Spur was decommissioned.
State Route 217
State Route 217LocationMacon CountyExisted1942–1969
State Route 217 (SR 217) was a state highway that existed entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 128 north of Oglethorpe to SR 127 south-southeast of Reynolds. Between 1963 and 1966, the entire length of the highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1969, SR 217 was decommissioned.
State Route 218
State Route 218LocationWalker and Catoosa countiesExisted1942–1985
State Route 218 (SR 218) was a short state highway that existed in Walker and Catoosa counties. It is currently known as Lakeview Drive. In 1942, it was established from US 27/SR 1 in Lakeview to SR 146 southeast of that city. Between November 1946 and February 1948, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1985, SR 218 was decommissioned.
State Route 221
This section is about the former state highway. For the current U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 221 in Georgia.
State Route 221LocationJasper CountyExisted1943–1983
State Route 221 (SR 221) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of Jasper County. In 1943, it was established from SR 16 west of Monticello to SR 11 in Prospect. A decade later, the entire highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the entire length was paved. The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next two decades. In 1983, it was decommissioned.
State Route 222
State Route 222LocationMeriwether CountyExisted1943–1986
State Route 222 (SR 222) was a short state highway that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Meriwether County. Today, it is known as Jesse Cole Road. In 1943, it was established from SR 85 east-northeast of Manchester to SR 173 north of that city. Its entire length had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1948, its entire length had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, SR 85 was redesignated as SR 85E. By the end of 1960, the entire length of SR 222 was paved. In 1986, this highway was decommissioned.
State Route 226
State Route 226LocationDawson and Hall countiesExisted1943–1980
State Route 226 (SR 226) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed parts of Dawson and Hall counties. In 1943, it was established from SR 53 to SR 9E at two different points northwest of Gainesville. By the end of 1946, its entire length was hard surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated to the Hall–Dawson county line. Between 1963 and 1966, it was further truncated to a point just west of the county line. In 1968, yet another truncation left the southern terminus at the northern shore of Lake Lanier. In 1980, SR 226 was decommissioned.
State Route 229
State Route 229LocationWalton, Newton, Jasper countiesExisted1943–1982
State Route 229 (SR 229) was a state highway in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, and Jasper counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 229 was an unnumbered road built between 1921 and the end of 1926 between SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a "sand clay or top soil" surface. In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60. In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn. At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction. At the end of 1941, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213. The next year, the SR 142 segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1943, SR 213 was designated on a southern alignment, which may have included a portion from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington. However, these segments were not indicated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. SR 229 was designated from SR 11 in Monticello to SR 142 north-northwest of Farrar. The southern part of this segment had a "completed hard surface"; its northern part had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as part of SR 229. It was also designated on a segment from Newborn to east of Covington; however, there was no indication if the three segments were connected by concurrencies with other highways or not. The northern portion of the segment from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1948, the SR 142 segment was hard surfaced. SR 229's segment from Newborn to east of Covington had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface. By the end of 1951, the northern segment of SR 229 was hard surfaced. The portion from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar was also hard surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the portion from Newborn to east of Covington was paved. In 1982, SR 229 was decommissioned.
State Route 235
State Route 235LocationFulton CountyLength2.2 mi (3.5 km)Existed1944–1963
Former SR 235 was a 2.2-mile-long (3.5 km) loop road from SR 9 in what is now the Buckhead neighborhood of Atlanta. Heading south, it pulled off of SR 9 (Roswell Road) onto Habersham Road NW, turning left onto Chatham Road NW, following it to Andrews Drive NW, turning right onto Andrews Drive NW and following it until rejoining SR 9 (Peachtree Road). The road first appeared in 1944, and was deleted between 1961 and 1963, when it was converted to a local road.
State Route 238
State Route 238LocationTroup CountyExisted1946–1975
State Route 238 (SR 238) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from the Alabama state line west-southwest of LaGrange to US 29/SR 14 southwest of Lees Crossing. By the end of 1948, the entire highway, except for the westernmost portion had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The next year, the western terminus also had that same type of surface. By the middle of 1950, all of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1975, SR 238 was decommissioned.
State Route 239
State Route 239LocationWalker and Chattooga countiesExisted1946–1976
State Route 239 (SR 239) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Walker County and the southwestern part of Chattooga County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from SR 48 in Cloudland to SR 157 southeast of Rising Fawn. Its entire length was hard surfaced. Almost exactly 30 years later, the southern portion of SR 157 was shifted southeastward, replacing all of SR 239.
State Route 243
State Route 243LocationGordon to MilledgevilleLength21.2 mi (34.1 km)Existed1946–2019
Main article: Georgia State Route 243
State Route 243 (SR 243) was a state highway that existed on a path from southwest of Gordon to Milledgeville. It traversed portions of northwestern Wilkinson and south-central Baldwin counties. The southernmost 13.4 miles (21.6 km) was part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbus and Augusta.
State Route 244
State Route 244LocationTroup CountyExisted1948–1975
State Route 244 (SR 244) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Troup County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established from the Alabama state line west-northwest of LaGrange to SR 109. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1975, it was decommissioned.
State Route 245
State Route 245LocationMineral Bluff–McCaysvilleExisted1948–1977
State Route 245 (SR 245) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1946 and 1948, SR 245 was designated from Mineral Bluff to McCaysville. Each terminus had a completed hard surface; the central part had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface. The next year, the entire length of SR 245 was hard surfaced. In 1977, SR 60's path from northwest of Morganton to the North Carolina state line was shifted westward, replacing all of SR 245. Its former path from Mineral Bluff to the state line was redesignated as SR 60 Spur.
State Route 248
State Route 248LocationWashington and Hancock countiesExisted1949–1982
State Route 248 (SR 248) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. It traversed the north-central portion of Washington County and the east-central portion of Hancock County. Between 1948 and the end of 1949, it was established from SR 102 north-northeast of Warthen to SR 16 in Jewell. The southern half of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, this portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The Hancock County portion was hard surfaced. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the entire highway was paved. In 1982, it was decommissioned.
State Route 249
State Route 249LocationMurrayville–DahlonegaExisted1949–1957
State Route 249 (SR 249) was a short-lived state highway. Between 1946 and 1948, an unnumbered road was built from Murrayville to Dahlonega; it had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The next year, the unnumbered road between Murrayville and Dahlonega was designated as SR 249. By the middle of 1950, all of SR 249 was hard surfaced. By 1957, SR 60 was extended south-southwest on US 19/SR 9 into Dahlonega, then south-southeast to Gainesville, replacing all of SR 249.
State Route 250
State Route 250LocationTattnall and Evans countiesExisted1949–1985
State Route 250 (SR 250) was a state highway that existed in Tattnall and Evans counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 250 was established between 1945 and the end of 1946 as an eastern segment of SR 64 from US 25/SR 73 south of Claxton to US 280/SR 30 east-southeast of Daisy. This segment was indicated to be "projected mileage". By the end of 1948, the southern terminus of this segment was completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the end of 1949, SR 250 was established on a slightly different alignment. It began at an intersection with US 25/US 301/SR 73 south of Claxton, at a point farther south than the eastern segment of SR 64 did. Its eastern terminus was at SR 129 south-southeast of Claxton, in the northwestern part of Camp Stewart. By the end of 1951, the portion of SR 64 on either side of the SR 250 intersection had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, the entire Tattnall County portion of SR 64 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The northern terminus of it was shifted westward to end in Daisy. By the middle of 1957, SR 250 was shifted northwest, replacing the entire length of the eastern segment of SR 64. By the end of 1963, the entire length of SR 250 was paved. In 1985, SR 250 was decommissioned.
State Route 258
State Route 258LocationTroup CountyExisted1949–1965
State Route 258 (SR 258) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from US 27/SR 1 west-northwest of Hogansville to US 29/SR 14 in that city. In 1953, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, it was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 54.
State Route 259
State Route 259LocationTarboro–AtkinsonExisted1949–1980
State Route 259 (SR 259) was a state highway in the southeastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Camden County and the southeastern part of Brantley County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 252 in Tarboro to US 84/SR 50 in Atkinson. The Camden portion of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. Between 1963 and the end of 1966, the entire length had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1968, the northern half of the Brantley County portion was hard surfaced. In 1978, the rest of the highway was hard surfaced. At the beginning of 1980, SR 259 was decommissioned.
State Route 261
State Route 261LocationLong CountyExisted1949–1981
State Route 261 (SR 261) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from the Altamaha River on the Wayne–Long county line to US 25/US 301/SR 23 south of Glennville. By August 1950, it was extended northeast to an intersection with SR 196 at a point south-southeast of Glennville. By the end of 1951, the southern terminus of the highway was shifted northwest to be just north-northwest of the Wayne–Long–Tattnall county tripoint. In 1952, the southern terminus of SR 261 was reverted to its former location. The northern half of the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated slightly to the northeast. Between 1963 and the end of 1965, the southern terminus was once again reverted to its former location. At this time, the entire highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1967, the northern half was hard surfaced. In 1981, SR 261 was decommissioned.
State Route 263
State Route 263LocationTaylor CountyExisted1949–1987
State Route 263 (SR 263) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Taylor County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 128 north of Reynolds to US 19/SR 3 south-southwest of Salem. In 1953, the southern half of the highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1955, the northern half had a "sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth" surface. By mid-1957, this segment was paved. In 1987, SR 263 was decommissioned.
State Route 265
State Route 265LocationTelfair CountyExisted1949–1976
State Route 265 (SR 265) was a very short state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. It was entirely within Telfair County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 117 east-northeast of Jacksonville to SR 149 northeast of that town. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1976, the portion of SR 149 south of the SR 265 intersection was shifted northeastward, replacing all of SR 265.
State Route 267
State Route 267LocationMarion and Talbot countiesExisted1950–1997
State Route 267 (SR 267) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from SR 41 south of Geneva to US 80/SR 22 west-southwest of it. The entire length of the highway had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. In 1953, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the west-southwest. Between July 1957 and June 1960, the entire length was paved. By the middle of 1963, the northern half of the highway was redesignated as part of SR 355. In 1997, SR 267 was decommissioned.
State Route 269
State Route 269LocationTaliaferro CountyExisted1950–1983
State Route 269 (SR 269) was a short state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. The highway was completely within Taliaferro County; however, the southern part traveled on the Warren–Taliaferro county line. Between April 1949 and August 1950, the highway was established from SR 12 southeast of Crawfordville to SR 47 in Sharon. Its entire length had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. By the end of 1951, the entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1983, SR 269 was decommissioned.
State Route 276
State Route 276LocationLong CountyExisted1950–1981
State Route 276 (SR 276) was a short state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from a point west-northwest of Ludowici to US 25/US 301/SR 23 northwest of the city. Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was shifted slightly westward. At this time, the entire length of the highway had a "topsoil or gravel" surface. In 1981, SR 276 was decommissioned.
State Route 277
State Route 277LocationLaurens CountyExisted1950–1960
State Route 277 (SR 277) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Laurens County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from the Dodge–Laurens–Bleckley county tripoint to US 80/SR 19/SR 26 in Dublin. The entire Dexter–Dublin segment was hard surfaced. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the southern terminus of the highway was truncated to just west of Dexter. By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to just south-southeast of its former location. By mid-1957, the southern terminus was shifted to its original location. By the middle of 1960, SR 277 was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 257.
State Route 287
State Route 287LocationTaylor CountyLength3 mi (4.8 km)Existed1950–1987
State Route 287 (SR 287) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Taylor County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, SR 287 was established from a point just south of the Macon–Taylor county line southeast of Reynolds to SR 96 east of that city. In 1952, the southern terminus was truncated to the county line. The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was truncated slightly. By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to the county line. Near the end of the decade, the southern terminus was truncated again to the point that it was in 1954. Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was reverted once again to the county line. In 1987, SR 287 was decommissioned.
State Route 289
State Route 289LocationAppling and Jeff Davis countiesLength9 mi (14 km)Existed1951–1980
State Route 289 (SR 289) was a state highway that existed in the southeastern part of the state. It traveled along the Appling–Jeff Davis county line. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established from US 23/SR 15 south-southwest of Graham to US 341/SR 27 in the city. In 1953, the central portion of the highway was shifted eastward to a more direct path between its termini. The portion of the highway north of the Big Satilla River had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Between 1960 and the middle of 1963, the portion south of the river was given the same treatment. In 1970, the portion north of the river was hard surfaced. Between 1978 and March 1980, SR 289 was decommissioned.
State Route 290
State Route 290LocationQuitman CountyLength2 mi (3.2 km)Existed1951–1981
State Route 290 (SR 290) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was entirely within Quitman County. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Hatcher to US 82/SR 50 west-southwest of Springvale. In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted westward. This put the highway on a nearly due north–south direction. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. In 1981, SR 290 was decommissioned.
State Route 291
State Route 291LocationQuitman CountyLength2 mi (3.2 km)Existed1951–1981
State Route 291 (SR 291) was a short state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was located completely within Quitman County. Between August 1950 and the end of 1951, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Morris to US 82/SR 50 nearly due wet of Springvale. In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted slightly. This put the highway on a nearly due southwest–northeast direction. The next year, the southern terminus was shifted slightly to the northwest. By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was extended slightly to the west. The entire length of the highway was hard surfaced. Between 1963 and 1966, the alignment of the highway was shifted to become a J-shaped highway. In 1981, SR 291 was decommissioned.
State Route 294
State Route 294LocationBartow CountyExisted1957–1965
State Route 294 (SR 294) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 294 was established in 1952 as SR 294N from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city. The next year, the entire length of SR 294N was hard surfaced. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was redesignated as SR 294. Between 1963 and 1966, it was again redesignated as SR 294N. This roadway would eventually become SR 20 Spur.
State Route 294N
State Route 294NLocationBartow CountyExisted1952–1957
State Route 294NLocationBartow CountyExisted1965–1994
State Route 294N (SR 294N) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. It was established in 1952 from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city. The next year, all of SR 294N was hard surfaced. Between June 1955 and July 1957, the highway was redesignated as SR 294. Between 1963 and 1966, SR 294 was again redesignated as SR 294N. In 1994, SR 294N was redesignated as SR 20 Spur.
State Route 294S
State Route 294SLocationEmersonExisted1952–1977
State Route 294S (SR 294S) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. Nearly the entire highway was within the city limits of Emerson. In 1952, it was established from US 41/SR 3 in Emerson to just west of Red Top Mountain State Park in the far northeastern part of the city. The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1955, US 41/SR 3 in the area was shifted eastward; the western terminus of SR 294S was then at SR 293. In 1977, SR 294S was decommissioned.
State Route 295
State Route 295LocationAtlantaExisted1954–1957
State Route 295 (SR 295) was a short-lived state highway in the city of Atlanta. Between September 1953 and June 1954, it was established on what was listed on maps as simply "Expressway" (a predecessor of I-75/I-85/Downtown Connector) from US 19/US 41/SR 3 at Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue. Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was decommissioned.
State Route 300 (1959–1982)
State Route 300LocationJasper and Putnam countiesLength20.3 mi (32.7 km)Existed1960–1982
State Route 300 (SR 300) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It followed a route between Monticello and US 129/US 441/SR 24, near the Rock Eagle State 4-H Club Center north of Eatonton. It was established in 1960. Later that year, a small portion at the eastern terminus was paved. By 1967, the section from its western terminus to the intersection with SR 142 was paved. In 1970, the entire length of the highway was paved. By 1983, the highway was decommissioned and given to local authority. SR 300 was reused as a renumbering of part of SR 257 and all of SR 333. Note that SR 333 would be reused on an unrelated route in 1993.
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
JasperMonticello0.00.0 SR 83 (Madison Street) – Forsyth, MadisonWestern terminus
PutnamOconee National Forest10.516.9 SR 142 (Shady Dale Road NW) – Willard, Shady Dale
20.332.7 US 129 / US 441 / SR 24 (Madison Road)Eastern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
State Route 304
State Route 304LocationColumbia CountyLength6 mi (9.7 km)Existed1957–1987
State Route 304 (SR 304) was a north–south state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Columbia County. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was established from US 221/SR 47 just north of Appling north-northeast to US 221/SR 104/SR 150 in Pollards Corner. It was completely concurrent with US 221. The entire length of US 221/SR 304 was paved. In 1987, SR 47 between Appling and Leah was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with US 221. This necessitated a decommissioning of SR 304.
State Route 312
State Route 312LocationBainbridge–WhighamLength15.4 mi (24.8 km)Existed1960–1980
State Route 312 (SR 312) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 27 Bus./US 84 Bus./SR 38 in Bainbridge to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham. The portion of SR 312 from Bainbridge to SR 262 north-northeast of Climax was paved. From that point to Whigham had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. By the middle of 1963, the eastern part of the highway was also paved. In 1980, SR 312 was decommissioned.
State Route 318
State Route 318LocationDawson CountyLength6.351 mi (10.221 km)Existed1960–1985
State Route 318 (SR 318) was a west–east state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traveled completely within Dawson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from the Dawson Demonstration Forest and Wildlife Management Area south-southwest of Dawsonville to SR 53 southeast of that city. The entire length of the highway was paved. By the middle of 1963, it was extended south-southeast on a concurrency with SR 53, then solely east and southeast to War Hill Park northeast of Chestatee. In 1971, the western terminus was truncated to SR 9 south of Dawsonville. In 1980, the eastern terminus was truncated to SR 53. In 1985, SR 318 was decommissioned.
State Route 319
This section is about the former state highway. For the current U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 319 in Georgia.
State Route 319LocationBarrow and Jackson countiesExisted1960–1990
State Route 319 (SR 319) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed the northeastern part of Barrow County and the south-central part of Jackson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from SR 211 north-northwest of Statham to US 129/SR 24 about halfway between Arcade and Jefferson. The entire highway was paved at this time. The highway was virtually unchanged for the next 30 years. In 1990, it was decommissioned.
State Route 321
State Route 321LocationBryan and Bulloch countiesExisted1960–1967
State Route 321 (SR 321) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Bryan County and the southeastern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 280/SR 30/SR 63 in Pembroke north-northeast to SR 119 west-northwest of Blitchton. The entire Bryan County portion was paved, while the entire Bulloch County portion had a "topsoil or gravel, unpaved" surface. By the middle of 1963, the Bulloch County portion was paved. SR 321 was designated on a separate segment from US 80/SR 26 south-southeast of Stilson, then northeast and north-northwest to SR 119 southwest of Guyton. From the southern terminus of this segment to the turn to the north-northwest had a topsoil or gravel, unpaved surface; while the rest of it was paved. There was no indication if the two segments were connected via concurrencies with SR 119 and US 80/SR 26 or if they were two separate segments. By the end of 1966, SR 119's segment at the northern terminus of the original segment was redesignated as part of SR 46. SR 321's southern segment was extended on a direct connection with the newer segment. The central portion of the newer segment was hard surfaced. In 1967, SR 119 was re-routed southward, replacing all of SR 321. The former path of SR 119 through Stilson was redesignated as SR 119 Conn.
State Route 322
State Route 322LocationEmanuel–Toombs countiesExisted1960–1966
State Route 322 (SR 322) was a state highway in the central part of the state. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, it was established from US 1/SR 4/SR 46 in Oak Park then south-southeast to SR 292 east of Lyons. In the middle of the 1960s, its entire length was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 86.
State Route 333 (1963–1982)
State Route 333LocationThomas, Mitchell, Dougherty, Lamar, Pike, Spalding, Henry, and Clayton countiesExisted1963–1982
State Route 333 (SR 333) was a north–south state highway that existed in two separate segments in the state. The highway traversed portions of Thomas, Mitchell, Dougherty, Lamar, Pike, Spalding, Henry, and Clayton counties.
Between June 1960 and June 1963, the highway was established on US 19 from the Florida state line to Camilla. This truncated SR 35, which was concurrent with US 19 from the Florida state line to Thomasville. The segment of US 19 between Thomasville and Meigs, with which SR 3 was concurrent was redesignated as US 19 Bus. SR 333 was established on a sole routing from Camilla to the eastern part of Albany, while US 19/SR 3 traveled on a slightly more western path. SR 333 was also established on US 19/US 41 from SR 16 in Griffin to an indeterminate location between Jonesboro and Hapeville. From Griffin to Lovejoy and in Jonesboro, SR 3 traveled on a more eastern path. Between Lovejoy and Jonesboro and from north-northwest of Jonesboro, US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 traveled concurrently. By 1966, US 19 between Camilla and Albany was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with SR 333. It was unclear if the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to Lovejoy or not. That year, SR 333 was indicated to be "projected mileage" from an unnumbered road in the southern part of Barnesville, then west-northwest and north-northwest through Aldora, then north-northeast past US 41/SR 7, then north-northwest through Milner, then northwest and north-northwest past US 19/SR 3 south of Griffin, then north-northwest through the western part of Griffin to connect with the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 intersection with SR 92 in the northern part of the city. The next year, US 341's path through the Barnesville–Aldora area was shifted southwestward to travel concurrently with SR 333 from just south of Barnesville to US 41/SR 7 Conn. just north of the city. SR 333 was indicated to be projected mileage and under construction from this intersection to the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 92/SR 333 intersection in Griffin. In 1968, the highway was indicated to be projected mileage from the US 19/US 82/SR 50S/SR 333 and US 19/SR 3W intersections in Albany. The under construction segment from just north of Barnesville to south of Griffin was completed. The next year, the portion of SR 333 from just north of Barnesville to Griffin was decommissioned.
In 1970, all of SR 333 north of Griffin was also decommissioned. In 1974, a freeway was built in Albany, with SR 333 designated on it. Three years later, US 19 through the main part of Albany was shifted northeast to travel concurrently with the SR 333 freeway. By March 1980, US 82 in Albany was also shifted onto the freeway. Later that year, the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to the US 19/US 19 Bus./US 82/US 82 Bus./SR 50/SR 50 Bus./SR 62/SR 333 interchange in Albany, with SR 50 shifted onto the freeway. In 1982, all of SR 333 that remained was redesignated as SR 300. SR 333 was reused in 1993 for part of the old alignment of SR 33, which was rerouted over part of SR 133. SR 133 took over part of the old alignment of SR 33 and took over a portion of SR 94.
State Route 333 Spur
State Route 333 SpurLocationAlbanyExisted1976–1980
State Route 333 Spur (SR 333 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 333 that was planned to be put inside the city limits of Albany. In 1976, it was indicated to be "projected mileage" from the SR 333 freeway just north of the Clark Avenue interchange and northeast to Turner Field Road. In 1980, it was deleted, never having been built.
State Route 336
State Route 336LocationStephens CountyExisted1960–1982
State Route 336 (SR 336) was a state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. On October 28, 1960, it was established from SR 328 east of Avalon to SR 17 in the southeastern part of Toccoa. The entire highway was paved. On November 29, 1982, the highway was decommissioned. It is locally known as Rock Creek Road, formerly Brookhaven Circle.
State Route 340
State Route 340LocationAustell–Fair OaksExisted1963–1983
State Route 340 (SR 340) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed the northeastern part of Douglas County and the south-central part of Cobb County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 340 was established in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 78/SR 8 in Austell to SR 3 in Fair Oaks. Between June 1960 and June 1963, this road was designated as SR 340. The entire length of the highway was paved. In 1983, SR 5 was re-routed on a more southerly track, replacing all of SR 340.
State Route 342
State Route 342LocationDawson CountyLength5.240 mi (8.433 km)Existed1963–1982
State Route 342 (SR 342) was a 5.240-mile-long (8.433 km) state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Dawson County. On March 28, 1961, it was established from SR 183 southeast of Juno to SR 52 southeast of Amicalola, on the southern edge of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The entire highway was paved. On January 18, 1982, it was decommissioned. It is today known as Keith Evans Road from SR 183 to SR 136 and Bailey/Waters Rd from SR 136 to SR 52.
State Route 343
State Route 343LocationTallulah Falls–WileyExisted1963–1965
State Route 343 (SR 343) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Rabun County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established on a concurrency with US 23, US 441, and possibly SR 15 from Tallulah Falls and Wiley. The entire path of this concurrency was paved. By the end of 1965, it was decommissioned, with US 23/US 441/SR 15 all traveling on SR 343's former path. The only part today that is not part of US 23/441 is Wylie Connector, which was used as the temporary transition from the new route to the original routing.
State Route 344
State Route 344LocationRome–CartersvilleExisted1963–1977
State Route 344 (SR 344) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed portions of Floyd and Bartow counties.
The highway that would eventually become SR 344 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 4 from Rome to Cartersville. By the end of 1926, a portion of the highway from just east of Rome to a point northwest of Cartersville was under construction. In the northwestern part of Cartersville and farther to the west, a portion of the highway had a "completed semi hard surface". Within three years, the segment of SR 4 was redesignated as part of SR 20, with US 41W designated on it. The portion of the highway just east of Rome had a "completed hard surface". The highway was under construction northwest of Cartersville.
By the middle of 1930, the entire Rome–Cartersville segment had a completed hard surface. Before the end of 1934, US 41W between Rome and Cartersville was redesignated as part of US 411. In 1953, a small portion of SR 20 in the northern part of Cartersville was hard surfaced. A few years later, all portions of SR 20 that had been built were paved. Between 1960 and 1963, US 411 between Rome and Cartersville was shifted on a more southerly routing, concurrent with SR 344, which was commissioned at this time; SR 20 remained on the old alignment. In 1977, SR 344 was decommissioned, and SR 20 was shifted onto US 411 between Rome and Cartersville. SR 20's old alignment was redesignated as part of SR 293.
State Route 345
State Route 345LocationCatoosa and Floyd CountiesExistedSeptember 1962–December 1962
State Route 345 (SR 345) was a state highway that was assigned to what is now SR 100 from SR 20 west of Coosa to SR 114 in Summerville in Catoosa and Floyd counties. It existed from September 1962 to December 12, 1962.
State Route 346
State Route 346LocationJackson CountyLength5.36 mi (8.63 km)Existed1963–2004
State Route 346 (SR 346) was a short east–west state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Jackson County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 11 in Talmo to SR 82 Spur northeast of the city. the entire highway was paved. In 1966, SR 82 Spur and SR 82 swapped paths in the area. In 2004, SR 346 was decommissioned.
State Route 349
State Route 349LocationFlintstone–RossvilleExisted1963–1986
State Route 349 (SR 349) was an east–west state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled entirely within the northern part of Walker County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from SR 193 in Flintstone to US 27/SR 1 in Rossville. In 1986, it was decommissioned.
State Route 350
State Route 350LocationAthensExisted1963–1966
State Route 350 (SR 350) was a state highway that existed in the Athens – Clarke County metropolitan area. It was entirely in Clarke County and the city limits of Athens. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 15 in the northwestern part of the city to US 29/SR 8 in the northeastern part. The entire divided highway was paved. By the end of 1965, US 29 was designated on SR 350 from the US 129/SR 15 interchange, which also has US 29 Temp. and US 441 Temp., to the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 441 Temp. was designated on it from the US 129/SR 15 interchange to the US 441/SR 15 Alt. interchange. A western extension of SR 350, ending at US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10, was under construction. Also, SR 350 was under construction east-southeast just slightly from the US 29/SR 8 interchange. In 1966, SR 350 was decommissioned. US 29 was designated on the freeway from the western terminus to where it, as well as SR 8, depart the freeway. This interchange also had SR 8 Bus. and SR 106. SR 8 was designated on the entire length of the freeway. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 8 Bus., still concurrent with US 78/SR 10.
State Route 351
State Route 351LocationClayton and Henry countiesLength13 mi (21 km)Existed1963–1985
State Route 351 (SR 351) was a 13-mile-long (21 km) state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Clayton and Henry counties. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the roadway that would eventually become SR 351 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 138 in Jonesboro to US 23/SR 42 east-northeast of Flippen. Between June 1960 and June 1963 SR 351 was designated on this road. In 1985, it was decommissioned.
State Route 353
State Route 353LocationCoffee, Irwin, and Ben Hill countiesExisted1965–1988
State Route 353 (SR 353) was a north–south state highway that was located in the south-central part of the state. It traversed the northwest portion of Coffee County, the extreme northeastern part of Irwin County, and the southeastern part of Ben Hill County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the roadway that would eventually become SR 353 was established as an unnumbered road built from SR 158 west of Douglas, then north and northwest to SR 268 west-southwest of Broxton. By the end of 1965, SR 353 was designated on this road and extended northwest to the Coffee–Irwin county line. In 1966, SR 353 was proposed to be extended northwest to SR 206 north-northeast of Wray in the southeastern part of Ben Hill County. In 1973, the highway was extended on this planned path. In 1980, it was extended south-southeast around the southwestern part of Douglas to SR 135. In 1988, SR 206 was shifted southeast, replacing all of SR 353. The old route of SR 206 later became SR 706.
State Route 357
State Route 357LocationColumbusLength15.5 mi (24.9 km)Existed1965–1983
State Route 357 (SR 357) was a 15.5-mile-long (24.9 km) north–south state highway that was located in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Muscogee County and the city limits of Columbus. In April 1932, the roadway that would eventually become SR 357 was built as an unnumbered road from the main part of Columbus east to the western edge of Fort Benning. Later that year, SR 103 was designated on this road, with a "completed hard surface". In 1952, an unnumbered road was built from SR 103 in the eastern part of Columbus north-northwest to US 27 Alt./SR 85. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 103's southern terminus was truncated to Buena Vista Road and Brennan Road in the main part of Columbus. Its former path on Buena Vista Road was redesignated as SR 357. The unnumbered road built a decade before was also numbered as part of SR 357. In 1969, SR 357 was extended south-southwest to SR 85 south of Columbus (now within Fort Benning). This extension replaced SR 1 Spur. In 1983, SR 357 was decommissioned.
State Route 359
State Route 359LocationChatham CountyExisted1965–1968
State Route 359 (SR 359) was a short lived state highway that existed completely within Chatham County, mostly within the city limits of Savannah. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from just north of Hunter Air Force Base south of the city to US 17/US 80/SR 25/SR 26S in downtown, traveling on Abercorn Street and 37th Street. In 1968, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 204.
State Route 361
State Route 361LocationBibb CountyLength21 mi (34 km)Existed1967–1982
State Route 361 (SR 361) was a north–south state highway that was located in the central part of the state. It was completely within Bibb County, mostly in the city limits of Macon. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, the roadway that would eventually become SR 361 was built as Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road south of Macon. In 1967, SR 361 was established from US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon, west on Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road, then north-northeast on Fulton Mill Road, Heath Road, Tucker Road, and Foster Road, and then northeast on Bass Road to SR 87 east-southeast of Bolingbroke. In 1972, US 23 was shifted onto SR 87. In 1976, US 129 onto US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon. In 1982, SR 361 was decommissioned.
State Route 363
State Route 363LocationSaffold–BlakelyLength19 mi (31 km)Existed1967–1985
State Route 363 (SR 363) was a north–south state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. It was completely within Early County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 363 was built in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 84/SR 38 in Saffold to SR 39 in the southern part of Blakely. The next year, the northern terminus of this road was shifted to SR 62 in the western part of Blakely. In 1966, the northern terminus was shifted back to its original location. In 1967, SR 363 was designated on this road. In 1985, all of SR 363 except for the southern piece was decommissioned. This southern portion was redesignated as part of SR 370.
State Route 363 Spur
State Route 363 SpurLocationEarly CountyExisted1967–1985
State Route 363 Spur (SR 363 Spur) was a spur route of SR 363 that existed entirely in the southwestern part of Early County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, an unnumbered road was built west-southwest from Cedar Springs. In 1967, SR 363 Spur was designated on this road. In 1985, when SR 363 and SR 363 Spur were decommissioned, SR 273 was extended west-southwest of Cedar Springs. This replaced the eastern part of SR 363 Spur. What was the western part was redesignated as SR 273 Spur.
State Route 364
State Route 364LocationThomas and Brooks countiesExisted1966–1982
State Route 364 (SR 364) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southern part of the state. It traversed portions of Thomas and Brooks counties. In 1966, it was established from US 84/SR 38 west of Boston to US 84/SR 38 west of Quitman. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1982, it was decommissioned.
State Route 366
State Route 366LocationHart CountyLength10 mi (16 km)Existed1967–1990
State Route 366 (SR 366) was a north–south state highway that was located in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Hart County. In 1967, it was established from an intersection with SR 51 and SR 77 west of Hartwell, then northwest on a concurrency with SR 77 and solely north-northwest to Interstate 85 (I-85) northeast of Lavonia and just south of Tugaloo State Park. The entire highway was hard surfaced. In 1990, SR 77's path in the Lavonia area was shifted northeast, replacing all of SR 366. Its former path was redesignated as SR 77 Conn.
State Route 367
State Route 367LocationWhitemarsh Island–Wilmington IslandExisted1969–1985
State Route 367 (SR 367) was an east–west state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Chatham County in the Savannah metropolitan area. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 26 Loop was established from US 80/SR 26 in Whitemarsh Island, then southeast over Turner Creek, then northeast and north-northeast to US 80/SR 26 in Wilmington Island. Its entire length was hard surfaced. In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 367. In 1985, it was decommissioned.
State Route 371
State Route 371LocationForsyth CountyLength6 mi (9.7 km)Existed1971–2020
State Route 371 (SR 371), locally known as Post Road, was a north–south state highway that was located in Forsyth County. On June 8, 1971, it was established along part of what had been SR 141 a little after a year after SR 369 replaced what had been a disconnected part of SR 141. After US 19 was moved to SR 400 in 1981, it became mostly a local farm-to-market road, and its continued existence as a state route was a relic. After widening and reconstruction of nearby Bethelview Road was completed in 2019, SR 141 was extended in early 2020 along Bethelview Road to SR 20. As a nearly mile-for-mile swap, SR 371 subsequently was transferred to local control in 2020.
State Route 373
State Route 373LocationGordon CountyExisted1972–1977
State Route 373 (SR 373) was an east–west state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state. It was completely within Gordon County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadways that would eventually become SR 373 were built as unnumbered roads. One extended from Calhoun to Cash. The other extended from Cash to SR 53 in Sonoraville. In 1972, SR 373 was designated on both of these roads, starting at SR 156 in Calhoun. In 1977, it was decommissioned.
State Route 375
State Route 375LocationQuitman and Stewart countiesExisted1972–1972
State Route 375 (SR 375) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It traversed portions of Quitman and Stewart counties. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 was built as an unnumbered road from Florence north-northeast to Omaha, and then eastward to US 27/SR 1 south-southeast of Louvale. In 1968, this road was extended south-southwest to SR 27 in Georgetown. In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375. Later that year, it was redesignated as a northern extension of SR 39.
State Route 375 Connector
State Route 375 ConnectorLocationFlorence–LumpkinExisted1972–1972
State Route 375 Connector (SR 375 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 375 that existed entirely in Stewart County in the west-central part of the state. In 1970, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 Conn. was built as an unnumbered road from Florence to US 27/SR 1 in Lumpkin. In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375 Conn. Later that year, it was redesignated as SR 39 Conn.
State Route 379
State Route 379LocationPickens CountyExisted1977–1981
State Route 379 (SR 379) was a short-lived east–west state highway that was located in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Pickens County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 379 was established in 1941 as an eastern segment of SR 143 from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate. By the end of 1946, the eastern half of this segment had a "sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth" surface. The western half of it was indicated to be "projected mileage".
By the end of 1960, nearly the entire part of this highway west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned. By the end of 1963, this decommissioned part was re-instated. In 1970, a portion of it southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced. In 1973, this portion was indicated to be "under construction or projected mileage". In 1977, all of SR 143 from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn. In 1981, SR 379 was decommissioned.
State Route 381
State Route 381LocationDallas–Cross RoadsExisted1979–1990
State Route 381 (SR 381) was a north–south state highway located in Paulding County in the northwestern part of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 381 was built in 1939, when SR 92 was extended from Hiram to Acworth. By the end of 1948, the entire length of SR 92 that would become SR 381 was hard surfaced. In 1966, the Dallas–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted to the southeast. Its old alignment became SR 92 Spur. In 1972, the Hiram–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted east. Its old alignment between New Hope and Cross Roads became a northeast extension of SR 92 Spur. In 1979, SR 92 Spur was redesignated as SR 381. In 1990, SR 381 was decommissioned.
State Route 387
State Route 387LocationEast Point–College ParkLength2.9 mi (4.7 km)Existed1990–1991
State Route 387 (SR 387) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Fulton and Clayton counties. In 1990, it was established on Camp Creek Parkway from Interstate 285 (I-285) in East Point to I-85 in College Park. The next year, it was decommissioned.
Junctions
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
FultonEast Point0.00.0 I-285Western terminus; I-285 exit 3
Clayton
No major junctions
FultonCollege Park2.84.5 US 29 / SR 14 / SR 139 (Main Street)
Fulton–Claytoncounty line2.94.7 I-85 – ColumbusEastern terminus; I-85 exit 18A
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
State Route 407 Loop
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State Route 407 LoopLocationSandy SpringsExisted1990–1994
State Route 407 Loop (SR 407 Loop) was a loop route of SR 407, an unsigned designation along Interstate 285 (I-285; similar to SR 404 Spur in Savannah). It traveled off I-285 (now Glenridge Drive), and then turned left onto Dunwoody–Peachtree Road by Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta to I-285 (SR 407) once again. The route was officially removed in 1994.
Routes 400-422
These are not considered former, but decommissioned because they are either interstate or major freeway.
Number
Length (mi)
Length (km)
Southern or western terminus
Northern or eastern terminus
Formed
Removed
Notes
SR 400
53.7
86.4
I-85 / SR 403 in Atlanta
US 19 / SR 60 / SR 115 south-southeast of Dahlonega
01971-01-011971
current
An unbuilt portion south of I-85 to what is now Freedom Parkway was originally planned to be part of I-485
SR 401
355.11
571.49
I-75 / SR 93 at the Florida state line south-southeast of Lake Park
I-75 at the Tennessee state line at East Ridge
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-75
SR 402
202.61
326.07
I-20 at the Alabama state line southwest of Tallapoosa
I-20 at the South Carolina state line at Augusta
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-20
SR 403
179.9
289.5
I-85 at the Alabama state line at Lanett
I-85 at the South Carolina state line east-southeast of Gumlog
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-85
SR 404
166.81
268.45
I-16 / I-75 / SR 401 in Macon
I-16 and Montgomery Street in Savannah
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-16
SR 405
112.03
180.29
I-95 / SR 9 at the Florida state line south of Kingsland
I-95 at the South Carolina state line north-northeast of Port Wentworth
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-95
SR 406
19.5
31.4
I-59 at the Alabama state line south-southwest of Rising Fawn
I-24 / I-59 / SR 409 west-northwest of Wildwood
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-59
SR 407
63.98
102.97
Beltway around Atlanta
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-285
SR 408
15.83
25.48
I-75 / I-475 / SR 401 south-southwest of Macon
I-75 / I-475 / SR 401 northwest of Bolingbroke
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-475
SR 409
4.13
6.65
I-24 at the Tennessee state line west-northwest of Wildwood
I-24 at the Tennessee state line at Chattanooga
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-24
SR 410
6.8
10.9
US 29 / US 78 / SR 8 / Stone Mountain Freeway on the Scottdale–North Decatur line
US 78 / SR 10 / Stone Mountain Freeway north of Stone Mountain
—
—
State highway designation for the Stone Mountain Freeway; entirely concurrent with US 78
SR 411
49.30
79.34
I-185 and Lindsey Creek Parkway in Fort Benning in Columbus
I-85 / I-185 / SR 403 east of LaGrange
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-185
SR 412
—
—
Albany
I-75 / I-175 / SR 401 near Cordele
—
—
Unsigned designation for what would have become I-175, had it actually been built
SR 413
11.04
17.77
I-75 / I-675 / SR 401 in Stockbridge
I-285 / I-675 / SR 407 south-southeast of Atlanta
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-675
SR 414
5.40
8.69
I-285 / I-420 / SR 407 in Atlanta
I-420 / I-675 / SR 413 in Atlanta
—
—
Unsigned designation for what would have become I-420, had it actually been built
SR 415
15.62
25.14
I-20 / I-520 / SR 232 / SR 402 in Augusta
I-520 at the South Carolina state line on the Augusta–North Augusta line
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-520
SR 416
—
—
—
—
—
—
SR 417
30.97
49.84
I-75 / I-575 / SR 5 / SR 401 southeast of Kennesaw
I-575 / SR 5 / SR 5 Bus. / SR 372 / SR 515 west of Nelson
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-575
SR 419
25.01
40.25
I-85 / I-985 / SR 365 / SR 403 in Suwanee
I-985 / US 23 / SR 365 in Gainesville
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-985; completely concurrent with SR 365
SR 421
6.49
10.44
I-516 / SR 21 in Garden City
I-516 / SR 21 in Savannah
—
—
Unsigned designation for I-516; completely concurrent with SR 21
SR 422
19.1
30.7
Beltway around Athens
—
—
Unsigned designation for SR 10 Loop
Former Proposed and unbuilt
References
^ a b Google (June 19, 2013). "Overview map of SR 204 Spur" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (1946). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to November 7, 1946.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag State Highway Department of Georgia (1948). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to February 28, 1948.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Georgia Department of Transportation (1986). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1986–1987 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m State Highway Department of Georgia (1954). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1954.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (1955). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1955.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as State Highway Department of Georgia (1957). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to July 1, 1957.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1970). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1971). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1942). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1943). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Georgia Department of Transportation (1983). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1983–1984 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1944). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1945). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq State Highway Department of Georgia (1963). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1963.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Georgia Department of Transportation (1982). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (1921). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1926). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c State Highway Department of Georgia (June 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1953). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to January 1, 1953.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y State Highway Department of Georgia (1953). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to September 1, 1953.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf State Highway Department of Georgia (1960). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map) (1960–1961 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to June 1, 1960.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1969). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Georgia Department of Transportation (1987). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1987–1988 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Georgia Department of Transportation (1980). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Georgia Department of Transportation (1981). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1981–1982 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1968). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w State Highway Department of Georgia (1950). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to August 1, 1950.)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v State Highway Department of Georgia (1952). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017. (Corrected to January 1, 1952.)
^ "Fulton County Maps 1900s".
^ a b c d e Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1975). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1975–1976 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1976). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae State Highway Department of Georgia (1949). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017. (Corrected to April 1, 1949.)
^ Google (February 10, 2019). "Overview map of SR 243" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
^ Georgia Department of Transportation (2019). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2019–2020 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1978). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h Georgia Department of Transportation (1988). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1988–1989 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1997). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1997–1998 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1998). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1998–1999 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ a b c d e Georgia Department of Transportation (1994). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1994–1995 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (1995). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1995–1996 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
^ a b Google (August 10, 2013). "Overview map of SR 300" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ a b "County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)". Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1972). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Georgia Department of Transportation (1990). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1990–1991 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Georgia Department of Transportation (1991). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1991–1992 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
^ a b c Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1974). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1974–1975 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (1920). System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1929). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ "Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing".
^ "Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing".
^ "State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System" (PDF). December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2004). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2004–2005 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (2005). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
^ "State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System" (PDF). Georgia Department of Transportation. December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1989). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1989–1990 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1973). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia.
^ a b State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (August 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Google (October 21, 2013). "Route of SR 371" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ https://www.forsythnews.com/news/government/boc-post-road-become-county-road/" Archived December 19, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ "BOC: Post Road to become county road".
^ a b c d "Georgia State Route 375". Peach State Roads. 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
^ State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
^ a b Google (October 21, 2013). "Overview map of SR 387" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
^ a b Georgia Department of Transportation (1992). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1992–1993 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.
External links
Media related to State highways in Georgia (U.S. state) at Wikimedia Commons
Georgia Department of Transportation
Georgia Roads - The Unofficial Georgia State Highways Web Site
Georgia State Highway Ends
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"}],"text":"This is a list of former state routes in the U.S. state of Georgia. This list represents routes that traveled through the state but are no longer in operation, have been decommissioned, or have been renumbered.","title":"List of former state routes in Georgia (200–699)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"SR 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_204"},{"link_name":"Skidaway Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidaway_Island,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Spur-1"},{"link_name":"Georgia Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Jimmy DeLoach Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_DeLoach_Parkway"},{"link_name":"SR 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_21"}],"text":"State Route 204 Spur (SR 204 Spur) was a spur route of SR 204 that connected the mainline to Skidaway Island. Segments of SR 204 Spur are named Montgomery Cross Road, Waters Avenue, Whitfield Avenue, Diamond Causeway, and Tidewater Way.[1] SR 204 Spur was turned over to local control in February 2020 as part of the deal with the Georgia Department of Transportation that extended SR 17 onto the Jimmy DeLoach Parkway and truncated the eastern terminus of SR 204 to SR 21.","title":"State Route 204 Spur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Bells Ferry Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_ferries_of_the_Atlanta_area#Bell's_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92"},{"link_name":"Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 205 (SR 205) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was assigned to Bells Ferry Road in Cherokee County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established between SR 92 at a point southwest of Canton and SR 5 in the city.[2][3] By the middle of 1955, all of the highway except for the southern terminus was hard surfaced. The portion at the southern terminus had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[6][7] About two years later, this southern part was paved.[7][8] In 1970, SR 92's segment between Acworth and Woodstock was shifted southward, and SR 205 was extended southward on SR 92's old alignment to SR 92's new path.[9][10] In 1985, it was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 205"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Oconee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Watkinsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watkinsville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"State Route 207 (SR 207) was a 2.1-mile-long (3.4 km) state highway that existed in the central part of the state, completely within Oconee County. It is now known as Hog Mountain Road. In 1942, SR 207 was established from SR 53 west-northwest of Watkinsville to US 129/SR 15/SR 24 north-northeast of the city. Its entire length was indicated to be \"on system–not marked or maintained\".[11][12] The next year, the entire highway had a \"completed hard surface\".[12][14] In 1983, it was decommissioned.[13][4]","title":"State Route 207"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Athens area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_%E2%80%93_Clarke_County_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Oconee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oconee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogart,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"quadripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadripoint"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"State Route 209 (SR 209) was a state highway in the Athens area. It existed entirely within Oconee County. In 1942, it was established from US 78/SR 10 southwest of Bogart, north-northwest to US 29/SR 8 in Bogart, and then northeast to the Oconee–Clarke county line. This northern terminus was just south-southeast of the Oconee–Clarke–Barrow–Jackson county quadripoint. The entire length of the highway was indicated to be \"on system–not marked or maintained\".[11][12] The next year, the southern half of the highway had a \"completed hard surface\".[12][14] By the end of 1946, the southern terminus was shifted to another intersection with US 78/SR 10, but at a point south-southeast of Bogart. The entire length of this new part was hard surfaced. The northern terminus was truncated to the US 29/SR 8 intersection in Bogart.[15][2] In 1983, SR 209 was decommissioned.[13][4]","title":"State Route 209"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Lookout Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_157"},{"link_name":"SR 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_193"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Chattanooga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"Lookout Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mountain,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_189"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"}],"text":"State Route 210 (SR 210) was a very short state highway that was located in Lookout Mountain. At the end of 1941, it was established from SR 157 and SR 193 just west of the city limits of Lookout Mountain and then east and northeast to the Tennessee state line, at the Chattanooga city limits.[16][11] The next year, the entire length of the highway had a \"completed hard surface\".[11][12] Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was shifted to a different alignment. It traveled from SR 157 northwest to the Tennessee state line, at the Lookout Mountain city limits. This new alignment was paved.[7][8] Between 1963 and 1966, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the east. The highway then traveled on a south-southwest to north-northeast direction.[19][20] In 1977, SR 210 was redesignated as part of SR 189.[17][18]","title":"State Route 210"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Social Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Circle,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-23"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_(1930%E2%80%931940)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-25"},{"link_name":"SR 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_142"},{"link_name":"Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Newborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newborn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-27"},{"link_name":"SR 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_181_(1940%E2%80%931941)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-29"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"SR 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_36"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"SR 229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_229"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"SR 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_83"},{"link_name":"Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennington,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 213 (SR 213) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, Jasper, and Morgan counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 213 was built between 1921 and the end of 1926 as an unnumbered road from SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[22][23] In 1930, it was designated as SR 60.[24][25] In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn.[26][27] At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction.[28][29] At the end of the next year, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213.[16][11] In 1942, SR 142's segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[11][12] The next year, SR 213 was designated on a southern segment. It extended from SR 36 south-southwest of Covington, then southeast and east to SR 11 in Mansfield. It may have also been designated from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington; however, these segments were not specifically designated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface.[12][14] By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as SR 229, which was also designated on the segment of roadway from Newborn to east of Covington. The Mansfield–Newborn segment of SR 213 was hard surfaced.[15][2] By the end of 1948, SR 213 was extended east-southeast from Newborn to SR 83 in Pennington. From its western terminus to just west-southwest of Mansfield, and from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington, the highway had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface. From just west-southwest of Mansfield to east-southeast of Newborn, which included the SR 142 segment (with which SR 213 had a brief concurrency), it was hard surfaced.[2][3] In 1953, the segment of SR 213 from east-southeast of Newborn to Pennington was hard surfaced. From its western terminus to just west of Mansfield, it had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the western end of SR 213 was paved.[7][8] At the end of the 1950s, all of the highway was paved.[8][32] In 1982, SR 213 was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 213"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"SR 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"Pennington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennington,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Morgan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_83"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"sub_title":"State Route 213 Spur","text":"State Route 213 Spur (SR 213 Spur) was a spur route of SR 213 that existed entirely in Pennington, which is southwest of Madison, in Morgan County. Between 1960 and the end of 1963, SR 213 Spur was established in Pennington from SR 213 to SR 83.[32][19] In 1982, it was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 213"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Fountainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountainville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 214 (SR 214) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 26 east-southeast of Fountainville to another intersection with SR 26 in Oglethorpe.[11][12] The next year, its entire length had a \"completed hard surface\".[12][14] The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next 40 years. In 1982, SR 214 was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 214"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bypass route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_214"},{"link_name":"Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"SR 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_49"},{"link_name":"SR 214 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_214_Spur_(Oglethorpe)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 128 Byp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_128_Bypass_(Oglethorpe)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"sub_title":"State Route 214 Bypass","text":"State Route 214 Bypass (SR 214 Byp.) was a bypass route of SR 214 just west of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, it was established from SR 26/SR 49 southwest of the city to SR 214/SR 214 Spur northwest of it.[19][20] In 1982, SR 214 Byp. was decommissioned and redesignated as the southern part of SR 128 Byp.[21][13]","title":"State Route 214"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"SR 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_214"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 214 Byp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_214_Bypass_(Oglethorpe)"},{"link_name":"SR 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_90"},{"link_name":"SR 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_128"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"sub_title":"State Route 214 Spur","text":"State Route 214 Spur (SR 214 Spur) was a spur route of SR 214 that existed mostly within the city limits of Oglethorpe. Between 1963 and 1966, SR 214 Spur was established from SR 214/SR 214 Byp. northwest of Oglethorpe to SR 90/SR 128 in the city.[19][20] In 1982, SR 214 Spur was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 214"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_128"},{"link_name":"Oglethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglethorpe,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_127"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"}],"text":"State Route 217 (SR 217) was a state highway that existed entirely within Macon County. In 1942, it was established from SR 128 north of Oglethorpe to SR 127 south-southeast of Reynolds.[11][12] Between 1963 and 1966, the entire length of the highway had a \"topsoil or gravel\" surface.[19][20] In 1969, SR 217 was decommissioned.[33][9]","title":"State Route 217"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Catoosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoosa_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Lakeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_146"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 218 (SR 218) was a short state highway that existed in Walker and Catoosa counties. It is currently known as Lakeview Drive. In 1942, it was established from US 27/SR 1 in Lakeview to SR 146 southeast of that city.[11][12] Between November 1946 and February 1948, the entire highway was hard surfaced.[2][3] In 1985, SR 218 was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 218"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 221 in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Jasper County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Prospect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"This section is about the former state highway. For the current U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 221 in Georgia.State Route 221 (SR 221) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of Jasper County. In 1943, it was established from SR 16 west of Monticello to SR 11 in Prospect.[12][14] A decade later, the entire highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the entire length was paved.[8][32] The highway remained virtually unchanged for the next two decades. In 1983, it was decommissioned.[13][4]","title":"State Route 221"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Meriwether County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriwether_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_173"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"SR 85E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85E"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-34"}],"text":"State Route 222 (SR 222) was a short state highway that existed entirely within the southeastern part of Meriwether County. Today, it is known as Jesse Cole Road. In 1943, it was established from SR 85 east-northeast of Manchester to SR 173 north of that city. Its entire length had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[12][14] By the end of 1948, its entire length had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[2][3] Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, SR 85 was redesignated as SR 85E.[7][8] By the end of 1960, the entire length of SR 222 was paved.[8][32] In 1986, this highway was decommissioned.[5][34]","title":"State Route 222"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"SR 9E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9E"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"Lake Lanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Lanier"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"}],"text":"State Route 226 (SR 226) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed parts of Dawson and Hall counties. In 1943, it was established from SR 53 to SR 9E at two different points northwest of Gainesville.[12][14] By the end of 1946, its entire length was hard surfaced.[15][2] Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated to the Hall–Dawson county line.[8][32] Between 1963 and 1966, it was further truncated to a point just west of the county line.[19][20] In 1968, yet another truncation left the southern terminus at the northern shore of Lake Lanier.[37][33] In 1980, SR 226 was decommissioned.[35][36]","title":"State Route 226"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Social Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Circle,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-23"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_(1930%E2%80%931940)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-11-25"},{"link_name":"SR 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_142"},{"link_name":"Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Newborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newborn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-07-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1937-10-27"},{"link_name":"SR 181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_181_(1940%E2%80%931941)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1940-10-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-01-29"},{"link_name":"SR 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_213"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1942-01-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 229 (SR 229) was a state highway in the central part of the state. It traversed parts of Walton, Newton, and Jasper counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 229 was an unnumbered road built between 1921 and the end of 1926 between SR 11 in Social Circle to SR 12 southeast of the city. Its entire length had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface.[22][23] In 1930, this road was designated as SR 60.[24][25] In 1937, part of SR 142 was established on a path from Farrar to Newborn.[26][27] At the end of 1940, SR 60 was redesignated as SR 181. The segment of SR 142 was under construction.[28][29] At the end of 1941, SR 181 was redesignated as SR 213.[16][11] The next year, the SR 142 segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[11][12] In 1943, SR 213 was designated on a southern alignment, which may have included a portion from Mansfield east-northeast to SR 142 in Newborn and then north-northwest to SR 12 east of Covington. However, these segments were not indicated on maps. The SR 142 segment had a sand clay or top soil surface. SR 229 was designated from SR 11 in Monticello to SR 142 north-northwest of Farrar. The southern part of this segment had a \"completed hard surface\"; its northern part had a sand clay or top soil surface.[12][14] By the end of 1946, the northern segment of SR 213 was redesignated as part of SR 229. It was also designated on a segment from Newborn to east of Covington; however, there was no indication if the three segments were connected by concurrencies with other highways or not. The northern portion of the segment from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[15][2] By the end of 1948, the SR 142 segment was hard surfaced. SR 229's segment from Newborn to east of Covington had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface.[2][3] By the end of 1951, the northern segment of SR 229 was hard surfaced.[38][39] The portion from Monticello to north-northwest of Farrar was also hard surfaced.[30][31] Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the portion from Newborn to east of Covington was paved.[8][32] In 1982, SR 229 was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 229"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"loop road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_road"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Buckhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhead"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Roswell Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_Road"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1943-01-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1944-01-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Former SR 235 was a 2.2-mile-long (3.5 km)[citation needed] loop road from SR 9 in what is now the Buckhead neighborhood of Atlanta. Heading south, it pulled off of SR 9 (Roswell Road) onto Habersham Road NW, turning left onto Chatham Road NW, following it to Andrews Drive NW, turning right onto Andrews Drive NW and following it until rejoining SR 9 (Peachtree Road). The road first appeared in 1944,[12][14] and was deleted between 1961 and 1963, when it was converted to a local road.[32][19][40]","title":"State Route 235"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Troup County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"Lees Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lees_Crossing,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"}],"text":"State Route 238 (SR 238) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from the Alabama state line west-southwest of LaGrange to US 29/SR 14 southwest of Lees Crossing.[15][2] By the end of 1948, the entire highway, except for the westernmost portion had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[2][3] The next year, the western terminus also had that same type of surface.[3][43] By the middle of 1950, all of the highway was hard surfaced.[43][38] In 1975, SR 238 was decommissioned.[41][42]","title":"State Route 238"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chattooga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattooga_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_48"},{"link_name":"Cloudland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudland,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_157"},{"link_name":"Rising Fawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Fawn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"}],"text":"State Route 239 (SR 239) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Walker County and the southwestern part of Chattooga County. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from SR 48 in Cloudland to SR 157 southeast of Rising Fawn. Its entire length was hard surfaced.[15][2] Almost exactly 30 years later, the southern portion of SR 157 was shifted southeastward, replacing all of SR 239.[42][17]","title":"State Route 239"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Milledgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fall Line Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Line_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"}],"text":"State Route 243 (SR 243) was a state highway that existed on a path from southwest of Gordon to Milledgeville. It traversed portions of northwestern Wilkinson and south-central Baldwin counties. The southernmost 13.4 miles (21.6 km) was part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbus and Augusta.","title":"State Route 243"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Troup County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"LaGrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaGrange,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_109"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"}],"text":"State Route 244 (SR 244) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Troup County. Between 1946 and the end of 1948, it was established from the Alabama state line west-northwest of LaGrange to SR 109. Its entire length was hard surfaced.[2][3] In 1975, it was decommissioned.[41][42]","title":"State Route 244"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Fannin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Mineral Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_Bluff,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"McCaysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCaysville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"Morganton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morganton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"SR 60 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60_Spur_(Mineral_Bluff)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"}],"text":"State Route 245 (SR 245) was a state highway in Fannin County. Between 1946 and 1948, SR 245 was designated from Mineral Bluff to McCaysville. Each terminus had a completed hard surface; the central part had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface.[2][3] The next year, the entire length of SR 245 was hard surfaced.[3][43] In 1977, SR 60's path from northwest of Morganton to the North Carolina state line was shifted westward, replacing all of SR 245. Its former path from Mineral Bluff to the state line was redesignated as SR 60 Spur.[17][18]","title":"State Route 245"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Washington County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hancock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_102"},{"link_name":"Warthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warthen,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewell,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 248 (SR 248) was a state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. It traversed the north-central portion of Washington County and the east-central portion of Hancock County. Between 1948 and the end of 1949, it was established from SR 102 north-northeast of Warthen to SR 16 in Jewell. The southern half of the highway had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[3][43] In 1953, this portion had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The Hancock County portion was hard surfaced.[30][31] Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, the entire highway was paved.[7][8] In 1982, it was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 248"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Murrayville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrayville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dahlonega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlonega,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"SR 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_60"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"}],"text":"State Route 249 (SR 249) was a short-lived state highway. Between 1946 and 1948, an unnumbered road was built from Murrayville to Dahlonega; it had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[2][3] The next year, the unnumbered road between Murrayville and Dahlonega was designated as SR 249.[3][43] By the middle of 1950, all of SR 249 was hard surfaced.[43][38] By 1957, SR 60 was extended south-southwest on US 19/SR 9 into Dahlonega, then south-southeast to Gainesville, replacing all of SR 249.[7][8]","title":"State Route 249"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Tattnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattnall_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_64"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_73"},{"link_name":"Claxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claxton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"Daisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1945-01-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_129"},{"link_name":"Camp Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Stewart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 250 (SR 250) was a state highway that existed in Tattnall and Evans counties. The roadway that would eventually become SR 250 was established between 1945 and the end of 1946 as an eastern segment of SR 64 from US 25/SR 73 south of Claxton to US 280/SR 30 east-southeast of Daisy. This segment was indicated to be \"projected mileage\".[15][2] By the end of 1948, the southern terminus of this segment was completed grading, but was not surfaced.[2][3] By the end of 1949, SR 250 was established on a slightly different alignment. It began at an intersection with US 25/US 301/SR 73 south of Claxton, at a point farther south than the eastern segment of SR 64 did. Its eastern terminus was at SR 129 south-southeast of Claxton, in the northwestern part of Camp Stewart.[3][43] By the end of 1951, the portion of SR 64 on either side of the SR 250 intersection had a \"sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[38][39] In 1953, the entire Tattnall County portion of SR 64 had completed grading, but was not surfaced. The northern terminus of it was shifted westward to end in Daisy.[30][31] By the middle of 1957, SR 250 was shifted northwest, replacing the entire length of the eastern segment of SR 64.[7][8] By the end of 1963, the entire length of SR 250 was paved.[32][19] In 1985, SR 250 was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 250"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Troup County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troup_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Hogansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogansville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"SR 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_54"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"}],"text":"State Route 258 (SR 258) was a state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It was entirely within Troup County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from US 27/SR 1 west-northwest of Hogansville to US 29/SR 14 in that city.[3][43] In 1953, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced.[30][31] Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, it was redesignated as a southern extension of SR 54.[19][20]","title":"State Route 258"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Camden County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Brantley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantley_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_252"},{"link_name":"Tarboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarboro,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atkinson,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"}],"text":"State Route 259 (SR 259) was a state highway in the southeastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Camden County and the southeastern part of Brantley County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 252 in Tarboro to US 84/SR 50 in Atkinson. The Camden portion of the highway had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[3][43] Between 1963 and the end of 1966, the entire length had a \"topsoil or gravel\" surface.[19][20] In 1968, the northern half of the Brantley County portion was hard surfaced.[37][33] In 1978, the rest of the highway was hard surfaced.[18][46] At the beginning of 1980, SR 259 was decommissioned.[46][35]","title":"State Route 259"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Long County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Altamaha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamaha_River"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_23"},{"link_name":"Glennville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glennville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_196"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"Tattnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattnall_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"tripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoint"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"}],"text":"State Route 261 (SR 261) was a state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from the Altamaha River on the Wayne–Long county line to US 25/US 301/SR 23 south of Glennville.[3][43] By August 1950, it was extended northeast to an intersection with SR 196 at a point south-southeast of Glennville.[43][38] By the end of 1951, the southern terminus of the highway was shifted northwest to be just north-northwest of the Wayne–Long–Tattnall county tripoint.[38][39] In 1952, the southern terminus of SR 261 was reverted to its former location. The northern half of the highway had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[39][31] Between 1957 and the end of 1960, the southern terminus was truncated slightly to the northeast.[8][32] Between 1963 and the end of 1965, the southern terminus was once again reverted to its former location. At this time, the entire highway had a \"topsoil or gravel\" surface.[19][20] In 1967, the northern half was hard surfaced.[47][37] In 1981, SR 261 was decommissioned.[36][21]","title":"State Route 261"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_128"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-34"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-48"}],"text":"State Route 263 (SR 263) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was entirely within Taylor County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 128 north of Reynolds to US 19/SR 3 south-southwest of Salem.[3][43] In 1953, the southern half of the highway was hard surfaced.[30][31] By the middle of 1955, the northern half had a \"sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[6][7] By mid-1957, this segment was paved.[7][8] In 1987, SR 263 was decommissioned.[34][48]","title":"State Route 263"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Telfair County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telfair_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_117"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_149"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"}],"text":"State Route 265 (SR 265) was a very short state highway that existed in the south-central part of the state. It was entirely within Telfair County. Between February 1948 and April 1949, it was established from SR 117 east-northeast of Jacksonville to SR 149 northeast of that town.[3][43] Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire highway was hard surfaced.[31][6] In 1976, the portion of SR 149 south of the SR 265 intersection was shifted northeastward, replacing all of SR 265.[42][17]","title":"State Route 265"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_41"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_22"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"SR 355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_355"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1997-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1998-50"}],"text":"State Route 267 (SR 267) was a short state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from SR 41 south of Geneva to US 80/SR 22 west-southwest of it. The entire length of the highway had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[43][38] In 1953, the northern terminus was shifted slightly to the west-southwest.[30][31] Between July 1957 and June 1960, the entire length was paved.[8][32] By the middle of 1963, the northern half of the highway was redesignated as part of SR 355.[32][19] In 1997, SR 267 was decommissioned.[49][50]","title":"State Route 267"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Taliaferro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliaferro_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"Crawfordville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfordville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"State Route 269 (SR 269) was a short state highway that existed in the east-central part of the state. The highway was completely within Taliaferro County; however, the southern part traveled on the Warren–Taliaferro county line. Between April 1949 and August 1950, the highway was established from SR 12 southeast of Crawfordville to SR 47 in Sharon. Its entire length had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface.[43][38] By the end of 1951, the entire highway was hard surfaced.[38][39] In 1983, SR 269 was decommissioned.[13][4]","title":"State Route 269"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Long County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ludowici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludowici,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_23"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"}],"text":"State Route 276 (SR 276) was a short state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It was entirely within Long County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from a point west-northwest of Ludowici to US 25/US 301/SR 23 northwest of the city.[43][38] Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was shifted slightly westward. At this time, the entire length of the highway had a \"topsoil or gravel\" surface.[19][20] In 1981, SR 276 was decommissioned.[36][21]","title":"State Route 276"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Laurens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bleckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleckley_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"tripoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoint"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_19"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"SR 257","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_257"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"}],"text":"State Route 277 (SR 277) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Laurens County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, it was established from the Dodge–Laurens–Bleckley county tripoint to US 80/SR 19/SR 26 in Dublin. The entire Dexter–Dublin segment was hard surfaced.[43][38] Between September 1953 and June 1954, the southern terminus of the highway was truncated to just west of Dexter.[31][6] By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to just south-southeast of its former location.[6][7] By mid-1957, the southern terminus was shifted to its original location.[7][8] By the middle of 1960, SR 277 was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 257.[8][32]","title":"State Route 277"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"central part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Taylor County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_96"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1949-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-34"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-48"}],"text":"State Route 287 (SR 287) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It was completely within Taylor County. Between April 1949 and August 1950, SR 287 was established from a point just south of the Macon–Taylor county line southeast of Reynolds to SR 96 east of that city.[43][38] In 1952, the southern terminus was truncated to the county line.[39][30] The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced.[30][31] By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was truncated slightly.[31][6] By the middle of 1955, the southern terminus was reverted to the county line.[6][7] Near the end of the decade, the southern terminus was truncated again to the point that it was in 1954.[7][8] Between 1963 and 1966, the southern terminus was reverted once again to the county line.[19][20] In 1987, SR 287 was decommissioned.[34][48]","title":"State Route 287"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Appling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appling_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jeff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Davis_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"Big Satilla River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Satilla_River"},{"link_name":"grading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"}],"text":"State Route 289 (SR 289) was a state highway that existed in the southeastern part of the state. It traveled along the Appling–Jeff Davis county line. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established from US 23/SR 15 south-southwest of Graham to US 341/SR 27 in the city.[38][39] In 1953, the central portion of the highway was shifted eastward to a more direct path between its termini. The portion of the highway north of the Big Satilla River had completed grading, but was not surfaced.[30][31] Between 1960 and the middle of 1963, the portion south of the river was given the same treatment.[32][19] In 1970, the portion north of the river was hard surfaced.[9][10] Between 1978 and March 1980, SR 289 was decommissioned.[46][35]","title":"State Route 289"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quitman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S"},{"link_name":"Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatcher,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"Springvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springvale,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"}],"text":"State Route 290 (SR 290) was a short north–south state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was entirely within Quitman County. Between 1950 and 1952, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Hatcher to US 82/SR 50 west-southwest of Springvale.[38][39] In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted westward. This put the highway on a nearly due north–south direction.[39][30] Between September 1953 and June 1954, the entire length of the highway was hard surfaced.[31][6] In 1981, SR 290 was decommissioned.[36][21]","title":"State Route 290"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quitman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S"},{"link_name":"Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"Springvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springvale,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1950-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"}],"text":"State Route 291 (SR 291) was a short state highway that existed in the southwestern part of the state. It was located completely within Quitman County. Between August 1950 and the end of 1951, it was established as an S-shaped highway from Morris to US 82/SR 50 nearly due wet of Springvale.[38][39] In 1952, the southern terminus was shifted slightly. This put the highway on a nearly due southwest–northeast direction.[39][30] The next year, the southern terminus was shifted slightly to the northwest.[30][31] By the middle of 1954, the southern terminus was extended slightly to the west. The entire length of the highway was hard surfaced.[31][6] Between 1963 and 1966, the alignment of the highway was shifted to become a J-shaped highway.[19][20] In 1981, SR 291 was decommissioned.[36][21]","title":"State Route 291"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Bartow County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 294N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_294N"},{"link_name":"Allatoona Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allatoona_Dam"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 20 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20_Spur_(Cartersville)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1994-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1995-52"}],"text":"State Route 294 (SR 294) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 294 was established in 1952 as SR 294N from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city.[39][30] The next year, the entire length of SR 294N was hard surfaced.[30][31] Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was redesignated as SR 294.[7][8] Between 1963 and 1966, it was again redesignated as SR 294N.[19][20] This roadway would eventually become SR 20 Spur.[51][52]","title":"State Route 294"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Bartow County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Allatoona Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allatoona_Dam"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"SR 294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_294"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 20 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20_Spur_(Cartersville)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1994-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1995-52"}],"text":"State Route 294N (SR 294N) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. It was established in 1952 from Allatoona Dam east of Cartersville to SR 20 northeast of the city.[39][30] The next year, all of SR 294N was hard surfaced.[30][31] Between June 1955 and July 1957, the highway was redesignated as SR 294.[7][8] Between 1963 and 1966, SR 294 was again redesignated as SR 294N.[19][20] In 1994, SR 294N was redesignated as SR 20 Spur.[51][52]","title":"State Route 294N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Bartow County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Red Top Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Top_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"SR 293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_293"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"}],"text":"State Route 294S (SR 294S) was a short state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled completely within Bartow County. Nearly the entire highway was within the city limits of Emerson. In 1952, it was established from US 41/SR 3 in Emerson to just west of Red Top Mountain State Park in the far northeastern part of the city.[39][30] The next year, the entire highway was hard surfaced.[30][31] By the middle of 1955, US 41/SR 3 in the area was shifted eastward; the western terminus of SR 294S was then at SR 293.[6][7] In 1977, SR 294S was decommissioned.[17][18]","title":"State Route 294S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Downtown Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Connector"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"}],"text":"State Route 295 (SR 295) was a short-lived state highway in the city of Atlanta. Between September 1953 and June 1954, it was established on what was listed on maps as simply \"Expressway\" (a predecessor of I-75/I-85/Downtown Connector) from US 19/US 41/SR 3 at Lakewood Avenue to University Avenue.[31][6] Between 1955 and the middle of 1957, it was decommissioned.[7][8]","title":"State Route 295"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"central part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Eatonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"SR 142","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_142"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"SR 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_300"},{"link_name":"SR 257","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_257"},{"link_name":"SR 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_333_(1960s-1980s)"},{"link_name":"SR 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_333"}],"text":"State Route 300 (SR 300) was a state highway that existed in the central part of the state. It followed a route between Monticello and US 129/US 441/SR 24, near the Rock Eagle State 4-H Club Center north of Eatonton. It was established in 1960.[8][32] Later that year, a small portion at the eastern terminus was paved.[32][19] By 1967, the section from its western terminus to the intersection with SR 142 was paved.[20][47] In 1970, the entire length of the highway was paved.[9][10] By 1983, the highway was decommissioned and given to local authority.[21][13] SR 300 was reused as a renumbering of part of SR 257 and all of SR 333. Note that SR 333 would be reused on an unrelated route in 1993.","title":"State Route 300 (1959–1982)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Columbia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_47"},{"link_name":"Appling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appling,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_104"},{"link_name":"SR 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_150"},{"link_name":"Pollards Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollards_Corner,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"Leah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leah,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"decommissioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-34"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-48"}],"text":"State Route 304 (SR 304) was a north–south state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Columbia County. Between June 1955 and July 1957, it was established from US 221/SR 47 just north of Appling north-northeast to US 221/SR 104/SR 150 in Pollards Corner. It was completely concurrent with US 221. The entire length of US 221/SR 304 was paved.[7][8] In 1987, SR 47 between Appling and Leah was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with US 221. This necessitated a decommissioning of SR 304.[34][48]","title":"State Route 304"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_Business_(Bainbridge,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"US 84 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_Business_(Bainbridge,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Whigham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whigham,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"SR 262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_262"},{"link_name":"Climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"}],"text":"State Route 312 (SR 312) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 27 Bus./US 84 Bus./SR 38 in Bainbridge to US 84/SR 38 in Whigham.[8][32] The portion of SR 312 from Bainbridge to SR 262 north-northeast of Climax was paved. From that point to Whigham had a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface.[8][32] By the middle of 1963, the eastern part of the highway was also paved.[32][19] In 1980, SR 312 was decommissioned.[35][36]","title":"State Route 312"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Dawson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dawson Demonstration Forest and Wildlife Management Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Forest"},{"link_name":"Dawsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Chestatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestatee,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"SR 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 318 (SR 318) was a west–east state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traveled completely within Dawson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from the Dawson Demonstration Forest and Wildlife Management Area south-southwest of Dawsonville to SR 53 southeast of that city. The entire length of the highway was paved.[8][32] By the middle of 1963, it was extended south-southeast on a concurrency with SR 53, then solely east and southeast to War Hill Park northeast of Chestatee.[32][19] In 1971, the western terminus was truncated to SR 9 south of Dawsonville.[10][55] In 1980, the eastern terminus was truncated to SR 53.[35][36] In 1985, SR 318 was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 318"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 319 in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_319_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Barrow County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jackson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_211"},{"link_name":"Statham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statham,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_24"},{"link_name":"Arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1990-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1991-57"}],"text":"This section is about the former state highway. For the current U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 319 in Georgia.State Route 319 (SR 319) was a state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It traversed the northeastern part of Barrow County and the south-central part of Jackson County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from SR 211 north-northwest of Statham to US 129/SR 24 about halfway between Arcade and Jefferson.[8][32] The entire highway was paved at this time.[8][32] The highway was virtually unchanged for the next 30 years. In 1990, it was decommissioned.[56][57]","title":"State Route 319"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Bryan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bulloch County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulloch_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"SR 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_63_(1921%E2%80%931967)"},{"link_name":"Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_119"},{"link_name":"Blitchton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitchton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Stilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stilson,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 119 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_119_Connector_(Ivanhoe)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"}],"text":"State Route 321 (SR 321) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the eastern part of the state. It traversed the northwestern part of Bryan County and the southeastern part of Bulloch County. Between July 1957 and June 1960, it was established from US 280/SR 30/SR 63 in Pembroke north-northeast to SR 119 west-northwest of Blitchton.[8][32] The entire Bryan County portion was paved, while the entire Bulloch County portion had a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface.[8][32] By the middle of 1963, the Bulloch County portion was paved. SR 321 was designated on a separate segment from US 80/SR 26 south-southeast of Stilson, then northeast and north-northwest to SR 119 southwest of Guyton. From the southern terminus of this segment to the turn to the north-northwest had a topsoil or gravel, unpaved surface; while the rest of it was paved. There was no indication if the two segments were connected via concurrencies with SR 119 and US 80/SR 26 or if they were two separate segments.[32][19] By the end of 1966, SR 119's segment at the northern terminus of the original segment was redesignated as part of SR 46. SR 321's southern segment was extended on a direct connection with the newer segment. The central portion of the newer segment was hard surfaced.[19][20] In 1967, SR 119 was re-routed southward, replacing all of SR 321. The former path of SR 119 through Stilson was redesignated as SR 119 Conn.[47][37]","title":"State Route 321"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"US 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_4"},{"link_name":"SR 46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_46"},{"link_name":"Oak Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Park,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_292"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"SR 86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_86"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"}],"text":"State Route 322 (SR 322) was a state highway in the central part of the state. Between 1957 and the end of 1960, it was established from US 1/SR 4/SR 46 in Oak Park then south-southeast to SR 292 east of Lyons.[8][32] In the middle of the 1960s, its entire length was redesignated as an eastern extension of SR 86.[19][20]","title":"State Route 322"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dougherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Camilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_35"},{"link_name":"concurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Thomasville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Meigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meigs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"US 19 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Business_(Thomasville%E2%80%93Meigs,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_16"},{"link_name":"Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hapeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovejoy,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"Barnesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Aldora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldora,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Milner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milner,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"SR 7 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_7_Connector_(Barnesville)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 50S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50S"},{"link_name":"SR 3W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3W_(Albany_1960%E2%80%931973)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-58"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1975-41"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"US 19 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19_Business_(Albany,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"US 82 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_Business_(Albany,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"SR 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50"},{"link_name":"SR 50 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_50_Business_(Albany)"},{"link_name":"SR 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_62"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"SR 300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_300"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"SR 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_333"},{"link_name":"SR 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"SR 133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_133"},{"link_name":"SR 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_94"}],"text":"State Route 333 (SR 333) was a north–south state highway that existed in two separate segments in the state. The highway traversed portions of Thomas, Mitchell, Dougherty, Lamar, Pike, Spalding, Henry, and Clayton counties.Between June 1960 and June 1963, the highway was established on US 19 from the Florida state line to Camilla. This truncated SR 35, which was concurrent with US 19 from the Florida state line to Thomasville. The segment of US 19 between Thomasville and Meigs, with which SR 3 was concurrent was redesignated as US 19 Bus. SR 333 was established on a sole routing from Camilla to the eastern part of Albany, while US 19/SR 3 traveled on a slightly more western path. SR 333 was also established on US 19/US 41 from SR 16 in Griffin to an indeterminate location between Jonesboro and Hapeville. From Griffin to Lovejoy and in Jonesboro, SR 3 traveled on a more eastern path. Between Lovejoy and Jonesboro and from north-northwest of Jonesboro, US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 traveled concurrently.[32][19] By 1966, US 19 between Camilla and Albany was shifted eastward to travel concurrently with SR 333. It was unclear if the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to Lovejoy or not.[19][20] That year, SR 333 was indicated to be \"projected mileage\" from an unnumbered road in the southern part of Barnesville, then west-northwest and north-northwest through Aldora, then north-northeast past US 41/SR 7, then north-northwest through Milner, then northwest and north-northwest past US 19/SR 3 south of Griffin, then north-northwest through the western part of Griffin to connect with the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 333 intersection with SR 92 in the northern part of the city.[20][47] The next year, US 341's path through the Barnesville–Aldora area was shifted southwestward to travel concurrently with SR 333 from just south of Barnesville to US 41/SR 7 Conn. just north of the city. SR 333 was indicated to be projected mileage and under construction from this intersection to the US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 92/SR 333 intersection in Griffin.[47][37] In 1968, the highway was indicated to be projected mileage from the US 19/US 82/SR 50S/SR 333 and US 19/SR 3W intersections in Albany. The under construction segment from just north of Barnesville to south of Griffin was completed.[37][33] The next year, the portion of SR 333 from just north of Barnesville to Griffin was decommissioned.[33][9]In 1970, all of SR 333 north of Griffin was also decommissioned.[9][10] In 1974, a freeway was built in Albany, with SR 333 designated on it.[58][41] Three years later, US 19 through the main part of Albany was shifted northeast to travel concurrently with the SR 333 freeway.[17][18] By March 1980, US 82 in Albany was also shifted onto the freeway.[46][35] Later that year, the northern terminus of SR 333 was truncated to the US 19/US 19 Bus./US 82/US 82 Bus./SR 50/SR 50 Bus./SR 62/SR 333 interchange in Albany, with SR 50 shifted onto the freeway.[35][36] In 1982, all of SR 333 that remained was redesignated as SR 300.[21][13] SR 333 was reused in 1993 for part of the old alignment of SR 33, which was rerouted over part of SR 133. SR 133 took over part of the old alignment of SR 33 and took over a portion of SR 94.","title":"State Route 333 (1963–1982)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"SR 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_333_(1963%E2%80%931982)"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"}],"sub_title":"State Route 333 Spur","text":"State Route 333 Spur (SR 333 Spur) was a proposed spur route of SR 333 that was planned to be put inside the city limits of Albany. In 1976, it was indicated to be \"projected mileage\" from the SR 333 freeway just north of the Clark Avenue interchange and northeast to Turner Field Road.[42][17] In 1980, it was deleted, never having been built.[46][35]","title":"State Route 333 (1963–1982)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 328","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_328"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_17"},{"link_name":"Toccoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccoa,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 336 (SR 336) was a state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. On October 28, 1960, it was established from SR 328 east of Avalon to SR 17 in the southeastern part of Toccoa. The entire highway was paved.[32][19] On November 29, 1982, the highway was decommissioned.[21][13] It is locally known as Rock Creek Road, formerly Brookhaven Circle.","title":"State Route 336"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Douglas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cobb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"Austell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austell,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Fair Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Oaks,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"State Route 340 (SR 340) was a state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed the northeastern part of Douglas County and the south-central part of Cobb County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 340 was established in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 78/SR 8 in Austell to SR 3 in Fair Oaks.[39][30] Between June 1960 and June 1963, this road was designated as SR 340. The entire length of the highway was paved.[32][19] In 1983, SR 5 was re-routed on a more southerly track, replacing all of SR 340.[13][4]","title":"State Route 340"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Dawson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_183"},{"link_name":"Juno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_52"},{"link_name":"Amicalola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicalola,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee-Oconee_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"SR 136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_136"}],"text":"State Route 342 (SR 342) was a 5.240-mile-long (8.433 km) state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Dawson County. On March 28, 1961, it was established from SR 183 southeast of Juno to SR 52 southeast of Amicalola, on the southern edge of the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest. The entire highway was paved.[32][19] On January 18, 1982, it was decommissioned.[21][13] It is today known as Keith Evans Road from SR 183 to SR 136 and Bailey/Waters Rd from SR 136 to SR 52.","title":"State Route 342"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Rabun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabun_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"Tallulah Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallulah_Falls,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"}],"text":"State Route 343 (SR 343) was a short-lived state highway that existed in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Rabun County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established on a concurrency with US 23, US 441, and possibly SR 15 from Tallulah Falls and Wiley. The entire path of this concurrency was paved.[32][19] By the end of 1965, it was decommissioned, with US 23/US 441/SR 15 all traveling on SR 343's former path.[19][20] The only part today that is not part of US 23/441 is Wylie Connector, which was used as the temporary transition from the new route to the original routing.","title":"State Route 343"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bartow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartow_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_4_(1919%E2%80%931929)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cartersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartersville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1920-59"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1921-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-23"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"US 41W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41W_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1926-23"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1929-10-60"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1930-06-24"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1934-10-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1935-01-62"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1955-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 293","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_293"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"}],"text":"State Route 344 (SR 344) was a state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traversed portions of Floyd and Bartow counties.The highway that would eventually become SR 344 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 4 from Rome to Cartersville.[59] By the end of 1926, a portion of the highway from just east of Rome to a point northwest of Cartersville was under construction. In the northwestern part of Cartersville and farther to the west, a portion of the highway had a \"completed semi hard surface\".[22][23] Within three years, the segment of SR 4 was redesignated as part of SR 20, with US 41W designated on it. The portion of the highway just east of Rome had a \"completed hard surface\". The highway was under construction northwest of Cartersville.[23][60]By the middle of 1930, the entire Rome–Cartersville segment had a completed hard surface.[60][24] Before the end of 1934, US 41W between Rome and Cartersville was redesignated as part of US 411.[61][62] In 1953, a small portion of SR 20 in the northern part of Cartersville was hard surfaced.[30][31] A few years later, all portions of SR 20 that had been built were paved.[7][8] Between 1960 and 1963, US 411 between Rome and Cartersville was shifted on a more southerly routing, concurrent with SR 344, which was commissioned at this time; SR 20 remained on the old alignment.[32][19] In 1977, SR 344 was decommissioned, and SR 20 was shifted onto US 411 between Rome and Cartersville. SR 20's old alignment was redesignated as part of SR 293.[17][18]","title":"State Route 344"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"SR 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_100"},{"link_name":"SR 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"SR 114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_114"},{"link_name":"Catoosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoosa_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"State Route 345 (SR 345) was a state highway that was assigned to what is now SR 100 from SR 20 west of Coosa to SR 114 in Summerville in Catoosa and Floyd counties. It existed from September 1962 to December 12, 1962.[64]","title":"State Route 345"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Jackson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"Talmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmo,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 82 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_82"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"SR 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_82"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2004-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_2005-67"}],"text":"State Route 346 (SR 346) was a short east–west state highway that existed in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Jackson County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 11 in Talmo to SR 82 Spur northeast of the city. the entire highway was paved.[32][19] In 1966, SR 82 Spur and SR 82 swapped paths in the area.[20][47] In 2004, SR 346 was decommissioned.[66][67]","title":"State Route 346"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_193"},{"link_name":"Flintstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flintstone,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Rossville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1987-34"}],"text":"State Route 349 (SR 349) was an east–west state highway that existed in the northwestern part of the state. It traveled entirely within the northern part of Walker County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from SR 193 in Flintstone to US 27/SR 1 in Rossville.[32][19] In 1986, it was decommissioned.[5][34]","title":"State Route 349"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Athens – Clarke County metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_%E2%80%93_Clarke_County_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Clarke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"US 29 Temp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Temporary_(Athens,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"US 441 Temp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_441_Temporary_(Athens,_Georgia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 15 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_15_Alternate_(Athens)"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 8 Bus.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_8_Business_(Athens)"},{"link_name":"SR 106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_106"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"}],"text":"State Route 350 (SR 350) was a state highway that existed in the Athens – Clarke County metropolitan area. It was entirely in Clarke County and the city limits of Athens. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from US 129/SR 15 in the northwestern part of the city to US 29/SR 8 in the northeastern part. The entire divided highway was paved.[32][19] By the end of 1965, US 29 was designated on SR 350 from the US 129/SR 15 interchange, which also has US 29 Temp. and US 441 Temp., to the US 29/SR 8 interchange. US 441 Temp. was designated on it from the US 129/SR 15 interchange to the US 441/SR 15 Alt. interchange. A western extension of SR 350, ending at US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10, was under construction. Also, SR 350 was under construction east-southeast just slightly from the US 29/SR 8 interchange.[19][20] In 1966, SR 350 was decommissioned. US 29 was designated on the freeway from the western terminus to where it, as well as SR 8, depart the freeway. This interchange also had SR 8 Bus. and SR 106. SR 8 was designated on the entire length of the freeway. Its former path through the city was redesignated as SR 8 Bus., still concurrent with US 78/SR 10.[20][47]","title":"State Route 350"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 138","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_138"},{"link_name":"Jonesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonesboro,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_42"},{"link_name":"Flippen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flippen,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1954-6"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 351 (SR 351) was a 13-mile-long (21 km) state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Clayton and Henry counties. Between September 1953 and June 1954, the roadway that would eventually become SR 351 was established as an unnumbered road from SR 138 in Jonesboro to US 23/SR 42 east-northeast of Flippen.[31][6] Between June 1960 and June 1963 SR 351 was designated on this road.[32][19] In 1985, it was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 351"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Coffee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Irwin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ben Hill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hill_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 158","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_158"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_268"},{"link_name":"Broxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broxton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_206"},{"link_name":"Wray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wray,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-58"},{"link_name":"SR 135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_135"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1988-48"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1989-69"}],"text":"State Route 353 (SR 353) was a north–south state highway that was located in the south-central part of the state. It traversed the northwest portion of Coffee County, the extreme northeastern part of Irwin County, and the southeastern part of Ben Hill County. Between June 1960 and June 1963, the roadway that would eventually become SR 353 was established as an unnumbered road built from SR 158 west of Douglas, then north and northwest to SR 268 west-southwest of Broxton.[32][19] By the end of 1965, SR 353 was designated on this road and extended northwest to the Coffee–Irwin county line.[19][20] In 1966, SR 353 was proposed to be extended northwest to SR 206 north-northeast of Wray in the southeastern part of Ben Hill County.[20][47] In 1973, the highway was extended on this planned path.[70][58] In 1980, it was extended south-southeast around the southwestern part of Douglas to SR 135.[46][35] In 1988, SR 206 was shifted southeast, replacing all of SR 353.[48][69] The old route of SR 206 later became SR 706.","title":"State Route 353"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Muscogee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscogee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-04-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-05-72"},{"link_name":"SR 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_103"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-05-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1932-08-73"},{"link_name":"US 27 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_Alternate_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"SR 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_85"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 1 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Route_1_Spur_(Columbus)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"}],"text":"State Route 357 (SR 357) was a 15.5-mile-long (24.9 km) north–south state highway that was located in the west-central part of the state. It was completely within Muscogee County and the city limits of Columbus. In April 1932, the roadway that would eventually become SR 357 was built as an unnumbered road from the main part of Columbus east to the western edge of Fort Benning.[71][72] Later that year, SR 103 was designated on this road, with a \"completed hard surface\".[72][73] In 1952, an unnumbered road was built from SR 103 in the eastern part of Columbus north-northwest to US 27 Alt./SR 85.[39][30] Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 103's southern terminus was truncated to Buena Vista Road and Brennan Road in the main part of Columbus. Its former path on Buena Vista Road was redesignated as SR 357. The unnumbered road built a decade before was also numbered as part of SR 357.[19][20] In 1969, SR 357 was extended south-southwest to SR 85 south of Columbus (now within Fort Benning). This extension replaced SR 1 Spur.[33][9] In 1983, SR 357 was decommissioned.[13][4]","title":"State Route 357"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Chatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hunter Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"SR 26S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_State_Route_26S&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_204"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"}],"text":"State Route 359 (SR 359) was a short lived state highway that existed completely within Chatham County, mostly within the city limits of Savannah. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, it was established from just north of Hunter Air Force Base south of the city to US 17/US 80/SR 25/SR 26S in downtown, traveling on Abercorn Street and 37th Street.[19][20] In 1968, the entire highway was redesignated as part of SR 204.[37][33]","title":"State Route 359"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"central part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Bibb County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibb_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_49"},{"link_name":"SR 247","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_247"},{"link_name":"SR 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_87"},{"link_name":"Bolingbroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolingbroke,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1976-42"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 361 (SR 361) was a north–south state highway that was located in the central part of the state. It was completely within Bibb County, mostly in the city limits of Macon. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, the roadway that would eventually become SR 361 was built as Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road south of Macon.[19][20] In 1967, SR 361 was established from US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon, west on Hartley Bridge Road and Mt. Pleasant Church Road, then north-northeast on Fulton Mill Road, Heath Road, Tucker Road, and Foster Road, and then northeast on Bass Road to SR 87 east-southeast of Bolingbroke.[47][37] In 1972, US 23 was shifted onto SR 87.[10][55] In 1976, US 129 onto US 41/SR 49/SR 247 south of Macon.[42][17] In 1982, SR 361 was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 361"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"southwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Early County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Saffold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffold,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"Blakely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakely,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1952-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"SR 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_62"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-01-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1953-31"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_370"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 363 (SR 363) was a north–south state highway that was located in the southwestern part of the state. It was completely within Early County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 363 was built in 1952 as an unnumbered road from US 84/SR 38 in Saffold to SR 39 in the southern part of Blakely.[39][30] The next year, the northern terminus of this road was shifted to SR 62 in the western part of Blakely.[30][31] In 1966, the northern terminus was shifted back to its original location.[20][47] In 1967, SR 363 was designated on this road.[47][37] In 1985, all of SR 363 except for the southern piece was decommissioned. This southern portion was redesignated as part of SR 370.[4][5]","title":"State Route 363"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spur route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_route"},{"link_name":"Early County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cedar Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Springs,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"SR 273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_273"},{"link_name":"SR 273 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_273_Spur_(Georgia_Pacific)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"sub_title":"State Route 363 Spur","text":"State Route 363 Spur (SR 363 Spur) was a spur route of SR 363 that existed entirely in the southwestern part of Early County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1966, an unnumbered road was built west-southwest from Cedar Springs.[19][20] In 1967, SR 363 Spur was designated on this road.[47][37] In 1985, when SR 363 and SR 363 Spur were decommissioned, SR 273 was extended west-southwest of Cedar Springs. This replaced the eastern part of SR 363 Spur. What was the western part was redesignated as SR 273 Spur.[4][5]","title":"State Route 363"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_38"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1983-13"}],"text":"State Route 364 (SR 364) was an east–west state highway that was located in the southern part of the state. It traversed portions of Thomas and Brooks counties. In 1966, it was established from US 84/SR 38 west of Boston to US 84/SR 38 west of Quitman. Its entire length was hard surfaced.[20][47] In 1982, it was decommissioned.[21][13]","title":"State Route 364"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northeastern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hart County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"intersection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_51"},{"link_name":"SR 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_77"},{"link_name":"Hartwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartwell,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"concurrency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lavonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavonia,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tugaloo State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugaloo_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"SR 77 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_77_Connector_(Lavonia)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1990-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1991-57"}],"text":"State Route 366 (SR 366) was a north–south state highway that was located in the northeastern part of the state. It was completely within Hart County. In 1967, it was established from an intersection with SR 51 and SR 77 west of Hartwell, then northwest on a concurrency with SR 77 and solely north-northwest to Interstate 85 (I-85) northeast of Lavonia and just south of Tugaloo State Park. The entire highway was hard surfaced.[47][37] In 1990, SR 77's path in the Lavonia area was shifted northeast, replacing all of SR 366. Its former path was redesignated as SR 77 Conn.[56][57]","title":"State Route 366"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Chatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Savannah metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"SR 26 Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26_Loop_(Whitemarsh_Island%E2%80%93Wilmington_Island)"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Whitemarsh Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitemarsh_Island,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Island,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1984-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1986-5"}],"text":"State Route 367 (SR 367) was an east–west state highway that was located in the east-central part of the state. It was completely within Chatham County in the Savannah metropolitan area. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, SR 26 Loop was established from US 80/SR 26 in Whitemarsh Island, then southeast over Turner Creek, then northeast and north-northeast to US 80/SR 26 in Wilmington Island. Its entire length was hard surfaced.[19][20] In 1969, it was redesignated as SR 367.[33][9] In 1985, it was decommissioned.[4][5]","title":"State Route 367"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Forsyth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_141"},{"link_name":"SR 369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_369"},{"link_name":"SR 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_400"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"State Route 371 (SR 371), locally known as Post Road, was a north–south state highway that was located in Forsyth County. On June 8, 1971, it was established along part of what had been SR 141 a little after a year after SR 369 replaced what had been a disconnected part of SR 141. After US 19 was moved to SR 400 in 1981, it became mostly a local farm-to-market road, and its continued existence as a state route was a relic. After widening and reconstruction of nearby Bethelview Road was completed in 2019, SR 141 was extended in early 2020 along Bethelview Road to SR 20. As a nearly mile-for-mile swap, SR 371 subsequently was transferred to local control in 2020.[76]","title":"State Route 371"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Gordon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Sonoraville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoraville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_156"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"}],"text":"State Route 373 (SR 373) was an east–west state highway that was located in the northwestern part of the state. It was completely within Gordon County. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadways that would eventually become SR 373 were built as unnumbered roads. One extended from Calhoun to Cash. The other extended from Cash to SR 53 in Sonoraville.[19][20] In 1972, SR 373 was designated on both of these roads, starting at SR 156 in Calhoun.[55][70] In 1977, it was decommissioned.[17][18]","title":"State Route 373"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Quitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitman_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Louvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvale,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"SR 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_27"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Quitman_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1968-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1969-33"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSR_375-77"},{"link_name":"SR 39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_39"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"}],"text":"State Route 375 (SR 375) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the west-central part of the state. It traversed portions of Quitman and Stewart counties. Between June 1963 and the end of 1965, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 was built as an unnumbered road from Florence north-northeast to Omaha, and then eastward to US 27/SR 1 south-southeast of Louvale.[19][20] In 1968, this road was extended south-southwest to SR 27 in Georgetown.[37][33] In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375.[55][77] Later that year, it was redesignated as a northern extension of SR 39.[55][70]","title":"State Route 375"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"connector route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector_(road)"},{"link_name":"SR 375","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_375"},{"link_name":"Stewart County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_1"},{"link_name":"Lumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpkin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSR_375-77"},{"link_name":"SR 39 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_39_Connector_(Florence%E2%80%93Lumpkin)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"}],"sub_title":"State Route 375 Connector","text":"State Route 375 Connector (SR 375 Conn.) was a connector route of SR 375 that existed entirely in Stewart County in the west-central part of the state. In 1970, the roadway that would eventually become SR 375 Conn. was built as an unnumbered road from Florence to US 27/SR 1 in Lumpkin.[9][10] In early 1972, this road was designated as SR 375 Conn.[55][77] Later that year, it was redesignated as SR 39 Conn.[55][70]","title":"State Route 375"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Pickens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"SR 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_53"},{"link_name":"Fairmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_5"},{"link_name":"Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-04-78"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1941-07-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"SR 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_156"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1957-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1960-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1963-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1970-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1971-10"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1974-58"},{"link_name":"Sharp Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharp_Top,_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SR 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_108"},{"link_name":"SR 108 Conn.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_108_Connector_(Tate)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1977-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1978-18"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1981-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1982-21"}],"text":"State Route 379 (SR 379) was a short-lived east–west state highway that was located in the north-central part of the state. It was completely within Pickens County. The roadway that would eventually become SR 379 was established in 1941 as an eastern segment of SR 143 from SR 53 east of Fairmount to SR 5 and SR 53 in Tate.[78][16] By the end of 1946, the eastern half of this segment had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface. The western half of it was indicated to be \"projected mileage\".[2][3]By the end of 1960, nearly the entire part of this highway west of the SR 156 intersection was decommissioned.[8][32] By the end of 1963, this decommissioned part was re-instated.[32][19] In 1970, a portion of it southeast of the SR 53 intersection was hard surfaced.[9][10] In 1973, this portion was indicated to be \"under construction or projected mileage\".[70][58] In 1977, all of SR 143 from its western terminus to northeast of Sharp Top was redesignated as SR 379; northeast of this point to west of Tate was redesignated as part of SR 108; and from there to Tate was redesignated as SR 108 Conn.[17][18] In 1981, SR 379 was decommissioned.[36][21]","title":"State Route 379"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Paulding County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulding_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"northwestern part","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92"},{"link_name":"Hiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Acworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acworth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1939-07-79"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1946-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1948-3"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Paulding_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"SR 92 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_92_Spur_(Dallas-Cross_Roads)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1966-20"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1967-47"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1972-55"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1973-70"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1979-46"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1980-35"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1990-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1991-57"}],"text":"State Route 381 (SR 381) was a north–south state highway located in Paulding County in the northwestern part of the state. The roadway that would eventually become SR 381 was built in 1939, when SR 92 was extended from Hiram to Acworth.[79] By the end of 1948, the entire length of SR 92 that would become SR 381 was hard surfaced.[2][3] In 1966, the Dallas–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted to the southeast. Its old alignment became SR 92 Spur.[20][47] In 1972, the Hiram–New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted east. Its old alignment between New Hope and Cross Roads became a northeast extension of SR 92 Spur.[55][70] In 1979, SR 92 Spur was redesignated as SR 381.[46][35] In 1990, SR 381 was decommissioned.[56][57]","title":"State Route 381"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Camp Creek Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Creek_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"East Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Point,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"College Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Park,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1990-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1991-57"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1991-57"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1992-81"}],"text":"State Route 387 (SR 387) was a very short-lived state highway that existed in the Atlanta metropolitan area. It traversed portions of Fulton and Clayton counties. In 1990, it was established on Camp Creek Parkway from Interstate 285 (I-285) in East Point to I-85 in College Park.[56][57] The next year, it was decommissioned.[57][81]Junctions","title":"State Route 387"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SR 407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_407"},{"link_name":"unsigned designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsigned_highway"},{"link_name":"Interstate 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"SR 404 Spur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_404_Spur"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Hospital_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDOT_1994-51"}],"text":"State Route 407 Loop (SR 407 Loop) was a loop route of SR 407, an unsigned designation along Interstate 285 (I-285; similar to SR 404 Spur in Savannah). It traveled off I-285 (now Glenridge Drive), and then turned left onto Dunwoody–Peachtree Road by Saint Joseph's Hospital of Atlanta to I-285 (SR 407) once again. The route was officially removed in 1994.[51]","title":"State Route 407 Loop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"interstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"}],"text":"These are not considered former, but decommissioned because they are either interstate or major freeway.","title":"Routes 400-422"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Google (June 19, 2013). \"Overview map of SR 204 Spur\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Abercorn+St&daddr=Diamond+Causeway&hl=en&ll=31.968474,-81.096096&spn=0.077474,0.110378&sll=31.936317,-81.051531&sspn=0.001211,0.001725&geocode=FZ9F6AEdABkq-w%3BFURP5wEdY0Ar-w&oq=Ty&dirflg=h&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=19&t=m&z=13","url_text":"\"Overview map of SR 204 Spur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1946). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1946.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1948). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1948.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1984). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1984–1985 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1984_1985.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1986). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1986–1987 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1986_1987.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1954). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1954.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1955). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1955.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1957). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1957.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1970). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1970.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1971). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1971.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1942). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1942_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1943). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1943_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1983). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1983–1984 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1983_1984.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1944). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1944_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1945). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1945_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1977). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1977–1978 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1977_1978.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1963). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1963.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1966). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1966.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1982). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1982.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1921). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1921.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1926). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1926.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (June 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_06.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (November 1930). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1930_11.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1937). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved April 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1937_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1940). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1940_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1953). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1953). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1953.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1960). State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads (PDF) (Map) (1960–1961 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1960_1961.pdf","url_text":"State Highway System and Other Principal Connecting Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1969). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1969.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1987). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1987–1988 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1987_1988.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1980). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1980_1981.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1981). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1981–1982 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1981_1982.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1968). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1968.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1950). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1950.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1952). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1952.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"\"Fulton County Maps 1900s\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/CountyMapsArchive/Fulton_1900s.zip","url_text":"\"Fulton County Maps 1900s\""}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1975). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1975–1976 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1975_1976.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1976). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1976–1977 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1976_1977.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1949). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1949.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Google (February 10, 2019). \"Overview map of SR 243\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/32.8593199,-83.3792956/32.9389782,-83.2874029/33.023373,-83.2346109/33.068396,-83.2236881/33.0707158,-83.2241641/33.0802376,-83.2320946/33.0830356,-83.2328902/@32.9710173,-83.4421956,11z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"Overview map of SR 243\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2019). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2019–2020 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved February 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2019_2020_StateMap_Front.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1978). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1978_1979.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1967). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1967.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1988). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1988–1989 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1988_1989.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1997). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1997–1998 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1997_1998.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1998). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1998–1999 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1998_1999.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1994). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1994–1995 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1994_1995.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1995). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1995–1996 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1995_1996.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Google (August 10, 2013). \"Overview map of SR 300\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved August 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Rock+Eagle+Rd&daddr=Glades+Rd%2FSt+Co+Rd+300+to:St+Co+Rd+300%2FUnion+Chapel+Rd+NW&hl=en&ll=33.374979,-83.50708&spn=0.243126,0.528374&sll=33.43752,-83.387121&sspn=0.001907,0.004128&geocode=FUZT_AEdUTUD-w%3BFRnp_AEdiKUF-w%3BFWw3_gEdJJ0H-w&oq=Mont,+GA&mra=mi&mrsp=2&sz=19&t=h&z=12","url_text":"\"Overview map of SR 300\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)\". Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.georgiaspatial.org/index.asp?body=search","url_text":"\"County GIS Base map shapefiles/geodatabases (varies by county)\""}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1972). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1972.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1990). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1990–1991 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1990_1991.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1991). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1991–1992 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 31, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1991_1992.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1974). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map) (1974–1975 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1974_1975.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (1920). System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1920.pdf","url_text":"System of State Aid Roads as Approved Representing 4800 Miles of State Aid Roads Outside the Limits of the Incorporated Towns"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1929). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1929_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (October 1, 1934). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1934_10.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (January 1, 1935). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1935_01.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"\"Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/CountyMapsArchive/Floyd_1900s.zip","url_text":"\"Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/CountyMapsArchive/Floyd_1900s.zip","url_text":"\"Floyd 1954 county map (See SR 345) writing\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\" (PDF). December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved March 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926031200/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2004). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2004–2005 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2004_2005.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (2005). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (2005–2006 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/2005_2006.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\" (PDF). Georgia Department of Transportation. December 31, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926031200/http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"\"State Highway System Mileage in Each County Classified by State Route Number, and Federal-Aid System\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ga.us/DOT/plan-prog/transportation_data/400reports/2002/dpp444_2002.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1989). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1989–1990 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1989_1990.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (January 1973). Official Highway Map (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1973.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway Map"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (May 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_05.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (August 1932). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. Retrieved March 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1932_08.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 21, 2013). \"Route of SR 371\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=GA-371+N%2FPost+Rd&daddr=GA-371+N%2FPost+Rd&hl=en&ll=34.199309,-84.221363&spn=0.12054,0.264187&sll=34.238612,-84.226642&sspn=0.001883,0.004128&geocode=FZA5CQId2Kf6-g%3BFVhwCgIdLMz6-g&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=19&t=h&z=13","url_text":"\"Route of SR 371\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"BOC: Post Road to become county road\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forsythnews.com/news/government/boc-post-road-become-county-road/","url_text":"\"BOC: Post Road to become county road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia State Route 375\". Peach State Roads. 2004. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080511210734/http://psr.southeastroads.com/ga375_profile.htm","url_text":"\"Georgia State Route 375\""},{"url":"http://psr.southeastroads.com/ga375_profile.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (April 1, 1941). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1941_04.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"State Highway Department of Georgia (July 1, 1939). System of State Roads (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Atlanta: State Highway Department of Georgia. OCLC 5673161. Retrieved March 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1939_07.pdf","url_text":"System of State Roads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5673161","url_text":"5673161"}]},{"reference":"Google (October 21, 2013). \"Overview map of SR 387\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Camp+Creek+Pkwy&daddr=Unknown+road&hl=en&ll=33.649529,-84.473834&spn=0.03033,0.066047&sll=33.656468,-84.498505&sspn=0.001895,0.004128&geocode=FaeOAQIdvqf2-g%3BFS5fAQIdM2n3-g&dirflg=h&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=19&t=h&z=15","url_text":"\"Overview map of SR 387\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Georgia Department of Transportation (1992). Official Highway and Transportation Map (PDF) (Map) (1992–1993 ed.). Scale not given. Atlanta: Georgia Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/MapsData/Documents/HwyAndTransportationMaps/1992_1993.pdf","url_text":"Official Highway and Transportation Map"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hilpert
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Carl Hilpert
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[]
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German WWII general (1888–1947)
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Carl HilpertBorn12 September 1888NurembergDied1 February 1947(1947-02-01) (aged 58)Moscow, Soviet UnionAllegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi GermanyService/branchArmy (Wehrmacht)Years of service1907–45Rank GeneraloberstCommands heldLIX CorpsXXIII CorpsLIV CorpsXXVI CorpsI Army Corps16th ArmyArmy Group CourlandBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Carl Hilpert (12 September 1888 – 1 February 1947) was a German general during World War II.
When World War II broke out in September 1939, Hilpert became chief of the staff of Armeeabteilung A on 9 September 1939 under the command of Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord, who was tasked with securing the western border with Belgium and the Netherlands. After its dissolution on 3 October, the staff was used to form the South Border Section Command in Kraków, where Hilpert remained active, before taking up the post of chief of staff of the 1st Army under Erwin von Witzleben on 5 February 1940. With this association, Hilpert took part in the Battle of France and after its successful completion on 1 October 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Since Erwin von Witzleben, who had been appointed Generalfeldmarschall, now took over Army Group D (from April 1941 also Oberbefehlshaber West) in occupied France on 26 October 1940, Hilpert also succeeded him as the new Chief of Staff of the Army Group. Hilpert remained in this position for the next year and a half. After the daring British St Nazaire Raid revealed the poor state of western defences in March 1942, Hilpert was removed from this post and transferred to the Fuhrerreserve.
On 26 June 1942, Hilpert became acting commander of the LIX Army Corps and in July took over the command of XXIII Corps with which he fought against the Soviet Operation Mars. On 20 January 1943, he became Commanding General of LIV Corps, which was deployed under the 18th Army of Army Group North before Leningrad and was involved in heavy defensive battles during Operation Iskra. In the following summer 1943 too, he proved himself in further defensive battles in the Fifth Sinyavino Offensive, for which he was later awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 August 1943.
From 31 October 1943, he briefly commanded the XXVI Army Corps off Leningrad before taking over I Army Corps in the area of the 16th Army fighting in the Newel area on 1 January 1944. As part of the Soviet winter offensive (Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive), Hilpert's troops got into heavy fighting, and Hilpert himself fell out. In July 1944, during the battles that followed the start of the Soviet summer offensive Operation Bagration, Hilpert managed to break out of the Polotsk Fortress in heavy battles. For this achievement he received the oak leaves for the Knight's Cross on 8 August 1944.
During the last stages of World War II, Hilpert commanded the German troops which had been surrounded by the Red Army in the Courland Pocket. On 7 May 1945, Karl Dönitz, in his capacity as head of state, ordered Hilpert to surrender Army Group Courland. Hilpert was the army group's last commander-in-chief. Hilpert surrendered himself, his personal staff, and three divisions of the XXXVIII Corps to Soviet Marshal Leonid Govorov. Hilpert sent the following message to his troops:
To all ranks! Marshal Govorod has agreed to a cease-fire beginning at 14:00 hours on 8 May. Troops to be informed immediately. White flags to be displayed. Commander expects loyal implementation of order, on which the fate of all Courland troops depends. He was taken prisoner by the Soviets and later charged with war crimes. Found guilty and sentenced to death, he was executed in February 1947.
Command history
Acting General Officer Commanding - LIX Corps - 1942
General Officer Commanding - XXIII Corps - 1942 to 1943
General Officer Commanding - LIV Corps - 1943
General Officer Commanding - XXVI Corps - 1943
General Officer Commanding - I Army Corps - 1 January to 20 January 1944
General Officer Commanding - I Army Corps - 1 May to 1 August 1944
Acting General Officer Commanding - 16th Army, Eastern Front - 1944 to 1945
Acting Commander-in-Chief - Army Group North, Eastern Front - 1945
Acting Commander-in-Chief - Army Group Courland, Eastern Front - 1945
General Officer Commanding - 16th Army, Eastern Front - 1945
Commander-in-Chief - Army Group Courland, Eastern Front - 15 March to 8 May 1945
Prisoner of war - 1945 to 1947
Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (7 October 1914) & 1st Class (18 October 1916)
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (20 April 1940) & 1st Class (16 June 1940)
German Cross in Gold on 19 February 1943 as General der Infanterie and commanding general of the XXIII Armeekorps
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight's Cross on 22 August 1943 as General der Infanterie and commander of the LIV. Armeekorps
Oaks Leaves on 8 August 1944 as General der Infanterie and commander of the I. Armeekorps
References
Citations
^ Hans Dollinger The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan -, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 290
^ Prit Buttar, Meat Grinder, Page 419
^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 280.
^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 186.
^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 391.
Bibliography
Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
Military offices
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Kurt von der Chevallerie
Commander of LIX. Armeekorps 26 June 1942 - 25 July 1942
Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Kurt von der Chevallerie
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Albrecht Schubert
Commander of XXIII. Armeekorps 25 July 1942 – 19 January 1943
Succeeded byGeneraloberst Johannes Frießner
Preceded byGeneral der Kavallerie Erick-Oskar Hansen
Commander of LIV. Armeekorps 20 January 1943 - 1 August 1943
Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Otto Sponheimer
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Ernst von Leyser
Commander of XXVI. Armeekorps 31 October 1943 - 1 January 1944
Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Martin Grase
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Martin Grase
Commander of I. Armeekorps 1 January 1944-20 January 1944
Succeeded byGeneral der Artillerie Walter Hartmann
Preceded byGeneral der Artillerie Walter Hartmann
Commander of I. Armeekorps 1 May 1944-1 August 1944
Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Theodor Busse
Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Paul Laux
Commander of 16. Armee 3 September 1944 – 10 March 1945
Succeeded byGeneral der Infanterie Ernst-Anton von Krosigk
Preceded byGeneral Lothar Rendulic
Commander of Army Group Courland 25 March 1945-8 May 1945
Succeeded bynone
vteGerman Colonel Generals and General Admirals of Nazi GermanyColonel General(Generaloberst)of the Army
Wilhelm Adam
Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
Ludwig Beck
Johannes Blaskowitz
Eduard Dietl
Friedrich Dollmann
Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
Johannes Frießner
Werner von Fritsch
Friedrich Fromm
Heinz Guderian
Curt Haase
Franz Halder
Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
Josef Harpe
Gotthard Heinrici
Walter Heitz
Carl Hilpert
Erich Hoepner
Karl-Adolf Hollidt
Hermann Hoth
Hans-Valentin Hube
Erwin Jaenecke
Alfred Jodl
Georg Lindemann
Eberhard von Mackensen
Erhard Raus
Georg-Hans Reinhardt
Lothar Rendulic
Richard Ruoff
Hans von Salmuth
Rudolf Schmidt
Eugen Ritter von Schobert
Adolf Strauss
Karl Strecker
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Walter Weiß
Kurt Zeitzler
Colonel General(Generaloberst)of the Luftwaffe
Otto Deßloch
Ulrich Grauert
Hans Jeschonnek
Alfred Keller
Günther Korten
Bruno Loerzer
Alexander Löhr
Günther Rüdel
Kurt Student
Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
Ernst Udet
Hubert Weise
General Admiral(Generaladmiral)of the Kriegsmarine
Conrad Albrecht
Hermann Boehm
Rolf Carls
Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
Oskar Kummetz
Wilhelm Marschall
Alfred Saalwächter
Otto Schniewind
Otto Schultze
Walter Warzecha
Karl Witzell
Oberst-Gruppenführerof the Waffen-SS
Sepp Dietrich
Paul Hausser
Portal: Biography
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After its dissolution on 3 October, the staff was used to form the South Border Section Command in Kraków, where Hilpert remained active, before taking up the post of chief of staff of the 1st Army under Erwin von Witzleben on 5 February 1940. With this association, Hilpert took part in the Battle of France and after its successful completion on 1 October 1940, he was promoted to lieutenant general. Since Erwin von Witzleben, who had been appointed Generalfeldmarschall, now took over Army Group D (from April 1941 also Oberbefehlshaber West) in occupied France on 26 October 1940, Hilpert also succeeded him as the new Chief of Staff of the Army Group. Hilpert remained in this position for the next year and a half. After the daring British St Nazaire Raid revealed the poor state of western defences in March 1942, Hilpert was removed from this post and transferred to the Fuhrerreserve.On 26 June 1942, Hilpert became acting commander of the LIX Army Corps and in July took over the command of XXIII Corps with which he fought against the Soviet Operation Mars. On 20 January 1943, he became Commanding General of LIV Corps, which was deployed under the 18th Army of Army Group North before Leningrad and was involved in heavy defensive battles during Operation Iskra. In the following summer 1943 too, he proved himself in further defensive battles in the Fifth Sinyavino Offensive, for which he was later awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 August 1943.From 31 October 1943, he briefly commanded the XXVI Army Corps off Leningrad before taking over I Army Corps in the area of the 16th Army fighting in the Newel area on 1 January 1944. As part of the Soviet winter offensive (Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive), Hilpert's troops got into heavy fighting, and Hilpert himself fell out. In July 1944, during the battles that followed the start of the Soviet summer offensive Operation Bagration, Hilpert managed to break out of the Polotsk Fortress in heavy battles. For this achievement he received the oak leaves for the Knight's Cross on 8 August 1944.During the last stages of World War II, Hilpert commanded the German troops which had been surrounded by the Red Army in the Courland Pocket. On 7 May 1945, Karl Dönitz, in his capacity as head of state, ordered Hilpert to surrender Army Group Courland. Hilpert was the army group's last commander-in-chief. Hilpert surrendered himself, his personal staff, and three divisions of the XXXVIII Corps to Soviet Marshal Leonid Govorov. Hilpert sent the following message to his troops:To all ranks! Marshal Govorod [sic] has agreed to a cease-fire beginning at 14:00 hours on 8 May. Troops to be informed immediately. White flags to be displayed. Commander expects loyal implementation of order, on which the fate of all Courland troops depends.[1]He was taken prisoner by the Soviets and later charged with war crimes. Found guilty and sentenced to death, he was executed in February 1947.[2]","title":"Carl Hilpert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XXIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"I Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"16th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Army Group North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_North"},{"link_name":"Army Group Courland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Courland"}],"text":"Acting General Officer Commanding - LIX Corps - 1942\nGeneral Officer Commanding - XXIII Corps - 1942 to 1943\nGeneral Officer Commanding - LIV Corps - 1943\nGeneral Officer Commanding - XXVI Corps - 1943\nGeneral Officer Commanding - I Army Corps - 1 January to 20 January 1944\nGeneral Officer Commanding - I Army Corps - 1 May to 1 August 1944\nActing General Officer Commanding - 16th Army, Eastern Front - 1944 to 1945\nActing Commander-in-Chief - Army Group North, Eastern Front - 1945\nActing Commander-in-Chief - Army Group Courland, Eastern Front - 1945\nGeneral Officer Commanding - 16th Army, Eastern Front - 1945\nCommander-in-Chief - Army Group Courland, Eastern Front - 15 March to 8 May 1945\nPrisoner of war - 1945 to 1947","title":"Command history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_p280-3"},{"link_name":"Clasp to the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_p280-3"},{"link_name":"German Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cross"},{"link_name":"General der Infanterie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scherzer_p391-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scherzer_p391-5"}],"text":"Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (7 October 1914) & 1st Class (18 October 1916)[3]\nClasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (20 April 1940) & 1st Class (16 June 1940)[3]\nGerman Cross in Gold on 19 February 1943 as General der Infanterie and commanding general of the XXIII Armeekorps[4]\nKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\nKnight's Cross on 22 August 1943 as General der Infanterie and commander of the LIV. Armeekorps[5]\nOaks Leaves on 8 August 1944 as General der Infanterie and commander of the I. Armeekorps[5]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8","url_text":"978-3-931533-45-8"}]},{"reference":"Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2","url_text":"978-3-938845-17-2"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2299-6","url_text":"978-3-7648-2299-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Shah
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Satish Shah
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Personal life","1.3 Career","2 Filmography","2.1 Films","2.2 Television","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
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Indian actor
Satish ShahShah at the Caravan-E-Ghazal Concert in 2009BornSatish Ravilal Shah (1951-06-25) 25 June 1951 (age 72)Bombay, Bombay State, IndiaOccupationActorYears active1970–presentSpouse
Madhu Shah (m. 1982)
Satish Ravilal Shah is an Indian actor. He is best known for his comic roles in films like Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983), Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), Sarabhai vs Sarabhai (2004), Main Hoon Na (2004), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Fanaa (2006) and Om Shanti Om (2007).
In 2008, he co-judged Comedy Circus with Archana Puran Singh. In 2015, he was also appointed as a member of the Film and Television Institute of India society.
Biography
Early life
Satish Shah is a Kutchi Gujarati from Mandvi. He studied at the Xavier's College and later joined Film and Television Institute of India.
Personal life
Satish Shah is married to designer Madhu Shah since 1982.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Shah was diagnosed with COVID-19. He was admitted to Lilavati Hospital in Mumbai on 20 July and discharged on 28 July after making a full recovery.
Career
He is perhaps best known for his roles in the 1984 sitcom Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi directed by Kundan Shah and Manjul Sinha where he ended up playing 55 different characters in 55 episodes and the character of Prakash in Television serial of Zee TV - Filmy Chakkar in 1995, which he played in 50 episodes. He has also starred in 2004's famous television show Sarabhai vs Sarabhai as Indravadhan Sarabhai. In both Filmy Chakkar and Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, his pairing was opposite Ratna Pathak Shah. In 1997, he again played lead in Ghar Jamai for 80 episodes along with serial “All The Best” with Swaroop Sampat for 109 episodes for DD2.
He played the role of Municipal Commissioner D'Mello in the 1984 movie Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro directed by Kundan Shah. Considered to be primarily a comedian, he has portrayed various character roles in his career throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with his first movie Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan in 1978. Apart from his career in Bollywood, he was also a judge of the Comedy Circus laughter contest. He has completed over 250 feature films till date.
Filmography
Films
Year
Film
Role
Other notes
1970
Bhagwan Parshuram
1978
Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan
1979
Gaman
1981
Umrao Jaan
Dilawar
Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyon Ata Hai
1982
Shakti
Ravi
1983
Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron
Commissioner D'Mello
1984
Meri Kahanii
Dolan
Purana Mandir
Saanga
1986
Peechha Karro
Main Balwan
Vidhaan
Vikram Betaal
Betall
Amrit
Ram Charan
Anokha Rishta
1987
Gammat Jammat
Police Inspector
Marathi film
Apne Apne
Kalyug Aur Ramayan
Jaan Hatheli Pe
Param Dharam
Toluram
1988
Gharwali Baharwali
Anand Rastogi
Ek Hi Maqsad
Mad Poet
Peechha Karo
Giri Harihara
Maalamaal
Govinda Sakharam Godbole
Aage Ki Soch
Maar Dhaad
Veerana
Hitcock
Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani
Asha's Brother
Hero Hiralal
Bhagwan
1989
Saath Saath
Satish Shah
Shakti
Satish Rai
Ardh Satya
Dacoit
Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!
Anjaam
Bhagwan Dada
Bijli's Patron
Meri Kahani
Aag Aur Shola
Vidyasagar
Love 86
Hawaldar Sandow
Ghar Mein Ram Gali Mein Shyam
Mr. Srivastav
Khoj
Bade Ghar Ki Beti
Sachche Ka Bol Bala
Akram
Dost Garibon Ka
Purani Haveli
Mangu and Kala Gang
Mahaadev
Tere Bina Kya Jeena
Hisaab Khoon Ka
Ladaai
Radheshyam Pandit
1990
Meri Lalkaar
Naag Nagin
Champalal, Chamdewala
Apmaan Ki Aag
Shaitani Ilaaka
Hatim Tai
Nazrul
Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hai
Jungle Love
Chor Pe Mor
Amba
Thanedaar
Police Constable Rangiley
1991
Jaan Pehchan
Baharon Ki Manzil
Naamcheen
Satiya
Mehandi Ban Gayi Khoon
Jungle Queen
Patthar Ke Insaan
Ram Singh, Chauffeur
Benaam Badsha
Ganpat
Narsimha
Anil Saxena
Dharam Sankat
1992
Abhi Abhi
College Professor Shastri
Phoolwati
Dilwale Kabhi Na Hare
Reshamlal
Touhean
Dr. Jatin
1993
Wajva Re Wajva
Babulal Jain
Marathi film
Aaja Meri Jaan
Police Inspector
Bomb Blast
Police Inspector Anil Chhatpate
Aashiq Awara
Inspector
Sainik
Boy Friend
Commissioner
1994
Ghar Ki Izzat
Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa
Saimon (Aana's Father)
Anokha Prem Yudh
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!
Doctor
Stuntman
Mastan
Teesra Kaun
Bingo
1995
Baazi
Editor Roy
Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge
Ajit Singh
Akele Hum Akele Tum
Gulbadan Kumar
1996
Saajan Chale Sasural
Ram Pyara
1997
Aar Ya Paar
Jagdish
Judwaa
Havaldar/Inspector
Hero No. 1
Pappi
Agni Chakra
Himalay Putra
Major Mathur
Mere Sapno Ki Rani
Subhash
Ghulam-E-Mustafa
Qawwali Singer
1998
Dhoondte Reh Jaaoge!
Seth Motichand
Saat Rang Ke Sapne
Baldev
Gharwali Baharwali
Anand Rastogi
Tirchhi Topiwale
Gokul Pai
Prem Aggan
Shanti Shanti Shanti
Anantha Murthy
Kannada film
1999
Anari No.1
Sattar
Hum Saath Saath Hain
Pritam
2000
Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai
Rohits Landlord
Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani
Kaka Chowdhry
Saali Poori Gharwali
Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega
Mahesh Hirwani
2002
Kitne Door Kitne Paas
Veer Singh/Jeet Singh Rathod/Bhanwar Singh
Pyar Ki Dhun
Kuber
Om Jai Jagadish
Mujhse Dosti Karoge
Mr. Sahani
Jeena Sirf Merre Liye
Editor/Publisher
Saathiya
Om Sehgal, Aditya's Father
2003
Tujhe Meri Kasam
Satish Khanna(Rishi's father)
Love at Times Square
Gujarati Motel Owner
Ishq Vishk
Mr. Mathur
Chalte Chalte
Manubhai
Kuch Naa Kaho
Rakesh (Raj's Uncle)
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Karshan Bhai Patel
Out of Control
Flower
2004
Masti
Doctor Kapadia
Main Hoon Na
Prof. Rasai
Mujhse Shaadi Karogi
Suraj Prakash
Kis Kiski Kismat
Rafsanjani
2005
Bachke Rehna Re Baba
Gutkha Baron Mansukhani
Pyaar Mein Twist
Ramji Londonwaley
Immigration officer Vishambal Mehra
Shaadi No. 1
Kothari
2006
Fanaa
Colonel
Love Ke Chakkar Mein
Neha's Father
Panga Na Lo
Karsanbhai Shah
Dil Laga Ke Dekho
Deewana Tere Naam Ka
2007
Om Shanti Om
Partho Das
Just Married
Chaturvedi
2008
Bhootnath
Principal J.J. Irani
Dhoom Dadakka
Jignesh
De Taali
2009
Horn 'OK' Pleassss
Mr. Fraud
Kal Kissne Dekha
Kapoor
2010
Chance Pe Dance
School Principal
Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai
Rajesh's Father
Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai
Milenge Milenge
Trilok Kapoor
Khichdi: The Movie
God
2011
Ra.One
Iyer Uncle
2012
Gola Berij
A New Love Ishtory
DD
2013
Ramaiya Vastavaiya
Krishnakant, Ram's maternal uncle
Club 60
Mansukhani
2014
Humshakals
Mr. Y.M. Raj
Television
Title
Year
Role
Note
Ref.
Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi
1984–1986
Various characters
Filmi Chakkar
1993–1995
Prakash Jaiswal
Ghar Jamai
1997–1998
Vishamber Mehra
Top 10
1999
Host/presenter
Sarabhai vs Sarabhai
2004–2006;2017
Indravadan Sarabhai
Won 3 Best Actor Award
Comedy Circus
2007–2008
Judge
Awards
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
1985
Filmfare Awards
Best Performance in a Comic Role
Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro
Nominated
2005
Indian Television Academy Awards
Best Actor in a Comic Role
Sarabhai vs Sarabhai
Won
Indian Telly Awards
Nominated
2006
Won
2017
Indian Television Academy Awards
Best Actor - Web Series
Won
References
^ https://starsunzip.com/satish-shah/
^ "Satish Shah, producer B P Singh among three appointed to FTII society". The Indian Express. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ Banerjee, Tuli (23 May 2009). "I'm a Kutchi Gujarati: Satish Shah". DNA Syndication. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
^ "Satish Shah Aka Indravadan Sarabhai Proposed His Real Wife Madhu Twice, Only To Get Rejected". BollywoodShaadis. 12 May 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ "Sarabhai vs Sarabhai fame Satish Shah reveals COVID-19 diagnosis, thanks hospital after testing negative". The Times of India. 9 August 2020.
^ "Satish Shah: A comic genius with a sparkling sense of the absurd". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "What made Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi such an important show". Hindustan Times. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
^ "Cast of Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Where are they now?". The Indian Express. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ "BBC - Shropshire - Movies - Kitne Door Kitne Paas". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "What made Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi such an important show". Hindustan Times. 14 January 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "The cast of Filmi Chakkar: Where are they now?". 26 December 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Tribuneindia... Film and tv". www.tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ "Popular countdown show Colgate Top 10 comes back a full circle".
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Sarabhai vs Sarabhai Take 2 cast opens up about the new season; makers hint Khichdi might return as a web series". India Today. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ "The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum". Tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
^ "'I do not want to live poorly and die rich': Satish Shah". Filmibeat. 28 June 2007.
External links
Satish Shah at IMDb
Satish Shah on X
vteIndian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic RolePopular
Pankaj Kapur (2002)
Pankaj Kapur (2003)
Rajeev Mehta (2004)
Rajesh Kumar (2005)
Satish Shah (2006)
Deven Bhojani (2007)
Deven Bhojani (2008)
Dilip Joshi (2009)
Dilip Joshi (2010)
Dilip Joshi (2012)
Dilip Joshi (2013)
Kapil Sharma (2014)
Jury
Sumeet Raghavan (2010)
Rajesh Kumar (2012)
Ali Asgar (2013)
Rohitash Gaud
Krushna Abhishek (2014)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaane_Bhi_Do_Yaaro"},{"link_name":"Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Jo_Hai_Zindagi"},{"link_name":"Sarabhai vs Sarabhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarabhai_vs_Sarabhai"},{"link_name":"Main Hoon Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"},{"link_name":"Fanaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanaa_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Om Shanti Om","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om"},{"link_name":"Comedy Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Circus"},{"link_name":"Archana Puran Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archana_Puran_Singh"},{"link_name":"Film and Television Institute of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Satish Ravilal Shah is an Indian actor. He is best known for his comic roles in films like Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro (1983), Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984), Sarabhai vs Sarabhai (2004), Main Hoon Na (2004), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Fanaa (2006) and Om Shanti Om (2007).In 2008, he co-judged Comedy Circus with Archana Puran Singh. In 2015, he was also appointed as a member of the Film and Television Institute of India society.[2]","title":"Satish Shah"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kutchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchi_people"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Satish Shah is a Kutchi Gujarati from Mandvi.[3] He studied at the Xavier's College and later joined Film and Television Institute of India.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"Lilavati Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilavati_Hospital_and_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Personal life","text":"Satish Shah is married to designer Madhu Shah since 1982.[4] \nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Shah was diagnosed with COVID-19. He was admitted to Lilavati Hospital in Mumbai on 20 July and discharged on 28 July after making a full recovery.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeh_Jo_Hai_Zindagi"},{"link_name":"Kundan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Manjul Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjul_Sinha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sarabhai vs Sarabhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarabhai_vs_Sarabhai"},{"link_name":"Ratna Pathak Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratna_Pathak"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaane_Bhi_Do_Yaaro"},{"link_name":"Kundan Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundan_Shah"},{"link_name":"Comedy Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Circus"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"He is perhaps best known for his roles in the 1984 sitcom Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi directed by Kundan Shah and Manjul Sinha where he ended up playing 55 different characters in 55 episodes and the character of Prakash in Television serial of Zee TV - Filmy Chakkar in 1995, which he played in 50 episodes.[6][7] He has also starred in 2004's famous television show Sarabhai vs Sarabhai as Indravadhan Sarabhai. In both Filmy Chakkar and Sarabhai vs Sarabhai, his pairing was opposite Ratna Pathak Shah.[8] In 1997, he again played lead in Ghar Jamai for 80 episodes along with serial “All The Best” with Swaroop Sampat for 109 episodes for DD2.He played the role of Municipal Commissioner D'Mello in the 1984 movie Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro directed by Kundan Shah. Considered to be primarily a comedian, he has portrayed various character roles in his career throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, starting with his first movie Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan in 1978. Apart from his career in Bollywood, he was also a judge of the Comedy Circus laughter contest. He has completed over 250 feature films till date.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-cast-of-filmi-chakkar-where-are-they-now-6080139/","url_text":"\"The cast of Filmi Chakkar: Where are they now?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200407044101/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-cast-of-filmi-chakkar-where-are-they-now-6080139/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tribuneindia... Film and tv\". www.tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul26/sunday/filmtv.htm","url_text":"\"Tribuneindia... 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasran%C4%81ma
|
Vishnu Sahasranama
|
["1 Etymology","2 Interpretations","3 Commentaries","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Bibliography","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
|
Hindu religious hymn
Vishnu SahasranamaVishnusahasranama manuscript, c. 1690InformationReligionHinduismAuthorVyasaVerses108
Part of a series onVaishnavism
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vte
The Vishnu Sahasranama (Sanskrit: विष्णुसहस्रनाम, romanized: viṣṇusahasranāma), is a Sanskrit hymn containing a list of the 1,000 names of Vishnu, one of the main deities in Hinduism and the Supreme God in Vaishnavism. It is one of the most sacred and popular stotras in Hinduism. The most popular version of the Vishnu Sahasranama is featured in the Anushasana Parva of the epic Mahabharata. Other versions exist in the Padma Purana, the Skanda Purana, and the Garuda Purana. There is also a Sikh version of the Vishnu Sahasranama found in the work Sundar Gutka.
Etymology
In Sanskrit, sahasra means 'thousand'. The meaning of sahasra is situation dependent. nāma (nominative, the stem is nāman-) means 'name'. The compound is of the Bahuvrihi type and may be translated as 'having a thousand names'. In modern Hindi pronunciation, nāma is pronounced . It is also pronounced sahasranāmam in South India.
The phalashruti (meritorious verse) of the hymn says that one who reads the text every day with full devotion achieves name, fame, wealth and knowledge in his life.
Interpretations
The Vishnu Sahasranama is popular among Hindus, and a major part of prayer for devout Vaishnavas, or followers of Vishnu. While Vaishanvas venerate other deities, they believe that the universe, including the other divinities such as Shiva and Devi, are ultimately a manifestation of the Supreme Vishnu. Despite the existence of other sahasranamas of other gods, referring a sahasranama as "The Sahasranama," generally refers to the Vishnu Sahasranama alone, thereby indicating its wide popularity and use.
Two of the names in Vishnu Sahasranama that refer to Shiva are "Shiva" (names # 27 and # 600 in Advaitin Adi Shankara's commentary) itself, "Shambhu" (name # 38), "Ishanah" (name #6 4), and "Rudra" (name # 114). Adi Sankara of Advaita Vedanta asserts that the deity Vishnu is Brahman itself (not just an aspect of Brahman). Again, he notes that "only Hari (Vishnu) is eulogized by names such as Shiva", a position consistent with interpretations of the Srivaishnavite commentator Parasara Bhattar. Parasara Bhattar had interpreted Shiva to mean a quality of Vishnu, such as "One who bestows auspiciousness".
However, this interpretation of the name Shiva has been challenged by Swami Tapasyananda's translation of Shankara's commentary on the Vishnu Sahasranama. He translates the 27th name, Shiva to mean:"One who is not affected by the three Gunas of Prakrti, Sattva, Rajas,and Tamas; The Kaivalaya Upanishad says, "He is both Brahma and Shiva." In the light of this statement of non-difference between Shiva and Vishnu, it is Vishnu Himself Who Is exalted by the praise and worship of Shiva." Based on this commonly held Advaitan point of view which has been adopted by Smartas, Vishnu and Shiva are viewed as one and the same God, being different aspects of preservation and destruction respectively. As many Sanskrit words have multiple meanings, it is possible that both Vishnu and Shiva share names in this instance, e.g., the name Shiva itself means "auspicious" which could also apply to Vishnu. The Deities Ananthapadmanabha and Shankaranarayana are worshipped by Hindus, as is Panduranga Vitthala, a form of Krishna with a Shiva Linga on his crown, signifying the oneness of both deities.
In other Vaishnava traditions too, the Vishnu Sahasranama is considered an important text. Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Vallabha sampradaya, Nimbarka sampradaya and among Ramanandis, the chanting of the names of Krishna and Rama are considered to be superior to that of Vishnu. Based on another verse in the Padma Purana which says that the benefit of chanting the one thousand names of Vishnu can be derived from chanting one name of Rama, and a verse in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana equating the benefit of chanting three names of Rama with one name of Krishna. However, it is important to realize that those verses in those puranas are not to be interpreted literally, as many believe that there is no difference between Vishnu and Krishna and Rama. This theological difference can be expressed as follows: Many Vaishnava groups recognize Krishna and Rama as an Avatar of Vishnu, while others, instead, consider Him (Krishna) to be svayam bhagavan, or the original form of the Lord. Yet these verses can be interpreted as it is more important to have pure bhakti or devotion than merely repeating the many names of God without emotion. Indeed, Shri Krishna Himself said, "Arjuna, One may be desirous of praising by reciting the thousand names. But, on my part, I feel praised by one shloka. There is no doubt about it.”
Interpretations alluding to the power of God in controlling karma
Many names in the Vishnusahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. For example, the 135th name of Vishnu, Dharmadhyaksha, in Sankara's interpretation means, "One who directly sees the merits (Dharma) and demerits (Adharma), of beings by bestowing their due rewards on them."
Other names of Vishnu alluding to this nature of God are Bhavanah, the 32nd name, Vidhata, the 44th name, Apramattah, the 325th name, Sthanadah, the 387th name and Srivibhavanah, the 609th name. Bhavanah, according to Sankara's interpretation, means "One who generates the fruits of Karmas of all Jivas for them to enjoy." The Brahma Sutra (3.2.28) "Phalmatah upapatteh" speaks of the Lord's function as the bestower of the fruits of all actions of the jivas.
General thoughts
Sections from Swami Tapasyananda's translation of the concluding verses of Vishnu Sahasranama, state the following: "Nothing evil or inauspicious will befall a man here or hereafter who daily hears or repeats these names." That comment is noteworthy. King Nahusha, a once righteous king, ancestor of Yudhishthira, after performing a hundred Ashwamedha sacrifices, became king of devas, but was later expelled from Svarga or heaven due to a curse by the great sage Agastya due to his pride and arrogance and became a python for thousands of years. In the commentary to this sloka Sankara states that a fall akin to that of king Nahusha will not happen to that devotee who recites Vishnu Sahasranama daily.
Commentaries
The Vishnu Sahasranama has been the subject of numerous commentaries:
Parasara Bhattar, a follower of Ramanuja, wrote a commentary in the 12th century, detailing the names of Vishnu from a Vishishtadvaita perspective, in the book titled Bhagavath Guna Dharpanam (or Bhagavad Guna Dharpana, meaning reflections of the Lord's qualities).
Vidyadhiraja Tirtha (died 1392) (disciple of Jayatirtha) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama called Viṣṇusahasranāmavivṛti.
Satyanidhi Tirtha (died 1660) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Vishnu Sahasranama Vyakhyana, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.
Satyasandha Tirtha (died 1794) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Viṣṇusahasranāmabhāṣya, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.
Baladeva Vidyabhushana (18th Century) of Acintya-bhedābheda school of Vedānta wrote Nāmārtha-sudhā, a commentary on Viṣṇu-sahasra-nāma.
See also
Hare Krishna
Sandhyavandhanam
Brahmin
Bhadrakalpikasutra
Vaijanthimala
Notes
^ A tatpurusha compound
Bibliography
Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.
Footnotes
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Sahasranama". 2 October 2023.
^ Shri Vishnu Sahasranamam - Phala Sruthi, archived from the original on 22 December 2021, retrieved 12 October 2021
^ Aiyangar, Sridhar (31 December 2017). "SRI VISHNU SAHASRANAMAM (PHALASHRUTI) – FINAL PART (117)". Divya Kataksham. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
^ Tapasyananda, pg. iv.
^ Commentary to sloka 13, "yatra puMliGgashabdaprayOgaH, tatra viSNurvishESyaH; yatra strIliMga shabdaH, tatra dEvatA prayOgaH; yatra napuMsaliGga prayOgaH, tatra brahmEti vishEshyatE (where a word of masculine gender is used, the noun is Vishnu, in feminine gender the noun is Devata, and in neuter gender the noun is Brahma)", Transcription of Sankara's commentary to Vishnusahasranamastotra
^ Commentary to sloka 17 in Transcription of Sankara's commentary to Vishnusahasranamastotra, "sivAdi nAmabhiH hariH eva stUyate"
^ (Internet Archive copy)
^ a b Tapasyananda, pg. 47.
^ Bhag-P 4.4.14 "Siva means mangala, or auspicious"
^ "Srivaishnavism". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
^ Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pg. 62.
^ Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pgs. 48, 49, 87, 96 and 123.
^ a b Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pg. 48.
^ "MAHABHARATA retold by C". Archived from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2004., story #53
^ Sri Vishnu sahasranama : With the bhashya of Sri Parasara Bhattar : With translation in English /. Sri Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha. 8 August 1983.
^ "Antaryami.net". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
^ Sharma 2000, p. 452.
^ Sharma 2000, p. 496.
^ Sharma 2000, p. 508.
^ Narang, Sudesh (1984). The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa. Nag Publishers.
^ Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 978-91-7149-661-4.
References
Sankaranarayan, P. (1996), Śrī Viṣṇu Sahasranāma Stotram, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. With an English Translation of Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada's Commentary
Tapasyananda, Swami, Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math. Sanskrit and English, with an English translation of Sri Sankara Bhagavatpada's commentary.
Further reading
Sanskrit & Hindi: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Gita Press, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273005, India
Sanskrit & English: The Thousand Names of Vishnu and the Satyanarayana Vrat, translated by Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir, Napa.
Other translations:
Sanskrit & Gujarati: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram; translated by Shri Yogeshwarji, India @ www.swargarohan.org
Sanskrit & English: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram; translated by Swami Vimalananda, Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam, Tiruchirapalli, India, 1985
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vishnu sahasranama.
The original Sanskrit at Wikisource.
Excerpt from the Mahabharata translation by Ganguly at Sacred Texts.
vteSahasranama
Ganesha Sahasranama
Lalita sahasranama
Shiva Sahasranama
Vishnu Sahasranama
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In modern Hindi pronunciation, nāma is pronounced [na:m]. It is also pronounced sahasranāmam in South India.The phalashruti (meritorious verse) of the hymn says that one who reads the text every day with full devotion achieves name, fame, wealth and knowledge in his life.[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi"},{"link_name":"manifestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Adi Shankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"Advaita 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While Vaishanvas venerate other deities, they believe that the universe, including the other divinities such as Shiva and Devi, are ultimately a manifestation of the Supreme Vishnu. Despite the existence of other sahasranamas of other gods, referring a sahasranama as \"The Sahasranama,\" generally refers to the Vishnu Sahasranama alone, thereby indicating its wide popularity and use.[5]Two of the names in Vishnu Sahasranama that refer to Shiva are \"Shiva\" (names # 27 and # 600 in Advaitin Adi Shankara's commentary) itself, \"Shambhu\" (name # 38), \"Ishanah\" (name #6 4), and \"Rudra\" (name # 114). Adi Sankara of Advaita Vedanta asserts that the deity Vishnu is Brahman itself (not just an aspect of Brahman).[6] Again, he notes that \"only Hari (Vishnu) is eulogized by names such as Shiva\",[7] a position consistent with interpretations of the Srivaishnavite commentator Parasara Bhattar. Parasara Bhattar had interpreted Shiva to mean a quality of Vishnu, such as \"One who bestows auspiciousness\".[8]However, this interpretation of the name Shiva has been challenged by Swami Tapasyananda's translation of Shankara's commentary on the Vishnu Sahasranama.[9] He translates the 27th name, Shiva to mean:\"One who is not affected by the three Gunas of Prakrti, Sattva, Rajas,and Tamas; The Kaivalaya Upanishad says, \"He is both Brahma and Shiva.\" In the light of this statement of non-difference between Shiva and Vishnu, it is Vishnu Himself Who Is exalted by the praise and worship of Shiva.\"[9] Based on this commonly held Advaitan point of view which has been adopted by Smartas, Vishnu and Shiva are viewed as one and the same God, being different aspects of preservation and destruction respectively. As many Sanskrit words have multiple meanings, it is possible that both Vishnu and Shiva share names in this instance, e.g., the name Shiva itself means \"auspicious\"[10] which could also apply to Vishnu. The Deities Ananthapadmanabha and Shankaranarayana are worshipped by Hindus, as is Panduranga Vitthala, a form of Krishna with a Shiva Linga on his crown, signifying the oneness of both deities.In other Vaishnava traditions too, the Vishnu Sahasranama is considered an important text. Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Vallabha sampradaya, Nimbarka sampradaya and among Ramanandis, the chanting of the names of Krishna and Rama are considered to be superior to that of Vishnu. Based on another verse in the Padma Purana which says that the benefit of chanting the one thousand names of Vishnu can be derived from chanting one name of Rama, and a verse in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana equating the benefit of chanting three names of Rama with one name of Krishna. However, it is important to realize that those verses in those puranas are not to be interpreted literally, as many believe that there is no difference between Vishnu and Krishna and Rama. This theological difference can be expressed as follows: Many Vaishnava groups recognize Krishna and Rama as an Avatar of Vishnu, while others, instead, consider Him (Krishna) to be svayam bhagavan, or the original form of the Lord. Yet these verses can be interpreted as it is more important to have pure bhakti or devotion than merely repeating the many names of God without emotion. Indeed, Shri Krishna Himself said, \"Arjuna, One may be desirous of praising by reciting the thousand names. But, on my part, I feel praised by one shloka. There is no doubt about it.” [11]Interpretations alluding to the power of God in controlling karmaMany names in the Vishnusahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. For example, the 135th name of Vishnu, Dharmadhyaksha, in Sankara's interpretation means, \"One who directly sees the merits (Dharma) and demerits (Adharma), of beings by bestowing their due rewards on them.\"[12]Other names of Vishnu alluding to this nature of God are Bhavanah, the 32nd name, Vidhata, the 44th name, Apramattah, the 325th name, Sthanadah, the 387th name and Srivibhavanah, the 609th name.[13] Bhavanah, according to Sankara's interpretation, means \"One who generates the fruits of Karmas of all Jivas for them to enjoy.\"[14] The Brahma Sutra (3.2.28) \"Phalmatah upapatteh\" speaks of the Lord's function as the bestower of the fruits of all actions of the jivas.[14]General thoughtsSections from Swami Tapasyananda's translation of the concluding verses of Vishnu Sahasranama, state the following: \"Nothing evil or inauspicious will befall a man here or hereafter who daily hears or repeats these names.\" That comment is noteworthy. King Nahusha, a once righteous king, ancestor of Yudhishthira, after performing a hundred Ashwamedha sacrifices, became king of devas, but was later expelled from Svarga or heaven due to a curse by the great sage Agastya due to his pride and arrogance and became a python for thousands of years.[15] In the commentary to this sloka Sankara states that a fall akin to that of king Nahusha will not happen to that devotee who recites Vishnu Sahasranama daily.","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parasara Bhattar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasara_Bhattar"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"Vishishtadvaita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Vidyadhiraja Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyadhiraja_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"Jayatirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayatirtha"},{"link_name":"Dvaita Vedanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000452-19"},{"link_name":"Satyanidhi Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyanidhi_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000496-20"},{"link_name":"Satyasandha Tirtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyasandha_Tirtha"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma2000508-21"},{"link_name":"Baladeva Vidyabhushana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladeva_Vidyabhushana"},{"link_name":"Acintya-bhedābheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda"},{"link_name":"Vedānta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The Vishnu Sahasranama has been the subject of numerous commentaries:Parasara Bhattar, a follower of Ramanuja, wrote a commentary in the 12th century, detailing the names of Vishnu from a Vishishtadvaita perspective, in the book titled Bhagavath Guna Dharpanam (or Bhagavad Guna Dharpana, meaning reflections of the Lord's qualities).[16][17]\nVidyadhiraja Tirtha (died 1392) (disciple of Jayatirtha) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama called Viṣṇusahasranāmavivṛti.[18]\nSatyanidhi Tirtha (died 1660) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Vishnu Sahasranama Vyakhyana, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.[19]\nSatyasandha Tirtha (died 1794) of Dvaita Vedanta wrote Viṣṇusahasranāmabhāṣya, a commentary on Vishnu Sahasranama.[20]\nBaladeva Vidyabhushana (18th Century) of Acintya-bhedābheda school of Vedānta wrote Nāmārtha-sudhā, a commentary on Viṣṇu-sahasra-nāma.[21][22]","title":"Commentaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"tatpurusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatpurusha"}],"text":"^ A tatpurusha compound","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8120815759","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815759"}],"text":"Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210226154606/http://www.hinduassociationhk.com/Mantras_Vishnu_Sahasranama.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hinduassociationhk.com/Mantras_Vishnu_Sahasranama.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sahasranama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.astrojyoti.com/sikhsahasranama.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Shri Vishnu Sahasranamam - Phala 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Vishnusahasranamastotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sankara.iitk.ac.in/sbha.php3?toption=3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"(Internet Archive copy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725205633/http://www.ahobilavalli.org/vishnu_sahasra_namam_vol1.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tapasyananda,_pg._47_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tapasyananda,_pg._47_10-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Bhag-P 4.4.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.vedabase.net/sb/4/4/14/en1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Srivaishnavism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080220070950/http://www.srivaishnavan.com/tomcat/visnu.html"},{"link_name":"the 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/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_99878993503681"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Antaryami.net\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200809053448/http://antaryami.net/darpanam/sri-vishnu-sahasranamam-bhagavad-guna-darpanam/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//antaryami.net/darpanam/sri-vishnu-sahasranamam-bhagavad-guna-darpanam/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000452_19-0"},{"link_name":"Sharma 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharma2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000496_20-0"},{"link_name":"Sharma 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharma2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma2000508_21-0"},{"link_name":"Sharma 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSharma2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6m4cAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&q=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&hl=en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cNphBAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT261&dq=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&hl=en"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-91-7149-661-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7149-661-4"}],"text":"^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ \"Sahasranama\". 2 October 2023.\n\n^ Shri Vishnu Sahasranamam - Phala Sruthi, archived from the original on 22 December 2021, retrieved 12 October 2021\n\n^ Aiyangar, Sridhar (31 December 2017). \"SRI VISHNU SAHASRANAMAM (PHALASHRUTI) – FINAL PART (117)\". Divya Kataksham. Retrieved 12 October 2021.\n\n^ Tapasyananda, pg. iv.\n\n^ Commentary to sloka 13, \"yatra puMliGgashabdaprayOgaH, tatra viSNurvishESyaH; yatra strIliMga shabdaH, tatra dEvatA prayOgaH; yatra napuMsaliGga prayOgaH, tatra brahmEti vishEshyatE (where a word of masculine gender is used, the noun is Vishnu, in feminine gender the noun is Devata, and in neuter gender the noun is Brahma)\", Transcription of Sankara's commentary to Vishnusahasranamastotra\n\n^ Commentary to sloka 17 in Transcription of Sankara's commentary to Vishnusahasranamastotra, \"sivAdi nAmabhiH hariH eva stUyate\"\n\n^ (Internet Archive copy)\n\n^ a b Tapasyananda, pg. 47.\n\n^ Bhag-P 4.4.14 \"Siva means mangala, or auspicious\"\n\n^ \"Srivaishnavism\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.\n\n^ Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pg. 62.\n\n^ Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pgs. 48, 49, 87, 96 and 123. \n\n^ a b Tapasyananda, Swami. Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, pg. 48.\n\n^ \"MAHABHARATA retold by C\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2004., story #53\n\n^ Sri Vishnu sahasranama : With the bhashya of Sri Parasara Bhattar : With translation in English /. Sri Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha. 8 August 1983.\n\n^ \"Antaryami.net\". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.\n\n^ Sharma 2000, p. 452.\n\n^ Sharma 2000, p. 496.\n\n^ Sharma 2000, p. 508.\n\n^ Narang, Sudesh (1984). The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa. Nag Publishers.\n\n^ Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 978-91-7149-661-4.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sanskrit & Hindi: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Gita Press, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh 273005, India\nSanskrit & English: The Thousand Names of Vishnu and the Satyanarayana Vrat, translated by Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir, Napa.Other translations:Sanskrit & Gujarati: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram; translated by Shri Yogeshwarji, India @ www.swargarohan.org\nSanskrit & English: Sri Vishnu Sahasranama Stotram; translated by Swami Vimalananda, Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam, Tiruchirapalli, India, 1985","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Hare Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_Krishna_(mantra)"},{"title":"Sandhyavandhanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhyavandhanam"},{"title":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"title":"Bhadrakalpikasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrakalpikasutra"},{"title":"Vaijanthimala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaijayanti"}]
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[{"reference":"Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815759","url_text":"978-8120815759"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226154606/http://www.hinduassociationhk.com/Mantras_Vishnu_Sahasranama.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.hinduassociationhk.com/Mantras_Vishnu_Sahasranama.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sahasranama\". 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.astrojyoti.com/sikhsahasranama.htm","url_text":"\"Sahasranama\""}]},{"reference":"Shri Vishnu Sahasranamam - Phala Sruthi, archived from the original on 22 December 2021, retrieved 12 October 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AqIe2BLCtR0","url_text":"Shri Vishnu Sahasranamam - Phala Sruthi"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/AqIe2BLCtR0","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Aiyangar, Sridhar (31 December 2017). \"SRI VISHNU SAHASRANAMAM (PHALASHRUTI) – FINAL PART (117)\". Divya Kataksham. Retrieved 12 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://divyakataksham.wordpress.com/2017/12/31/sri-vishnu-sahasranamam-phalashruti-final-part/","url_text":"\"SRI VISHNU SAHASRANAMAM (PHALASHRUTI) – FINAL PART (117)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Srivaishnavism\". Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070950/http://www.srivaishnavan.com/tomcat/visnu.html","url_text":"\"Srivaishnavism\""},{"url":"http://www.srivaishnavan.com/tomcat/visnu.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MAHABHARATA retold by C\". Archived from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 16 December 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041221103553/http://home.att.net/~gitaprasad/mahabharata.htm","url_text":"\"MAHABHARATA retold by C\""},{"url":"http://home.att.net/~gitaprasad/mahabharata.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sri Vishnu sahasranama : With the bhashya of Sri Parasara Bhattar : With translation in English /. Sri Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha. 8 August 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_99878993503681","url_text":"Sri Vishnu sahasranama : With the bhashya of Sri Parasara Bhattar : With translation in English /"}]},{"reference":"\"Antaryami.net\". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053448/http://antaryami.net/darpanam/sri-vishnu-sahasranamam-bhagavad-guna-darpanam/","url_text":"\"Antaryami.net\""},{"url":"http://antaryami.net/darpanam/sri-vishnu-sahasranamam-bhagavad-guna-darpanam/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Narang, Sudesh (1984). The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa. Nag Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6m4cAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&q=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&hl=en","url_text":"The Vaisnava Philosophy According to Baladeva Vidyābhūṣaṇa"}]},{"reference":"Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 978-91-7149-661-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNphBAAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT261&dq=N%C4%81m%C4%81rtha-sudh%C4%81&hl=en","url_text":"Sri Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila: The Pastimes of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7149-661-4","url_text":"978-91-7149-661-4"}]},{"reference":"Sankaranarayan, P. (1996), Śrī Viṣṇu Sahasranāma Stotram, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tapasyananda, Swami, Sri Vishnu Sahasranama, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapasyananda","url_text":"Tapasyananda, Swami"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cavemen_(band)
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The Cavemen (band)
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Legacy","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Singles","5 Videography","6 Awards","7 References"]
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Nigerian Highlife band
The Cavemen.Background informationOriginImo State, NigeriaGenresHighlifeInstrument(s)Bass, drumsYears active2020–presentLabelsSounds From The CaveMembersKingsley Okorie Benjamin James
The Cavemen (stylized as The Cavemen.) are a Nigerian highlife band consisting of sibling duo Kingsley Okorie, a bassist, and Benjamin James, a drummer. They were discovered by Lady Donli and are known for their live performances. They won the 2020 Headies Award for the Best Alternative Album.
Early life
The Cavemen are natives of Orlu, Imo State, in the southeastern region of Nigeria and started out as choristers. Kingsley earned a law degree from Babcock University and Nigerian Law School's Kano campus. Benjamin however attended Peter King College of Music, Badagry, Lagos State in the southwestern region of Nigeria.
The Cavemen were officially formed in March 2018 and they stylised their band name with a dot to avoid lawsuits from a New-Zealand artiste with the trademarked name.
Career
They released their debut single, ''Osondu'' in 2020 and released their debut album, Roots in August 2020. The album was recorded in their living room and was fully produced by the duo. They also produced 11 of the songs on Lady Donli's Enjoy Your Life album who in turn was a co-executive producer on Roots. They performed at the finale show of the fifth season of Big Brother Naija. The duo's sophomore album Love and Highlife was released in October 2021, with guest appearances from Cobhams Asuquo, Made Kuti, PC Lapez and Etuk Ubong, in 2023 the duo featured on Davido's Timeless album.
Legacy
The Cavemen. have often been praised for recreating highlife in a way which retains its essence. The writer, Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera writes about Cavemen's second album for Afrocritik, “Love and Highlife” embodies an innovative effort to perfect the recreation of Highlife while remaining conservative. The combination of drums, trumpets, piano, and other supporting musical instruments creates a sound that retains the traditional essence of Highlife.
"The Cavemen. teaches us that innovation supersedes creating what is new—which is a beautiful thing to do—and that one can be innovative by taking what was there before and owning it.
"The subject of The Cavemen.’s music is love and philosophy. There is no talk of money, clothes, women, or inane vanities. This lends a purist quality to the music. The duo seems to have derived some of their philosophy from the music of Oliver De Coque; and even the third song in the album, “Biri” is a sample of Oliver De Coque’s classic “Biri ka m Biri,” a song which espouses the principle of “Live and Let live.” But even while they have borrowed from Oliver De Coque’s music, they have been careful to avoid adopting the praise of politicians and wealthy people in society, a style rife in Oliver De Coque’s music. Oliver de Coque as well as Osita Osadebe were pioneers of praise-singing for wealthy and sometimes corrupt individuals in the southeast. The music created by The Cavemen. is made so that it is self-sustaining. It does not pander to any clique, nor does it seek validation from any group of people."
Discography
Studio albums
Year
Title
Details
Ref
2020
Roots
Released: August 21, 2020 (NG)
Label: Freeme Music
Formats: digital download, streaming
2021
Love and Highlife
Released: October 29, 2021 (NG)
Label: Sounds from the Cave, Stellar International, Immensum Music
Formats: digital download, streaming
Singles
Year
Title
Album
2020
''Osondu''
Roots
"Anita"
"Who No Know Go Know"
TBA
2023
Open Your Mind/Saviour
2024
What a Day That Was
TBA
Videography
Bena - 2020
Adaugo - 2023
Awards
Year
Award
Category
Nominee/Work
Result
Ref
2020
The Headies 2020
Best Alternative Album
The Cavemen - Roots
Won
References
^ a b c "The Cavemen release their highly anticipated debut album, 'ROOTS'". NativeMag. 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ a b "See di full list of winners for di 14th edition of Headies". BBC News Pidgin. 2021-02-21. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ a b c d Ihekire, Chinonso (2021-03-06). "Cavemen… Redefining Highlife Music". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ Obi, Ify. "The Cavemen". nataal.com. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ "How viewers vote BBNaija Laycon, Olamilekan Agbeleshe to win Big Brother Naija lockdown Season 5 show - BBC Pidgin". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 2021-08-07.
^ "In "Love and Highlife," The Cavemen. Become Better Masters of their Craft - Afrocritik". 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-12.
^ Alake, Motolani (2020-08-21). "The Cavemen release new album, 'ROOTS'". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ Oloworekende, Wale. "The Cavemen Detail Their Sophomore Album, 'Love and Highlife'". The NATIVE. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "What A Day That Was Lyrics by The Cavemen". NotjustOk. 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
^ Onabanjo, Adedamola (2020-09-22). "Heartbreak And High-life Fuse Perfectly In The Cavemen.'s Video For 'Bena'". The Culture Custodian. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
^ "Premiere: Watch The Cavemen's Stunning Music Video for 'Adaugo' - Okayplayer". www.okayafrica.com. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
|
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They were discovered by Lady Donli and are known for their live performances.[1] They won the 2020 Headies Award for the Best Alternative Album.[2]","title":"The Cavemen (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlu,_Imo"},{"link_name":"Imo State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Babcock University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_University"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Law School's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school"},{"link_name":"Badagry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badagry"},{"link_name":"Lagos State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New-Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"The Cavemen are natives of Orlu, Imo State, in the southeastern region of Nigeria and started out as choristers. Kingsley earned a law degree from Babcock University and Nigerian Law School's Kano campus. Benjamin however attended Peter King College of Music, Badagry, Lagos State in the southwestern region of Nigeria.[3]The Cavemen were officially formed in March 2018[4] and they stylised their band name with a dot to avoid lawsuits from a New-Zealand artiste with the trademarked name.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(The_Cavemen_album)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Lady Donli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Donli"},{"link_name":"Big Brother Naija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_Naija_(season_5)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cobhams Asuquo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobhams_Asuquo"},{"link_name":"Made Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Timeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(Davido_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"They released their debut single, ''Osondu'' in 2020 and released their debut album, Roots in August 2020.[1] The album was recorded in their living room and was fully produced by the duo.[1][3] They also produced 11 of the songs on Lady Donli's Enjoy Your Life album who in turn was a co-executive producer on Roots. They performed at the finale show of the fifth season of Big Brother Naija.[5] The duo's sophomore album Love and Highlife was released in October 2021, with guest appearances from Cobhams Asuquo, Made Kuti, PC Lapez and Etuk Ubong, in 2023 the duo featured on Davido's Timeless album.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver de Coque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_De_Coque"},{"link_name":"Osita Osadebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita_Osadebe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cavemen_(band)&action=edit§ion=4"}],"text":"The Cavemen. have often been praised for recreating highlife in a way which retains its essence. The writer, Michael Chiedoziem Chukwudera writes about Cavemen's second album for Afrocritik,“Love and Highlife” embodies an innovative effort to perfect the recreation of Highlife while remaining conservative. The combination of drums, trumpets, piano, and other supporting musical instruments creates a sound that retains the traditional essence of Highlife.\n\"The Cavemen. teaches us that innovation supersedes creating what is new—which is a beautiful thing to do—and that one can be innovative by taking what was there before and owning it.\n\"The subject of The Cavemen.’s music is love and philosophy. There is no talk of money, clothes, women, or inane vanities. This lends a purist quality to the music. The duo seems to have derived some of their philosophy from the music of Oliver De Coque; and even the third song in the album, “Biri” is a sample of Oliver De Coque’s classic “Biri ka m Biri,” a song which espouses the principle of “Live and Let live.” But even while they have borrowed from Oliver De Coque’s music, they have been careful to avoid adopting the praise of politicians and wealthy people in society, a style rife in Oliver De Coque’s music. Oliver de Coque as well as Osita Osadebe were pioneers of praise-singing for wealthy and sometimes corrupt individuals in the southeast. The music created by The Cavemen. is made so that it is self-sustaining. It does not pander to any clique, nor does it seek validation from any group of people.\"[6]\n\nDiscography[edit]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Bena - 2020[10]Adaugo - 2023[11]","title":"Videography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypognatha
|
Hypognatha
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of spiders
Hypognatha
Hypognatha elaborata
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Araneae
Infraorder:
Araneomorphae
Family:
Araneidae
Genus:
HypognathaGuérin, 1839
Type species
H. scutata(Perty, 1833)
Species
38, see text
Hypognatha is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. E. Guérin-Méneville in 1839.
Species
As of April 2019 it contains thirty-eight species:
Hypognatha alho Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha belem Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha cacau Levi, 1996 – Peru, Brazil
Hypognatha cambara Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha carpish Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha colosso Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Brazil
Hypognatha coyo Levi, 1996 – Colombia
Hypognatha cryptocephala Mello-Leitão, 1947 – Brazil
Hypognatha deplanata (Taczanowski, 1873) – Brazil, French Guiana
Hypognatha divuca Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha elaborata Chickering, 1953 – Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia
Hypognatha furcifera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881) – Brazil
Hypognatha ica Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Brazil
Hypognatha ituara Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha jacaze Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha janauari Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha lagoas Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha lamoka Levi, 1996 – Venezuela
Hypognatha maranon Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha maria Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha matisia Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha mirandaribeiroi Soares & Camargo, 1948 – Brazil
Hypognatha mozamba Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Hypognatha nasuta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 – Mexico
Hypognatha navio Levi, 1996 – Venezuela, Brazil
Hypognatha pereiroi Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha putumayo Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Ecuador
Hypognatha rancho Levi, 1996 – Venezuela
Hypognatha saut Levi, 1996 – French Guiana
Hypognatha scutata (Perty, 1833) – Trinidad to Argentina
Hypognatha solimoes Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha tampo Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha testudinaria (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru
Hypognatha tingo Levi, 1996 – Peru
Hypognatha tocantins Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha triunfo Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha utari Levi, 1996 – Brazil
Hypognatha viamao Levi, 1996 – Brazil
References
^ a b "Gen. Hypognatha Guérin, 1839". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
^ Guérin-Méneville, F. E. (1839). "Gastéracanthes scuptée et de Feisthamel, nouvelles espèces d'aranéides". Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuviérienne. 1839: 109–111.
Taxon identifiersHypognatha
Wikidata: Q3014333
Wikispecies: Hypognatha
ADW: Hypognatha
BioLib: 467650
BOLD: 290686
CoL: 52RY
EoL: 112807
GBIF: 2160461
iNaturalist: 249984
IRMNG: 1032162
ITIS: 848534
NCBI: 2337964
Open Tree of Life: 3571113
Paleobiology Database: 268733
uBio: 4202553
WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01493
This Araneidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"orb-weaver spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araneidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gu%C3%A9r1839-2"}],"text":"Hypognatha is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. E. Guérin-Méneville in 1839.[2]","title":"Hypognatha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha alho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_alho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Walter_Levi"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha belem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_belem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha cacau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_cacau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha cambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_cambara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha carpish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_carpish&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha colosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_colosso&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha coyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_coyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha cryptocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_cryptocephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mello-Leitão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Firmino_de_Mello-Leit%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha deplanata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_deplanata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taczanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Taczanowski"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha divuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_divuca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha elaborata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_elaborata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chickering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Chickering"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha furcifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_furcifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Pickard-Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha ica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_ica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha ituara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_ituara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha jacaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_jacaze&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha janauari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_janauari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha lagoas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_lagoas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha lamoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_lamoka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha maranon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_maranon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_maria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha matisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_matisia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha mirandaribeiroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_mirandaribeiroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Camargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Ferraz_de_Almeida_Camargo"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha mozamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_mozamba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha nasuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_nasuta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha navio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_navio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha pereiroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_pereiroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha putumayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_putumayo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_rancho&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha saut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_saut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha scutata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_scutata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha solimoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_solimoes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha tampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_tampo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha testudinaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_testudinaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha tingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_tingo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha tocantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_tocantins&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha triunfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_triunfo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha utari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_utari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypognatha viamao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypognatha_viamao&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of April 2019[update] it contains thirty-eight species:[1]Hypognatha alho Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha belem Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha cacau Levi, 1996 – Peru, Brazil\nHypognatha cambara Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha carpish Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha colosso Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Brazil\nHypognatha coyo Levi, 1996 – Colombia\nHypognatha cryptocephala Mello-Leitão, 1947 – Brazil\nHypognatha deplanata (Taczanowski, 1873) – Brazil, French Guiana\nHypognatha divuca Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha elaborata Chickering, 1953 – Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia\nHypognatha furcifera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881) – Brazil\nHypognatha ica Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Brazil\nHypognatha ituara Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha jacaze Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha janauari Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha lagoas Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha lamoka Levi, 1996 – Venezuela\nHypognatha maranon Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha maria Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha matisia Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha mirandaribeiroi Soares & Camargo, 1948 – Brazil\nHypognatha mozamba Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil\nHypognatha nasuta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 – Mexico\nHypognatha navio Levi, 1996 – Venezuela, Brazil\nHypognatha pereiroi Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha putumayo Levi, 1996 – Colombia, Ecuador\nHypognatha rancho Levi, 1996 – Venezuela\nHypognatha saut Levi, 1996 – French Guiana\nHypognatha scutata (Perty, 1833) – Trinidad to Argentina\nHypognatha solimoes Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha tampo Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha testudinaria (Taczanowski, 1879) – Peru\nHypognatha tingo Levi, 1996 – Peru\nHypognatha tocantins Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha triunfo Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha utari Levi, 1996 – Brazil\nHypognatha viamao Levi, 1996 – Brazil","title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Gen. Hypognatha Guérin, 1839\". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/331","url_text":"\"Gen. Hypognatha Guérin, 1839\""}]},{"reference":"Guérin-Méneville, F. E. (1839). \"Gastéracanthes scuptée et de Feisthamel, nouvelles espèces d'aranéides\". Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuviérienne. 1839: 109–111.","urls":[]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-universe
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Fictional universe
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["1 Fictional continuity","2 Collaboration","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Self-consistent fictional setting with elements that may differ from the real world
"In-universe" and "Imaginary world" redirect here. For fictional dream worlds, see Dream world (plot device).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Map of the Land of Oz, the fictional realm that is the setting for L. Frank Baum's Oz series
A fictional universe (also called an imagined universe or a constructed universe) is the internally consistent fictional setting used in a narrative work or work of art, most commonly associated with works of fantasy and science fiction. Fictional universes appear in novels, comics, films, television shows, video games, art, and other creative works.
In science fiction, a fictional universe may be a remote alien planet or galaxy with little apparent relationship to the real world (as in Star Wars); in fantasy it may be a greatly fictionalized or invented version of Earth's distant past or future (as in The Lord of the Rings).
Fictional continuity
In a 1970 article in CAPA-alpha, comics historian Don Markstein provided a definition of fictional universe meant to clarify the concept of fictional continuities. According to the criteria he imagined:
If characters A and B have met, then they are in the same universe; if characters B and C have met, then, transitively, A and C are in the same universe.
Characters cannot be connected by real people—otherwise, it could be argued that Superman and the Fantastic Four were in the same universe, as Superman met John F. Kennedy, Kennedy met Neil Armstrong, and Armstrong met the Fantastic Four.
Characters cannot be connected by characters "that do not originate with the publisher"—otherwise it could be argued that Superman and the Fantastic Four were in the same universe, as both met Hercules.
Specific fictionalized versions of real people—for instance, the version of Jerry Lewis from DC Comics' The Adventures of Jerry Lewis, who was distinct from the real Jerry Lewis in that he had a housekeeper with magical powers—can be used as connections; this also applies to specific versions of public-domain fictional characters, such as Marvel Comics' version of Hercules or DC Comics' version of Robin Hood.
Characters are only considered to have met if they appeared together in a story; therefore, characters who simply appeared on the same front cover are not necessarily in the same universe.
Collaboration
See also: Shared universe
Fictional universes are sometimes shared by multiple prose authors, with each author's works in that universe being granted approximately equal canonical status. For example, Larry Niven's fictional universe Known Space has an approximately 135-year period in which Niven allows other authors to write stories about the Man-Kzin Wars. Other fictional universes, like the Ring of Fire series, actively court canonical stimulus from fans, but gate and control the changes through a formalized process and the final say of the editor and universe creator.
See also
Alternate history
Alternate universe
Constructed world
Continuity
Diegesis
Expanded universe
Shared universe
Fantasy world
Fictional country
Fictional location
Future history
Index of fictional places
List of fantasy worlds
Mythical place
Paracosm
Parallel universe
Planets in science fiction
Setting
Simulated reality
Virtual reality
Multiverse
References
^ a b Schult, Stefanie; Tolkien, J. R. R.; Pratchett, Terry; Williams, Tad (2017). Subcreation: fictional-world construction from J.R.R. Tolkien to Terry Pratchett and Tad Williams. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8325-4419-5.
^ Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). Fictional Worlds. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674299665.
^ "THE MERCHANT OF VENICE meets THE SHIEK OF ARABI", by Don Markstein (as "Om Markstein Sklom Stu"), in CAPA-alpha #71 (September 1970); archived at Toonopedia
^ Flint, Eric and various others (26 December 2006). Grantville Gazette III. Thomas Kidd (cover art). Baen Books. pp. 311–313. ISBN 978-1-4165-0941-7. The print published and e-published Grantville Gazettes all contain a post book afterword detailing where and how to submit a manuscript to the fictional canon oversight process for the 1632 series.
Further reading
Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi: The Dictionary of Imaginary Places, New York : Harcourt Brace, c2000. ISBN 0-15-100541-9
Brian Stableford: The Dictionary of Science Fiction Places, New York : Wonderland Press, c1999. ISBN 0-684-84958-5
Diana Wynne Jones: The Tough Guide to Fantasyland, New York : Firebird, 2006. ISBN 0-14-240722-4, Explains and parodies the common features of a standard fantasy world
George Ochoa and Jeffery Osier: Writer's Guide to Creating A Science Fiction Universe, Cincinnati, Ohio : Writer's Digest Books, 1993. ISBN 0-89879-536-2
Michael Page and Robert Ingpen : Encyclopedia of Things That Never Were: Creatures, Places, and People, 1987. ISBN 0-14-010008-3
vteNarrativeCharacter
Antagonist
Archenemy
Character arc
Character flaw
Characterization
Confidant
Deuteragonist
False protagonist
Focal character
Foil
Gothic double
Hamartia
Hero
Anti
Byronic
Tragic
Narrator
Protagonist
Stock character
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Supporting character
Title character
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Plot
Ab ovo
Action
Backstory
Origin story
Chekhov's gun
Cliché
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Conflict
Deus ex machina
Dialogue
Dramatic structure
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Foreshadowing
Flashback
Flashforward
Frame story
In medias res
Kishōtenketsu
MacGuffin
Pace
Plot device
Plot twist
Poetic justice
Red herring
Reveal
Self-insertion
Shaggy dog story
Stereotype
Story arc
Story within a story
Subplot
Suspense
Trope
Setting
Alternate history
Backstory
Crossover
Dreamworld
Dystopia
Fictional location
city
country
universe
parallel
Utopia
Worldbuilding
Theme
Irony
Leitmotif
Metaphor
Moral
Moral development
Motif
Deal with the Devil
Conflict between good and evil
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Time travel
Style
Allegory
Bathos
Comic relief
Diction
Figure of speech
Imagery
Mode
Mood
Narration
Narrative techniques
Hook
Show, don't tell
Stylistic device
Suspension of disbelief
Symbolism
Tone
Structure
Act
Act structure
Three-act structure
Freytag's Pyramid
Exposition/Protasis
Rising action/Epitasis
Climax/Peripeteia
Falling action/Catastasis
Denouement/Catastrophe
Linear narrative
Nonlinear narrative
films
television series
Premise
Types of fiction with multiple endings
Form
Drama
Fabliau
Flash fiction
Folklore
Fable
Fairy tale
Legend
Myth
Tall tale
Gamebook
Narrative art
Narrative poetry
Epic poetry
Novel
Novella
Parable
Short story
Vignette
Genre(List)
Autobiography
Biography
Fiction
Action fiction
Adventure
Comic
Crime
Docu
Epistolary
Ergodic
Erotic
Historical
Mystery
Nautical
Paranoid
Philosophical
Picaresque
Political
Pop culture
Psychological
Religious
Rogue
Romance
Chivalric
Prose
Saga
Satire
Speculative fiction
Fantasy
Gothic
Southern
Horror
Magic realism
Science
Hard
Utopian and dystopian
Underwater
Superhero
Theological
Thriller
Urban
Western
Nonfiction
Novel
Creative
Narration
Diegesis
First-person
Second-person
Third-person
Third-person omniscient narrative
Subjectivity
Unreliable narrator
Multiple narrators
Stream of consciousness
Stream of unconsciousness
Tense
Past
Present
Future
Related
Dominant narrative
Fiction writing
Continuity
Canon
Reboot
Retcon
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Genre
List
Literary science
Literary theory
Narrative identity
Narrative paradigm
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Narratology
Metafiction
Political narrative
Rhetoric
Glossary
Screenwriting
Storytelling
Tellability
Verisimilitude
vteFictional locationsBuildings
Bars and pubs
Castles
Prisons
Railway stations
Cities and towns
Settlements
in animation
in comics
in film
in literature
in television
Countries, counties, and states
Countries
African
Asian
European
Oceanian
Pan-American
by region
Islands
Mythological places
Planets, worlds, and universes
Fantasy worlds
Planets
Universes
film and television
animation and comics
literature
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Related
Continuity
Fantasy map
Lists of fictional locations
Shared universe
Worldbuilding
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
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|
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For fictional dream worlds, see Dream world (plot device).Map of the Land of Oz, the fictional realm that is the setting for L. Frank Baum's Oz seriesA fictional universe (also called an imagined universe or a constructed universe) is the internally consistent fictional setting used in a narrative work or work of art, most commonly associated with works of fantasy and science fiction. 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According to the criteria he imagined:[3]If characters A and B have met, then they are in the same universe; if characters B and C have met, then, transitively, A and C are in the same universe.\nCharacters cannot be connected by real people—otherwise, it could be argued that Superman and the Fantastic Four were in the same universe, as Superman met John F. Kennedy, Kennedy met Neil Armstrong, and Armstrong met the Fantastic Four.\nCharacters cannot be connected by characters \"that do not originate with the publisher\"—otherwise it could be argued that Superman and the Fantastic Four were in the same universe, as both met Hercules.\nSpecific fictionalized versions of real people—for instance, the version of Jerry Lewis from DC Comics' The Adventures of Jerry Lewis, who was distinct from the real Jerry Lewis in that he had a housekeeper with magical powers—can be used as connections; this also applies to specific versions of public-domain fictional characters, such as Marvel Comics' version of Hercules or DC Comics' version of Robin Hood.\nCharacters are only considered to have met if they appeared together in a story; therefore, characters who simply appeared on the same front cover are not necessarily in the same universe.","title":"Fictional continuity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shared universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_universe"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Known Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space"},{"link_name":"Man-Kzin Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-Kzin_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ring of Fire series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire_series"},{"link_name":"the editor and universe creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Flint"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Shared universeFictional universes are sometimes shared by multiple prose authors, with each author's works in that universe being granted approximately equal canonical status. For example, Larry Niven's fictional universe Known Space has an approximately 135-year period in which Niven allows other authors to write stories about the Man-Kzin Wars. Other fictional universes, like the Ring of Fire series, actively court canonical stimulus from fans, but gate and control the changes through a formalized process and the final say of the editor and universe creator.[4]","title":"Collaboration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberto Manguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Manguel"},{"link_name":"Gianni Guadalupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gianni_Guadalupi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Dictionary of Imaginary Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Imaginary_Places"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-15-100541-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100541-9"},{"link_name":"Brian 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data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14535449v"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4161292-9"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558522005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92002904"}],"text":"Alberto Manguel and Gianni Guadalupi: The Dictionary of Imaginary Places, New York : Harcourt Brace, c2000. ISBN 0-15-100541-9\nBrian Stableford: The Dictionary of Science Fiction Places, New York : Wonderland Press, c1999. ISBN 0-684-84958-5\nDiana Wynne Jones: The Tough Guide to Fantasyland, New York : Firebird, 2006. ISBN 0-14-240722-4, Explains and parodies the common features of a standard fantasy world\nGeorge Ochoa and Jeffery Osier: Writer's Guide to Creating A Science Fiction Universe, Cincinnati, Ohio : Writer's Digest Books, 1993. ISBN 0-89879-536-2\nMichael Page and Robert Ingpen : Encyclopedia of Things That Never Were: Creatures, Places, and People, 1987. ISBN 0-14-010008-3vteNarrativeCharacter\nAntagonist\nArchenemy\nCharacter arc\nCharacter flaw\nCharacterization\nConfidant\nDeuteragonist\nFalse protagonist\nFocal character\nFoil\nGothic double\nHamartia\nHero\nAnti\nByronic\nTragic\nNarrator\nProtagonist\nStock character\nStraight man\nSupporting character\nTitle character\nTritagonist\nVillain\nPlot\nAb ovo\nAction\nBackstory\nOrigin story\nChekhov's gun\nCliché\nCliffhanger\nConflict\nDeus ex machina\nDialogue\nDramatic structure\nEucatastrophe\nForeshadowing\nFlashback\nFlashforward\nFrame story\nIn medias res\nKishōtenketsu\nMacGuffin\nPace\nPlot device\nPlot twist\nPoetic justice\nRed herring\nReveal\nSelf-insertion\nShaggy dog story\nStereotype\nStory arc\nStory within a story\nSubplot\nSuspense\nTrope\nSetting\nAlternate history\nBackstory\nCrossover\nDreamworld\nDystopia\nFictional location\ncity\ncountry\nuniverse\nparallel\nUtopia\nWorldbuilding\nTheme\nIrony\nLeitmotif\nMetaphor\nMoral\nMoral development\nMotif\nDeal with the Devil\nConflict between good and evil\nSelf-fulfilling prophecy\nTime travel\nStyle\nAllegory\nBathos\nComic relief\nDiction\nFigure of speech\nImagery\nMode\nMood\nNarration\nNarrative techniques\nHook\nShow, don't tell\nStylistic device\nSuspension of disbelief\nSymbolism\nTone\nStructure\nAct\nAct structure\nThree-act structure\nFreytag's Pyramid\nExposition/Protasis\nRising action/Epitasis\nClimax/Peripeteia\nFalling action/Catastasis\nDenouement/Catastrophe\nLinear narrative\nNonlinear narrative\nfilms\ntelevision series\nPremise\nTypes of fiction with multiple endings\nForm\nDrama\nFabliau\nFlash fiction\nFolklore\nFable\nFairy tale\nLegend\nMyth\nTall tale\nGamebook\nNarrative art\nNarrative poetry\nEpic poetry\nNovel\nNovella\nParable\nShort story\nVignette\nGenre(List)\nAutobiography\nBiography\nFiction\nAction fiction\nAdventure\nComic\nCrime\nDocu\nEpistolary\nErgodic\nErotic\nHistorical\nMystery\nNautical\nParanoid\nPhilosophical\nPicaresque\nPolitical\nPop culture\nPsychological\nReligious\nRogue\nRomance\nChivalric\nProse\nSaga\nSatire\nSpeculative fiction\nFantasy\nGothic\nSouthern\nHorror\nMagic realism\nScience\nHard\nUtopian and dystopian\nUnderwater\nSuperhero\nTheological\nThriller\nUrban\nWestern\nNonfiction\nNovel\nCreative\nNarration\nDiegesis\nFirst-person\nSecond-person\nThird-person\nThird-person omniscient narrative\nSubjectivity\nUnreliable narrator\nMultiple narrators\nStream of consciousness\nStream of unconsciousness\nTense\nPast\nPresent\nFuture\nRelated\nDominant narrative\nFiction writing\nContinuity\nCanon\nReboot\nRetcon\nParallel novel\nPrequel / Sequel\nGenre\nList\nLiterary science\nLiterary theory\nNarrative identity\nNarrative paradigm\nNarrative therapy\nNarratology\nMetafiction\nPolitical narrative\nRhetoric\nGlossary\nScreenwriting\nStorytelling\nTellability\nVerisimilitudevteFictional locationsBuildings\nBars and pubs\nCastles\nPrisons\nRailway stations\nCities and towns\nSettlements\nin animation\nin comics\nin film\nin literature\nin television\nCountries, counties, and states\nCountries\nAfrican\nAsian\nEuropean\nOceanian\nPan-American\nby region\nIslands\nMythological places\nPlanets, worlds, and universes\nFantasy worlds\nPlanets\nUniverses\nfilm and television\nanimation and comics\nliterature\nscience fiction\nRelated\nContinuity\nFantasy map\nLists of fictional locations\nShared universe\nWorldbuildingAuthority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Map of the Land of Oz, the fictional realm that is the setting for L. Frank Baum's Oz series","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map-of-Oz.jpg/300px-Map-of-Oz.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history_(fiction)"},{"title":"Alternate universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_universe_(fan_fiction)"},{"title":"Constructed world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_world"},{"title":"Continuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_(fiction)"},{"title":"Diegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diegesis"},{"title":"Expanded universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_universe"},{"title":"Shared universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_universe"},{"title":"Fantasy world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_world"},{"title":"Fictional country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_country"},{"title":"Fictional location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_location"},{"title":"Future history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_history"},{"title":"Index of fictional places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_fictional_places"},{"title":"List of fantasy worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds"},{"title":"Mythical place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_place"},{"title":"Paracosm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracosm"},{"title":"Parallel universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)"},{"title":"Planets in science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_in_science_fiction"},{"title":"Setting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting_(fiction)"},{"title":"Simulated reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality"},{"title":"Virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"title":"Multiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse#Multiverse_Hypothesis_in_fiction"}]
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[{"reference":"Schult, Stefanie; Tolkien, J. R. R.; Pratchett, Terry; Williams, Tad (2017). Subcreation: fictional-world construction from J.R.R. Tolkien to Terry Pratchett and Tad Williams. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8325-4419-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8325-4419-5","url_text":"978-3-8325-4419-5"}]},{"reference":"Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). Fictional Worlds. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674299665.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674299665","url_text":"9780674299665"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Eric and various others (26 December 2006). Grantville Gazette III. Thomas Kidd (cover art). Baen Books. pp. 311–313. ISBN 978-1-4165-0941-7. The print published and e-published Grantville Gazettes all contain a post book afterword detailing where and how to submit a manuscript to the fictional canon oversight process for the 1632 series.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Flint","url_text":"Flint, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantville_Gazette_III","url_text":"Grantville Gazette III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kidd_(illustrator)","url_text":"Thomas Kidd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Books","url_text":"Baen Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-0941-7","url_text":"978-1-4165-0941-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterword","url_text":"afterword"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1632_series","url_text":"1632 series"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20190531164542/http://toonopedia.com/universe.htm","external_links_name":"\"THE MERCHANT OF VENICE meets THE SHIEK OF ARABI\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14535449v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14535449v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161292-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558522005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92002904","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganville_Airfield
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Luganville Airfield
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["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Postwar","2 See also","3 References"]
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Luganville AirfieldEspiritu Santo, New Hebrides Islands Aerial view of Luganville Airfield, Espiritu SantoCoordinates15°30′17″S 167°07′12″E / 15.50472°S 167.12000°E / -15.50472; 167.12000TypeMilitary AirfieldSite informationControlled byUnited States Army Air ForcesConditionabandonedSite historyBuilt1943Built bySeebeesIn use1943-4MaterialsCoral
Luganville Airfield or Bomber Field #3 is a former World War II airfield on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands at the Espiritu Santo Naval Base.
History
World War II
The Seabees of the 40th Naval Construction Battalion arrived on Santo on 3 February 1943 and were tasked with building a third bomber field in dense jungle to the west of Luganville. By July the Battalion had completed a 6,800 feet (2,100 m) by 300 feet (91 m) coral runway, with 27,000 feet (8,200 m) of taxiways and 75 hardstands. Additional facilities constructed included a tank farm of six 1,000-barrel steel tanks, two truck-loading stations, two repair areas, fifteen 40 feet (12 m) by 10 feet (3.0 m) arch-rib warehouses, one 100 feet (30 m) by 90 feet (27 m) hangar, eighteen quonset huts for living quarters, six mess halls, and all necessary utilities. 15 miles (24 km) of two-lane access and supply roads, were cut through dense jungle.
VP-44 operating PBY-5s operated from Luganville from 11 March 1944 until 15 June 1944 when it moved to Nissan Island.
VMF-323 was based at Luganville from 29 October 1944 until 23 February 1945 when it moved to Okinawa.
Postwar
NOB Espiritu Santo disestablished on 12 June 1946.: 757 The airfield remained in use as a civilian airstrip until the early 1970s however as it was on higher ground it was often clouded in and so it was decided to move all operations to the former Bomber Field No.2 which became Santo-Pekoa International Airport. The field is now largely overgrown with vegetation.
See also
Luganville Seaplane Base
Palikulo Bay Airfield
Santo International Airport
Turtle Bay Airfield
References
^ Building the Navy's Bases in World War II History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940-1946. US Government Printing Office. 1947. p. 230. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons - Volume 2. Naval Historical Center. pp. 463–4. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Stone, Peter (1997). The Lady and the President: The life and loss of the S.S. President Coolidge. Oceans Enterprises. p. 65. ISBN 9780958665728.
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[]
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[{"title":"Luganville Seaplane Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganville_Seaplane_Base"},{"title":"Palikulo Bay Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palikulo_Bay_Airfield"},{"title":"Santo International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_International_Airport"},{"title":"Turtle Bay Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Bay_Airfield"}]
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[{"reference":"Building the Navy's Bases in World War II History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940-1946. US Government Printing Office. 1947. p. 230.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases.html","url_text":"Building the Navy's Bases in World War II History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940-1946"}]},{"reference":"Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons - Volume 2. Naval Historical Center. pp. 463–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Aviation_Squadrons","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons - Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Peter (1997). The Lady and the President: The life and loss of the S.S. President Coolidge. Oceans Enterprises. p. 65. ISBN 9780958665728.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958665728","url_text":"9780958665728"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Luganville_Airfield¶ms=15_30_17_S_167_07_12_E_","external_links_name":"15°30′17″S 167°07′12″E / 15.50472°S 167.12000°E / -15.50472; 167.12000"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases.html","external_links_name":"Building the Navy's Bases in World War II History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940-1946"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Trinian%27s
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St Trinian's School
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["1 Concept","2 The inspiration","3 Books","4 Film adaptations","4.1 Coat of arms","4.2 School motto","4.3 School songs","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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British gag cartoon comic strip series
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "St Trinian's School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
For the 2007 film, see St Trinian's (film). For the actual progressive school, see St Trinnean's School.
Cover of a modern re-issue of St Trinian's drawings
St Trinian's is a British gag cartoon comic strip series, created and drawn by Ronald Searle from 1946 until 1952. The cartoons all centre on a boarding school for girls, where the teachers are sadists and the girls are juvenile delinquents. The series was Searle's most famous work and inspired a popular series of comedy films.
Concept
Searle published his first St Trinian's School cartoon in 1941 in the magazine Lilliput. He was captured at Singapore in 1942 and spent the rest of the Second World War as a prisoner of the Japanese. After the war, in 1946 Searle started making new cartoons about the girls, but the content was much darker compared to the earlier years.
The school is the antithesis of the type of posh girls' boarding school depicted by Enid Blyton or Angela Brazil; its female pupils are bad and often well armed, and mayhem is rife. The schoolmistresses are also disreputable. Cartoons often showed dead bodies of girls who had been murdered with pitchforks or succumbed to violent team sports, sometimes with vultures circling; girls drank, gambled and smoked. It is reputed that the gymslip style of dress worn by the girls was closely modelled on the school uniform of James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) in Dulwich, which Searle's daughter Kate attended.
In the 1950s, films were developed that were based on the cartoon series. These comedies implied that the girls at the school were the daughters of dubious characters, such as gangsters, crooks, and shady bookmakers. The institution is often referred to as a "female borstal", as if it were a reform school.
The inspiration
St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence, University of Edinburgh. Home of St Trinnean's School for Girls until World War II, when the school was moved to the countryside
Rear of St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence, University of Edinburgh
During 1941 Searle had gone to the artists' community in the village of Kirkcudbright. Whilst visiting the family Johnston, he made a drawing to please their two schoolgirl daughters, Cécilé and Pat, (their school had been evacuated to New Gala House in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders owing to the war). Searle was puzzled as to why two schoolgirls should seem so keen to return to their school, an Academy for Young Ladies in Dalkeith Road known as St Trinnean's. The school was of the experimental sort, and allowed its pupils a certain degree of freedom and autonomy in their own educational choices. The school's original building is now part of the University of Edinburgh.
Searle's St Trinian's was based on two private girls' schools in Cambridge – Perse School for Girls, now known as the co-educational Stephen Perse Foundation, and St Mary's School for girls, a Catholic school established by the Sisters of Mary Ward. Growing up in Cambridge, Searle regularly saw the girls on their way to and from school; they originally inspired his cartoons and characters. The Perse School for Girls' Archive area holds several original St Trinian's books, given to the school by Ronald Searle. He also based the school partly on the former Cambridgeshire High School for Girls (now Long Road Sixth Form College).
During his BBC interview Searle agreed that the cruelty depicted at St Trinian's derived partly from his captivity during World War II but stressed that he included it only because the ignoble aspect to warfare in general had become more widely known.
Books
Hurrah for St Trinian's (1948)
The Female Approach (1950)
Back to the Slaughterhouse (1952)
The Terror of St Trinians or Angela's Prince Charming (1952; text by Timothy Shy, pen-name for D. B. Wyndham Lewis)
Souls in Torment (1953)
Film adaptations
In the 1950s, a series of St Trinian's comedy films was made, featuring well-known British actors, including Alastair Sim (in drag as the headmistress, and also playing her brother); George Cole as spiv "Flash Harry", Joyce Grenfell as Sgt Ruby Gates, a beleaguered policewoman; and Richard Wattis and Eric Barker as the civil servants at the Ministry of Education for whom the school is a source of constant frustration and nervous breakdowns. Searle's cartoons appeared in the films' main title design.
In the films the school became embroiled in various shady enterprises, thanks mainly to Flash, and, as a result, was always threatened with closure by the Ministry. (In the last of the original four, this became the "Ministry of Schools", possibly because of fears of a libel action from a real Minister of Education.) The first four films form a chronological quartet, and were produced by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat. They had earlier produced The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950), a stylistically similar school comedy, starring Alastair Sim, Joyce Grenfell, George Cole, Richard Wattis, Guy Middleton, and Bernadette O'Farrell, all of whom later appeared in the St Trinian's series, often playing similar characters.
Barchester and Barset were used as names for the fictional towns near which St Trinian's School was supposedly located in the original films. In Blue Murder at St Trinian's, a signpost was marked as 2 miles to Barset, 8 miles to Wantage, indicating a location in what was Berkshire at the time of filming (transferred to Oxfordshire in 1974).
St Trinian's is depicted as an unorthodox girls' school where the younger girls wreak havoc and the older girls express their femininity overtly, turning their shapeless schoolgirl dress into something sexy and risqué by the standards of the times. St Trinian's is often invoked in discussions about groups of schoolgirls running amok.
The St Trinian's girls themselves come in two categories: the Fourth Form, most closely resembling Searle's original drawings of ink-stained, ungovernable pranksters, and the much older Sixth Form, sexually precocious to a degree that may have seemed alarming to some in 1954.
In the films, the Fourth Form includes a number of much younger girls who are the most ferocious of them all. It is something of a rule of thumb that the smaller a St Trinian's is, the more dangerous she is—especially when armed, most commonly with a lacrosse or hockey stick—though none of them can ever be considered harmless.
In the first two films, St Trinian's is presided over by the genial Miss Millicent Fritton (Sim in drag), whose philosophy is summed up as: "In other schools girls are sent out quite unprepared into a merciless world, but when our girls leave here, it is the merciless world which has to be prepared." Later other headmistresses included Dora Bryan in The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery.
In December 2007, a new film, St Trinian's, was released. The cast included Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, Russell Brand, Lily Cole, Talulah Riley, Stephen Fry, and Gemma Arterton. Reviews were mixed. A second new St Trinian's film, St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold, was released in 2009.
The first series
The Belles of St Trinian's (1954)
Blue Murder at St Trinian's (1957)
The Pure Hell of St Trinian's (1960)
The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery (1966)
The first reboot
The Wildcats of St Trinian's (1980, with Maureen Lipman taking on the Joyce Grenfell role)
The second reboot
St Trinian's (2007)
St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009)
Coat of arms
The school's coat of arms was originally shown as a black skull-and-crossbones on a field of white. This was later changed to a white tau cross (symbolising the "T" in Trinian's) on a black field bordered white.
School motto
The school has no fixed motto but has had several suggested ones. The school's motto is depicted in the original movies from the 1950s and 1960s as In flagrante delicto ("Caught in the Act"). This can be seen on the trophy shelf, above the stairs in The Belles of St Trinian's (1954). The lyrics of the original theme song by Sidney Gilliat (c. 1954) imply that the school's motto is "Get your blow in first" (Semper debeatis percutis ictu primo).
A poem in one of Searle's books called "St Trinian's Soccer Song", by D. B. Wyndham Lewis and Johnny Dankworth, states that the motto is Floreat St Trinian's ("May St Trinian's Bloom/Flourish"), a reference to the motto of Eton (Floreat Etona—"May Eton Flourish").
School songs
The musical score for the St Trinian films was written by Malcolm Arnold and included the school song, with words accredited to Sidney Gilliat (1954). In the 2007 film, a new school song, written by Girls Aloud, was called "Defenders of Anarchy". The school also has a fight song.
In popular culture
This section may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (January 2024)
Between 1968 and 1972, the British comic-book The Beano ran a series entitled The Belles of St. Lemons, which was inspired by the original St Trinian's cartoons by Ronald Searle.
The gauge 0 model train manufacturer ACE Trains produce an "unorthodox" model of a British Schools Class steam locomotive (which were named after British schools), numbered 1922 and named "St Trinneans" (sic). This model is bright pink and has a pair of uniformed schoolgirls as driver and fireman.
In 1990, Chris Claremont and Ron Wagner paid tribute to both Searle and St Trinian's in a story arc in the Marvel comic book Excalibur, in which Kitty Pryde became a student at "St Searle's School for Young Ladies". Towards the end of the arc, Commandere Dai Thomas exclaims, "I took a look at the Special Branch records. Have you any notion what this school's done in the past? With them about, who needs the perishing SAS?"
See also
Category:St Trinian's films
References
^ "8: II. Ronald Searle & the St Trinian's Cartoons".
^ "Ronald Searle". Telegraph.co.uk. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ Source: Downloaded from http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst10257.html
^ Webb, K. The St. Trinian's Story (Penguin Books, 1959)
^ Davies, Russell. Ronald Searle: A Biography (Sinclair-Stevenson, London, 1990)
^ Goodwin, Stephen (October 22, 1998). "Revealed: belles of the real St Trinians". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
^ here "The Cambridge Schoolgirls who inspired "St Trinian's"
^ Desert Island Disks: Ronald Searle BBC - Sounds – Retrieved 20 April 2020
^ "Model Cole joins Trinian's film". BBC News. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
^ "St Trinian's (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
^ Webb, Kaye, ed. (1959). The St Trinian's Story. London; New York (respectively): Perpetua Books; London House & Maxwell. pp. 44–45. OCLC 2898524.
^ Webb, Kaye, ed. (1959). The St Trinian's Story. London; New York (respectively): Perpetua Books; London House & Maxwell. pp. 46–48. OCLC 2898524.
^ Original St. Trinian's song (video). YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
^ E/10 Schools class Locomotive ACE Trains. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
^ Excalibur, #32–34
^ Excalibur, #34, p. 28
External links
Ronald Searle and the St Trinian's Cartoons
Link to the first movie
About the creator
St Trinians animated by Uli Meyer Studios Retrieved January 2013
vteSt Trinian's SchoolFilmsOriginal series
The Belles of St. Trinian's (1954)
Blue Murder at St Trinian's (1957)
The Pure Hell of St Trinian's (1960)
The Great St. Trinian's Train Robbery (1966)
1980 film
The Wildcats of St Trinian's (1980)
21st century
St Trinian's (2007)
St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009)
Soundtracks
St. Trinian's: The Soundtrack
St. Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold
Other
Cast members list
Ronald Searle
Flash Harry
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Trinian's (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_(film)"},{"link_name":"St Trinnean's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinnean%27s_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sttrinians.jpg"},{"link_name":"gag cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_cartoon"},{"link_name":"Ronald Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Searle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"juvenile delinquents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquents"}],"text":"For the 2007 film, see St Trinian's (film). For the actual progressive school, see St Trinnean's School.Cover of a modern re-issue of St Trinian's drawingsSt Trinian's is a British gag cartoon comic strip series, created and drawn by Ronald Searle from 1946 until 1952.[1] The cartoons all centre on a boarding school for girls, where the teachers are sadists and the girls are juvenile delinquents. The series was Searle's most famous work and inspired a popular series of comedy films.","title":"St Trinian's School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lilliput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilliput_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"prisoner of the Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_prisoners_of_war"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"antithesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Enid Blyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton"},{"link_name":"Angela Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Brazil"},{"link_name":"gymslip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymslip"},{"link_name":"James Allen's Girls' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Allen%27s_Girls%27_School"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich"},{"link_name":"gangsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"borstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borstal"}],"text":"Searle published his first St Trinian's School cartoon in 1941 in the magazine Lilliput. He was captured at Singapore in 1942 and spent the rest of the Second World War as a prisoner of the Japanese. After the war, in 1946 Searle started making new cartoons about the girls, but the content was much darker compared to the earlier years.[2]The school is the antithesis of the type of posh girls' boarding school depicted by Enid Blyton or Angela Brazil; its female pupils are bad and often well armed, and mayhem is rife. The schoolmistresses are also disreputable. Cartoons often showed dead bodies of girls who had been murdered with pitchforks or succumbed to violent team sports, sometimes with vultures circling; girls drank, gambled and smoked. It is reputed that the gymslip style of dress worn by the girls was closely modelled on the school uniform of James Allen's Girls' School (JAGS) in Dulwich, which Searle's daughter Kate attended.In the 1950s, films were developed that were based on the cartoon series. These comedies implied that the girls at the school were the daughters of dubious characters, such as gangsters, crooks, and shady bookmakers. The institution is often referred to as a \"female borstal\", as if it were a reform school.","title":"Concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbright"},{"link_name":"New Gala House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Gala_House"},{"link_name":"Galashiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galashiels"},{"link_name":"Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"St Trinnean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinnean%27s"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Perse School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perse_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"St Mary's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_School,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Long Road Sixth Form College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Road_Sixth_Form_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"During 1941 Searle had gone to the artists' community in the village of Kirkcudbright. Whilst visiting the family Johnston, he made a drawing to please their two schoolgirl daughters, Cécilé and Pat, (their school had been evacuated to New Gala House in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders owing to the war). Searle was puzzled as to why two schoolgirls should seem so keen to return to their school, an Academy for Young Ladies in Dalkeith Road known as St Trinnean's.[4][5][6] The school was of the experimental sort, and allowed its pupils a certain degree of freedom and autonomy in their own educational choices. The school's original building is now part of the University of Edinburgh.Searle's St Trinian's was based on two private girls' schools in Cambridge – Perse School for Girls, now known as the co-educational Stephen Perse Foundation, and St Mary's School for girls, a Catholic school established by the Sisters of Mary Ward. Growing up in Cambridge, Searle regularly saw the girls on their way to and from school; they originally inspired his cartoons and characters. The Perse School for Girls' Archive area holds several original St Trinian's books, given to the school by Ronald Searle. He also based the school partly on the former Cambridgeshire High School for Girls (now Long Road Sixth Form College).[7]During his BBC interview[8] Searle agreed that the cruelty depicted at St Trinian's derived partly from his captivity during World War II but stressed that he included it only because the ignoble aspect to warfare in general had become more widely known.","title":"The inspiration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D. B. Wyndham Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._B._Wyndham_Lewis"}],"text":"Hurrah for St Trinian's (1948)\nThe Female Approach (1950)\nBack to the Slaughterhouse (1952)\nThe Terror of St Trinians or Angela's Prince Charming (1952; text by Timothy Shy, pen-name for D. B. Wyndham Lewis)\nSouls in Torment (1953)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alastair Sim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Sim"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"George Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cole_(actor)"},{"link_name":"spiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiv"},{"link_name":"Flash Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Harry_(St_Trinian%27s)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Grenfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Grenfell"},{"link_name":"Richard Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wattis"},{"link_name":"Eric Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Barker"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"films' main title design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_title_design"},{"link_name":"Frank Launder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Launder"},{"link_name":"Sidney Gilliat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Gilliat"},{"link_name":"The Happiest Days of Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happiest_Days_of_Your_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Guy Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Bernadette O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_O%27Farrell"},{"link_name":"Barchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicles_of_Barsetshire"},{"link_name":"Barset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsetshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Dora Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Bryan"},{"link_name":"St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rupert Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Everett"},{"link_name":"Colin Firth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Firth"},{"link_name":"Russell Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brand"},{"link_name":"Lily Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Cole"},{"link_name":"Talulah Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talulah_Riley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Gemma Arterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_Arterton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_2:_The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold"},{"link_name":"The Belles of St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belles_of_St_Trinian%27s"},{"link_name":"Blue Murder at St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Murder_at_St_Trinian%27s"},{"link_name":"The Pure Hell of St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pure_Hell_of_St_Trinian%27s"},{"link_name":"The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_St_Trinian%27s_Train_Robbery"},{"link_name":"The Wildcats of St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wildcats_of_St_Trinian%27s"},{"link_name":"Maureen Lipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Lipman"},{"link_name":"St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_(film)"},{"link_name":"St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_2:_The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold"}],"text":"In the 1950s, a series of St Trinian's comedy films was made, featuring well-known British actors, including Alastair Sim (in drag as the headmistress, and also playing her brother); George Cole as spiv \"Flash Harry\", Joyce Grenfell as Sgt Ruby Gates, a beleaguered policewoman; and Richard Wattis and Eric Barker as the civil servants at the Ministry of Education for whom the school is a source of constant frustration and nervous breakdowns. Searle's cartoons appeared in the films' main title design.In the films the school became embroiled in various shady enterprises, thanks mainly to Flash, and, as a result, was always threatened with closure by the Ministry. (In the last of the original four, this became the \"Ministry of Schools\", possibly because of fears of a libel action from a real Minister of Education.) The first four films form a chronological quartet, and were produced by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat. They had earlier produced The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950), a stylistically similar school comedy, starring Alastair Sim, Joyce Grenfell, George Cole, Richard Wattis, Guy Middleton, and Bernadette O'Farrell, all of whom later appeared in the St Trinian's series, often playing similar characters.Barchester and Barset were used as names for the fictional towns near which St Trinian's School was supposedly located in the original films. In Blue Murder at St Trinian's, a signpost was marked as 2 miles to Barset, 8 miles to Wantage, indicating a location in what was Berkshire at the time of filming (transferred to Oxfordshire in 1974).St Trinian's is depicted as an unorthodox girls' school where the younger girls wreak havoc and the older girls express their femininity overtly, turning their shapeless schoolgirl dress into something sexy and risqué by the standards of the times. St Trinian's is often invoked in discussions about groups of schoolgirls running amok.[citation needed]The St Trinian's girls themselves come in two categories: the Fourth Form, most closely resembling Searle's original drawings of ink-stained, ungovernable pranksters, and the much older Sixth Form, sexually precocious to a degree that may have seemed alarming to some in 1954.[citation needed]In the films, the Fourth Form includes a number of much younger girls who are the most ferocious of them all. It is something of a rule of thumb that the smaller a St Trinian's is, the more dangerous she is—especially when armed, most commonly with a lacrosse or hockey stick—though none of them can ever be considered harmless.In the first two films, St Trinian's is presided over by the genial Miss Millicent Fritton (Sim in drag), whose philosophy is summed up as: \"In other schools girls are sent out quite unprepared into a merciless world, but when our girls leave here, it is the merciless world which has to be prepared.\" Later other headmistresses included Dora Bryan in The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery.In December 2007, a new film, St Trinian's, was released. The cast included Rupert Everett, Colin Firth, Russell Brand, Lily Cole, Talulah Riley, Stephen Fry, and Gemma Arterton.[9] Reviews were mixed.[10] A second new St Trinian's film, St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold, was released in 2009.The first seriesThe Belles of St Trinian's (1954)\nBlue Murder at St Trinian's (1957)\nThe Pure Hell of St Trinian's (1960)\nThe Great St Trinian's Train Robbery (1966)The first rebootThe Wildcats of St Trinian's (1980, with Maureen Lipman taking on the Joyce Grenfell role)The second rebootSt Trinian's (2007)\nSt Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009)","title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skull-and-crossbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(poison)"},{"link_name":"tau cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_cross"}],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"The school's coat of arms was originally shown as a black skull-and-crossbones on a field of white. This was later changed to a white tau cross (symbolising the \"T\" in Trinian's) on a black field bordered white.","title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In flagrante delicto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_flagrante_delicto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Johnny Dankworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Dankworth"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"}],"sub_title":"School motto","text":"The school has no fixed motto but has had several suggested ones. The school's motto is depicted in the original movies from the 1950s and 1960s as In flagrante delicto (\"Caught in the Act\"). This can be seen on the trophy shelf, above the stairs in The Belles of St Trinian's (1954). The lyrics of the original theme song by Sidney Gilliat (c. 1954) imply that the school's motto is \"Get your blow in first\"[11] (Semper debeatis percutis ictu primo).A poem in one of Searle's books called \"St Trinian's Soccer Song\", by D. B. Wyndham Lewis and Johnny Dankworth, states that the motto is Floreat St Trinian's (\"May St Trinian's Bloom/Flourish\"),[12] a reference to the motto of Eton (Floreat Etona—\"May Eton Flourish\").","title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"}],"sub_title":"School songs","text":"The musical score for the St Trinian films was written by Malcolm Arnold and included the school song, with words accredited to Sidney Gilliat (1954).[13] In the 2007 film, a new school song, written by Girls Aloud, was called \"Defenders of Anarchy\". The school also has a fight song.","title":"Film adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Beano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beano"},{"link_name":"The Belles of St. Lemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belles_of_St._Lemons"},{"link_name":"Ronald Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Searle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ACE Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ACE_Trains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schools Class steam locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_V_Schools_class"},{"link_name":"named after British schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SR_V_%22Schools%22_class_locomotives"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chris Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Claremont"},{"link_name":"Ron Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Wagner"},{"link_name":"story arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_arc"},{"link_name":"Marvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Kitty Pryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitty_Pryde"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Special Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)"},{"link_name":"SAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Between 1968 and 1972, the British comic-book The Beano ran a series entitled The Belles of St. Lemons, which was inspired by the original St Trinian's cartoons by Ronald Searle.[citation needed]\nThe gauge 0 model train manufacturer ACE Trains produce an \"unorthodox\" model of a British Schools Class steam locomotive (which were named after British schools), numbered 1922 and named \"St Trinneans\" (sic). This model is bright pink and has a pair of uniformed schoolgirls as driver and fireman.[14]\nIn 1990, Chris Claremont and Ron Wagner paid tribute to both Searle and St Trinian's in a story arc in the Marvel comic book Excalibur, in which Kitty Pryde became a student at \"St Searle's School for Young Ladies\".[15] Towards the end of the arc, Commandere Dai Thomas exclaims, \"I took a look at the Special Branch records. Have you any notion what this school's done in the past? With them about, who needs the perishing SAS?\"[16]","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cover of a modern re-issue of St Trinian's drawings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Sttrinians.jpg/220px-Sttrinians.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence, University of Edinburgh. Home of St Trinnean's School for Girls until World War II, when the school was moved to the countryside[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/St-leonards-pollock-edinburgh.jpg/200px-St-leonards-pollock-edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear of St Leonard's Hall, Pollock Halls of Residence, University of Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pollock_1.jpg/200px-Pollock_1.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Category:St Trinian's films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:St_Trinian%27s_films"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Hudelot
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Claude Hudelot
|
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References"]
|
French sinologist (1942–2021)
Claude HudelotBorn20 July 1942Chanceaux, FranceDied15 August 2021(2021-08-15) (aged 79)Bali, IndonesiaNationalityFrenchOccupationSinologist
Claude Hudelot (20 July 1942 – 15 August 2021) was a French sinologist, historian, radio show producer, and director of documentaries. He directed multiple cultural establishments within France and was a cultural attaché in China for eight years.
Biography
Claude was born on 20 July 1942 in Chanceaux to Roger and Suzanne Hudelot, both of whom were teachers. He lived in Burgundy from 1942 to 1951, French Algeria from 1951 to 1956, and the French Riviera from 1956 to 1961. He spent his secondary studies in Bombay in 1961 and 1962. Upon his return to France, he earned a degree in English and visited China for the first time. He took courses in Chinese at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, earning his degree in 1967 and obtaining a master's degree in contemporary Chinese history in 1969.
In 1975, Hudelot became a producer for France Culture. He produced numerous radio shows, such as "Après-midi de France Culture", "Nuits magnétiques", "L’heure du laitier", and "Poètes : vos papiers". In 1981, he participated in "Trottoirs de Buenos-Aires" and produced "Désirs des arts" from 1982 to 1983, which was also broadcast on Antenne 2 .
In 1984, Hudelot became director of the House of Culture of La Rochelle. There, he developed projects on themes of contemporary dance, plastic arts, photography, and the audiovisual. He was also a partner of the La Rochelle International Film Festival , directed by Jean-Loup Passek. In 1985, he published the La Longue Marche vers la Chine moderne collection with Éditions Gallimard. In 1987, he participated in the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and broadcast the event for French audiences on Antenne 2.
At the end of 1987, Hudelot was appointed director of the Rencontres d'Arles. The 1988 program was titled "La danse, la Chine, la pub", and the following year it focused on the last 20 years of the Rencontres (1969–1989). In 1989, he left the festival.
In 1990, Hudelot returned to France Culture as a producer, conducting the final radio interview of John Cage. He then co-directed the program La Planète Alberk Kahn for France 3. In 1994, he was appointed cultural attaché at the Embassy of France in Beijing. In 1994, he was appointed director of the Institut Franco-Japonais du Kansa, where he organized exhibitions and events in Kyoto and Kansai, such as the works of the photographer Lucien Clergue. In 1995, he organized the Kyoto International Film Festival, which displayed over 100 films and paid tribute to Auguste and Louis Lumière, Jean Renoir, Ken Loach, and Nagisa Ōshima. The event was supported by the Cinémathèque Française. He also co-founded the Académie de musique française de Kyoto.
Hudelot returned to France in 1998 and produced multiple radio shows based on his experiences in China and Japan. He once again returned to France Culture in 2000 and produced Le Bon Plaisir de Zao Wouki à Shanghaï. In 2002, he co-released "Hou Bo, Xu Xiaobing, photographes de Mao" alongside Jean-Michel Vecchiet. In 2002, he was again sent to be a cultural attaché in China, this time at the French consulate in Shanghai, a position he held until 2007.
In 2009, Hudelot published a retrospective work titled Le Mao alongside photographer Guy Gallice and Éditions du Rouergue . The final chapter was dedicated to the image of Mao Zedong in contemporary art. In 2009, he was a guest on Radio France Internationale for the series "La saga Mao". He then opened various blogs on Rue89, Mediapart, and Le Monde.fr.
Claude Hudelot died in Bali on 15 August 2021 at the age of 79.
Publications
La Longue Marche (1971)
Le monde autour de 1949 (1973)
Jeanclos, le tympan de Saint-Ayoul (1986)
Kaltex en Chine (1987)
Mon royaume pour un cheval (1988)
La Longue marche vers la Chine moderne (1985)
Mao (2001)
L’album de la famille Chine (2001)
Yan Pei-Ming, Fils du Dragon (2003)
Georges Joussaume (2009)
Le Mao (2009)
Mao (2011)
References
^ "Hudelot, Claude (1942-....)". BnF Catalogue général (in French).
^ a b Bellet, Harry (24 September 2009). ""Le Mao", de Guy Gallice et Claude Hudelot : le gros "Livre rouge"". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ "Man of red letters". China Daily. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ Stevan, Caroline (16 July 2014). "Les panoramas chinois de Claude Hudelot". Le Temps (in French). Arles. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ "La Rochelle : Claude Hudelot, ancien directeur de la Maison de la Culture, n'est plus". Sud Ouest (in French). La Rochelle. 16 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef
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There, he developed projects on themes of contemporary dance, plastic arts, photography, and the audiovisual. He was also a partner of the La Rochelle International Film Festival [fr], directed by Jean-Loup Passek. In 1985, he published the La Longue Marche vers la Chine moderne collection with Éditions Gallimard. In 1987, he participated in the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party and broadcast the event for French audiences on Antenne 2.At the end of 1987, Hudelot was appointed director of the Rencontres d'Arles. The 1988 program was titled \"La danse, la Chine, la pub\", and the following year it focused on the last 20 years of the Rencontres (1969–1989). In 1989, he left the festival.In 1990, Hudelot returned to France Culture as a producer, conducting the final radio interview of John Cage. He then co-directed the program La Planète Alberk Kahn for France 3. In 1994, he was appointed cultural attaché at the Embassy of France in Beijing.[2] In 1994, he was appointed director of the Institut Franco-Japonais du Kansa, where he organized exhibitions and events in Kyoto and Kansai, such as the works of the photographer Lucien Clergue. In 1995, he organized the Kyoto International Film Festival, which displayed over 100 films and paid tribute to Auguste and Louis Lumière, Jean Renoir, Ken Loach, and Nagisa Ōshima. The event was supported by the Cinémathèque Française. He also co-founded the Académie de musique française de Kyoto.Hudelot returned to France in 1998 and produced multiple radio shows based on his experiences in China and Japan. He once again returned to France Culture in 2000 and produced Le Bon Plaisir de Zao Wouki à Shanghaï. In 2002, he co-released \"Hou Bo, Xu Xiaobing, photographes de Mao\" alongside Jean-Michel Vecchiet. In 2002, he was again sent to be a cultural attaché in China, this time at the French consulate in Shanghai, a position he held until 2007.[2]In 2009, Hudelot published a retrospective work titled Le Mao alongside photographer Guy Gallice and Éditions du Rouergue [fr].[3] The final chapter was dedicated to the image of Mao Zedong in contemporary art.[4] In 2009, he was a guest on Radio France Internationale for the series \"La saga Mao\". He then opened various blogs on Rue89, Mediapart, and Le Monde.fr.Claude Hudelot died in Bali on 15 August 2021 at the age of 79.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"La Longue Marche (1971)\nLe monde autour de 1949 (1973)\nJeanclos, le tympan de Saint-Ayoul (1986)\nKaltex en Chine (1987)\nMon royaume pour un cheval (1988)\nLa Longue marche vers la Chine moderne (1985)\nMao (2001)\nL’album de la famille Chine (2001)\nYan Pei-Ming, Fils du Dragon (2003)\nGeorges Joussaume (2009)\nLe Mao (2009)\nMao (2011)","title":"Publications"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Sechin
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Cerro Sechín
|
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Architecture","4 Carvings","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 9°28.58′S 78°15.40′W / 9.47633°S 78.25667°W / -9.47633; -78.25667Archaeological site in Peru
This article is about the archaeological site. For the civilization it belonged to, see Casma/Sechin culture.
Relief of a warrior at Cerro Sechin.
Cerro Sechín (also Sechín de las Estelas) is an archaeological site in Casma Province of Ancash Region in northern Peru. Dating to 1600 BC, the site was discovered by Peruvian archaeologists Julio C. Tello and Toribio Mejía Xesspe on July 1, 1937. Tello believed it was the capital of an entire culture, now known as the Casma/Sechin culture or Sechin complex. Notable features include megalithic architecture with carved figures in bas-relief, which graphically dramatize human sacrifices. Cerro Sechín is situated within the Sechin Alto Complex, as are Sechin Bajo, and Taukachi-Konkan. There is a small on-site museum. The slabs at Cerro Sechin may represent the central Andes' oldest known monumental sculpture.
Geography
Cerro Sechín sits on a granitic hill, in the Casma Valley. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of the Pan-American Highway, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the provincial capital of Casma and 168 miles (270 km) north of Lima. It is situated 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the Pacific Ocean, near the confluence of the Sechin and Moxeke Rivers at an altitude of 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. The site contains walled enclosures around dwellings as well as temple platforms. Although the archaeological site occupies approximately 5 acres (2.0 ha), the monuments are grouped in a single hectare.
Sechin Complex in the Casma Valley.
The Sechin Complex is made up of several sites, including Cerro Sechin. In the Sechin riverbank, to the northeast, is the complex of Sechin Alto. Considered the greatest architectural complex of Peru, it covers 300–400 acres (120–160 ha). Sechin Bajo, nearest to Cerro Sechin, is on the other side of the river. Sechin Bajo was excavated from 1990 and its deeper layer was found in the year 2008; finds include the remains of a circular plaza of stone and mud dating to the Late Archaic period from 3,500 BC. Taukachi-Konkan is the northernmost of the sites within the complex.
History
Who developed Cerro Sechin, how it was constructed, and the nature of the site's ceremonies are unknown; little is known about the community associated with the site. The site dates to 1600 BC, approximately the end of the Periodo Arcaico Andino period and early Formativo Inferior period. It was completed before 2000 BC but remained in use until about 1500 BC, before the start of the Chavín culture.
Rigorous excavation and research occurred at Cerro Sechin after its 1937 discovery by Tello and Xesspe. He felt that this monument was proof of the influence of the Chavin culture in the Casma Valley. However, later research determined that Cerro Sechin predates the shrine of Chavin, making Cerro Sechin the forerunner of the architecture and iconography of Chavin. In terms of function, Cerro Sechin served as a central administration place for production, distribution and food stocks, and also of worship as a ceremonial center.
Architecture
There are several buildings, made from clay and stone. One of the clay building, remodeled in three phases, dates between 2400 and 2300 BC. Flanking the main buildings are two other buildings (Building A and Building C) and two platforms (platform Julio Cesar Tello and platform Rafael Larco). The main building is 51 square metres (550 sq ft) and 4 metres (13 ft) in height. Though roofs no longer survive, their design is evidenced on pottery vessels. The temple, rectangular in design with rounded corner, was constructed of conical adobes; its entrance is on the north side. Its perimeter wall of monoliths or stelae is of earlier construction. A double staircase, about 4 feet (1.2 m) high, leads to the top.
Carvings
Left: Relief, head profile. Right: Relief, hands.
The most striking feature of the stone building is its lithic block facade decorated with reliefs representing "warrior-priests" and mutilated bodies. The etched bas-reliefs number approximately 300, from axe-wielding warriors, to body parts, and victims, who are decapitated and mutilated. The characters are of two types: the warrior-priests (wearing a weapon or scepter) and dismembered victims or their offal (mainly heads, limbs, eyes skewered, intestines, vertebrae and viscera). These figures represent humans and demigods, without the presence of animals. In the interior of the adobe building, the main decoration is the best preserved. It depicts two mythological fish. Another figure depicts a man bleeding. These depictions closely relate to the sea, rain and human sacrifices. Carving methods include bevelled cuts, such as those found on body contours, and shallow incisions, such as noted in eyelids and lips. There have been various interpretations of the stone carvings. One interpretation is that of battle scenes, carved to commemorate a great battle, with foreign victorious warriors and defeated Casma people. An alternate theory is that the site was a laboratory for anatomical studies, which explains the explicit exposure of different parts of the human body, such as organs and bones. Yet another theory is that it represents a popular bloody rebellion, crushed by the ruling elite.
See also
Andean preceramic
References
^ a b "Cerro Sechin". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ a b Dowl, Aimée; Miranda, Carolina A.; Shorthouse, Katy; Luke Waterson (1 May 2010). Peru 7. Lonely Planet. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-1-74179-014-6. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ a b c d e Kubler, George (1993). The Art and Architecture of Ancient America, Third Edition: The Mexican, Maya and Andean Peoples. Yale University Press. pp. 363–. ISBN 978-0-300-05325-8. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ a b c d Browman, David L. (1 January 1978). "Cerro Sechin: Medical Anthropology's Inauguration in Peru?". Advances in Andean Archaeology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 351–. ISBN 978-3-11-081001-1. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ a b Haas, Jonathan; Pozorski, Shelia Griffis; Pozorski, Thomas George (1987). The Origins and Development of the Andean State. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-521-33102-9. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (4 April 2008). Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer. pp. 617–. ISBN 978-0-387-75228-0. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ a b Moore, Jerry D. (22 August 1996). Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50. ISBN 978-0-521-55363-6. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
^ Vega, Margaret Yvette Brown (2008). War and Social Life in Prehispanic Peru: Ritual, Defense, and Communities at the Fortress of Acaray, Huaura Valley. ProQuest. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-0-549-91204-0. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Kauffmann Doig, Federico: Historia y arte del Perú antiguo. Tomo 1, p. 156-164. Lima, Ediciones PEISA, 2002. ISBN 9972-40-213-4 (in Spanish)
Kaulicke, Peter: El Perú Antiguo I. Los períodos arcaico y formativo, pp. 40–41. Colección Historia del Perú, editada por la Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. Lima, 2010. ISBN 978-612-4069-86-4 (in Spanish)
Silva Sifuentes, Jorge E. T.: Origen de las civilizaciones andinas. Incluida en la Historia del Perú. Lima, Lexus Editores, 2000. ISBN 9972-625-35-4 (in Spanish)
External links
Cerro Sechin www.metmuseum.org
9°28.58′S 78°15.40′W / 9.47633°S 78.25667°W / -9.47633; -78.25667
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sechín.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casma/Sechin culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casma/Sechin_culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sech%C3%ADn_Archaeological_site_-_relief_(warrior).jpg"},{"link_name":"Casma Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casma_Province"},{"link_name":"Ancash Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancash_Region"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Julio C. Tello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_C._Tello"},{"link_name":"Toribio Mejía Xesspe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toribio_Mej%C3%ADa_Xesspe"},{"link_name":"Casma/Sechin culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casma/Sechin_culture"},{"link_name":"bas-relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief#Bas-relief_or_low_relief"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum.org-1"},{"link_name":"Sechin Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechin_Alto"},{"link_name":"Sechin Bajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechin_Bajo"},{"link_name":"Taukachi-Konkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taukachi-Konkan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DowlMiranda2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubler1993-3"}],"text":"Archaeological site in PeruThis article is about the archaeological site. For the civilization it belonged to, see Casma/Sechin culture.Relief of a warrior at Cerro Sechin.Cerro Sechín (also Sechín de las Estelas) is an archaeological site in Casma Province of Ancash Region in northern Peru. Dating to 1600 BC, the site was discovered by Peruvian archaeologists Julio C. Tello and Toribio Mejía Xesspe on July 1, 1937. Tello believed it was the capital of an entire culture, now known as the Casma/Sechin culture or Sechin complex. Notable features include megalithic architecture with carved figures in bas-relief, which graphically dramatize human sacrifices.[1] Cerro Sechín is situated within the Sechin Alto Complex, as are Sechin Bajo, and Taukachi-Konkan. There is a small on-site museum.[2] The slabs at Cerro Sechin may represent the central Andes' oldest known monumental sculpture.[3]","title":"Cerro Sechín"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubler1993-3"},{"link_name":"Casma Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casma_Valley"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Highway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browman1978-4"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metmuseum.org-1"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HaasPozorski1987-5"},{"link_name":"Sechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sech%C3%ADn_River"},{"link_name":"Moxeke Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moxeke_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubler1993-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sechin_casma_valley.JPG"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilvermanIsbell2008-6"}],"text":"Cerro Sechín sits on a granitic hill,[3] in the Casma Valley. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of the Pan-American Highway,[4] 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the provincial capital of Casma and 168 miles (270 km) north of Lima.[1] It is situated 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the Pacific Ocean,[5] near the confluence of the Sechin and Moxeke Rivers at an altitude of 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. The site contains walled enclosures around dwellings as well as temple platforms.[3] Although the archaeological site occupies approximately 5 acres (2.0 ha), the monuments are grouped in a single hectare.Sechin Complex in the Casma Valley.The Sechin Complex is made up of several sites, including Cerro Sechin. In the Sechin riverbank, to the northeast, is the complex of Sechin Alto. Considered the greatest architectural complex of Peru, it covers 300–400 acres (120–160 ha). Sechin Bajo, nearest to Cerro Sechin, is on the other side of the river. Sechin Bajo was excavated from 1990 and its deeper layer was found in the year 2008; finds include the remains of a circular plaza of stone and mud dating to the Late Archaic period from 3,500 BC. Taukachi-Konkan is the northernmost of the sites within the complex.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browman1978-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore1996-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DowlMiranda2010-2"},{"link_name":"Periodo Arcaico Andino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Chavín culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browman1978-4"}],"text":"Who developed Cerro Sechin, how it was constructed,[4] and the nature of the site's ceremonies are unknown; little is known about the community associated with the site.[7] The site dates to 1600 BC,[2] approximately the end of the Periodo Arcaico Andino period and early Formativo Inferior period. It was completed before 2000 BC but remained in use until about 1500 BC, before the start of the Chavín culture.Rigorous excavation and research occurred at Cerro Sechin after its 1937 discovery by Tello and Xesspe.[4] He felt that this monument was proof of the influence of the Chavin culture in the Casma Valley. However, later research determined that Cerro Sechin predates the shrine of Chavin, making Cerro Sechin the forerunner of the architecture and iconography of Chavin. In terms of function, Cerro Sechin served as a central administration place for production, distribution and food stocks, and also of worship as a ceremonial center.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HaasPozorski1987-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubler1993-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browman1978-4"}],"text":"There are several buildings, made from clay and stone. One of the clay building, remodeled in three phases, dates between 2400 and 2300 BC. Flanking the main buildings are two other buildings (Building A and Building C) and two platforms (platform Julio Cesar Tello and platform Rafael Larco). The main building is 51 square metres (550 sq ft) and 4 metres (13 ft) in height.[5] Though roofs no longer survive, their design is evidenced on pottery vessels.[3] The temple, rectangular in design with rounded corner, was constructed of conical adobes; its entrance is on the north side. Its perimeter wall of monoliths or stelae is of earlier construction. A double staircase, about 4 feet (1.2 m) high, leads to the top.[4]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sech%C3%ADn_Archaeological_site_-_relief_(head_profile_left).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sech%C3%ADn_Archaeological_site_-_relief_(hands).jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore1996-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kubler1993-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vega2008-8"}],"text":"Left: Relief, head profile. Right: Relief, hands.The most striking feature of the stone building is its lithic block facade decorated with reliefs representing \"warrior-priests\" and mutilated bodies. The etched bas-reliefs number approximately 300, from axe-wielding warriors, to body parts, and victims, who are decapitated and mutilated.[7] The characters are of two types: the warrior-priests (wearing a weapon or scepter) and dismembered victims or their offal (mainly heads, limbs, eyes skewered, intestines, vertebrae and viscera). These figures represent humans and demigods, without the presence of animals. In the interior of the adobe building, the main decoration is the best preserved. It depicts two mythological fish. Another figure depicts a man bleeding. These depictions closely relate to the sea, rain and human sacrifices. Carving methods include bevelled cuts, such as those found on body contours, and shallow incisions, such as noted in eyelids and lips.[3] There have been various interpretations of the stone carvings. One interpretation is that of battle scenes, carved to commemorate a great battle, with foreign victorious warriors and defeated Casma people.[8] An alternate theory is that the site was a laboratory for anatomical studies, which explains the explicit exposure of different parts of the human body, such as organs and bones. Yet another theory is that it represents a popular bloody rebellion, crushed by the ruling elite.","title":"Carvings"}]
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[{"image_text":"Relief of a warrior at Cerro Sechin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sech%C3%ADn_Archaeological_site_-_relief_%28warrior%29.jpg/220px-Sech%C3%ADn_Archaeological_site_-_relief_%28warrior%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sechin Complex in the Casma Valley.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sechin_casma_valley.JPG/220px-Sechin_casma_valley.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Andean preceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_preceramic"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Mantua
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War of the Mantuan Succession
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["1 Background","2 Strategic objectives","3 Phase I; January 1628 to June 1629","4 Phase II; June 1629 to October 1630","5 Peace and its aftermath","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
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War in Northern Italy
War of the Mantuan SuccessionPart of the Thirty Years' WarThe successful claimant, Charles I GonzagaDate1628–1631LocationNorthern ItalyResult
Treaty of Cherasco recognises the Duke of Nevers as ruler of MantuaBelligerents
Supporting the Duke of Nevers: France Republic of Venice Mantua
Supporting the Duke of Guastalla: Spain Holy Roman Empire SavoyCommanders and leaders
Duke of Nevers Louis XIII of France Cardinal Richelieu Montmorency Schomberg
Duke of Guastalla Collalto Gallas Aldringen Ambrogio Spinola † Córdoba Charles EmmanuelStrength
1628:Up to 14,000 Mantuan and French troops
1628:29,000 Spanish8,000 Savoyard1630:34,000 Spanish30,000 Imperial Army25,000 Savoyard troops4,000 Tuscan2,000 Parman
vteWar of the Mantuan Succession
Siege of Casale
Battle of Susa
Battle of Pinerolo
Battle of Villabuona
Battle of Veillane
Battle of Saluzzo
Sack of Mantua
vteFranco-Spanish wars
(1495–1498
1502–1504
1512–1516
1521–1526
1526–1529
1536–1538
1542–1544
1551–1559)
1580–1583
1595–1598
1625
1628–1631
1635–1659 (1640–1659, 1641–1659, 1648–1653)
1667–1668
1673–1678
1683–1684
1688–1697
1718–1720
1793–1795
1808–1814
1815
1823
The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was a conflict related to the Thirty Years' War and was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, the last male heir in the direct line of the House of Gonzaga and the ruler of the duchies of Mantua and Montferrat. Those territories were key to control of the Spanish Road, an overland route that allowed Habsburg Spain to move recruits and supplies from Italy to their army in Flanders. The result was a proxy war between France, which supported the French-born Duke of Nevers, and Spain, which backed a distant cousin, the Duke of Guastalla.
Fighting centred on the fortress of Casale Monferrato, which the Spanish besieged twice, from March 1628 to April 1629 and from September 1629 to October 1630. French intervention on behalf of Nevers in April 1629 led Emperor Ferdinand II to support Spain by transferring Imperial troops from Northern Germany, who captured Mantua in July 1630. However, French reinforcements enabled Nevers to retain Casale, while Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630.
The June 1631 Treaty of Cherasco confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat in return for minor territorial losses. More importantly, the treaty left France in possession of Pinerolo and Casale, key fortresses that controlled access to passes through the Alps and protected its southern borders. The diversion of Imperial and Spanish resources from Germany allowed the Swedes to establish themselves within the Holy Roman Empire and was one reason that the Thirty Years' War continued until 1648.
Background
Since 1308, the Duchy of Mantua had been ruled by the House of Gonzaga, who also acquired the Duchy of Montferrat in 1574 by marriage. Both territories were part of the Holy Roman Empire and were also of strategic importance to the area known as Lombardy, dominated by the Spanish-governed Duchy of Milan. Control of this region allowed the Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria to threaten France's restive southern provinces of Languedoc and the Dauphiné, as well as protecting the overland supply route known as the Spanish Road.
Spanish possessions in Lombardy and the Kingdom of Naples were a key source of recruits and supplies for their military and formed the basis of "Spanish power in Europe throughout the 17th century". In recent decades, their position had been strengthened by the acquisition of Finale, and control over the independent Principalities of Piombino and Monaco, as well as fortresses in Modena and Mirandola. However, this expansion was viewed with increasing concern by their regional rivals, the Republic of Venice and Pope Urban VIII, ruler of the Papal States.
In February 1627, Vincenzo II, last Gonzaga male in the direct line, became Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, and conscious of his poor health, tried to resolve the succession internally. The legal position was complicated since Montferrat allowed female inheritance while Mantua did not; in addition, while the duchies had effectively been ruled as independent states, technically their status as Imperial fiefs gave the Holy Roman Emperor a measure of control over the succession. Notwithstanding these issues, the strongest contender was Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, cousin of Vincenzo II and a French peer.
Legalities were less important than the perceived threat to Spanish interests if the Duchies fell under French influence and Córdoba, governor of Spanish Lombardy, began discussions with Madrid on potential military action to prevent this. Alternatives included Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, whose claim extended primarily to Montferrat, and Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, another distant Gonzaga cousin and Imperial General Commissar in Italy. To cement his position, Charles of Nevers arranged for his son Charles II Gonzaga to marry Vincenzo's niece Maria Gonzaga, heiress of Montferrat; the ceremony was performed on 23 December 1627, three days before Vincenzo died. Nevers arrived in Mantua on 17 January and sent an envoy to Emperor Ferdinand II requesting Imperial recognition.
Strategic objectives
Vincenco II, whose death in December 1627 sparked the war
Historian Peter H. Wilson argues "none of the major powers ... was looking for a fight in Italy" and conflict was caused by a combination of events, including miscommunication between Córdoba and Madrid, as well as Nevers' refusal to compromise. Despite their family connections, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs did not necessarily share the same objectives. While Spain was always seeking to strengthen its position in northern Italy, Ferdinand wanted to avoid diverting resources from Germany, as well as to assert Imperial authority by deciding the succession question himself. He agreed to confirm Nevers as duke in return for the newly built fortress of Casale Monferrato, capital of Montferrat, a compromise suggested by his wife Empress Eleonora, sister of the recently deceased duke Vincenzo II.
This solution appeared acceptable, especially as French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu viewed Nevers as a Habsburg client and was fully occupied with the Siege of La Rochelle. However, it was undermined by the combined ambition of Córdoba and Charles Emmanuel, who from 1613 to 1617 had fought for possession of Montferrat. Shortly before Vincenzo's death, they agreed to partition the duchy, most of it going to Savoy while Spain took Casale, a deal approved by Philip IV of Spain and his chief minister Olivares. On 26 January, Ferdinand ordered Córdoba not to send troops into Mantua or Montferrat and on 1 April confiscated both territories pending a final decision on the succession. By then, it was too late to stop the fighting.
Since even large states like France struggled to fight simultaneously in multiple theatres, 17th century diplomacy focused on opening new fronts by building alliances against opponents, or freeing resources by ending an existing conflict. The same principle applied to the Habsburgs; lacking his own army, Ferdinand relied on support from his often reluctant German allies, or expensive mercenaries like Albrecht von Wallenstein. While the huge resources of the Spanish Empire meant they were better able to replace their losses, funding an offensive in Italy required suspending operations in Flanders. By forcing the Habsburgs onto the defensive in Germany, the conflict over the Mantuan succession had a disproportionate impact on the Thirty Years' War.
Phase I; January 1628 to June 1629
In giving their approval, both Olivares and Philip assumed Casale would be quickly taken but Córdoba took several months to mobilise 12,000 troops for operations in Montferrat, along with 8,000 supplied by Savoy. They joined 11,000 troops already assembled in the Duchy of Milan, while another 6,000 soldiers were used to screen the strategic town of Cremona and block the Alpine passes. Siege operations only began in March and since Casale was one of the largest and most modern fortifications in Europe, taking it would be a lengthy operation, giving Nevers time to recruit an army. Including militia and French mercenaries, he managed to raise a force of 14,000, including 2,000 cavalry, a significant number for a duchy with a population of only 300,000. In addition to support from Empress Eleonora, Venice and the Pope, Nevers was also backed by Ferdinand's military commander Wallenstein, who wanted his army to focus on capturing Stralsund in Northern Germany. These factors ultimately delayed any Imperial intervention until September 1629.
FinaleTurinMantuaCasaleMilanGenoaPineroloModenaMirandolaVeniceTrinoNizza MonferratoCremonaAviglianaCarignanoclass=notpageimage| Northern Italy 1628 to 1631; key locations
Led by Charles Emmanuel, Savoyard forces captured Trino in April, then Nizza Monferrato in June, but the siege of Casale dragged on. The diversion of money and men from the war against the Dutch Republic weakened the Spanish position in Flanders and forced them onto the defensive. Philip later admitted attacking Casale was the one political act he regretted, but once committed Spanish prestige made it impossible to withdraw. Although Olivares accepted 'the duke of Nevers is the legitimate heir to all the Mantuan territories', Spain now recognised Guastalla as Duke of Mantua.
Nevers raised another 6,600 men by mortgaging his French estates, most of whom were ambushed and destroyed by Charles Emmanuel while crossing the Alps. The surrender of La Rochelle in October 1628 allowed France to intervene directly and in March 1629, an army led by Louis XIII of France stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse. By the end of the month, they had lifted the siege of Casale and taken the strategic Savoyard fortress of Pinerolo.
In April, France, England and Savoy signed the Treaty of Susa, facilitated by Cardinal Mazarin, the papal Nuncio. It consisted of two separate agreements, the first ending the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), the second making peace between France and Savoy. In return for Trino, Charles Emmanuel allowed French troops to garrison Casale and Pinerolo, as well as providing free passage across his territory to reinforce Mantua. Louis XIII and the bulk of the French army then returned to Languedoc to suppress the latest in a series of Huguenot rebellions.
Phase II; June 1629 to October 1630
Philip was determined to reverse the Susa treaty and replaced Córdoba with Spinola, a native of Genoa and former commander in the Spanish Netherlands. Nevers unwisely led 2,500 troops in an attack on Spanish-held Cremona, which his Venetian allies refused to support. Combined with the withdrawal of the main French army, this left him vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Richelieu positioned 18,000 troops on the Savoyard frontier to deter Imperial intervention, but Ferdinand viewed opposing the French in Italy as a higher priority than supporting Spain against the Dutch. The June 1629 Treaty of Lübeck that ended his war with Denmark-Norway allowed Ferdinand to send 30,000 troops from Germany under the Mantuan exile Ramboldo, Count of Collalto.
Hoping to overwhelm Casale and prevent interference by Charles Emmanuel, Spinola sought to expand his existing force of 16,000 with another 12,000 mercenaries and 6,000 reinforcements from Naples. He also invoked treaties with Tuscany and Parma to supply 4,000 and 2,000 men respectively but despite its size, his army contained many poor quality troops. Although Ferdinando II undertook to provide 6,000 men for two years along with use of the Tuscan navy, he ultimately avoided doing so. The siege of Casale and its French garrison of 2,500 resumed in June; in late October, Collalto dispersed a Venetian force of 7,000 before moving onto Mantua, held by a garrison of 4,000.
Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630
Neither siege made much progress; Mantua was protected by two artificial lakes which made it difficult to position siege artillery and Collalto withdrew after an unsuccessful assault in late November. As Collalto fell ill, he left command to his deputies Gallas and Aldringen. Casale continued to hold out, while the Spanish were unable to pay or support so many men and large numbers were lost to desertion and disease. Charles Emmanuel switched sides again and in December joined Spinola at Casale with 6,500 men, leaving 12,500 to guard Piedmont and another 6,000 in Savoy, while Tuscany, Parma and other Spanish allies provided additional recruits and money. A French army of 18,000 under Henri II de Montmorency overran Savoy, before invading Piedmont in February 1630; on 10 July, he defeated a combined Savoyard-Spanish force at Avigliana.
Both sides were badly affected by an outbreak of bubonic plague, allegedly brought from Germany by French and Imperial soldiers. The "worst mortality crisis to affect Italy during the early modern period", approximately 35% of the population of Northern Italy died between 1629 and 1631. The increasing brutality of the war led to a number of massacres, most notably at Ostiglia in April 1630, when local bandits, or "Formigotti", cut off an Imperial foraging party and assaulted the nearby garrison in Ostiglia. After its defeat, Imperial troops retaliated by attacking the civilian population, with contemporary sources estimating the number killed as around 600, including women and children.
When the siege of Mantua resumed in May 1630, its defenders had been reduced by disease to under 2,000, while a hastily assembled and poorly equipped relief force of 17,500 Venetian auxiliaries was routed by the Imperials at Villabuona. With the mutinous and unpaid garrison down to only 700 effectives, it surrendered to Gallas and Aldringen on 18 July; the sack that followed reportedly produced booty worth over 18 million ducats. Plague and the sack combined to reduce the population of Mantua by over 70% between 1628 and 1631 and it took decades to recover.
Despite this, the retention of Casale meant Nevers' cause remained alive; on 26 July, Charles Emmanuel died and was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus, who was married to Christine of France, Louis XIII's younger sister. On 6 August, Montmorency defeated the Savoyards at Carignano; losses from disease and desertion left him too weak to relieve Casale, but reinforcements under Charles de Schomberg reached the fortress in early October. The siege works were flooded by heavy rain while the besiegers had been reduced by plague to under 4,000, their casualties including Spinola; on 29 October, the Spanish finally withdrew and the two sides agreed a truce, negotiated by the papal representative Mazarin.
Peace and its aftermath
French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu; the war ultimately proved a major foreign policy success for France
In June 1630, Richelieu dispatched his close aide Father Joseph and Nicolas Brûlart to open peace talks with Ferdinand at Regensburg, where he was attending a meeting of the Imperial Diet. At the same time, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania with 18,000 troops, beginning the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Father Joseph also had secret instructions to seek an alliance with Ferdinand's main Catholic supporter, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.
However, the loss of Mantua on 18 July appeared to jeopardise the French position in Italy, while Maximilian had no interest in an alliance. Seeing an opportunity, Ferdinand offered to confirm Nevers as Duke of Mantua, in return for France agreeing to cede Casale and Pinerolo to Spain, and withdraw support for Ferdinand's opponents within the Empire, ending French backing for both the Swedes and the Dutch. The offer coincided with Louis falling seriously ill and a concerted attack on Richelieu by his internal enemies, effectively paralysing the government. Unable to get a response to requests for further instructions, on 13 October Father Joseph reluctantly signed the Treaty of Ratisbonne.
Such an agreement compromised the entire basis of French foreign policy, which was to weaken the Habsburgs wherever possible, and threatened their alliance with the Pope, for whom liberating Italy from the "Spanish yoke" was a primary objective. Having recovered from his illness, Louis refused to ratify the treaty, while Richelieu outlasted his opponents and resumed control over French policy, which lasted until his death in 1642. In January 1631 Louis provided Gustavus with financial backing in the Treaty of Bärwalde, allowing the Swedes to establish themselves in the Empire, where they would remain until 1648. It was followed in May by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, an eight-year pact of mutual assistance between France and Maximilian of Bavaria.
The need to transfer Imperial troops from Italy to face the Swedish threat forced Ferdinand to sign the Treaty of Cherasco with France on 19 June 1631, which confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, in return for minor concessions to Savoy. Although both sides agreed to withdraw their armies, Nevers and Victor Amadeus allowed French garrisons to remain in Casale and Pinerolo, which meant despite the expenditure of 10 million escudos and thousands of men, Spain gained nothing from the conflict. The war proved a major foreign policy success for Richelieu by strengthening the French position in Northern Italy, disrupting the Spanish Road and permanently souring relationships between Spain and Austria. Of even greater long term significance was the split it created between the Habsburgs and the papacy, making it acceptable for France to employ Protestant allies against fellow Catholics.
Notes
^ This was the subject of the 1960s French television series Le Chevalier Tempête.
^ Other sources suggest 10,000
References
^ Thion 2013, p. 18.
^ Rizzo 2005, pp. 24–25.
^ Kamen 2002, p. 382.
^ a b Wedgwood 1938, p. 247.
^ Parrott 1997, pp. 20–21.
^ Stradling 1990, p. 771.
^ Wilson 2009, p. 438.
^ a b Wilson 2009, p. 439.
^ Wilson 2009, p. 440.
^ Stradling 1990, p. 772.
^ Stradling 1990, p. 773.
^ Parrott 2001, pp. 85–88.
^ Hanlon 2016, p. 110.
^ a b Hanlon 1998, p. 111.
^ Arnold 1994, pp. 124–125.
^ Parker 1984, pp. 95–96.
^ a b Kamen 2002, p. 383.
^ Thion 2013, p. 62.
^ Hanlon 1998, pp. 111–112.
^ Parker 1984, p. 97.
^ a b c Wilson 2009, p. 443.
^ a b c Hanlon 2016, p. 113.
^ De Périni 1896, p. 160.
^ Arnold 1994, pp. 127–128.
^ a b Rebitsch 2006, pp. 51–53.
^ Hanlon 1998, p. 113.
^ De Périni 1896, pp. 149–150.
^ Alfani & Percoco 2016, p. 2.
^ D'Arco 1857, p. 52-53.
^ Portoguaro 1979, p. 34.
^ Wilson 2009, p. 444.
^ Alfani & Percoco 2016, p. 8.
^ De Périni 1896, p. 151.
^ De Périni 1896, pp. 159–160.
^ Fagniez 1885, pp. 38–40.
^ Wedgwood 1938, pp. 263–264.
^ Parker 1984, p. 102.
^ Parker 1984, p. 103.
^ Wilson 2009, p. 458.
Sources
Alfani, Guido; Percoco, Marco (2016). "Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities" (PDF). The Economic History Review. 72 (4): 1175–1201. doi:10.1111/ehr.12652. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 131730725.
Arnold, Thomas F. (1994). "Gonzaga Fortifications and the Mantuan Succession Crisis of 1613–1631". Mediterranean Studies. 4: 113–30.
D'Arco, Carlo (1857). Due cronache di Mantova dal 1628 al 1631 la prima di Scipione Capilupi la seconda di Giovanni Mambrino (in Italian). Milano appresso Francesco Colombo.
De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises; Volume III, 1621-1643 (in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.
Fagniez, G (1885). "LA MISSION DU PÈRE JOSEPH A RATISBONNE 1630". Revue Historique (in French). 27 (1): 38–67. JSTOR 40937243.
Hanlon, Gregory (2016). The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138158276.
Hanlon, Gregory (1998). Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies. OUP. ISBN 978-0198738244.
Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.
Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (1984). The Thirty Years' War (1997 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12883-4.
Parrott, David (1997). "The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe". English Historical Review. 112 (445): 20–65. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20.
Parrott, David (2001). Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521792097.
Portoguaro, Davide da (1979). Storia dei Cappucini Veneti Vol. 3, Curia Provinciale den FF.MM (in Italian). Curia Provinciale dei FF.MM a Venezia.
Rebitsch, Robert (2006). Matthias Gallas (1588–1647). Generalleutnant des Kaisers zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Eine militärische Biographie (in German). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. ISBN 978-3-402065761.
Rizzo, Mario (2005). "Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (71): 145–184. doi:10.4000/cdlm.991.
Stradling, R. A. (1990). "Prelude to Disaster; the Precipitation of the War of the Mantuan Succession, 1627–29". Historical Journal. 33 (4): 769–85. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00013753. S2CID 154817316.
Thion, Stephane (2013). French Armies of the Thirty Years' War. Histoire et Collections. ISBN 978-2917747018.
Wedgwood, C.V. (1938). The Thirty Years War (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-146-2.
Wilson, Peter H. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3.
External links
Map of the Territories Involved
Chronology: Louis XIII (1610–1643)
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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of Casale\nBattle of Susa\nBattle of Pinerolo\nBattle of Villabuona\nBattle of Veillane\nBattle of Saluzzo\nSack of MantuavteFranco-Spanish wars\n(1495–1498\n1502–1504\n1512–1516\n1521–1526\n1526–1529\n1536–1538\n1542–1544\n1551–1559)\n1580–1583\n1595–1598\n1625\n1628–1631\n1635–1659 (1640–1659, 1641–1659, \t1648–1653)\n1667–1668\n1673–1678\n1683–1684\n1688–1697\n1718–1720\n1793–1795\n1808–1814\n1815\n1823The War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631) was a conflict related to the Thirty Years' War and was caused by the death in December 1627 of Vincenzo II, the last male heir in the direct line of the House of Gonzaga and the ruler of the duchies of Mantua and Montferrat. Those territories were key to control of the Spanish Road, an overland route that allowed Habsburg Spain to move recruits and supplies from Italy to their army in Flanders. The result was a proxy war between France, which supported the French-born Duke of Nevers, and Spain, which backed a distant cousin, the Duke of Guastalla.Fighting centred on the fortress of Casale Monferrato, which the Spanish besieged twice, from March 1628 to April 1629 and from September 1629 to October 1630. French intervention on behalf of Nevers in April 1629 led Emperor Ferdinand II to support Spain by transferring Imperial troops from Northern Germany, who captured Mantua in July 1630. However, French reinforcements enabled Nevers to retain Casale, [a] while Ferdinand withdrew his troops in response to Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, and both sides agreed a truce in October 1630.The June 1631 Treaty of Cherasco confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat in return for minor territorial losses. More importantly, the treaty left France in possession of Pinerolo and Casale, key fortresses that controlled access to passes through the Alps and protected its southern borders. The diversion of Imperial and Spanish resources from Germany allowed the Swedes to establish themselves within the Holy Roman Empire and was one reason that the Thirty Years' War continued until 1648.","title":"War of the Mantuan Succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"House of Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Montferrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Dauphiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Spanish Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThion201318-2"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizzo200524%E2%80%9325-3"},{"link_name":"Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finale_Ligure"},{"link_name":"Piombino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modena"},{"link_name":"Mirandola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002382-4"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1938247-5"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott199720%E2%80%9321-6"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1585%E2%80%931635)"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1990771-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrante_II_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Charles II Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"Maria Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Gonzaga,_Duchess_of_Montferrat"},{"link_name":"Mantua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantua"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009438-8"}],"text":"Since 1308, the Duchy of Mantua had been ruled by the House of Gonzaga, who also acquired the Duchy of Montferrat in 1574 by marriage. Both territories were part of the Holy Roman Empire and were also of strategic importance to the area known as Lombardy, dominated by the Spanish-governed Duchy of Milan. Control of this region allowed the Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria to threaten France's restive southern provinces of Languedoc and the Dauphiné, as well as protecting the overland supply route known as the Spanish Road.[1]Spanish possessions in Lombardy and the Kingdom of Naples were a key source of recruits and supplies for their military and formed the basis of \"Spanish power in Europe throughout the 17th century\".[2] In recent decades, their position had been strengthened by the acquisition of Finale, and control over the independent Principalities of Piombino and Monaco, as well as fortresses in Modena and Mirandola.[3] However, this expansion was viewed with increasing concern by their regional rivals, the Republic of Venice and Pope Urban VIII, ruler of the Papal States.[4]In February 1627, Vincenzo II, last Gonzaga male in the direct line, became Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, and conscious of his poor health, tried to resolve the succession internally. The legal position was complicated since Montferrat allowed female inheritance while Mantua did not; in addition, while the duchies had effectively been ruled as independent states, technically their status as Imperial fiefs gave the Holy Roman Emperor a measure of control over the succession. Notwithstanding these issues, the strongest contender was Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, cousin of Vincenzo II and a French peer.[5]Legalities were less important than the perceived threat to Spanish interests if the Duchies fell under French influence and Córdoba, governor of Spanish Lombardy, began discussions with Madrid on potential military action to prevent this.[6] Alternatives included Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, whose claim extended primarily to Montferrat, and Ferrante II Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, another distant Gonzaga cousin and Imperial General Commissar in Italy. To cement his position, Charles of Nevers arranged for his son Charles II Gonzaga to marry Vincenzo's niece Maria Gonzaga, heiress of Montferrat; the ceremony was performed on 23 December 1627, three days before Vincenzo died. Nevers arrived in Mantua on 17 January and sent an envoy to Emperor Ferdinand II requesting Imperial recognition.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_del_Duca_Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincenco II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua"},{"link_name":"Peter H. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Wilson"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009439-9"},{"link_name":"Austrian Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Casale Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casale_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"Empress Eleonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009440-10"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Siege of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1990772-11"},{"link_name":"fought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Montferrat_Succession"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoyard_state"},{"link_name":"Philip IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Olivares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStradling1990773-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009439-9"},{"link_name":"Albrecht von Wallenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein"},{"link_name":"Spanish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott200185%E2%80%9388-13"}],"text":"Vincenco II, whose death in December 1627 sparked the warHistorian Peter H. Wilson argues \"none of the major powers ... was looking for a fight in Italy\" and conflict was caused by a combination of events, including miscommunication between Córdoba and Madrid, as well as Nevers' refusal to compromise.[8] Despite their family connections, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs did not necessarily share the same objectives. While Spain was always seeking to strengthen its position in northern Italy, Ferdinand wanted to avoid diverting resources from Germany, as well as to assert Imperial authority by deciding the succession question himself. He agreed to confirm Nevers as duke in return for the newly built fortress of Casale Monferrato, capital of Montferrat, a compromise suggested by his wife Empress Eleonora, sister of the recently deceased duke Vincenzo II.[9]This solution appeared acceptable, especially as French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu viewed Nevers as a Habsburg client and was fully occupied with the Siege of La Rochelle.[10] However, it was undermined by the combined ambition of Córdoba and Charles Emmanuel, who from 1613 to 1617 had fought for possession of Montferrat. Shortly before Vincenzo's death, they agreed to partition the duchy, most of it going to Savoy while Spain took Casale, a deal approved by Philip IV of Spain and his chief minister Olivares.[11] On 26 January, Ferdinand ordered Córdoba not to send troops into Mantua or Montferrat and on 1 April confiscated both territories pending a final decision on the succession. By then, it was too late to stop the fighting.[8]Since even large states like France struggled to fight simultaneously in multiple theatres, 17th century diplomacy focused on opening new fronts by building alliances against opponents, or freeing resources by ending an existing conflict. The same principle applied to the Habsburgs; lacking his own army, Ferdinand relied on support from his often reluctant German allies, or expensive mercenaries like Albrecht von Wallenstein. While the huge resources of the Spanish Empire meant they were better able to replace their losses, funding an offensive in Italy required suspending operations in Flanders. By forcing the Habsburgs onto the defensive in Germany, the conflict over the Mantuan succession had a disproportionate impact on the Thirty Years' War.[12]","title":"Strategic objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016110-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1998111-15"},{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1994124%E2%80%93125-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Italy_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Italy_relief_location_map.png"},{"link_name":"Trino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trino"},{"link_name":"Nizza Monferrato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizza_Monferrato"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years_War"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker198495%E2%80%9396-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002383-18"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThion201362-20"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Pinerolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinerolo"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1998111%E2%80%93112-21"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Susa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Susa"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Mazarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin"},{"link_name":"Nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuncio"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French War (1627–1629)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc"},{"link_name":"Huguenot rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker198497-22"}],"text":"In giving their approval, both Olivares and Philip assumed Casale would be quickly taken but Córdoba took several months to mobilise 12,000 troops for operations in Montferrat, along with 8,000 supplied by Savoy. They joined 11,000 troops already assembled in the Duchy of Milan, while another 6,000 soldiers were used to screen the strategic town of Cremona and block the Alpine passes.[13] Siege operations only began in March and since Casale was one of the largest and most modern fortifications in Europe, taking it would be a lengthy operation, giving Nevers time to recruit an army. Including militia and French mercenaries, he managed to raise a force of 14,000, including 2,000 cavalry, a significant number for a duchy with a population of only 300,000.[14] In addition to support from Empress Eleonora, Venice and the Pope, Nevers was also backed by Ferdinand's military commander Wallenstein, who wanted his army to focus on capturing Stralsund in Northern Germany. These factors ultimately delayed any Imperial intervention until September 1629.[15]FinaleTurinMantuaCasaleMilanGenoaPineroloModenaMirandolaVeniceTrinoNizza MonferratoCremonaAviglianaCarignanoclass=notpageimage| Northern Italy 1628 to 1631; key locationsLed by Charles Emmanuel, Savoyard forces captured Trino in April, then Nizza Monferrato in June, but the siege of Casale dragged on. The diversion of money and men from the war against the Dutch Republic weakened the Spanish position in Flanders and forced them onto the defensive. Philip later admitted attacking Casale was the one political act he regretted, but once committed Spanish prestige made it impossible to withdraw.[16] Although Olivares accepted 'the duke of Nevers is the legitimate heir to all the Mantuan territories', Spain now recognised Guastalla as Duke of Mantua.[17]Nevers raised another 6,600 men [b] by mortgaging his French estates, most of whom were ambushed and destroyed by Charles Emmanuel while crossing the Alps.[18] The surrender of La Rochelle in October 1628 allowed France to intervene directly and in March 1629, an army led by Louis XIII of France stormed barricades blocking the Pas de Suse. By the end of the month, they had lifted the siege of Casale and taken the strategic Savoyard fortress of Pinerolo.[19]In April, France, England and Savoy signed the Treaty of Susa, facilitated by Cardinal Mazarin, the papal Nuncio. It consisted of two separate agreements, the first ending the Anglo-French War (1627–1629), the second making peace between France and Savoy. In return for Trino, Charles Emmanuel allowed French troops to garrison Casale and Pinerolo, as well as providing free passage across his territory to reinforce Mantua. Louis XIII and the bulk of the French army then returned to Languedoc to suppress the latest in a series of Huguenot rebellions.[20]","title":"Phase I; January 1628 to June 1629"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spinola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Spinola,_marqu%C3%A9s_de_los_Balbases"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen2002383-18"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_L%C3%BCbeck"},{"link_name":"Denmark-Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark-Norway"},{"link_name":"Ramboldo, Count of Collalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramboldo,_Count_of_Collalto"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009443-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016113-24"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016113-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_P%C3%A9rini1896160-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009443-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dankaerts-Historis-9287.tif"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1994127%E2%80%93128-26"},{"link_name":"Gallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Gallas"},{"link_name":"Aldringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Aldringen"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebitsch200651%E2%80%9353-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1998113-28"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2016113-24"},{"link_name":"Henri II de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_II_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Avigliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Veillane"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_P%C3%A9rini1896149%E2%80%93150-29"},{"link_name":"bubonic plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague"},{"link_name":"early modern period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlfaniPercoco20162-30"},{"link_name":"Ostiglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostiglia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Arco185752-53-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortoguaro197934-32"},{"link_name":"Villabuona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Villabuona"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009443-23"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009444-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERebitsch200651%E2%80%9353-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlfaniPercoco20168-34"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Christine of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_of_France"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_P%C3%A9rini1896151-35"},{"link_name":"Carignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carignano,_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Charles de Schomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Schomberg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_P%C3%A9rini1896159%E2%80%93160-36"}],"text":"Philip was determined to reverse the Susa treaty and replaced Córdoba with Spinola, a native of Genoa and former commander in the Spanish Netherlands. Nevers unwisely led 2,500 troops in an attack on Spanish-held Cremona, which his Venetian allies refused to support. Combined with the withdrawal of the main French army, this left him vulnerable to a counter-offensive.[17] Richelieu positioned 18,000 troops on the Savoyard frontier to deter Imperial intervention, but Ferdinand viewed opposing the French in Italy as a higher priority than supporting Spain against the Dutch. The June 1629 Treaty of Lübeck that ended his war with Denmark-Norway allowed Ferdinand to send 30,000 troops from Germany under the Mantuan exile Ramboldo, Count of Collalto.[21]Hoping to overwhelm Casale and prevent interference by Charles Emmanuel, Spinola sought to expand his existing force of 16,000 with another 12,000 mercenaries and 6,000 reinforcements from Naples.[22] He also invoked treaties with Tuscany and Parma to supply 4,000 and 2,000 men respectively but despite its size, his army contained many poor quality troops. Although Ferdinando II undertook to provide 6,000 men for two years along with use of the Tuscan navy, he ultimately avoided doing so.[22] The siege of Casale and its French garrison of 2,500 resumed in June; [23] in late October, Collalto dispersed a Venetian force of 7,000 before moving onto Mantua, held by a garrison of 4,000.[21]Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630Neither siege made much progress; Mantua was protected by two artificial lakes which made it difficult to position siege artillery and Collalto withdrew after an unsuccessful assault in late November.[24] As Collalto fell ill, he left command to his deputies Gallas and Aldringen.[25] Casale continued to hold out, while the Spanish were unable to pay or support so many men and large numbers were lost to desertion and disease.[26] Charles Emmanuel switched sides again and in December joined Spinola at Casale with 6,500 men, leaving 12,500 to guard Piedmont and another 6,000 in Savoy, while Tuscany, Parma and other Spanish allies provided additional recruits and money.[22] A French army of 18,000 under Henri II de Montmorency overran Savoy, before invading Piedmont in February 1630; on 10 July, he defeated a combined Savoyard-Spanish force at Avigliana.[27]Both sides were badly affected by an outbreak of bubonic plague, allegedly brought from Germany by French and Imperial soldiers. The \"worst mortality crisis to affect Italy during the early modern period\",[28] approximately 35% of the population of Northern Italy died between 1629 and 1631. The increasing brutality of the war led to a number of massacres, most notably at Ostiglia in April 1630, when local bandits, or \"Formigotti\", cut off an Imperial foraging party and assaulted the nearby garrison in Ostiglia.[29] After its defeat, Imperial troops retaliated by attacking the civilian population, with contemporary sources estimating the number killed as around 600, including women and children.[30]When the siege of Mantua resumed in May 1630, its defenders had been reduced by disease to under 2,000, while a hastily assembled and poorly equipped relief force of 17,500 Venetian auxiliaries was routed by the Imperials at Villabuona.[21] With the mutinous and unpaid garrison down to only 700 effectives, it surrendered to Gallas and Aldringen on 18 July; the sack that followed reportedly produced booty worth over 18 million ducats.[31][25] Plague and the sack combined to reduce the population of Mantua by over 70% between 1628 and 1631 and it took decades to recover.[32]Despite this, the retention of Casale meant Nevers' cause remained alive; on 26 July, Charles Emmanuel died and was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus, who was married to Christine of France, Louis XIII's younger sister.[33] On 6 August, Montmorency defeated the Savoyards at Carignano; losses from disease and desertion left him too weak to relieve Casale, but reinforcements under Charles de Schomberg reached the fortress in early October. The siege works were flooded by heavy rain while the besiegers had been reduced by plague to under 4,000, their casualties including Spinola; on 29 October, the Spanish finally withdrew and the two sides agreed a truce, negotiated by the papal representative Mazarin.[34]","title":"Phase II; June 1629 to October 1630"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Father Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Leclerc_du_Tremblay"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"Imperial Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Gustavus Adolphus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagniez188538%E2%80%9340-37"},{"link_name":"concerted attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dupes"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1938263%E2%80%93264-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1984102-39"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bärwalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_B%C3%A4rwalde"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1631)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1984103-40"},{"link_name":"escudos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2009458-41"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedgwood1938247-5"}],"text":"French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu; the war ultimately proved a major foreign policy success for FranceIn June 1630, Richelieu dispatched his close aide Father Joseph and Nicolas Brûlart to open peace talks with Ferdinand at Regensburg, where he was attending a meeting of the Imperial Diet. At the same time, Gustavus Adolphus landed in Pomerania with 18,000 troops, beginning the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. Father Joseph also had secret instructions to seek an alliance with Ferdinand's main Catholic supporter, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.[35]However, the loss of Mantua on 18 July appeared to jeopardise the French position in Italy, while Maximilian had no interest in an alliance. Seeing an opportunity, Ferdinand offered to confirm Nevers as Duke of Mantua, in return for France agreeing to cede Casale and Pinerolo to Spain, and withdraw support for Ferdinand's opponents within the Empire, ending French backing for both the Swedes and the Dutch. The offer coincided with Louis falling seriously ill and a concerted attack on Richelieu by his internal enemies, effectively paralysing the government. Unable to get a response to requests for further instructions, on 13 October Father Joseph reluctantly signed the Treaty of Ratisbonne.[36]Such an agreement compromised the entire basis of French foreign policy, which was to weaken the Habsburgs wherever possible, and threatened their alliance with the Pope, for whom liberating Italy from the \"Spanish yoke\" was a primary objective. Having recovered from his illness, Louis refused to ratify the treaty, while Richelieu outlasted his opponents and resumed control over French policy, which lasted until his death in 1642.[37] In January 1631 Louis provided Gustavus with financial backing in the Treaty of Bärwalde, allowing the Swedes to establish themselves in the Empire, where they would remain until 1648. It was followed in May by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, an eight-year pact of mutual assistance between France and Maximilian of Bavaria.[38]The need to transfer Imperial troops from Italy to face the Swedish threat forced Ferdinand to sign the Treaty of Cherasco with France on 19 June 1631, which confirmed Nevers as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, in return for minor concessions to Savoy. Although both sides agreed to withdraw their armies, Nevers and Victor Amadeus allowed French garrisons to remain in Casale and Pinerolo, which meant despite the expenditure of 10 million escudos and thousands of men, Spain gained nothing from the conflict.[39] The war proved a major foreign policy success for Richelieu by strengthening the French position in Northern Italy, disrupting the Spanish Road and permanently souring relationships between Spain and Austria. Of even greater long term significance was the split it created between the Habsburgs and the papacy, making it acceptable for France to employ Protestant allies against fellow Catholics.[4]","title":"Peace and its aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Le Chevalier Tempête","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flashing_Blade"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon1998111-15"}],"text":"^ This was the subject of the 1960s French television series Le Chevalier Tempête.\n\n^ Other sources suggest 10,000 [14]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ehes.org/wp/EHES_106.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/ehr.12652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fehr.12652"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1468-0289","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"131730725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131730725"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40937243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40937243"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1138158276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138158276"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0198738244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198738244"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0140285284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140285284"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-12883-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12883-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCXII.445.20"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521792097","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521792097"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-402065761","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-402065761"},{"link_name":"\"Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.991"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4000/cdlm.991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.991"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0018246X00013753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00013753"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154817316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154817316"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2917747018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2917747018"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59017-146-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-146-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7139-9592-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9592-3"}],"text":"Alfani, Guido; Percoco, Marco (2016). \"Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities\" (PDF). The Economic History Review. 72 (4): 1175–1201. doi:10.1111/ehr.12652. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 131730725.\nArnold, Thomas F. (1994). \"Gonzaga Fortifications and the Mantuan Succession Crisis of 1613–1631\". Mediterranean Studies. 4: 113–30.\nD'Arco, Carlo (1857). Due cronache di Mantova dal 1628 al 1631 la prima di Scipione Capilupi la seconda di Giovanni Mambrino (in Italian). Milano appresso Francesco Colombo.\nDe Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises; Volume III, 1621-1643 (in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.\nFagniez, G (1885). \"LA MISSION DU PÈRE JOSEPH A RATISBONNE 1630\". Revue Historique (in French). 27 (1): 38–67. JSTOR 40937243.\nHanlon, Gregory (2016). The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138158276.\nHanlon, Gregory (1998). Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies. OUP. ISBN 978-0198738244.\nKamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.\nParker, Geoffrey, ed. (1984). The Thirty Years' War (1997 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12883-4.\nParrott, David (1997). \"The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe\". English Historical Review. 112 (445): 20–65. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20.\nParrott, David (2001). Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521792097.\nPortoguaro, Davide da (1979). Storia dei Cappucini Veneti Vol. 3, Curia Provinciale den FF.MM (in Italian). Curia Provinciale dei FF.MM a Venezia.\nRebitsch, Robert (2006). Matthias Gallas (1588–1647). Generalleutnant des Kaisers zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Eine militärische Biographie (in German). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. ISBN 978-3-402065761.\nRizzo, Mario (2005). \"Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)\". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (71): 145–184. doi:10.4000/cdlm.991.\nStradling, R. A. (1990). \"Prelude to Disaster; the Precipitation of the War of the Mantuan Succession, 1627–29\". Historical Journal. 33 (4): 769–85. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00013753. S2CID 154817316.\nThion, Stephane (2013). French Armies of the Thirty Years' War. Histoire et Collections. ISBN 978-2917747018.\nWedgwood, C.V. (1938). The Thirty Years War (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-146-2.\nWilson, Peter H. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vincenco II, whose death in December 1627 sparked the war","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ritratto_del_Duca_Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga.jpg/180px-Ritratto_del_Duca_Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga.jpg"},{"image_text":"Siege of Casale Monferrato, 1630","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Dankaerts-Historis-9287.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dankaerts-Historis-9287.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"French chief minister Cardinal Richelieu; the war ultimately proved a major foreign policy success for France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg/180px-Champaigne_portrait_richelieu_eb.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Alfani, Guido; Percoco, Marco (2016). \"Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities\" (PDF). The Economic History Review. 72 (4): 1175–1201. doi:10.1111/ehr.12652. ISSN 1468-0289. S2CID 131730725.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehes.org/wp/EHES_106.pdf","url_text":"\"Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 1629–30 epidemic on the Italian cities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fehr.12652","url_text":"10.1111/ehr.12652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0289","url_text":"1468-0289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131730725","url_text":"131730725"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Thomas F. (1994). \"Gonzaga Fortifications and the Mantuan Succession Crisis of 1613–1631\". Mediterranean Studies. 4: 113–30.","urls":[]},{"reference":"D'Arco, Carlo (1857). Due cronache di Mantova dal 1628 al 1631 la prima di Scipione Capilupi la seconda di Giovanni Mambrino (in Italian). Milano appresso Francesco Colombo.","urls":[]},{"reference":"De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises; Volume III, 1621-1643 (in French). Ernest Flammarion, Paris.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fagniez, G (1885). \"LA MISSION DU PÈRE JOSEPH A RATISBONNE 1630\". Revue Historique (in French). 27 (1): 38–67. JSTOR 40937243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40937243","url_text":"40937243"}]},{"reference":"Hanlon, Gregory (2016). The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138158276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138158276","url_text":"978-1138158276"}]},{"reference":"Hanlon, Gregory (1998). Italy 1636: Cemetery of Armies. OUP. ISBN 978-0198738244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198738244","url_text":"978-0198738244"}]},{"reference":"Kamen, Henry (2002). Spain's Road to Empire (2003 ed.). Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0140285284.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140285284","url_text":"978-0140285284"}]},{"reference":"Parker, Geoffrey, ed. (1984). The Thirty Years' War (1997 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12883-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12883-4","url_text":"978-0-415-12883-4"}]},{"reference":"Parrott, David (1997). \"The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe\". English Historical Review. 112 (445): 20–65. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCXII.445.20","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20"}]},{"reference":"Parrott, David (2001). Richelieu's Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1624–1642. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521792097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521792097","url_text":"978-0521792097"}]},{"reference":"Portoguaro, Davide da (1979). Storia dei Cappucini Veneti Vol. 3, Curia Provinciale den FF.MM (in Italian). Curia Provinciale dei FF.MM a Venezia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rebitsch, Robert (2006). Matthias Gallas (1588–1647). Generalleutnant des Kaisers zur Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Eine militärische Biographie (in German). Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. ISBN 978-3-402065761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-402065761","url_text":"978-3-402065761"}]},{"reference":"Rizzo, Mario (2005). \"Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)\". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (71): 145–184. doi:10.4000/cdlm.991.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.991","url_text":"\"Sticks, Carrots and all the Rest: Lombardy and the Spanish strategy in Northern Italy between Europe and the Mediterranean (part. 1)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcdlm.991","url_text":"10.4000/cdlm.991"}]},{"reference":"Stradling, R. A. (1990). \"Prelude to Disaster; the Precipitation of the War of the Mantuan Succession, 1627–29\". Historical Journal. 33 (4): 769–85. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00013753. S2CID 154817316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00013753","url_text":"10.1017/S0018246X00013753"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154817316","url_text":"154817316"}]},{"reference":"Thion, Stephane (2013). French Armies of the Thirty Years' War. Histoire et Collections. ISBN 978-2917747018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2917747018","url_text":"978-2917747018"}]},{"reference":"Wedgwood, C.V. (1938). The Thirty Years War (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-146-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-146-2","url_text":"978-1-59017-146-2"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Peter H. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9592-3","url_text":"978-0-7139-9592-3"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naulahka:_A_Story_of_West_and_East
|
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East
|
["1 References"]
|
1892 novel by Rudyard Kipling in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East AuthorRudyard KiplingWolcott BalestierLanguageEnglishGenreFictionPublished1892Publication placeUKPages352
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East is a 1892 novel by Rudyard Kipling in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier, which was originally serialized in The Century Magazine from November 1891 to July 1892. The book is set in the fictional state of "Rahore", believed to be based on Rajputana. It was not well-received, either commercially or critically in Kipling's time.
References
^ The Naulahka - A Story of West and East, Google Books. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ The Naulahka: a story of West and East, kiplingsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
vteRudyard KiplingNovels
The Light That Failed (1891)
The Naulahka: A Story of West and East (co-author, Wolcott Balestier, 1892)
Captains Courageous (1896)
Kim (1901)
Collections
Plain Tales from the Hills (1888)
Soldiers Three (1888)
The Story of the Gadsbys (1888)
In Black and White (1888)
The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales (1888)
Under the Deodars (1888)
Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1888)
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel (1889)
Barrack-Room Ballads (1892, poetry)
Many Inventions (1893)
The Jungle Book (1894)
"Mowgli's Brothers"
"Kaa's Hunting"
"Tiger! Tiger!"
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"
The Second Jungle Book (1895)
"Letting in the Jungle"
"Red Dog"
All the Mowgli Stories (c. 1895)
The Seven Seas (1896, poetry)
The Day's Work (1898)
Stalky & Co. (1899)
Just So Stories (1902)
The Five Nations (1903, poetry)
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Rewards and Fairies (1910)
The Fringes of the Fleet (1915, non-fiction)
Debits and Credits (1926)
Limits and Renewals (1932)
Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition (1940)
A Choice of Kipling's Verse (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)
Poems
"The Absent-Minded Beggar"
"The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'"
"The Ballad of East and West"
"The Beginnings"
"The Bell Buoy"
"The Betrothed"
"Big Steamers"
"Boots"
"Cold Iron"
"Dane-geld"
"Danny Deever"
"A Death-Bed"
"The Female of the Species"
"Fuzzy-Wuzzy"
"Gentleman ranker"
"The Gods of the Copybook Headings"
"Gunga Din"
"Hymn Before Action"
"If—"
"In the Neolithic Age"
"The King's Pilgrimage"
"The Last of the Light Brigade"
"The Lowestoft Boat"
"Mandalay"
"The Mary Gloster"
"McAndrew's Hymn"
"My Boy Jack"
"Recessional"
"A Song in Storm"
"The Sons of Martha"
"Submarines"
"The Sweepers"
"Tommy"
"Ubique"
"The White Man's Burden"
Short stories
".007"
"The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly"
"Baa Baa, Black Sheep"
"Bread upon the Waters"
"The Broken-Link Handicap"
"The Butterfly that Stamped"
"Consequences"
"The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin"
"Cupid's Arrows"
"The Devil and the Deep Sea"
"The Drums of the Fore and Aft"
"Fairy-Kist"
"False Dawn"
"A Germ-Destroyer"
"His Chance in Life"
"His Wedded Wife"
"In the House of Suddhoo"
"Kidnapped"
"Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris"
"Lispeth"
"The Man Who Would Be King"
"A Matter of Fact"
"Miss Youghal's Sais"
"The Mother Hive"
"The Other Man"
"The Rescue of Pluffles"
"The Ship that Found Herself"
"The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo"
"The Taking of Lungtungpen"
"Three and – an Extra"
"The Three Musketeers"
"Thrown Away"
"Toomai of the Elephants"
"Watches of the Night"
"Wireless"
"Yoked with an Unbeliever"
Related
Bibliography
Bateman's (house)
Indian Railway Library
Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer
Iron Ring
Law of the jungle
Aerial Board of Control
My Boy Jack (1997 play)
Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale (2006 documentary)
My Boy Jack (2007 film)
Family
Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling (wife)
Elsie Bambridge (daughter)
John Kipling (son)
John Lockwood Kipling (father)
MacDonald sisters (mother's family)
Stanley Baldwin (cousin)
Georgiana Burne-Jones (aunt)
Edward Burne-Jones (uncle)
Philip Burne-Jones (cousin)
Edward Poynter (uncle)
Alfred Baldwin (uncle)
This article about an 1890s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Wolcott Balestier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolcott_Balestier"},{"link_name":"The Century Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rajputana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Naulahka: A Story of West and East is a 1892 novel by Rudyard Kipling in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier, which was originally serialized in The Century Magazine from November 1891 to July 1892.[1] The book is set in the fictional state of \"Rahore\", believed to be based on Rajputana. It was not well-received, either commercially or critically in Kipling's time.[2]","title":"The Naulahka: A Story of West and East"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1qt9CgAAQBAJ&q=The+Naulahka:+A+Story+of+West+and+East","external_links_name":"The Naulahka - A Story of West and East"},{"Link":"http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_naulahka.htm","external_links_name":"The Naulahka: a story of West and East"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Naulahka:_A_Story_of_West_and_East&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiramnus
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Sigiramnus
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["1 Veneration","2 References","3 External links"]
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"Sigirannus” is also the name of a 7th-century abbot of St. Cales in the department of Sarthe.
SaintSigiramnusConfessorDiedc. 655 ADVenerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchFeastDecember 4; December 5
Sigiramnus (also Sigirannus and similar spellings; French: Siran, Cyran; died c. 655 AD), also known as Saint Cyran, was an abbot and confessor of the 7th century. A nobleman of Berry, he studied at Tours and then joined the royal court of Clothaire II. He served as cup-bearer but always wore a hair-shirt underneath his garments, devoting himself to prayer.
His father, count of Bourges (and later bishop of Tours), wanted Sigiramnus to marry the daughter of a nobleman.
Refusing to marry, Sigiramnus took holy orders at the church of St. Martin at Tours in 625 AD, serving as archdeacon at Tours. He refused to gain high position in the secular world, and after his father died, he gave away his goods and money to the poor; he was locked away as a lunatic for this.
In 640, after he was released, he made a pilgrimage to Rome with Flavius, an Irish bishop. According to one account, as they crossed the diocese of Tours, he insisting on working in the fields with the serfs after he was “seized with compassion at the peasants covered with dust and sweat.”
When Sigiramnus returned to France, he founded two monasteries with land given to him by Clothaire in the diocese of Bourges: Saint-Pierre de Longoret (Longoretum, Lonrey) and Méobecq (Millepecus), in the forest of Brenne region of the Berry province.
Longoret was later renamed Saint-Michel-en-Brenne after him. He served as abbot of Longoret until his death in 655 AD.
Veneration
A life of Sigiramnus was written in the ninth or tenth centuries; the author of this Life claims to have compiled it from an earlier text.
The monastery of Saint-Cyran was dissolved in 1712. Jean du Vergier de Hauranne (1581–1643), known as the Abbé of Saint-Cyran, took his title from this monastery.
Sigiramnus’ relics were kept at the abbey of Saint-Cyran until 1860, when Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of the French, encased them in a reliquary and gave it to the church of Saint-Michel-en-Brenne.
References
^ "Den hellige Sigiramnus ( - ~655)". Katolsk. n.d. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ a b c d e f g Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints (Published by Duffy, 1845), 71.
^ a b c d e f g h Alban Butler, Kathleen Jones, David Hugh Farmer, Paul Burns, Butler's lives of the saints (Published by Liturgical Press, 2000), 41-2.
^ "Sigirannus, S. (1)". Zeno.org. n.d. Retrieved May 17, 2009.
External links
(in French) Ouvrage sur l'abbaye Saint Cyran
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A nobleman of Berry,[2] he studied at Tours and then joined the royal court of Clothaire II.[2] He served as cup-bearer but always wore a hair-shirt underneath his garments, devoting himself to prayer.[2]His father, count of Bourges (and later bishop of Tours), wanted Sigiramnus to marry the daughter of a nobleman.[3]Refusing to marry, Sigiramnus took holy orders at the church of St. Martin at Tours in 625 AD, serving as archdeacon at Tours.[2] He refused to gain high position in the secular world, and after his father died, he gave away his goods and money to the poor; he was locked away as a lunatic for this.[3]In 640, after he was released, he made a pilgrimage to Rome with Flavius, an Irish bishop.[2][3] According to one account, as they crossed the diocese of Tours, he insisting on working in the fields with the serfs after he was “seized with compassion at the peasants covered with dust and sweat.”[3]When Sigiramnus returned to France, he founded two monasteries with land given to him by Clothaire in the diocese of Bourges: Saint-Pierre de Longoret (Longoretum, Lonrey) and Méobecq (Millepecus), in the forest of Brenne region of the Berry province.[2][4]Longoret was later renamed Saint-Michel-en-Brenne after him. He served as abbot of Longoret until his death in 655 AD.[2]","title":"Sigiramnus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler2-3"},{"link_name":"Jean du Vergier de Hauranne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_du_Vergier_de_Hauranne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler2-3"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics"},{"link_name":"Eugénie de Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo"},{"link_name":"Empress consort of the French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_consorts"},{"link_name":"reliquary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquary"},{"link_name":"Saint-Michel-en-Brenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Michel-en-Brenne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-butler2-3"}],"text":"A life of Sigiramnus was written in the ninth or tenth centuries; the author of this Life claims to have compiled it from an earlier text.[3]The monastery of Saint-Cyran was dissolved in 1712.[3] Jean du Vergier de Hauranne (1581–1643), known as the Abbé of Saint-Cyran, took his title from this monastery.[3]Sigiramnus’ relics were kept at the abbey of Saint-Cyran until 1860, when Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of the French, encased them in a reliquary and gave it to the church of Saint-Michel-en-Brenne.[3]","title":"Veneration"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Den hellige Sigiramnus ( - ~655)\". Katolsk. n.d. Retrieved May 18, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/sigiramn.htm","url_text":"\"Den hellige Sigiramnus ( - ~655)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sigirannus, S. (1)\". Zeno.org. n.d. Retrieved May 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Sigirannus,+S.+(1)","url_text":"\"Sigirannus, S. (1)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.katolsk.no/biografi/sigiramn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Den hellige Sigiramnus ( - ~655)\""},{"Link":"http://www.zeno.org/Heiligenlexikon-1858/A/Sigirannus,+S.+(1)","external_links_name":"\"Sigirannus, S. (1)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525211345/http://www.abbaye-saint-cyran.com/","external_links_name":"Ouvrage sur l'abbaye Saint Cyran"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensaku_Oda
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Kensaku Oda
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Kensaku OdaNative name小田 健作Born(1888-04-04)April 4, 1888Fukuoka Prefecture, JapanDiedJanuary 21, 1943(1943-01-21) (aged 54) †Territory of New GuineaAllegiance Empire of JapanService/branch Imperial Japanese ArmyRank Lieutenant General (posthumous)
Kensaku Oda (小田 健作, Oda Kensaku, April 4, 1888 – January 21, 1943) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.
Biography
Oda was a native of Fukuoka Prefecture. From 1938, he was the commanding officer of the IJA 50th Infantry Regiment, which was in combat during the Battle of Xuzhou in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regiment was withdrawn back to Japan in December 1939. In August 1940, he was promoted major general and became the commanding officer of the infantry group of the IJA 26th Division, which at the time was under the command of the Mongolia Garrison Army.
In September 1941, he became the Commandant of Toyohashi Reserve Officers' Cadet School. However, due to the death of Major General Tomitarō Horii the Kokoda Track campaign in New Guinea, Oda was assigned as his replacement as Commander of the South Seas Detachment. However, the South Seas Detachment found itself flanked by Allied forces and in a location where neither reinforcements or supplies could reach. When ordered to withdraw by IJA 18th Army headquarters, Oda left behind the sick and wounded and led his men to the banks of the Kumusi River, only to find out that all of the remaining boats he had planned on for his retreat had been taken by troops which had preceded him. He committed suicide on the river bank by shooting himself with his pistol.
He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general.
References
^ Pike, Francis (2015). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941-1945. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1472596703.
^ http://www.generals.dk/general/Oda/Kensaku/Japan.html Kensaku Oda (1888 – 1943)
This biographical article related to the military of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Kensaku Oda (小田 健作, Oda Kensaku, April 4, 1888 – January 21, 1943) was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.","title":"Kensaku Oda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fukuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Battle of Xuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou"},{"link_name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"IJA 26th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)"},{"link_name":"Mongolia Garrison Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia_Garrison_Army"},{"link_name":"Tomitarō Horii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomitar%C5%8D_Horii"},{"link_name":"Kokoda Track campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"South Seas Detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Detachment"},{"link_name":"IJA 18th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Army_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Oda was a native of Fukuoka Prefecture. From 1938, he was the commanding officer of the IJA 50th Infantry Regiment, which was in combat during the Battle of Xuzhou in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regiment was withdrawn back to Japan in December 1939. In August 1940, he was promoted major general and became the commanding officer of the infantry group of the IJA 26th Division, which at the time was under the command of the Mongolia Garrison Army.In September 1941, he became the Commandant of Toyohashi Reserve Officers' Cadet School. However, due to the death of Major General Tomitarō Horii the Kokoda Track campaign in New Guinea, Oda was assigned as his replacement as Commander of the South Seas Detachment. However, the South Seas Detachment found itself flanked by Allied forces and in a location where neither reinforcements or supplies could reach. When ordered to withdraw by IJA 18th Army headquarters, Oda left behind the sick and wounded and led his men to the banks of the Kumusi River, only to find out that all of the remaining boats he had planned on for his retreat had been taken by troops which had preceded him. He committed suicide on the river bank by shooting himself with his pistol.[1]He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general.[2]","title":"Biography"}]
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[{"reference":"Pike, Francis (2015). Hirohito's War: The Pacific War, 1941-1945. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1472596703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472596703","url_text":"978-1472596703"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Oda/Kensaku/Japan.html","external_links_name":"http://www.generals.dk/general/Oda/Kensaku/Japan.html"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kensaku_Oda&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_People%27s_Choice_Awards
|
7th People's Choice Awards
|
["1 Winners","2 References"]
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7th People's Choice AwardsDateMarch 8, 1981Hosted byArmy Archerd and Lee RemickTelevision/radio coverageNetworkCBS
← 6th ·
People's Choice Awards
· 8th →
The 7th People's Choice Awards, honoring the best in popular culture for 1980, were held in 1981. They were broadcast on CBS.
Winners
Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer:
Carol Burnett
Favorite Female Musical Performer:
Pat Benatar
Favorite Male TV Performer:
Alan Alda
Favorite Male Musical Performer:
Kenny Rogers
Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program:
Diana Canova
Favorite New TV Comedy Program:
Too Close for Comfort
Favorite Young TV Performer:
Gary Coleman
Favorite Young Motion Picture Performer:
Brooke Shields
Favorite Motion Picture:
The Empire Strikes Back
Favorite Female TV Performer:
Carol Burnett
Favorite Motion Picture Actress:
Jane Fonda,
Goldie Hawn
Favorite TV Dramatic Program:
Dallas
Favorite TV Mini-Series:
Shōgun
Favorite Song from a Motion Picture:
"9 to 5"
Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Program:
Tom Selleck
Favorite New Song:
"Lady"
Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer:
Alan Alda
Favorite Motion Picture Actor:
Clint Eastwood
Favorite New TV Dramatic Program:
Magnum, P.I.
Favorite TV Comedy Program:
M*A*S*H
References
^ "1981 Nominees & Winners". peopleschoice.com. Archived from the original on Apr 5, 2016.
vtePeople's Choice AwardsYears
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1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
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1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
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2021
2022
2023
Award lists
Breakout Artist
Concert Tour
Country Artist
Female Artist
Group
Hip Hop Artist
Music Video
Country Awards
2023
This award-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"1981 Nominees & Winners\". peopleschoice.com. Archived from the original on Apr 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024636/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1981","url_text":"\"1981 Nominees & Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1981","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024636/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1981","external_links_name":"\"1981 Nominees & Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=1981","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_People%27s_Choice_Awards&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresor_(club)
|
Tresor (club)
|
["1 History","2 Label discography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°30′36″N 13°22′58″E / 52.51000°N 13.38278°E / 52.51000; 13.38278Techno club in Berlin, Germany
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tresor" club – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Tresor nightclub and record label logo (used 1991–1995 and again since 2015)
Tresor (German for safe or vault) is a techno nightclub in Berlin and a record label.
History
Original location in Leipziger Straße (2003)
The club was founded in March 1991 in the vaults of the former department store Wertheim at Leipziger Strasse 126-128 in Mitte, the central part of East Berlin, next to the Potsdamer Platz. The history of the club goes back to 1988 when the electronic music label Interfisch opened the Ufo Club in Berlin. Ufo was the original centre of Berlin house and techno, but due to financial problems that club closed in 1990.
After Ufo closed, Interfisch's head, Dimitri Hegemann, and some investors in the club found the new space in East Berlin. This was advantageous timing, as it was only a few months before Germany unified. The vaults under the Wertheim department store proved to be the perfect location for a club, and Tresor quickly became the place to be in Berlin. Tresor continued to be a popular club, having expanded and reconstructed continuously several times to include an outdoor garden area, and a second "Globus" floor. The Tresor floor in the basement was reserved specifically for hard techno, industrial and acid music, while Globus was featured mainly more mellow house sound. The record label Tresor Records was founded soon after the club first opened, in October 1991. Featured artists on the label include Jeff Mills, Blake Baxter, Juan Atkins, Robert Hood, Drexciya, Stewart Walker, Joey Beltram, DJ Surgeon, Pacou, Cristian Vogel and many others.
In 2004 the documentary "Tresor Berlin: The Vault & the Electronic Frontier" was released. Directed by Mike Andrawis, it features interviews with Hegemann, Carola Stoiber, and DJs & artists associated with the club & label. The film covers the period from Hegemann's involvement with the Fishladen and UFO clubs in Berlin-Kreuzberg to the final months prior to Tresor's closure.
Tresor closed on 16 April 2005, after several years' prolonged short-term rent. The city sold the land to an investor group to build offices on the Leipziger Straße location. It was open for each night of April 2005, with the final event starting the Saturday night with queues stretching all the way down the road, and still going Monday morning.
Tresor reopened on 24 May 2007 in the decommissioned southern tract of the combined heat and power plant Heizkraftwerk Berlin-Mitte in Köpenicker Straße.
Since November 2019 the club has a subsidiary in the city of Dortmund called Tresor.West.
In September 2022, Tresor published a photobook,Tresor: True Stories, to document the past 30 years of its history.
Label discography
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New location in Köpenicker Straße (2008)
DJ booth of the club during a Detroit Techno party, August 2015
Tresor 1: X-101: X-101 (12"/CD)
Tresor 2: Dream Sequence feat. Blake Baxter – Dream Sequence (12"/ CD)
Tresor 3: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes & 3MB – 3MB featuring Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 4: X-102: Discovers The Rings of Saturn (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 5: Ingator II – Skyscratch (Mano Mano) (12"/CD)
Tresor 6: 3 Phase Feat. Dr. Motte – Der Klang Der Familie (12"/CD)
Tresor 7: Blake Baxter & Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – The Project (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 8: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes & 3MB – The Birth of Technosoul (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 9: 3MB – 3MB Feat. Magic Juan Atkins (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 10: X-103: Thera EP (12")
Tresor 11: Jeff Mills – Waveform transmission Vol. 1 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 11: Jeff Mills – Waveform transmission Vol. 1 (Mispress) (2x12")
Tresor 12: X-103: Atlantis (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 13: Various – Detroit Techno Soul EP (12")
Tresor 14: Various – Detroit Techno Soul Compilation (CD)
Tresor 15: Tomi D. – You Are An Angel / B Basic (12")
Tresor 16: System 01: Mind Sensations (12"/CD)
Tresor 17: Vision, The – Waveform Transmission Vol. 2 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 18: TV Viktor – Trancegarden:Invitation Vol. 1 (CD)
Tresor 19: 3 Phase – Straight Road (12"/CD)
Tresor 20: 3 Phase – Schlangenfarm (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 21: Piers Headley – Music For Toilets (CD)
Tresor 22: Cristian Vogel – Absolute Time (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 23: Jeff Mills – The Extremist (12")
Tresor 25: Jeff Mills – Waveform Transmission Vol. 3 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 26: System 01: Take My Soul (12"/CD)
Tresor 27: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 28: System 01: Drugs Work (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 29: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter – Endless Reflection (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 30: Bam Bam – Best of Westbrook Classics (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 31: Blake Baxter – Reach Out (12")
Tresor 32: Robert Hood – Master Builder (12"/CD)
Tresor 33: Joey Beltram – Game Form (12"/CD)
Tresor 34: Joey Beltram – Places (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 35: Various – Sirius (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 36: Various – Magic Tracks Feat. Juan Atkins (12")
Tresor 37: Gagarin Kongress – Astralleib (12")
Tresor 38: Blake Baxter – Energizer (12")
Tresor 39: Vigipirate – Boom EP (12")
Tresor 40: Joey Beltram – Instant (12"/CD)
Tresor 41: Bam Bam – The Strong Survive (12"/CD)
Tresor 42: Bam Bam – The Strong Survive (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 43: Various – 313 (12"/CD)
Tresor 44: Cristian Vogel – Bite & Scratch (12")
Tresor 45: Cristian Vogel – Body Mapping (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 46: Renee Feat. Taj – When I Dream (12")
Tresor 47: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes Groovin / C.B.R (12")
Tresor 48: Infiniti – The Infiniti Collection (12"/CD)
Tresor 49: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – Black Technosoul (CD)
Tresor 50: Joey Beltram – Metro (12")
Tresor 51: Blake Baxter – La La Song (12")
Tresor 52: Infiniti – Higher (12")
Tresor 53: Neil Landstrumm – Understanding Disinformation (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 54: Neil Landstrumm – Praline Horse (12")
Tresor 55: Pacou – Reel Techno (12")
Tresor 56: Holy Ghost – The Mind Control of Candy Jones (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 57: Scan 7 – Dark Territory (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 58: Si Begg – Opus EP (12")
Tresor 59: Tobias Schmidt – Is It Peace To Point The Gun? (12")
Tresor 60: Blue Arsed Fly – Knackered EP (12")
Tresor 61: Holy Ghost – Manchurian Candidate (12")
Tresor 63: Various – Tresor IV – Solid (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 64: Various – Tresor V (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 65: Cristian Vogel – (Don't) Take More (12")
Tresor 66: Cristian Vogel – All Music Has Come to an End (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 67: Holy Ghost – Electra Spectre (12")
Tresor 68: Pacou – Cortex Delay (12")
Tresor 69: Pacou – Symbolic Language (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 72: Surgeon – First (12")
Tresor 73: Surgeon – Basictonalvocabulary (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 74: Blake Baxter Sex Tech (12")
Tresor 75: Vice – The Pressure EP (12")
Tresor 76: Jeff Mills – Waveform Transmission Vol. 3 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 77: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 77: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (Mispress) (2x12")
Tresor 78: Joey Beltram – Places (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 81: Neil Landstrumm – Scandinavia Sessions (12")
Tresor 82: Neil Landstrumm – Bedrooms And Cities (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 82: Neil Landstrumm – Bedrooms And Cities (Mispress) (2x12")
Tresor 83: Holy Ghost – Gone Fishin' (12")
Tresor 84: Holy Ghost – The Art Lukm Suite (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 85: Surgeon – Basictonal – Remake (12")
Tresor 86: Tobias Schmidt – The Black Arts EP (12")
Tresor 87: DJ T-1000 – Jetset Lovelife (12")
Tresor 88: Scan 7 – Beyond Sound (12")
Tresor 89: Pacou – Symbolic Language (Remixes) (12")
Tresor 90: Joey Beltram – Ball Park (12")
Tresor 91: Chrislo – Hangars D'Orion (12")
Tresor 91: Chrislo – Hangars D'Orion (Mispress) (12")
Tresor 92: Chrislo – Low (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 93: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 1 (CD)
Tresor 94: Various – Headquarters (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 95: Surgeon – Balance Remakes (12")
Tresor 96: Surgeon – Balance (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 97: Various – Tresor III Compilation (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 98: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 2: A Decade Underground (CD)
Tresor 99: Pacou – No Computer Involved (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 100: Various – Tresor 100 (Tresor Compilation Vol. 6) (2x12")
Tresor 101: Leo Laker – 6 A.M. (12")
Tresor 102: Blake Baxter – Disko Tech EP (12")
Tresor 103: Neil Landstrumm – Pro Audio (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 104: Tobias Schmidt & Dave Tarrida – The Test (12")
Tresor 105: Infiniti – Skynet (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 106: Advent, The – Sound Sketches (12")
Tresor 107: Holy Ghost – Live in Amsterdam (12")
Tresor 108: Joey Beltram – Game Form / Instant (12")
Tresor 109: Various – Annex 2 (CD)
Tresor 110: Cristian Vogel – Busca Invisibles (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 111: Sender Berlin – Spektrum Weltweit (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 112: Pacou – A Universal Movement (12")
Tresor 113: DisX3 – Brothers in Mind (12")
Tresor 114: Stewart S. Walker – Nothing Produces Stark Imagery (12")
Tresor 115: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 3: Sturm Und Drang (CD)
Tresor 116: Surgeon – Force + Form Remakes (12")
Tresor 117: Surgeon – Force + Form (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 118: Savvas Ysatis – Alright (12")
Tresor 119: Leo Laker – Tontunmäki EP (12")
Tresor 120: Cristian Vogel – General Arrepientase (12")
Tresor 121: Scan 7 – Resurfaced (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 122: Savvas Ysatis – Highrise (2xLP/CD)
Tresor 123: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 7 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 124: The Advent – Sound Sketchez#2 (2x12")
Tresor 125: Tobias Schmidt – Dark of Heartness (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 126: Dave Tarrida Postmortem Pop (12")
Tresor 127: Vice – Trojan Horse EP (12")
Tresor 128: DJ T-1000 – Progress (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 129: Drexciya – Neptune's Lair (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 130: Drexciya – Fusion Flats (12")
Tresor 131: Various – Tresor 7.5 (12")
Tresor 132: Infiniti – Never Tempt Me (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 133: DisX3 – Sequenzed Function (12")
Tresor 134: Diskordia – Mala Mazza (12")
Tresor 135: Various – Demo Tracks #01 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 136: Various – Annex 3 (CD)
Tresor 137: Drexciya – Hydro Doorways (12")
Tresor 138: Pacou – State of Mind (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 139: Holy Ghost – The Jesus Nut (12")
Tresor 140: Sender Berlin – Spektrum Weltweit (Remixes) (12")
Tresor 141: Terrence Dixon – From The Far Future (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 142: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 4: The Button Down Mind of Daniel Bell (CD)
Tresor 143: Sterac – Untitled (12")
Tresor 144: Subhead – Arucknophobia (12")
Tresor 145: James Ruskin – Point 2 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 146: Stewart S. Walker – Reformation of Negative Space EP (12")
Tresor 147: Karl O'Connor & Peter Sutton – Againstnature (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 148: Pacou – Fireball (12")
Tresor 149: Blake Baxter – EP Frequencies / Dream Sequence (12"/CD)
Tresor 150: Various – Tresor 2000: Compilation Vol. 8 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 151: TV Victor – Timeless Deceleration (2xCD)
Tresor 152: Subhead – Neon Rocka (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 153: Diskordia – So Big & So Close (12")
Tresor 154: Dave Tarrida – Scream Therapy (12")
Tresor 155: Jeff Mills Metropolis 2 (12"/CD)
Tresor 156: The Advent – 3rd Sketch (12")
Tresor 157: Matthew Herbert – Mistakes (12")
Tresor 157: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 5: Metthew Herbert – Letsallmakemistakes (CD)
Tresor 158: Tobias Schmidt – Destroy (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 159: Dream Sequence III Feat. Blake Baxter. FM Disko (12")
Tresor 160: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter The Collective (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 161: Dave Tarrida – Paranoid (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 162: Dave Tarrida – Paranoid (Again) (12")
Tresor 163: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 10: True Spirit (Special Edition) (CD)
Tresor 164: Model 500 / Daniel Bell / Cristian Vogel – Sirius Is A Freund (Archiv #01) (12")
Tresor 165: Bam Bam – Where Is Your Child (Archiv #02) (12")
Tresor 166: Robert Hood – Master Builder (Archiv #03) (12")
Tresor 167: DJ Shufflemaster – EXP (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 168: Kelli Hand – Detroit History Part 1 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 169: Fumiya Tanaka – Drive EP (12")
Tresor 170: Neil Landstrumm – Glamourama EP (12")
Tresor 171: Savvas Ysatis – Select (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 172: Ben Sims – Dubs 2 (12")
Tresor 173: James Ruskin – Into Submission (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 174: Various – Compilation Vol. 9 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 175: DJ Shufflemaster – Angel Gate (12")
Tresor 176: Fumiya Tanaka – Unknown Possibility Vol. 2 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 177: Neil Landstrumm – She Took A Bullet Meant For Me (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 178: Subhead – Baby Takes Three EP (12")
Tresor 179: Tobias Schmidt – Real Life (12")
Tresor 180: Various – Annex 4 (CD)
Tresor 181: Drexciya – Harnessed The Storm (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 182: Drexciya – Digital Tsunami (12")
Tresor 183: Jeff Mills – Late Night (Archive #04) (12")
Tresor 184: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter – Deep N Da Groove (Remix) (12")
Tresor 185: Various – True Spirit (Part I) (2x12"/3xCD)
Tresor 186: Various – True Spirit (Part II) (2x12")
Tresor 188: Angel Alanis & Rees Urban – Bastard Traxx Vol. 1 (12")
Tresor 189: Sender Berlin – Gestern Heute Morgen (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 190: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – My Soul (Archiv #05) (12")
Tresor 191: Dave Tarrida – Plays Records (12")
Tresor 191: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 6: Dave Tarrida Plays Records (CD)
Tresor 192: Cristian Vogel – Dungeon Master (2x12"/2xCD)
Tresor 193: Chester Beatty – A Taste of Honey (12")
Tresor 194: Blake Baxter – One More Time (Archiv #06) (12")
Tresor 195: The Advent – Sketched For Life (2x12"/2xCD)
Tresor 196: Shifted Phases – The Cosmic Memoirs of the Late Great Rupert J. Rosinthrope (2x12")
Tresor 197: Various – Headquarters Berlin (2x12"/2xCD)
Tresor 198: Mover, The – Frontal Frustration (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 199: Angel Alanis & Rees Urban – Present Pair of Jacks "Full House" (2x12")
Tresor 200: Scion – arrange & process Basic Channel tracks (CD)
Tresor 201: House of Fix, The – 21st Century (12"/2xCD)
Tresor 202: Chester Beatty – Shot of Love (12"/CD)
Tresor 203: Din-St – Club Goods Vol 1 (12")
Tresor 204: Rumenige – Petrzalka EP (12")
Tresor 205: Various – Tresor Never Sleeps (CD)
Tresor 205.5: Various – Tresor Never Sleeps (12")
Tresor 206: Stewart Walker – Live Extracts (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 207: Leo Laker – Somos Pocos, Pero Estamos Locos EP (12")
Tresor 208: Organ Grinder – Life in the Shade (12")
Tresor 209: Pacou – Last Man Standing EP (12")
Tresor 211: Cybotron / Model 500 – Alleys of Your Mind / Off To Battle (12")
Tresor 212: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 12: Illumination (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 213: Joey Beltram – Beyonder (12")
Tresor 214: Joey Beltram – The Rising Sun (3x12"/CD)
Tresor 215: Juan Atkins – The Berlin Sessions (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 216: Juan Atkins – 20 Years Metroplex: 1985-2005 (2xCD)
Tresor 217: Todd Bodine – Particles EP (12")
Tresor 218: Joey Beltram – Live@Womb (CD)
Tresor 219: Cisco Ferreira – T.R.I.N.I.T.Y. (3x12"/CD)
Tresor 220: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 13: It's Not Over (2x12"/2xCD)
Tresor 221: Todd Bodine – Surfaces (CD)
Tresor 222: Bill Youngman – Born EP (12")
Tresor 223: Jeff Mills – Blue Potential (Live With Montpellier Philharmonic Orchestra) (DVD)
Tresor 224: Cisco Ferreira – T.R.I.N.I.T.Y. Remixed (12")
Tresor 225: Dave Tarrida – Gauteng Fever EP (12")
Tresor 226: Joey Beltram – Code 6 (12")
Tresor 227: Octave One – Off The Grid (12"/CD/DVD)
Tresor 228: Tim Wright – Definitely Wrong (12")
Tresor 229: Octave One – Off The Grid (2x12")
Tresor 230: Oscar Mulero – Only Dead Fish Go with the Flow (12")
Tresor 231: Cristian Vogel – The Never Engine (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 232: James Ruskin – Lahaine (12")
Tresor 233: James Ruskin – The Dash (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 234: X-102 – Titan EP (12")
Tresor 235: Oscar Mulero – Tresor Mix: Under Review (CD)
Tresor 236: Remute – Crackin' Skulls EP (12")
Tresor 237: Future Beat Alliance – Machines Can Help EP (12")
Tresor 238: Future Beat Alliance – Mourning (12")
Tresor 239: Vince Watson – Atom EP (12")
Tresor 240: TV Victor – The Ways of the Bodies (CD)
Tresor 241: Psycatron – People in Glass Houses (12")
Tresor 242: Future Beat Alliance – Grey Summer (12")
Tresor 243: Sleeparchive – Ronan Point (12")
Tresor 244: Vince Watson – Interference EP (12")
Tresor 245: Mike Huckaby – Tresor Records 20th Anniversary Mix (CD)
Tresor 246: Pacou – Sense EP (12")
Tresor 247: Various – SubBerlin: The Story of Tresor (CD/DVD)
Tresor 248: Puresque – Vor Leitmotiv EP (12")
Tresor 249: Puresque – Leitmotiv (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 250A: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.1 (12")
Tresor 250B: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.2 (12")
Tresor 250C: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.3 (12")
Tresor 251: Marcelus – Super Strength EP (12")
Tresor 252: Mike Huckaby – The Tresor EP (12")
Tresor 253: s_w_z_k – s_w_z_k (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 254: Puresque – Leitmotiv (The Remixes) (12")
Tresor 255: Scan 7 – The Resistance EP (12")
Tresor 256: Terrence Dixon – From The Far Future Pt. 2 (2x12"/CD)
Tresor 257: s_w_z_k – Variant & Empires EP (12")
Tresor 258: Juan Atkins/Audiotech – I Love You/Techno City '95 (Archiv #07) (12")
Tresor 259: Zenker Brothers – Lion in Mars (12")
Tresor 260: Sleeparchive – A Man Dies in the Street Pt.1 (12")
Tresor 261: Marcelus – Emerald EP (12")
Tresor 262: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald – Borderland (3x12"/CD)
Tresor 263: Savvas Ysatis - Archiv #08 (2 x 12")
Tresor 264: Sleeparchive - A Man Dies in the Street Pt.2 (12")
Tresor 265: Peter Van Hoesen - Life Performance (CD)
Tresor 266: Peter Van Hoesen - Life Performance EP
Tresor 267: Zenker Brothers - Stratusphunk EP
Tresor 268: Various Artists - Demo Tracks #01 (12")
Tresor 269: Marcelus - Shine EP (12")
Tresor 270: Transllusion - The Opening of the Cerebral Gate (CD / 3LP)
Tresor 271: Transllusion - Mind Over Positive And Negative Dimensional Matter (CD / 3LP)
Tresor 272: Jonas Kopp - Red Plented EP (12")
Tresor 273: Jonas Kopp - Beyond The Hypnosis (2LP)
Tresor 274: DJ Deep & Roman Poncet - Extraction (12")
Tresor 275: DJ Deep & Roman Poncet - Hydraulic Pressure (12")
Tresor 276: Confucio - Golden Rule EP (12")
Tresor 277: Mønic - Parsons Hill EP (12")
Tresor 278: Surgeon - Tresor '97 – '99 (3CD)
Tresor 279: Jonas Kopp - HHH EP (12")
Tresor 280: Shao - Doppler Shift EP (12")
Tresor 281: Adventice - Exsurgence (12")
Tresor 282: Psyk - Works (12")
Tresor 283: Zadig - The Stellar Hunter EP (12")
Tresor 284: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald present Borderland - Riod (12")
Tresor 285: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald present Borderland - Transport (12")
Tresor 286: Mønic - Four Sides of Truth EP (12")
Tresor 287: Marcelus - Vibrations (3x12" LP)
Tresor 288: Porter Ricks - Shadow Boat EP (12")
Tresor 289: Mike Parker - Disintegrating Sand EP (12")
Tresor 290: BNJMN - The Body Between Us Pt.1 (12")
Tresor 291: Various Artists - Dreamy Harbor (3 x 12"/ CD)
Tresor 292: Pacou - A Shot in the Dark EP (12")
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
Lists of record labels
References
^ Morse, Erik (5 October 2021). "'No established disco would have played this music': 30 years of legendary Berlin club Tresor". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
^ Birmingham 7 lnch Cinema programme listing Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tresor: United party nights. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2023
^ "Legendary Berlin club Tresor finally reopens". Resident Advisor. 26 April 2007.
^ "So war die erste Party im Tresor.West" . Faze Magazine. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^ "A NEW PHOTOBOOK IS DOCUMENTING 30 YEARS OF TRESOR BERLIN". mixmag. 12 August 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tresor Berlin.
Official website
Tresor discography at Discogs
52°30′36″N 13°22′58″E / 52.51000°N 13.38278°E / 52.51000; 13.38278
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Geographic
MusicBrainz place
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tresor_logo.png"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"}],"text":"Techno club in Berlin, GermanyTresor nightclub and record label logo (used 1991–1995 and again since 2015)Tresor (German for safe or vault) is a techno nightclub in Berlin and a record label.","title":"Tresor (club)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tresor_-_Berlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Leipziger Strasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipziger_Strasse"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte"},{"link_name":"East Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Potsdamer Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Ufo Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufo_(Club,_Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Hegemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Hegemann"},{"link_name":"Germany unified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Juan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Stewart Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Walker"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"DJ Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Kreuzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fazemag_tresorwest_26112019-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Original location in Leipziger Straße (2003)The club was founded in March 1991 in the vaults of the former department store Wertheim at Leipziger Strasse 126-128 in Mitte, the central part of East Berlin, next to the Potsdamer Platz.[1] The history of the club goes back to 1988 when the electronic music label Interfisch opened the Ufo Club in Berlin. Ufo was the original centre of Berlin house and techno, but due to financial problems that club closed in 1990.After Ufo closed, Interfisch's head, Dimitri Hegemann, and some investors in the club found the new space in East Berlin. This was advantageous timing, as it was only a few months before Germany unified. The vaults under the Wertheim department store proved to be the perfect location for a club, and Tresor quickly became the place to be in Berlin. Tresor continued to be a popular club, having expanded and reconstructed continuously several times to include an outdoor garden area, and a second \"Globus\" floor. The Tresor floor in the basement was reserved specifically for hard techno, industrial and acid music, while Globus was featured mainly more mellow house sound. The record label Tresor Records was founded soon after the club first opened, in October 1991. Featured artists on the label include Jeff Mills, Blake Baxter, Juan Atkins, Robert Hood, Drexciya, Stewart Walker, Joey Beltram, DJ Surgeon, Pacou, Cristian Vogel and many others.In 2004 the documentary \"Tresor Berlin: The Vault & the Electronic Frontier\" was released. Directed by Mike Andrawis, it features interviews with Hegemann, Carola Stoiber, and DJs & artists associated with the club & label.[2] The film covers the period from Hegemann's involvement with the Fishladen and UFO clubs in Berlin-Kreuzberg to the final months prior to Tresor's closure.Tresor closed on 16 April 2005, after several years' prolonged short-term rent.[3] The city sold the land to an investor group to build offices on the Leipziger Straße location. It was open for each night of April 2005, with the final event starting the Saturday night with queues stretching all the way down the road, and still going Monday morning.Tresor reopened on 24 May 2007 in the decommissioned southern tract of the combined heat and power plant Heizkraftwerk Berlin-Mitte in Köpenicker Straße.[4]Since November 2019 the club has a subsidiary in the city of Dortmund called Tresor.West.[5]In September 2022, Tresor published a photobook,Tresor: True Stories, to document the past 30 years of its history.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tresor_Berlin_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tresor_Nightclub_Berlin_DJ_3_(cropped_twice).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"3 Phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dr. Motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Motte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"3MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritz_von_Oswald_und_Mark_Ernestus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moritz_von_Oswald_und_Mark_Ernestus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Vision, The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Waveform Transmission Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform_Transmission_Vol._2"},{"link_name":"TV Viktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV_Viktor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3 Phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3 Phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Internal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Bam Bam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Bam_(Chris_Westbrook)"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Bam Bam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Bam_(Chris_Westbrook)"},{"link_name":"Bam Bam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Bam_(Chris_Westbrook)"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Renee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Taj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Scan 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan_7"},{"link_name":"Si Begg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Begg"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Denham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DJ T-1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Scan 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan_7"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Chrislo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrislo"},{"link_name":"Chrislo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrislo"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Leo Laker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Laker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Advent, The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advent,_The&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Sender Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sender_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"DisX3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kowalski_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Stewart S. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Walker"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Savvas Ysatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savvas_Ysatis"},{"link_name":"Leo Laker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Laker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Scan 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan_7"},{"link_name":"Savvas Ysatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savvas_Ysatis"},{"link_name":"The Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advent"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_Denham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DJ T-1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Infiniti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti"},{"link_name":"DisX3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kowalski_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Sender Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sender_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sterac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhead"},{"link_name":"James Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ruskin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart S. Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Walker"},{"link_name":"Karl O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"TV Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TV_Victor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhead"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"The Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advent"},{"link_name":"Matthew Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Herbert"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Model 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Daniel Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bell_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Bam Bam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Bam_(Chris_Westbrook)"},{"link_name":"Robert Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hood"},{"link_name":"DJ Shufflemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DJ_Shufflemaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kelli Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Hand"},{"link_name":"Fumiya Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiya_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savvas Ysatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savvas_Ysatis"},{"link_name":"Ben Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Sims_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"James Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Ruskin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DJ Shufflemaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DJ_Shufflemaster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fumiya Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiya_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Neil Landstrumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Landstrumm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhead"},{"link_name":"Tobias Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Schmidt_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Drexciya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"Angel Alanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Alanis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rees Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rees_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sender Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sender_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Flashin%27_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristian Vogel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Vogel"},{"link_name":"Blake Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Baxter"},{"link_name":"The Advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advent"},{"link_name":"Shifted Phases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexciya"},{"link_name":"Mover, The","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mover,_The&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angel Alanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Alanis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rees Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rees_Urban&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Din-St","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Din-St&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stewart Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Walker"},{"link_name":"Leo Laker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Laker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacou"},{"link_name":"Cybotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybotron_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Model 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Juan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Juan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Todd Bodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bodine"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Todd Bodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Bodine"},{"link_name":"Bill Youngman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Youngman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mills"},{"link_name":"Dave Tarrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Tarrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joey Beltram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Beltram"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Tim Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wright_(English_musician)"},{"link_name":"Octave One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_One"},{"link_name":"Future Beat Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Beat_Alliance"}],"text":"New location in Köpenicker Straße (2008)DJ booth of the club during a Detroit Techno party, August 2015Tresor 1: X-101: X-101 (12\"/CD)\nTresor 2: Dream Sequence feat. Blake Baxter – Dream Sequence (12\"/ CD)\nTresor 3: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes & 3MB – 3MB featuring Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 4: X-102: Discovers The Rings of Saturn (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 5: Ingator II – Skyscratch (Mano Mano) (12\"/CD)\nTresor 6: 3 Phase Feat. Dr. Motte – Der Klang Der Familie (12\"/CD)\nTresor 7: Blake Baxter & Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – The Project (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 8: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes & 3MB – The Birth of Technosoul (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 9: 3MB – 3MB Feat. Magic Juan Atkins (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 10: X-103: Thera EP (12\")\nTresor 11: Jeff Mills – Waveform transmission Vol. 1 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 11: Jeff Mills – Waveform transmission Vol. 1 (Mispress) (2x12\")\nTresor 12: X-103: Atlantis (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 13: Various – Detroit Techno Soul EP (12\")\nTresor 14: Various – Detroit Techno Soul Compilation (CD)\nTresor 15: Tomi D. – You Are An Angel / B Basic (12\")\nTresor 16: System 01: Mind Sensations (12\"/CD)\nTresor 17: Vision, The – Waveform Transmission Vol. 2 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 18: TV Viktor – Trancegarden:Invitation Vol. 1 (CD)\nTresor 19: 3 Phase – Straight Road (12\"/CD)\nTresor 20: 3 Phase – Schlangenfarm (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 21: Piers Headley – Music For Toilets (CD)\nTresor 22: Cristian Vogel – Absolute Time (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 23: Jeff Mills – The Extremist (12\")\nTresor 25: Jeff Mills – Waveform Transmission Vol. 3 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 26: System 01: Take My Soul (12\"/CD)\nTresor 27: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 28: System 01: Drugs Work (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 29: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter – Endless Reflection (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 30: Bam Bam – Best of Westbrook Classics (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 31: Blake Baxter – Reach Out (12\")\nTresor 32: Robert Hood – Master Builder (12\"/CD)\nTresor 33: Joey Beltram – Game Form (12\"/CD)\nTresor 34: Joey Beltram – Places (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 35: Various – Sirius (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 36: Various – Magic Tracks Feat. Juan Atkins (12\")\nTresor 37: Gagarin Kongress – Astralleib (12\")\nTresor 38: Blake Baxter – Energizer (12\")\nTresor 39: Vigipirate – Boom EP (12\")\nTresor 40: Joey Beltram – Instant (12\"/CD)\nTresor 41: Bam Bam – The Strong Survive (12\"/CD)\nTresor 42: Bam Bam – The Strong Survive (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 43: Various – 313 (12\"/CD)\nTresor 44: Cristian Vogel – Bite & Scratch (12\")\nTresor 45: Cristian Vogel – Body Mapping (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 46: Renee Feat. Taj – When I Dream (12\")\nTresor 47: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes Groovin / C.B.R (12\")\nTresor 48: Infiniti – The Infiniti Collection (12\"/CD)\nTresor 49: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – Black Technosoul (CD)\nTresor 50: Joey Beltram – Metro (12\")\nTresor 51: Blake Baxter – La La Song (12\")\nTresor 52: Infiniti – Higher (12\")\nTresor 53: Neil Landstrumm – Understanding Disinformation (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 54: Neil Landstrumm – Praline Horse (12\")\nTresor 55: Pacou – Reel Techno (12\")\nTresor 56: Holy Ghost – The Mind Control of Candy Jones (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 57: Scan 7 – Dark Territory (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 58: Si Begg – Opus EP (12\")\nTresor 59: Tobias Schmidt – Is It Peace To Point The Gun? (12\")\nTresor 60: Blue Arsed Fly – Knackered EP (12\")\nTresor 61: Holy Ghost – Manchurian Candidate (12\")\nTresor 63: Various – Tresor IV – Solid (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 64: Various – Tresor V (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 65: Cristian Vogel – (Don't) Take More (12\")\nTresor 66: Cristian Vogel – All Music Has Come to an End (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 67: Holy Ghost – Electra Spectre (12\")\nTresor 68: Pacou – Cortex Delay (12\")\nTresor 69: Pacou – Symbolic Language (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 72: Surgeon – First (12\")\nTresor 73: Surgeon – Basictonalvocabulary (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 74: Blake Baxter Sex Tech (12\")\nTresor 75: Vice – The Pressure EP (12\")\nTresor 76: Jeff Mills – Waveform Transmission Vol. 3 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 77: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 77: Robert Hood – Internal Empire (Mispress) (2x12\")\nTresor 78: Joey Beltram – Places (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 81: Neil Landstrumm – Scandinavia Sessions (12\")\nTresor 82: Neil Landstrumm – Bedrooms And Cities (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 82: Neil Landstrumm – Bedrooms And Cities (Mispress) (2x12\")\nTresor 83: Holy Ghost – Gone Fishin' (12\")\nTresor 84: Holy Ghost – The Art Lukm Suite (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 85: Surgeon – Basictonal – Remake (12\")\nTresor 86: Tobias Schmidt – The Black Arts EP (12\")\nTresor 87: DJ T-1000 – Jetset Lovelife (12\")\nTresor 88: Scan 7 – Beyond Sound (12\")\nTresor 89: Pacou – Symbolic Language (Remixes) (12\")\nTresor 90: Joey Beltram – Ball Park (12\")\nTresor 91: Chrislo – Hangars D'Orion (12\")\nTresor 91: Chrislo – Hangars D'Orion (Mispress) (12\")\nTresor 92: Chrislo – Low (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 93: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 1 (CD)\nTresor 94: Various – Headquarters (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 95: Surgeon – Balance Remakes (12\")\nTresor 96: Surgeon – Balance (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 97: Various – Tresor III Compilation (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 98: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 2: A Decade Underground (CD)\nTresor 99: Pacou – No Computer Involved (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 100: Various – Tresor 100 (Tresor Compilation Vol. 6) (2x12\")\nTresor 101: Leo Laker – 6 A.M. (12\")\nTresor 102: Blake Baxter – Disko Tech EP (12\")\nTresor 103: Neil Landstrumm – Pro Audio (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 104: Tobias Schmidt & Dave Tarrida – The Test (12\")\nTresor 105: Infiniti – Skynet (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 106: Advent, The – Sound Sketches (12\")\nTresor 107: Holy Ghost – Live in Amsterdam (12\")\nTresor 108: Joey Beltram – Game Form / Instant (12\")\nTresor 109: Various – Annex 2 (CD)\nTresor 110: Cristian Vogel – Busca Invisibles (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 111: Sender Berlin – Spektrum Weltweit (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 112: Pacou – A Universal Movement (12\")\nTresor 113: DisX3 – Brothers in Mind (12\")\nTresor 114: Stewart S. Walker – Nothing Produces Stark Imagery (12\")\nTresor 115: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 3: Sturm Und Drang (CD)\nTresor 116: Surgeon – Force + Form Remakes (12\")\nTresor 117: Surgeon – Force + Form (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 118: Savvas Ysatis – Alright (12\")\nTresor 119: Leo Laker – Tontunmäki EP (12\")\nTresor 120: Cristian Vogel – General Arrepientase (12\")\nTresor 121: Scan 7 – Resurfaced (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 122: Savvas Ysatis – Highrise (2xLP/CD)\nTresor 123: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 7 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 124: The Advent – Sound Sketchez#2 (2x12\")\nTresor 125: Tobias Schmidt – Dark of Heartness (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 126: Dave Tarrida Postmortem Pop (12\")\nTresor 127: Vice – Trojan Horse EP (12\")\nTresor 128: DJ T-1000 – Progress (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 129: Drexciya – Neptune's Lair (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 130: Drexciya – Fusion Flats (12\")\nTresor 131: Various – Tresor 7.5 (12\")\nTresor 132: Infiniti – Never Tempt Me (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 133: DisX3 – Sequenzed Function (12\")\nTresor 134: Diskordia – Mala Mazza (12\")\nTresor 135: Various – Demo Tracks #01 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 136: Various – Annex 3 (CD)\nTresor 137: Drexciya – Hydro Doorways (12\")\nTresor 138: Pacou – State of Mind (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 139: Holy Ghost – The Jesus Nut (12\")\nTresor 140: Sender Berlin – Spektrum Weltweit (Remixes) (12\")\nTresor 141: Terrence Dixon – From The Far Future (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 142: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 4: The Button Down Mind of Daniel Bell (CD)\nTresor 143: Sterac – Untitled (12\")\nTresor 144: Subhead – Arucknophobia (12\")\nTresor 145: James Ruskin – Point 2 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 146: Stewart S. Walker – Reformation of Negative Space EP (12\")\nTresor 147: Karl O'Connor & Peter Sutton – Againstnature (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 148: Pacou – Fireball (12\")\nTresor 149: Blake Baxter – EP Frequencies / Dream Sequence (12\"/CD)\nTresor 150: Various – Tresor 2000: Compilation Vol. 8 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 151: TV Victor – Timeless Deceleration (2xCD)\nTresor 152: Subhead – Neon Rocka (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 153: Diskordia – So Big & So Close (12\")\nTresor 154: Dave Tarrida – Scream Therapy (12\")\nTresor 155: Jeff Mills Metropolis 2 (12\"/CD)\nTresor 156: The Advent – 3rd Sketch (12\")\nTresor 157: Matthew Herbert – Mistakes (12\")\nTresor 157: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 5: Metthew Herbert – Letsallmakemistakes (CD)\nTresor 158: Tobias Schmidt – Destroy (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 159: Dream Sequence III Feat. Blake Baxter. FM Disko (12\")\nTresor 160: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter The Collective (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 161: Dave Tarrida – Paranoid (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 162: Dave Tarrida – Paranoid (Again) (12\")\nTresor 163: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 10: True Spirit (Special Edition) (CD)\nTresor 164: Model 500 / Daniel Bell / Cristian Vogel – Sirius Is A Freund (Archiv #01) (12\")\nTresor 165: Bam Bam – Where Is Your Child (Archiv #02) (12\")\nTresor 166: Robert Hood – Master Builder (Archiv #03) (12\")\nTresor 167: DJ Shufflemaster – EXP (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 168: Kelli Hand – Detroit History Part 1 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 169: Fumiya Tanaka – Drive EP (12\")\nTresor 170: Neil Landstrumm – Glamourama EP (12\")\nTresor 171: Savvas Ysatis – Select (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 172: Ben Sims – Dubs 2 (12\")\nTresor 173: James Ruskin – Into Submission (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 174: Various – Compilation Vol. 9 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 175: DJ Shufflemaster – Angel Gate (12\")\nTresor 176: Fumiya Tanaka – Unknown Possibility Vol. 2 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 177: Neil Landstrumm – She Took A Bullet Meant For Me (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 178: Subhead – Baby Takes Three EP (12\")\nTresor 179: Tobias Schmidt – Real Life (12\")\nTresor 180: Various – Annex 4 (CD)\nTresor 181: Drexciya – Harnessed The Storm (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 182: Drexciya – Digital Tsunami (12\")\nTresor 183: Jeff Mills – Late Night (Archive #04) (12\")\nTresor 184: Dream Sequence Feat. Blake Baxter – Deep N Da Groove (Remix) (12\")\nTresor 185: Various – True Spirit (Part I) (2x12\"/3xCD)\nTresor 186: Various – True Spirit (Part II) (2x12\")\nTresor 188: Angel Alanis & Rees Urban – Bastard Traxx Vol. 1 (12\")\nTresor 189: Sender Berlin – Gestern Heute Morgen (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 190: Eddie Flashin' Fowlkes – My Soul (Archiv #05) (12\")\nTresor 191: Dave Tarrida – Plays Records (12\")\nTresor 191: Various – Globus Mix Vol. 6: Dave Tarrida Plays Records (CD)\nTresor 192: Cristian Vogel – Dungeon Master (2x12\"/2xCD)\nTresor 193: Chester Beatty – A Taste of Honey (12\")\nTresor 194: Blake Baxter – One More Time (Archiv #06) (12\")\nTresor 195: The Advent – Sketched For Life (2x12\"/2xCD)\nTresor 196: Shifted Phases – The Cosmic Memoirs of the Late Great Rupert J. Rosinthrope (2x12\")\nTresor 197: Various – Headquarters Berlin (2x12\"/2xCD)\nTresor 198: Mover, The – Frontal Frustration (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 199: Angel Alanis & Rees Urban – Present Pair of Jacks \"Full House\" (2x12\")\nTresor 200: Scion – arrange & process Basic Channel tracks (CD)\nTresor 201: House of Fix, The – 21st Century (12\"/2xCD)\nTresor 202: Chester Beatty – Shot of Love (12\"/CD)\nTresor 203: Din-St – Club Goods Vol 1 (12\")\nTresor 204: Rumenige – Petrzalka EP (12\")\nTresor 205: Various – Tresor Never Sleeps (CD)\nTresor 205.5: Various – Tresor Never Sleeps (12\")\nTresor 206: Stewart Walker – Live Extracts (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 207: Leo Laker – Somos Pocos, Pero Estamos Locos EP (12\")\nTresor 208: Organ Grinder – Life in the Shade (12\")\nTresor 209: Pacou – Last Man Standing EP (12\")\nTresor 211: Cybotron / Model 500 – Alleys of Your Mind / Off To Battle (12\")\nTresor 212: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 12: Illumination (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 213: Joey Beltram – Beyonder (12\")\nTresor 214: Joey Beltram – The Rising Sun (3x12\"/CD)\nTresor 215: Juan Atkins – The Berlin Sessions (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 216: Juan Atkins – 20 Years Metroplex: 1985-2005 (2xCD)\nTresor 217: Todd Bodine – Particles EP (12\")\nTresor 218: Joey Beltram – Live@Womb (CD)\nTresor 219: Cisco Ferreira – T.R.I.N.I.T.Y. (3x12\"/CD)\nTresor 220: Various – Tresor Compilation Vol. 13: It's Not Over (2x12\"/2xCD)\nTresor 221: Todd Bodine – Surfaces (CD)\nTresor 222: Bill Youngman – Born EP (12\")\nTresor 223: Jeff Mills – Blue Potential (Live With Montpellier Philharmonic Orchestra) (DVD)\nTresor 224: Cisco Ferreira – T.R.I.N.I.T.Y. Remixed (12\")\nTresor 225: Dave Tarrida – Gauteng Fever EP (12\")\nTresor 226: Joey Beltram – Code 6 (12\")\nTresor 227: Octave One – Off The Grid (12\"/CD/DVD)\nTresor 228: Tim Wright – Definitely Wrong (12\")\nTresor 229: Octave One – Off The Grid (2x12\")\nTresor 230: Oscar Mulero – Only Dead Fish Go with the Flow (12\")\nTresor 231: Cristian Vogel – The Never Engine (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 232: James Ruskin – Lahaine (12\")\nTresor 233: James Ruskin – The Dash (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 234: X-102 – Titan EP (12\")\nTresor 235: Oscar Mulero – Tresor Mix: Under Review (CD)\nTresor 236: Remute – Crackin' Skulls EP (12\")\nTresor 237: Future Beat Alliance – Machines Can Help EP (12\")\nTresor 238: Future Beat Alliance – Mourning (12\")\nTresor 239: Vince Watson – Atom EP (12\")\nTresor 240: TV Victor – The Ways of the Bodies (CD)\nTresor 241: Psycatron – People in Glass Houses (12\")\nTresor 242: Future Beat Alliance – Grey Summer (12\")\nTresor 243: Sleeparchive – Ronan Point (12\")\nTresor 244: Vince Watson – Interference EP (12\")\nTresor 245: Mike Huckaby – Tresor Records 20th Anniversary Mix (CD)\nTresor 246: Pacou – Sense EP (12\")\nTresor 247: Various – SubBerlin: The Story of Tresor (CD/DVD)\nTresor 248: Puresque – Vor Leitmotiv EP (12\")\nTresor 249: Puresque – Leitmotiv (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 250A: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.1 (12\")\nTresor 250B: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.2 (12\")\nTresor 250C: Infiniti – The Remixes Pt.3 (12\")\nTresor 251: Marcelus – Super Strength EP (12\")\nTresor 252: Mike Huckaby – The Tresor EP (12\")\nTresor 253: s_w_z_k – s_w_z_k (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 254: Puresque – Leitmotiv (The Remixes) (12\")\nTresor 255: Scan 7 – The Resistance EP (12\")\nTresor 256: Terrence Dixon – From The Far Future Pt. 2 (2x12\"/CD)\nTresor 257: s_w_z_k – Variant & Empires EP (12\")\nTresor 258: Juan Atkins/Audiotech – I Love You/Techno City '95 (Archiv #07) (12\")\nTresor 259: Zenker Brothers – Lion in Mars (12\")\nTresor 260: Sleeparchive – A Man Dies in the Street Pt.1 (12\")\nTresor 261: Marcelus – Emerald EP (12\")\nTresor 262: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald – Borderland (3x12\"/CD)\nTresor 263: Savvas Ysatis - Archiv #08 (2 x 12\")\nTresor 264: Sleeparchive - A Man Dies in the Street Pt.2 (12\")\nTresor 265: Peter Van Hoesen - Life Performance (CD)\nTresor 266: Peter Van Hoesen - Life Performance EP\nTresor 267: Zenker Brothers - Stratusphunk EP\nTresor 268: Various Artists - Demo Tracks #01 (12\")\nTresor 269: Marcelus - Shine EP (12\")\nTresor 270: Transllusion - The Opening of the Cerebral Gate (CD / 3LP)\nTresor 271: Transllusion - Mind Over Positive And Negative Dimensional Matter (CD / 3LP)\nTresor 272: Jonas Kopp - Red Plented EP (12\")\nTresor 273: Jonas Kopp - Beyond The Hypnosis (2LP)\nTresor 274: DJ Deep & Roman Poncet - Extraction (12\")\nTresor 275: DJ Deep & Roman Poncet - Hydraulic Pressure (12\")\nTresor 276: Confucio - Golden Rule EP (12\")\nTresor 277: Mønic - Parsons Hill EP (12\")\nTresor 278: Surgeon - Tresor '97 – '99 (3CD)\nTresor 279: Jonas Kopp - HHH EP (12\")\nTresor 280: Shao - Doppler Shift EP (12\")\nTresor 281: Adventice - Exsurgence (12\")\nTresor 282: Psyk - Works (12\")\nTresor 283: Zadig - The Stellar Hunter EP (12\")\nTresor 284: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald present Borderland - Riod (12\")\nTresor 285: Juan Atkins & Moritz Von Oswald present Borderland - Transport (12\")\nTresor 286: Mønic - Four Sides of Truth EP (12\")\nTresor 287: Marcelus - Vibrations (3x12\" LP)\nTresor 288: Porter Ricks - Shadow Boat EP (12\")\nTresor 289: Mike Parker - Disintegrating Sand EP (12\")\nTresor 290: BNJMN - The Body Between Us Pt.1 (12\")\nTresor 291: Various Artists - Dreamy Harbor (3 x 12\"/ CD)\nTresor 292: Pacou - A Shot in the Dark EP (12\")","title":"Label discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Tresor nightclub and record label logo (used 1991–1995 and again since 2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tresor_logo.png/220px-Tresor_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Original location in Leipziger Straße (2003)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tresor_-_Berlin.jpg/220px-Tresor_-_Berlin.jpg"},{"image_text":"New location in Köpenicker Straße (2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tresor_Berlin_2008.jpg/220px-Tresor_Berlin_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ booth of the club during a Detroit Techno party, August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tresor_Nightclub_Berlin_DJ_3_%28cropped_twice%29.jpg/220px-Tresor_Nightclub_Berlin_DJ_3_%28cropped_twice%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of electronic dance music venues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_venues"},{"title":"Lists of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_record_labels"}]
|
[{"reference":"Morse, Erik (5 October 2021). \"'No established disco would have played this music': 30 years of legendary Berlin club Tresor\". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/05/tresor-stays-relevant-30-years-of-the-legendary-berlin-techno-club","url_text":"\"'No established disco would have played this music': 30 years of legendary Berlin club Tresor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Legendary Berlin club Tresor finally reopens\". Resident Advisor. 26 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://ra.co/news/8643","url_text":"\"Legendary Berlin club Tresor finally reopens\""}]},{"reference":"\"So war die erste Party im Tresor.West\" [This is what the first party at Tresor.West was like]. Faze Magazine. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fazemag.de/so-war-die-erste-party-im-tresor-west/","url_text":"\"So war die erste Party im Tresor.West\""}]},{"reference":"\"A NEW PHOTOBOOK IS DOCUMENTING 30 YEARS OF TRESOR BERLIN\". mixmag. 12 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mixmag.net/read/tresor-berlin-techno-club-photobook-30-year-anniversary-news/","url_text":"\"A NEW PHOTOBOOK IS DOCUMENTING 30 YEARS OF TRESOR BERLIN\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tresor_(club)¶ms=52_30_36_N_13_22_58_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′36″N 13°22′58″E / 52.51000°N 13.38278°E / 52.51000; 13.38278"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tresor%22+club","external_links_name":"\"Tresor\" club"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tresor%22+club+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tresor%22+club&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tresor%22+club+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tresor%22+club","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tresor%22+club&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/05/tresor-stays-relevant-30-years-of-the-legendary-berlin-techno-club","external_links_name":"\"'No established disco would have played this music': 30 years of legendary Berlin club Tresor\""},{"Link":"http://www.7inch.org/What+27s_on/237.aspx","external_links_name":"Birmingham 7 lnch Cinema programme listing"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071008094556/http://www.7inch.org/What+27s_on/237.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/tresor","external_links_name":"Tresor: United party nights."},{"Link":"https://www.orte-der-einheit.de/en/","external_links_name":"Sites of Unity"},{"Link":"https://ra.co/news/8643","external_links_name":"\"Legendary Berlin club Tresor finally reopens\""},{"Link":"https://www.fazemag.de/so-war-die-erste-party-im-tresor-west/","external_links_name":"\"So war die erste Party im Tresor.West\""},{"Link":"https://mixmag.net/read/tresor-berlin-techno-club-photobook-30-year-anniversary-news/","external_links_name":"\"A NEW PHOTOBOOK IS DOCUMENTING 30 YEARS OF TRESOR BERLIN\""},{"Link":"http://www.tresorberlin.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/label/Tresor","external_links_name":"Tresor"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tresor_(club)¶ms=52_30_36_N_13_22_58_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′36″N 13°22′58″E / 52.51000°N 13.38278°E / 52.51000; 13.38278"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153841733","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14289567j","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14289567j","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/90dfc6f1-08c5-4b0a-8299-6deda39d5b53","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Newcomb
|
Mount Newcomb
|
["1 Climbing","2 Climate","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 36°32′24″N 118°17′36″W / 36.5400684°N 118.2934108°W / 36.5400684; -118.2934108Mountain in the American state of California
Mount NewcombEast aspect, from Mount LangleyHighest pointElevation13,422 ft (4,091 m)Prominence561 ft (171 m)Parent peakMount Pickering (13,474 ft)Isolation0.90 mi (1.45 km)ListingSierra Peaks SectionCoordinates36°32′24″N 118°17′36″W / 36.5400684°N 118.2934108°W / 36.5400684; -118.2934108NamingEtymologySimon NewcombGeographyMount NewcombLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaMount NewcombMount Newcomb (the United States)Show map of the United States
LocationSequoia National ParkTulare CountyCalifornia, U.S.Parent rangeSierra NevadaTopo mapUSGS Mount WhitneyGeologyAge of rockCretaceousMountain typeFault blockType of rockgraniticClimbingFirst ascent1936Easiest routeclass 2
Mount Newcomb is a 13,422-foot-elevation (4,091-meter) mountain summit located just west of the crest of the Sierra Nevada mountain range in Tulare County, California. It is situated in Sequoia National Park, and is 2.8 miles (4.5 km) south of Mount Whitney, 1.1 miles (1.8 km) northeast of Mount Chamberlin, and 3.5 miles west of Mount Corcoran. Mt. Newcomb ranks as the 70th highest summit in California. Topographic relief is significant as it rises 2,083 feet (635 meters) above the second Crabtree Lake in approximately one mile. This mountain's name was officially adopted in 1940 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names to honor American astronomer Simon Newcomb (1835–1909). The first ascent of the summit was made August 22, 1936, by Max Eckenburg and Bob Rumohr.
Climbing
Established climbing routes:
Southwest Slope – class 2 – 1936 by Max Eckenburg and Bob Rumohr
Southwest Ridge – class 3 – 1956 by George O. Hale
Northeast Ridge – class 3 – 2004 by Bob Sumner
South Ridge – class 3
The Keep – class 5.10 – 2001 by Dave Nettle, Aaron Zanto
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Mount Newcomb has an alpine climate. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Sierra Nevada mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the range (orographic lift). Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains west to the Kern River via Whitney and Rock Creeks.
See also
Mountains portal
List of mountain peaks of California
References
^ a b "Mount Newcomb, California". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ a b c d "Newcomb, Mount - 13,422' CA". listsofjohn.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ a b c "Mount Newcomb". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
^ John D. and Ruth Mendenhall, Arthur B. Johnson, Braeme Gigas, Howard Koster, A Climber’s Guide to the High Sierra, (1954)
^ R. J. Secor, The High Sierra Peaks, Passes, Trails, 2009, Third Edition, Mountaineers Books, ISBN 9781594857386, pages 62.
^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11. ISSN 1027-5606.
External links
Weather forecast: Mount Newcomb
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[]
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[{"title":"Mountains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mountains"},{"title":"List of mountain peaks of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_California"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong
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Viet Cong
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["1 Names","2 History","2.1 Origin","2.2 Launches armed struggle","2.3 Logistics and equipment","2.4 Tet Offensive","2.5 Vietnamization","2.6 Fall of Saigon","3 Relationship with North Vietnam","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Revolutionary organization active in South Vietnam and Cambodia from 1960 to 1977
"Vietcong" redirects here. For other uses, see Viet Cong (disambiguation).
This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. For the government formed by this organization, see Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam.
National Liberation Frontof South VietnamMặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóngmiền Nam Việt NamThe flag of the Viet Cong, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam. Sometimes the lower stripe was green.Also known asViệt Cộng (VC)pronunciationⓘLeaders Liberation Front: Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, chairmanHuỳnh Tấn Phát, secretary-general and vice-chairmanPhung Van Cung, vice-chairmanVõ Chí Công, vice-chairman Liberation Army: Nguyễn Hữu Xuyến (1961–1963)Trần Văn Trà (1963–1967, 1973–1975)Hoàng Văn Thái (1967–1973)
Central Office: Nguyễn Văn Linh (1961–1964)Nguyễn Chí Thanh (1964–1967)Phạm Hùng (1967–1975)
Governance: Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, presidentHuỳnh Tấn Phát, prime ministerMme Nguyễn Thị Bình, foreign ministerTrần Nam Trung, defense ministerTrương Như Tảng, justice ministerDates of operation1954–1959 (as southern Viet Minh cadres)December 20, 1960 – February 4, 1977 (1960-12-20 – 1977-02-04)Merged into Vietnamese Fatherland FrontAllegiance Vietnamese Fatherland Front
Workers' Party of Vietnam (via Central Office for South Vietnam)
Republic of South Vietnam
People's Revolutionary Party of Vietnam
Group(s)
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam
Central Office for South Vietnam
Liberation Army of South Vietnam
Alliance of National, Democratic and Peace Forces
HeadquartersTây Ninh (1960–1966)Memot, Cambodia (1966–1972)Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam (1972–1975)Saigon (1975–1977)Active regionsIndochina, with a focus on South VietnamIdeology
Communism
Marxism–Leninism
Left-wing nationalism
Anti-imperialism
Revolutionary socialism
Political positionFar-leftAlliesState allies:
North Vietnam
People's Republic of China
Soviet Union
Albania
North Korea
East Germany
Cuba
Romania
Sweden (alleged)
Non-state allies:
Khmer Rouge
Pathet Lao
OpponentsState opponents:
South Vietnam
Khmer Republic
Kingdom of Laos
Australia
South Korea
New Zealand
Philippines
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Thailand
United States
Non-state opponents:
FULRO
Battles and warsSee full listPreceded by Viet MinhSucceeded by Fatherland Front
This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.
The Viet Cong was an epithet and umbrella term to call the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. Formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, it fought under the direction of North Vietnam against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the Vietnam War. The organization had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. During the war, communist fighters and some anti-war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South that represented the legitimate rights of people in South Vietnam, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. It was later conceded by the modern Vietnamese communist leadership that the movement was actually under the North Vietnamese political and military leadership, aiming to unify Vietnam under a single banner.
North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20, 1960, at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh Province to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the Viet Cong's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern Viet Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord (1954). Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American-backed South Vietnamese government. The Viet Cong's best-known action was the Tet Offensive, an assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968, including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the Viet Cong. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization officially merged with the Fatherland Front of Vietnam on February 4, 1977, after North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government.
Names
The term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956. It is a contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist). The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957. American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or V-C. "Victor" and "Charlie" are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet. "Charlie" referred to communist forces in general, both Viet Cong and North Vietnamese.
The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV; Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam). Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF). In 1969, the Viet Cong created the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" (Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam), abbreviated PRG. Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created. Members generally referred to the Viet Cong as "the Front" (Mặt trận). Today's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the "Liberation Army of South Vietnam" (Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam) .
History
Origin
Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail (1959)
By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Viet Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh.
About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Viet Cong front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. Other front names used by the Viet Cong in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, "Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front", which suggested affiliation with the Hòa Hảo sect, or "Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association". Front groups were favored by the Viet Cong to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression "the faceless Viet Cong".US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964
Led by Ngô Đình Diệm, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the Bình Xuyên organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the Viet Cong. Within a few months, the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps. The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the "miracle man" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957. France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.
In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi. He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification. But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle. Leadership divided into a "North first", or pro-Beijing, faction led by Trường Chinh, and a "South first" faction led by Lê Duẩn.
As the Sino-Soviet split widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959. President Hồ Chí Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort. Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South, replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp, who was defense minister.
A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp.
An assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors" or "armed propaganda" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines. Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Châu Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight. In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.
In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the "North first" line of economic struggle. The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line. In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of "Inter-zone V" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas. In June 1958, the Viet Cong created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta. French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.
Launches armed struggle
The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation. The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959.
Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam (Trung ương Cục miền Nam), a unified communist party headquarters for the South. COSVN was initially located in Tây Ninh Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the Viet Cong killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa, the first American dead of the Vietnam War. The "2d Liberation Battalion" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war. This was considered the beginning of the "armed struggle" in communist accounts. A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created "liberated zones", models of Viet Cong-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of "long-hair troops" (women). The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos (1960–61). Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency. Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November.
Brinks Hotel, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.
To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda. The Viet Cong created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a "united front", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists. The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, "overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration." Thọ, a lawyer and the Viet Cong's "neutralist" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes "against the security of the state" and featured prominently in Viet Cong propaganda. Violence between the Viet Cong and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September.
By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort. For Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his "anti-imperialist" credentials for both domestic and international audiences. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63. The Viet Cong grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in "liberation associations" (affiliated groups) by early 1962. The ratio of Viet Cong to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later.
A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.
The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October. U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam. The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam. The "special war" and "strategic hamlets" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the Viet Cong regained the military initiative. The Viet Cong won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963.
A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of "quick victory" vs "protracted war" (guerrilla warfare). After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964. The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China. Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization. The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Viet Cong, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse. Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965. Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles. The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.
A U.S. Air Force Douglas Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966.
In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN. Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Viet Cong bases near the border along the "Sihanouk Trail", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
Many Liberation Army of South Vietnam units operated at night, and employed terror as a standard tactic. Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong. Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas. Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets, including clinics and medical personnel. Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965 and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers. Viet Cong death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967–72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Viet Cong atrocities. Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century".
Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968
Logistics and equipment
Main article: Viet Cong and PAVN logistics and equipment
Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an AK-47 rifle.
Tet Offensive
Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement. Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory, General Nguyễn Chí Thanh, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers. He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967. After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the Tet Offensive. The Parrot's Beak, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations. Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon. Viet Cong entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết. The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven-day truce would be observed during Vietnam's main holiday.
A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the Chiêu Hồi Program.
At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, as well as 900,000 allied forces. General William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh, a remote U.S. base near the DMZ. In January and February 1968, some 80,000 Viet Cong struck more than 100 towns with orders to "crack the sky" and "shake the Earth." The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents. House-to-house fighting between Viet Cong and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The Viet Cong used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders. A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war. In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a "stalemate" and could be ended only by negotiation.
The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Viet Cong anticipated. About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded, according to Trần Văn Trà, commander of the "B-2" district, which consisted of southern South Vietnam. "We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires", Trà concluded. Earle G. Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). "It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits", said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng. Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war. U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.
Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the Viet Cong failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. CIA. The breakup of larger Viet Cong units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's Phoenix Program (1967–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the Chiêu Hồi Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or "liberated zones", in the rural lowlands of Cochin China, according to the official communist military history. The US military believed that 70 percent of communist main-force combat troops in the South were northerners, but most communist military personnel were not main-force combat troops. Even in early 1970, MACV estimated that northerners made up no more than 45 percent of communist military forces overall in South Vietnam.
The Viet Cong created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces. The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that "national reunification cannot be achieved overnight." In June 1969, the alliance merged with the Viet Cong to form a "Provisional Revolutionary Government" (PRG).
Vietnamization
The Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Viet Cong could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits. In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged "protracted war" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his "North first" fraction may have revived at this time. COSVN rejected this view as "lacking resolution and absolute determination." The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh. After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970, the Viet Cong faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail. Although 1970 was a much better year for the Viet Cong than 1969, it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN. The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South. Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon.Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.
Fall of Saigon
Further information: Fall of Saigon
In response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974. With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Viet Cong headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the monsoon. Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now-excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war matériel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.
The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on Phước Bình in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at Buôn Ma Thuột in March, was a communist walkover. After the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier. The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to re-education camps, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng. Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975. North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The Viet Cong was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front on February 4, 1977.
Relationship with North Vietnam
Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South. They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties—the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party—and that Viet Cong chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist.
Anti-communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi. They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi. According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the "Military Commission of the Party Central Committee" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo. Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South. The official Vietnamese history of the war states that "The Liberation Army of South Vietnam is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam".
See also
Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure
Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics
Kit Carson Scouts, former Viet Cong who worked with U.S. Marines
People's Army of Vietnam, the North Vietnamese army
Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War
Notes
^ Vietnamese: Việt Cộng, pronounced ⓘ; contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist / Viet-communist)
^ Sometimes simply National Liberation Front (NLF)
Vietnamese: Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam
French: Front national de libération (FNL)
^ Radio Hanoi called it the "National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. In his memoirs, Võ Nguyên Giáp called the group the "South Vietnam National Liberation Front" (Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. ISBN 9780853451297.). See also the "Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam". Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. (1967).
^ The terminology "liberation front" is adapted from the earlier Greek and Algerian National Liberation Fronts.
^ This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (Provisional Democratic Government) and Algeria (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic).
^ Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Charles Ovnand, the first names to appear on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
^ This is sometimes referred to as the "Genoa Policy" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989). Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader. MIT Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-262-62066-9.)
^ There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964.
^ Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election, the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968. Desiring "businesslike" relations, the Kremlin favored incumbent Richard Nixon against left-wing challenger George McGovern in 1972. (Lynn-Jones, p. 29).
^ Trà begins, "How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee?" (Trần Văn Trà (1982), Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre, archived from the original on June 2, 2011)
References
^ "National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)". www.fotw.info. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
^ Berg, Nicole M. (July 29, 2020). Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films. McFarland. ISBN 9781476639925 – via Google Books.
^ Gibson, Karen Bush (February 4, 2020). The Vietnam War. Mitchell Lane. ISBN 9781545749463 – via Google Books.
^ a b Burchett, Wilfred (1963): "Liberation Front: Formation of the NLF", The Furtive War, International Publishers, New York. (Archive)
^ Possibly a pseudonym for Trần Văn Trà. "Man in the News: Lt.-Gen. Tran Van Tra". February 2, 1973. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.
^ Bolt, Dr. Ernest. "Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969–1975)". University of Richmond. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
^ Logevall, Fredrik (1993). "The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960". The Pentagon Papers. 1971. pp. 242–314. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
^ Nguyen, Thanh Huu (December 18, 2015). "National Liberation Front for South Vietnam in resistance war against the U.S., for national salvation". National Defence Journal. Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Retrieved December 22, 2023.
^ "Viet Cong", Oxford English Dictionary
^ a b Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. p. 68. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4.
^ See, for example, this story in Viet Nam News, the official English-language newspaper.
^ Karnow, p. 238.
^ a b Karnow, p. 245.
^ a b c "The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960". Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
^ a b Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 16. ISBN 0-7007-1615-7.
^ a b Ang, p. 21
^ Olson, James; Randy Roberts (1991). "Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990". New York: St. Martin's Press: 67. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Động Central Committee.
^ Ang, p. 19
^ Võ Nguyên Giáp. The Political and Military Line of Our Party. pp. 179–80. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Ang, p. 20.
^ U.S. Information Agency. (August 24, 1982 – January 10, 1999) (1966). The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side, was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately starved. Series: Master File Photographs of U.S. And Foreign Personalities, World Events, and American Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, 1900 – 2003. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999). Argument Without End. PublicAffairs. p. 35. ISBN 1-891620-22-3. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Ang, p. 23.
^ a b Ang, pp. 24-25.
^ Karnow, p. 693.
^ Victory in Vietnam, p. xi.
^ Prados, John, (2006) "The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail", Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land, editor By Andrew A. Wiest, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84603-020-X.
^ Gettleman, Marvin E.; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (1995). Vietnam and America. Grove Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.
^ Ang, p. 7.
^ Ang, p. 58.
^ Gettleman, p. 156.
^ Kelly, Francis John (1989) . History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
^ Nghia M. Vo Saigon: A History 2011 – Page 140 "... on December 19 to 20, 1960, Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a Saigon lawyer, Trương Như Tảng, chief comptroller of a bank, Drs. Dương Quỳnh Hoa and Phùng Văn Cung, along with other dissidents, met with communists to form the National Liberation Front..."
^ Zhai, Qiang (2000). China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-8078-4842-5.
^ Zhai, p. 5.
^ Ang, p. 76.
^ a b Victory in Vietnam, p. xii.
^ Ang, p. 113.
^ Pribbenow, Merle (August 1999). "North Vietnam's Master Plan". Vietnam. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023.
^ Karnow, p.694
^ a b Ang, p. 74-75.
^ a b Zhai, p. 128.
^ Victory in Vietnam, p. xiii.
^ a b Karnow, p. 427.
^ a b "1957–1975: The Vietnam War". libcom. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.
^ "VC Tunnels". Digger History.
^ Zumbro, Ralph (1986). Tank Sergeant. Presidio Press. pp. 27–28, 115. ISBN 978-0-517-07201-1. The Viet Cong were commonly referred to by the Vietnamese rural population as "night bandits" or the "night government".
^ Zumbro, pp. 25, 33
^ Zumbro, p. 32.
^ a b U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam" (1972), p. 8-49.
^ "The My Canh Restaurant bombing". Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
^ Krohn, Charles, A., The Last Battalion: Controversies and Casualties of the Battle of Hue. pg. 30. Westport 1993.Jones, C. Don, Massacre at Dak Son Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, United States Information Service, 1967
"On the Other Side: Terror as Policy". Time. December 5, 1969. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2008."The Massacre of Dak Son". Time. December 15, 1967. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2008. Pictures of Dak Son can be viewed here Archived February 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Guenter Lewy, America in Vietnam, (Oxford University Press, 1978), pp272-3, 448–9.
^ Pedahzur, Ami (2006), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom, Taylor & Francis, p.116.
^ Ang, p. 115.
^ a b Ang, pp. 116–117.
^ a b c d Westmoreland, William. "The Year of Decision—1968". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Gettleman, Marvin E (1995). Marvin E. Gettleman; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (eds.). Vietnam and America. Grove Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.
^ Westmoreland, p. 344 (editor's note).
^ Dougan, Clark; Stephen Weiss (1983). Nineteen Sixty-Eight. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. pp. 8, 10. ISBN 9780939526062.
^ "The Massacre of Hue". Time. October 31, 1969. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007.Pike, Douglas. "Viet Cong Strategy of Terror". pp. 23–39. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022.
^ Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj) (1997). "Jungle Snafus...and Remedies". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine: 327. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Lee, Nathan (April 10, 2009). "A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams's Camera". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive, archived from the original on July 19, 2008
^ Tran Van Tra. "Tet". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) in Warner, Jayne S. Warner (1993). Luu Doan Huynh (ed.). The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 49–50..
^ Tran Van Tra. "Comments on Tet '68". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.
^ a b "Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform". Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.
^ Crowell, Todd Crowell (October 29, 2006). "The Tet Offensive and Iraq". Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.
^ Aron, Paul (November 7, 2005). Mysteries in History. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 404. ISBN 1-85109-899-2.
^ "Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees". Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War. February 22, 1991. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021.
^ "Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975." University Press of Kansas, May 2002 (original 1995). Translation by Merle L. Pribbenow. Page 246.
^ a b c Porter, Gareth (1993). Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism. Cornell University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8014-2168-6.
^ "Order of Battle Summary, 1 - 28 February 1970" (PDF). Combined Intelligence Center Vietnam. Retrieved May 30, 2024. (Virtual Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, item #F015900080736), page I-1. MACV estimates of enemy strength were not very reliable, but their political bias if any should have been to exaggerate the proportion of northerners.
^ a b Porter, pp. 27–29
^ Ang, p. 138.
^ Ang, p. 139.
^ Ang, p. 53.
^ a b Ang, p. 52.
^ "The Vietcong". www.vietnampix.com. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022.
^ Karnow, p. 673.
^ Tran Van Tra. "Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre". Archived from the original on May 28, 2009.
^ Karnow, pp 644–645.
^ Karnow. pp. 672–74.
^ Whitcomb, Col Darrel (Summer 2003). "Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (book review)". Air & Space Power Journal. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009.
^ a b Porter, p. 29
^ Porter, p. 28.
^ a b c Ruane, Kevin (1998), War and Revolution in Vietnam, 1930–75, p. 51, ISBN 1-85728-323-6
^ Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A history. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4., p. 255.
^ Bolt, Dr. Ernest. "Who is Tran Van Tra?". Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
Further reading
U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam (1972) .
Marvin Gettleman, et al. Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Grove Press. 1995. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2. See especially Part VII: The Decisive Year.
Truong Nhu Tang. A Vietcong Memoir. Random House. ISBN 0-394-74309-1. 1985. See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong, and Chapter 21 on the communist take-over in 1975.
Frances Fitzgerald. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972. ISBN 0-316-28423-8. See Chapter 4. "The National Liberation Front".
Douglas Valentine. The Phoenix Program. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1990. ISBN 0-688-09130-X.
Merle Pribbenow (translation). Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas. 2002 ISBN 0-7006-1175-4
Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives, McFarland & Co Inc.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietcong.
Tet Offensive 1968, US Embassy & Saigon fighting. CBS News footage of the Tet Offensive.
Vietnam War – Hue Massacre 1968. A tribute to the dead of Huế by Trịnh Công Sơn, one of wartime Vietnam's most prominent composers.
The Wars for Vietnam: 1945–1975. Primary documents concerning the Vietnam War, including peace proposals, treaties, and platforms.
Digger History, VC Tunnels. At one point, Viet Cong tunnels stretched from the Cambodia border to Saigon.
The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 1 and The Viet Cong 1965–1967 – part 2. What was it like to be a Viet Cong? This recruiting video shows one perspective.
"Tiên vê Sài Gòn" (Forward to Saigon.) This propaganda video features singing Viet Cong and newsreel footage from the 1975 offensive.
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For other uses, see Viet Cong (disambiguation).This article is about the organization formally named National Liberation Front of South Vietnam. For the government formed by this organization, see Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam.This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ Nôm, chữ Hán and chữ Quốc ngữ.The Viet Cong[nb 1] was an epithet and umbrella term to call the communist-driven armed movement and united front organization in South Vietnam. Formally organized as and led by the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam,[nb 2] it fought under the direction of North Vietnam against the South Vietnamese and United States governments during the Vietnam War. The organization had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized and mobilized peasants in the territory the Viet Cong controlled. During the war, communist fighters and some anti-war activists claimed that the Viet Cong was an insurgency indigenous to the South that represented the legitimate rights of people in South Vietnam, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of North Vietnam. It was later conceded by the modern Vietnamese communist leadership that the movement was actually under the North Vietnamese political and military leadership, aiming to unify Vietnam under a single banner.[9]North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20, 1960, at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh Province to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the Viet Cong's core members were volunteer \"regroupees\", southern Viet Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord (1954). Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Viet Cong called for the unification of Vietnam and the overthrow of the American-backed South Vietnamese government. The Viet Cong's best-known action was the Tet Offensive, an assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968, including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the Viet Cong. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization officially merged with the Fatherland Front of Vietnam on February 4, 1977, after North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government.","title":"Viet Cong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NATO phonetic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory68-13"},{"link_name":"[nb 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[nb 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[nb 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"Liberation Army of South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The term Việt Cộng appeared in Saigon newspapers beginning in 1956.[8] It is a contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist).[8] The earliest citation for Viet Cong in English is from 1957.[10] American soldiers referred to the Viet Cong as Victor Charlie or V-C. \"Victor\" and \"Charlie\" are both letters in the NATO phonetic alphabet. \"Charlie\" referred to communist forces in general, both Viet Cong and North Vietnamese.The official Vietnamese history gives the group's name as the Liberation Army of South Vietnam or the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV; Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam).[11][nb 3] Many writers shorten this to National Liberation Front (NLF).[nb 4] In 1969, the Viet Cong created the \"Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam\" (Chính Phủ Cách Mạng Lâm Thời Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam), abbreviated PRG.[nb 5] Although the NLF was not officially abolished until 1977, the Viet Cong no longer used the name after the PRG was created. Members generally referred to the Viet Cong as \"the Front\" (Mặt trận).[8] Today's Vietnamese media most frequently refers to the group as the \"Liberation Army of South Vietnam\" (Quân Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam) .[12]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail"},{"link_name":"Geneva Accord (1954)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Accord_(1954)"},{"link_name":"Indochina War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Viet Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"Hòa Hảo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enemy_situation,_early_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ngô Đình Diệm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m"},{"link_name":"Bình Xuyên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Xuy%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Battle for Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow245-19"},{"link_name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow245-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistPlace-20"},{"link_name":"Lê Duẩn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang16-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang21-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang16-21"},{"link_name":"Trường Chinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh"},{"link_name":"Lê Duẩn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n"},{"link_name":"Sino-Soviet split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hồ Chí Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Võ Nguyên Giáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang21-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starved_Vietnamese_man,_1966.JPEG"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McNamera35-28"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"Châu Đốc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sputnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik"},{"link_name":"Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochina"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang24-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang24-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow693-31"},{"link_name":"Bernard Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Fall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail (1959)By the terms of the Geneva Accord (1954), which ended the Indochina War, France and the Viet Minh agreed to a truce and to a separation of forces. The Viet Minh had become the government of North Vietnam, and military forces of the communists regrouped there. Military forces of the non-communists regrouped in South Vietnam, which became a separate state. Elections on reunification were scheduled for July 1956. A divided Vietnam angered Vietnamese nationalists, but it made the country less of a threat to China. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai negotiated the terms of the ceasefire with France and then imposed them on the Viet Minh.About 90,000 Viet Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.[8] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Viet Cong front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.[8] Other front names used by the Viet Cong in the 1950s implied that members were fighting for religious causes, for example, \"Executive Committee of the Fatherland Front\", which suggested affiliation with the Hòa Hảo sect, or \"Vietnam-Cambodia Buddhist Association\".[8] Front groups were favored by the Viet Cong to such an extent that its real leadership remained shadowy until long after the war was over, prompting the expression \"the faceless Viet Cong\".[8]US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964Led by Ngô Đình Diệm, South Vietnam refused to sign the Geneva Accord. Arguing that a free election was impossible under the conditions that existed in communist-held territory, Diệm announced in July 1955 that the scheduled election on reunification would not be held. After subduing the Bình Xuyên organized crime gang in the Battle for Saigon in 1955, and the Hòa Hảo and other militant religious sects in early 1956, Diệm turned his attention to the Viet Cong.[13] Within a few months, the Viet Cong had been driven into remote swamps.[14] The success of this campaign inspired U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower to dub Diệm the \"miracle man\" when he visited the U.S. in May 1957.[14] France withdrew its last soldiers from Vietnam in April 1956.[15]In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled \"The Road to the South\" to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi.[16] He argued adamantly that war with the United States was necessary to achieve unification.[17] But as China and the Soviets both opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn's plan was rejected and communists in the South were ordered to limit themselves to economic struggle.[16] Leadership divided into a \"North first\", or pro-Beijing, faction led by Trường Chinh, and a \"South first\" faction led by Lê Duẩn.As the Sino-Soviet split widened in the following months, Hanoi began to play the two communist giants off against each other. The North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956.[18] Lê Duẩn's blueprint for revolution in the South was approved in principle, but implementation was conditional on winning international support and on modernizing the army, which was expected to take at least until 1959.[19] President Hồ Chí Minh stressed that violence was still a last resort.[20] Nguyễn Hữu Xuyên was assigned military command in the South,[21] replacing Lê Duẩn, who was appointed North Vietnam's acting party boss. This represented a loss of power for Hồ, who preferred the more moderate Võ Nguyên Giáp, who was defense minister.[17]A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp.[22]An assassination campaign, referred to as \"extermination of traitors\" [23] or \"armed propaganda\" in communist literature, began in April 1957. Tales of sensational murder and mayhem soon crowded the headlines.[8] Seventeen civilians were killed by machine gun fire at a bar in Châu Đốc in July and in September a district chief was killed with his entire family on a main highway in broad daylight.[8] In October 1957, a series of bombs exploded in Saigon and left 13 Americans wounded.[8]In a speech given on September 2, 1957, Hồ reiterated the \"North first\" line of economic struggle.[24] The launch of Sputnik in October boosted Soviet confidence and led to a reassessment of policy regarding Indochina, long treated as a Chinese sphere of influence. In November, Hồ traveled to Moscow with Lê Duẩn and gained approval for a more militant line.[25] In early 1958, Lê Duẩn met with the leaders of \"Inter-zone V\" (northern South Vietnam) and ordered the establishment of patrols and safe areas to provide logistical support for activity in the Mekong Delta and in urban areas.[25] In June 1958, the Viet Cong created a command structure for the eastern Mekong Delta.[26] French scholar Bernard Fall published an influential article in July 1958 which analyzed the pattern of rising violence and concluded that a new war had begun.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistPlace-20"},{"link_name":"Group 559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_559"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-xi-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prados-33"},{"link_name":"Central Office for South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Office_for_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistPlace-20"},{"link_name":"Tây Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh"},{"link_name":"Biên Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a"},{"link_name":"[nb 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"Bến Tre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gettleman187-35"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[nb 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brinks Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"united front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang58-38"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cmh-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vo-41"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-xii-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historynet-47"},{"link_name":"USS Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Core"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-xii-45"},{"link_name":"Ấp Bắc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bac"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang74-49"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang74-49"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhai128-50"},{"link_name":"[nb 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhai128-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory-xiii-52"},{"link_name":"Alexei Kosygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow427-53"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow427-53"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libcom-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas Skyraider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"white phosphorus bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digger-55"},{"link_name":"Sihanoukville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)"},{"link_name":"Sihanouk Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail"},{"link_name":"Liberation Army of South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-human-59"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-human-59"},{"link_name":"over 3,000 unarmed civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Montagnards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnard_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Đắk Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_S%C6%A1n"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dakson-61"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha,_RVN_1968.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Launches armed struggle","text":"The Communist Party of Vietnam approved a \"people's war\" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March.[15] In May 1959, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the \"regroupees\" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[27] The first arms delivery via the trail, a few dozen rifles, was completed in August 1959.[28]Two regional command centers were merged to create the Central Office for South Vietnam (Trung ương Cục miền Nam), a unified communist party headquarters for the South.[15] COSVN was initially located in Tây Ninh Province near the Cambodian border. On July 8, the Viet Cong killed two U.S. military advisors at Biên Hòa, the first American dead of the Vietnam War.[nb 6] The \"2d Liberation Battalion\" ambushed two companies of South Vietnamese soldiers in September 1959, the first large unit military action of the war.[8] This was considered the beginning of the \"armed struggle\" in communist accounts.[8] A series of uprisings beginning in the Mekong Delta province of Bến Tre in January 1960 created \"liberated zones\", models of Viet Cong-style government. Propagandists celebrated their creation of battalions of \"long-hair troops\" (women).[29] The fiery declarations of 1959 were followed by a lull while Hanoi focused on events in Laos (1960–61).[30] Moscow favored reducing international tensions in 1960, as it was election year for the U.S. presidency.[nb 7] Despite this, 1960 was a year of unrest in South Vietnam, with pro-democracy demonstrations inspired by the South Korean student uprising that year and a failed military coup in November.[8]Brinks Hotel, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda. The Viet Cong created the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam in December 1960 at Tân Lập village in Tây Ninh as a \"united front\", or political branch intended to encourage the participation of non-communists.[31] The group's formation was announced by Radio Hanoi and its ten-point manifesto called for, \"overthrow the disguised colonial regime of the imperialists and the dictatorial administration, and to form a national and democratic coalition administration.\"[8] Thọ, a lawyer and the Viet Cong's \"neutralist\" chairman, was an isolated figure among cadres and soldiers. South Vietnam's Law 10/59, approved in May 1959, authorized the death penalty for crimes \"against the security of the state\" and featured prominently in Viet Cong propaganda.[32] Violence between the Viet Cong and government forces soon increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960 to 545 clashes in September.[33][34]By 1960, the Sino-Soviet split was a public rivalry, making China more supportive of Hanoi's war effort.[35] For Chinese leader Mao Zedong, aid to North Vietnam was a way to enhance his \"anti-imperialist\" credentials for both domestic and international audiences.[36] About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the South in 1961–63.[37] The Viet Cong grew rapidly; an estimated 300,000 members were enrolled in \"liberation associations\" (affiliated groups) by early 1962.[8] The ratio of Viet Cong to government soldiers jumped from 1:10 in 1961 to 1:5 a year later.[38]A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.The level of violence in the South jumped dramatically in the fall of 1961, from 50 guerrilla attacks in September to 150 in October.[39] U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided in November 1961 to substantially increase American military aid to South Vietnam.[40] The USS Core arrived in Saigon with 35 helicopters in December 1961. By mid-1962, there were 12,000 U.S. military advisors in Vietnam.[41] The \"special war\" and \"strategic hamlets\" policies allowed Saigon to push back in 1962, but in 1963 the Viet Cong regained the military initiative.[38] The Viet Cong won its first military victory against South Vietnamese forces at Ấp Bắc in January 1963.A landmark party meeting was held in December 1963, shortly after a military coup in Saigon in which Diệm was assassinated. North Vietnamese leaders debated the issue of \"quick victory\" vs \"protracted war\" (guerrilla warfare).[42] After this meeting, the communist side geared up for a maximum military effort and the troop strength of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) increased from 174,000 at the end of 1963 to 300,000 in 1964.[42] The Soviets cut aid in 1964 as an expression of annoyance with Hanoi's ties to China.[43][nb 8] Even as Hanoi embraced China's international line, it continued to follow the Soviet model of reliance on technical specialists and bureaucratic management, as opposed to mass mobilization.[43] The winter of 1964–1965 was a high-water mark for the Viet Cong, with the Saigon government on the verge of collapse.[44] Soviet aid soared following a visit to Hanoi by Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in February 1965.[45] Hanoi was soon receiving up-to-date surface-to-air missiles.[45] The U.S. would have 200,000 soldiers in South Vietnam by the end of the year.[46]A U.S. Air Force Douglas Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966.In January 1966, Australian troops uncovered a tunnel complex that had been used by COSVN.[47] Six thousand documents were captured, revealing the inner workings of the Viet Cong. COSVN retreated to Mimot in Cambodia. As a result of an agreement with the Cambodian government made in 1966, weapons for the Viet Cong were shipped to the Cambodian port of Sihanoukville and then trucked to Viet Cong bases near the border along the \"Sihanouk Trail\", which replaced the Ho Chi Minh Trail.Many Liberation Army of South Vietnam units operated at night,[48] and employed terror as a standard tactic.[49] Rice procured at gunpoint sustained the Viet Cong.[50] Squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas.[51] Government employees, especially village and district heads, were the most common targets. But there were a wide variety of targets, including clinics and medical personnel.[51] Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế, 48 killed in the bombing of My Canh floating restaurant in Saigon in June 1965[52] and a massacre of 252 Montagnards in the village of Đắk Sơn in December 1967 using flamethrowers.[53] Viet Cong death squads assassinated at least 37,000 civilians in South Vietnam; the real figure was far higher since the data mostly cover 1967–72. They also waged a mass murder campaign against civilian hamlets and refugee camps; in the peak war years, nearly a third of all civilian deaths were the result of Viet Cong atrocities.[54] Ami Pedahzur has written that \"the overall volume and lethality of Vietcong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century\".[55]Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg"},{"link_name":"AK-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47"}],"sub_title":"Logistics and equipment","text":"Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an AK-47 rifle.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Chí Thanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%AD_Thanh"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang116-7-65"},{"link_name":"[nb 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang116-7-65"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Parrot's Beak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot%27s_Beak,_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westmoreland345-67"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westmoreland345-67"},{"link_name":"Tết","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westmoreland345-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vietnampropaganda.png"},{"link_name":"Chiêu Hồi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%93i"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libcom-54"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Westmoreland345-67"},{"link_name":"William Westmoreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"},{"link_name":"Khe Sanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khe_Sanh"},{"link_name":"DMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"U.S. Embassy in Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Embassy_in_Saigon"},{"link_name":"massacre at Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_at_Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Cholon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A3_L%E1%BB%9Bn,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Eddie Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Adams_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"summary execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-72"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Trần Văn Trà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Earle G. Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_G._Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VNATM-76"},{"link_name":"Trương Như Tảng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nh%C6%B0_T%E1%BA%A3ng"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VNATM-76"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Lyndon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIA-79"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Program"},{"link_name":"Chiêu Hồi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%93i"},{"link_name":"Cochin China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochinchina"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-26-81"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter27-83"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter27-83"}],"sub_title":"Tet Offensive","text":"Major reversals in 1966 and 1967, as well as the growing American presence in Vietnam, inspired Hanoi to consult its allies and reassess strategy in April 1967. While Beijing urged a fight to the finish, Moscow suggested a negotiated settlement.[56] Convinced that 1968 could be the last chance for decisive victory, General Nguyễn Chí Thanh, suggested an all-out offensive against urban centers.[57][nb 9] He submitted a plan to Hanoi in May 1967.[57] After Thanh's death in July, Giáp was assigned to implement this plan, now known as the Tet Offensive. The Parrot's Beak, an area in Cambodia only 30 miles from Saigon, was prepared as a base of operations.[58] Funeral processions were used to smuggle weapons into Saigon.[58] Viet Cong entered the cities concealed among civilians returning home for Tết.[58] The U.S. and South Vietnamese expected that an announced seven-day truce would be observed during Vietnam's main holiday.A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the Chiêu Hồi Program.At this point, there were about 500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam,[46] as well as 900,000 allied forces.[58] General William Westmoreland, the U.S. commander, received reports of heavy troop movements and understood that an offensive was being planned, but his attention was focused on Khe Sanh, a remote U.S. base near the DMZ.[59] In January and February 1968, some 80,000 Viet Cong struck more than 100 towns with orders to \"crack the sky\" and \"shake the Earth.\"[60] The offensive included a commando raid on the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and a massacre at Huế of about 3,500 residents.[61] House-to-house fighting between Viet Cong and South Vietnamese Rangers left much of Cholon, a section of Saigon, in ruins. The Viet Cong used any available tactic to demoralize and intimidate the population, including the assassination of South Vietnamese commanders.[62] A photo by Eddie Adams showing the summary execution of a Viet Cong in Saigon on February 1 became a symbol of the brutality of the war.[63] In an influential broadcast on February 27, newsman Walter Cronkite stated that the war was a \"stalemate\" and could be ended only by negotiation.[64]The offensive was undertaken in the hope of triggering a general uprising, but urban Vietnamese did not respond as the Viet Cong anticipated. About 75,000 communist soldiers were killed or wounded, according to Trần Văn Trà, commander of the \"B-2\" district, which consisted of southern South Vietnam.[65] \"We did not base ourselves on scientific calculation or a careful weighing of all factors, but...on an illusion based on our subjective desires\", Trà concluded.[66] Earle G. Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Tet resulted in 40,000 communist dead[67] (compared to about 10,600 U.S. and South Vietnamese dead). \"It is a major irony of the Vietnam War that our propaganda transformed this debacle into a brilliant victory. The truth was that Tet cost us half our forces. Our losses were so immense that we were unable to replace them with new recruits\", said PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng.[67] Tet had a profound psychological impact because South Vietnamese cities were otherwise safe areas during the war.[68] U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Westmoreland argued that panicky news coverage gave the public the unfair perception that America had been defeated.[69]Aside from some districts in the Mekong Delta, the Viet Cong failed to create a governing apparatus in South Vietnam following Tet, according to an assessment of captured documents by the U.S. CIA.[70] The breakup of larger Viet Cong units increased the effectiveness of the CIA's Phoenix Program (1967–72), which targeted individual leaders, as well as the Chiêu Hồi Program, which encouraged defections. By the end of 1969, there was little communist-held territory, or \"liberated zones\", in the rural lowlands of Cochin China, according to the official communist military history.[71] The US military believed that 70 percent of communist main-force combat troops in the South were northerners,[72] but most communist military personnel were not main-force combat troops. Even in early 1970, MACV estimated that northerners made up no more than 45 percent of communist military forces overall in South Vietnam.[73]The Viet Cong created an urban front in 1968 called the Alliance of National, Democratic, and Peace Forces.[74] The group's manifesto called for an independent, non-aligned South Vietnam and stated that \"national reunification cannot be achieved overnight.\"[74] In June 1969, the alliance merged with the Viet Cong to form a \"Provisional Revolutionary Government\" (PRG).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-26-81"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sihanouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihanouk"},{"link_name":"Plain of Jars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_of_Jars"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang52-87"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ang52-87"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"DMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG"},{"link_name":"prisoner swap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_swap"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"Vietnamization","text":"The Tet Offensive increased American public discontent with participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese, a process called Vietnamization. Pushed into Cambodia, the Viet Cong could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits.[72] In May 1968, Trường Chinh urged \"protracted war\" in a speech that was published prominently in the official media, so the fortunes of his \"North first\" fraction may have revived at this time.[75] COSVN rejected this view as \"lacking resolution and absolute determination.\"[76] The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino-Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam. Beginning in February 1970, Lê Duẩn's prominence in the official media increased, suggesting that he was again top leader and had regained the upper hand in his longstanding rivalry with Trường Chinh.[77] After the overthrow of Prince Sihanouk in March 1970, the Viet Cong faced a hostile Cambodian government which authorized a U.S. offensive against its bases in April. However, the capture of the Plain of Jars and other territory in Laos, as well as five provinces in northeastern Cambodia, allowed the North Vietnamese to reopen the Ho Chi Minh trail.[78] Although 1970 was a much better year for the Viet Cong than 1969,[78] it would never again be more than an adjunct to the PAVN. The 1972 Easter Offensive was a direct North Vietnamese attack across the DMZ between North and South.[79] Despite the Paris Peace Accords, signed by all parties in January 1973, fighting continued. In March, Trà was recalled to Hanoi for a series of meetings to hammer out a plan for an enormous offensive against Saigon.[80]Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.[81]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"anti-war movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Case–Church Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%E2%80%93Church_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Lộc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kar672-74-92"},{"link_name":"war matériel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiel"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitcomb-93"},{"link_name":"Phước Bình","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long"},{"link_name":"Buôn Ma Thuột","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot"},{"link_name":"fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter-26-81"},{"link_name":"re-education camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter29-94"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter28-95"},{"link_name":"Socialist Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Fatherland Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter29-94"}],"sub_title":"Fall of Saigon","text":"Further information: Fall of SaigonIn response to the anti-war movement, the U.S. Congress passed the Case–Church Amendment to prohibit further U.S. military intervention in Vietnam in June 1973 and reduced aid to South Vietnam in August 1974.[82] With U.S. bombing ended, communist logistical preparations could be accelerated. An oil pipeline was built from North Vietnam to Viet Cong headquarters in Lộc Ninh, about 75 miles northwest of Saigon. (COSVN was moved back to South Vietnam following the Easter Offensive.) The Ho Chi Minh Trail, beginning as a series of treacherous mountain tracks at the start of the war, was upgraded throughout the war, first into a road network driveable by trucks in the dry season, and finally, into paved, all-weather roads that could be used year-round, even during the monsoon.[83] Between the beginning of 1974 and April 1975, with now-excellent roads and no fear of air interdiction, the communists delivered nearly 365,000 tons of war matériel to battlefields, 2.6 times the total for the previous 13 years.[84]The success of the 1973–74 dry season offensive convinced Hanoi to accelerate its timetable. When there was no U.S. response to a successful communist attack on Phước Bình in January 1975, South Vietnamese morale collapsed. The next major battle, at Buôn Ma Thuột in March, was a communist walkover. After the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the PRG moved into government offices there. At the victory parade, Tạng noticed that the units formerly dominated by southerners were missing, replaced by northerners years earlier.[72] The bureaucracy of the Republic of Vietnam was uprooted and authority over the South was assigned to the PAVN. People considered tainted by association with the former South Vietnamese government were sent to re-education camps, despite the protests of the non-communist PRG members including Tạng.[85] Without consulting the PRG, North Vietnamese leaders decided to rapidly dissolve the PRG at a party meeting in August 1975.[86] North and South were merged as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in July 1976 and the PRG was dissolved. The Viet Cong was merged with the Vietnamese Fatherland Front on February 4, 1977.[85]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruane-96"},{"link_name":"People's Revolutionary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burchett-4"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Hữu Thọ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Th%E1%BB%8D"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karnow-97"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruane-96"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ruane-96"},{"link_name":"Trần Văn Trà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"[nb 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victory68-13"}],"text":"Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Viet Cong was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South.[87] They said that the Viet Cong was composed of several parties—the People's Revolutionary Party, the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party[4]—and that Viet Cong chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist.[88]Anti-communists countered that the Viet Cong was merely a front for Hanoi.[87] They said some statements issued by communist leaders in the 1980s and 1990s suggested that southern communist forces were influenced by Hanoi.[87] According to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà, the Viet Cong's top commander and PRG defense minister, he followed orders issued by the \"Military Commission of the Party Central Committee\" in Hanoi, which in turn implemented resolutions of the Politburo.[nb 10] Trà himself was deputy chief of staff for the PAVN before being assigned to the South.[89] The official Vietnamese history of the war states that \"The Liberation Army of South Vietnam [Viet Cong] is a part of the People's Army of Vietnam\".[11]","title":"Relationship with North Vietnam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"[vîət kə̂wŋmˀ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Vietcong.ogg/Vietcong.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vietcong.ogg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pentagon-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Võ Nguyên Giáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9YbSAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780853451297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853451297"},{"link_name":"\"Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100626065021/http://vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Algerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Provisional Democratic Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Democratic_Government"},{"link_name":"Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Algerian_Republic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Dale R. Buis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_R._Buis"},{"link_name":"Charles Ovnand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ovnand"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Veterans Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Zb_q4i9faI4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-62066-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-62066-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"George McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McGovern"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110602120806/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp"}],"text":"^ Vietnamese: Việt Cộng, pronounced [vîət kə̂wŋmˀ] ⓘ; contraction of Việt Nam cộng sản (Vietnamese communist / Viet-communist)[8]\n\n^ Sometimes simply National Liberation Front (NLF)\nVietnamese: Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam\nFrench: Front national de libération [du Sud Viêt Nam] (FNL)\n\n^ Radio Hanoi called it the \"National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam\" in a January 1961 broadcast announcing the group's formation. In his memoirs, Võ Nguyên Giáp called the group the \"South Vietnam National Liberation Front\" (Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. ISBN 9780853451297.). See also the \"Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam\". Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. (1967).\n\n^ The terminology \"liberation front\" is adapted from the earlier Greek and Algerian National Liberation Fronts.\n\n^ This also follows terminology used earlier by leftists in Greece (Provisional Democratic Government) and Algeria (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic).\n\n^ Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Charles Ovnand, the first names to appear on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.\n\n^ This is sometimes referred to as the \"Genoa Policy\" and later inspired Khrushchev to take credit for Kennedy's election.(Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989). Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader. MIT Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-262-62066-9.)\n\n^ There was also a U.S. presidential election in 1964.\n\n^ Disappointed with the results of the 1964 U.S. presidential election, the Kremlin did not try to influence the election of 1968. Desiring \"businesslike\" relations, the Kremlin favored incumbent Richard Nixon against left-wing challenger George McGovern in 1972. (Lynn-Jones, p. 29).\n\n^ Trà begins, \"How did the B2 theater carry out the mission assigned it by the Military Commission of the Party Central Committee?\" (Trần Văn Trà (1982), Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre, archived from the original on June 2, 2011)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam (1972)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112041209948"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3362-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-394-74309-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74309-1"},{"link_name":"Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake:_The_Vietnamese_and_the_Americans_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-316-28423-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-28423-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-688-09130-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-09130-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7006-1175-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4"}],"text":"U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam (1972) .\nMarvin Gettleman, et al. Vietnam and America: A Documented History. Grove Press. 1995. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2. See especially Part VII: The Decisive Year.\nTruong Nhu Tang. A Vietcong Memoir. Random House. ISBN 0-394-74309-1. 1985. See Chapter 7 on the forming of the Viet Cong, and Chapter 21 on the communist take-over in 1975.\nFrances Fitzgerald. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1972. ISBN 0-316-28423-8. See Chapter 4. \"The National Liberation Front\".\nDouglas Valentine. The Phoenix Program. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1990. ISBN 0-688-09130-X.\nMerle Pribbenow (translation). Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas. 2002 ISBN 0-7006-1175-4\nMorris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives, McFarland & Co Inc.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Soldiers and civilians took supplies south on the Ho Chi Minh trail (1959)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg/220px-HoChiMinhTrial001.jpg"},{"image_text":"US Military map of Communist forces in South Vietnam in early 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg/220px-Enemy_situation%2C_early_1964.jpg"},{"image_text":"A photo from the U.S. Information Agency allegedly showing a 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the South Vietnam Government side and was later recaptured by the Viet Cong and spent a month in a Viet Cong internment camp.[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG/170px-Starved_Vietnamese_man%2C_1966.JPEG"},{"image_text":"Brinks Hotel, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on December 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG/220px-1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg/220px-Vietconginterrogation1967.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Air Force Douglas Skyraider drops a white phosphorus bomb on a Viet Cong position in South Vietnam in 1966.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg/220px-A-1E_drops_white_phosphorus_bomb_1966.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viet Cong soldiers captured by US Marines outside of Dong Ha, RVN 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg/220px-Viet_Cong_Captives_Dong_Ha%2C_RVN_1968.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viet Cong soldier stands beneath a Viet Cong flag with an AK-47 rifle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg/170px-Viet_Cong_soldier_DD-ST-99-04298.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. propaganda leaflet urges Viet Cong to defect using the Chiêu Hồi Program.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Vietnampropaganda.png/220px-Vietnampropaganda.png"},{"image_text":"Viet Cong soldiers carry an injured American POW to a prisoner swap in 1973. The VC uniform was a floppy jungle hat, rubber sandals, and green fatigues without rank or insignia.[81]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG/220px-VC_carrying_POW_in_litter_DD-ST-99-04295.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_strategy,_organization_and_structure"},{"title":"Viet Cong and PAVN battle tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_PAVN_battle_tactics"},{"title":"Kit Carson Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson_Scouts"},{"title":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"title":"Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong_and_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_use_of_terror_in_the_Vietnam_War"}]
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[{"reference":"Nguyên Giáp Võ, Russell Stetler (1970). The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap. Monthly Review Press. pp. 206, 208, 210. ISBN 9780853451297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9YbSAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Military Art of People's War: Selected Writings of General Vo Nguyen Giap"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853451297","url_text":"9780853451297"}]},{"reference":"\"Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam\". Archived from the original on June 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626065021/http://vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html","url_text":"\"Program of the National Liberation Front of South Viet-Nam\""},{"url":"http://vietnam.vassar.edu/docnlf.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Steven E. Miller; Stephen Van Evera (1989). Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader. MIT Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-262-62066-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Zb_q4i9faI4C","url_text":"Soviet Military Policy: An International Security Reader"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-62066-9","url_text":"0-262-62066-9"}]},{"reference":"Trần Văn Trà (1982), Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre, archived from the original on June 2, 2011","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110602120806/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp","url_text":"Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre"},{"url":"http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/tra/tra.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)\". www.fotw.info. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033727/https://www.fotw.info/flags/vn-vcong.html","url_text":"\"National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)\""},{"url":"https://www.fotw.info/flags/vn-vcong.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berg, Nicole M. (July 29, 2020). Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films. McFarland. ISBN 9781476639925 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R3D0DwAAQBAJ&dq=viet+cong+flag+green&pg=PA152","url_text":"Discovering Kubrick's Symbolism: The Secrets of the Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476639925","url_text":"9781476639925"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Karen Bush (February 4, 2020). The Vietnam War. Mitchell Lane. ISBN 9781545749463 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bu_NDwAAQBAJ&dq=viet+cong+flag+green&pg=PT11","url_text":"The Vietnam War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781545749463","url_text":"9781545749463"}]},{"reference":"\"Man in the News: Lt.-Gen. Tran Van Tra\". February 2, 1973. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090823065247/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/38-1-104.shtml","url_text":"\"Man in the News: Lt.-Gen. Tran Van Tra\""},{"url":"http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/38-1-104.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bolt, Dr. Ernest. \"Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969–1975)\". University of Richmond. Archived from the original on October 26, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026085459/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/PRG(1969-1975)TVT.html","url_text":"\"Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (1969–1975)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Richmond","url_text":"University of Richmond"},{"url":"http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/PRG(1969-1975)TVT.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Logevall, Fredrik (1993). \"The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam\". Diplomatic History. 17 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x. JSTOR 24912244. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912244","url_text":"\"The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-7709.1993.tb00589.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912244","url_text":"24912244"}]},{"reference":"\"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960\". The Pentagon Papers. 1971. pp. 242–314. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm","url_text":"\"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960\""},{"url":"http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nguyen, Thanh Huu (December 18, 2015). \"National Liberation Front for South Vietnam in resistance war against the U.S., for national salvation\". National Defence Journal. Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). Retrieved December 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://tapchiqptd.vn/en/research-and-discussion/national-liberation-front-for-south-vietnam-in-resistance-war-against-the-us-for-national-salvation/8432.html","url_text":"\"National Liberation Front for South Vietnam in resistance war against the U.S., for national salvation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)","url_text":"Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)"}]},{"reference":"\"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960\". Archived from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230312070611/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html","url_text":"\"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960\""},{"url":"http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 16. ISBN 0-7007-1615-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4OgLBUXHikIC","url_text":"The Vietnam War from the Other Side"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1615-7","url_text":"0-7007-1615-7"}]},{"reference":"Olson, James; Randy Roberts (1991). \"Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam, 1945–1990\". New York: St. Martin's Press: 67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Võ Nguyên Giáp. The Political and Military Line of Our Party. pp. 179–80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p","url_text":"Võ Nguyên Giáp"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Information Agency. (August 24, 1982 – January 10, 1999) (1966). The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side, was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately starved. Series: Master File Photographs of U.S. And Foreign Personalities, World Events, and American Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, 1900 – 2003. Archived from the original on May 4, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230504024629/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/541979","url_text":"The effects of just one month spent in a Viet Cong prison camp show on 23-year-old Le Van Than, who had defected from the Communist forces and joined the Government side, was recaptured by the Viet Cong and deliberately starved"},{"url":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/541979","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999). Argument Without End. PublicAffairs. p. 35. ISBN 1-891620-22-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O0sBl9BuPYYC","url_text":"Argument Without End"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891620-22-3","url_text":"1-891620-22-3"}]},{"reference":"Gettleman, Marvin E.; Jane Franklin; Marilyn Young (1995). Vietnam and America. Grove Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SVtNalqmYgAC","url_text":"Vietnam and America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2","url_text":"0-8021-3362-2"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Francis John (1989) [1973]. History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140212151656/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm","url_text":"History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History","url_text":"United States Army Center of Military History"},{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/BOOKS/Vietnam/90-23/90-23C.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zhai, Qiang (2000). China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-8078-4842-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A3RGSQlasIUC","url_text":"China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4842-5","url_text":"0-8078-4842-5"}]},{"reference":"Pribbenow, Merle (August 1999). \"North Vietnam's Master Plan\". Vietnam. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230409052605/https://www.historynet.com/north-vietnams-master-plan/?f","url_text":"\"North Vietnam's Master Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.historynet.com/north-vietnams-master-plan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1957–1975: The Vietnam War\". libcom. Archived from the original on May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220517200320/https://libcom.org/article/1957-1975-vietnam-war","url_text":"\"1957–1975: The Vietnam War\""},{"url":"http://libcom.org/history/1957-1975-the-vietnam-war","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VC Tunnels\". Digger History.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tunnels.htm","url_text":"\"VC Tunnels\""}]},{"reference":"Zumbro, Ralph (1986). Tank Sergeant. Presidio Press. pp. 27–28, 115. ISBN 978-0-517-07201-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-07201-1","url_text":"978-0-517-07201-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The My Canh Restaurant bombing\". Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125043130/http://phulam.com/mycanh.htm","url_text":"\"The My Canh Restaurant bombing\""},{"url":"http://phulam.com/mycanh.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Other Side: Terror as Policy\". Time. December 5, 1969. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. 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ISBN 0-8021-3362-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SVtNalqmYgAC","url_text":"Vietnam and America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3362-2","url_text":"0-8021-3362-2"}]},{"reference":"Dougan, Clark; Stephen Weiss (1983). Nineteen Sixty-Eight. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. pp. 8, 10. ISBN 9780939526062.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nineteensixtyeig00doug","url_text":"Nineteen Sixty-Eight"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nineteensixtyeig00doug/page/8","url_text":"8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939526062","url_text":"9780939526062"}]},{"reference":"\"The Massacre of Hue\". Time. October 31, 1969. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071204184428/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839103,00.html","url_text":"\"The Massacre of Hue\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839103,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pike, Douglas. \"Viet Cong Strategy of Terror\". pp. 23–39. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206162435/http://www.kysales.com/massacre_at_hue.htm","url_text":"\"Viet Cong Strategy of Terror\""},{"url":"http://www.kysales.com/massacre_at_hue.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kearny, Cresson H. (Maj) (1997). \"Jungle Snafus...and Remedies\". Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine: 327.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lee, Nathan (April 10, 2009). \"A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams's Camera\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191635/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/movies/10weap.html?_r=1&ref=arts","url_text":"\"A Dark Glimpse From Eddie Adams's Camera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/movies/10weap.html?_r=1&ref=arts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive, archived from the original on July 19, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719082223/http://www.alvernia.edu/cgi-bin/mt/text/archives/000194.html","url_text":"Walter Cronkite on the Tet Offensive"},{"url":"http://www.alvernia.edu/cgi-bin/mt/text/archives/000194.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tran Van Tra. \"Tet\".","urls":[]},{"reference":"Warner, Jayne S. Warner (1993). Luu Doan Huynh (ed.). The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 49–50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tran Van Tra. \"Comments on Tet '68\". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110807080937/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/TranVanTrasCommentsOnTet68_2.html","url_text":"\"Comments on Tet '68\""},{"url":"http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/TranVanTrasCommentsOnTet68_2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226221928/http://www.i-served.com/v-v-a-r.org/VietnamAndTheMedia_part03.html","url_text":"\"Vietnam Veterans for Academic Reform\""},{"url":"http://www.i-served.com/v-v-a-r.org/VietnamAndTheMedia_part03.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crowell, Todd Crowell (October 29, 2006). \"The Tet Offensive and Iraq\". Archived from the original on August 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090823000026/http://hnn.us/roundup/comments/31297.html","url_text":"\"The Tet Offensive and Iraq\""},{"url":"http://hnn.us/roundup/comments/31297.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aron, Paul (November 7, 2005). Mysteries in History. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 404. ISBN 1-85109-899-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=82zu_Aw5VFgC","url_text":"Mysteries in History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-899-2","url_text":"1-85109-899-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Failure of the Viet Cong to establish liberation committees\". Declassified CIA Documents on the Vietnam War. February 22, 1991. 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Archived from the original on May 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090528195125/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/tra/csirp_vhbbt.html#48","url_text":"\"Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theatre\""},{"url":"http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/tra/csirp_vhbbt.html#48","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whitcomb, Col Darrel (Summer 2003). \"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (book review)\". Air & Space Power Journal. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090207103945/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/pribbenow.html","url_text":"\"Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (book review)\""},{"url":"http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/pribbenow.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ruane, Kevin (1998), War and Revolution in Vietnam, 1930–75, p. 51, ISBN 1-85728-323-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-323-6","url_text":"1-85728-323-6"}]},{"reference":"Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A history. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-84218-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Karnow","url_text":"Karnow, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4","url_text":"0-670-84218-4"}]},{"reference":"Bolt, Dr. Ernest. \"Who is Tran Van Tra?\". Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710013735/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/WhoIsTVT.html","url_text":"\"Who is Tran Van Tra?\""},{"url":"http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/WhoIsTVT.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Spitzer
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Nicholas Spitzer
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["1 Education","2 Career","3 References"]
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American academic
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Nicholas Canaday Spitzer is a Distinguished Professor in the Division of Biological Sciences at the University of California, San Diego.
Education
Spitzer received his B.S and Ph.D from Harvard University and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard and University College, London.
Career
Spitzer joined the UCSD faculty in 1972 and has been the recipient of a Sloan Fellowship, a Javits Neuroscience Investigator Award and a Guggenheim Fellowship. He was founding editor-in-chief of BrainFacts.org, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences, and director of the UCSD Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind. Spitzer's lab is engaged in studying the mechanisms by which neurons differentiate to achieve the unparalleled complexity of the brain.
2022 American Philosophical Society's Lashley Award
References
^ Spitzer, Nicholas. "Nicholas Spitzer". Division of Biological Sciences. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Spitzer, Nicholas. "Guggenhein Fellows". Guggenheim Foundation. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Spitzer, Nicholas. "BrainFacts.org". BrainFacts.org. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Spitzer, Nicholas. "Nick Spitzer". KPBS. KPBS. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ Spitzer, Nicholas. "News from the National Academy of Sciences". National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
^ "Nick Spitzer Honored with American Philosophical Society's Lashley Award".
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[]
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[{"reference":"Spitzer, Nicholas. \"Nicholas Spitzer\". Division of Biological Sciences. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://biology.ucsd.edu/research/faculty/nspitzer","url_text":"\"Nicholas Spitzer\""}]},{"reference":"Spitzer, Nicholas. \"Guggenhein Fellows\". Guggenheim Foundation. Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/nicholas-c-spitzer/","url_text":"\"Guggenhein Fellows\""}]},{"reference":"Spitzer, Nicholas. \"BrainFacts.org\". BrainFacts.org. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brainfacts.org/","url_text":"\"BrainFacts.org\""}]},{"reference":"Spitzer, Nicholas. \"Nick Spitzer\". KPBS. KPBS. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJzIDRnwPxM","url_text":"\"Nick Spitzer\""}]},{"reference":"Spitzer, Nicholas. \"News from the National Academy of Sciences\". National Academy of Sciences. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160404045228/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F","url_text":"\"News from the National Academy of Sciences\""},{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NAS_Election.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Spitzer Honored with American Philosophical Society's Lashley Award\".","urls":[{"url":"https://biology.ucsd.edu/about/news/2022/article_041322.html","url_text":"\"Nick Spitzer Honored with American Philosophical Society's Lashley Award\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OHSAA_soccer_champions
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List of OHSAA soccer champions
|
["1 Champions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.
Champions
Year
Boys D I / AAA
Boys D II / AA
Boys D III
Girls D I
Girls D II
Girls D III
2023
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Tipp City Tippecanoe
Willoughby Andrews Osborne
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Cincinnati Country Day
2022
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Lima Shawnee
Columbus Grandview Heights
Cincinnati Seton
Copley
Cincinnati Country Day
2021
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Cincinnati Wyoming
Columbus Grandview Heights
Cincinnati Mount Notre Dame
Chagrin Falls
Waynesville
2020
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Howland
Cincinnati Mariemont
Strongsville
Mansfield Madison
Kirtland
2019
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Tipp City Tippecanoe
The Wellington School
West Chester Lakota West
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Cincinnati Country Day
2018
Medina
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Archbold
Beavercreek
Cincinnati Indian Hill
Cincinnati Country Day
2017
Beavercreek
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Loveland
Cincinnati Indian Hill
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
2016
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Gates Mills Gilmour
2015
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Akron Archbishop Hoban
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
2014
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Mansfield Christian School
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Cincinnati Archbishop McNicholas
Hamilton Badin
2013
Mason
Revere
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Rocky River
Hamilton Badin
2012
Powell Olentangy Liberty
Dayton Carroll
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
Perrysburg
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Franklin Bishop Fenwick
2011
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Dayton Carroll
Worthington Christian
Strongsville
Columbus St. Francis De Sales
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
2010
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Dayton Carroll
Cuyahoga Falls Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Cincinnati Madeira
2009
Gahanna Lincoln
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Worthington Christian
Medina
Columbus Bexley *
2008
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Dayton Carroll
Toledo Ottawa Hills
Cincinnati St. Ursula Academy
Franklin Bishop Fenwick
2007
Hilliard Davidson
Cuyahoga Falls Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy
Springfield Catholic Central
Cincinnati St. Ursula Academy
Shaker Heights Hathaway Brown
2006
Stow-Munroe Falls
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Worthington Christian
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Parma Heights Holy Name
2005
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Bexley
Jamestown Greeneview
Strongsville
Hamilton Badin
2004
Cleveland St. Ignatius
Pataskala Watkins Memorial
Cuyahoga Falls Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Shaker Heights Hathaway Brown
2003
Westerville North
Bexley
Cincinnati Madeira
Dublin Coffman
Bay Village Bay
2002
Hudson
Youngstown Cardinal Mooney
Cincinnati Madeira
Strongsville
Bay Village Bay
2001
Thomas Worthington
Cincinnati Turpin
Springfield Catholic Central
Dublin Coffman
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
2000
Worthington Kilbourne
Cincinnati Turpin
Gates Mills Hawken
Hudson
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
1999
North Olmsted
Cincinnati Summit Country Day
West Chester Lakota West
Bay Village Bay
1998
Thomas Worthington
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Strongsville
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
1997
Strongsville
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Medina
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
1996
North Olmsted
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Cincinnati Turpin
Chagrin Falls
1995
Westerville North
Gahanna Columbus Academy
Westerville South
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
1994
Mentor
Copley
Westerville South
1993
Brecksville-Broadview Heights
Bay Village Bay
Cincinnati St. Ursula Academy
1992
Brecksville-Broadview Heights
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Westerville North
1991
Thomas Worthington
Bay Village Bay
Cincinnati St. Ursula Academy
1990
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
St. Bernard Roger Bacon
Westerville North
1989
Westerville South
St. Bernard Roger Bacon
Clayton Northmont
1988
Clayton Northmont
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Clayton Northmont
1987
Kettering Archbishop Alter
Chagrin Falls Kenston
Clayton Northmont
1986
Cincinnati Turpin
Columbus St. Francis DeSales
Cincinnati Turpin
1985
North Olmsted
Columbus St. Charles
Clayton Northmont
1984
Centerville
Cincinnati Archbishop McNicholas
1983
Cincinnati St. Xavier
Columbus St. Charles
1982
Cuyahoga Falls Walsh Jesuit
Dayton Chaminade-Julienne
1981
Brecksville-Broadview Heights
Cincinnati Finneytown
1980
Dayton Carroll
1979
North Royalton
1978
Clayton Northmont
1977
North Olmsted
1976
Cincinnati Finneytown
1975
Brecksville-Broadview Heights
1974
Cincinnati Finneytown
2009 Girls D 3 Title game was won by Hathaway Brown (Shaker Heights), but later forfeited due to the use of an ineligible player. It was just the third state championship game forfeiture in the history of the OHSAA.
1974 and 1975 tournaments sponsored by the Ohio Soccer Coaches Association.
See also
List of Ohio High School Athletic Association championships
List of high schools in Ohio
Ohio High School Athletic Conferences
Ohio High School Athletic Association
References
^ OHSAA. "Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site". Retrieved 2019-12-06.
External links
Ohio High School Athletic Association official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"The Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) is the governing body of athletic programs for junior and senior high schools in the state of Ohio. It conducts state championship competitions in all the OHSAA-sanctioned sports.","title":"List of OHSAA soccer champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2009 Girls D 3 Title game was won by Hathaway Brown (Shaker Heights), but later forfeited due to the use of an ineligible player. It was just the third state championship game forfeiture in the history of the OHSAA.\n1974 and 1975 tournaments sponsored by the Ohio Soccer Coaches Association.","title":"Champions"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Ohio High School Athletic Association championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association_championships"},{"title":"List of high schools in Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Ohio"},{"title":"Ohio High School Athletic Conferences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Conferences"},{"title":"Ohio High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association"}]
|
[{"reference":"OHSAA. \"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\". Retrieved 2019-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","url_text":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association Web site\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","external_links_name":"Ohio High School Athletic Association official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare
|
List of works titled after Shakespeare
|
["1 Antony and Cleopatra","2 As You Like It","3 Coriolanus","4 Hamlet","5 Henry IV, Part 1","6 Henry IV, Part 2","7 Henry V","8 Henry VI, Part 1","9 Henry VI, Part 2","10 Henry VI, Part 3","11 Henry VIII","12 Julius Caesar","13 King John","14 King Lear","15 Macbeth","16 Measure for Measure","17 The Merchant of Venice","18 A Midsummer Night's Dream","19 Much Ado About Nothing","20 Othello","21 Pericles, Prince of Tyre","22 Richard II","23 Richard III","24 Romeo and Juliet","25 The Sonnets","26 The Taming of the Shrew","27 The Tempest","28 Timon of Athens","29 Titus Andronicus","30 Troilus and Cressida","31 Twelfth Night","32 The Two Gentlemen of Verona","33 The Winter's Tale","34 Other","35 See also","36 References","37 External links"]
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This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2022)
The following is a list of titles of works taken from Shakespearean phrases. It is organized by type of work. This is not the place to list film or television adaptations of Shakespeare's plays; the List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations exists for that purpose.
Antony and Cleopatra
Main article: Antony and Cleopatra
Perhaps from "Then must thou needs find out new heaven, new Earth" (I.i – but cf. also Revelation 21):
New Heaven, New Earth: The Visionary Experience in Literature by Joyce Carol Oates
An Inch of Fortune by Simon Raven (I.ii)
From "My salad days / When I was green in judgment" (I.v):
See Salad Days (disambiguation)
Her Infinite Variety by Louis Auchincloss (II.ii)
Music Ho! by Constant Lambert (II.v)
Beds in the East by Anthony Burgess (II.vi)
Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers (III.xiii)
Make Death Love Me by Ruth Rendell (III.xiii)
The Secret House of Death by Ruth Rendell (IV.xv)
As You Like It
Main article: As You Like It
From the title:
See As You Like It (disambiguation)
From the "All the world's a stage" monologue (II.vii):
All the World's a Stage, 1976 album by Rush
"All the World's a Stage", 2010 Ugly Betty episode
All the World's a Stooge, 1941 short by The Three Stooges
"... And All the Stars a Stage", 1960 short story by James Blish
All the World's a Grave, 2008 play by John Reed
The Seven Ages, 1986 novel by Eva Figes
Morning Face, 1968 novel by Mulk Raj Anand
Unwillingly to School, 1942 novel by Nora Mylrea
Unwillingly to School, 1958 novella by Pauline Ashwell
Sans Everything, 1967 non-fiction book by Barbara Robb
From "Under the greenwood tree" (II.v):
Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872 novel by Thomas Hardy
Under the Greenwood Tree, 1918 film
Under the Greenwood Tree, 1929 film adaptation of Hardy's novel
The Lie Direct, 1983 novel by Sara Woods (V.iv)
Coriolanus
Main article: Coriolanus
From "O! a kiss / Long as my exile" (V.iii):
The Exile Kiss by George Alec Effinger
Hamlet
Main article: Hamlet
A Little Less Than Kind by Charlotte Armstrong (I.ii)
Less Than Kind, 2008 television series (I.ii)
Too, Too Solid Flesh by Nick O'Donohoe (I.ii)
The Winds of Heaven by Monica Dickens (I.ii)
Infants of the Spring by Anthony Powell (I.iii)
Path of Dalliance by Auberon Waugh (I.iii)
This Above All by Eric Knight (I.iii)
"Thine Own Self", 1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode (I.iii)
From "to the manner born" (I.iv):
To the Manor Born, 1979–1981 television series
The Glimpses of the Moon by Edith Wharton (I.iv)
The Glimpses of the Moon by Edmund Crispin (I.iv)
A Pin's Fee by Peter de Polnay (I.iv)
Dreadful Summit by Stanley Ellin (I.iv)
Something Rotten by Jasper Fforde (I.iv)
From "Murder most foul" (I.v):
See Murder Most Foul (disambiguation)
The Celestial Bed by Irving Wallace (I.v)
From "Leave her to heaven" (I.v):
Leave Her to Heaven, 1940 play by John Van Druten
Leave Her to Heaven, 1944 novel by Ben Ames Williams
Leave Her to Heaven, 1945 film of Williams's novel
And Be a Villain by Rex Stout (I.v)
From "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, / Than are dreamt of in your philosophy." (I.v)
"There Are More Things", 1975 short story by Jorge Luis Borges
There Are More Things, 2022 novel by Yara Rodrigues Fowler
More Things in Heaven, 1973 novel by John Brunner
From "The time is out of joint" (I.v):
Time Out of Joint by Philip K. Dick
From "Though this be madness, yet there is method in't" (II.ii):
Method — Or Madness?, 1957 lecture series by Robert Lewis
Method to the Maadness, 2010 album by Kano
Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis, 2011 documentary film
Her Privates We by Frederic Manning (II.ii); also published as The Middle Parts of Fortune: Somme and Ancre, 1916, referring to the same section of II.ii: "On fortune's cap we are not the very button ... Then you live about her waist, or in the middle of her favours?"
From "I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space" (II.ii):
Nutshell, 2016 novel by Ian McEwan
Kings of Infinite Space, 1967 novel by Nigel Balchin
Kings of Infinite Space, 2004 novel by James Hynes
How Like an Angel by Margaret Millar (II.ii)
How Like a God by Brenda Clough (II.ii)
"The Paragon of Animals", 1998 Babylon 5 episode (II.ii)
His Picture in Little, artwork by Tacita Dean (II.ii)
Said to be from "I am but mad north-northwest" (II.ii):
North by Northwest, 1959 film by Alfred Hitchcock
Cue for Passion, play by Elmer Rice (II.ii)
"The Conscience of the King", 1966 Star Trek episode (II.ii)
From the "To be, or not to be" soliloquy (III.i):
See To Be or Not to Be (disambiguation)
Slings & Arrows, 2003 Showcase Original Series
Outrageous Fortune, 1987 film written by Leslie Dixon
Outrageous Fortune, 2005–2010 television series. (Every episode of the series also took its title from a Shakespearean quotation.)
See Perchance to Dream (disambiguation)
There's the Rub, 1974 album by Wishbone Ash
"There's the Rub", 2002 Gilmore Girls episode
See What Dreams May Come (disambiguation)
See Mortal coil (disambiguation)
With a Bare Bodkin by Cyril Hare
The Undiscovered Country, 1991 Star Trek film
No Traveller Returns by John Collier
The Name of Action by Graham Greene
Be All My Sins Remember'd, 2008 Stargate: Atlantis episode
All My Sins Remembered by Joe Haldeman
From "I was the more deceived" (III.i):
The Less Deceived, poem by Philip Larkin
"The Chameleon's Dish", a song from In Visible Silence by Art of Noise (III.ii)
The Mousetrap, 1952 play by Agatha Christie (III.ii)
Poison in Jest by John Dickson Carr (III.ii)
Begin, Murderer by Desmond Cory (III.ii)
"Very Like A Whale", poem by Ogden Nash (III.ii)
Contagion to This World by John Lodwick (III.ii)
Flush As May by P. M. Hubbard (III.iii)
The King of Shreds and Patches, an interactive fiction by Jimmy Maher inspired by H. P. Lovecraft (from "A king of shreds and patches", III.iv)
From "I must be cruel only to be kind" (III.iv):
"Cruel to Be Kind", 1979 song by Nick Lowe
"Cruel to Be Kind", 1995 song by Spacehog
The Owl Was a Baker's Daughter: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Repressed Feminine by Marion Woodman (IV.v)
Goodnight, Sweet Ladies by Shamus Frazer (IV.v)
Single Spies by Alan Bennett (IV.v)
O, How the Wheel Becomes It by Anthony Powell (IV.v)
The Herb of Grace by Elizabeth Goudge (IV.v)
No Wind of Blame by Georgette Heyer (IV.vii)
First Gravedigger by Barbara Paul (V.i)
From "Alas, poor Yorick!" (V.i):
Alas! Poor Yorick!, 1913 film starring Fatty Arbuckle
"Alas, Poor Maling", 1940 short story by Graham Greene
Alas Poor Yagan, 1997 editorial cartoon by Dean Alston
Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace (V.i)
Infinite Jest, album by We Are The Fury (V.i)
The Quick and the Dead, 1995 film by Sam Raimi (V.i)
From "the rest is silence" (V.ii):
See The Rest Is Silence (disambiguation)
From "Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are dead" (V.ii):
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 1966 play by Tom Stoppard
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 1990 film adaptation of Stoppard's play
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead, 2009 film by Jordan Galland
Put on By Cunning by Ruth Rendell (V.ii)
Bid the Soldiers Shoot by John Lodwick (V.ii)
Henry IV, Part 1
Main article: Henry IV, Part 1
Tarry and Be Hanged by Sara Woods (I.ii)
I Know a Trick Worth Two of That by Samuel Holt (pseudonym for Donald E. Westlake) (II.i)
Time Must Have a Stop by Aldous Huxley (V.iv)
Henry IV, Part 2
Main article: Henry IV, Part 2
Loosely based on "Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown" (III.i):
See Heavy Is the Head (disambiguation) and Heavy Lies the Crown (disambiguation)
Chimes at Midnight, 1965 film by Orson Welles (III.ii)
Chimes at Midnight by Seanan McGuire (III.ii)
Henry V
Main article: Henry V (play)
One Salt Sea, 2011 novel by Seanan McGuire (I.ii)
So Vile a Sin, 1997 novel by Ben Aaronovitch and Kate Orman (II.iv)
From "Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more" (III.i):
"Once More unto the Breach", 1998 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode
Once More Unto the Breach, 2019 film
Unto the Breach, 2006 novel by John Ringo
Once More into the Bleach, 1988 album by Debbie Harry and Blondie
From the St Crispin's Day Speech (IV.iii):
Household Words, magazine edited by Charles Dickens
We Few, 2005 novel by David Weber and John Ringo
We Happy Few, 2016 video game
See also: Band of Brothers (disambiguation)
Henry VI, Part 1
Main article: Henry VI, Part 1
Bring Forth the Body by Simon Raven (II.ii)
Henry VI, Part 2
Main article: Henry VI, Part 2
The Main Chance, 1969–1975 television series (I.i)
Henry VI, Part 3
Main article: Henry VI, Part 3
Once Broken Faith by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)
Henry VIII
Main article: Henry VIII (play)
From the alternative title:
All Is True, 2018 film
The Long Divorce by Edmund Crispin (II.i)
A Killing Frost by R. D. Wingfield (III.ii)
The Third Day, The Frost by John Marsden (III.ii)
Ashes of Honor by Seanan McGuire (V.v)
Julius Caesar
Main article: Julius Caesar (play)
"Beware the Ides of March", song by Colosseum (I.ii)
See also Ides of March (disambiguation)
From "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, / But in ourselves" (I.ii):
The Fault in Our Stars, 2012 novel by John Green
Dear Brutus, 1917 play by J. M. Barrie
From "think him as a serpent's egg, / Which, hatched, would, as his kind, grow mischievous" (II.i):
See The Serpent's Egg (disambiguation)
Messengers of Day, 1978 memoir by Anthony Powell (II.i)
This Little Measure, 1964 novel by Sara Woods (III.i)
From "Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war" (III.i; "cry havoc" also appears in Coriolanus, III.i, and King John, II.i):
See Cry havoc (disambiguation) and The Dogs of War (disambiguation)
From the speech "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" (III.ii):
Friends, Voters, Countrymen, 2001 book by Boris Johnson
See also Lend Me Your Ears (disambiguation)
"Not to Praise Him", 2002 episode of The Bill
See also The Evil That Men Do (disambiguation)
"The Hollow Men", 1925 poem by T. S. Eliot (IV.ii)
"There is a Tide", 1968 short story by Larry Niven (IV.iii)
Taken at the Flood, 1948 novel by Agatha Christie (IV.iii; also known as There is a Tide, from the same passage)
On Such a Full Sea, 2014 novel by Chang-Rae Lee (IV.iii)
King John
Main article: King John (play)
From "To gild refined gold, to paint the lily" (II.ii):
See Gilded Lily (disambiguation)
Twice-Told Tales by Charles Dickens (III.iv)
Twice-Told Tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne (III.iv)
Twice-Told Tales, 1963 film (III.iv)
Twice Told Tales, 2015 album by 10,000 Maniacs
From "Heaven take my soul, and England keep my bones" (IV.iii):
England Have My Bones by T. H. White
England Keep My Bones, 2011 album by Frank Turner
King Lear
Main article: King Lear
Words of Love by Pearl S. Buck (I.i)
Late Eclipses by Seanan McGuire (I.ii)
If We Were Villains by M. L. Rio (I.ii)
From "How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is / To have a thankless child" (I.iv):
"How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth", 1974 Star Trek animated episode
"The Serpent's Tooth", 2000 My Family episode
"A Father's Curse" by Honoré de Balzac (I.iv)
Faces in My Time by Anthony Powell (II.ii)
From "I am a man / More sinned against than sinning" (III.ii):
"More Spinned Against", short story by John Wyndham
Act of Darkness by Francis King (III.iv.93)
From "Child Rowland to the dark tower came" (III.iv.195):
"Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came", poem by Robert Browning
See The Dark Tower (disambiguation)
The Lake of Darkness by Ruth Rendell (III.v)
Every Inch a King by Harry Turtledove (IV.vi)
From "the small gilded fly does lecher in my sight" (IV.vi):
The Case of the Gilded Fly by Edmund Crispin
From "I am bound / Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears / Do scald like molten lead" (IV.vii):
The Wheel of Fire: Interpretations of Shakespearian Tragedy by G. Wilson Knight
Ripeness is All by Eric Linklater (V.ii)
Full Circle, 1975 novel by Peter Straub (V.iii)
Full Circle, 1984 novel by Danielle Steel (V.iii)
Speak What We Feel (Not What We Ought To Say) by Frederick Buechner (V.iii)
Macbeth
Main article: Macbeth
The Battle Lost and Won, 1978 novel by Olivia Manning (I.i)
Wyrd Sisters by Terry Pratchett (I.iii, etc.)
The Seeds of Time by John Wyndham (I.iii)
Mortal Thoughts, 1991 film (I.v)
The Moon Is Down by John Steinbeck (II.i)
The Moon is Down, album by Further Seems Forever (II.i)
Fatal Vision by Joe McGinniss (II.i)
Dagger of the Mind by Bob Shaw (II.i)
Hear not my Steps by L. T. C. Rolt (II.i)
From "Sleep no more'" (II.ii):
See Sleep No More (disambiguation)
From "'tis the eye of childhood / That fears a painted devil." (II.ii):
To Fear a Painted Devil, 1965 novel by Ruth Rendell
A Painted Devil, 1975 novel by Rachel Billington
Wash This Blood Clean from My Hand by Fred Vargas (II.ii)
A Heart So White by Javier Marías (II.ii)
Look to the Lady by Margery Allingham (II.iii)
Light Thickens by Ngaio Marsh (III.ii)
Let It Come Down by Paul Bowles (III.iii)
Can Such Things Be? by Ambrose Bierce (III.iv)
From "Double, double, toil and trouble" (IV.i)
See Double-double (disambiguation) § Literature and media
Toil and Trouble, volume 2 title of the comic book series X-Men Blue
Fire, Burn! by John Dickson Carr (IV.i)
Fire Burn and Cauldron Bubble by H. P. Mallory (IV.i)
A Charm of Powerful Trouble by Joanne Horniman (IV.i)
By the Pricking of My Thumbs by Agatha Christie (IV.i)
From "Something wicked this way comes" (IV.i):
See Something Wicked (disambiguation) and Something Wicked This Way Comes (disambiguation)
Birnam Wood by Eleanor Catton (IV.i)
From "until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come" (IV.i, with variations thereafter)
"When Birnam Wood" by Larry Niven (chapter from The Integral Trees)
"The Birnam Wood", The West Wing Season 6 episode
Come Like Shadows by Simon Raven (IV.i)
In Spite of Thunder by John Dickson Carr (IV.i)
The Brightest Fell by Seanan McGuire (IV.iii)
A Rooted Sorrow by P. M. Hubbard (V.iii)
Taste of Fears by Margaret Millar (V.v)
From the "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" soliloquy (V.v; including "all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death", "Out, out, brief candle!", "Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage" and "It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing"):
See Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow § Titular reuses
Measure for Measure
Main article: Measure for Measure
From the title:
Measure for Measure, 1986 album by Icehouse
Measure for Murder, 1941 novel by Clifford Witting (III.i)
"Mortality and Mercy in Vienna", 1959 short story by Thomas Pynchon (I.i)
A Thirsty Evil, 2013 novel by P. M. Hubbard (I.ii)
Another Thing to Fall, 2008 novel by Laura Lippman (II.i)
The Merchant of Venice
Main article: The Merchant of Venice
From the title:
The Merchants of Venus, 1972 novella by Frederik Pohl
Merchants of Venus, 1998 film
The Serpent of Venice, 2014 book by Christopher Moore
Villain with a Smiling Cheek, 1948 book by Paul Murray (I.iii)
From "pound of flesh" (III.iii et passim):
See Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)
Perhaps from "All that glisters is not gold" (II.vii):
See All That Glitters (disambiguation)
Perhaps from "between you and I" (III.ii):
Between You and I: A Little Book of Bad English, 2003 book by James Cochrane
"Between You & I", 2006 song by Jessica Simpson
"Between You & I", 2019 song by Kita Alexander
From "The quality of mercy is not strained" (IV.i):
See The Quality of Mercy (disambiguation)
From "So shines a good deed in a naughty world" (V.i):
"A Goon's Deed in a Weary World", 2013 30 Rock episode
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Main article: A Midsummer Night's Dream
From the title:
See A Midsummer Night's Dream (disambiguation)
Ill Met by Moonlight, 1950 book by W. Stanley Moss (II.i)
Ill Met by Moonlight, 1957 film adaptation of Moss's book, by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger (II.i)
Ill Met by Moonlight, 1994 film by S. P. Somtow (II.i)
"Ill Met by Moonlight", 1996 episode of Gargoyles (II.i)
Night and Silence by Seanan McGuire (II.ii)
Bottom's Dream by Arno Schmidt (IV.i)
A Local Habitation by Seanan McGuire (V.i)
Much Ado About Nothing
Main article: Much Ado About Nothing
From the title:
See Much Ado About Nothing (disambiguation)
From "Sigh no more" (II.iii):
See Sigh No More (disambiguation)
Kill Claudio by P. M. Hubbard (IV.i)
Othello
Main article: Othello
From "I will wear my heart upon my sleeve" (I.i):
See Heart on My Sleeve (disambiguation)
From "the beast with two backs" (I.i):
See Beast with two backs § See also
From "passing strange" (I.iii):
See Passing Strange (disambiguation)
Nothing if Not Critical by Robert Hughes (II.i)
From "O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! / It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on" (III.ii.111):
See Green-Eyed Monster (disambiguation)
From "Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!" (III.iii):
Pomp and Circumstance Marches, orchestral marches by Edward Elgar
Pomp and Circumstance, novel by Noël Coward
From "mortal engines" (III.iii):
See Mortal Engines (disambiguation)
From "journey's end" (V.ii – but cf. also Twelfth Night, II.iii):
See Journey's End (disambiguation)
Richer Than All His Tribe by Nicholas Monsarrat (V.ii)
Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Main article: Pericles, Prince of Tyre
Behold, Here's Poison by Georgette Heyer (I.i)
Richard II
Main article: Richard II (play)
This Sceptred Isle, 1995 radio series on British history
The Demi-Paradise, 1943 film with Laurence Olivier (II.i)
This Happy Breed, 1939 play by Noël Coward (II.i)
This Happy Breed, 1944 film directed by David Lean, based on Coward's play (II.i)
This Blessed Plot by Hugo Young (II.i)
Bid Time Return by Richard Matheson (III.ii)
From "the hollow crown" (III.ii):
See The Hollow Crown (disambiguation)
Who Are the Violets Now? by Auberon Waugh (V.ii)
Richard III
Main article: Richard III (play)
From "Now is the winter of our discontent" (I.i):
See Winter of Discontent (disambiguation)
From "where eagles dare" (I.iii):
See Where Eagles Dare (disambiguation)
Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me by Javier Marías (V.iii)
From "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!" (V.iv):
My Kingdom for a Cook, 1943 film
My Kingdom for a Horse, 1988 BBC TV series starring Sean Bean
Romeo and Juliet
Main article: Romeo and Juliet
An Artificial Night by Seanan McGuire (I.i)
The Strangers All Are Gone by Anthony Powell (I.v)
Deny Thy Father by Jeff Mariotte (II.ii)
From "What's in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other word would smell as sweet" (II.ii):
See What's in a Name? (disambiguation)
"By Any Other Name", 1968 Star Trek episode
A Rose by Any Other Name, 1975 album by Ronnie Milsap
Inconstant Moon by Larry Niven (II.ii)
Too Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer (II.ii)
"Such Sweet Sorrow", ER episode (II.ii)
Not So Deep as a Well, poem by Dorothy Parker (III.i)
Both Your Houses, play by Maxwell Anderson (III.i)
It Was the Nightingale by Ford Madox Ford (III.v)
The Sonnets
Main article: Shakespeare's sonnets
The Darling Buds of May by H. E. Bates (XVIII)
The Darling Buds of May, TV comedy based on H. E. Bates's novel (XVIII)
Summer's Lease by John Mortimer (XVIII)
From "fortune and men's eyes" (XXIX):
Fortune and Men's Eyes, 1967 play by John Herbert
Fortune and Men's Eyes, 1971 film adaptation of John Herbert's play
Fortune and Men's Eyes, 1987 album by Jennifer Caron Hall
Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust (only in English translation; XXX)
The Pebbled Shore by Elizabeth Longford (LX)
Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm (LXXIII)
Absent in the Spring by Agatha Christie (XCVIII)
Chronicles of Wasted Time by Malcolm Muggeridge (CVI)
Nothing Like the Sun by Anthony Burgess (CXXX)
...Nothing Like the Sun, album by Sting (CXXX)
A Waste of Shame, 2005 drama (CXXIX)
Too Dear for My Possessing by Pamela Hansford Johnson (CXXXVII)
No More Dying Then by Ruth Rendell (CXLVI)
The Taming of the Shrew
Main article: The Taming of the Shrew
Kiss Me, Kate, play by Cole Porter (V.i)
Kiss Me Kate, 1953 film of Cole Porter's musical (V.i)
Kiss Me Kate, 2009 EP by Kate Tsui (V.i)
Kiss Me Kate, 1998–2000 BBC sitcom (V.i)
The Tempest
Main article: The Tempest
Hell Is Empty and All the Devils Are Here, album by Anaal Nathrakh (I.ii)
Hag-Seed by Margaret Atwood (I.ii)
From Ariel's Song (I.ii):
Come Unto These Yellow Sands, painting by Richard Dadd
See Full Fathom Five (disambiguation)
See Sea change (disambiguation)
"Pearls That Were", poem by J. H. Prynne
Something Rich and Strange, 1994 novel by Patricia A. McKillip
Rich and Strange, 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock
From "misery acquaints a man with strange bed-fellows" (II.ii):
See Strange bedfellows (disambiguation)
The Isle Is Full of Noises, play by Derek Walcott (III.ii)
Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer (IV.i)
Such Stuff As Screams Are Made Of by Robert Bloch (from "We are such stuff / As dreams are made on", IV.i)
This Rough Magic by Mary Stewart (V.i)
Rough Magic, 1995 film with Russell Crowe and Bridget Fonda (V.i)
Where the Bee Sucks, poetry anthology by Iolo Aneurin Williams (V.i)
Brave New World by Aldous Huxley (V.i)
Every Third Thought by John Barth (V.i)
Timon of Athens
Main article: Timon of Athens
In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (III.v)
Fools of Fortune by William Trevor (III.vi)
Fools of Fortune, 1990 film of William Trevor's novel (III.vi)
Pale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov (IV.iii)
Titus Andronicus
Main article: Titus Andronicus
Gentle People by Irwin Shaw (V.iii)
Troilus and Cressida
Main article: Troilus and Cressida
Good Riddance, 1979 film (II.i)
"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)", song by Green Day (II.i)
Alms for Oblivion, series of novels by Simon Raven (III.iii)
Not the Glory by Pierre Boulle (IV.i)
Twelfth Night
Main article: Twelfth Night
Present Laughter, play by Noël Coward (II.iii)
Cakes and Ale by Somerset Maugham (II.iii)
Sad Cypress by Agatha Christie (II.iv)
To Play the Fool by Laurie R. King (III.i)
Improbable Fiction, play by Alan Ayckbourn (III.iv)
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Main article: The Two Gentlemen of Verona
The Unkindest Tide by Seanan McGuire (II.iii)
The Winter's Tale
Main article: The Winter's Tale
There Was A Man Dwelt by a Churchyard, short story by M. R. James (from "There was a man ... Dwelt by a churchyard", II.i)
He Drank, and Saw the Spider by Alex Bledsoe (from "I have drunk, and seen the spider", II.i)
Fresh Horses, 1988 film by David Anspaugh (III.i)
Exit, Pursued by a Bear by E. K. Johnston (stage direction in III.iii)
Rosemary and Rue by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)
The Winter Long by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)
Other
The Passionate Pilgrim, 1984 film with Eric Morecambe (from The Passionate Pilgrim, the title of a 16th-century anthology attributed to Shakespeare)
A Red Rose Chain by Seanan McGuire, from Venus and Adonis
See also
List of book titles taken from literature
References
^ Cavell, Stanley (Summer 1981), "North by Northwest", Critical Inquiry, 7 (4): 764, doi:10.1086/448130
External links
A more comprehensive list of book and play titles which are Shakespearean quotations
vteWilliam ShakespearePlaysComedies
All's Well That Ends Well
As You Like It
The Comedy of Errors
Cymbeline
Love's Labour's Lost
Measure for Measure
The Merchant of Venice
The Merry Wives of Windsor
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Much Ado About Nothing
Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻
The Taming of the Shrew
The Tempest
Twelfth Night
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻
The Winter's Tale
Tragedies
Antony and Cleopatra
Coriolanus
Hamlet
Julius Caesar
King Lear
Macbeth
Othello
Romeo and Juliet
Timon of Athens
Titus Andronicus
Troilus and Cressida
Histories
King John
Edward III ✻
Richard II
Henry IV
1
2
Henry V
Henry VI
1 ✻
2
3
Richard III
Henry VIII ✻
Early editions
Quarto publications
First Folio
Second Folio
See also
Problem plays
Late romances
Henriad
Characters
A–K
L–Z
Ghost character
Chronology
Performances
Settings
Scenes
Poems
Shakespeare's sonnets
comparison to Petrarch
A Lover's Complaint
The Phoenix and the Turtle
The Rape of Lucrece
Venus and Adonis
ApocryphaPlays
Arden of Faversham
The Birth of Merlin
Cardenio ✻†
Double Falsehood
Edmund Ironside
Fair Em
Locrine
The London Prodigal
Love's Labour's Won †
The Merry Devil of Edmonton
Mucedorus
The Puritan
The Second Maiden's Tragedy
Sejanus His Fall
Sir John Oldcastle
Sir Thomas More ✻
The Spanish Tragedy
Thomas Lord Cromwell
Thomas of Woodstock
Ur-Hamlet †
Vortigern and Rowena
A Yorkshire Tragedy
Poems
The Passionate Pilgrim
To the Queen
Lifeand works
Birthplace
Bibliography
Complete Works of William Shakespeare
Translations
Coat of arms
Collaborations
Editors
English Renaissance theatre
Globe Theatre
Handwriting
Lord Chamberlain's Men/King's Men
The Theatre
Curtain Theatre
Music
New Place
Portraits
Religious views
Sexuality
Spelling of his name
Stratford-upon-Avon
Style
Will
Grave
Legacy
Attribution studies
Authorship question
Bardolatry
Festivals
Gardens
Influence
Memorials
Screen adaptations
Shakespeare and Star Trek
Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien
Works titled after Shakespeare
Institutions
Folger Shakespeare Library
Shakespeare Quarterly
Royal Shakespeare Company
Royal Shakespeare Theatre
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Shakespeare's Globe (replica)
Shakespeare Institute
Family
Anne Hathaway (wife)
Susanna Hall (daughter)
Hamnet Shakespeare (son)
Judith Quiney (daughter)
Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter)
John Shakespeare (father)
Mary Arden (mother)
Gilbert Shakespeare (brother)
Joan Shakespeare (sister)
Edmund Shakespeare (brother)
Richard Shakespeare (grandfather)
John Hall (son-in-law)
Thomas Quiney (son-in-law)
✻ Shakespeare and other authors
† Lost
Category
WikiProject
|
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This is not the place to list film or television adaptations of Shakespeare's plays; the List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations exists for that purpose.","title":"List of works titled after Shakespeare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revelation 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation_21#A_new_heaven_and_a_new_earth_(21:1%E2%80%938)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Carol Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates"},{"link_name":"Simon Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Raven"},{"link_name":"Salad Days (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_Days_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Her Infinite Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Infinite_Variety"},{"link_name":"Louis Auchincloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auchincloss"},{"link_name":"Constant Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Lambert"},{"link_name":"Beds in the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beds_in_the_East"},{"link_name":"Anthony Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess"},{"link_name":"Gaudy Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudy_Night"},{"link_name":"Dorothy L. Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers"},{"link_name":"Make Death Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Death_Love_Me"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"},{"link_name":"The Secret House of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_House_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"}],"text":"Perhaps from \"Then must thou needs find out new heaven, new Earth\" (I.i – but cf. also Revelation 21):\nNew Heaven, New Earth: The Visionary Experience in Literature by Joyce Carol Oates\nAn Inch of Fortune by Simon Raven (I.ii)\nFrom \"My salad days / When I was green in judgment\" (I.v):\nSee Salad Days (disambiguation)\nHer Infinite Variety by Louis Auchincloss (II.ii)\nMusic Ho! by Constant Lambert (II.v)\nBeds in the East by Anthony Burgess (II.vi)\nGaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers (III.xiii)\nMake Death Love Me by Ruth Rendell (III.xiii)\nThe Secret House of Death by Ruth Rendell (IV.xv)","title":"Antony and Cleopatra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"As You Like It (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_You_Like_It_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"All the world's a stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_world%27s_a_stage"},{"link_name":"All the World's a Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_World%27s_a_Stage_(album)"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"All the World's a Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_World%27s_a_Stage_(Ugly_Betty)"},{"link_name":"All the World's a Stooge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_World%27s_a_Stooge"},{"link_name":"The Three Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Stooges"},{"link_name":"James Blish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blish"},{"link_name":"All the World's a Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_World%27s_a_Grave"},{"link_name":"John Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reed_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Eva Figes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Figes"},{"link_name":"Morning Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Face"},{"link_name":"Mulk Raj Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulk_Raj_Anand"},{"link_name":"Pauline Ashwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Ashwell"},{"link_name":"Barbara Robb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Robb"},{"link_name":"Under the Greenwood Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Under the Greenwood Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree_(1918_film)"},{"link_name":"Under the Greenwood Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Sara Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Woods"}],"text":"From the title:\nSee As You Like It (disambiguation)\nFrom the \"All the world's a stage\" monologue (II.vii):\nAll the World's a Stage, 1976 album by Rush\n\"All the World's a Stage\", 2010 Ugly Betty episode\nAll the World's a Stooge, 1941 short by The Three Stooges\n\"... And All the Stars a Stage\", 1960 short story by James Blish\nAll the World's a Grave, 2008 play by John Reed\nThe Seven Ages, 1986 novel by Eva Figes\nMorning Face, 1968 novel by Mulk Raj Anand\nUnwillingly to School, 1942 novel by Nora Mylrea\nUnwillingly to School, 1958 novella by Pauline Ashwell\nSans Everything, 1967 non-fiction book by Barbara Robb\nFrom \"Under the greenwood tree\" (II.v):\nUnder the Greenwood Tree, 1872 novel by Thomas Hardy\nUnder the Greenwood Tree, 1918 film\nUnder the Greenwood Tree, 1929 film adaptation of Hardy's novel\nThe Lie Direct, 1983 novel by Sara Woods (V.iv)","title":"As You Like It"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Exile Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exile_Kiss"},{"link_name":"George Alec Effinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alec_Effinger"}],"text":"From \"O! a kiss / Long as my exile\" (V.iii):\nThe Exile Kiss by George Alec Effinger","title":"Coriolanus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Less Than Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Kind"},{"link_name":"Too, Too Solid Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too,_Too_Solid_Flesh"},{"link_name":"Monica Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Anthony Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell"},{"link_name":"Auberon Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberon_Waugh"},{"link_name":"This Above All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Above_All"},{"link_name":"Eric Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Knight"},{"link_name":"Thine Own Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thine_Own_Self"},{"link_name":"To the Manor Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Manor_Born"},{"link_name":"The Glimpses of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)"},{"link_name":"Edith Wharton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton"},{"link_name":"The Glimpses of the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Crispin_novel)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Crispin"},{"link_name":"Peter de Polnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Polnay"},{"link_name":"Stanley Ellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Ellin"},{"link_name":"Something Rotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Rotten_(Fforde)"},{"link_name":"Jasper Fforde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Fforde"},{"link_name":"Murder Most Foul (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Most_Foul_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Celestial Bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celestial_Bed"},{"link_name":"Irving Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Leave Her to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Her_to_Heaven_(play)"},{"link_name":"John Van Druten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Druten"},{"link_name":"Ben Ames Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ames_Williams"},{"link_name":"Leave Her to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Her_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"And Be a Villain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Be_a_Villain"},{"link_name":"Rex Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Stout"},{"link_name":"There Are More Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Are_More_Things"},{"link_name":"Jorge Luis Borges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"},{"link_name":"More Things in Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Things_in_Heaven"},{"link_name":"John Brunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brunner_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Time Out of Joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_of_Joint"},{"link_name":"Philip K. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick"},{"link_name":"Method — Or Madness?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_%E2%80%94_Or_Madness%3F"},{"link_name":"Robert Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lewis_(director)"},{"link_name":"Method to the Maadness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_to_the_Maadness"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Method to the Madness of Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_to_the_Madness_of_Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Frederic Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Manning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//manybooks.net/pages/manningfother080200261/0.html"},{"link_name":"Nutshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ian McEwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McEwan"},{"link_name":"Nigel Balchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Balchin"},{"link_name":"James Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hynes"},{"link_name":"Margaret Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Millar"},{"link_name":"Brenda Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Clough"},{"link_name":"The Paragon of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paragon_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"Babylon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_5"},{"link_name":"Tacita Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacita_Dean"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"North by Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_by_Northwest"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Elmer Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Rice"},{"link_name":"The Conscience of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscience_of_the_King_(Star_Trek)"},{"link_name":"To be, or not to be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be"},{"link_name":"To Be or Not to Be (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Slings & Arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slings_%26_Arrows"},{"link_name":"Outrageous Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Fortune_(film)"},{"link_name":"Leslie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Outrageous Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Fortune_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Every episode of the series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Outrageous_Fortune_episodes"},{"link_name":"Perchance to Dream (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchance_to_Dream_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"There's the Rub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_the_Rub"},{"link_name":"Wishbone Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_Ash"},{"link_name":"There's the Rub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_the_Rub_(Gilmore_Girls)"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"What Dreams May Come (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Dreams_May_Come_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Mortal coil (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_coil_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cyril Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hare"},{"link_name":"The Undiscovered Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_VI:_The_Undiscovered_Country"},{"link_name":"John Collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collier_(fiction_writer)"},{"link_name":"The Name of Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_Action"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Be All My Sins Remember'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_All_My_Sins_Remember%27d"},{"link_name":"Joe Haldeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haldeman"},{"link_name":"The Less Deceived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Less_Deceived"},{"link_name":"Philip Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin"},{"link_name":"In Visible Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Visible_Silence"},{"link_name":"Art of Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Noise"},{"link_name":"The Mousetrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mousetrap"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Poison in Jest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_in_Jest"},{"link_name":"John Dickson Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr"},{"link_name":"Desmond Cory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Cory"},{"link_name":"Ogden Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Nash"},{"link_name":"John Lodwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lodwick"},{"link_name":"P. M. Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Hubbard"},{"link_name":"interactive fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction"},{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Cruel to Be Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_to_Be_Kind"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Cruel to Be Kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_to_Be_Kind_(Spacehog_song)"},{"link_name":"Spacehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehog"},{"link_name":"Marion Woodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Woodman"},{"link_name":"Alan Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Anthony Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Goudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Goudge"},{"link_name":"Georgette Heyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette_Heyer"},{"link_name":"Barbara Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Paul"},{"link_name":"Alas! Poor Yorick!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas!_Poor_Yorick!"},{"link_name":"Fatty Arbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_Arbuckle"},{"link_name":"Alas, Poor Maling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas,_Poor_Maling"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Alas Poor Yagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas_Poor_Yagan"},{"link_name":"Dean Alston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Alston"},{"link_name":"Infinite Jest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest"},{"link_name":"David Foster Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Infinite Jest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_Jest_(album)"},{"link_name":"We Are The Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_The_Fury"},{"link_name":"The Quick and the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quick_and_the_Dead_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"The Rest Is Silence (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Silence_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead"},{"link_name":"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Undead"},{"link_name":"Jordan Galland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Galland"},{"link_name":"Put on By Cunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_on_By_Cunning"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"},{"link_name":"John Lodwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lodwick"}],"text":"A Little Less Than Kind by Charlotte Armstrong (I.ii)\nLess Than Kind, 2008 television series (I.ii)\nToo, Too Solid Flesh by Nick O'Donohoe (I.ii)\nThe Winds of Heaven by Monica Dickens (I.ii)\nInfants of the Spring by Anthony Powell (I.iii)\nPath of Dalliance by Auberon Waugh (I.iii)\nThis Above All by Eric Knight (I.iii)\n\"Thine Own Self\", 1994 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode (I.iii)\nFrom \"to the manner born\" (I.iv):\nTo the Manor Born, 1979–1981 television series\nThe Glimpses of the Moon by Edith Wharton (I.iv)\nThe Glimpses of the Moon by Edmund Crispin (I.iv)\nA Pin's Fee by Peter de Polnay (I.iv)\nDreadful Summit by Stanley Ellin (I.iv)\nSomething Rotten by Jasper Fforde (I.iv)\nFrom \"Murder most foul\" (I.v):\nSee Murder Most Foul (disambiguation)\nThe Celestial Bed by Irving Wallace (I.v)\nFrom \"Leave her to heaven\" (I.v):\nLeave Her to Heaven, 1940 play by John Van Druten\nLeave Her to Heaven, 1944 novel by Ben Ames Williams\nLeave Her to Heaven, 1945 film of Williams's novel\nAnd Be a Villain by Rex Stout (I.v)\nFrom \"There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, / Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.\" (I.v)\n\"There Are More Things\", 1975 short story by Jorge Luis Borges\nThere Are More Things, 2022 novel by Yara Rodrigues Fowler\nMore Things in Heaven, 1973 novel by John Brunner\nFrom \"The time is out of joint\" (I.v):\nTime Out of Joint by Philip K. Dick\nFrom \"Though this be madness, yet there is method in't\" (II.ii):\nMethod — Or Madness?, 1957 lecture series by Robert Lewis\nMethod to the Maadness, 2010 album by Kano\nMethod to the Madness of Jerry Lewis, 2011 documentary film\nHer Privates We by Frederic Manning (II.ii); also published as The Middle Parts of Fortune: Somme and Ancre, 1916, referring to the same section of II.ii: \"On fortune's cap we are not the very button ... Then you live about her waist, or in the middle of her favours?\" [1]\nFrom \"I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space\" (II.ii):\nNutshell, 2016 novel by Ian McEwan\nKings of Infinite Space, 1967 novel by Nigel Balchin\nKings of Infinite Space, 2004 novel by James Hynes\nHow Like an Angel by Margaret Millar (II.ii)\nHow Like a God by Brenda Clough (II.ii)\n\"The Paragon of Animals\", 1998 Babylon 5 episode (II.ii)\nHis Picture in Little, artwork by Tacita Dean (II.ii)\nSaid to be from \"I am but mad north-northwest\" (II.ii):[1]\nNorth by Northwest, 1959 film by Alfred Hitchcock\nCue for Passion, play by Elmer Rice (II.ii)\n\"The Conscience of the King\", 1966 Star Trek episode (II.ii)\nFrom the \"To be, or not to be\" soliloquy (III.i):\nSee To Be or Not to Be (disambiguation)\nSlings & Arrows, 2003 Showcase Original Series\nOutrageous Fortune, 1987 film written by Leslie Dixon\nOutrageous Fortune, 2005–2010 television series. (Every episode of the series also took its title from a Shakespearean quotation.)\nSee Perchance to Dream (disambiguation)\nThere's the Rub, 1974 album by Wishbone Ash\n\"There's the Rub\", 2002 Gilmore Girls episode\nSee What Dreams May Come (disambiguation)\nSee Mortal coil (disambiguation)\nWith a Bare Bodkin by Cyril Hare\nThe Undiscovered Country, 1991 Star Trek film\nNo Traveller Returns by John Collier\nThe Name of Action by Graham Greene\nBe All My Sins Remember'd, 2008 Stargate: Atlantis episode\nAll My Sins Remembered by Joe Haldeman\nFrom \"I was the more deceived\" (III.i):\nThe Less Deceived, poem by Philip Larkin\n\"The Chameleon's Dish\", a song from In Visible Silence by Art of Noise (III.ii)\nThe Mousetrap, 1952 play by Agatha Christie (III.ii)\nPoison in Jest by John Dickson Carr (III.ii)\nBegin, Murderer by Desmond Cory (III.ii)\n\"Very Like A Whale\", poem by Ogden Nash (III.ii)\nContagion to This World by John Lodwick (III.ii)\nFlush As May by P. M. Hubbard (III.iii)\nThe King of Shreds and Patches, an interactive fiction by Jimmy Maher inspired by H. P. Lovecraft (from \"A king of shreds and patches\", III.iv)\nFrom \"I must be cruel only to be kind\" (III.iv):\n\"Cruel to Be Kind\", 1979 song by Nick Lowe\n\"Cruel to Be Kind\", 1995 song by Spacehog\nThe Owl Was a Baker's Daughter: Obesity, Anorexia Nervosa, and the Repressed Feminine by Marion Woodman (IV.v)\nGoodnight, Sweet Ladies by Shamus Frazer (IV.v)\nSingle Spies by Alan Bennett (IV.v)\nO, How the Wheel Becomes It by Anthony Powell (IV.v)\nThe Herb of Grace by Elizabeth Goudge (IV.v)\nNo Wind of Blame by Georgette Heyer (IV.vii)\nFirst Gravedigger by Barbara Paul (V.i)\nFrom \"Alas, poor Yorick!\" (V.i):\nAlas! Poor Yorick!, 1913 film starring Fatty Arbuckle\n\"Alas, Poor Maling\", 1940 short story by Graham Greene\nAlas Poor Yagan, 1997 editorial cartoon by Dean Alston\nInfinite Jest by David Foster Wallace (V.i)\nInfinite Jest, album by We Are The Fury (V.i)\nThe Quick and the Dead, 1995 film by Sam Raimi (V.i)\nFrom \"the rest is silence\" (V.ii):\nSee The Rest Is Silence (disambiguation)\nFrom \"Rosencrantz and Guildernstern are dead\" (V.ii):\nRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 1966 play by Tom Stoppard\nRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, 1990 film adaptation of Stoppard's play\nRosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead, 2009 film by Jordan Galland\nPut on By Cunning by Ruth Rendell (V.ii)\nBid the Soldiers Shoot by John Lodwick (V.ii)","title":"Hamlet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Woods"},{"link_name":"Donald E. Westlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"}],"text":"Tarry and Be Hanged by Sara Woods (I.ii)\nI Know a Trick Worth Two of That by Samuel Holt (pseudonym for Donald E. Westlake) (II.i)\nTime Must Have a Stop by Aldous Huxley (V.iv)","title":"Henry IV, Part 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy Is the Head (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Is_the_Head_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Heavy Lies the Crown (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Lies_the_Crown_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chimes at Midnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"Loosely based on \"Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown\" (III.i):\nSee Heavy Is the Head (disambiguation) and Heavy Lies the Crown (disambiguation)\nChimes at Midnight, 1965 film by Orson Welles (III.ii)\nChimes at Midnight by Seanan McGuire (III.ii)","title":"Henry IV, Part 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"So Vile a Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Vile_a_Sin"},{"link_name":"Ben Aaronovitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Aaronovitch"},{"link_name":"Kate Orman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Orman"},{"link_name":"Once More unto the Breach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_unto_the_Breach_(Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine)"},{"link_name":"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine"},{"link_name":"Once More Unto the Breach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_Unto_the_Breach_(film)"},{"link_name":"John Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ringo"},{"link_name":"Once More into the Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More_into_the_Bleach"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"St Crispin's Day Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Crispin%27s_Day_Speech"},{"link_name":"Household Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Words"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"We Few","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Few"},{"link_name":"David Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Weber"},{"link_name":"John Ringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ringo"},{"link_name":"We Happy Few","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Happy_Few"},{"link_name":"Band of Brothers (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"One Salt Sea, 2011 novel by Seanan McGuire (I.ii)\nSo Vile a Sin, 1997 novel by Ben Aaronovitch and Kate Orman (II.iv)\nFrom \"Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more\" (III.i):\n\"Once More unto the Breach\", 1998 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode\nOnce More Unto the Breach, 2019 film\nUnto the Breach, 2006 novel by John Ringo\nOnce More into the Bleach, 1988 album by Debbie Harry and Blondie\nFrom the St Crispin's Day Speech (IV.iii):\nHousehold Words, magazine edited by Charles Dickens\nWe Few, 2005 novel by David Weber and John Ringo\nWe Happy Few, 2016 video game\nSee also: Band of Brothers (disambiguation)","title":"Henry V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Raven"}],"text":"Bring Forth the Body by Simon Raven (II.ii)","title":"Henry VI, Part 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Main Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Main_Chance"}],"text":"The Main Chance, 1969–1975 television series (I.i)","title":"Henry VI, Part 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"Once Broken Faith by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)","title":"Henry VI, Part 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Is True","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Is_True"},{"link_name":"The Long Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_Divorce"},{"link_name":"Edmund Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Crispin"},{"link_name":"A Killing Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Killing_Frost"},{"link_name":"R. D. Wingfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Wingfield"},{"link_name":"The Third Day, The Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Day,_The_Frost"},{"link_name":"John Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marsden_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"From the alternative title:\nAll Is True, 2018 film\nThe Long Divorce by Edmund Crispin (II.i)\nA Killing Frost by R. D. Wingfield (III.ii)\nThe Third Day, The Frost by John Marsden (III.ii)\nAshes of Honor by Seanan McGuire (V.v)","title":"Henry VIII"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ides of March (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ides_of_March_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Fault in Our Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fault_in_Our_Stars"},{"link_name":"John Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Green"},{"link_name":"Dear Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Brutus"},{"link_name":"J. M. Barrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie"},{"link_name":"The Serpent's Egg (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Serpent%27s_Egg_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell"},{"link_name":"Sara Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Woods"},{"link_name":"Cry havoc (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_havoc_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Dogs of War (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dogs_of_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends,_Romans,_countrymen,_lend_me_your_ears"},{"link_name":"Friends, Voters, Countrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Lend Me Your Ears (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend_Me_Your_Ears_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Not to Praise Him","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill_(series_18)"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"The Evil That Men Do (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_That_Men_Do_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Hollow Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Men"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"There is a Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Space#Stories_in_Known_Space"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Taken at the Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taken_at_the_Flood"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Chang-Rae Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee"}],"text":"\"Beware the Ides of March\", song by Colosseum (I.ii)\nSee also Ides of March (disambiguation)\nFrom \"The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, / But in ourselves\" (I.ii):\nThe Fault in Our Stars, 2012 novel by John Green\nDear Brutus, 1917 play by J. M. Barrie\nFrom \"think him as a serpent's egg, / Which, hatched, would, as his kind, grow mischievous\" (II.i):\nSee The Serpent's Egg (disambiguation)\nMessengers of Day, 1978 memoir by Anthony Powell (II.i)\nThis Little Measure, 1964 novel by Sara Woods (III.i)\nFrom \"Cry 'Havoc!' and let slip the dogs of war\" (III.i; \"cry havoc\" also appears in Coriolanus, III.i, and King John, II.i):\nSee Cry havoc (disambiguation) and The Dogs of War (disambiguation)\nFrom the speech \"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears\" (III.ii):\nFriends, Voters, Countrymen, 2001 book by Boris Johnson\nSee also Lend Me Your Ears (disambiguation)\n\"Not to Praise Him\", 2002 episode of The Bill\nSee also The Evil That Men Do (disambiguation)\n\"The Hollow Men\", 1925 poem by T. S. Eliot (IV.ii)\n\"There is a Tide\", 1968 short story by Larry Niven (IV.iii)\nTaken at the Flood, 1948 novel by Agatha Christie (IV.iii; also known as There is a Tide, from the same passage)\nOn Such a Full Sea, 2014 novel by Chang-Rae Lee (IV.iii)","title":"Julius Caesar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilded Lily (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_Lily_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Twice-Told Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice-Told_Tales"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Twice-Told Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice-Told_Tales_(film)"},{"link_name":"Twice Told Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_Told_Tales_(album)"},{"link_name":"10,000 Maniacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_Maniacs"},{"link_name":"T. H. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._H._White"},{"link_name":"England Keep My Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Keep_My_Bones"},{"link_name":"Frank Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Turner"}],"text":"From \"To gild refined gold, to paint the lily\" (II.ii):\nSee Gilded Lily (disambiguation)\nTwice-Told Tales by Charles Dickens (III.iv)\nTwice-Told Tales by Nathaniel Hawthorne (III.iv)\nTwice-Told Tales, 1963 film (III.iv)\nTwice Told Tales, 2015 album by 10,000 Maniacs\nFrom \"Heaven take my soul, and England keep my bones\" (IV.iii):\nEngland Have My Bones by T. H. White\nEngland Keep My Bones, 2011 album by Frank Turner","title":"King John"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl S. Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"If We Were Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_We_Were_Villains"},{"link_name":"How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Sharper_Than_a_Serpent%27s_Tooth"},{"link_name":"My Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Family"},{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"Anthony Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell"},{"link_name":"John Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"Francis King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_King"},{"link_name":"Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Roland_to_the_Dark_Tower_Came"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"The Dark Tower (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Lake of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lake_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Every Inch a King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Inch_a_King"},{"link_name":"Harry Turtledove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Gilded Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Gilded_Fly"},{"link_name":"Edmund Crispin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Crispin"},{"link_name":"G. Wilson Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Wilson_Knight"},{"link_name":"Eric Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Linklater"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Peter Straub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Straub"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Danielle Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel"},{"link_name":"Speak What We Feel (Not What We Ought To Say)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_What_We_Feel"},{"link_name":"Frederick Buechner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Buechner"}],"text":"Words of Love by Pearl S. Buck (I.i)\nLate Eclipses by Seanan McGuire (I.ii)\nIf We Were Villains by M. L. Rio (I.ii)\nFrom \"How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is / To have a thankless child\" (I.iv):\n\"How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth\", 1974 Star Trek animated episode\n\"The Serpent's Tooth\", 2000 My Family episode\n\"A Father's Curse\" by Honoré de Balzac (I.iv)\nFaces in My Time by Anthony Powell (II.ii)\nFrom \"I am a man / More sinned against than sinning\" (III.ii):\n\"More Spinned Against\", short story by John Wyndham\nAct of Darkness by Francis King (III.iv.93)\nFrom \"Child Rowland to the dark tower came\" (III.iv.195):\n\"Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came\", poem by Robert Browning\nSee The Dark Tower (disambiguation)\nThe Lake of Darkness by Ruth Rendell (III.v)\nEvery Inch a King by Harry Turtledove (IV.vi)\nFrom \"the small gilded fly does lecher in my sight\" (IV.vi):\nThe Case of the Gilded Fly by Edmund Crispin\nFrom \"I am bound / Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears / Do scald like molten lead\" (IV.vii):\nThe Wheel of Fire: Interpretations of Shakespearian Tragedy by G. Wilson Knight\nRipeness is All by Eric Linklater (V.ii)\nFull Circle, 1975 novel by Peter Straub (V.iii)\nFull Circle, 1984 novel by Danielle Steel (V.iii)\nSpeak What We Feel (Not What We Ought To Say) by Frederick Buechner (V.iii)","title":"King Lear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Battle Lost and Won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunes_of_War_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Manning"},{"link_name":"Wyrd Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyrd_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Terry Pratchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett"},{"link_name":"The Seeds of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seeds_of_Time"},{"link_name":"John Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"Mortal Thoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Thoughts"},{"link_name":"The Moon Is Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_Is_Down"},{"link_name":"John Steinbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steinbeck"},{"link_name":"The Moon is Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_is_Down_(album)"},{"link_name":"Further Seems Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_Seems_Forever"},{"link_name":"Fatal Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Vision"},{"link_name":"Joe McGinniss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_McGinniss"},{"link_name":"Bob Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Shaw"},{"link_name":"L. T. C. Rolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt"},{"link_name":"Sleep No More (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"To Fear a Painted Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Fear_a_Painted_Devil"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Rachel Billington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Billington"},{"link_name":"Wash This Blood Clean from My Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_This_Blood_Clean_from_My_Hand"},{"link_name":"Fred Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Vargas"},{"link_name":"A Heart So White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Heart_So_White"},{"link_name":"Javier Marías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Look to the Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_to_the_Lady"},{"link_name":"Margery Allingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margery_Allingham"},{"link_name":"Light Thickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Thickens"},{"link_name":"Ngaio Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaio_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Let It Come Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Come_Down_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Paul Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Bierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce"},{"link_name":"Double-double (disambiguation) § Literature and media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-double_(disambiguation)#Literature_and_media"},{"link_name":"X-Men Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_Blue"},{"link_name":"Fire, Burn!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire,_Burn!"},{"link_name":"John Dickson Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr"},{"link_name":"Joanne Horniman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Horniman"},{"link_name":"By the Pricking of My Thumbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Pricking_of_My_Thumbs"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Something Wicked (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Wicked_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Something Wicked This Way Comes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Wicked_This_Way_Comes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Catton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Catton"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"The Integral Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Integral_Trees"},{"link_name":"The West Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Wing_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Simon Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Raven"},{"link_name":"John Dickson Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickson_Carr"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"P. M. Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Margaret Millar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Millar"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_and_tomorrow_and_tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow § Titular reuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_and_tomorrow_and_tomorrow#Titular_reuses"}],"text":"The Battle Lost and Won, 1978 novel by Olivia Manning (I.i)\nWyrd Sisters by Terry Pratchett (I.iii, etc.)\nThe Seeds of Time by John Wyndham (I.iii)\nMortal Thoughts, 1991 film (I.v)\nThe Moon Is Down by John Steinbeck (II.i)\nThe Moon is Down, album by Further Seems Forever (II.i)\nFatal Vision by Joe McGinniss (II.i)\nDagger of the Mind by Bob Shaw (II.i)\nHear not my Steps by L. T. C. Rolt (II.i)\nFrom \"Sleep no more'\" (II.ii):\nSee Sleep No More (disambiguation)\nFrom \"'tis the eye of childhood / That fears a painted devil.\" (II.ii):\nTo Fear a Painted Devil, 1965 novel by Ruth Rendell\nA Painted Devil, 1975 novel by Rachel Billington\nWash This Blood Clean from My Hand by Fred Vargas (II.ii)\nA Heart So White by Javier Marías (II.ii)\nLook to the Lady by Margery Allingham (II.iii)\nLight Thickens by Ngaio Marsh (III.ii)\nLet It Come Down by Paul Bowles (III.iii)\nCan Such Things Be? by Ambrose Bierce (III.iv)\nFrom \"Double, double, toil and trouble\" (IV.i)\nSee Double-double (disambiguation) § Literature and media\nToil and Trouble, volume 2 title of the comic book series X-Men Blue\nFire, Burn! by John Dickson Carr (IV.i)\nFire Burn and Cauldron Bubble by H. P. Mallory (IV.i)\nA Charm of Powerful Trouble by Joanne Horniman (IV.i)\nBy the Pricking of My Thumbs by Agatha Christie (IV.i)\nFrom \"Something wicked this way comes\" (IV.i):\nSee Something Wicked (disambiguation) and Something Wicked This Way Comes (disambiguation)\nBirnam Wood by Eleanor Catton (IV.i)\nFrom \"until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come\" (IV.i, with variations thereafter)\n\"When Birnam Wood\" by Larry Niven (chapter from The Integral Trees)\n\"The Birnam Wood\", The West Wing Season 6 episode\nCome Like Shadows by Simon Raven (IV.i)\nIn Spite of Thunder by John Dickson Carr (IV.i)\nThe Brightest Fell by Seanan McGuire (IV.iii)\nA Rooted Sorrow by P. M. Hubbard (V.iii)\nTaste of Fears by Margaret Millar (V.v)\nFrom the \"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow\" soliloquy (V.v; including \"all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death\", \"Out, out, brief candle!\", \"Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage\" and \"It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing\"):\nSee Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow § Titular reuses","title":"Macbeth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Measure for Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure_(album)"},{"link_name":"Icehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehouse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Clifford Witting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Witting&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Witting"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Witting"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Witting"},{"link_name":"Thomas Pynchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon"},{"link_name":"P. M. Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Hubbard"},{"link_name":"Laura Lippman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Lippman"}],"text":"From the title:\nMeasure for Measure, 1986 album by Icehouse\nMeasure for Murder, 1941 novel by Clifford Witting [de; fr; it] (III.i)\n\"Mortality and Mercy in Vienna\", 1959 short story by Thomas Pynchon (I.i)\nA Thirsty Evil, 2013 novel by P. M. Hubbard (I.ii)\nAnother Thing to Fall, 2008 novel by Laura Lippman (II.i)","title":"Measure for Measure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Merchants of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchants_of_Venus"},{"link_name":"Frederik Pohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Pohl"},{"link_name":"Merchants of Venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_of_Venus"},{"link_name":"Christopher Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Moore_(author)"},{"link_name":"Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_of_Flesh_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"All that glisters is not gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_that_glisters_is_not_gold"},{"link_name":"All That Glitters (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_Glitters_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"between you and I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_you_and_I"},{"link_name":"Between You & I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Public_Affair"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Between You & I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_You_%26_I"},{"link_name":"Kita Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_Alexander"},{"link_name":"The quality of mercy is not strained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_quality_of_mercy_(Shakespeare_quote)"},{"link_name":"The Quality of Mercy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quality_of_Mercy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"A Goon's Deed in a Weary World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Goon%27s_Deed_in_a_Weary_World"},{"link_name":"30 Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Rock"}],"text":"From the title:\nThe Merchants of Venus, 1972 novella by Frederik Pohl\nMerchants of Venus, 1998 film\nThe Serpent of Venice, 2014 book by Christopher Moore\nVillain with a Smiling Cheek, 1948 book by Paul Murray (I.iii)\nFrom \"pound of flesh\" (III.iii et passim):\nSee Pound of Flesh (disambiguation)\nPerhaps from \"All that glisters is not gold\" (II.vii):\nSee All That Glitters (disambiguation)\nPerhaps from \"between you and I\" (III.ii):\nBetween You and I: A Little Book of Bad English, 2003 book by James Cochrane\n\"Between You & I\", 2006 song by Jessica Simpson\n\"Between You & I\", 2019 song by Kita Alexander\nFrom \"The quality of mercy is not strained\" (IV.i):\nSee The Quality of Mercy (disambiguation)\nFrom \"So shines a good deed in a naughty world\" (V.i):\n\"A Goon's Deed in a Weary World\", 2013 30 Rock episode","title":"The Merchant of Venice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ill Met by Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight"},{"link_name":"W. Stanley Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Stanley_Moss"},{"link_name":"Ill Met by Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(film)"},{"link_name":"Michael Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Powell"},{"link_name":"Emeric Pressburger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeric_Pressburger"},{"link_name":"S. P. Somtow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Somtow"},{"link_name":"Ill Met by Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill_Met_by_Moonlight_(Gargoyles)"},{"link_name":"Gargoyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Bottom's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom%27s_Dream"},{"link_name":"Arno Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"From the title:\nSee A Midsummer Night's Dream (disambiguation)\nIll Met by Moonlight, 1950 book by W. Stanley Moss (II.i)\nIll Met by Moonlight, 1957 film adaptation of Moss's book, by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger (II.i)\nIll Met by Moonlight, 1994 film by S. P. Somtow (II.i)\n\"Ill Met by Moonlight\", 1996 episode of Gargoyles (II.i)\nNight and Silence by Seanan McGuire (II.ii)\nBottom's Dream by Arno Schmidt (IV.i)\nA Local Habitation by Seanan McGuire (V.i)","title":"A Midsummer Night's Dream"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sigh No More (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigh_No_More_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"P. M. Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._M._Hubbard"}],"text":"From the title:\nSee Much Ado About Nothing (disambiguation)\nFrom \"Sigh no more\" (II.iii):\nSee Sigh No More (disambiguation)\nKill Claudio by P. M. Hubbard (IV.i)","title":"Much Ado About Nothing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart on My Sleeve (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_on_My_Sleeve_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Beast with two backs § See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_with_two_backs#See_also"},{"link_name":"Passing Strange (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_Strange_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Robert Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)"},{"link_name":"Green-Eyed Monster (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-Eyed_Monster_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Pomp and Circumstance Marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_Marches"},{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Mortal Engines (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Engines_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Journey's End (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey%27s_End_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Richer Than All His Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richer_Than_All_His_Tribe"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Monsarrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Monsarrat"}],"text":"From \"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve\" (I.i):\nSee Heart on My Sleeve (disambiguation)\nFrom \"the beast with two backs\" (I.i):\nSee Beast with two backs § See also\nFrom \"passing strange\" (I.iii):\nSee Passing Strange (disambiguation)\nNothing if Not Critical by Robert Hughes (II.i)\nFrom \"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! / It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock / The meat it feeds on\" (III.ii.111):\nSee Green-Eyed Monster (disambiguation)\nFrom \"Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!\" (III.iii):\nPomp and Circumstance Marches, orchestral marches by Edward Elgar\nPomp and Circumstance, novel by Noël Coward\nFrom \"mortal engines\" (III.iii):\nSee Mortal Engines (disambiguation)\nFrom \"journey's end\" (V.ii – but cf. also Twelfth Night, II.iii):\nSee Journey's End (disambiguation)\nRicher Than All His Tribe by Nicholas Monsarrat (V.ii)","title":"Othello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgette Heyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgette_Heyer"}],"text":"Behold, Here's Poison by Georgette Heyer (I.i)","title":"Pericles, Prince of Tyre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"This Sceptred Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Sceptred_Isle_(radio_series)"},{"link_name":"The Demi-Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demi-Paradise"},{"link_name":"Laurence Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Olivier"},{"link_name":"This Happy Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Happy_Breed"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"This Happy Breed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lean"},{"link_name":"Hugo Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Young"},{"link_name":"Bid Time Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bid_Time_Return"},{"link_name":"Richard Matheson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Matheson"},{"link_name":"The Hollow Crown (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollow_Crown_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Auberon Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberon_Waugh"}],"text":"This Sceptred Isle, 1995 radio series on British history\nThe Demi-Paradise, 1943 film with Laurence Olivier (II.i)\nThis Happy Breed, 1939 play by Noël Coward (II.i)\nThis Happy Breed, 1944 film directed by David Lean, based on Coward's play (II.i)\nThis Blessed Plot by Hugo Young (II.i)\nBid Time Return by Richard Matheson (III.ii)\nFrom \"the hollow crown\" (III.ii):\nSee The Hollow Crown (disambiguation)\nWho Are the Violets Now? by Auberon Waugh (V.ii)","title":"Richard II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winter of Discontent (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Where Eagles Dare (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Eagles_Dare_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tomorrow in the Battle Think on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_in_the_Battle_Think_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Javier Marías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"My Kingdom for a Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kingdom_for_a_Cook"},{"link_name":"Sean Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Bean"}],"text":"From \"Now is the winter of our discontent\" (I.i):\nSee Winter of Discontent (disambiguation)\nFrom \"where eagles dare\" (I.iii):\nSee Where Eagles Dare (disambiguation)\nTomorrow in the Battle Think on Me by Javier Marías (V.iii)\nFrom \"A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!\" (V.iv):\nMy Kingdom for a Cook, 1943 film\nMy Kingdom for a Horse, 1988 BBC TV series starring Sean Bean","title":"Richard III"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Anthony Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jeff Mariotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Mariotte"},{"link_name":"What's in a Name? (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_in_a_Name%3F_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"By Any Other Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_Any_Other_Name"},{"link_name":"A Rose by Any Other Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rose_by_Any_Other_Name_(album)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Milsap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap"},{"link_name":"Inconstant Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconstant_Moon"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"Too Like the Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Like_the_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Ada Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Palmer"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ER_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Parker"},{"link_name":"Both Your Houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_Your_Houses"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford"}],"text":"An Artificial Night by Seanan McGuire (I.i)\nThe Strangers All Are Gone by Anthony Powell (I.v)\nDeny Thy Father by Jeff Mariotte (II.ii)\nFrom \"What's in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other word would smell as sweet\" (II.ii):\nSee What's in a Name? (disambiguation)\n\"By Any Other Name\", 1968 Star Trek episode\nA Rose by Any Other Name, 1975 album by Ronnie Milsap\nInconstant Moon by Larry Niven (II.ii)\nToo Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer (II.ii)\n\"Such Sweet Sorrow\", ER episode (II.ii)\nNot So Deep as a Well, poem by Dorothy Parker (III.i)\nBoth Your Houses, play by Maxwell Anderson (III.i)\nIt Was the Nightingale by Ford Madox Ford (III.v)","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Darling Buds of May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_(novel)"},{"link_name":"H. E. Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._Bates"},{"link_name":"The Darling Buds of May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Darling_Buds_of_May_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Summer's Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%27s_Lease"},{"link_name":"John Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Fortune and Men's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_and_Men%27s_Eyes"},{"link_name":"John Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"Fortune and Men's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_and_Men%27s_Eyes#Film_adaptation"},{"link_name":"Fortune and Men's Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_and_Men%27s_Eyes_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Caron Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Caron_Hall"},{"link_name":"Remembrance of Things Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time"},{"link_name":"Marcel Proust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Proust"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford"},{"link_name":"Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Late_the_Sweet_Birds_Sang"},{"link_name":"Kate Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Absent in the Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absent_in_the_Spring"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Muggeridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge"},{"link_name":"Nothing Like the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Like_the_Sun:_A_Story_of_Shakespeare%27s_Love_Life"},{"link_name":"Anthony Burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Burgess"},{"link_name":"...Nothing Like the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...Nothing_Like_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"A Waste of Shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Waste_of_Shame"},{"link_name":"Pamela Hansford Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Hansford_Johnson"},{"link_name":"No More Dying Then","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Dying_Then"},{"link_name":"Ruth Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Rendell"}],"text":"The Darling Buds of May by H. E. Bates (XVIII)\nThe Darling Buds of May, TV comedy based on H. E. Bates's novel (XVIII)\nSummer's Lease by John Mortimer (XVIII)\nFrom \"fortune and men's eyes\" (XXIX):\nFortune and Men's Eyes, 1967 play by John Herbert\nFortune and Men's Eyes, 1971 film adaptation of John Herbert's play\nFortune and Men's Eyes, 1987 album by Jennifer Caron Hall\nRemembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust (only in English translation; XXX)\nThe Pebbled Shore by Elizabeth Longford (LX)\nWhere Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm (LXXIII)\nAbsent in the Spring by Agatha Christie (XCVIII)\nChronicles of Wasted Time by Malcolm Muggeridge (CVI)\nNothing Like the Sun by Anthony Burgess (CXXX)\n...Nothing Like the Sun, album by Sting (CXXX)\nA Waste of Shame, 2005 drama (CXXIX)\nToo Dear for My Possessing by Pamela Hansford Johnson (CXXXVII)\nNo More Dying Then by Ruth Rendell (CXLVI)","title":"The Sonnets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiss Me, Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kate Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Tsui"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Kiss Me, Kate, play by Cole Porter (V.i)\nKiss Me Kate, 1953 film of Cole Porter's musical (V.i)\nKiss Me Kate, 2009 EP by Kate Tsui (V.i)\nKiss Me Kate, 1998–2000 BBC sitcom (V.i)","title":"The Taming of the Shrew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hell Is Empty and All the Devils Are Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Is_Empty_and_All_the_Devils_Are_Here"},{"link_name":"Anaal Nathrakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaal_Nathrakh"},{"link_name":"Hag-Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hag-Seed"},{"link_name":"Margaret Atwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood"},{"link_name":"Ariel's Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel%27s_Song"},{"link_name":"Richard Dadd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dadd"},{"link_name":"Full Fathom Five (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Fathom_Five_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Sea change (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_change_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"J. H. Prynne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Prynne"},{"link_name":"Something Rich and Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Rich_and_Strange"},{"link_name":"Patricia A. McKillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_A._McKillip"},{"link_name":"Rich and Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_and_Strange"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Strange bedfellows (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_bedfellows_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Isle Is Full of Noises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isle_Is_Full_of_Noises"},{"link_name":"Derek Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Walcott"},{"link_name":"Into Thin Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_Thin_Air"},{"link_name":"Jon Krakauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Krakauer"},{"link_name":"Robert Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bloch"},{"link_name":"This Rough Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Rough_Magic"},{"link_name":"Mary Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Rough Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Magic"},{"link_name":"Iolo Aneurin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iolo_Aneurin_Williams"},{"link_name":"Brave New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World"},{"link_name":"Aldous Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Every Third Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Third_Thought"},{"link_name":"John Barth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barth"}],"text":"Hell Is Empty and All the Devils Are Here, album by Anaal Nathrakh (I.ii)\nHag-Seed by Margaret Atwood (I.ii)\nFrom Ariel's Song (I.ii):\nCome Unto These Yellow Sands, painting by Richard Dadd\nSee Full Fathom Five (disambiguation)\nSee Sea change (disambiguation)\n\"Pearls That Were\", poem by J. H. Prynne\nSomething Rich and Strange, 1994 novel by Patricia A. McKillip\nRich and Strange, 1931 film by Alfred Hitchcock\nFrom \"misery acquaints a man with strange bed-fellows\" (II.ii):\nSee Strange bedfellows (disambiguation)\nThe Isle Is Full of Noises, play by Derek Walcott (III.ii)\nInto Thin Air by Jon Krakauer (IV.i)\nSuch Stuff As Screams Are Made Of by Robert Bloch (from \"We are such stuff / As dreams are made on\", IV.i)\nThis Rough Magic by Mary Stewart (V.i)\nRough Magic, 1995 film with Russell Crowe and Bridget Fonda (V.i)\nWhere the Bee Sucks, poetry anthology by Iolo Aneurin Williams (V.i)\nBrave New World by Aldous Huxley (V.i)\nEvery Third Thought by John Barth (V.i)","title":"The Tempest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In Cold Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Cold_Blood"},{"link_name":"Truman Capote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Capote"},{"link_name":"William Trevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Trevor"},{"link_name":"Fools of Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fools_of_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Pale Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Fire"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nabokov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov"}],"text":"In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (III.v)\nFools of Fortune by William Trevor (III.vi)\nFools of Fortune, 1990 film of William Trevor's novel (III.vi)\nPale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov (IV.iii)","title":"Timon of Athens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irwin Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Shaw"}],"text":"Gentle People by Irwin Shaw (V.iii)","title":"Titus Andronicus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Riddance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Riddance_(film)"},{"link_name":"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Riddance_(Time_of_Your_Life)"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"Simon Raven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Raven"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulle"}],"text":"Good Riddance, 1979 film (II.i)\n\"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)\", song by Green Day (II.i)\nAlms for Oblivion, series of novels by Simon Raven (III.iii)\nNot the Glory by Pierre Boulle (IV.i)","title":"Troilus and Cressida"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Present Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_Laughter"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Cakes and Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakes_and_Ale"},{"link_name":"Somerset Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Sad Cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_Cypress"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"To Play the Fool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Play_the_Fool"},{"link_name":"Laurie R. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_R._King"},{"link_name":"Improbable Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improbable_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Alan Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"}],"text":"Present Laughter, play by Noël Coward (II.iii)\nCakes and Ale by Somerset Maugham (II.iii)\nSad Cypress by Agatha Christie (II.iv)\nTo Play the Fool by Laurie R. King (III.i)\nImprobable Fiction, play by Alan Ayckbourn (III.iv)","title":"Twelfth Night"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"The Unkindest Tide by Seanan McGuire (II.iii)","title":"The Two Gentlemen of Verona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. R. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._James"},{"link_name":"Alex Bledsoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bledsoe"},{"link_name":"Fresh Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Horses_(film)"},{"link_name":"David Anspaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Anspaugh"},{"link_name":"E. K. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._K._Johnston"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"}],"text":"There Was A Man Dwelt by a Churchyard, short story by M. R. James (from \"There was a man ... Dwelt by a churchyard\", II.i)\nHe Drank, and Saw the Spider by Alex Bledsoe (from \"I have drunk, and seen the spider\", II.i)\nFresh Horses, 1988 film by David Anspaugh (III.i)\nExit, Pursued by a Bear by E. K. Johnston (stage direction in III.iii)\nRosemary and Rue by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)\nThe Winter Long by Seanan McGuire (IV.iv)","title":"The Winter's Tale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Passionate Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Eric Morecambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Morecambe"},{"link_name":"The Passionate Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim"},{"link_name":"Seanan McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanan_McGuire"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)"}],"text":"The Passionate Pilgrim, 1984 film with Eric Morecambe (from The Passionate Pilgrim, the title of a 16th-century anthology attributed to Shakespeare)\nA Red Rose Chain by Seanan McGuire, from Venus and Adonis","title":"Other"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of book titles taken from literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book_titles_taken_from_literature"}]
|
[{"reference":"Cavell, Stanley (Summer 1981), \"North by Northwest\", Critical Inquiry, 7 (4): 764, doi:10.1086/448130","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cavell","url_text":"Cavell, Stanley"},{"url":"https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Critical_Inquiry_(1981)_-_North_by_Northwest","url_text":"\"North by Northwest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Inquiry","url_text":"Critical Inquiry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448130","url_text":"10.1086/448130"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://manybooks.net/pages/manningfother080200261/0.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/Critical_Inquiry_(1981)_-_North_by_Northwest","external_links_name":"\"North by Northwest\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448130","external_links_name":"10.1086/448130"},{"Link":"http://www.barbarapaul.com/shake.html","external_links_name":"A more comprehensive list of book and play titles which are Shakespearean quotations"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bouyer
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Louis Bouyer
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["1 Biography","2 Published works in English","3 Footnotes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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French priest and theologian (1913-2004)
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The ReverendFr Louis BouyerCOBorn(1913-02-17)17 February 1913Paris, FranceDied22 October 2004(2004-10-22) (aged 91)Paris, FranceOccupation(s)Clergyman and scholarReligionChristianityChurchRoman Catholic Church (formerly Lutheran)Congregations servedOratory of Jesus
Louis Bouyer CO (17 February 1913 – 22 October 2004), was a French Catholic priest and former Lutheran minister who was received into the Catholic Church in 1939. During his religious career he was an influential theological thinker, especially in the fields of history, liturgy and spirituality, and as peritus helped shape the vision of the Second Vatican Council.
Along with Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and others, he was a co-founder of the international review Communio. He was chosen by the pope to be part of a team to initiate the International Theological Commission in 1969.
Biography
Born into a Protestant family in Paris, Louis Bouyer, after a receiving a degree from the Sorbonne, studied theology with the Protestant faculties of Paris and then Strasbourg. He was ordained a Lutheran minister in 1936 and served as vicar of the Lutheran parish of the Trinity in Paris until World War II. In 1939, the study of the christology and ecclesiology of St. Athanasius of Alexandria led Bouyer to the Catholic Church.
Received into the Catholic Church in the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille (Seine-Maritime) in 1944, he entered the congregation of the priests of the Oratory, and remained with them the rest of his life. He was a professor at the Catholic Institute of Paris until 1963 and then taught in England, Spain, and the United States. In 1969 he wrote the book The Decomposition of Catholicism, which presented what he saw as important liturgical and dogmatic problems in the Church.
Twice appointed by the pope to the International Theological Commission, he was a consultant at the Second Vatican Council for the liturgy, the Congregation of Sacred Rites and Secretariat for Christian Unity, recording in his memoirs a general negative impression of the council. In 1999 he received the Cardinal-Grente prize of the French Academy for all his work. He died 22 October 2004 in Paris, a victim of many years of Alzheimer's. He was buried in the cemetery of the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille.
Published works in English
The Paschal Mystery. Meditations on the Last Three Days of Holy Week (1951)
Life and Liturgy (Liturgical Piety) (1955)
The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (1956)
Newman: His Life and Spirituality (London: Burns & Oates, 1958)
Introduction to Spirituality (1961)
The Word, Church and Sacraments in Protestantism and Catholicism (1961)
The Seat of Wisdom: An Essay on the Place of the Virgin Mary in Christian theology (1962)
Rite and Man: The Sense of the Sacral and Christian Liturgy (1963)
Liturgy and Architecture (1967)
The Decomposition of Catholicism (Chicago, 1969)
The Spirituality of the New Testament and the Fathers (History of Christian Spirituality; v. 1) (1982)
The Spirituality of the Middle Ages (History of Christian Spirituality; v. 2) (1982)
Cosmos: The World and the Glory of God (1988)
The Invisible Father (St Bede's Publications, 1999)
The Church of God: Body of Christ and Temple of the Holy Spirit (2011)
The Memoirs of Louis Bouyer: From Youth and Conversion to Vatican II, the Liturgical Reform, and After (Angelico Press, August 2015)
Footnotes
^ Lemna, Keith (July 1, 2011). "Louis Bouyer's Sophiology: A Balthasarian Retrieval". Heythrop Journal. 52 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00555.x – via EBSCO.
^ "The liturgical reform, as seen by one of its protagonists". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
^ "An Artist at Vatican II | Francesca Aran Murphy". First Things. February 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
Bibliography
"Le métier de théologien" - Interviews with Georges Daix, Éditions France-Empire, 1979.
"Trois liturgistes. Héritage et actualité. Louis Bouyer, Pierre Jounel, Pierre-Marie Gy", review La Maison-Dieu, No. 246, 2006, 183 p.
De Rémur, Guillaume Bruté. La théologie trinitaire de Louis Bouyer, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome, 2010, 378 p.
Duchesne, Jean. Louis Bouyer, ed. Artège, Perpignan, 2011, 127 p.
Zordan, Davide. Connaissance et mystère. L'itinéraire théologique de Louis Bouyer, Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2008, 807 p.
External links
Louis Bouyer biography on IgnatiusInsight.com Archived 2008-01-07 at the Wayback Machine
Louis Bouyer and Church Architecture
Mark Brumley, Why Only Catholicism Can Make Protestantism Work: Louis Bouyer on the Reformation, on the Catholic Education Resource Center webpage; reprinted from Mark Brumley. "Why Only Catholicism Can Make Protestantism Work: Louis Bouyer on the Reformation," Catholic Dossier 7 no. 5 (September–October 2001): 30–35.
Mark Brumley, Why Catholicism Makes Protestantism Tick: Louis Bouyer on the Reformation Archived 2021-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, on the Ignatius Insight webpage (November 2004).
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During his religious career he was an influential theological thinker, especially in the fields of history, liturgy and spirituality,[1] and as peritus helped shape the vision of the Second Vatican Council.[2]\nAlong with Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, Hans Urs von Balthasar, and others, he was a co-founder of the international review Communio. He was chosen by the pope to be part of a team to initiate the International Theological Commission in 1969.","title":"Louis Bouyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"christology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christology"},{"link_name":"ecclesiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology"},{"link_name":"St. Athanasius of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Saint-Wandrille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Wandrille"},{"link_name":"Seine-Maritime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"Oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Catholic Institute of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Institute_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Theological Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Theological_Commission"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_liturgy"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Sacred Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Secretariat for Christian Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"French Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s"}],"text":"Born into a Protestant family in Paris, Louis Bouyer, after a receiving a degree from the Sorbonne, studied theology with the Protestant faculties of Paris and then Strasbourg. He was ordained a Lutheran minister in 1936 and served as vicar of the Lutheran parish of the Trinity in Paris until World War II. In 1939, the study of the christology and ecclesiology of St. Athanasius of Alexandria led Bouyer to the Catholic Church.Received into the Catholic Church in the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille (Seine-Maritime) in 1944, he entered the congregation of the priests of the Oratory, and remained with them the rest of his life. He was a professor at the Catholic Institute of Paris until 1963 and then taught in England, Spain, and the United States. In 1969 he wrote the book The Decomposition of Catholicism, which presented what he saw as important liturgical and dogmatic problems in the Church.Twice appointed by the pope to the International Theological Commission, he was a consultant at the Second Vatican Council for the liturgy, the Congregation of Sacred Rites and Secretariat for Christian Unity, recording in his memoirs a general negative impression of the council.[3] In 1999 he received the Cardinal-Grente prize of the French Academy for all his work. He died 22 October 2004 in Paris, a victim of many years of Alzheimer's. He was buried in the cemetery of the Abbey of Saint-Wandrille.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Paschal Mystery. Meditations on the Last Three Days of Holy Week (1951)\nLife and Liturgy (Liturgical Piety) (1955)\nThe Spirit and Forms of Protestantism (1956)\nNewman: His Life and Spirituality (London: Burns & Oates, 1958)\nIntroduction to Spirituality (1961)\nThe Word, Church and Sacraments in Protestantism and Catholicism (1961)\nThe Seat of Wisdom: An Essay on the Place of the Virgin Mary in Christian theology (1962)\nRite and Man: The Sense of the Sacral and Christian Liturgy (1963)\nLiturgy and Architecture (1967)\nThe Decomposition of Catholicism (Chicago, 1969)\nThe Spirituality of the New Testament and the Fathers (History of Christian Spirituality; v. 1) (1982)\nThe Spirituality of the Middle Ages (History of Christian Spirituality; v. 2) (1982)\nCosmos: The World and the Glory of God (1988)\nThe Invisible Father (St Bede's Publications, 1999)\nThe Church of God: Body of Christ and Temple of the Holy Spirit (2011)\nThe Memoirs of Louis Bouyer: From Youth and Conversion to Vatican II, the Liturgical Reform, and After (Angelico Press, August 2015)","title":"Published works in English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00555.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2265.2009.00555.x"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The liturgical reform, as seen by one of its protagonists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/the-liturgical-reform-as-seen-by-one-of-its-protagonists-23302"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"An Artist at Vatican II | Francesca Aran Murphy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.firstthings.com/article/2016/02/an-artist-at-vatican-ii"}],"text":"^ Lemna, Keith (July 1, 2011). \"Louis Bouyer's Sophiology: A Balthasarian Retrieval\". Heythrop Journal. 52 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00555.x – via EBSCO.\n\n^ \"The liturgical reform, as seen by one of its protagonists\". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-01-06.\n\n^ \"An Artist at Vatican II | Francesca Aran Murphy\". First Things. February 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-06.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Éditions France-Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_France-Empire"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jounel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Jounel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Marie Gy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Marie_Gy&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"\"Le métier de théologien\" - Interviews with Georges Daix, Éditions France-Empire, 1979.\n\"Trois liturgistes. Héritage et actualité. Louis Bouyer, Pierre Jounel, Pierre-Marie Gy\", review La Maison-Dieu, No. 246, 2006, 183 p.\nDe Rémur, Guillaume Bruté. La théologie trinitaire de Louis Bouyer, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Rome, 2010, 378 p.\nDuchesne, Jean. Louis Bouyer, ed. Artège, Perpignan, 2011, 127 p.\nZordan, Davide. Connaissance et mystère. L'itinéraire théologique de Louis Bouyer, Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2008, 807 p.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Lemna, Keith (July 1, 2011). \"Louis Bouyer's Sophiology: A Balthasarian Retrieval\". Heythrop Journal. 52 (4): 628–642. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00555.x – via EBSCO.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2265.2009.00555.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00555.x"}]},{"reference":"\"The liturgical reform, as seen by one of its protagonists\". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2021-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/the-liturgical-reform-as-seen-by-one-of-its-protagonists-23302","url_text":"\"The liturgical reform, as seen by one of its protagonists\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Artist at Vatican II | Francesca Aran Murphy\". First Things. February 2016. Retrieved 2021-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/02/an-artist-at-vatican-ii","url_text":"\"An Artist at Vatican II | Francesca Aran Murphy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Beach
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Albany Beach
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["1 Situation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°53′20″N 122°18′58″W / 37.889°N 122.316°W / 37.889; -122.316Beach in California
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Albany Beach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Albany Beach is a sand beach located in Albany, California on the east shore of San Francisco Bay.
The wide beach is backed by low dunes with scenic access to the East Bay shoreline. The beach is a frequent launch area for kayakers in calm conditions and kiteboarders when it is windy. It is also popular with dog walkers and beachgoers.
Situation
The beach is part of Albany Waterfront Park. It is located across from the Albany Bulb and Golden Gate Fields racetrack. It can be accessed by the Racetrack shuttle from North Berkeley BART station.
37°53′20″N 122°18′58″W / 37.889°N 122.316°W / 37.889; -122.316
See also
List of beaches in California
List of California state parks
References
^ "Albany Beach | Bay Water Trail". The San Francisco Bay Area Water Trail (Water Trail). Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
External links
City of Albany Waterfront & Bulb
East Bay Regional Parks
This Alameda County, California–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpinomyces
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Orpinomyces
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Genus of fungi
Orpinomyces
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Neocallimastigomycota
Class:
Neocallimastigomycetes
Order:
Neocallimastigales
Family:
Neocallimastigaceae
Genus:
OrpinomycesD.J.S. Barr, H. Kudo, Jakober & K.J. Cheng 1989
Species
O. bovis Barr et al. 1989
O. intercalaris Ho 1994
Orpinomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae.
References
^ Barr DJ, Kudo H, Jakober KD, Cheng KJ (1989). "Morphology and development of rumen fungi: Neocallimastix sp., Piromyces communis, and Orpinomyces bovis gen.nov., sp.nov". Canadian Journal of Botany. 67 (9): 2815–24. doi:10.1139/b89-361.
External links
Orpinomyces in Index Fungorum
Taxon identifiersOrpinomyces
Wikidata: Q7104016
Wikispecies: Orpinomyces
AusFungi: 60016224
BOLD: 587353
CoL: 63HB7
EoL: 6791786
Fungorum: 25326
GBIF: 2560432
IRMNG: 1104270
MycoBank: 25326
NCBI: 37163
NZOR: aabb2caa-8c15-44d4-a7b5-d72afdf58d82
Open Tree of Life: 910685
This fungus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur_Waterways_diplomatic_crisis
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Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisis
|
["1 Background","2 Diplomatic crisis breaks out","3 Consequences","4 References"]
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2023 trade dispute in South America
Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisisMap of the Río de la Plata Basin in South America, with major cities and rivers markedDateJuly 29, 2023 (2023-07-29) to presentLocationMercosur area (Paraná River, Tietê River, Uruguay River)Caused byEstablishment of tolls for international ships in the waterway off the coast of Argentina
Non-compliance with the Santa Cruz de la Sierra Agreement by ArgentinaParties
Paraguay Brazil Uruguay Bolivia
Argentina
Lead figures
Santiago Peña Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Luis Lacalle Pou Luis Arce
Alberto Fernández
Javier Milei
The Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisis is a regional diplomatic conflict over the free navigability of the rivers in the Río de la Plata Basin, between the government of Argentina and the rest of the countries of the main waterway of Mercosur, among which are Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. Mercosur asked that the toll of the Argentine sector of the waterway be lifted unilaterally due to the potential damage to the development, trade and economic integration of the region.
The Permanent Transportation Commission of the La Plata Basin (CPTCP), made up of the users of the navigable waterway from the five signatory countries of the agreement, certified that "the hydro-morphological conditions of the river in the Santa Fe-Confluencia section, due to its natural depths, allow the safe navigation of vessels at a 10-foot draft for 24 hours, without the need for dredging interventions." Likewise, it was stressed that "with the technology available, it is not necessary to provide the beacon service for that sector either."
With the surprise election victory of Javier Milei in the 2023 Argentine general election, the impact of the conflict on the proposed Mercosur-European union trade deal is uncertain.
Background
On 21 September 2022, the Ministry of Transport of Argentina issued Resolution No. 625/2022 which was formally published in the official gazette on the 30th of that month. In it, it established the collection of the toll on the Paraná River for ships that circulate through the section that goes from the port of Santa Fe to the confluence with the Paraguay River. On December 30 of that year, the aforementioned bulletin announced Resolution 1023/2022 of the Argentine State Secretariat, confirming the rates of the previous provision. The toll began to be collected from 1 January 2023 to ships that circulate between kilometre 1,238 and kilometre 584 of that river course within Argentine territory.
A resolution of the Ministry of Transportation of Argentina established, as of 1 January 2023, a rate of US$1.47 (about 1.33 euros) per ton for international transport vessels and 1.47 Argentine pesos (US$0.0054) per ton for cabotage (domestic) cargoes. Violating several articles of the Santa Cruz de la Sierra Agreement or HPP Agreement on the free international navigation of Paraguay-Paraná, which is protected by the Treaty of Montevideo of 1980.
By the end of January, the first discontent and protests would occur on the part of Paraguay and other regional companies. Uruguay and Bolivia also joined the Paraguayan cause. In a short time, an international committee was formed that ended up being joined by Brazil to request the suspension of toll collection on the waterway.
According to CAFyM data, Paraguay has the largest river fleet in South America and the third in the world, after the US and China, with an investment of 3.7 billion dollars. EFE 70% of Paraguay's exports, which is a landlocked country, occur by means of river transport, while the imported volume reaches 50%. Several international companies also operate with this river fleet. . Bolivia in April 2023, exceeded the burden of US$1,000 million for the use of the waterway.
Diplomatic crisis breaks out
On 29 July 2023, the first seizure of a ship called (HB Grus) with the Paraguayan flag was reported, in the name of the Brazilian-owned shipping company Hidrovías do Brasil carrying a shipment of soybeans for that country. The ship was detained and forced to pay the toll for 10 days, causing losses of 400,000 USD.
At the same time that the incident occurred, the ship HB Phoenix, flying the Bolivian flag and belonging to the same Brazilian company, reported that the Argentine authorities tried to seize it on the way, until they succeeded in the vicinity of the San Lorenzo toll area. The cargo was also made up of Brazilian goods.
On 1 August, the Brazilian Association for the Development of Inland Navigation (Abani) urged the Brazilian government to convene "an extraordinary meeting of the Paraguay-Paraná Waterway Agreement Commission" to present a complaint following the Argentine government's decision this year to begin charging tolls for vessels sailing north of Santa Fe. The majority of vessels affected by this measure are Paraguayan.
Argentine shipping companies supported the initiative, but admitted that the Ministry of Transportation exceeded the tariff, sharply increasing costs for Argentine oil companies that import soybeans from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, while Paraguayan and Brazilian merchants maintain that the provision violates treaties and multilateral agreements, in addition to the fact that no work has been carried out that justifies charging for a service.
On 15 August, Santiago Peña assumed as president of Paraguay, a few days later, on August 24, Argentine Minister of Economy Sergio Massa made a stopover in Paraguay on his trip to the United States to deal with IMF issues after his visit to Paraguay he met with the president Peña at the Mburuvicha Róga (Paraguayan presidential residence) accompanied by the Minister of Transport, Pedro Giuliano, in which they would discuss issues of a billion-dollar debt of Argentina to Paraguay for energy of the Yacyretá Dam and tolls on the waterway, among other projects. After the meeting ended, Paraguayan media announced the cessation of tolls between 60 and 90 days to provide a solution to the conflict.
On 25 August, the Argentine transportation ministry denied any cessation of tolls on the waterway despite contradictory statements from Sergio Massa at a press conference.
On 9 September, a ship named LaTere, from the Paraguayan company Mercurio Group, was seized with a convoy of more than 10 barges with 50 million liters of fuel from the British oil company Shell. Demonstrating non-compliance with a suspension of this type of actions in the river, unleashing a new wave of protests by private companies in Paraguay due to the delay in fuel.
On September 10, a joint statement was issued between the governments of Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay. Regretting the restriction of free navigation in rivers and emphasizing the problems that these actions can bring to landlocked countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay. At the same time, it is reported that barges owned by Mercurio Group are still being detained even after paying the toll. On September 11, the Mercurio Group barges held by Argentina were released.
The Argentine government excuses that the toll collection must be carried out to maintain the cost of dredging the waterway, according to the Argentine energy secretary, Flavia Royon. Contradicting the fact that all Mercosur countries comply with dredging without charging tolls on rivers. However, what the Secretary of Energy said also contradicts what was said by the Argentine delegation on June 23, “The Argentine delegation admitted that the toll rate does not respond to dredging interventions and justified it.” due to signaling services, constant change of traces and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) that allows knowing in real time the positioning of the vessels and night navigation in said section.¨ these statements were not demonstrated by the delegation, being accused by the other delegations and private users of being inefficient. Until 2022, the Argentine State subsidized the dredging and beaconing of the section, which costs around US$20 million.
Analysts from Uruguay have warned that the decision to collect the toll affects the course of logistics that reaches Uruguayan ports from the interior of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, generating significant losses of money, as well as the possibility that Argentina could impose also tolls on the Argentine side of the Uruguay River affecting internal Uruguayan producers.
On September 16, the Paraguayan-United States Chamber of Commerce (USAPACC) issued a press release, highlighting that the Argentine Government is violating several treaties, agreements, bilateral and multilateral conventions, including the UN convention on human rights at sea (UNCLOS), as well as the free navigation treaties of 1852, 1856, 1876, 1967 and 1991 hat recognized the rights of Paraguay, the measure directly affects Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay since it is considered a serious replay in the integration of Mercosur They also highlighted that Paraguay has the third largest river fleet in the world, through which they export and import all types of products, as well as offer their international services to the landlocked regions of the Río de la Plata Basin. They affirm that the material damages are quantifiable and will continue to grow due to the sustained economic and social advance, and there are also psychological, moral and social damages from aggression against the relatively small population of the Guaraní people.
Finally, they affirmed that the damage to trade in Mercosur is direct, just as there is indirect damage with other countries that have trade with Paraguay, among them: the United States. The last paragraphs of the statement talk about how these impositions affect the trade of the United States, as well as taking the necessary measures to defend the interests and help find an immediate solution, regretting the decision of the Argentine Government.
Consequences
Paraguay agreed to the demands of the ANDE and decided to withdraw 100% of the energy produced by the Yacyretá Dam, demonstrating a million-dollar debt of the Argentine government for energy being close to US$150 million. This decision would create an electrical energy deficit with the Argentine government of at least 15%. Argentina accused Paraguay of deliberately opening the Aña Cuá gates of the same dam, releasing more than 2,000 cubic meters of water, an action that would generate lower production from the hydroelectric plant.
Paraguay plans to go to the Permanent Review Court of Mercosur to resolve the crisis with arbitration and lawsuit. The Paraguayan government also decides to withdraw support for Argentina from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund.
The governments of Uruguay and Paraguay signed agreements that allow Paraguay to invest in the construction of a new port in the department of Soriano in Uruguay and the use of the port of Montevideo, which will allow Paraguayan shipping companies to stop paying the concept for the use of Argentine ports. These agreements will also be added to the agreements with Bolivia for the use of Uruguayan ports made in 2019.
The United States will support the 4 Mercosur claimant countries in the negotiations, to convince Argentina to lift the restrictions.
References
^ Boadle, Anthony; Elliott, Lucinda; Boadle, Anthony; Elliott, Lucinda (2023-11-20). "EU-Mercosur talks speed up before Milei takes office -trade experts". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
^ "Acuerdo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra" (PDF).
^ "Tratado HPP y Aduanas argentinas".
^ "Protesta de la postura paraguaya al peaje de la hidrovía".
^ "Uruguay y Bolivia protestan por el peaje en la hidrovía". 17 January 2023.
^ "La Nación / Comisión de Hidrovía: Brasil, Bolivia y Uruguay se adhieren a la postura paraguaya contra el peaje". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ Infobae, Por Newsroom (30 July 2023). "Paraguay reclama a Argentina una pronta solución a la interdicción y embargo de un buque en la hidrovía". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Bolivia superó los US$1.000 millones en cargas por la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná". noticiaslogisticaytransporte.com (in Spanish). 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "La Nación / Gobierno argentino ordenó la liberación de buque paraguayo". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Se agudiza conflicto diplomático con Argentina por retención en hidrovía | Locales | 5Días". Se agudiza conflicto diplomático con Argentina por retención en hidrovía | Locales | 5Días (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ a b "Operadores brasileños quieren al gobierno federal involucrado en disputa por peaje de la hidrovía del Paraná". MercoPress (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ Catalano, Por Sebastián (24 August 2023). "Massa hizo escala en Paraguay, se reunió con el presidente Peña: la deuda por Yacyretá y los costos de la hidrovía". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Reunión entre Massa y Peña".
^ "Peaje argentino en la Hidrovía queda suspendido entre 60 y 90 días | 1000 Noticias" (in Spanish). 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "¿Contradicciones de Argentina? Lo que realmente dijo Sergio Massa sobre el peaje de la hidrovía – Política – ABC Color". www.abc.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Tensión en el Mercosur por embargo de barcaza paraguaya con combustible que se negó a pagar peaje". Diario El Ciudadano y la Región (in European Spanish). 2023-09-09. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Comunicado en conjunto de los Gobiernos de Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay solicitando la suspensión de las restricciones a la libertad de tránsito y la libre navegación impuestas por la República Argentina". X (formerly Twitter) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Países de Sudamérica se unen para solicitar a Argentina la libre navegación en la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná". Europa Press. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Barcaza paraguaya sigue retenida en Argentina pese a que pagaron el peaje – Nacionales – ABC Color". www.abc.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ Desantis, Daniela (2023-09-12). "Argentina insists on key river tolls amid criticism from neighbors". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "Un nuevo paso para avanzar con el dragado de la hidrovía entre Uruguay y Brasil". www.ambito.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "BNamericas – Paraguay avanza con APP de dragado de US$110mn". BNamericas.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay concluyen que Argentina no justificó el peaje en la Hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná". www.mre.gov.py. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ Verduguez, Alejandra. "Exportadores advierten que pago de peaje en la Hidrovía a Argentina generaría pérdidas". www.reduno.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ a b c "Comunicado de prensa de la Cámara de Comercio Paraguay/Estados Unidos (USAPACC)". Facebook.
^ "La Nación / Deuda de Yacyretá: "Argentina se tiene que poner al día", dijo ministro". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ a b NA, Agencia. "Tensión diplomática: una medida unilateral de Paraguay en Yacyretá casi afecta la generación eléctrica en la Argentina". www.revistachacra.com.ar. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
^ "Un puerto para Paraguay en Uruguay".
^ "Bolivia y Uruguay firman acuerdos para el uso y control portuarios en Uruguay".
vteAlberto FernándezPresidency
Inauguration
2018–present Argentine monetary crisis
Ministry of Territorial Development and Habitat
Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity
COVID-19 pandemic
17A protests
VIP vaccination scandal
Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy Bill
Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2023 Jujuy protests
Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisis
Elections
2019 general election
Family
Fabiola Yáñez (wife)
Dylan (pet)
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Río de la Plata Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin"},{"link_name":"government of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Javier Milei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Milei"},{"link_name":"2023 Argentine general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Argentine_general_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisis is a regional diplomatic conflict over the free navigability of the rivers in the Río de la Plata Basin, between the government of Argentina and the rest of the countries of the main waterway of Mercosur, among which are Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay and Brazil. Mercosur asked that the toll of the Argentine sector of the waterway be lifted unilaterally due to the potential damage to the development, trade and economic integration of the region.The Permanent Transportation Commission of the La Plata Basin (CPTCP), made up of the users of the navigable waterway from the five signatory countries of the agreement, certified that \"the hydro-morphological conditions of the river in the Santa Fe-Confluencia section, due to its natural depths, allow the safe navigation of vessels at a 10-foot draft for 24 hours, without the need for dredging interventions.\" Likewise, it was stressed that \"with the technology available, it is not necessary to provide the beacon service for that sector either.\"With the surprise election victory of Javier Milei in the 2023 Argentine general election, the impact of the conflict on the proposed Mercosur-European union trade deal is uncertain.[1]","title":"Mercosur Waterways diplomatic crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Transport of Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_River"},{"link_name":"Argentine State Secretariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Presidency_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"landlocked country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country"},{"link_name":"river transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_transport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 21 September 2022, the Ministry of Transport of Argentina issued Resolution No. 625/2022 which was formally published in the official gazette on the 30th of that month. In it, it established the collection of the toll on the Paraná River for ships that circulate through the section that goes from the port of Santa Fe to the confluence with the Paraguay River. On December 30 of that year, the aforementioned bulletin announced Resolution 1023/2022 of the Argentine State Secretariat, confirming the rates of the previous provision. The toll began to be collected from 1 January 2023 to ships that circulate between kilometre 1,238 and kilometre 584 of that river course within Argentine territory.A resolution of the Ministry of Transportation of Argentina established, as of 1 January 2023, a rate of US$1.47 (about 1.33 euros) per ton for international transport vessels and 1.47 Argentine pesos (US$0.0054) per ton for cabotage (domestic) cargoes. Violating several articles of the Santa Cruz de la Sierra Agreement or HPP Agreement on the free international navigation of Paraguay-Paraná, which is protected by the Treaty of Montevideo of 1980.[2][3]By the end of January, the first discontent and protests would occur on the part of Paraguay and other regional companies.[4] Uruguay and Bolivia also joined the Paraguayan cause.[5] In a short time, an international committee was formed that ended up being joined by Brazil to request the suspension of toll collection on the waterway.[6]According to CAFyM data, Paraguay has the largest river fleet in South America and the third in the world, after the US and China, with an investment of 3.7 billion dollars. EFE 70% of Paraguay's exports, which is a landlocked country, occur by means of river transport, while the imported volume reaches 50%. Several international companies also operate with this river fleet. .[7] Bolivia in April 2023, exceeded the burden of US$1,000 million for the use of the waterway.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"Santiago Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"president of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Minister of Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Sergio Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Massa"},{"link_name":"IMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"Mburuvicha Róga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvicha_R%C3%B3ga"},{"link_name":"Pedro Giuliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Giuliano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yacyretá Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacyret%C3%A1_Dam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sergio Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Massa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_plc"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"landlocked countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_countries"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Flavia Royon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flavia_Royon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Uruguay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_River"},{"link_name":"United States Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Argentine Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"UNCLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"Río de la Plata Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_Basin"},{"link_name":"Guaraní people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"}],"text":"On 29 July 2023, the first seizure of a ship called (HB Grus) with the Paraguayan flag was reported, in the name of the Brazilian-owned shipping company Hidrovías do Brasil carrying a shipment of soybeans for that country. The ship was detained and forced to pay the toll for 10 days, causing losses of 400,000 USD.[9]At the same time that the incident occurred, the ship HB Phoenix, flying the Bolivian flag and belonging to the same Brazilian company, reported that the Argentine authorities tried to seize it on the way, until they succeeded in the vicinity of the San Lorenzo toll area. The cargo was also made up of Brazilian goods.[10]On 1 August, the Brazilian Association for the Development of Inland Navigation (Abani) urged the Brazilian government to convene \"an extraordinary meeting of the Paraguay-Paraná Waterway Agreement Commission\" to present a complaint following the Argentine government's decision this year to begin charging tolls for vessels sailing north of Santa Fe. The majority of vessels affected by this measure are Paraguayan.[11]Argentine shipping companies supported the initiative, but admitted that the Ministry of Transportation exceeded the tariff, sharply increasing costs for Argentine oil companies that import soybeans from Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia, while Paraguayan and Brazilian merchants maintain that the provision violates treaties and multilateral agreements, in addition to the fact that no work has been carried out that justifies charging for a service.[11]On 15 August, Santiago Peña assumed as president of Paraguay, a few days later, on August 24, Argentine Minister of Economy Sergio Massa made a stopover in Paraguay on his trip to the United States to deal with IMF issues after his visit to Paraguay he met with the president Peña at the Mburuvicha Róga (Paraguayan presidential residence) accompanied by the Minister of Transport, Pedro Giuliano, in which they would discuss issues of a billion-dollar debt of Argentina to Paraguay for energy of the Yacyretá Dam and tolls on the waterway, among other projects.[12][13] After the meeting ended, Paraguayan media announced the cessation of tolls between 60 and 90 days to provide a solution to the conflict.[14]On 25 August, the Argentine transportation ministry denied any cessation of tolls on the waterway despite contradictory statements from Sergio Massa at a press conference.[15]On 9 September, a ship named LaTere, from the Paraguayan company Mercurio Group, was seized with a convoy of more than 10 barges with 50 million liters of fuel from the British oil company Shell. Demonstrating non-compliance with a suspension of this type of actions in the river, unleashing a new wave of protests by private companies in Paraguay due to the delay in fuel.[16]On September 10, a joint statement was issued between the governments of Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay. Regretting the restriction of free navigation in rivers and emphasizing the problems that these actions can bring to landlocked countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay.[17][18] At the same time, it is reported that barges owned by Mercurio Group are still being detained even after paying the toll.[19] On September 11, the Mercurio Group barges held by Argentina were released.The Argentine government excuses that the toll collection must be carried out to maintain the cost of dredging the waterway, according to the Argentine energy secretary, Flavia Royon.[20] Contradicting the fact that all Mercosur countries comply with dredging without charging tolls on rivers.[21][22] However, what the Secretary of Energy said also contradicts what was said by the Argentine delegation on June 23, “The Argentine delegation admitted that the toll rate does not respond to dredging interventions and justified it.” due to signaling services, constant change of traces and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) that allows knowing in real time the positioning of the vessels and night navigation in said section.¨ these statements were not demonstrated by the delegation, being accused by the other delegations and private users of being inefficient.[23] Until 2022, the Argentine State subsidized the dredging and beaconing of the section, which costs around US$20 million.[24]Analysts from Uruguay have warned that the decision to collect the toll affects the course of logistics that reaches Uruguayan ports from the interior of Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay, generating significant losses of money, as well as the possibility that Argentina could impose also tolls on the Argentine side of the Uruguay River affecting internal Uruguayan producers.On September 16, the Paraguayan-United States Chamber of Commerce (USAPACC) issued a press release, highlighting that the Argentine Government is violating several treaties, agreements, bilateral and multilateral conventions, including the UN convention on human rights at sea (UNCLOS), as well as the free navigation treaties of 1852, 1856, 1876, 1967 and 1991 hat recognized the rights of Paraguay, the measure directly affects Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay since it is considered a serious replay in the integration of Mercosur They also highlighted that Paraguay has the third largest river fleet in the world, through which they export and import all types of products, as well as offer their international services to the landlocked regions of the Río de la Plata Basin. They affirm that the material damages are quantifiable and will continue to grow due to the sustained economic and social advance, and there are also psychological, moral and social damages from aggression against the relatively small population of the Guaraní people.[25]Finally, they affirmed that the damage to trade in Mercosur is direct, just as there is indirect damage with other countries that have trade with Paraguay, among them: the United States. The last paragraphs of the statement talk about how these impositions affect the trade of the United States, as well as taking the necessary measures to defend the interests and help find an immediate solution, regretting the decision of the Argentine Government.[25]","title":"Diplomatic crisis breaks out"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANDE_(Paraguay)"},{"link_name":"Yacyretá Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacyret%C3%A1_Dam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"Paraguayan government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_government"},{"link_name":"international organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"},{"link_name":"International Monetary Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-27"},{"link_name":"Soriano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soriano_Department"},{"link_name":"port of Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Montevideo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-25"}],"text":"Paraguay agreed to the demands of the ANDE and decided to withdraw 100% of the energy produced by the Yacyretá Dam, demonstrating a million-dollar debt of the Argentine government for energy being close to US$150 million. This decision would create an electrical energy deficit with the Argentine government of at least 15%.[26] Argentina accused Paraguay of deliberately opening the Aña Cuá gates of the same dam, releasing more than 2,000 cubic meters of water, an action that would generate lower production from the hydroelectric plant.[27]Paraguay plans to go to the Permanent Review Court of Mercosur to resolve the crisis with arbitration and lawsuit. The Paraguayan government also decides to withdraw support for Argentina from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund.[27]The governments of Uruguay and Paraguay signed agreements that allow Paraguay to invest in the construction of a new port in the department of Soriano in Uruguay and the use of the port of Montevideo, which will allow Paraguayan shipping companies to stop paying the concept for the use of Argentine ports.[28] These agreements will also be added to the agreements with Bolivia for the use of Uruguayan ports made in 2019.[29]The United States will support the 4 Mercosur claimant countries in the negotiations, to convince Argentina to lift the restrictions.[25]","title":"Consequences"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Boadle, Anthony; Elliott, Lucinda; Boadle, Anthony; Elliott, Lucinda (2023-11-20). \"EU-Mercosur talks speed up before Milei takes office -trade experts\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/eu-mercosur-talks-speed-up-with-milei-win-experts-say-2023-11-20/","url_text":"\"EU-Mercosur talks speed up before Milei takes office -trade experts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Acuerdo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aduana.gov.py/uploads/archivos/9-Acuerdo_Hidrovia.pdf","url_text":"\"Acuerdo de Santa Cruz de la Sierra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tratado HPP y Aduanas argentinas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afip.gob.ar/hidrovia-parana/que-es/acuerdo.asp#:~:text=El%20Acuerdo%20de%20Santa%20Cruz%20de%20la%20Sierra%2C%20o%20Acuerdo,transporte%20comercial%20en%20la%20regi%C3%B3n.","url_text":"\"Tratado HPP y Aduanas argentinas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protesta de la postura paraguaya al peaje de la hidrovía\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/paises-del-acuerdo-de-santa-cruz-de-la-sierra-reclamaron-y-solicitaron-la-argentina-la-no-aplicacion-del-peaje-en-la-hidrovia","url_text":"\"Protesta de la postura paraguaya al peaje de la hidrovía\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uruguay y Bolivia protestan por el peaje en la hidrovía\". 17 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ciarglobal.com/bolivia-y-uruguay-se-unen-a-paraguay-y-presionan-a-argentina-sobre-peaje-en-hidrovia/","url_text":"\"Uruguay y Bolivia protestan por el peaje en la hidrovía\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Nación / Comisión de Hidrovía: Brasil, Bolivia y Uruguay se adhieren a la postura paraguaya contra el peaje\". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.py/negocios/2023/01/27/comision-de-hidrovia-brasil-bolivia-y-uruguay-se-adhieren-a-la-postura-paraguaya-contra-el-peaje/","url_text":"\"La Nación / Comisión de Hidrovía: Brasil, Bolivia y Uruguay se adhieren a la postura paraguaya contra el peaje\""}]},{"reference":"Infobae, Por Newsroom (30 July 2023). \"Paraguay reclama a Argentina una pronta solución a la interdicción y embargo de un buque en la hidrovía\". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2023/07/30/paraguay-reclama-a-argentina-una-pronta-solucion-a-la-interdiccion-y-embargo-de-un-buque-en-la-hidrovia/","url_text":"\"Paraguay reclama a Argentina una pronta solución a la interdicción y embargo de un buque en la hidrovía\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolivia superó los US$1.000 millones en cargas por la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\". noticiaslogisticaytransporte.com (in Spanish). 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticiaslogisticaytransporte.com/logistica/13/04/2023/bolivia-supero-los-us1-000-millones-en-cargas-por-la-hidrovia-paraguay-parana/183795.html","url_text":"\"Bolivia superó los US$1.000 millones en cargas por la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Nación / Gobierno argentino ordenó la liberación de buque paraguayo\". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.py/negocios_edicion_impresa/2023/08/06/gobierno-argentino-ordeno-la-liberacion-de-buque-paraguayo/","url_text":"\"La Nación / Gobierno argentino ordenó la liberación de buque paraguayo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Se agudiza conflicto diplomático con Argentina por retención en hidrovía | Locales | 5Días\". Se agudiza conflicto diplomático con Argentina por retención en hidrovía | Locales | 5Días (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.5dias.com.py/locales/se-agudiza-conflicto-diplomatico-con-argentina-por-retencion-en-hidrovia","url_text":"\"Se agudiza conflicto diplomático con Argentina por retención en hidrovía | Locales | 5Días\""}]},{"reference":"\"Operadores brasileños quieren al gobierno federal involucrado en disputa por peaje de la hidrovía del Paraná\". MercoPress (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://es.mercopress.com/2023/08/01/operadores-brasilenos-quieren-al-gobierno-federal-involucrado-en-disputa-por-peaje-de-la-hidrovia-del-parana","url_text":"\"Operadores brasileños quieren al gobierno federal involucrado en disputa por peaje de la hidrovía del Paraná\""}]},{"reference":"Catalano, Por Sebastián (24 August 2023). \"Massa hizo escala en Paraguay, se reunió con el presidente Peña: la deuda por Yacyretá y los costos de la hidrovía\". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infobae.com/economia/2023/08/24/massa-hizo-escala-en-paraguay-se-reunio-con-el-presidente-pena-la-deuda-por-yacyreta-y-los-costos-de-la-hidrovia/","url_text":"\"Massa hizo escala en Paraguay, se reunió con el presidente Peña: la deuda por Yacyretá y los costos de la hidrovía\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reunión entre Massa y Peña\".","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/SantiPenap/status/1694782777118302456","url_text":"\"Reunión entre Massa y Peña\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peaje argentino en la Hidrovía queda suspendido entre 60 y 90 días | 1000 Noticias\" (in Spanish). 2023-08-24. Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1000noticias.com.py/2023/08/24/peaje-argentino-en-la-hidrovia-queda-suspendido-entre-60-y-90-dias/","url_text":"\"Peaje argentino en la Hidrovía queda suspendido entre 60 y 90 días | 1000 Noticias\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Contradicciones de Argentina? Lo que realmente dijo Sergio Massa sobre el peaje de la hidrovía – Política – ABC Color\". www.abc.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.com.py/politica/2023/08/25/contradicciones-de-argentina-lo-que-realmente-dijo-sergio-massa-sobre-el-peaje-de-la-hidrovia/","url_text":"\"¿Contradicciones de Argentina? Lo que realmente dijo Sergio Massa sobre el peaje de la hidrovía – Política – ABC Color\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tensión en el Mercosur por embargo de barcaza paraguaya con combustible que se negó a pagar peaje\". Diario El Ciudadano y la Región (in European Spanish). 2023-09-09. 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Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/PresidenciaPy/status/1701034534110667031","url_text":"\"Comunicado en conjunto de los Gobiernos de Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay solicitando la suspensión de las restricciones a la libertad de tránsito y la libre navegación impuestas por la República Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Países de Sudamérica se unen para solicitar a Argentina la libre navegación en la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\". Europa Press. 2023-09-11. Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-paises-sudamerica-unen-solicitar-argentina-libre-navegacion-hidrovia-paraguay-parana-20230911035505.html","url_text":"\"Países de Sudamérica se unen para solicitar a Argentina la libre navegación en la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barcaza paraguaya sigue retenida en Argentina pese a que pagaron el peaje – Nacionales – ABC Color\". www.abc.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/2023/09/10/barcaza-paraguaya-sigue-retenida-en-argentina-pese-a-que-pagaron-el-peaje/","url_text":"\"Barcaza paraguaya sigue retenida en Argentina pese a que pagaron el peaje – Nacionales – ABC Color\""}]},{"reference":"Desantis, Daniela (2023-09-12). \"Argentina insists on key river tolls amid criticism from neighbors\". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-paraguay-clash-with-argentina-over-grains-waterway-tolls-2023-09-11/","url_text":"\"Argentina insists on key river tolls amid criticism from neighbors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un nuevo paso para avanzar con el dragado de la hidrovía entre Uruguay y Brasil\". www.ambito.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ambito.com/uruguay/un-nuevo-paso-avanzar-el-dragado-la-hidrovia-y-brasil-n5793362","url_text":"\"Un nuevo paso para avanzar con el dragado de la hidrovía entre Uruguay y Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"\"BNamericas – Paraguay avanza con APP de dragado de US$110mn\". BNamericas.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/paraguay-avanza-con-app-de-dragado-de-us110mn","url_text":"\"BNamericas – Paraguay avanza con APP de dragado de US$110mn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay concluyen que Argentina no justificó el peaje en la Hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\". www.mre.gov.py. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/bolivia-brasil-paraguay-y-uruguay-concluyen-que-argentina-no-justifico-el-peaje-en-la-hidrovia-paraguay-parana","url_text":"\"Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay concluyen que Argentina no justificó el peaje en la Hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\""}]},{"reference":"Verduguez, Alejandra. \"Exportadores advierten que pago de peaje en la Hidrovía a Argentina generaría pérdidas\". www.reduno.com.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reduno.com.bo/noticias/exportadores-advierten-que-pago-de-peaje-en-la-hidrovia-a-argentina-generaria-perdidas-202391223590","url_text":"\"Exportadores advierten que pago de peaje en la Hidrovía a Argentina generaría pérdidas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comunicado de prensa de la Cámara de Comercio Paraguay/Estados Unidos (USAPACC)\". Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/100064770546509/posts/pfbid0rVGF3mWcrnRQLPgKFTqh7aoRJWpodVnkC4Nyn3UQip8QVEAZFAcsi29YWVWvSpj4l/?app=fbl","url_text":"\"Comunicado de prensa de la Cámara de Comercio Paraguay/Estados Unidos (USAPACC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"La Nación / Deuda de Yacyretá: \"Argentina se tiene que poner al día\", dijo ministro\". www.lanacion.com.py (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2023/09/08/deuda-de-yacyreta-argentina-se-tiene-que-poner-al-dia-dijo-ministro/","url_text":"\"La Nación / Deuda de Yacyretá: \"Argentina se tiene que poner al día\", dijo ministro\""}]},{"reference":"NA, Agencia. \"Tensión diplomática: una medida unilateral de Paraguay en Yacyretá casi afecta la generación eléctrica en la Argentina\". www.revistachacra.com.ar. Retrieved 2023-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revistachacra.com.ar/nota/53479-tension-diplomatica-una-medida-unilateral-de-paraguay-en-yacyreta-casi-afecta-la-generacion-electrica-en-la-argentina/","url_text":"\"Tensión diplomática: una medida unilateral de Paraguay en Yacyretá casi afecta la generación eléctrica en la Argentina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Un puerto para Paraguay en Uruguay\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ambito.com/uruguay/el-proyecto-construir-un-puerto-soriano-el-que-paraguay-invertira-us-300-m-n5805224","url_text":"\"Un puerto para Paraguay en Uruguay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolivia y Uruguay firman acuerdos para el uso y control portuarios en Uruguay\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cancilleria.gob.bo/webmre/node/3095","url_text":"\"Bolivia y Uruguay firman acuerdos para el uso y control portuarios en Uruguay\""}]}]
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Lo que realmente dijo Sergio Massa sobre el peaje de la hidrovía – Política – ABC Color\""},{"Link":"https://www.elciudadanoweb.com/tension-en-el-mercosur-por-embargo-de-barcaza-paraguaya-con-combustible-que-se-nego-a-pagar-peaje/","external_links_name":"\"Tensión en el Mercosur por embargo de barcaza paraguaya con combustible que se negó a pagar peaje\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/PresidenciaPy/status/1701034534110667031","external_links_name":"\"Comunicado en conjunto de los Gobiernos de Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay solicitando la suspensión de las restricciones a la libertad de tránsito y la libre navegación impuestas por la República Argentina\""},{"Link":"https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-paises-sudamerica-unen-solicitar-argentina-libre-navegacion-hidrovia-paraguay-parana-20230911035505.html","external_links_name":"\"Países de Sudamérica se unen para solicitar a Argentina la libre navegación en la hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/2023/09/10/barcaza-paraguaya-sigue-retenida-en-argentina-pese-a-que-pagaron-el-peaje/","external_links_name":"\"Barcaza paraguaya sigue retenida en Argentina pese a que pagaron el peaje – Nacionales – ABC Color\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-paraguay-clash-with-argentina-over-grains-waterway-tolls-2023-09-11/","external_links_name":"\"Argentina insists on key river tolls amid criticism from neighbors\""},{"Link":"https://www.ambito.com/uruguay/un-nuevo-paso-avanzar-el-dragado-la-hidrovia-y-brasil-n5793362","external_links_name":"\"Un nuevo paso para avanzar con el dragado de la hidrovía entre Uruguay y Brasil\""},{"Link":"https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/paraguay-avanza-con-app-de-dragado-de-us110mn","external_links_name":"\"BNamericas – Paraguay avanza con APP de dragado de US$110mn\""},{"Link":"https://www.mre.gov.py/index.php/noticias-de-embajadas-y-consulados/bolivia-brasil-paraguay-y-uruguay-concluyen-que-argentina-no-justifico-el-peaje-en-la-hidrovia-paraguay-parana","external_links_name":"\"Portal Oficial del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la República del Paraguay :: Bolivia, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay concluyen que Argentina no justificó el peaje en la Hidrovía Paraguay-Paraná\""},{"Link":"https://www.reduno.com.bo/noticias/exportadores-advierten-que-pago-de-peaje-en-la-hidrovia-a-argentina-generaria-perdidas-202391223590","external_links_name":"\"Exportadores advierten que pago de peaje en la Hidrovía a Argentina generaría pérdidas\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/100064770546509/posts/pfbid0rVGF3mWcrnRQLPgKFTqh7aoRJWpodVnkC4Nyn3UQip8QVEAZFAcsi29YWVWvSpj4l/?app=fbl","external_links_name":"\"Comunicado de prensa de la Cámara de Comercio Paraguay/Estados Unidos (USAPACC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2023/09/08/deuda-de-yacyreta-argentina-se-tiene-que-poner-al-dia-dijo-ministro/","external_links_name":"\"La Nación / Deuda de Yacyretá: \"Argentina se tiene que poner al día\", dijo ministro\""},{"Link":"https://www.revistachacra.com.ar/nota/53479-tension-diplomatica-una-medida-unilateral-de-paraguay-en-yacyreta-casi-afecta-la-generacion-electrica-en-la-argentina/","external_links_name":"\"Tensión diplomática: una medida unilateral de Paraguay en Yacyretá casi afecta la generación eléctrica en la Argentina\""},{"Link":"https://www.ambito.com/uruguay/el-proyecto-construir-un-puerto-soriano-el-que-paraguay-invertira-us-300-m-n5805224","external_links_name":"\"Un puerto para Paraguay en Uruguay\""},{"Link":"https://www.cancilleria.gob.bo/webmre/node/3095","external_links_name":"\"Bolivia y Uruguay firman acuerdos para el uso y control portuarios en Uruguay\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_Moments
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Tender Moments
|
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
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1968 studio album by McCoy TynerTender MomentsStudio album by McCoy TynerReleasedSeptember 1968RecordedDecember 1, 1967StudioVan Gelder Studio, Englewood CliffsGenreJazz, post-bop, modal jazzLength38:00LabelBlue Note BST 84275ProducerFrancis WolffMcCoy Tyner chronology
The Real McCoy(1967)
Tender Moments(1968)
Time for Tyner(1968)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Rolling Stone Jazz Record GuidePenguin Guide to Jazz
Tender Moments is the eighth album by jazz pianist McCoy Tyner and his second released on the Blue Note label. It was recorded in December 1967 and features performances by Tyner with an expanded group featuring trumpeter Lee Morgan, trombonist Julian Priester, French horn player Bob Northern, tuba player Howard Johnson, alto saxophonist James Spaulding, tenor saxophonist Bennie Maupin, bassist Herbie Lewis and drummer Joe Chambers.
Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states that "the music is quite colorful and advanced for the period. Well worth investigating".
Track listing
"Mode to John" - 5:42
"Man from Tanganyika" - 6:54
"The High Priest" - 6:08
"Utopia" - 7:37
"All My Yesterdays" - 6:04
"Lee Plus Three" - 5:35
All compositions by McCoy Tyner
Personnel
McCoy Tyner - piano
Lee Morgan - trumpet
Herbie Lewis - bass
Joe Chambers - drums
Julian Priester - trombone (except “Lee Plus Three”)
Bob Northern - french horn (except “Lee Plus Three”)
Howard Johnson - tuba (except “Lee Plus Three”)
James Spaulding - alto saxophone, flute (except “Lee Plus Three”)
Bennie Maupin - tenor saxophone (except “Lee Plus Three”)
References
^ Schwann-1, Record & Tape Guide, 1977
^ Allmusic Review
^ Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. pp. 194. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.
^ Cook, Richard and Morton, Brian (1992), The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD, LP & Cassette, London: Penguin Books, p. 1080, ISBN 9780140153644
^ Yanow, S. Allmusic Review accessed 20 February 2009.
vteMcCoy TynerDiscographyImpulse!(1962–1964)
Inception
Reaching Fourth
Nights of Ballads & Blues
Today and Tomorrow
Live at Newport
McCoy Tyner Plays Ellington
Blue Note(1967–1970)
The Real McCoy
Tender Moments
Time for Tyner
Expansions
Cosmos
Extensions
Asante
Milestone(1972–1981)
Sahara
Song for My Lady
Echoes of a Friend
Song of the New World
Enlightenment
Sama Layuca
Atlantis
Trident
Fly with the Wind
Focal Point
Supertrios
Inner Voices
The Greeting
Passion Dance
Counterpoints
Together
Horizon
Quartets 4 X 4
13th House
Various(1981–1989)
La Leyenda de La Hora
Looking Out
Love & Peace
Dimensions
It's About Time
Just Feelin'
Double Trios
Major Changes
Bon Voyage
Blues for Coltrane
Live at the Musicians Exchange Cafe
Revelations
Uptown/Downtown
Live at Sweet Basil
Things Ain't What They Used to Be
Round Midnight
Various(1990–1994)
One on One
Blue Bossa
Autumn Mood
Soliloquy
Remembering John
New York Reunion
44th Street Suite
Key of Soul
Solar: Live at Sweet Basil
In New York
Live in Warsaw
The Turning Point
Journey
Manhattan Moods
Prelude and Sonata
Impulse!(1995–1997)
Infinity
What the World Needs Now
McCoy Tyner Plays John Coltrane
Telarc(1999–2004)
McCoy Tyner and the Latin All-Stars
McCoy Tyner with Stanley Clarke and Al Foster
Jazz Roots
Land of Giants
Illuminations
McCoy TynerMusic(2004–2009)
Quartet
Guitars
Solo: Live from San Francisco
Related
Jarvis Tyner (brother)
Albums
Live Albums
Compilations
vteLee MorganYear(s) indicated are for the recording(s), not first release.As leaderor co-leader
Lee Morgan Indeed! (1956)
Introducing Lee Morgan (1956)
Lee Morgan Sextet (1956)
Dizzy Atmosphere (1957)
Lee Morgan Vol. 3 (1957)
City Lights (1957)
The Cooker (1957)
Candy (1957–58)
Peckin' Time (1958)
Monday Night at Birdland (1958)
Another Monday Night at Birdland (1959)
Here's Lee Morgan (1960)
Lee-Way (1960)
Expoobident (1960)
The Young Lions (1960)
Take Twelve (1962)
The Sidewinder (1963)
Search for the New Land (1964)
Tom Cat (1964)
Cornbread (1965)
Infinity (1965)
The Gigolo (1965)
The Night of the Cookers (with Freddie Hubbard, 1965)
The Rumproller (1965)
Delightfulee (1966)
Charisma (1966)
The Rajah (1966)
Standards (1967)
Sonic Boom (1967)
The Procrastinator (1967–69)
The Sixth Sense (1967)
Taru (1968)
Caramba! (1968)
Live at the Lighthouse (1970)
The Last Session (1971)
WithArt Blakey& The JazzMessengers
Theory of Art (aka, A Night in Tunisia, 1957)
Drums Around the Corner (1958–59)
Moanin' (1958)
1958 – Paris Olympia (1958)
Des Femmes Disparaissent (1958)
Les Liaisons dangereuses (1958)
Africaine (1959)
At the Jazz Corner of the World (1959)
Paris Jam Session (1959)
The Big Beat (1960)
A Night in Tunisia (1960)
Like Someone in Love (1960)
Meet You at the Jazz Corner of the World (1960)
Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers (1961)
The Freedom Rider (1961)
The Witch Doctor (1961)
Roots & Herbs (1961)
Pisces (1961–64)
Indestructible (1964)
Golden Boy (1964)
'S Make It (1964)
Soul Finger (1965)
Hold On, I'm Coming (1965)
WithHankMobley
Hank Mobley Sextet (1956)
Jazz Message No. 2 (1956)
No Room for Squares (1963)
Dippin' (1965)
A Caddy for Daddy (1965)
A Slice of the Top (1966)
Straight No Filter (1966)
Third Season (1967)
Withothers
Minor Move (Tina Brooks, 1958)
Blue Train (John Coltrane, 1957)
Intensity (Charles Earland, 1972)
Charles III (Charles Earland, 1972)
Brass Shout (Art Farmer, 1959)
Sliding Easy (Curtis Fuller, 1959)
The Curtis Fuller Jazztet (1959)
Images of Curtis Fuller (1960)
Dizzy in Greece (Dizzy Gillespie, 1957)
Birks' Works (Dizzy Gillespie, 1957)
Dizzy Gillespie at Newport (Dizzy Gillespie, 1957)
Benny Golson and the Philadelphians (Benny Golson, 1958)
A Blowin' Session (Johnny Griffin, 1957)
Mode for Joe (Joe Henderson, 1966)
Last Chorus (Ernie Henry, 1957)
Grass Roots (Andrew Hill, 1968)
Lift Every Voice (Andrew Hill, 1969)
Flute-In (Bobbi Humphrey, 1971)
The Prime Element (Elvin Jones, 1969)
Drums Around the World (Philly Joe Jones, 1959)
The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones (1959)
Cliff Jordan (Clifford Jordan, 1957)
Kelly Great (Wynton Kelly, 1959)
Greasy Kid Stuff! (Harold Mabern, 1970)
Jacknife (Jackie McLean, 1965)
Consequence (Jackie McLean, 1965)
Evolution (Grachan Moncur, 1963)
Introducing Wayne Shorter (1959)
Night Dreamer (Wayne Shorter, 1964)
House Party (Jimmy Smith, 1957–58)
The Sermon! (Jimmy Smith, 1957–58)
Mr. Natural (Stanley Turrentine, 1964)
Tender Moments (McCoy Tyner, 1967)
Easterly Winds (Jack Wilson, 1967)
Mother Ship (Larry Young, 1969)
Love Bug (Reuben Wilson, 1969)
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"Blue Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records"},{"link_name":"Lee Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Julian Priester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Priester"},{"link_name":"Bob Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Northern"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"James Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spaulding"},{"link_name":"Bennie Maupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Maupin"},{"link_name":"Herbie Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Joe Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chambers"}],"text":"Tender Moments is the eighth album by jazz pianist McCoy Tyner and his second released on the Blue Note label. It was recorded in December 1967 and features performances by Tyner with an expanded group featuring trumpeter Lee Morgan, trombonist Julian Priester, French horn player Bob Northern, tuba player Howard Johnson, alto saxophonist James Spaulding, tenor saxophonist Bennie Maupin, bassist Herbie Lewis and drummer Joe Chambers.","title":"Tender Moments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"Scott Yanow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Yanow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states that \"the music is quite colorful and advanced for the period. Well worth investigating\".[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Mode to John\" - 5:42\n\"Man from Tanganyika\" - 6:54\n\"The High Priest\" - 6:08\n\"Utopia\" - 7:37\n\"All My Yesterdays\" - 6:04\n\"Lee Plus Three\" - 5:35All compositions by McCoy Tyner","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McCoy Tyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tyner"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Lee Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morgan"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Herbie Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Lewis"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upright_bass"},{"link_name":"Joe Chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Chambers"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Julian Priester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Priester"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Bob Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Northern"},{"link_name":"french horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson_(jazz_musician)"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"James Spaulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Spaulding"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Bennie Maupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_Maupin"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"}],"text":"McCoy Tyner - piano\nLee Morgan - trumpet\nHerbie Lewis - bass\nJoe Chambers - drums\nJulian Priester - trombone (except “Lee Plus Three”)\nBob Northern - french horn (except “Lee Plus Three”)\nHoward Johnson - tuba (except “Lee Plus Three”)\nJames Spaulding - alto saxophone, flute (except “Lee Plus Three”)\nBennie Maupin - tenor saxophone (except “Lee Plus Three”)","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Swenson, J., ed. (1985). The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide. USA: Random House/Rolling Stone. pp. 194. ISBN 0-394-72643-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen/page/194","url_text":"194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72643-X","url_text":"0-394-72643-X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1eoLAQAAMAAJ&q=Tender+Moments","external_links_name":"Schwann-1, Record & Tape Guide, 1977"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/r149234","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen","external_links_name":"The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen/page/194","external_links_name":"194"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r149234","external_links_name":"Allmusic Review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/3c023cc1-aa69-3028-8ca7-1f243337c195","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._ColliPark
|
Mr. Collipark
|
["1 Other ventures","1.1 ColliPark Music","1.2 Albums released on label","1.3 The Package Store and record producing","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Mixtapes","3 References"]
|
American record producer from Georgia
Mr. ColliparkBirth nameMichael Antoine CroomsAlso known asDJ SmurfBorn (1970-10-05) October 5, 1970 (age 53)College Park, Georgia, U.S.OriginCollege Park, Georgia, U.S.GenresHip hopcrunkOccupation(s)Record producersongwriterdisc jockeyYears active1992–presentLabelsColliParkInterscopeColliPark Productions Inc.Musical artist
Michael Antoine Crooms (born October 5, 1970), better known by his stage name Mr. Collipark (and also known as DJ Smurf), is an American hip hop producer and the president of his own Atlanta-based record label, ColliPark Music, which was founded in 1999.
The name Collipark was derived from the city of College Park, Georgia. Crooms is credited as playing a major role in the career of the Ying Yang Twins, Soulja Boy, Taurus, Hurricane Chris, V.I.C., and Vistoso Bosses.
In 2005, Mr. Collipark was featured on Bubba Sparxxx's single "Ms. New Booty", which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2007, Mr. Collipark won BMI's "Songwriter of the Year" award. He was also nominated for a 2008 Grammy for his work with Soulja Boy.
In 2011, Mr. Collipark debuted his mixtape Can I Have the Club Back Please, which features tracks from artists including Translee, Treal Lee & Prince Rick and the Ying Yang Twins.
Other ventures
ColliPark Music
ColliPark MusicFounded1999FounderMichael "Mr. Collipark" Crooms (CEO)StatusActiveGenreSouthern hip hop, crunk, snap, popCountry of originUnited StatesLocationAtlanta, Georgia (2000-present)
Crooms founded his record label ColliPark Music in 1999. He has signed various artists to the label including Soulja Boy, Ying Yang Twins and Vistoso Bosses. As of 2013, there are rumors of Mr. Collipark signing a distribution deal with Epic Records for the label.
Current artists
Mr. Collipark
Solace
Tex James
Translee
Treal Lee & Prince Rick
Ying Yang Twins
Former artists
i15
Part Time Arab
Soulja Boy
V.I.C.
Vistoso Bosses
Producers
The Package Store
Mr. Collipark
Mr. Hanky
Tom Slick
Albums released on label
Albums released on Collipark Music label
Artist
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
US
US R&B
USRap
FRA
NZ
UK
Ying Yang Twins
Title: Thug Walkin'
Released: April 25, 2000 (U.S.)
Singles: "Whistle While You Twurk", "Ying Yang in This Thang"
—
54
—
—
—
—
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
Title: Souljaboytellem.com
Released: October 2, 2007
Singles: "Crank That (Soulja Boy)", "Soulja Girl", "Yahhh!", "Donk"
4
4
1
132
9
195
RIAA: Platinum
V.I.C.
Title: Beast
Released: August 26, 2008
Singles: "Get Silly", "Wobble"
73
12
7
—
—
—
Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
Title: iSouljaBoyTellem
Released: December 16, 2008
Singles: "Bird Walk", "Kiss Me Thru the Phone", "Turn My Swag On"
43
8
2
—
—
134
RIAA: Gold
The Package Store and record producing
Mr. Collipark, along with his production/writing team The Package Store, have produced and written artists including Kilo Ali, Hurricane Chris, Mike Jones, Lil Jon, Jermaine Dupri, Soulja Boy, DJ Unk, E-40, Bubba Sparxxx, and Nia Chongg.
Discography
Studio albums
1994: Versastyles
1998: Dead Crunk
Mixtapes
2011: Can I Have the Club Back Please
References
^ "Songview for 'Ms New Booty'". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Repository. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
^ Ivey, Nile (March 29, 2008), Spring Bling Reminds Mr.Collipark of Home, Black Entertainment Television, archived from the original on June 22, 2008.
^ "Interview with Bryan Leach". HitQuarters. April 5, 2004. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ "Bubba Sparxxx Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
^ "T.I., Ne-Yo, Mr. Collipark, Pharrell Williams Take Top BMI Urban Honors". BMI.com. September 7, 2007.
^ "50th Annual Grammy Nominations Complete List Announced". December 6, 2007.
^ "Tough Love! Mr. Collipark Talks Artistry vs. Business, Music Industry Change and More!". UrbLife.com. April 10, 2011.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Crooms is credited as playing a major role in the career of the Ying Yang Twins,[3] Soulja Boy, Taurus, Hurricane Chris, V.I.C., and Vistoso Bosses.In 2005, Mr. Collipark was featured on Bubba Sparxxx's single \"Ms. New Booty\", which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.[4] In 2007, Mr. Collipark won BMI's \"Songwriter of the Year\" award.[5] He was also nominated for a 2008 Grammy for his work with Soulja Boy.[6]In 2011, Mr. Collipark debuted his mixtape Can I Have the Club Back Please, which features tracks from artists including Translee, Treal Lee & Prince Rick and the Ying Yang Twins.[7]","title":"Mr. Collipark"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Ying Yang Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ying_Yang_Twins"},{"link_name":"i15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I15_(band)"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy"},{"link_name":"V.I.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.I.C."},{"link_name":"Vistoso Bosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistoso_Bosses"}],"sub_title":"ColliPark Music","text":"Crooms founded his record label ColliPark Music in 1999. He has signed various artists to the label including Soulja Boy, Ying Yang Twins and Vistoso Bosses. As of 2013, there are rumors of Mr. Collipark signing a distribution deal with Epic Records for the label.Current artistsMr. Collipark\nSolace\nTex James\nTranslee\nTreal Lee & Prince Rick\nYing Yang TwinsFormer artistsi15\nPart Time Arab\nSoulja Boy\nV.I.C.\nVistoso BossesProducersThe Package Store\nMr. Collipark\nMr. Hanky\nTom Slick","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums released on label","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilo Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo_Ali"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Chris_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Mike Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Lil Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Jon"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Dupri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Dupri"},{"link_name":"Soulja Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulja_Boy"},{"link_name":"DJ Unk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Unk"},{"link_name":"E-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-40"},{"link_name":"Bubba Sparxxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubba_Sparxxx"}],"sub_title":"The Package Store and record producing","text":"Mr. Collipark, along with his production/writing team The Package Store, have produced and written artists including Kilo Ali, Hurricane Chris, Mike Jones, Lil Jon, Jermaine Dupri, Soulja Boy, DJ Unk, E-40, Bubba Sparxxx, and Nia Chongg.","title":"Other ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"1994: Versastyles\n1998: Dead Crunk","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixtapes","text":"2011: Can I Have the Club Back Please","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(1910_song)
|
Silver Star (1910 song)
|
["1 Lyrics","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
Not to be confused with Silver Star (The Four Seasons song).
Composition"Silver Star"Sheet music cover, 1910CompositionPublished1910Composer(s)Charles L. JohnsonLyricist(s)William R. Clay
"Silver Star" is an intermezzo composed by Charles L. Johnson in 1910. In 1911, William R. Clay added lyrics which tell of an Indian warrior eloping with an unnamed Indian maiden whom he refers to as his "silver star".
Lyrics
The lyrics as written by Clay:
There was a dusky little maid in a lonely glade,
Sang a serenade—
Came a warrior true, ev'ry night to woo—
He would softly coo, I love you.
On bended knee so fathfully he would ever be,
Pleading earnestly— be my pretty bride
O'er the prairies ride—be my silver star—
Chorus:
We will be dreaming by campfires gleaming, in lands afar,
Tell me you are, my silver star.
We'll go a creeping while squaw is sleeping, there will be a war,
If we should tarry, my silver Star.
(repeat)
Next morning just a break of day they were far away,
Looking bright and gay—
Chief was feeling blue, knew not what to do—
Where they journeyed to, no one knew.
One day they spied the blushing bride on the prairies wide,
Riding by his side— then he whispered low
She is mine you know— she's my silver star—
(Chorus)
References
^ Johnson, "Silver Star" (Sheet music, 1910).
^ Clay, "Silver Star" (Sheet music, 1911).
Bibliography
Clay, William R. (w.); Johnson, Charles L. (m.). "Silver Star" (Sheet music). Kansas City, MO: J.W. Jenkins Sons Music Co. (1911).
Johnson, Charles L. (m.). "Silver Star" (Sheet music). Kansas City, MO: J.W. Jenkins Sons Music Co. (1910).
External links
"Silver Star", Ada Jones & Billy Murray (Edison Blue Amberol 1858, 1913)—Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project.
"Silver Star", Gladys Rice & George W. Ballard (Edison Blue Amberol 3068, 1917)—Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project.
This 1910s song article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Insurance_Centre
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MicroInsurance Centre
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["1 External links"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "MicroInsurance Centre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Microinsurance Centre was created in 2000 by Michael J. McCord. It is as an independent institution dedicated to promoting responsible microinsurance, with their focus on the partner-agent model. The partner-agent model links microinsurance schemes (hosted primarily by MFIs) to established commercial insurance companies. This link allows the risk of the schemes to remain with the insurer, and thereby can enable greater sustainability and long-term viability.
The Microinsurance Centre works on two fronts, helping to establish proper dialogue on micro-insurance policies and helping to set up proper microinsurance schemes. It has a wide range of partners that it works with, including insurers, regulators, donors, MFIs, and NGOs. It has played a role in projects in numerous countries that include Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, India, Nepal, Jordan, Peru, Laos, and Indonesia. It is also actively involved in disseminating information on micro-insurance through its periodic Briefing Notes, web site, and speaking engagements. In addition, it has conducted several country case studies and held trainings in Italy, Uganda, and Pakistan.
External links
Official website
This organization-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_River
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River Torrens
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["1 Physiography","1.1 Tributaries","1.2 Water flow","2 European exploration and naming","3 Changes after 1836","3.1 Flood mitigation","3.2 Torrens Lake","3.3 Water use","3.4 Bridges","4 Flora and fauna","5 Today's river","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 34°55′S 138°36′E / 34.917°S 138.600°E / -34.917; 138.600River in Australia
TorrensKarrawirra ParriView of Elder Park, the Riverside Precinct and the Torrens Lake, before construction of the pedestrian bridge in 2014.Torrens catchment, creeks and reservoirsLocation of the river mouth in South AustraliaEtymologyRobert TorrensNative nameKarrawirraparri (Kaurna)Tandanyaparri (Kaurna)LocationCountryAustraliaStateSouth AustraliaRegionAdelaide PlainsPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Lofty Ranges • locationMount Pleasant • elevation480 m (1,570 ft)
MouthGulf St Vincent • locationHenley Beach South • coordinates34°55′S 138°36′E / 34.917°S 138.600°E / -34.917; 138.600 • elevation0 m (0 ft)Length85 km (53 mi)Basin size508 km2 (196 sq mi)Discharge • locationmouth • average0.71 m3/s (25 cu ft/s)
Basin featuresReservoirKangaroo Creek Reservoir
View west towards the Torrens outlet from the Davis Bridge, Tapleys Hill Road
The River Torrens /ˈtɒrənz/ (Karrawirra Parri / Karrawirraparri) is the most significant river of the Adelaide Plains. It was one of the main reasons for the siting of the city of Adelaide, capital of South Australia. It flows 85 kilometres (53 mi) from its source in the Adelaide Hills near Mount Pleasant, across the Adelaide Plains, past the city centre and empties into Gulf St Vincent between Henley Beach South and West Beach. The upper stretches of the river and the reservoirs in its watershed supply a significant part of the city's water supply.
The river is also known by the native Kaurna name for the river—Karrawirra Parri or Karrawirraparri (karra meaning redgum, wirra meaning forest and parri meaning river), having been officially dual-named in 2001. Another Kaurna name for the river was Tarndaparri (Kangaroo river). The river was thought to be a reflection of the Milky Way ("wodliparri"), and was the heartland of the Kaurna people, who lived along its length and around the tributary creeks.
At its 1836 exploration by William Light, an inland bend was chosen as the site of the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide. The river was first named the Yatala by the initial exploration party, but later renamed to honour Robert Torrens senior, chairman of the board of Colonisation Commissioners for South Australia from 1834 to 1841 (when he was sacked).
From March 1837 settlers camped in tents and makeshift huts along the west end of the River Torrens and freely used the river's resources. A Native Location was created on the north banks of the Torrens and indigenous labour was often used by the settlers for tasks such as hewing wood or delivering water. During the early years of settlement, the river acted as both the city's primary water source and main sewer, leading to outbreaks of typhoid.
Since European settlement the river has been a frequently touted tourist attraction. The river's long linear parks and a constructed lake in the lower stretch are iconic of the city. The river's flora and fauna have been both deliberately and accidentally impacted since settlement. In the 19th century, native forests were cleared, gravel removed for construction and many foreign species introduced. With construction of the linear parks, many species native to the river have been replanted, and introduced species have been controlled as weeds.
The river and its tributaries are highly variable in flow, and together drain an area of 508 square kilometres (196 sq mi). They range from sometimes raging torrents, damaging bridges and flooding city areas, to trickles and completely dry in summer. Winter and spring flooding has prompted the construction of flood reduction works. A constructed sea outlet, landscaped linear parks and three holding reservoirs contain peak flow.
Physiography
The River Torrens runs largely westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the centre of Adelaide to the Gulf St Vincent. It originates close to the eastern fault scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges, near Mount Pleasant, approximately 480 metres (1,575 ft) above sea level. It runs predominantly along faulted north-south ground structures, which were formed over 250 million years ago during the Paleozoic era then further dislocated during the Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary. There is a 400-metre (1,300 ft) subsidence along the Para Fault which also affects the rivers flow. This subsidence was formed in the last two million years, after the Pliocene era.
From its origin to Birdwood the river follows rolling, relatively level country before entering a hilly section that continues to Gumeracha. The river then follows sedimentary rock strata before entering a gorge after Cudlee Creek. It flows through the gorge to Athelstone, passing over the Eden Fault Zone of the Adelaide Hills face and associated escarpment. After the scarp it flows over sedimentary rocks of varying resistance to erosion, which has led to interspersed narrows and broad basins. From the base of the Adelaide Hills to the Adelaide central business district it runs in a shallow valley with a terraced floor, then down the slope of its own alluvial fan. The structure of this fan shows that the river formerly entered Gulf St Vincent via the Port River. Over time the Torrens deposited sediment, choking its own outflow; becoming locked behind coastal sand dunes and forming the swampy areas of the Cowandilla Plains and The Reedbeds.
Tributaries
The Torrens is fed by numerous seasonal creeks, which are dry for most of the year in their lower reaches, but prone to occasional flooding during the winter and spring. There are five main creeks that join it from the southern side as it crosses the Adelaide Plains east of Adelaide, and at least five more in its path through the Adelaide Hills.
The plains tributaries, known as First to Fifth Creeks, lie to the east of the city, with First being the most southerly and the rest numbered consecutively northward. They were once named Greenhill, Hallett, Todd, Anstey and Ormsby rivulets respectively, and had Kaurna names before European settlement.
First, Second and Third Creeks have been particularly heavily modified. Some sections have been converted to concrete channels; others run through landscaped private gardens and some run in underground pipes. Much of the original vegetation has disappeared from the creeks, particularly those closest to the city. Introduced species including olives, bamboo, boxthorn, watsonia and blackberries have displaced native flora. There is some risk of flooding from all of these eastern suburbs creeks, as shown by the Floodplain Study, which includes plans and maps drawn up by the City of Burnside and neighbouring councils.
Second Creek at St Peters, showing open canal at that point
First Creek begins in Cleland Wildlife Park on the western side of Mount Lofty and Crafers, flows north-west through the south-eastern suburbs, past a drop at the Waterfall Gully falls, through Hazelwood and Tusmore Parks, and Marryatville High School, before discharging into the Torrens near Adelaide Zoo. Much of its course through the suburbs has been canalised, some underground. About 7.5% of its flow is diverted as it flows through the Adelaide Botanic Garden to create the First Creek Wetland, a scheme set up to ensure water security and to encourage diversity of flora and fauna in the area, thus helping to maintain healthy urban environments. Botanic Creek runs through the eastern Adelaide parklands from south to north, into the Adelaide Botanic Garden before joining First Creek.
Second Creek arises in the Summertown area of the Adelaide Hills, north of First Creek, and flows through Greenhill, through Slape Gully, entering the more populated suburbs as it flows through the Michael Perry Reserve in Stonyfell and onwards through the eastern suburbs of Erindale, Marryatville, Kensington (open at Borthwick Park) and Norwood, much of it canalised underground as far as St Peters. The St Peters section is an open canal shortly before it joins the Torrens. It was once called Hallet's Rivulet. Stonyfell Creek, arising on the eastern boundary of Stonyfell, flows through Kensington Gardens, including an open stretch in the Reserve before again being piped underground under West Terrace, passing under Kensington Park and Beulah Park. It joins Second Creek near the junction of Magill and Portrush Roads.
First and Second Creeks come within about 46 metres (50 yd) of each other in Marryatville, with formerly only flat land between them.
Third Creek arises near Norton Summit and flows through the suburbs of Magill, Tranmere, Trinity Gardens and Payneham, much of the way underground, before discharging into the Torrens at Felixstow.
Fourth Creek, or Morialta Creek, arises on the other side of Norton Summit, with various tributaries flowing into it from Marble Hill and Lobethal. It is most well known for its falls in Morialta Conservation Park. "Moriatta", a Kaurna word meaning "ever flowing", is now the official name of Fourth Creek. This name has been adapted to Morialta, which is now the name of an electoral district, school and the park through which the creek flows.
Fifth Creek arises within the Morialta Conservation Park, runs alongside Montacute Road for some way and discharges into the Torrens at Athelstone.
The largest catchment of the Torrens is Sixth Creek in the Adelaide Hills, which joins the Torrens at Castambul on Gorge Road.
Water flow
The river in summer at base of the Adelaide Hills, Athelstone
At the time of European settlement the river was a summertime chain of waterholes bounded by large gum trees. Flowing through the area where the city of Adelaide is sited the river was sometimes invisible beneath its gravel stream bed. It frequently flooded in winter and did not reach the sea, instead ending at coastal dunes where its waters created a vast but shallow freshwater wetlands. These wetlands, known as The Reedbeds after the dominant vegetation, occupied a large area of the western Adelaide Plains and were also fed by other waterways.
The river only flowed to the sea through the Port River, Barker Inlet, and Patawalonga River following heavy rain.
The river's catchment area of approximately 500 km2 (193 sq mi) is the largest of any waterway within the Adelaide region. The upper reaches are used to create a potable water supply for metropolitan Adelaide with the river supplying three of Adelaide's eight reservoirs. The upper catchment has an average annual rainfall of between 575 millimetres (22.6 in) at its eastern end to 1,025 millimetres (40.4 in) near Uraidla. The Torrens has a very variable flow leaving early settlers to use trial and error in determining bridge heights, with many bridges consequently being washed away. Due to the variability of Adelaide's climate, flow rates can change from a trickle to flood conditions quickly. On 5 June 1889, prior to major flooding, the flow rate before it entered the suburbs was 0.7 cubic metres per second (25 cu ft/s), rising to 129.1 m3/s (4,560 cu ft/s), eight days later.
What the River Torrens may be capable of performing for a week or two of the rainy season beyond sweeping down to the swamp the summer filth of Adelaide we cannot guess; but the Torrens at other times is not a river at all, but merely a chain of fresh water pools. At the present moment, its running water may be spanned with the hand and sounded with the forefinger— The Register, 1838
Since settlement it has repeatedly flooded, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Adelaide's western suburbs were especially prone to flooding due to their location on the river's alluvial fan. As development of Adelaide progressed the amount of rainfall required for flooding decreased and consequent damage increased. Increased stormwater runoff, modification of the river's banks and other changes all served to exacerbate the problem. Work done by various groups to minimise flooding was often counter productive with the creation of levees, moving and widening channels and other works simply shifting the flooding elsewhere.
Two early floods were, 18 September 1841 which resulted in two people drowning while trying to cross the river at Klemzig, and 22 September 1844, the largest recorded since settlement began, when "Shands' Brewery" was washed away after the river undermined its foundations. The 1899 flood was particularly widespread with extensive flooding of both the river and its tributaries, after a year with 785.6 millimetres (30.93 in) of rain compared to the Adelaide average of 530 millimetres (21 in). The river flooded market gardens and farms throughout its hills course causing extensive damage. Norwood was inundated to The Parade, Adelaide to Pirie and Rundle Streets, and many areas west of the city were left in a shallow lake. The river ran 9 feet (2.7 m) deep over the weir near Thorndon Park Reservoir, 3 feet (0.9 m) over the Torrens Lake Weir and 1 foot (0.3 m) over the Morphett Street Bridge. The Underdale (or Holbrooks) Bridge was destroyed, the Torrens Lake weir's bridge damaged, and the Felixstow Bridge over the Fourth Creek washed away.
European exploration and naming
Alexander Schramm, A Tribe of Natives on the Banks of the River Torrens, 1850
The first European sighting of the river was in November 1836 by an exploration party comprising Lieutenant W.G. Field, John Morphett and George Strickland Kingston. The river was named "The Yatala" by the party but later renamed by Surveyor General Colonel William Light after Robert Torrens, chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commission. On 29 December 1836 Light announced the location of the new city of Adelaide, 6 miles (9.7 km) inland on the river's banks. The first Europeans to explore the Torrens Gorge to the headwaters and sources of the river were Dr George Imlay and John Hill in January 1838.
In recent years the river has been dually known by the indigenous Kaurna people's name of Karra wirra-parri (meaning river of the Red Gum forest), referring to the dense eucalyptus forest that lined its banks prior to clearing by early settlers. This name, alternatively Karra-weera, only referred to the lake section of the river, between Adelaide and North Adelaide. It was known as Karrundo-ingga at Hindmarsh, Witoingga near the reed beds, and Yertala everywhere when in flood, which has survived as Yatala in the naming of various places in Adelaide.
Pirltawardli, now within Park 1/Pitawardli, a location next to the river near the weir, on the western side of North Adelaide, is an area of great historical significance, as the location of a Kaurna camp and later the first Christian mission and school in South Australia. The missionaries documented the Kaurna language, which formed the basis of the 21st-century language revival of the language. The "native location" and school moved from the southern side of the river (now Bonython Park) to the northern side several times.
Changes after 1836
North Terrace, Adelaide and the Torrens, 10 August 1888
During early years of colonisation, the surrounding trees were cut down and the river's gravel used in road making and construction of buildings. As the natural environment was removed, the banks were eroded and the riverbed gradually levelled as waterholes filled. By 1878 the river was noted to be a malodorous, black sewer rather than the sylvan stream of the 1830s.
...anything in the guise of a river more ugly than the Torrens would be impossible to either see or describe...— Anthony Trollope prior to 1880
Much of the river's catchment area consists of cleared farmland with run-off captured in private dams to sustain farming over Adelaide's dry summer. Combined with the river's use for potable water this has greatly reduced the overall flow especially in the lower river.
Flood mitigation
A flood mitigation bill was passed in 1917 to not only combat the damage caused by floods but also the public health risk due to the lack of mains sewerage in the western suburbs. Popular opinion favoured diverting the flood waters into their "natural" outlets of the Port and Patawalonga Rivers. The chief engineer of the department of works favoured a cutting through sand dunes near Henley Beach allowing the river an outlet, mitigating floods and preventing silting of the Port River. He also advocated the construction of a reservoir where the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir is now, to both mitigate floods and provide summer irrigation water for market gardens. Unfortunately the bill lapsed with no action as the government and local councils were unwilling to fund the works. The Millbrook Reservoir opened in 1918 as a summer water source, and flood mitigator if required. A bill was passed in 1923 to enact the earlier plan of cutting through the dunes and adding an upstream regulating weir. Again the bill lapsed due to a lack of commitment from parties on payment.
The Torrens's sea outlet, "Breakout Creek"
A major flood in 1931 and another in 1933 led to the latest in a series of government enquiries. In 1934 the "Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works" recommended that an outlet for the river be created to accommodate flows of up to 370 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s), covering a 1-in-60-year flood. The work was partly financed by a Commonwealth Government grant with the State Government arranging for the balance. The State Government, western and eastern local councils and the Municipal Tramways Trust shared interest costs. The scheme was enacted in 1935 with the construction of the Breakout Creek (also sometimes Breakout Channel) to take the Torrens westwards to the sea, completed in 1937. The scheme involved diversion of the river at Lockleys (near Adelaide Airport), with the original channel blocked and a new channel created to the sea. The reedbeds and swamps were subsequently drained and some of their area is now the site for the suburb of West Lakes.
Horse-drawn tramway
Narrow-gauge diesel loco
Channel
Bridge
Based on recommendations in a 1925 report on flood mitigation, work began in the 1960s on the building of the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir, opened in 1969 with a capacity of 24.4 megalitres (860,000 cu ft). It remains the only reservoir damming the river rather than being fed from weirs. The "River Torrens Committee" was formed in 1964 to advise the minister of works on preserving and enhancing the river's natural beauty, and developing it for recreational uses. The "River Torrens Acquisition Act 1970–72" was passed, authorising the purchase of land, in some cases 60 metres (200 ft) back from the top of the river's banks.
By 1980, further development along the riverbanks and removal of levées had reduced the outlet's capacity to a 1-in-35-year flood. A study showed that a 1-in-200-year flood would inundate 13,000 properties; so the Kangaroo Creek dam's level was raised, its spillway modified, the Breakout Creek channel capacity increased and some bridges reinforced. A development plan was approved in 1981 to purchase land along the length of the river, create a flood mitigating linear park and also to modify the Kangaroo Creek dam further. The sea outlet was enlarged to a capacity of 410 m3/s (14,000 cu ft/s) which now covered a 1-in-200-year flood. When the O-Bahn Busway was opened, the bridges were designed to cope with this scale of flood, although the two bridges in St Peters would likely be awash.
Torrens Lake
Torrens Lake (with row boats) around 1889
The 470 ML (17 million cu ft) Torrens Lake was created in 1881 with the construction of a weir, landscaping of Elder Park and modification of the river's bank and surrounds into an English formal park. The lake forms a centrepiece of many Adelaide events and postcard scenes. Elder Park with its iron rotunda was opened on 28 November 1882. The Rotunda is a largely Glasgow built 9-metre-high (30 ft) iron bandstand which was funded by Sir Thomas Elder, the park being named after him.
In 1867, prison labour from nearby Adelaide Gaol was used to build a wooden dam near the site of the current weir. The dam was poorly constructed and almost immediately the Torrens washed it away. Construction of a permanent concrete weir was begun in November 1880 and completed, at a cost of £7,000, in 1881. The sluice gates were closed to begin filling the 12-hectare (30-acre) Torrens Lake on 1 July 1881. At the lake's official opening on 21 July 1881 an estimated 40,000, almost the entire population of Adelaide, attended. During the 1889 flood, the weir was overwhelmed, its gates jammed, and in trying to free them the weir's designer John Langdon was crippled. The weir was rebuilt from 1928 to 1929 with its footbridge relocated and the centre section replaced. The gates can now be fully raised and the river allowed to flow unimpeded.
Popeye III
Weir forming the Torrens Lake near Adelaide Gaol
Torrens Weir in full flow during heavy rain, April 2007
The River Torrens, as seen from the weir
The "Popeye" boats are privately owned recreational ferries that operate on the lake between Elder Park and the Adelaide Zoo. The first boat was launched on the Torrens Lake by Gordon Watts in 1935. It was a 25-foot (7.6 m) boat, built on the banks of the Torrens to hold up to 20 passengers and named Popeye 1. Watts purchased a former Glenelg cruise boat in 1948 and placed it in service as Popeye 2. Over the next two years three new jarrah hulled boats were built at Port Adelaide; carrying 40 passengers each they were numbered Popeye 3 through Popeye 5. Trips on the Popeyes from Elder Park to the zoo became a treasured family outing and the boats hosted weddings and other events. In March 1962 Keith Altman, owner of riverside eatery "Jolley's Boathouse", took over the Popeyes and introduced recreational paddle boats to the river. The Popeyes had a brush with royalty in March 1977 with Popeye 5 ferrying Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip followed by a choir in Popeye 4. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser officially launched three new fibreglass models named Popeyes I, II and III in 1982 as the wooden boats' replacements.
Water use
In the early days of Adelaide, the Torrens was used for bathing, stock watering, rubbish disposal, water supply and as a de facto sewer and drainage sump. This led to a range of health issues until finally, in 1839, when a dysentery outbreak killed five children in one day, Governor Gawler forbade bathing, clothes washing and the disposal of animal carcases in the Torrens within 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) of town. The quality of the river's water was not helped by water supply methods. Carters used to drive water carts into the Torrens to refill. To prevent this the State Government in 1852 built a facility with steam powered pumps and water storage, from which the carters then filled their casks.
The "Waterworks Act" of 1856 was passed to enable damming of the upstream Torrens for water supply purposes. The resulting "Water Commission" arranged the following year for foundations to be laid for a water supply weir 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Adelaide near Campbelltown. Unsuitable geology and shoddy work by contractors Frost & Watson led to it being washed away in July 1858 and the site abandoned. Engineer Hamilton was replaced by John England. Government then created a Waterworks Department, which started construction of a weir 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the city and reservoir at Thorndon Park in 1859. The weir was completed on 4 June 1860 and the reservoir began supplying piped water in December. Engineer England was found by a Select Committee to have overpaid the contractors and forced to resign. The water was captured at the weir, piped for storage to the Thorndon Park Reservoir then to a water tower at Kent Town. Water from Kent Town storage was distributed via a manually controlled water system, unmetered for its first six years. Within six years 20,000 citizens in Adelaide and Port Adelaide were connected to reticulated water from the Torrens. By 1872, the 2,840 ML (620 million imp gal; 750 million US gal) Hope Valley Reservoir in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills was completed as a storage reservoir, supplied via an aqueduct and tunnel.
Public baths were built in 1861 just north of the current Parliament House. They were supplied with reticulated water from the Torrens and progressively upgraded with the last change a 1940 remodelling including an Olympic-size swimming pool and diving tower. The baths were demolished in 1970 to make way for the Adelaide Festival Centre. The 16,500 ML (3.6 billion imp gal; 4.4 billion US gal) Millbrook Reservoir was constructed high in the Adelaide Hills from 1913 to 1918 submerging the town of Millbrook. An earth bank dam fed by mile long tunnel from a weir on the river at Gumeracha, its elevation allows gravity supply of water to Adelaide's eastern suburbs.
Bridges
Due to the river's path through the centre of Adelaide, transport necessitated the construction of many bridges. Prior to the bridges all crossings had been via fords which proved a dangerous practice in winter and spring. The first bridge was one of timber built in 1839 approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) west of the current City bridge, but destroyed by floods in September 1844. In 1849 £6,000 was allocated to bridge the Torrens. Within four years three wooden bridges had been built and subsequently destroyed in floods. The bridges listed below are from up-river to down-river.
Location
Bridge name
Image
Comments/use
Notes
Mount Pleasant
Carries Cricks Mills Road (B35)
Birdwood
Carries Warren Road (B34)
Gumeracha
Carries Forreston Road
Carries Torrens Valley Road (B10)
Carries Gorge Road (T58)
Cudlee Creek
Carries Gorge Road (T58)
Union Bridge
Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58) Opened 28 June 1871 at a cost of £624. A brewery and distillery of the same name opened in 2021 nearby.
Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58)
Paracombe
Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58)
Highbury
Dernancourt
Carries Lower North East Road (A11)
Carries Northeast Busway
Paradise
Dickson's Crossing
Built in 1977 and carries Darley Road; replaced an earlier ford.
Windsor Gardens
Klemzig
Carries Northeast Busway
Carries Riverside Drive
Marden
Felixstow Bridge
Built in 1873 and carries OG Road, the bridge was reconstructed in 1892, 1901, 1924 and 1961. The first bridge was narrow, and hay-laden carts often damaged posts while brushing past them.
Klemzig
Carries Northeast Busway
Vale Park
Ascot Bridge
Built in 1970 and carries Ascot Avenue (A17) to connect with Lower Portrush Road.
Marden
Carries Northeast Busway
Royston Park
Carries Northeast Busway
Walkerville
Carries Northeast Busway
Carries Northeast Busway
St Peters
Carries Northeast Busway
Gilberton
Tennyson Bridge
Built 1877 and carries Stephen Terrace, the bridge replaced a ford at the same site.
Carries Northeast Busway
Swing Bridge
Carries Swing Bridge Lane
St Peters
Carries Northeast Busway
Gilberton
Carries Shared Park
Hackney
Hackney Bridge
First known as the "Second Company Bridge" as the South Australia Company built it, the bridge was built so that wheat farmers from the northern side could access the South Australian Company's flour mill which stood where the Hackney Hotel was later built. The current bridge is the third at the same site; in 1845 "Prescott's Crossing" was built as a timber beam bridge, 1860 saw it replaced with a four span, trussed timber bridge and 5 December 1885 with a 38-metre-long (126 ft), 10-metre-wide (34 ft) truss arch bridge. Carries Hackney Road (A21)
Adelaide
Torrens River Park Pedestrian Bridge
Located east of the zoo, the bridge was opened in late 2009 and is well patronised by cyclists.
Albert Bridge
Located adjacent to the Adelaide Zoo, the bridge carries Frome Road over the river. A timber bridge was constructed in 1859, west of the current bridge, and named the Old Frome Bridge. The current bridge was named after Prince Albert, royal consort to Queen Victoria, on 7 May 1879. The wrought iron structure is made from three parallel, scalloped girders that were manufactured in England. It is 36.6 metres (120 ft) long with a cantilevered span of 18 metres (60 ft). The bridge is 13 metres (43 ft) wide and originally had a timber deck, which was replaced with concrete in 1922. The coats of arms on the inside of the bridge contains the city's motto, Ut Prosint Omnibus Conjuncti which translates as "united for the common good." The bridge is listed on the "City of Adelaide Heritage Register", the "South Australian Heritage Register" and the "Register of the National Estate". A complete restoration was finished in 1982, with the bridge now appearing as it did at the 1879 opening.
University Footbridge
The footbridge connects Victoria Drive, at the rear of University of Adelaide, with University Oval, War Memorial Drive. The bridge was conceived in 1928 by an engineering undergraduate at the university and funded with a £26,000 grant from Adelaide City Council. It was designed by university staff under the supervision of Robert Chapman, chief engineer of the South Australian Railways. Construction was delayed until 1937 due to the economic effects of the Great Depression. The bridge has an arch spanning 46 metres (152 ft), 6.1 metres (20 ft) over the river, and was the first welded bridge in South Australia. A murder that occurred in the vicinity of the bridge on 10 May 1972 resulted in calls to reform South Australia's laws regarding homosexuality. University of Adelaide law lecturer Dr George Duncan was thrown into the river. A plaque on the bridge commemorates his death and the subsequent decriminalisation of homosexuality in South Australia.
City Bridge
The English manufactured, iron bridge was opened in June 1856, extending King William Street to North Adelaide. It was widened in 1877 then converted into a two-lane bridge in 1884. In 1929 a new wider, concrete bridge was proposed, to be the same width as King William Road and would relieve congestion, particularly on match days at the Adelaide Oval. The bridge was duly replaced in 1931 with the concrete arch structure proposed in 1929. The distinctive lamp fittings and their pylons were designed by South Australian artist John C. Goodchild.
Adelaide Oval Footbridge
North Adelaide
Victoria Bridge
The bridge extends from Morphett Street and crosses the rail lines from the Adelaide railway station and the river. The first bridge was opened on 21 June 1871, having been shipped over from Britain on the ship South Australian in 1869. Over time various bridges have been built on the same site. The current bridge, a prestressed concrete box girder bridge, was opened in March 1968 by Premier Don Dunstan, and Adelaide Lord Mayor Walter Lewis Bridgland. The bridge is constructed as two bridges joined to appear continuous. The first spans North Terrace and the rail lines, and the second the river. The bridge was designed without a central pillar in the river, allowing three lanes of rowers to compete without interference.
Railway Bridge
Built in 1856 to carry the Port and Gawler Town railway lines. The bridge was constructed 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) from Adelaide railway station.
Thebarton
Hindmarsh Bridge
Carries Port Road (A21)
Hindmarsh
Sir William Goodman Bridge
The Sir William Goodman Bridge, originally never named, formed the link for the Thebarton-Hindmarsh tramway, crossing the River Torrens at Holland Street, Thebarton to an intersection of Adam and Manton Streets, Hindmarsh. The bridge was built in 1909 and used by Municipal Tramways Trust trams until 1953. Buses exclusively used the bridge until 1962, when it was used by general road traffic. The bridge was closed off in 1990 due to the age and unsafe nature of the structure. In 2014, the bridge was completely restored and reopened for pedestrian and cycle traffic. It is notable as being the first reinforced concrete bridge constructed in Adelaide. On its reopening, it was named the Sir William Goodman Bridge after the first Chief Engineer and General Manager of the MTT.
Thebarton
Taylors Bridge
Carries South Road (A13)
Torrensville
Carries McDonnell Avenue
Underdale
Holbrooks Bridge
Carries Holbrooks Road (A14)
Flinders Park
Keele Bridge
Carries Rowells Road (south)/Findon Road (north)
Lockleys
Kidman Bridge
Carries Henley Beach Road
Fulham
Davis Bridge
Carries Tapleys Hill Road
West Beach
Seaview Road Bridge
Carries Seaview Road
Flora and fauna
The river was formerly a food source with yabbies, mussels and small fish, however the reduction in water quality, changing of the river's habitat, and introduction of European fish species has led to a reduction in fauna quantity and diversity. Exotic pest species such as the European carp, redfin perch and trout have greatly reduced native fish populations like the big headed gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps) but native waterfowl are common along the river with Pacific black ducks, Australian wood ducks, black swans, ibis, egrets and herons amongst the more than 100 species seen. The number of exotic waterfowl species such as mallards has reduced in recent years. In places the steep banks of the river are an ideal habitat for long-necked tortoises.
The river, and its tributaries, had a population of water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) and Australian swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus). Water rats remain in reduced numbers, but the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) have largely supplanted the natives. The house mouse (Mus musculus) is now the most common mammal of the Torrens environ.
Widely found native reeds, sedges and rushes along the upper river are bulrush, knobby club rush, spike rush, common reed, sea rush and pale rush. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) trees are found along the riverbanks, although sparser than the forest that was seen by European discoverers. Still present are many of the original vegetation species like: Sheoak (Casuarina stricta), native cherry (Exocarpos cupressiformis), native pine (Callitris preissii) and Australia's floral emblem the golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha)
Today's river
City Bridge
Adelaide Oval Footbridge over the Torrens
From its source the river flows westwards through Birdwood and Gumeracha. It then continues down through Torrens Gorge entering suburban Adelaide at Athelstone with some of its path paralleled by the O-Bahn Busway. It passes between the city centre and North Adelaide, forming the Torrens Lake between the Adelaide Zoo and a weir opposite Adelaide Gaol. The river then continues the remaining eight kilometres to the sea at Henley Beach South, emptying into Gulf St Vincent via a constructed outlet.
Hope Valley, Millbrook and Kangaroo Creek Reservoirs, which provide water storage for Adelaide, capture the river's flow. These reservoirs form part of the Adelaide Hills catchment, which supplies 60% of Adelaide's water needs in an average year. Adelaide City Council uses water from the lower river to irrigate the city's surrounding parklands. Rubbish accumulation in the lower river is controlled with numerous collection racks, and sediments and other pollutants are filtered through constructed wetlands.
The river's path flowing between Adelaide and North Adelaide, through Adelaide's parklands
The earliest linear river park in Australia bounds the suburban end of the river. The park is 35 km long with numerous playgrounds walkways and bicycle tracks. On the south bank of the lake, adjacent to the Adelaide Festival Centre, Elder Park is used for the annual Tasting Australia festival, mass singing of christmas carols at the annual "Carols by Candlelight", and other public events throughout the year. The Popeye tourist boats, small paddle boats and Black Swans of the lake are icons of the area and frequently featured in postcard photographs of the city. Due to now-limited natural river flow and stormwater born organic material, the lower river, (particularly the lake), is often polluted with algal blooms and significant levels of E. coli bacteria in spring and summer. Numerous taskforces have been formed to improve the river's water quality, including one created in 2006 by the Minister for the Environment and Conservation.
The river is a used by many for recreation, with the footpaths on the riverbanks often filled with cyclists and joggers. Rowers use the lake for training all year round, and many clubs such as the Adelaide University Boat Club, the Adelaide Rowing Club, and the boat houses of the secondary schools which participate in the annual Head of the River are located upon its banks. Several rowing regattas are held on the Torrens Lake course in the summer months of each year, contested by both club and school crews.
See also
List of rivers of Australia § South Australia
References
^ a b "Notice to Assign Dual Names to Places" (PDF). South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 15 November 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. NOTICE is hereby given Minister of the Crown to whom the administration of the Geographical Names Act 1991, is committed do hereby 1. Assign the name Karrawirra Parri as an alternative name to that feature also known as River Torrens. Both names, separately or together, would have equal validity as the name of the subject feature
^ a b c d e Smith & Twidale 1987, p.v
^ Noted as 22.4 GL (790 million cu ft) per year in Adelaide coastal waters study (Spring 2004). "Summary of the literature review and stormwater audit (pdf)" (PDF). City to Sea. 1 (4): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ "Map of River Torrens, SA". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ "River Torrens". SA Location Viewer. Government of South Australia. 7 March 2013. SA0033903. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. Portions of the river also known by the Aboriginal people as Karra Wirra Parri (that portion in the City of Adelaide), Korraweera (at Hindmarsh), Karraundo Ingga (reedbeds), Witoingga (whole river), Perre, Peere or Parri (in flood) and Yertala
^ "Karrawirraparri 'Red gum forest river' (River Torrens)". City of Charles Sturt. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
^ "Reconciliation". Adelaide City Council. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
^ Sharyn Clarke, "The Creation of the Torrens: A History of Adelaide's River to 1881", University of Adelaide MA Thesis, 2005
^ a b c d KESAB. "A LITTLE CATCHMENT HISTORY". Catchment Boards of South Australia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.New site: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Active on 9 September 2009.
^ Smith & Twidale 1987, Figure 1 (River Torrens Catchment)
^ a b Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.25
^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, pp12-14,116–125
^ "First to Fifth Creeks". Burnside Council. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "First Creek, Waterfall Gully: 2015 Aquatic Ecosystem Condition Report". EPA South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "First Creek Wetland". Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Adelaide Botanic Garden waterways study: Final report". Ecological Engineering. 29 July 2003. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ a b c d e Tonkin Engineering for the Torrens Catchment Water Management Board (March 2007). "First to Fifth Creeks Floodplain Mapping Project" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Borthwick Park Creek Improvements Draft Concept Plan". City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "Second Creek at Norwood". SA Memories. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Second Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ a b "Kensington—Old and New". The Observer (Adelaide). Vol. LXXX, no. 5, 961. South Australia. 28 April 1923. p. 14. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Third Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Fourth Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Fifth Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
^ "Sixth Creek Catchment Group – Adelaide, South Australia". www.sixthcreek.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
^ "Wetlands of the catchment". Torrens catchment water management board. 5 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006. This site is LONG dead.Try: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Caring_for_Water_Seas/Creeks_Rivers/River_Torrens.aspx Archived 12 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 9 September 2009.
^ Surface Water Group (June 2003). Report DWLBC 2003/24, Surface Water Assessment of the Upper River Torrens Catchment (Figure 16). Adelaide: The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation.
^ Smith & Twidale 1987, p.1
^ Smith & Twidale 1987, p.90
^ a b Smith & Twidale 1987, p.4
^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, foreword
^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, p.2
^ Smith & Twidale 1987, pp.69–78
^ Smith & Twidale 1987, pp.79–84
^ a b c Altmann et al. 1999, p.2
^ Note that the ADB entry for Robert Torrens Archived 10 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine says that Hindmarsh named it, but other sources contradict this and it seems more likely, as it was Light's choice to site the city across the river.
^ Supplement to The Australian, 27 March 1838, and Register, 16 June 1838, p. 3.
^ "South Australia". The Australian. 27 March 1838. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
^ Kaurna Place Naming Archived 12 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine City of Adelaide. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). "Pirltawadli". SA History Hub (1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ...revised version of an entry first published in The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History, edited by Wilfrid Prest, Kerrie Round and Carol Fort (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2001)
^ a b "An Essay on the River Torrens". State Library of South Australia, The Manning Index of South Australian History. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ a b Altmann et al. 1999, p.19
^ Smith & Twidale, February 1988, p.2
^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, p.4
^ "River Torrens". SA History Hub. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^ "The Breakout Creek channel, opened in 1937, gives Adelaide's River Torrens an outlet to the sea in western suburbs". AdelaideAZ. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^ "River Torrens outlet". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.1
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.104
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.103
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.2
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.125
^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.132
^ "Torrens taskforce, storage options". Adelaide and Mount Lofty ranges natural resources management board. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.Try: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Altmann et al. 1999, p.4
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.20
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.21
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.22
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.6
^ a b c Altmann et al. 1999, p.3
^ "The Reservoir at Thorndon Park". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 18 April 1859. p. 2. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2014. This article contains a lot of useful information about Thorndon Park reservoir.
^ Cumming, D. A. and Moxham, G. They Built South Australia pub. by the authors, Adelaide SA 1986 ISBN 0 9589111 0 X
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.7
^ Hammerton M. 1986, p.25
^ "Water Supply". Atlas of South Australia 1986. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.8
^ Hammerton M. 1986, pp.155–156
^ "29 Jun 1871 - UNION BRIDGE, CUDLEE CREEK. - Trove". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ "NEW! First of Its Kind Whisky Distillery & Brewery Coming to Cudlee Creek • Glam Adelaide". 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ a b c d e Lewis H. John 1985, p.57
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.11
^ National Library of Australia, TROVE: Opening of the Albert Bridge South Australian Register, 17 May 1879. Accessed 26 January 2014.
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.10
^ University Footbridge Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, adelaide-in-photos.blogspot.com Retrieved on 9 September 2009.
^ Kemp, Deane; Pickles, John (1996). Fargher, John Adrian (1901–1977). Vol. 14. Melbourne University Press. pp. 138–139. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.12
^ "Call for release of documents relating to professor's death". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 May 2002. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
^ "New City Bridge". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 16 February 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Altmann et al. 1999, pp.3,15
^ Joyce Gibberd, 'Goodchild, John Charles (1898–1980)' Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1996, accessed online 8 February 2015
^ "South Australian, 1465225 | Historic England".
^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.18
^ Thompson & Sampson 2006, p.24
^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.23
^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.11-14
^ "Water Proofing Adelaide, Exploring the issues – a discussion paper" (PDF). Government of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.Try: Water Proofing Adelaide A thirst for change 2005–2025 Brochure Archived 15 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (pdf 8 pages) and/or Strategy Archived 15 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (pdf 64 pages) Both published 2005 and Retrieved on 9 September 2009.
^ 2006 signage by the (now defunct) Torrens water catchment board (at Breakout Creek near Henley Beach) showed four constructed wetlands and 12 (existing or in construction) trashracks.
^ Owen, Michael (16 September 2006). "Taskforce to look at ailing Torrens". The Advertiser, Adelaide. News Limited.
Bibliography
Altmann, Keith; Butcher M, Rodda L, Stacey B, Stewien R, Venus R (1999). Ponds, ponts & Pop-eye : notes for an afternoon afloat on Adelaide's River Torrens. North Adelaide: Institution of Engineers Australia, South Australian Division.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lewis, H. John (1985). Enfield and the northern villages. Enfield, South Australia: Corporation of the City of Enfield. ISBN 0-85864-090-2.
Hammerton, Marianne (1986). Water South Australia, A History of the Engineering and Water Supply Department. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. ISBN 0-949268-75-5.
Payne, Pauline (1996). Thebarton Old and New. Adelaide: Thebarton City Council. ISBN 0-646-30157-8.
Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (1987). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 1, 1836–1899. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department. ISBN 0-7243-4248-6.
Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (February 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 2, 1900–1917. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (July 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 3, 1918–1930. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (1989). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 4, 1931–1988. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
Thompson, Malcolm; Sampson Bob (2006). 150 years of the Port Adelaide Railway 1856 to 2006. Port Adelaide: National Railway Museum.
Warburton, J.W., ed. (1977). Five creeks of the River Torrens. Adelaide: Department of adult education, University of Adelaide. ISBN 0-85578-336-2.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Torrens.
Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
State Library Manning Index: River Torrens
Twidale, C.R. "River Torrens". SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia. (CC Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Australia Licence)
"The River Torrens". Campbelltown City Council. – includes some history old photos and citations
vteRivers of South AustraliaRivers that flow towards the coast
Acraman
Broughton
Crystal
Hill
Hutt
Rocky
Bungala
Christies
Dry
Field
Panalatinga
Gawler
North Para
Jacobs
South Para
Glenelg
Hindmarsh
Inman
Light
Gilbert
Little Para
Myponga
Onkaparinga
Patawalonga
Glen Osmond/Keswick
Brown Hill
Sturt
Pirie–Torrens corridor
Port
Tod
Torrens
Wakefield
Eyre
Rivers of the Murray–Darling basin
Angas
Bremer
Burra
Currency
Finniss
Marne
Murray
Rivers of the Lake Eyre basin
Alberga
Cooper
Diamantina
Finke
Frome
Neales
Strzelecki
Warburton
Eyre
Kallakoopah
Officer
Macumba
Rivers of Kangaroo Island
Cygnet
De Mole
Eleanor
Harriet
Middle
Rocky
Stun Sail Boom
Willson
Rivers flowing into Lake Torrens
Willochra Creek
Calabrinda Creek
Kanyaka Creek
Wirreanda Creek
vteParks and squares of the City of AdelaideSquares
Victoria Square
Light Square
Hindmarsh Square
Hurtle Square
Whitmore Square
Wellington Square
ParklandsNorthAdelaideWest
#1 "Piltawodli"
Adelaide Golf Links
War Memorial Drive
North
#2 "Padipadinyilla"
Adelaide Aquatic Centre
#3 "Kandarilla"
#4 "Kangattilla"
#5 "Ngampa yerta"
#6 "Nanto Womma"
East
#7 "Kuntingga"
#8 "Barnguttilla"
AlongTorrens
#9 "Tidlangga"
#10 "Warnpangga"
#11 "Tainmundilla"
Botanic Garden
Botanic Park
Zoo
Wine Centre
RAH
IMVS
Adelaide Uni
UniSA
#12 "Karrawirra"
Adelaide Uni
UniSA
Art Gallery
Museum
State Library
War Memorial
Government House
Parade Ground
Boer War Memorial
Jubilee 150 Walkway
Angas Gardens
University Oval
AdelaideEast
#13 "Kadlitpinna"
Rundle Park
#14 "Mullawirraburka"
Rymill Park
#15 "Ityamaiitpinna"
#16 "Bakkabakkandi"
Victoria Park
#17
South
#18
Adelaide Himeji Garden
#19
#20
#21
Veale Gardens
#22
#23
West Terrace Cemetery
West
#24
Adelaide High School
#25
AlongTorrens
#26
Adelaide Oval
Cresswell Gardens
Memorial Drive
St Peter's Cathedral
Light's Vision
Montefiore Hill
Old and New Parliament House
Adelaide railway station
Convention Centre
Festival Centre
Elder Park
#27
Torrens Weir
Dame Roma Mitchell Gardens
Old Adelaide Gaol
Bonython Park
City Sk8 Park
New RAH site
NorthAdelaide
#28
Palmer Gardens
#29
Brougham Gardens
Other Parks
The Torrens Linear Park passes through the City of Adelaide
|
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It was one of the main reasons for the siting of the city of Adelaide, capital of South Australia. It flows 85 kilometres (53 mi) from its source in the Adelaide Hills near Mount Pleasant, across the Adelaide Plains, past the city centre and empties into Gulf St Vincent between Henley Beach South and West Beach. The upper stretches of the river and the reservoirs in its watershed supply a significant part of the city's water supply.The river is also known by the native Kaurna name for the river—Karrawirra Parri or Karrawirraparri (karra meaning redgum, wirra meaning forest and parri meaning river), having been officially dual-named in 2001.[1][5] Another Kaurna name for the river was Tarndaparri (Kangaroo river).[6] The river was thought to be a reflection of the Milky Way (\"wodliparri\"), and was the heartland of the Kaurna people, who lived along its length and around the tributary creeks.[7]At its 1836 exploration by William Light, an inland bend was chosen as the site of the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide. The river was first named the Yatala by the initial exploration party, but later renamed to honour Robert Torrens senior, chairman of the board of Colonisation Commissioners for South Australia from 1834 to 1841 (when he was sacked).\nFrom March 1837 settlers camped in tents and makeshift huts along the west end of the River Torrens and freely used the river's resources. A Native Location was created on the north banks of the Torrens and indigenous labour was often used by the settlers for tasks such as hewing wood or delivering water.[8] During the early years of settlement, the river acted as both the city's primary water source and main sewer, leading to outbreaks of typhoid.[9]Since European settlement the river has been a frequently touted tourist attraction. The river's long linear parks and a constructed lake in the lower stretch are iconic of the city. The river's flora and fauna have been both deliberately and accidentally impacted since settlement. In the 19th century, native forests were cleared, gravel removed for construction and many foreign species introduced. With construction of the linear parks, many species native to the river have been replanted, and introduced species have been controlled as weeds.The river and its tributaries are highly variable in flow, and together drain an area of 508 square kilometres (196 sq mi). They range from sometimes raging torrents, damaging bridges and flooding city areas, to trickles and completely dry in summer. Winter and spring flooding has prompted the construction of flood reduction works. A constructed sea outlet, landscaped linear parks and three holding reservoirs contain peak flow.","title":"River Torrens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fault scarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_scarp"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges"},{"link_name":"Mount Pleasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"faulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_fault"},{"link_name":"Paleozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,v-2"},{"link_name":"Birdwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gumeracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumeracha"},{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"strata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum"},{"link_name":"gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"Cudlee Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudlee_Creek"},{"link_name":"Athelstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstone"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,v-2"},{"link_name":"Adelaide central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"alluvial fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan"},{"link_name":"Port River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_River"},{"link_name":"sediment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"Cowandilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowandilla"},{"link_name":"The Reedbeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reedbeds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,v-2"}],"text":"The River Torrens runs largely westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the centre of Adelaide to the Gulf St Vincent. It originates close to the eastern fault scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges, near Mount Pleasant, approximately 480 metres (1,575 ft) above sea level. It runs predominantly along faulted north-south ground structures, which were formed over 250 million years ago during the Paleozoic era then further dislocated during the Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary. There is a 400-metre (1,300 ft) subsidence along the Para Fault which also affects the rivers flow. This subsidence was formed in the last two million years, after the Pliocene era.[2]From its origin to Birdwood the river follows rolling, relatively level country before entering a hilly section that continues to Gumeracha. The river then follows sedimentary rock strata before entering a gorge after Cudlee Creek. It flows through the gorge to Athelstone, passing over the Eden Fault Zone of the Adelaide Hills face and associated escarpment. After the scarp it flows over sedimentary rocks of varying resistance to erosion, which has led to interspersed narrows and broad basins.[2] From the base of the Adelaide Hills to the Adelaide central business district it runs in a shallow valley with a terraced floor, then down the slope of its own alluvial fan. The structure of this fan shows that the river formerly entered Gulf St Vincent via the Port River. Over time the Torrens deposited sediment, choking its own outflow; becoming locked behind coastal sand dunes and forming the swampy areas of the Cowandilla Plains and The Reedbeds.[2]","title":"Physiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Plains"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kaurna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"},{"link_name":"olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"boxthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxthorn"},{"link_name":"watsonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsonia_(plant)"},{"link_name":"blackberries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"City of Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Burnside"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SECOND_CREEK_ADELAIDE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleland Wildlife Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleland_Wildlife_Park"},{"link_name":"Mount Lofty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lofty"},{"link_name":"Crafers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crafers"},{"link_name":"Waterfall Gully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_Gully"},{"link_name":"Hazelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood_Park,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Tusmore Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusmore,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Marryatville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marryatville_High_School"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo"},{"link_name":"canalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"First Creek Wetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden#First_Creek_Wetlands"},{"link_name":"water security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_security"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BG-15"},{"link_name":"Adelaide parklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_parklands"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-floodplain-17"},{"link_name":"Summertown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summertown,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills"},{"link_name":"Greenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhill,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Michael Perry Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Perry_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Stonyfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonyfell"},{"link_name":"Erindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erindale,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Marryatville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marryatville"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"St Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peters,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldandnew1923-21"},{"link_name":"Stonyfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonyfell,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kensington Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Gardens,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kensington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Park,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Beulah Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beulah_Park,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Portrush Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrush_Road"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-floodplain-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldandnew1923-21"},{"link_name":"Norton Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Summit"},{"link_name":"Magill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magill,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tranmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranmere,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Trinity Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Payneham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payneham"},{"link_name":"Felixstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstow"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-floodplain-17"},{"link_name":"Marble Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Hill,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lobethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobethal"},{"link_name":"Morialta Conservation Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morialta_Conservation_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Morialta"},{"link_name":"school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Morialta_High_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-floodplain-17"},{"link_name":"Athelstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-floodplain-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Castambul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castambul"},{"link_name":"Gorge Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorge_Road,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Tributaries","text":"The Torrens is fed by numerous seasonal creeks, which are dry for most of the year in their lower reaches, but prone to occasional flooding during the winter and spring. There are five main creeks that join it from the southern side as it crosses the Adelaide Plains east of Adelaide, and at least five more in its path through the Adelaide Hills.[10]The plains tributaries, known as First to Fifth Creeks, lie to the east of the city, with First being the most southerly and the rest numbered consecutively northward. They were once named Greenhill, Hallett, Todd, Anstey and Ormsby rivulets respectively, and had Kaurna names before European settlement.[11]First, Second and Third Creeks have been particularly heavily modified. Some sections have been converted to concrete channels; others run through landscaped private gardens and some run in underground pipes. Much of the original vegetation has disappeared from the creeks, particularly those closest to the city. Introduced species including olives, bamboo, boxthorn, watsonia and blackberries have displaced native flora.[12] There is some risk of flooding from all of these eastern suburbs creeks, as shown by the Floodplain Study, which includes plans and maps drawn up by the City of Burnside and neighbouring councils.[13]Second Creek at St Peters, showing open canal at that pointFirst Creek begins in Cleland Wildlife Park on the western side of Mount Lofty and Crafers, flows north-west through the south-eastern suburbs, past a drop at the Waterfall Gully falls, through Hazelwood and Tusmore Parks, and Marryatville High School, before discharging into the Torrens near Adelaide Zoo. Much of its course through the suburbs has been canalised, some underground.[14] About 7.5% of its flow is diverted as it flows through the Adelaide Botanic Garden to create the First Creek Wetland, a scheme set up to ensure water security and to encourage diversity of flora and fauna in the area, thus helping to maintain healthy urban environments.[15] Botanic Creek runs through the eastern Adelaide parklands from south to north, into the Adelaide Botanic Garden before joining First Creek.[16][17]Second Creek arises in the Summertown area of the Adelaide Hills, north of First Creek, and flows through Greenhill, through Slape Gully, entering the more populated suburbs as it flows through the Michael Perry Reserve in Stonyfell and onwards through the eastern suburbs of Erindale, Marryatville, Kensington (open at Borthwick Park[18]) and Norwood,[19] much of it canalised underground[20] as far as St Peters. The St Peters section is an open canal shortly before it joins the Torrens. It was once called Hallet's Rivulet.[21] Stonyfell Creek, arising on the eastern boundary of Stonyfell, flows through Kensington Gardens, including an open stretch in the Reserve before again being piped underground under West Terrace, passing under Kensington Park and Beulah Park. It joins Second Creek near the junction of Magill and Portrush Roads.[17]First and Second Creeks come within about 46 metres (50 yd) of each other in Marryatville, with formerly only flat land between them.[21]Third Creek arises near Norton Summit and flows through the suburbs of Magill, Tranmere, Trinity Gardens and Payneham, much of the way underground, before discharging into the Torrens at Felixstow.[22][17]Fourth Creek, or Morialta Creek, arises on the other side of Norton Summit, with various tributaries flowing into it from Marble Hill and Lobethal. It is most well known for its falls in Morialta Conservation Park.[23] \"Moriatta\", a Kaurna word meaning \"ever flowing\", is now the official name of Fourth Creek. This name has been adapted to Morialta, which is now the name of an electoral district, school and the park through which the creek flows.[11][17]Fifth Creek arises within the Morialta Conservation Park, runs alongside Montacute Road for some way and discharges into the Torrens at Athelstone.[17][24]The largest catchment of the Torrens is Sixth Creek in the Adelaide Hills, which joins the Torrens at Castambul on Gorge Road.[25]","title":"Physiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrensriver_athelstone.JPG"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills"},{"link_name":"Athelstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstone"},{"link_name":"waterholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(geology)"},{"link_name":"gum trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_tree"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"stream bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed"},{"link_name":"dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"The Reedbeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reedbeds"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Plains"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catchmenthistory-9"},{"link_name":"Port River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_River"},{"link_name":"Barker Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Patawalonga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patawalonga_River"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wetlands-26"},{"link_name":"potable water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catchmenthistory-9"},{"link_name":"Uraidla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraidla"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Adelaide's climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"cubic metres per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metre_per_second"},{"link_name":"cu ft/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_foot_per_second"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,4-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"stormwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater"},{"link_name":"levees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol3,p2-32"},{"link_name":"drowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning"},{"link_name":"Klemzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemzig,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,4-30"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"market gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_gardening"},{"link_name":"Norwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"The Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parade,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Pirie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirie_Street"},{"link_name":"Rundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundle_Street"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Morphett Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphett_Street"},{"link_name":"Underdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underdale,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Felixstow Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felixstow"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Water flow","text":"The river in summer at base of the Adelaide Hills, AthelstoneAt the time of European settlement the river was a summertime chain of waterholes bounded by large gum trees. Flowing through the area where the city of Adelaide is sited the river was sometimes invisible beneath its gravel stream bed. It frequently flooded in winter and did not reach the sea, instead ending at coastal dunes where its waters created a vast but shallow freshwater wetlands. These wetlands, known as The Reedbeds after the dominant vegetation, occupied a large area of the western Adelaide Plains and were also fed by other waterways.[9]The river only flowed to the sea through the Port River, Barker Inlet, and Patawalonga River following heavy rain.[26]The river's catchment area of approximately 500 km2 (193 sq mi) is the largest of any waterway within the Adelaide region. The upper reaches are used to create a potable water supply for metropolitan Adelaide with the river supplying three of Adelaide's eight reservoirs.[9] The upper catchment has an average annual rainfall of between 575 millimetres (22.6 in) at its eastern end to 1,025 millimetres (40.4 in) near Uraidla.[27] The Torrens has a very variable flow leaving early settlers to use trial and error in determining bridge heights, with many bridges consequently being washed away.[28] Due to the variability of Adelaide's climate, flow rates can change from a trickle to flood conditions quickly. On 5 June 1889, prior to major flooding, the flow rate before it entered the suburbs was 0.7 cubic metres per second (25 cu ft/s), rising to 129.1 m3/s (4,560 cu ft/s), eight days later.[29]What the River Torrens may be capable of performing for a week or two of the rainy season beyond sweeping down to the swamp the summer filth of Adelaide we cannot guess; but the Torrens at other times is not a river at all, but merely a chain of fresh water pools. At the present moment, its running water may be spanned with the hand and sounded with the forefinger— The Register, 1838[30]Since settlement it has repeatedly flooded, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Adelaide's western suburbs were especially prone to flooding due to their location on the river's alluvial fan.[31] As development of Adelaide progressed the amount of rainfall required for flooding decreased and consequent damage increased. Increased stormwater runoff, modification of the river's banks and other changes all served to exacerbate the problem. Work done by various groups to minimise flooding was often counter productive with the creation of levees, moving and widening channels and other works simply shifting the flooding elsewhere.[32]Two early floods were, 18 September 1841 which resulted in two people drowning while trying to cross the river at Klemzig, and 22 September 1844, the largest recorded since settlement began, when \"Shands' Brewery\" was washed away after the river undermined its foundations.[30] The 1899 flood was particularly widespread with extensive flooding of both the river and its tributaries, after a year with 785.6 millimetres (30.93 in) of rain compared to the Adelaide average of 530 millimetres (21 in). The river flooded market gardens and farms throughout its hills course causing extensive damage. Norwood was inundated to The Parade, Adelaide to Pirie and Rundle Streets, and many areas west of the city were left in a shallow lake.[33] The river ran 9 feet (2.7 m) deep over the weir near Thorndon Park Reservoir, 3 feet (0.9 m) over the Torrens Lake Weir and 1 foot (0.3 m) over the Morphett Street Bridge. The Underdale (or Holbrooks) Bridge was destroyed, the Torrens Lake weir's bridge damaged, and the Felixstow Bridge over the Fourth Creek washed away.[34]","title":"Physiography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Schramm_-_Adelaide,_a_tribe_of_natives_on_the_banks_of_the_river_Torrens_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"W.G. Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.G._Field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Morphett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morphett"},{"link_name":"George Strickland Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strickland_Kingston"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont-2-35"},{"link_name":"William Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Light"},{"link_name":"Robert Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Torrens_(economist)"},{"link_name":"South Australian Colonisation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Colonisation_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vol1,v-2"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont-2-35"},{"link_name":"George Imlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Imlay"},{"link_name":"John Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hill_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Red Gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_camaldulensis"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Hindmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yatala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatala_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont-2-35"},{"link_name":"Pirltawardli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirltawardli"},{"link_name":"North Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Christian mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission"},{"link_name":"Kaurna language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaurna_language"},{"link_name":"language revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revival"},{"link_name":"Bonython Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonython_Park"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sah-40"}],"text":"Alexander Schramm, A Tribe of Natives on the Banks of the River Torrens, 1850The first European sighting of the river was in November 1836 by an exploration party comprising Lieutenant W.G. Field, John Morphett and George Strickland Kingston. The river was named \"The Yatala\" by the party[35] but later renamed by Surveyor General Colonel William Light after Robert Torrens, chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commission.[2][36] On 29 December 1836 Light announced the location of the new city of Adelaide, 6 miles (9.7 km) inland on the river's banks.[35] The first Europeans to explore the Torrens Gorge to the headwaters and sources of the river were Dr George Imlay and John Hill in January 1838.[37][38]In recent years the river has been dually known by the indigenous Kaurna people's name of Karra wirra-parri (meaning river of the Red Gum forest), referring to the dense eucalyptus forest that lined its banks prior to clearing by early settlers.[39] This name, alternatively Karra-weera, only referred to the lake section of the river, between Adelaide and North Adelaide. It was known as Karrundo-ingga at Hindmarsh, Witoingga near the reed beds, and Yertala everywhere when in flood, which has survived as Yatala in the naming of various places in Adelaide.[35]Pirltawardli, now within Park 1/Pitawardli, a location next to the river near the weir, on the western side of North Adelaide, is an area of great historical significance, as the location of a Kaurna camp and later the first Christian mission and school in South Australia. The missionaries documented the Kaurna language, which formed the basis of the 21st-century language revival of the language. The \"native location\" and school moved from the southern side of the river (now Bonython Park) to the northern side several times.[40]","title":"European exploration and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Looking_down_from_Port_Adelaide,_15_August_1888.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Terrace, Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"gravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manninghistory-41"},{"link_name":"Anthony Trollope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Trollope"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altmann_et_al._1999,_p.19-42"},{"link_name":"farmland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmland_(farming)"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"}],"text":"North Terrace, Adelaide and the Torrens, 10 August 1888During early years of colonisation, the surrounding trees were cut down and the river's gravel used in road making and construction of buildings. As the natural environment was removed, the banks were eroded and the riverbed gradually levelled as waterholes filled. By 1878 the river was noted to be a malodorous, black sewer rather than the sylvan stream of the 1830s.[41]...anything in the guise of a river more ugly than the Torrens would be impossible to either see or describe...— Anthony Trollope prior to 1880[42]Much of the river's catchment area consists of cleared farmland with run-off captured in private dams to sustain farming over Adelaide's dry summer. Combined with the river's use for potable water this has greatly reduced the overall flow especially in the lower river.","title":"Changes after 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sewerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"Patawalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patawalonga_River"},{"link_name":"Henley Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Beach"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Creek Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Creek_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"local councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Millbrook Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vol3,p4-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breakout_creek_river_torrens_adelaide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"State Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Municipal Tramways Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Tramways_Trust"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sahbreakout-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-azbreakout-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-samemtorrens-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Lockleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockleys"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Airport"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catchmenthistory-9"},{"link_name":"reedbeds and swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reedbeds"},{"link_name":"West Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lakes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_Flood_Water_Scheme_Showing_Horses_Pulling_Loads_and_Men(GN09762).jpg"},{"link_name":"tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_Flood_Water_Scheme(GN09778).jpg"},{"link_name":"Narrow-gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gauge"},{"link_name":"diesel loco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_Floodwater_Scheme(GN10694).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_Floodwater_Scheme(GN10693).jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"spillway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillway"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"linear park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Linear_Park"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"O-Bahn Busway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway"},{"link_name":"St Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peters,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Flood mitigation","text":"A flood mitigation bill was passed in 1917 to not only combat the damage caused by floods but also the public health risk due to the lack of mains sewerage in the western suburbs. Popular opinion favoured diverting the flood waters into their \"natural\" outlets of the Port and Patawalonga Rivers. The chief engineer of the department of works favoured a cutting through sand dunes near Henley Beach allowing the river an outlet, mitigating floods and preventing silting of the Port River. He also advocated the construction of a reservoir where the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir is now, to both mitigate floods and provide summer irrigation water for market gardens. Unfortunately the bill lapsed with no action as the government and local councils were unwilling to fund the works.[43] The Millbrook Reservoir opened in 1918 as a summer water source, and flood mitigator if required. A bill was passed in 1923 to enact the earlier plan of cutting through the dunes and adding an upstream regulating weir. Again the bill lapsed due to a lack of commitment from parties on payment.[44]The Torrens's sea outlet, \"Breakout Creek\"A major flood in 1931 and another in 1933 led to the latest in a series of government enquiries. In 1934 the \"Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works\" recommended that an outlet for the river be created to accommodate flows of up to 370 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s), covering a 1-in-60-year flood. The work was partly financed by a Commonwealth Government grant with the State Government arranging for the balance. The State Government, western and eastern local councils and the Municipal Tramways Trust shared interest costs. The scheme was enacted in 1935 with the construction of the Breakout Creek (also sometimes Breakout Channel) to take the Torrens westwards to the sea, completed in 1937.[45][46][47][48] The scheme involved diversion of the river at Lockleys (near Adelaide Airport), with the original channel blocked and a new channel created to the sea.[9] The reedbeds and swamps were subsequently drained and some of their area is now the site for the suburb of West Lakes.Horse-drawn tramway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNarrow-gauge diesel loco\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChannel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBridgeBased on recommendations in a 1925 report on flood mitigation, work began in the 1960s on the building of the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir, opened in 1969 with a capacity of 24.4 megalitres (860,000 cu ft).[49] It remains the only reservoir damming the river rather than being fed from weirs. The \"River Torrens Committee\" was formed in 1964 to advise the minister of works on preserving and enhancing the river's natural beauty, and developing it for recreational uses. The \"River Torrens Acquisition Act 1970–72\" was passed, authorising the purchase of land, in some cases 60 metres (200 ft) back from the top of the river's banks.[50]By 1980, further development along the riverbanks and removal of levées had reduced the outlet's capacity to a 1-in-35-year flood. A study showed that a 1-in-200-year flood would inundate 13,000 properties; so the Kangaroo Creek dam's level was raised, its spillway modified, the Breakout Creek channel capacity increased and some bridges reinforced.[51] A development plan was approved in 1981 to purchase land along the length of the river, create a flood mitigating linear park and also to modify the Kangaroo Creek dam further. The sea outlet was enlarged to a capacity of 410 m3/s (14,000 cu ft/s) which now covered a 1-in-200-year flood.[52] When the O-Bahn Busway was opened, the bridges were designed to cope with this scale of flood, although the two bridges in St Peters would likely be awash.[53]","title":"Changes after 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_lake,_around_1889.jpg"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Elder Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Park"},{"link_name":"rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Thomas Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Elder"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altmann_et_al._1999,_p.4-55"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altmann_et_al._1999,_p.19-42"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popeye_on_the_river_torrens.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_weir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torrens_Weir_heavy_rain.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverTorrensAdelaide.jpg"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(boat)"},{"link_name":"ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Glenelg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"jarrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrah"},{"link_name":"Port Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"paddle boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedalo"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Torrens Lake","text":"Torrens Lake (with row boats) around 1889The 470 ML (17 million cu ft)[54] Torrens Lake was created in 1881 with the construction of a weir, landscaping of Elder Park and modification of the river's bank and surrounds into an English formal park. The lake forms a centrepiece of many Adelaide events and postcard scenes. Elder Park with its iron rotunda was opened on 28 November 1882. The Rotunda is a largely Glasgow built 9-metre-high (30 ft) iron bandstand which was funded by Sir Thomas Elder, the park being named after him.[55]In 1867, prison labour from nearby Adelaide Gaol was used to build a wooden dam near the site of the current weir. The dam was poorly constructed and almost immediately the Torrens washed it away. Construction of a permanent concrete weir was begun in November 1880 and completed, at a cost of £7,000, in 1881. The sluice gates were closed to begin filling the 12-hectare (30-acre) Torrens Lake on 1 July 1881. At the lake's official opening on 21 July 1881 an estimated 40,000, almost the entire population of Adelaide, attended. During the 1889 flood, the weir was overwhelmed, its gates jammed, and in trying to free them the weir's designer John Langdon was crippled.[42] The weir was rebuilt from 1928 to 1929 with its footbridge relocated and the centre section replaced. The gates can now be fully raised and the river allowed to flow unimpeded.[56]Popeye IIIWeir forming the Torrens Lake near Adelaide GaolTorrens Weir in full flow during heavy rain, April 2007The River Torrens, as seen from the weirThe \"Popeye\" boats are privately owned recreational ferries that operate on the lake between Elder Park and the Adelaide Zoo. The first boat was launched on the Torrens Lake by Gordon Watts in 1935. It was a 25-foot (7.6 m) boat, built on the banks of the Torrens to hold up to 20 passengers and named Popeye 1. Watts purchased a former Glenelg cruise boat in 1948 and placed it in service as Popeye 2. Over the next two years three new jarrah hulled boats were built at Port Adelaide; carrying 40 passengers each they were numbered Popeye 3 through Popeye 5. Trips on the Popeyes from Elder Park to the zoo became a treasured family outing and the boats hosted weddings and other events.[57] In March 1962 Keith Altman, owner of riverside eatery \"Jolley's Boathouse\", took over the Popeyes and introduced recreational paddle boats to the river. The Popeyes had a brush with royalty in March 1977 with Popeye 5 ferrying Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip followed by a choir in Popeye 4. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser officially launched three new fibreglass models named Popeyes I, II and III in 1982 as the wooden boats' replacements.[58]","title":"Changes after 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont,p6-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont,p3-60"},{"link_name":"Campbelltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbelltown,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ernest_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"John England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_England_(engineer)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Hope Valley Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Valley_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Festival Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Gumeracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumeracha"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Water use","text":"In the early days of Adelaide, the Torrens was used for bathing, stock watering, rubbish disposal, water supply and as a de facto sewer and drainage sump. This led to a range of health issues until finally, in 1839, when a dysentery outbreak killed five children in one day, Governor Gawler forbade bathing, clothes washing and the disposal of animal carcases in the Torrens within 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) of town. The quality of the river's water was not helped by water supply methods. Carters used to drive water carts into the Torrens to refill. To prevent this the State Government in 1852 built a facility with steam powered pumps and water storage, from which the carters then filled their casks.[59]The \"Waterworks Act\" of 1856 was passed to enable damming of the upstream Torrens for water supply purposes.[60] The resulting \"Water Commission\" arranged the following year for foundations to be laid for a water supply weir 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Adelaide near Campbelltown. Unsuitable geology and shoddy work by contractors Frost & Watson led to it being washed away in July 1858 and the site abandoned. Engineer Hamilton was replaced by John England. Government then created a Waterworks Department, which started construction of a weir 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the city and reservoir at Thorndon Park in 1859.[61] The weir was completed on 4 June 1860 and the reservoir began supplying piped water in December. Engineer England was found by a Select Committee to have overpaid the contractors and forced to resign.[62] The water was captured at the weir, piped for storage to the Thorndon Park Reservoir then to a water tower at Kent Town. Water from Kent Town storage was distributed via a manually controlled water system, unmetered for its first six years.[63] Within six years 20,000 citizens in Adelaide and Port Adelaide were connected to reticulated water from the Torrens.[64] By 1872, the 2,840 ML (620 million imp gal; 750 million US gal) Hope Valley Reservoir in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills was completed as a storage reservoir, supplied via an aqueduct and tunnel.[65]Public baths were built in 1861 just north of the current Parliament House. They were supplied with reticulated water from the Torrens and progressively upgraded with the last change a 1940 remodelling including an Olympic-size swimming pool and diving tower. The baths were demolished in 1970 to make way for the Adelaide Festival Centre.[66] The 16,500 ML (3.6 billion imp gal; 4.4 billion US gal) Millbrook Reservoir was constructed high in the Adelaide Hills from 1913 to 1918 submerging the town of Millbrook. An earth bank dam fed by mile long tunnel from a weir on the river at Gumeracha, its elevation allows gravity supply of water to Adelaide's eastern suburbs.[67]","title":"Changes after 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altmann_et_al._1999,_p.4-55"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pont,p3-60"}],"sub_title":"Bridges","text":"Due to the river's path through the centre of Adelaide, transport necessitated the construction of many bridges. Prior to the bridges all crossings had been via fords which proved a dangerous practice in winter and spring. The first bridge was one of timber built in 1839 approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) west of the current City bridge, but destroyed by floods in September 1844.[55] In 1849 £6,000 was allocated to bridge the Torrens. Within four years three wooden bridges had been built and subsequently destroyed in floods.[60] The bridges listed below are from up-river to down-river.","title":"Changes after 1836"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yabbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_yabby"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manninghistory-41"},{"link_name":"pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism)"},{"link_name":"European carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp"},{"link_name":"redfin perch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_perch"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"gudgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudgeon_(fish)"},{"link_name":"waterfowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatidae"},{"link_name":"Pacific black ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_black_duck"},{"link_name":"Australian wood ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wood_duck"},{"link_name":"black swans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_swan"},{"link_name":"ibis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis"},{"link_name":"egrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"mallards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard"},{"link_name":"tortoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"water rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakali"},{"link_name":"Australian swamp rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_swamp_rat"},{"link_name":"black rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_rat"},{"link_name":"brown rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_rat"},{"link_name":"house mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mouse"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"reeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites"},{"link_name":"sedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperaceae"},{"link_name":"rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus"},{"link_name":"bulrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typha"},{"link_name":"pale rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_pallidus"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus camaldulensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_camaldulensis"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus leucoxylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_leucoxylon"},{"link_name":"Casuarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casuarina"},{"link_name":"Exocarpos cupressiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocarpos_cupressiformis"},{"link_name":"Callitris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callitris"},{"link_name":"Acacia pycnantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"The river was formerly a food source with yabbies, mussels and small fish, however the reduction in water quality, changing of the river's habitat, and introduction of European fish species has led to a reduction in fauna quantity and diversity.[41] Exotic pest species such as the European carp, redfin perch and trout have greatly reduced native fish populations like the big headed gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps) but native waterfowl are common along the river with Pacific black ducks, Australian wood ducks, black swans, ibis, egrets and herons amongst the more than 100 species seen. The number of exotic waterfowl species such as mallards has reduced in recent years. In places the steep banks of the river are an ideal habitat for long-necked tortoises.[citation needed]The river, and its tributaries, had a population of water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) and Australian swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus). Water rats remain in reduced numbers, but the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) have largely supplanted the natives. The house mouse (Mus musculus) is now the most common mammal of the Torrens environ.[84]Widely found native reeds, sedges and rushes along the upper river are bulrush, knobby club rush, spike rush, common reed, sea rush and pale rush. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) trees are found along the riverbanks, although sparser than the forest that was seen by European discoverers. Still present are many of the original vegetation species like: Sheoak (Casuarina stricta), native cherry (Exocarpos cupressiformis), native pine (Callitris preissii) and Australia's floral emblem the golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha)[85]","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Bridge,_Adelaide.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adelaide_Oval_Footbridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"Birdwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Gumeracha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumeracha"},{"link_name":"Athelstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelstone"},{"link_name":"O-Bahn Busway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Bahn_Busway"},{"link_name":"city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre"},{"link_name":"North Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol"},{"link_name":"Gulf St Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_St_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Hope Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Valley_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Millbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Adelaide City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"parklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png"},{"link_name":"linear river park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Linear_Park"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Festival Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre"},{"link_name":"Elder Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Park"},{"link_name":"Tasting Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasting_Australia"},{"link_name":"christmas carols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol"},{"link_name":"stormwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater"},{"link_name":"polluted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"algal blooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom"},{"link_name":"E. coli bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli"},{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Adelaide University Boat Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_University_Boat_Club"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"Head of the River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_the_River_(Australia)#South_Australia"}],"text":"City BridgeAdelaide Oval Footbridge over the TorrensFrom its source the river flows westwards through Birdwood and Gumeracha. It then continues down through Torrens Gorge entering suburban Adelaide at Athelstone with some of its path paralleled by the O-Bahn Busway. It passes between the city centre and North Adelaide, forming the Torrens Lake between the Adelaide Zoo and a weir opposite Adelaide Gaol. The river then continues the remaining eight kilometres to the sea at Henley Beach South, emptying into Gulf St Vincent via a constructed outlet.Hope Valley, Millbrook and Kangaroo Creek Reservoirs, which provide water storage for Adelaide, capture the river's flow. These reservoirs form part of the Adelaide Hills catchment, which supplies 60% of Adelaide's water needs in an average year. Adelaide City Council uses water from the lower river to irrigate the city's surrounding parklands.[86] Rubbish accumulation in the lower river is controlled with numerous collection racks, and sediments and other pollutants are filtered through constructed wetlands.[87]The river's path flowing between Adelaide and North Adelaide, through Adelaide's parklandsThe earliest linear river park in Australia bounds the suburban end of the river. The park is 35 km long with numerous playgrounds walkways and bicycle tracks. On the south bank of the lake, adjacent to the Adelaide Festival Centre, Elder Park is used for the annual Tasting Australia festival, mass singing of christmas carols at the annual \"Carols by Candlelight\", and other public events throughout the year. The Popeye tourist boats, small paddle boats and Black Swans of the lake are icons of the area and frequently featured in postcard photographs of the city. Due to now-limited natural river flow and stormwater born organic material, the lower river, (particularly the lake), is often polluted with algal blooms and significant levels of E. coli bacteria in spring and summer. Numerous taskforces have been formed to improve the river's water quality, including one created in 2006 by the Minister for the Environment and Conservation.[88]The river is a used by many for recreation, with the footpaths on the riverbanks often filled with cyclists and joggers. Rowers use the lake for training all year round, and many clubs such as the Adelaide University Boat Club, the Adelaide Rowing Club, and the boat houses of the secondary schools which participate in the annual Head of the River are located upon its banks. Several rowing regattas are held on the Torrens Lake course in the summer months of each year, contested by both club and school crews.","title":"Today's river"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:River_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071024204531/http://amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"State Library Manning Index: River Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/t/torrens.htm"},{"link_name":"\"River Torrens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/places/river-torrens?hh=1&"},{"link_name":"\"The River Torrens\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.campbelltown.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=4614&c=27167"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rivers_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Acraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acraman_Creek"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Crystal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Brook_(creek)"},{"link_name":"Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Bungala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungala_River"},{"link_name":"Christies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christies_Creek"},{"link_name":"Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Creek_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_River"},{"link_name":"Panalatinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panalatinga_Creek"},{"link_name":"Gawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawler_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"North Para","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Para_River"},{"link_name":"Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_Creek_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"South Para","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Para_River"},{"link_name":"Glenelg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg_River_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Hindmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindmarsh_River"},{"link_name":"Inman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inman_River"},{"link_name":"Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Little Para","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Para_River"},{"link_name":"Myponga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myponga_River"},{"link_name":"Onkaparinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onkaparinga_River"},{"link_name":"Patawalonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patawalonga_River"},{"link_name":"Glen Osmond/Keswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick_Creek"},{"link_name":"Brown Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Hill_Creek"},{"link_name":"Sturt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturt_River"},{"link_name":"Pirie–Torrens corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirie%E2%80%93Torrens_corridor"},{"link_name":"Port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_River"},{"link_name":"Tod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_River"},{"link_name":"Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_River"},{"link_name":"Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Creek_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Murray–Darling basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin"},{"link_name":"Angas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Angas"},{"link_name":"Bremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremer_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Burra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burra_Creek_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_Creek_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Finniss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finniss_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Eyre basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Eyre_basin"},{"link_name":"Alberga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberga_River"},{"link_name":"Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Creek"},{"link_name":"Diamantina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamantina_River"},{"link_name":"Finke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finke_River"},{"link_name":"Frome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frome_River"},{"link_name":"Neales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neales_River"},{"link_name":"Strzelecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelecki_Creek"},{"link_name":"Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburton_River"},{"link_name":"Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_Creek_(Lake_Eyre_basin)"},{"link_name":"Kallakoopah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallakoopah_Creek"},{"link_name":"Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Creek"},{"link_name":"Macumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macumba_River"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island"},{"link_name":"Cygnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnet_River"},{"link_name":"De Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Mole_River"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_River"},{"link_name":"Harriet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_River"},{"link_name":"Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_River_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River_(Kangaroo_Island)"},{"link_name":"Stun Sail Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stun_Sail_Boom_River"},{"link_name":"Willson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willson_River"},{"link_name":"Lake Torrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Torrens"},{"link_name":"Willochra Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willochra_Creek"},{"link_name":"Calabrinda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calabrinda_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanyaka Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyaka_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wirreanda Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirreanda_Creek"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AdelaideParklands"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AdelaideParklands"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AdelaideParklands"},{"link_name":"City of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Victoria Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Light Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Square"},{"link_name":"Hindmarsh Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindmarsh_Square"},{"link_name":"Hurtle Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtle_Square"},{"link_name":"Whitmore Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitmore_Square"},{"link_name":"Wellington Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Square,_North_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Parklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Park_Lands"},{"link_name":"#1 \"Piltawodli\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Golf Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Golf_Links"},{"link_name":"War Memorial Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Memorial_Drive"},{"link_name":"#2 \"Padipadinyilla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_2"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Aquatic Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Aquatic_Centre"},{"link_name":"#3 \"Kandarilla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_3"},{"link_name":"#4 \"Kangattilla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_4"},{"link_name":"#5 \"Ngampa yerta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_5"},{"link_name":"#6 \"Nanto Womma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_6"},{"link_name":"#7 \"Kuntingga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_7"},{"link_name":"#8 \"Barnguttilla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_8"},{"link_name":"#9 \"Tidlangga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_9"},{"link_name":"#10 \"Warnpangga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_10"},{"link_name":"#11 \"Tainmundilla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_11"},{"link_name":"Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Botanic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic_Park,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Wine Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wine_Centre_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"RAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital"},{"link_name":"IMVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_and_Veterinary_Science"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Uni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"UniSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"#12 \"Karrawirra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_12"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Uni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"UniSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Museum"},{"link_name":"State Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Parade Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Parade_Ground"},{"link_name":"Boer War Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_War_Memorial_(South_Australia)"},{"link_name":"Jubilee 150 Walkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_150_Walkway"},{"link_name":"Angas Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angas_Gardens"},{"link_name":"University Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Oval,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"#13 \"Kadlitpinna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_13"},{"link_name":"Rundle Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundle_Park_/_Kadlitpina"},{"link_name":"#14 \"Mullawirraburka\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_14"},{"link_name":"Rymill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymill_Park"},{"link_name":"#15 \"Ityamaiitpinna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_15"},{"link_name":"#16 \"Bakkabakkandi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_16"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"#17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_17"},{"link_name":"#18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_18"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Himeji Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Himeji_Garden"},{"link_name":"#19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_19"},{"link_name":"#20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_20"},{"link_name":"#21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_21"},{"link_name":"Veale Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veale_Gardens"},{"link_name":"#22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_22"},{"link_name":"#23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_23"},{"link_name":"West Terrace Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Terrace_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"#24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_24"},{"link_name":"Adelaide High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_High_School"},{"link_name":"#25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_25"},{"link_name":"#26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_26"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Oval"},{"link_name":"Cresswell Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresswell_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Memorial Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Drive_Park"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Light's Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%27s_Vision"},{"link_name":"Montefiore Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefiore_Hill"},{"link_name":"Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Convention Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Convention_Centre"},{"link_name":"Festival Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Festival_Centre"},{"link_name":"Elder Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Park"},{"link_name":"#27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_27"},{"link_name":"Torrens Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Torrens_Lake"},{"link_name":"Dame Roma Mitchell Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Roma_Mitchell_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Old Adelaide Gaol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Gaol"},{"link_name":"Bonython Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonython_Park"},{"link_name":"City Sk8 Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Sk8_Park"},{"link_name":"RAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital"},{"link_name":"#28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_28"},{"link_name":"Palmer Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Gardens"},{"link_name":"#29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_29"},{"link_name":"Brougham Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brougham_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Torrens Linear Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens_Linear_Park"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Torrens.Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine\nState Library Manning Index: River Torrens\nTwidale, C.R. \"River Torrens\". SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia. (CC Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Australia Licence)\n\"The River Torrens\". Campbelltown City Council. – includes some history old photos and citationsvteRivers of South AustraliaRivers that flow towards the coast\nAcraman\nBroughton\nCrystal\nHill\nHutt\nRocky\nBungala\nChristies\nDry\nField\nPanalatinga\nGawler\nNorth Para\nJacobs\nSouth Para\nGlenelg\nHindmarsh\nInman\nLight\nGilbert\nLittle Para\nMyponga\nOnkaparinga\nPatawalonga\nGlen Osmond/Keswick\nBrown Hill\nSturt\nPirie–Torrens corridor\nPort\nTod\nTorrens\nWakefield\nEyre\nRivers of the Murray–Darling basin\nAngas\nBremer\nBurra\nCurrency\nFinniss\nMarne\nMurray\nRivers of the Lake Eyre basin\nAlberga\nCooper\nDiamantina\nFinke\nFrome\nNeales\nStrzelecki\nWarburton\nEyre\nKallakoopah\nOfficer\nMacumba\nRivers of Kangaroo Island\nCygnet\nDe Mole\nEleanor\nHarriet\nMiddle\nRocky\nStun Sail Boom\nWillson\nRivers flowing into Lake Torrens\nWillochra Creek\nCalabrinda Creek\nKanyaka Creek\nWirreanda CreekvteParks and squares of the City of AdelaideSquares\nVictoria Square\nLight Square\nHindmarsh Square\nHurtle Square\nWhitmore Square\nWellington Square\nParklandsNorthAdelaideWest\n#1 \"Piltawodli\"\nAdelaide Golf Links\nWar Memorial Drive\nNorth\n#2 \"Padipadinyilla\"\nAdelaide Aquatic Centre\n#3 \"Kandarilla\"\n#4 \"Kangattilla\"\n#5 \"Ngampa yerta\"\n#6 \"Nanto Womma\"\nEast\n#7 \"Kuntingga\"\n#8 \"Barnguttilla\"\nAlongTorrens\n#9 \"Tidlangga\"\n#10 \"Warnpangga\"\n#11 \"Tainmundilla\"\nBotanic Garden\nBotanic Park\nZoo\nWine Centre\nRAH\nIMVS\nAdelaide Uni\nUniSA\n#12 \"Karrawirra\"\nAdelaide Uni\nUniSA\nArt Gallery\nMuseum\nState Library\nWar Memorial\nGovernment House\nParade Ground\nBoer War Memorial\nJubilee 150 Walkway\nAngas Gardens\nUniversity Oval\nAdelaideEast\n#13 \"Kadlitpinna\"\nRundle Park\n#14 \"Mullawirraburka\"\nRymill Park\n#15 \"Ityamaiitpinna\"\n#16 \"Bakkabakkandi\"\nVictoria Park\n#17\nSouth\n#18\nAdelaide Himeji Garden\n#19\n#20\n#21\nVeale Gardens\n#22\n#23\nWest Terrace Cemetery\nWest\n#24\nAdelaide High School\n#25\nAlongTorrens\n#26\nAdelaide Oval\nCresswell Gardens\nMemorial Drive\nSt Peter's Cathedral\nLight's Vision\nMontefiore Hill\nOld and New Parliament House\nAdelaide railway station\nConvention Centre\nFestival Centre\nElder Park\n#27\nTorrens Weir\nDame Roma Mitchell Gardens\nOld Adelaide Gaol\nBonython Park\nCity Sk8 Park\nNew RAH site\nNorthAdelaide\n#28\nPalmer Gardens\n#29\nBrougham Gardens\nOther Parks\nThe Torrens Linear Park passes through the City of Adelaide","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"View west towards the Torrens outlet from the Davis Bridge, Tapleys Hill Road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RiverTorrensWestBeach.jpg/220px-RiverTorrensWestBeach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Second Creek at St Peters, showing open canal at that point","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SECOND_CREEK_ADELAIDE.jpg/220px-SECOND_CREEK_ADELAIDE.jpg"},{"image_text":"The river in summer at base of the Adelaide Hills, Athelstone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Torrensriver_athelstone.JPG/220px-Torrensriver_athelstone.JPG"},{"image_text":"Alexander Schramm, A Tribe of Natives on the Banks of the River Torrens, 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Alexander_Schramm_-_Adelaide%2C_a_tribe_of_natives_on_the_banks_of_the_river_Torrens_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Alexander_Schramm_-_Adelaide%2C_a_tribe_of_natives_on_the_banks_of_the_river_Torrens_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Terrace, Adelaide and the Torrens, 10 August 1888","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Looking_down_from_Port_Adelaide%2C_15_August_1888.jpg/220px-Looking_down_from_Port_Adelaide%2C_15_August_1888.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Torrens's sea outlet, \"Breakout Creek\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Breakout_creek_river_torrens_adelaide.jpg/220px-Breakout_creek_river_torrens_adelaide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Torrens Lake (with row boats) around 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Torrens_lake%2C_around_1889.jpg/220px-Torrens_lake%2C_around_1889.jpg"},{"image_text":"Popeye III","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Popeye_on_the_river_torrens.jpg/220px-Popeye_on_the_river_torrens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weir forming the Torrens Lake near Adelaide Gaol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Torrens_weir.jpg/220px-Torrens_weir.jpg"},{"image_text":"Torrens Weir in full flow during heavy rain, April 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Torrens_Weir_heavy_rain.JPG/220px-Torrens_Weir_heavy_rain.JPG"},{"image_text":"The River Torrens, as seen from the weir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/RiverTorrensAdelaide.jpg/220px-RiverTorrensAdelaide.jpg"},{"image_text":"City Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/City_Bridge%2C_Adelaide.jpg/220px-City_Bridge%2C_Adelaide.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adelaide Oval Footbridge over the Torrens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Adelaide_Oval_Footbridge.jpg/220px-Adelaide_Oval_Footbridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The river's path flowing between Adelaide and North Adelaide, through Adelaide's parklands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png/220px-Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of rivers of Australia § South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia#South_Australia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Notice to Assign Dual Names to Places\" (PDF). South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 15 November 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. NOTICE is hereby given [that the] Minister of the Crown to whom the administration of the Geographical Names Act 1991, is committed do hereby 1. Assign the name Karrawirra Parri as an alternative name to that feature also known as River Torrens. Both names, separately or together, would have equal validity as the name of the subject feature [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2001/November/2001_153.pdf","url_text":"\"Notice to Assign Dual Names to Places\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Government_Gazette","url_text":"South Australian Government Gazette"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031934/http://governmentgazette.sa.gov.au/sites/default/files/public/documents/gazette/2001/November/2001_153.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adelaide coastal waters study (Spring 2004). \"Summary of the literature review and stormwater audit (pdf)\" (PDF). City to Sea. 1 (4): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090930171547/http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/pdfs/acwsnewsno6.pdf","url_text":"\"Summary of the literature review and stormwater audit (pdf)\""},{"url":"http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/pdfs/acwsnewsno6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Map of River Torrens, SA\". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=206949&cmd=sp","url_text":"\"Map of River Torrens, SA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030082728/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=206949&cmd=sp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"River Torrens\". SA Location Viewer. Government of South Australia. 7 March 2013. SA0033903. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. Portions of the river also known by the Aboriginal people as Karra Wirra Parri (that portion in the City of Adelaide), Korraweera (at Hindmarsh), Karraundo Ingga (reedbeds), Witoingga (whole river), Perre, Peere or Parri (in flood) and Yertala","urls":[{"url":"http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer","url_text":"\"River Torrens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719031858/http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Adelaide","url_text":"City of Adelaide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindmarsh,_South_Australia","url_text":"Hindmarsh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reedbeds","url_text":"reedbeds"}]},{"reference":"\"Karrawirraparri 'Red gum forest river' (River Torrens)\". City of Charles Sturt. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charlessturt.sa.gov.au/community/arts,-culture-and-history/kaurna-culture/karrawirraparri","url_text":"\"Karrawirraparri 'Red gum forest river' (River Torrens)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200317194535/https://www.charlessturt.sa.gov.au/community/arts,-culture-and-history/kaurna-culture/karrawirraparri","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Reconciliation\". Adelaide City Council. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_kwp.html","url_text":"\"Reconciliation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712144216/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_kwp.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"KESAB. \"A LITTLE CATCHMENT HISTORY\". Catchment Boards of South Australia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061003052808/http://www.cwmb.sa.gov.au/kwc/section1/1-33.htm","url_text":"\"A LITTLE CATCHMENT HISTORY\""},{"url":"http://www.cwmb.sa.gov.au/kwc/section1/1-33.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First to Fifth Creeks\". Burnside Council. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Environment-Sustainability/Be-Prepared-for-Severe-Weather-Events/Flooding/First-to-Fifth-Creeks","url_text":"\"First to Fifth Creeks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190623103918/https://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/Environment-Sustainability/Be-Prepared-for-Severe-Weather-Events/Flooding/First-to-Fifth-Creeks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First Creek, Waterfall Gully: 2015 Aquatic Ecosystem Condition Report\". EPA South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/reports_water/c0252-ecosystem-2015","url_text":"\"First Creek, Waterfall Gully: 2015 Aquatic Ecosystem Condition Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624035217/http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/reports_water/c0252-ecosystem-2015","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First Creek Wetland\". Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.botanicgardens.sa.gov.au/visit/adelaide-botanic-garden/gardens/first-creek-wetland","url_text":"\"First Creek Wetland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624031030/https://www.botanicgardens.sa.gov.au/visit/adelaide-botanic-garden/gardens/first-creek-wetland","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide Botanic Garden waterways study: Final report\". Ecological Engineering. 29 July 2003.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tonkin Engineering for the Torrens Catchment Water Management Board (March 2007). \"First to Fifth Creeks Floodplain Mapping Project\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterconnect.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/DEW/First%20to%20Fifth%20Cks%20-%20Flood%20Study%20-%202007.pdf","url_text":"\"First to Fifth Creeks Floodplain Mapping Project\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624065345/https://www.waterconnect.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/DEW/First%2520to%2520Fifth%2520Cks%2520-%2520Flood%2520Study%2520-%25202007.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Borthwick Park Creek Improvements Draft Concept Plan\". City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npsp.sa.gov.au/article/view/1366","url_text":"\"Borthwick Park Creek Improvements Draft Concept Plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Norwood_Payneham_%26_St_Peters","url_text":"City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816025023/https://www.npsp.sa.gov.au/article/view/1366","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Creek at Norwood\". SA Memories. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2705","url_text":"\"Second Creek at Norwood\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190414232826/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2705","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Second Creek, South Australia\". Google Maps. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/5RoXcHEA1wCVcnmx9","url_text":"\"Second Creek, South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kensington—Old and New\". The Observer (Adelaide). Vol. LXXX, no. 5, 961. South Australia. 28 April 1923. p. 14. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article165701156","url_text":"\"Kensington—Old and New\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Observer (Adelaide)"}]},{"reference":"\"Third Creek, South Australia\". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/bBGBeFxWVePmSTbXA","url_text":"\"Third Creek, South Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231939/https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Third+Creek/@-34.901411,138.6512989,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ab0ca32930756b5:0x108710d62be98e7a!8m2!3d-34.9001099!4d138.6500102?shorturl=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Creek, South Australia\". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/ituMWeh9vUN7HByS7","url_text":"\"Fourth Creek, South Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231935/https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Fourth+Creek/@-34.9120659,138.7114117,14z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ab0ca3e10177053:0x29b2833407f9d245!8m2!3d-34.8928816!4d138.6777555?shorturl=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifth Creek, South Australia\". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goo.gl/maps/6N4xbJKLZrKcXJwb7","url_text":"\"Fifth Creek, South Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231957/https://www.google.com.au/gen_204?atyp=csi&ei=Fl-IYejkOpLm9APYgbLYDQ&s=trex&t=all&imn=3&ima=0&imad=0&aftp=-1&adh=&wif=1&ime=0&imex=0&imeh=3&imea=0&imeb=0&wh=523&scp=0&net=dl.4550,ect.4g,rtt.100&mem=ujhs.40,tjhs.52,jhsl.4295,dm.8&sto=&sys=hc.30&rt=aft.2208,aftqf.2214,prt.2208,xjses.4367,xjsee.4449,xjs.4449,dcl.4459,ol.5968,wsrt.304,cst.25,dnst.0,rqst.2557,rspt.2283,sslt.25,rqstt.30,unt.2,ppunt.0,cstt.4,dit.2589&zx=1636327197019","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sixth Creek Catchment Group – Adelaide, South Australia\". www.sixthcreek.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sixthcreek.com/index.php?page=watercourse","url_text":"\"Sixth Creek Catchment Group – Adelaide, South Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080406/http://www.sixthcreek.com/index.php?page=watercourse","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wetlands of the catchment\". Torrens catchment water management board. 5 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061003055822/http://www.cwmb.sa.gov.au/torrens/projects/wetlands.htm","url_text":"\"Wetlands of the catchment\""},{"url":"http://www.cwmb.sa.gov.au/torrens/projects/wetlands.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Surface Water Group (June 2003). Report DWLBC 2003/24, Surface Water Assessment of the Upper River Torrens Catchment (Figure 16). Adelaide: The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"South Australia\". The Australian. 27 March 1838. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36856259","url_text":"\"South Australia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231939/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/36856259","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). \"Pirltawadli\". SA History Hub (1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019. ...revised version of an entry first published in The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History, edited by Wilfrid Prest, Kerrie Round and Carol Fort (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2001)","urls":[{"url":"https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/pirltawardli?hh=1&","url_text":"\"Pirltawadli\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191207063358/http://sahistoryhub.com.au/places/pirltawardli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"An Essay on the River Torrens\". State Library of South Australia, The Manning Index of South Australian History. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/t/torrens.htm","url_text":"\"An Essay on the River Torrens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090918132227/http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/t/torrens.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"River Torrens\". SA History Hub. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/river-torrens","url_text":"\"River Torrens\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130060031/https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/river-torrens","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Breakout Creek channel, opened in 1937, gives Adelaide's River Torrens an outlet to the sea in western suburbs\". AdelaideAZ. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelaideaz.com/articles/breakout-creek-channel--opened-in-1937--gives-adelaide-s-river-torrens-an-outlet-to-the-sea-in-western-suburbs","url_text":"\"The Breakout Creek channel, opened in 1937, gives Adelaide's River Torrens an outlet to the sea in western suburbs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201123044300/https://adelaideaz.com/articles/breakout-creek-channel--opened-in-1937--gives-adelaide-s-river-torrens-an-outlet-to-the-sea-in-western-suburbs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"River Torrens outlet\". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2368","url_text":"\"River Torrens outlet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_South_Australia","url_text":"State Library of South Australia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130155048/https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2368","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Torrens taskforce, storage options\". Adelaide and Mount Lofty ranges natural resources management board. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070830013823/http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlFVOCzep9E%3d&tabid=598","url_text":"\"Torrens taskforce, storage options\""},{"url":"http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlFVOCzep9E%3D&tabid=598","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Reservoir at Thorndon Park\". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 18 April 1859. p. 2. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49904199","url_text":"\"The Reservoir at Thorndon Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Register","url_text":"South Australian Register"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231937/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/49904199","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Water Supply\". Atlas of South Australia 1986. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090925011913/http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-australia-1986/environment-resources/water-supply","url_text":"\"Water Supply\""},{"url":"http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/go/resources/atlas-of-south-Australia-1986/environment-resources/water-supply","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"29 Jun 1871 - UNION BRIDGE, CUDLEE CREEK. - Trove\". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39251729","url_text":"\"29 Jun 1871 - UNION BRIDGE, CUDLEE CREEK. - Trove\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231939/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/39251729","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW! First of Its Kind Whisky Distillery & Brewery Coming to Cudlee Creek • Glam Adelaide\". 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://glamadelaide.com.au/new-first-of-its-kind-whisky-distillery-brewery-coming-to-cudlee-creek/","url_text":"\"NEW! First of Its Kind Whisky Distillery & Brewery Coming to Cudlee Creek • Glam Adelaide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175428/https://glamadelaide.com.au/new-first-of-its-kind-whisky-distillery-brewery-coming-to-cudlee-creek/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Deane; Pickles, John (1996). Fargher, John Adrian (1901–1977). Vol. 14. Melbourne University Press. pp. 138–139. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140147b.htm","url_text":"Fargher, John Adrian (1901–1977)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224417/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140147b.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Call for release of documents relating to professor's death\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 May 2002. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090217075106/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s553159.htm","url_text":"\"Call for release of documents relating to professor's death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s553159.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New City Bridge\". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 16 February 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35327669","url_text":"\"New City Bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231958/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35327669","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South Australian, 1465225 | Historic England\".","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1465225?section=comments-and-photos","url_text":"\"South Australian, 1465225 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"\"Water Proofing Adelaide, Exploring the issues – a discussion paper\" (PDF). Government of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070226151141/http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/89168780-C8FA-4132-916E-4429C08D5F0F/0/WPA_Exploring_Issues.pdf","url_text":"\"Water Proofing Adelaide, Exploring the issues – a discussion paper\""},{"url":"http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/89168780-C8FA-4132-916E-4429C08D5F0F/0/WPA_Exploring_Issues.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Michael (16 September 2006). \"Taskforce to look at ailing Torrens\". The Advertiser, Adelaide. News Limited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Altmann, Keith; Butcher M, Rodda L, Stacey B, Stewien R, Venus R (1999). Ponds, ponts & Pop-eye : notes for an afternoon afloat on Adelaide's River Torrens. North Adelaide: Institution of Engineers Australia, South Australian Division.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lewis, H. John (1985). Enfield and the northern villages. Enfield, South Australia: Corporation of the City of Enfield. ISBN 0-85864-090-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85864-090-2","url_text":"0-85864-090-2"}]},{"reference":"Hammerton, Marianne (1986). Water South Australia, A History of the Engineering and Water Supply Department. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. ISBN 0-949268-75-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949268-75-5","url_text":"0-949268-75-5"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Pauline (1996). Thebarton Old and New. Adelaide: Thebarton City Council. ISBN 0-646-30157-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-30157-8","url_text":"0-646-30157-8"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (1987). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 1, 1836–1899. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department. ISBN 0-7243-4248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rowland_Twidale","url_text":"Twidale C.R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7243-4248-6","url_text":"0-7243-4248-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (February 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 2, 1900–1917. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (July 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 3, 1918–1930. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (1989). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 4, 1931–1988. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thompson, Malcolm; Sampson Bob (2006). 150 years of the Port Adelaide Railway 1856 to 2006. Port Adelaide: National Railway Museum.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Railway_Museum,_Port_Adelaide","url_text":"National Railway Museum"}]},{"reference":"Warburton, J.W., ed. (1977). Five creeks of the River Torrens. Adelaide: Department of adult education, University of Adelaide. ISBN 0-85578-336-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85578-336-2","url_text":"0-85578-336-2"}]},{"reference":"Twidale, C.R. \"River Torrens\". SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/river-torrens?hh=1&","url_text":"\"River Torrens\""}]},{"reference":"\"The River Torrens\". Campbelltown City Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.campbelltown.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=4614&c=27167","url_text":"\"The River Torrens\""}]}]
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First of Its Kind Whisky Distillery & Brewery Coming to Cudlee Creek • Glam Adelaide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125175428/https://glamadelaide.com.au/new-first-of-its-kind-whisky-distillery-brewery-coming-to-cudlee-creek/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42975776/4006125","external_links_name":"National Library of Australia, TROVE: Opening of the Albert Bridge"},{"Link":"http://adelaide-in-photos.blogspot.com/2008/04/popeye-on-torrens.html","external_links_name":"University Footbridge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090712112348/http://adelaide-in-photos.blogspot.com/2008/04/popeye-on-torrens.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140147b.htm","external_links_name":"Fargher, John Adrian (1901–1977)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216224417/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140147b.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090217075106/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s553159.htm","external_links_name":"\"Call for release of documents relating to professor's death\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200205/s553159.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35327669","external_links_name":"\"New City Bridge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211107231958/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35327669","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/goodchild-john-charles-10327/text18279","external_links_name":"'Goodchild, John Charles (1898–1980)'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150208063739/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/goodchild-john-charles-10327/text18279","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1465225?section=comments-and-photos","external_links_name":"\"South Australian, 1465225 | Historic England\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070226151141/http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/89168780-C8FA-4132-916E-4429C08D5F0F/0/WPA_Exploring_Issues.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Water Proofing Adelaide, Exploring the issues – a discussion paper\""},{"Link":"http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/89168780-C8FA-4132-916E-4429C08D5F0F/0/WPA_Exploring_Issues.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sawater.com.au/nr/rdonlyres/7da78768-78e3-4d50-a627-bb62454e5bbf/0/wpa_brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Brochure"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090915002106/http://sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/7DA78768-78E3-4D50-A627-BB62454E5BBF/0/WPA_Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sawater.com.au/nr/rdonlyres/83b05a2e-a3f0-48ee-a640-ca5521a227c0/0/wpa_strategy.pdf","external_links_name":"Strategy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090915002258/http://sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/83B05A2E-A3F0-48EE-A640-CA5521A227C0/0/WPA_Strategy.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024204531/http://amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/t/torrens.htm","external_links_name":"State Library Manning Index: River Torrens"},{"Link":"https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/places/river-torrens?hh=1&","external_links_name":"\"River Torrens\""},{"Link":"https://www.campbelltown.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=4614&c=27167","external_links_name":"\"The River Torrens\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naenia_typica
|
Gothic (moth)
|
["1 Technical description and variation","2 Biology","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Species of moth
Gothic
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Superfamily:
Noctuoidea
Family:
Noctuidae
Genus:
Naenia
Species:
N. typica
Binomial name
Naenia typica(Linnaeus, 1758)
The Gothic (Naenia typica) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is distributed in temperate Eurasia, in the Palearctic realm, including Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Armenia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Altai mountains, and west and central Siberia.
The forewings are broader than those of most other noctuids, and blackish with a network of fine white lines. The pattern is supposedly reminiscent of some elements of Gothic architecture. The hindwings are grey. The species flies at night in June and July in the British Isles. It sometimes comes to light but is not generally strongly attracted. By contrast, it is strongly attracted to sugar and flowers.
Technical description and variation
For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.
This species has a wingspan of 36 to 46 mm. Forewing brownish fuscous, the veins pale; edges of the upper stigmata whitish; the cell blackish; lines pale with dark edges; hindwing brownish fuscous. The form issyca Püng, from Issykkul, is redder, and has the termen less crenulate. — brunnea Tutt has the ground colour ochreous brown with the veins pale ochreous instead of white.
Fig 4 young larva 4a,4b,4c larvae after last moult
Biology
Larvae are greenish grey, darker dorsally, with subdorsal black patches and a row of indistinct pale oblique streaks along the sides. The spiracular line is pale, pinkish ochreous, and broadly black edged above. The ventral surface is yellowish. It is gregarious when young. It is polyphagous, feeding on a wide range of plants, such as burdock, Artemisia, mustards, Buddleja, marigold, chrysanthemum, hawthorn, Cyclamen, silverberry, fireweed, forsythia, hop, lettuce, Lepisanthes, apple, Parthenocissus, plantain, Prunus, pear, rhododendron, willow, spinach, dandelion, coltsfoot, and nettle. This species overwinters as a larva.
Notes
^ Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914
^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.
References
Chinery, Michael (1986, reprinted 1991). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. ISBN 0-00-219137-7, ISBN 0-00-219170-9.
Skinner, Bernard (1984). The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Harmondsworth: Viking, 1984. ISBN 0-670-80354-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naenia typica.
Kimber, Ian. "73.368 BF2136 The Gothic Naenia typica (Linnaeus, 1758)". UKMoths. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
Savela, Markku. "Naenia typica (Linnaeus, 1758)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved 30 June 2019. Taxonomy
Lepiforum e.V.
Taxon identifiersNaenia typica
Wikidata: Q515866
BioLib: 54555
BOLD: 86448
CoL: 45K6Y
EoL: 456860
EPPO: NAENTY
EUNIS: 309756
Fauna Europaea: 448719
Fauna Europaea (new): 37775263-fd9b-4299-9667-e066f14e4ed5
GBIF: 1779334
iNaturalist: 324329
IRMNG: 11380077
LepIndex: 251401
LoB: 4202
MaBENA: NaeniTypic
NBN: NBNSYS0000006227
NCBI: 988135
Observation.org: 9844
Open Tree of Life: 132868
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Noctuidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuidae"},{"link_name":"first described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"10th edition of Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Eurasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia"},{"link_name":"Palearctic realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic_realm"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasia"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Altai mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_mountains"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"}],"text":"The Gothic (Naenia typica) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. It is distributed in temperate Eurasia, in the Palearctic realm, including Europe, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, Armenia, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Altai mountains, and west and central Siberia.The forewings are broader than those of most other noctuids, and blackish with a network of fine white lines. The pattern is supposedly reminiscent of some elements of Gothic architecture. The hindwings are grey. The species flies at night in June and July in the British Isles. It sometimes comes to light but is not generally strongly attracted. By contrast, it is strongly attracted to sugar and flowers.","title":"Gothic (moth)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossary of entomology terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buckler_W_The_larv%C3%A6_of_the_British_butterflies_and_moths_PlateCIII.jpg"}],"text":"For a key to the terms used, see Glossary of entomology terms.This species has a wingspan of 36 to 46 mm. Forewing brownish fuscous, the veins pale; edges of the upper stigmata whitish; the cell blackish; lines pale with dark edges; hindwing brownish fuscous. The form issyca Püng, from Issykkul, is redder, and has the termen less crenulate. — brunnea Tutt has the ground colour ochreous brown with the veins pale ochreous instead of white.[1]Fig 4 young larva 4a,4b,4c larvae after last moult","title":"Technical description and variation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gregarious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregarious"},{"link_name":"polyphagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphagous"},{"link_name":"burdock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctium"},{"link_name":"Artemisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_(genus)"},{"link_name":"mustards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica"},{"link_name":"Buddleja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddleja"},{"link_name":"marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula"},{"link_name":"chrysanthemum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum"},{"link_name":"hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"},{"link_name":"Cyclamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen"},{"link_name":"silverberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaeagnus"},{"link_name":"fireweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamerion_angustifolium"},{"link_name":"forsythia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsythia"},{"link_name":"hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humulus"},{"link_name":"lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce"},{"link_name":"Lepisanthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepisanthes"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"Parthenocissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenocissus"},{"link_name":"plantain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago"},{"link_name":"Prunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus"},{"link_name":"pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"rhododendron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"willow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow"},{"link_name":"spinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach"},{"link_name":"dandelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraxacum"},{"link_name":"coltsfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussilago_farfara"},{"link_name":"nettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Larvae are greenish grey, darker dorsally, with subdorsal black patches and a row of indistinct pale oblique streaks along the sides. The spiracular line is pale, pinkish ochreous, and broadly black edged above. The ventral surface is yellowish. It is gregarious when young. It is polyphagous, feeding on a wide range of plants, such as burdock, Artemisia, mustards, Buddleja, marigold, chrysanthemum, hawthorn, Cyclamen, silverberry, fireweed, forsythia, hop, lettuce, Lepisanthes, apple, Parthenocissus, plantain, Prunus, pear, rhododendron, willow, spinach, dandelion, coltsfoot, and nettle.[2] This species overwinters as a larva.","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Search the database - introduction and help\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5519/havt50xw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5519%2Fhavt50xw"}],"text":"^ Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt. 1, Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen eulenartigen Nachtfalter, 1914\n\n^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). \"Search the database - introduction and help\". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. doi:10.5519/havt50xw.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_City
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Porirua
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["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Industry","2.2 Rail","2.3 Road","3 Demographics","4 Local government","5 Civic symbols","5.1 Coat of arms","5.2 Flag","6 Suburbs","6.1 Onepoto","6.2 Pāuatahanui","7 Shopping and retail","8 Transport","9 Education","10 Arts and culture","11 Sport and recreation","12 Notable people","13 Sister-city relationships","13.1 Sister City","13.2 Friendly City","13.3 Twin City","14 See also","15 References","16 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°08′S 174°51′E / 41.133°S 174.850°E / -41.133; 174.850City in the North Island of New Zealand
City in Wellington, New ZealandPorirua
Pari-ā-RuaCityTop: Panoramic view of Porirua from Tītahi Bay to Ranui Heights. Bottom: Aerial view of Porirua Town Centre and Karehana Bay at sunset
FlagCoat of armsMotto(s): Māori: Mo Te Katoa Nga mahiEnglish:All That is Done is For the Benefit of AllCoordinates: 41°08′S 174°51′E / 41.133°S 174.850°E / -41.133; 174.850CountryNew ZealandRegionWellingtonWardsPāuatahanuiOnepotoParirua (Māori)ElectoratesMana (general) Te Tai Hauāuru (Māori)Government • TypeCity council • MayorAnita Baker • Deputy mayorKylie Wihapi • Territorial authorityPorirua City Council • MPs
Barbara Edmonds (Labour)
Debbie Ngarewa-Packer (Te Pāti Māori)
Area • Territorial174.80 km2 (67.49 sq mi) • Urban61.19 km2 (23.63 sq mi) • Rural113.82 km2 (43.95 sq mi)Population (June 2023) • Territorial62,400 • Density360/km2 (920/sq mi) • Urban60,900 • Urban density1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi)Websiteporiruacity.govt.nz
Porirua, (Māori: Pari-ā-Rua) a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. The name 'Porirua' is a corruption of 'Pari-rua', meaning "the tide sweeping up both reaches". It almost completely surrounds Porirua Harbour at the southern end of the Kāpiti Coast. As of 2023, Porirua has a population of 62,400 people, and is a majority minority city, with 26.5% of its population being primarily Pasifika and 23.0% primarily Māori. Porirua is the only area with city status in New Zealand with a Pasifika plurality.
Name
The name "Porirua" has a Māori origin: it may represent a variant of pari-rua ("two tides"), a reference to the two arms of the Porirua Harbour. In the 19th century, the name designated a land-registration district that stretched from Kaiwharawhara (or Kaiwara) on the north-west shore of Wellington Harbour northwards to and around Porirua Harbour.
The road climbing the hill from Kaiwharawhara towards Ngaio, Khandallah, Johnsonville and Tawa still bears the name "Old Porirua Road".
History
Tradition holds that, prior to habitation, Kupe was the first visitor to the area, and that he bestowed names of significant sites such as Te Mana o Kupe ki Aotearoa (Mana Island). In addition, it is said that Kupe left his anchor stone, Te Punga o Matahouroa at Whitireia, which is now held at Te Papa Tongarewa.
There is evidence of human habitation in Porirua since 1450 at the latest, during the "moa hunter" period of Māori history. The forests, sea, estuaries and swamps provided abundant food and materials. The Porirua area came to be occupied by a succession of tribes, including Ngāti Tara and Ngāti Ira.
Ngāti Toa people migrated south from Kawhia, and took control of the Porirua coast in the 1820s. By the 1840s they had established 12 pā, with Takapūwāhia and Hongoeka still occupied by marae today.
From the late 1830s, European settlers began to express interest in the Porirua region, culminating in the controversial sale of most of the region in 1847. In 1839, the New Zealand Company signed an agreement with Ngāti Toa from which it claimed to have acquired the entire southern part of the North Island. Following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, an inquiry by Land Claims Commissioner William Spain found that most of the alleged purchase, including Porirua, was invalid. However, rising tensions with European settlers led to Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha being captured by 200 British troops and police in July 1846. Shortly afterwards, the Hutt Valley campaign led to chief Te Rangihaeata's retreat to Poroutawhao in the Horowhenua. In April 1847, eight remaining chiefs, including Tamihana Te Rauparaha, Matene Te Whiwhi and Rawiri Puaha, signed a deed for the sale of 69,000 acres for £2,000, comprising almost the entire area from Mākara in the south to Paekākāriki in the north. Three reserves totalling 10,000 acres were left aside for Ngāti Toa. Ngāti Toa hold that the deed was coerced by the holding of Te Rauparaha and that the chiefs signing sought his release.
In the 19th century, a small European settlement grew up, partly because of the need for a ferry across the harbour.
The 1880s and 1890s saw the establishment of the Porirua Lunatic Asylum on the hill south-west of Porirua village. Following the Mental Defectives Act of 1911, the Asylum became Porirua Mental Hospital.
In the late 1940s state planning envisaged Porirua becoming a satellite city of Wellington with state housing. This required improved rail and road links with Wellington and rail and road development has contributed much to the growth of the Porirua area by reducing travel times, making it possible to live in the Porirua area and work in Wellington, and by making day-trips from Wellington to the beaches at Paremata, and Plimmerton relatively easy.
Since the 1940s, Porirua has grown to a city population approaching 57,000, with state housing no longer in the majority. Major territorial additions to the city occurred in 1973 and 1988 as part of the reduction and eventual abolition of Hutt County.
On 7 June 1976, New Zealand's first McDonald's restaurant opened in Porirua, on the corner of Cobham Court and Hagley Street. The original restaurant closed on 24 April 2009, and the store relocated to Kenepuru Drive.
Industry
Substantial industrial areas, generally west of the city centre, have evolved. During the 1960s Kodak, UEB Industries and many small businesses opened at Elsdon. During the following decade, Ashley Wallpapers developed the former UEB property and after favourable negotiations with the government, Todd Motors (later Mitsubishi) moved from Petone to Porirua.
Todd Motors was a vehicle assembly company which moved from Petone and opened a large factory in Porirua in 1975. The factory covered 5.2 hectares (13 acres) on a 33-hectare (82-acre) site known as Todd Park. At its peak there were 1500 employees building 22,000 vehicles per year. The company was sold to Mitsubishi in 1987 and the factory closed in 1998.
Hills Hats (established in 1875) set up premises in Porirua in the 1950s. By 1996 it employed 80 people at Porirua and was exporting 75% of its production to 23 countries. The company was sold to overseas investors in 1997, then went into receivership and was bought by Wellington investors in 1998. In 2003, the company shifted from Porirua to Petone.
Bonds Hosiery (later Hilton Bonds, then Sara Lee Apparel, part of Pacific Dunlop) was established in Porirua in the 1960s or early 1970s. In 2001, the factory closed with the loss of 55 jobs, the result of declining hosiery sales worldwide.
Whittaker's confectionery manufacturers moved their business from Wellington to Porirua in 1969 and as of 2022, have around 160 employees at the Porirua factory.
Rail
The development of the rail through Porirua, part of the Kapiti Line, has contributed significantly to the development of Porirua as a satellite city of Wellington. The Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company opened a railway line through Johnsonville from Wellington to Porirua in 1885. The railway reached Longburn (south of Palmerston North) in 1886 to connect with the Government's lines to Taranaki and Napier. With the acquisition of the company by the government in 1908, the line to Porirua and northward to Longburn became part of the North Island Main Trunk railway. The railway provided regular passenger services between Wellington and Porirua and linked Porirua to other North Island centres. A shunting service from Wellington delivered goods wagons to sidings at Porirua, Paremata, Plimmerton, and Pukerua Bay and brought timber for the construction of houses in the area.
The Tawa Flat railway deviation providing double-track railway with double line automatic signalling as far as Tawa opened to passenger services on 19 June 1937, reducing travel time for passenger trains from Wellington to Porirua by 15 minutes, to 27 minutes rather than 43 to 48 minutes.
During 1940, Centralised Train Control (CTC), which allowed direct control of signals and train movements by Train Control in Wellington, was progressively installed on the single line sections of track north of Tawa, replacing tablet working and allowing more efficient, flexible, and rapid control of train movements. CTC between Plimmerton and Paekākāriki applied from 25 February 1940, Paremata to Plimmerton from 30 June, and Tawa to Porirua from 4 December 1940.
On 24 July 1940, the line through Porirua, from Wellington to Paekākāriki, was electrified, and double track completed from Plimmerton to South Junction, just north of Muri railway station. Electrification allowed the introduction of electric ED class locomotives, first introduced in 1938 for use on this line, to haul passenger and goods trains. Electric locomotives eliminated the smoke nuisance in the tunnels on the line and allowed longer trains to run. DM/D electric multiple units first ran to Porirua on 5 September 1949 and replaced the majority of locomotive-hauled passenger trains and allowed a more frequent and faster train service. The duplication of the line from Plimmerton to South Junction allowed a more frequent train service between Porirua and Paekākāriki.
Duplication of the track from Tawa to Porirua station opened on 15 December 1957. This completed double line automatic signalling from Wellington distant junction, just south of Kaiwharawhara, to Porirua, and eliminated CTC between Tawa and Porirua. This work and the provision of additional signals between Kaiwharawhara and Tawa, allowed close following of trains and more frequent and faster train services between Wellington and Porirua. During peak periods, many multiple unit trains were now terminated at Porirua and returned to Wellington to provide a more frequent service between Wellington and Porirua than was provided for stations north of Porirua.
Extension of the double track and automatic signalling continued with the Porirua to Mana section opened on 7 November 1960. The work involved harbour reclamation to construct a straight tack from Porirua to Papakōwhai, just south of Paremata, eliminating the tight curves as the former railway followed the coastline, and creating three lagoons on the eastern side of the harbour. The central lagoon, now known as Aotea Lagoon, remains but is reduced in size. From Paremata to Mana, the track was realigned to the West of the original track and a new double-track bridge was built across the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet. The original single-track railway bridge, built in 1885, was removed to allow room for the construction of a second road bridge in 2004. The railway stations at Porirua, Paremata, and Dolly Varden were replaced with new stations, with Dolly Varden station renamed Mana.
Mana to Plimmerton double track and automatic signalling were completed on 16 October 1961, completing the double track and automatic signalling from Wellington to South Junction, and allowing more frequent train services north of Porirua station. Crossovers at Plimmerton allowed some trains to terminate at Plimmerton and return to Wellington during peak periods.
By 2016, the introduction of electric multiple units with more rapid acceleration, EM/ET class from 1982 and Matangi FP class from 2010, had reduced rail travel time for stopping trains between Wellington and Porirua by another 6 minutes to 21 minutes, despite extra stops at Redwood, Linden, and Kenepuru which each add 48 seconds to the travel time. For non-stopping trains, the time had reduced to 17 minutes. Off-peak passenger services between Wellington and Porirua stations ran every thirty minutes, with more frequent services during peak periods and a less frequent during the night. From 15 July 2018, off-peak day services were increased to one every twenty minutes.
Road
Wellington and Porirua are linked by the Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway, part of State Highway 59 within Porirua and State Highway 1 beyond Porirua. Road improvements have progressively reduced travel times between Wellington and Porirua and increased the demand for housing development in Porirua. In 1940, the Centennial Highway developments saw the opening of a four-lane high-speed highway in Ngauranga Gorge bypassing the slower routes through Ngaio and Khandallah. During the 1950s, the high-speed Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway was built through Tawa on the eastern side of the valley. The first section from Johnsonville to the Tawa turnoff at Takapu Road at the southern entrance to Tawa opened on 15 December 1951, broadly following the line of the old North Island Main Trunk railway. It reduced road travel times and considerably improved access between Wellington and Porirua by eliminating the need to use the narrow, winding road through the bottom of the Tawa valley in the Glenside area. The second section, from Takapu Road to Porirua, opened about 1956 and allowed through traffic to bypass the lower speed road through Tawa. The Johnsonville bypass connecting the south end of the motorway to the top of Ngauranga Gorge opened about 1958, completing the four-lane road link between Wellington and Porirua.
On 3 October 1936, a road bridge was opened across the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet connecting Paremata to Dolly Varden, known as Mana from 1960, eliminating a 22-kilometre journey around Pauatahanui Inlet to Plimmerton. The bridge became part of SH 1 when centennial highway developments saw the completion of a highway from Pukerua Bay to Paekākāriki. A second bridge was built in 2004 allowing two lanes of traffic in each direction.
In the late 1960s, reclamation work began to the east of the 1960 rail reclamation from Porirua to Paremata, allowing the construction of a four-lane expressway alongside the railway. The expressway opened in the early 1970s, with room allowed for a future interchange at Whitford Brown Avenue. The reclamation work largely eliminated the north and south lagoons created by the rail reclamation on the east side of the harbour and reduced the size of the central lagoon, known as Aotea Lagoon. An intersection between SH 1 and Mungavin Avenue remained at Porirua until 1989 when the intersection was replaced with a grade-separated roundabout interchange with State Highway 1 passing under the interchange.
The Transmission Gully Motorway was constructed between 2014 and 2021, providing an eastern bypass of Porirua. On 7 December 2021, shortly before its opening, SH 1 was shifted to the Transmission Gully Motorway and the former SH 1 route through Porirua was renumbered SH 59.
Demographics
Porirua City covers 174.80 km2 (67.49 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 62,400 as of June 2023, with a population density of 357 people per km2.
Ethnicities, 2023 Census
Ethnicity
Population
New Zealand European
35,733
Māori
13,668
Pasifika
15,753
Asian
6,834
MELAA
945
Other
528
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.200648,546— 201351,717+0.91%201856,559+1.81%202359,445+1.00%Source:
Porirua City had a population of 59,445 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,886 people (5.1%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 7,728 people (14.9%) since the 2013 census. There were 20,646 dwellings. The median age was 35.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 13,128 people (22.1%) aged under 15 years, 11,352 (19.1%) aged 15 to 29, 27,255 (45.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 7,710 (13.0%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 60.1% European/Pākehā, 23.0% Māori, 26.5% Pasifika, 11.5% Asian, 1.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 0.9% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
Porirua City had a population of 56,559 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 17,838 households, comprising 27,585 males and 28,974 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female.
Largest groups of overseas-born residents
Nationality
Population (2018)
Samoa
2,673
England
2,514
South Africa
870
Australia
783
India
627
Fiji
546
China
492
Philippines
378
Scotland
288
United States
249
The percentage of people born overseas was 24.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.8% had no religion, 43.5% were Christian, 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.3% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,783 (22.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 7,170 (16.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 8,934 people (20.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 22,524 (52.2%) people were employed full-time, 5,703 (13.2%) were part-time, and 2,379 (5.5%) were unemployed.
Individual wards (using names as of 2018)
Name
Area(km2)
Population
Density(per km2)
Households
Median age
Medianincome
Northern Ward
131.23
22,530
171.68
7,896
41.0 years
$48,200
Western Ward
26.81
11,031
411.45
3,597
33.8 years
$31,000
Eastern Ward
16.77
23,001
1,371.56
6,342
30.0 years
$24,900
New Zealand
37.4 years
$31,800
Local government
The city is administered by Porirua City Council. The wider Wellington Region is administered by the Greater Wellington Regional Council.
When New Zealand became a separate Colony from New South Wales in 1841, the Royal Charter established three provinces. The Porirua area became part of New Munster which included that part of the North Island south of the Patea River and the whole of the South Island. The British Parliament passed the first New Zealand Constitution Act in 1846 which reformed the provinces and the Porirua area became part of New Ulster which now included all of the North Island. The provinces were reformed again when the New Zealand Constitution Act of 1852 established six provinces, with Porirua included in the Wellington Province. In 1876, the Provincial Government was abolished and replaced with 36 borough councils and 63 county councils and the Porirua area became the Porirua Riding of the Hutt County, formed in 1877. The Hutt County covered all the area south of the Waikanae River and West of the Remutaka Ranges that lay outside of Wellington City. As the population of local areas grew, a number of local boroughs were split off from the Hutt County. In 1908, a smaller Makara County with offices in Porirua was formed from the Mākara and Porirua Ridings or the south-western part of the Hutt County. The new Makara County included Porirua, Titahi Bay, Tawa Flat, and all of the area to the south lying to the west of Wellington City and outside the areas covered by Wellington City and the new and independent boroughs of Miramar, Karori, Onslow, and Johnsonville.
In 1939, northern Tawa valley residents seeking a separate name for the northern part of the Tawa district met and chose "Linden", from "Linden Vale", the name of the home of Mr Stuart Duncan and the name "Linden" was adopted in 1940. In 1948, the Tawa Flat and Linden Progressive Associations and Porirua interests, led by Arthur Carman and Percy Clark, made a representation to the Local Government Commission asking for a single borough covering the whole of the Porirua Basin. The Commission did not accept this proposal but responded by giving the Tawa Flat-Linden area the status of a Town District, with the first Tawa Flat Town Board elected on 16 May 1951. With continued urbanisation and population growth in the Tawa valley, the population reached 3,900 in 1953 and the upgrade of the Town District to a borough was approved in October 1953.
Rapid urbanisation and population growth was now occurring in the Porirua Basin with the development of state housing in Titahi Bay, Elsdon, and to the East of State Highway 59, and in 1961 the first municipality to have "Porirua" in its name, the Borough of Porirua, was formed when Makara County was abolished, with the mostly rural western part becoming the Makara Ward of Hutt County and the rapidly growing eastern urban portion (including Titahi Bay) becoming the Borough of Porirua. Four years later, the population was officially estimated at over the 20,000 threshold then necessary for Porirua to be declared a city.
On 1 April 1973, large areas to the north-east (and a few elsewhere) were transferred to the city from Hutt County by popular vote. Mana Island was added to the city at the same time. In 1988, a further addition was the Horokiri riding of the about-to-be-abolished county, containing most of the new Whitby suburb and substantial rural areas.
The city and its council have remained (with changes of personnel and ward boundaries) into the 21st century, despite proposals to change the name to "Mana" and several small movements for amalgamation with Wellington.
Civic symbols
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of Porirua
Notes
On 1 December 1965, Porirua City was granted a Coat of Arms. The Blazon is:
Crest
On a Wreath of the Colours in front of a Lymphad proper Sail set Pennon flying Gules Flags flying Azure a Whale proper.
Escutcheon
Vert two Piles Barry wavy of ten Argent and Azure
Supporters
On the dexter side a Private Soldier of the 58th Regiment of Foot in the uniform of the early Nineteenth Century and on the sinister side a Māori Warrior both proper.
Motto
Mo Te Katoa Nga Mahi (All That is Done is For the Benefit of All)
Symbolism
The shield is the most important part and is first described. "Vert" means green so that is the base colour of the shield, here representing the rural countryside when Porirua was first settled. A "pile" is a V-shaped object and there are two of them, symbolising the two arms of Porirua Harbour. The lines on the piles are "wavy" like the sea and are alternatively coloured silver ("argent") and blue ("azure").The crest is the part above the shield, excluding the helmet. The whale and "lymphad" (sailing ship) represent whaling, which was an important early industry in the area, and the many ships that visited the harbour.The Supporters are the men on either side of the shield. The dexter side is the right from the shield carrier's point of view but to the left for an observer. The 58th Regiment of Foot spent time in the Porirua area in the nineteenth century, and the Māori warrior represents the long settlement of Māori in the area. The motto of "Mo Te Katoa Nga Mahi" may be translated as "All That is Done is For the Benefit of All".
Flag
Present flag with coat of arms
The city of Porirua first adopted a flag in 1978 following a competition for designs among local schools, with the winning design being submitted by John Mansfield of Papakowhai School. This flag consisted of a yellow cross on a green background with the coat of arms superimposed over it. After the 1989 local government reforms, the new Porirua City Council did not seek to continue use of this flag.
The present flag of Porirua was adopted on 30 September 1998. It has several blue stripes, and a green shape to symbolise the city's harbour and land. The canton optionally features the coat of arms.
Suburbs
Porirua is largely formed around the arms of the Porirua Harbour, and the coastline facing out to Cook Strait and the north-eastern parts of the South Island. Most of the populated areas of Porirua are coastal: Camborne, Karehana Bay, Mana, Onepoto, Papakōwhai, Paremata, Pāuatahanui, Plimmerton, Pukerua Bay, Takapūwāhia, Tītahi Bay and Whitby all have direct access to coastal parks and recreation reserves. Several suburbs without direct coastal access, including Aotea, Ascot Park and Ranui Heights, have substantial portions with good views over the harbour. Elsdon, formerly known as Prosser Block, lost access to the harbour as a result of reclamation work, especially during the 1960s. Much of the existing city centre, north of Parumoana Street and east of Titahi Bay Road, was built upon this landfill.
The suburbs include the following, grouped by council ward:
Onepoto
Rangituhi / Colonial Knob
Elsdon – named after writer Elsdon Best
Kenepuru – industrial area south-west of the centre, adjoining Linden
Mana Island
Onepoto - Locality, part of the suburb of Titahi Bay
Porirua City Centre – Porirua's central business district
Takapūwāhia – a Ngāti Toa settlement
Tītahi Bay – where pro golfer Michael Campbell grew up
Aotea
Ascot Park
Cannons Creek
Rānui
Waitangirua
Pāuatahanui
Camborne
Hongoeka – a Ngāti Toa settlement
Judgeford – a rural locality
Karehana Bay - Locality
Mana - Locality
Paekākāriki Hill
Papakōwhai – a locality where kōwhai trees are prominent on headlands
Paremata – probably named after Sydney's Parramatta
Pāuatahanui
Plimmerton – named for a director of the railway company
Pukerua Bay – where film-maker Peter Jackson grew up
Whitby – street names commemorate James Cook
Shopping and retail
North City Shopping Centre (originally Kmart Plaza and then North City Plaza) is Porirua's largest indoor shopping complex. The two-level mall first opened in 1990, was extended in 1996 and was refurbished in 2004. With over 80 stores, the centre includes Wellington's first Kmart Department store, which opened in the mall as an anchor tenant in 1990. The second Kmart in the Wellington area was opened in Petone, Lower Hutt, in 2017.
The Megacentre shopping complex in Porirua opened in November 1999.
Before North City and the Megacentre were built, shopping centred around the Cobham Court area of central Porirua. In 1996, large white canopies were erected over Cobham Court, Serlby Place and Harham Place to freshen up the area and provide protection from the weather. The project cost $4.2 million and won three architectural awards. Judges for the awards described the canopies as "spare, crisp, potent and elegant" with "rich cultural and architectural relevance." The canopies were removed in 2015 as part of a major revitalisation project by Porirua City Council. A report to the Council in 2017 stated that crime in the area had decreased by 25% after the canopies were removed.
Transport
State Highway 59 is the main route through Porirua itself, passes north–south through the middle of the city, linking Porirua southwards to Wellington and northwards to the Kāpiti Coast and the bulk of the North Island. Porirua is the northern terminus of the Johnsonville–Porirua motorway (opened progressively from 1950), with the section of motorway within Porirua being part of the SH 59 route. Until 7 December 2021, the SH 59 route was part of State Highway 1.
State Highway 1, the most significant route in the New Zealand state highway network, forms an eastern bypass of Porirua as the Transmission Gully Motorway. There are link roads between the Transmission Gully Motorway and Kenepuru, Waitangirua and Whitby.
State Highway 58 links Paremata via Whitby and Pāuatahanui (where an interchange with the Transmission Gully Motorway is located) with Haywards in the Hutt Valley to the east.
The Ara Harakeke is a pathway that runs alongside SH 59 and the Taupō Swamp, north of Plimmerton. The first section was opened in 2002. Porirua City Council won a Cycle Friendly Award for this project from the Cycling Advocates' Network in 2003.
The North Island Main Trunk railway line passes through Porirua, mostly close to State Highway 59, with six stations including the main Porirua Railway Station inside the city and one on the Wellington City border. The railway stations from south to north are Kenepuru, Porirua, Paremata, Mana (known as Dolly Varden before 1960), Plimmerton, Pukerua Bay, and Muri (closed 30 April 2011). Kapiti Line suburban passenger trains run between Wellington and Waikanae (generally half-hourly during the day before 15 July 2018 and every twenty minutes during the day after that date, more frequently during peak periods, and less frequently at night). The Northern Explorer long-distance passenger train between Auckland and Wellington passes through Porirua. This train was known as the Overlander before 25 June 2012 which stopped southbound but not northbound.
The nearest airports are Wellington Airport to the south (the closest), and Paraparaumu Airport to the north.
Ferry services ran between Paremata and Picton for short periods but appeared unable to compete with Wellington-based services despite the shorter distance.
Education
Police College chalets above the Aotea Lagoon, with Rangituhi/Colonial Knob on the skyline above the city centre (obscured) and Elsdon and Takapūwāhia
The Royal New Zealand Police College, where all the country's police recruits receive some 19 weeks' training, is at Papakōwhai.
Just up the road from Aotea Lagoon is Aotea College, the secondary school closest to the northern suburbs. Other colleges include Mana College and Bishop Viard College near the city centre and to the east, Porirua College. Tertiary education is provided by Whitireia Polytechnic, which has its main campus north of the city centre.
Arts and culture
The local culture, history and artists are represented at the Pātaka Museum of Arts & Cultures where the library is also public library is also housed.
The indie rock radio station andHow.FM broadcasts locally at 107.5 FM from the suburb of Papakōwhai.
Sport and recreation
Te Rauparaha Arena is a multi-purpose venue for sports and events located next to Pātaka Museum of Arts & Cultures. Nearby is the Porirua Skatepark designed by local Moses Viliamu. Aotea Lagoon is a popular recreational area on the south-eastern shore of the Porirua Inlet.
Watersports, fishing and other boating activities are common in the area, served by a large marina in Mana and Sea Scouts, yachting, power-boating, rowing, and water-skiing clubs. The harbour entrance from Plimmerton or Mana is popular with experienced windsurfers and kitesurfers while beginners find the shallow, enclosed waters of the Pauatahanui arm of the harbour a forgiving environment in which to develop their skills.
As early as 1883, Porirua began to hold regular horse racing events on the harbour's Southern beach. Towards the end of a meeting, competing riders would also have to combat the incoming tide. The Porirua Jockey Club was quickly established with Mr W. Jillett the first secretary and local butcher, John Rod, the treasurer. Joshua Prosser built stables on his nearby property 'Prosser Block' (now Elsdon) and became a notable trainer of Dominion race-horses. The beach now lies beneath Porirua city centre.
Porirua is home to the powerful Northern United RFC, the current Wellington regional champions, and the smaller Paremata-Plimmerton RFC. Both clubs play in the Wellington Rugby Football Union club rugby competition.
Porirua is also home to the three-time Chatham Cup winning Capital Football team Western Suburbs FC. Well known as a dominant force in New Zealand club football, and for producing many former and current All Whites, they were officially recognised as Porirua City's 2006 Team of the Year for their Chatham Cup Grand Final triumph over Auckland's Eastern Suburbs.
Porirua was the host of the 2010 Oceania Handball Championship. Australia won the tournament from hosts New Zealand. The Cook Islands finished third.
A branch of Adrenalin Forest, an adventure park where paying visitors navigate rope bridges, swings and flying foxes strung between trees up to 31 metres off the ground, opened in Porirua in 2010. The park is located on the east side of Porirua Harbour near the Gear Homestead.
Notable people
Notable councillors of Porirua have included:
Whitford Brown (first mayor)
Ken Douglas (trade unionist)
Ken Gray (All Black)
Gary McCormick (media personality)
Helen Smith (first member of the Values Party to be elected to local government)
Duncan Paia'aua (Pah-ee-ah-ow-ah) (Rugby Union Player)
Tutu Wineera (kaumatua of the Ngāti Toa iwi)
Other prominent residents have included:
Aaradhna (R&B singer)
Alistair Campbell, poet
Michael Campbell (golfer)
Jerry Collins (All Black)
Tamati Ellison (All Black)
Craig Garner (cricketer)
Vince Mellars (rugby league player)
Frank Moore (politician)
Heremaia Ngata (All White football player)
TJ Perenara (All Black and Hurricanes Vice-Captain)
Paul Rauhihi (rugby league player)
Mike Riddell (writer)
Emmett Skilton (film and television actor)
PJ Solomon (rugby internationalist for Scotland)
Rodney So'oialo (All Black)
Ramon Te Wake (transgender presenter and singer-songwriter)
Renouf To'omaga (Cantebury Bulldogs)
Ela To'omaga-Kaikilekofe (visual artist and arts administrator)
Sister-city relationships
Sister City
Blacktown
Nishio
Friendly City
Bamiyan
Yangzhou
Twin City
Whitby
See also
Fort Parramatta
Upper Hutt
Lower Hutt
Wellington
Kāpiti Coast
References
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External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Porirua.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porirua.
Porirua City Council official website
A history of Porirua Hospital
Porirua Urban Area Community Profile from Statistics NZ
"Porirua Coast c1921 (image)". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1921.
"Porirua Harbour Basin c1956 (images)". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1956.
Adjacent cities and districts
Kāpiti Coast District
Cook Strait
Porirua
Upper Hutt
Wellington
Lower Hutt
vte Porirua, New ZealandSeat: Porirua CentralPopulated places
Aotea
Ascot Park
Camborne
Cannons Creek
Elsdon
Hongoeka
Judgeford
Karehana Bay
Kenepuru
Mana
Moonshine Valley
Onepoto
Rānui
Paekākāriki Hill
Papakōwhai
Paremata
Pāuatahanui
Plimmerton
Porirua Central
Pukerua Bay
Takapūwāhia
Tītahi Bay
Waitangirua
Whitby
Geographic features
Aotea Lagoon
Mana Island
Porirua Harbour
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Belmont Regional Park
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Aotea College
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wellington Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Region"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Wellington metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington#Wellington_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Porirua Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Kāpiti Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81piti_Coast"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"majority minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_minority"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"}],"text":"City in the North Island of New ZealandCity in Wellington, New ZealandPorirua, (Māori: Pari-ā-Rua) a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. The name 'Porirua' is a corruption of 'Pari-rua', meaning \"the tide sweeping up both reaches\".[5] It almost completely surrounds Porirua Harbour at the southern end of the Kāpiti Coast. As of 2023, Porirua has a population of 62,400 people,[6] and is a majority minority city, with 26.5% of its population being primarily Pasifika and 23.0% primarily Māori. Porirua is the only area with city status in New Zealand with a Pasifika plurality.","title":"Porirua"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"Kaiwharawhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiwharawhara"},{"link_name":"Wellington Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Kaiwharawhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiwharawhara"},{"link_name":"Ngaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngaio,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Khandallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandallah"},{"link_name":"Johnsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Tawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Old Porirua Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Porirua_Road"}],"text":"The name \"Porirua\" has a Māori origin: it may represent a variant of pari-rua (\"two tides\"), a reference to the two arms of the Porirua Harbour. In the 19th century, the name designated a land-registration district that stretched from Kaiwharawhara (or Kaiwara) on the north-west shore of Wellington Harbour northwards to and around Porirua Harbour.The road climbing the hill from Kaiwharawhara towards Ngaio, Khandallah, Johnsonville and Tawa still bears the name \"Old Porirua Road\".","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupe"},{"link_name":"Mana Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Whitireia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitireia_Park"},{"link_name":"Te Papa Tongarewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Papa_Tongarewa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Māori history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Tara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tara"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Ira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Ira"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"Kawhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawhia_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Takapūwāhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takap%C5%ABw%C4%81hia"},{"link_name":"Hongoeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongoeka"},{"link_name":"marae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-painporirua-10"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Company"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Waitangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"Te Rauparaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha"},{"link_name":"Hutt Valley campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_Valley_campaign"},{"link_name":"Te Rangihaeata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rangihaeata"},{"link_name":"Poroutawhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poroutawhao"},{"link_name":"Horowhenua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horowhenua_District"},{"link_name":"Mākara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81kara"},{"link_name":"Paekākāriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paek%C4%81k%C4%81riki"},{"link_name":"Te Rauparaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngatitoadeed-11"},{"link_name":"Porirua Lunatic Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"state planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Planning_in_Porirua_(1940-1970)"},{"link_name":"state housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_housing_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Paremata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremata"},{"link_name":"Plimmerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimmerton"},{"link_name":"Hutt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_County"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Tradition holds that, prior to habitation, Kupe was the first visitor to the area, and that he bestowed names of significant sites such as Te Mana o Kupe ki Aotearoa (Mana Island). In addition, it is said that Kupe left his anchor stone, Te Punga o Matahouroa at Whitireia, which is now held at Te Papa Tongarewa.[7]There is evidence of human habitation in Porirua since 1450 at the latest, during the \"moa hunter\" period of Māori history. The forests, sea, estuaries and swamps provided abundant food and materials.[8] The Porirua area came to be occupied by a succession of tribes, including Ngāti Tara and Ngāti Ira.Ngāti Toa people migrated south from Kawhia, and took control of the Porirua coast in the 1820s.[9] By the 1840s they had established 12 pā, with Takapūwāhia and Hongoeka still occupied by marae today.[10]From the late 1830s, European settlers began to express interest in the Porirua region, culminating in the controversial sale of most of the region in 1847. In 1839, the New Zealand Company signed an agreement with Ngāti Toa from which it claimed to have acquired the entire southern part of the North Island. Following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, an inquiry by Land Claims Commissioner William Spain found that most of the alleged purchase, including Porirua, was invalid. However, rising tensions with European settlers led to Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha being captured by 200 British troops and police in July 1846. Shortly afterwards, the Hutt Valley campaign led to chief Te Rangihaeata's retreat to Poroutawhao in the Horowhenua. In April 1847, eight remaining chiefs, including Tamihana Te Rauparaha, Matene Te Whiwhi and Rawiri Puaha, signed a deed for the sale of 69,000 acres for £2,000, comprising almost the entire area from Mākara in the south to Paekākāriki in the north. Three reserves totalling 10,000 acres were left aside for Ngāti Toa. Ngāti Toa hold that the deed was coerced by the holding of Te Rauparaha and that the chiefs signing sought his release.[11]In the 19th century, a small European settlement grew up, partly because of the need for a ferry across the harbour.The 1880s and 1890s saw the establishment of the Porirua Lunatic Asylum on the hill south-west of Porirua village. Following the Mental Defectives Act of 1911, the Asylum became Porirua Mental Hospital.In the late 1940s state planning envisaged Porirua becoming a satellite city of Wellington with state housing. This required improved rail and road links with Wellington and rail and road development has contributed much to the growth of the Porirua area by reducing travel times, making it possible to live in the Porirua area and work in Wellington, and by making day-trips from Wellington to the beaches at Paremata, and Plimmerton relatively easy.Since the 1940s, Porirua has grown to a city population approaching 57,000, with state housing no longer in the majority. Major territorial additions to the city occurred in 1973 and 1988 as part of the reduction and eventual abolition of Hutt County.On 7 June 1976, New Zealand's first McDonald's restaurant opened in Porirua, on the corner of Cobham Court and Hagley Street. The original restaurant closed on 24 April 2009, and the store relocated to Kenepuru Drive.[12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Todd Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Whittaker's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittaker%27s"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"Substantial industrial areas, generally west of the city centre, have evolved. During the 1960s Kodak,[14] UEB Industries and many small businesses opened at Elsdon. During the following decade, Ashley Wallpapers developed the former UEB property and after favourable negotiations with the government, Todd Motors (later Mitsubishi) moved from Petone to Porirua.[15]Todd Motors was a vehicle assembly company which moved from Petone and opened a large factory in Porirua in 1975.[16] The factory covered 5.2 hectares (13 acres) on a 33-hectare (82-acre) site known as Todd Park.[17] At its peak there were 1500 employees building 22,000 vehicles per year. The company was sold to Mitsubishi in 1987 and the factory closed in 1998.[18][19]Hills Hats (established in 1875) set up premises in Porirua in the 1950s. By 1996 it employed 80 people at Porirua and was exporting 75% of its production to 23 countries. The company was sold to overseas investors in 1997,[20] then went into receivership and was bought by Wellington investors in 1998.[21] In 2003, the company shifted from Porirua to Petone.[22]Bonds Hosiery (later Hilton Bonds, then Sara Lee Apparel, part of Pacific Dunlop) was established in Porirua in the 1960s or early 1970s.[23][24] In 2001, the factory closed with the loss of 55 jobs, the result of declining hosiery sales worldwide.[25]Whittaker's confectionery manufacturers moved their business from Wellington to Porirua in 1969 and as of 2022, have around 160 employees at the Porirua factory.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kapiti Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiti_Line"},{"link_name":"Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_and_Manawatu_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Johnsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Longburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longburn"},{"link_name":"North Island Main Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Tawa Flat railway deviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa_Flat_deviation"},{"link_name":"double-track railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-track_railway"},{"link_name":"double line automatic signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_line_automatic_signalling"},{"link_name":"Tawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&P-28"},{"link_name":"Centralised Train Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_traffic_control"},{"link_name":"tablet working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyer%27s_Electric_Train_Tablet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"ED class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_ED_class"},{"link_name":"DM/D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_DM_class"},{"link_name":"electric multiple units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M&P-28"},{"link_name":"Kaiwharawhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiwharawhara_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Papakōwhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papak%C5%8Dwhai"},{"link_name":"Aotea Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridges-30"},{"link_name":"EM/ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_EM_class_electric_multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"Matangi FP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_FP_class"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"The development of the rail through Porirua, part of the Kapiti Line, has contributed significantly to the development of Porirua as a satellite city of Wellington. The Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company opened a railway line through Johnsonville from Wellington to Porirua in 1885. The railway reached Longburn (south of Palmerston North) in 1886 to connect with the Government's lines to Taranaki and Napier. With the acquisition of the company by the government in 1908, the line to Porirua and northward to Longburn became part of the North Island Main Trunk railway. The railway provided regular passenger services between Wellington and Porirua and linked Porirua to other North Island centres. A shunting service from Wellington delivered goods wagons to sidings at Porirua, Paremata, Plimmerton, and Pukerua Bay and brought timber for the construction of houses in the area.The Tawa Flat railway deviation providing double-track railway with double line automatic signalling as far as Tawa opened to passenger services on 19 June 1937, reducing travel time for passenger trains from Wellington to Porirua by 15 minutes, to 27 minutes rather than 43 to 48 minutes.[27][28]During 1940, Centralised Train Control (CTC), which allowed direct control of signals and train movements by Train Control in Wellington, was progressively installed on the single line sections of track north of Tawa, replacing tablet working and allowing more efficient, flexible, and rapid control of train movements. CTC between Plimmerton and Paekākāriki applied from 25 February 1940, Paremata to Plimmerton from 30 June, and Tawa to Porirua from 4 December 1940.[29]On 24 July 1940, the line through Porirua, from Wellington to Paekākāriki, was electrified, and double track completed from Plimmerton to South Junction, just north of Muri railway station. Electrification allowed the introduction of electric ED class locomotives, first introduced in 1938 for use on this line, to haul passenger and goods trains. Electric locomotives eliminated the smoke nuisance in the tunnels on the line and allowed longer trains to run. DM/D electric multiple units first ran to Porirua on 5 September 1949 and replaced the majority of locomotive-hauled passenger trains and allowed a more frequent and faster train service.[28] The duplication of the line from Plimmerton to South Junction allowed a more frequent train service between Porirua and Paekākāriki.Duplication of the track from Tawa to Porirua station opened on 15 December 1957. This completed double line automatic signalling from Wellington distant junction, just south of Kaiwharawhara, to Porirua, and eliminated CTC between Tawa and Porirua. This work and the provision of additional signals between Kaiwharawhara and Tawa, allowed close following of trains and more frequent and faster train services between Wellington and Porirua. During peak periods, many multiple unit trains were now terminated at Porirua and returned to Wellington to provide a more frequent service between Wellington and Porirua than was provided for stations north of Porirua.Extension of the double track and automatic signalling continued with the Porirua to Mana section opened on 7 November 1960. The work involved harbour reclamation to construct a straight tack from Porirua to Papakōwhai, just south of Paremata, eliminating the tight curves as the former railway followed the coastline, and creating three lagoons on the eastern side of the harbour. The central lagoon, now known as Aotea Lagoon, remains but is reduced in size. From Paremata to Mana, the track was realigned to the West of the original track and a new double-track bridge was built across the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet. The original single-track railway bridge, built in 1885, was removed to allow room for the construction of a second road bridge in 2004.[30] The railway stations at Porirua, Paremata, and Dolly Varden were replaced with new stations, with Dolly Varden station renamed Mana.Mana to Plimmerton double track and automatic signalling were completed on 16 October 1961, completing the double track and automatic signalling from Wellington to South Junction, and allowing more frequent train services north of Porirua station. Crossovers at Plimmerton allowed some trains to terminate at Plimmerton and return to Wellington during peak periods.By 2016, the introduction of electric multiple units with more rapid acceleration, EM/ET class from 1982 and Matangi FP class from 2010, had reduced rail travel time for stopping trains between Wellington and Porirua by another 6 minutes to 21 minutes, despite extra stops at Redwood, Linden, and Kenepuru which each add 48 seconds to the travel time. For non-stopping trains, the time had reduced to 17 minutes. Off-peak passenger services between Wellington and Porirua stations ran every thirty minutes, with more frequent services during peak periods and a less frequent during the night.[31] From 15 July 2018, off-peak day services were increased to one every twenty minutes.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville%E2%80%93Porirua_Motorway"},{"link_name":"State Highway 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_59_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Ngauranga Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngauranga_Gorge"},{"link_name":"Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville%E2%80%93Porirua_Motorway"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridges-30"},{"link_name":"Transmission Gully Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Gully_Motorway"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Highway_59_switch_confirmed_for_December-34"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Wellington and Porirua are linked by the Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway, part of State Highway 59 within Porirua and State Highway 1 beyond Porirua. Road improvements have progressively reduced travel times between Wellington and Porirua and increased the demand for housing development in Porirua. In 1940, the Centennial Highway developments saw the opening of a four-lane high-speed highway in Ngauranga Gorge bypassing the slower routes through Ngaio and Khandallah. During the 1950s, the high-speed Johnsonville–Porirua Motorway was built through Tawa on the eastern side of the valley. The first section from Johnsonville to the Tawa turnoff at Takapu Road at the southern entrance to Tawa opened on 15 December 1951, broadly following the line of the old North Island Main Trunk railway.[33] It reduced road travel times and considerably improved access between Wellington and Porirua by eliminating the need to use the narrow, winding road through the bottom of the Tawa valley in the Glenside area. The second section, from Takapu Road to Porirua, opened about 1956 and allowed through traffic to bypass the lower speed road through Tawa. The Johnsonville bypass connecting the south end of the motorway to the top of Ngauranga Gorge opened about 1958, completing the four-lane road link between Wellington and Porirua.On 3 October 1936, a road bridge was opened across the entrance to the Pauatahanui Inlet connecting Paremata to Dolly Varden, known as Mana from 1960, eliminating a 22-kilometre journey around Pauatahanui Inlet to Plimmerton. The bridge became part of SH 1 when centennial highway developments saw the completion of a highway from Pukerua Bay to Paekākāriki. A second bridge was built in 2004 allowing two lanes of traffic in each direction.[30]In the late 1960s, reclamation work began to the east of the 1960 rail reclamation from Porirua to Paremata, allowing the construction of a four-lane expressway alongside the railway. The expressway opened in the early 1970s, with room allowed for a future interchange at Whitford Brown Avenue. The reclamation work largely eliminated the north and south lagoons created by the rail reclamation on the east side of the harbour and reduced the size of the central lagoon, known as Aotea Lagoon. An intersection between SH 1 and Mungavin Avenue remained at Porirua until 1989 when the intersection was replaced with a grade-separated roundabout interchange with State Highway 1 passing under the interchange.The Transmission Gully Motorway was constructed between 2014 and 2021, providing an eastern bypass of Porirua. On 7 December 2021, shortly before its opening, SH 1 was shifted to the Transmission Gully Motorway and the former SH 1 route through Porirua was renumbered SH 59.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-4"},{"link_name":"2023 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2018 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2023-36"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pasifika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2023-36"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-35"}],"text":"Porirua City covers 174.80 km2 (67.49 sq mi)[3] and had an estimated population of 62,400 as of June 2023,[4] with a population density of 357 people per km2.Porirua City had a population of 59,445 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,886 people (5.1%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 7,728 people (14.9%) since the 2013 census. There were 20,646 dwellings. The median age was 35.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 13,128 people (22.1%) aged under 15 years, 11,352 (19.1%) aged 15 to 29, 27,255 (45.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 7,710 (13.0%) aged 65 or older.[36]Ethnicities were 60.1% European/Pākehā, 23.0% Māori, 26.5% Pasifika, 11.5% Asian, 1.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 0.9% other. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.[36]Porirua City had a population of 56,559 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 17,838 households, comprising 27,585 males and 28,974 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female.The percentage of people born overseas was 24.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.8% had no religion, 43.5% were Christian, 1.1% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.3% were Hindu, 1.2% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 9,783 (22.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 7,170 (16.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 8,934 people (20.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 22,524 (52.2%) people were employed full-time, 5,703 (13.2%) were part-time, and 2,379 (5.5%) were unemployed.[35]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porirua City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Wellington Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Region"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Munster_Province"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Constitution Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1846"},{"link_name":"New Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ulster_Province"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Constitution Act of 1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852"},{"link_name":"Hutt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_County"},{"link_name":"Waikanae River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikanae_River"},{"link_name":"Remutaka Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remutaka_Range"},{"link_name":"Hutt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_County"},{"link_name":"Titahi Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titahi_Bay"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Tawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawa,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linden,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Arthur Carman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Carman"},{"link_name":"Percy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Clark"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carman-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassells-33"},{"link_name":"Hutt County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_County"},{"link_name":"Mana Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Horokiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horokiri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The city is administered by Porirua City Council. The wider Wellington Region is administered by the Greater Wellington Regional Council.When New Zealand became a separate Colony from New South Wales in 1841, the Royal Charter established three provinces. The Porirua area became part of New Munster which included that part of the North Island south of the Patea River and the whole of the South Island. The British Parliament passed the first New Zealand Constitution Act in 1846 which reformed the provinces and the Porirua area became part of New Ulster which now included all of the North Island. The provinces were reformed again when the New Zealand Constitution Act of 1852 established six provinces, with Porirua included in the Wellington Province. In 1876, the Provincial Government was abolished and replaced with 36 borough councils and 63 county councils and the Porirua area became the Porirua Riding of the Hutt County, formed in 1877. The Hutt County covered all the area south of the Waikanae River and West of the Remutaka Ranges that lay outside of Wellington City. As the population of local areas grew, a number of local boroughs were split off from the Hutt County. In 1908, a smaller Makara County with offices in Porirua was formed from the Mākara and Porirua Ridings or the south-western part of the Hutt County. The new Makara County included Porirua, Titahi Bay, Tawa Flat, and all of the area to the south lying to the west of Wellington City and outside the areas covered by Wellington City and the new and independent boroughs of Miramar, Karori, Onslow, and Johnsonville.[38]In 1939, northern Tawa valley residents seeking a separate name for the northern part of the Tawa district met and chose \"Linden\", from \"Linden Vale\", the name of the home of Mr Stuart Duncan and the name \"Linden\" was adopted in 1940. In 1948, the Tawa Flat and Linden Progressive Associations and Porirua interests, led by Arthur Carman and Percy Clark, made a representation to the Local Government Commission asking for a single borough covering the whole of the Porirua Basin.[39][33] The Commission did not accept this proposal but responded by giving the Tawa Flat-Linden area the status of a Town District, with the first Tawa Flat Town Board elected on 16 May 1951. With continued urbanisation and population growth in the Tawa valley, the population reached 3,900 in 1953 and the upgrade of the Town District to a borough was approved in October 1953.[33]Rapid urbanisation and population growth was now occurring in the Porirua Basin with the development of state housing in Titahi Bay, Elsdon, and to the East of State Highway 59, and in 1961 the first municipality to have \"Porirua\" in its name, the Borough of Porirua, was formed when Makara County was abolished, with the mostly rural western part becoming the Makara Ward of Hutt County and the rapidly growing eastern urban portion (including Titahi Bay) becoming the Borough of Porirua. Four years later, the population was officially estimated at over the 20,000 threshold then necessary for Porirua to be declared a city.On 1 April 1973, large areas to the north-east (and a few elsewhere) were transferred to the city from Hutt County by popular vote. Mana Island was added to the city at the same time. In 1988, a further addition was the Horokiri riding of the about-to-be-abolished county, containing most of the new Whitby suburb and substantial rural areas.The city and its council have remained (with changes of personnel and ward boundaries) into the 21st century, despite proposals to change the name to \"Mana\" and several small movements for amalgamation with Wellington.","title":"Local government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Civic symbols"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","title":"Civic symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porirua_flag.svg"},{"link_name":"1989 local government reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_New_Zealand_local_government_reforms"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flags-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flags-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Flag","text":"Present flag with coat of armsThe city of Porirua first adopted a flag in 1978 following a competition for designs among local schools, with the winning design being submitted by John Mansfield of Papakowhai School. This flag consisted of a yellow cross on a green background with the coat of arms superimposed over it. After the 1989 local government reforms, the new Porirua City Council did not seek to continue use of this flag.[41]The present flag of Porirua was adopted on 30 September 1998.[41] It has several blue stripes, and a green shape to symbolise the city's harbour and land. The canton optionally features the coat of arms.[42]","title":"Civic symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porirua Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Cook Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Strait"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wards-1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wardmap-45"}],"text":"Porirua is largely formed around the arms of the Porirua Harbour, and the coastline facing out to Cook Strait and the north-eastern parts of the South Island. Most of the populated areas of Porirua are coastal: Camborne, Karehana Bay, Mana, Onepoto, Papakōwhai, Paremata, Pāuatahanui, Plimmerton, Pukerua Bay, Takapūwāhia, Tītahi Bay and Whitby all have direct access to coastal parks and recreation reserves. Several suburbs without direct coastal access, including Aotea, Ascot Park and Ranui Heights, have substantial portions with good views over the harbour. Elsdon, formerly known as Prosser Block,[43] lost access to the harbour as a result of reclamation work, especially during the 1960s. Much of the existing city centre, north of Parumoana Street and east of Titahi Bay Road, was built upon this landfill.[44]The suburbs include the following, grouped by council ward:[1][45]","title":"Suburbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangituhi / Colonial Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangituhi_/_Colonial_Knob"},{"link_name":"Elsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsdon,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Elsdon Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsdon_Best"},{"link_name":"Kenepuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenepuru"},{"link_name":"Mana Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_Island_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Onepoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onepoto,_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Takapūwāhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takap%C5%ABw%C4%81hia"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"Tītahi Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABtahi_Bay"},{"link_name":"Michael Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Aotea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Ascot Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Park,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Cannons Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_Creek,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Rānui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81nui,_Porirua"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Waitangirua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangirua"}],"sub_title":"Onepoto","text":"Rangituhi / Colonial Knob\nElsdon – named after writer Elsdon Best\nKenepuru – industrial area south-west of the centre, adjoining Linden\nMana Island\nOnepoto - Locality, part of the suburb of Titahi Bay\nPorirua City Centre – Porirua's central business district\nTakapūwāhia – a Ngāti Toa settlement\nTītahi Bay – where pro golfer Michael Campbell grew up\nAotea\nAscot Park\nCannons Creek\nRānui[46]\nWaitangirua","title":"Suburbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camborne,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hongoeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongoeka"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"Judgeford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgeford"},{"link_name":"Karehana Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karehana_Bay"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Paekākāriki Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paek%C4%81k%C4%81riki_Hill"},{"link_name":"Papakōwhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papak%C5%8Dwhai"},{"link_name":"kōwhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dwhai"},{"link_name":"Paremata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremata"},{"link_name":"Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta"},{"link_name":"Pāuatahanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81uatahanui"},{"link_name":"Plimmerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimmerton"},{"link_name":"Pukerua Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukerua_Bay"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby,_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"Pāuatahanui","text":"Camborne\nHongoeka – a Ngāti Toa settlement\nJudgeford – a rural locality\nKarehana Bay - Locality\nMana - Locality\nPaekākāriki Hill\nPapakōwhai – a locality where kōwhai trees are prominent on headlands\nParemata – probably named after Sydney's Parramatta\nPāuatahanui\nPlimmerton – named for a director of the railway company\nPukerua Bay – where film-maker Peter Jackson grew up\nWhitby – street names commemorate James Cook","title":"Suburbs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_Australia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Petone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"North City Shopping Centre (originally Kmart Plaza and then North City Plaza) is Porirua's largest indoor shopping complex. The two-level mall first opened in 1990, was extended in 1996 and was refurbished in 2004. With over 80 stores, the centre includes Wellington's first Kmart Department store, which opened in the mall as an anchor tenant in 1990.[47] The second Kmart in the Wellington area was opened in Petone, Lower Hutt, in 2017.The Megacentre shopping complex in Porirua opened in November 1999.[48]Before North City and the Megacentre were built, shopping centred around the Cobham Court area of central Porirua. In 1996, large white canopies were erected over Cobham Court, Serlby Place and Harham Place to freshen up the area and provide protection from the weather. The project cost $4.2 million and won three architectural awards. Judges for the awards described the canopies as \"spare, crisp, potent and elegant\" with \"rich cultural and architectural relevance.\"[49] The canopies were removed in 2015 as part of a major revitalisation project by Porirua City Council.[50][51] A report to the Council in 2017 stated that crime in the area had decreased by 25% after the canopies were removed.[52]","title":"Shopping and retail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Highway 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_59_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"},{"link_name":"Johnsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsonville,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-State_Highway_59_switch_confirmed_for_December-34"},{"link_name":"State Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"New Zealand state highway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_state_highway_network"},{"link_name":"Transmission Gully Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Gully_Motorway"},{"link_name":"Kenepuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenepuru"},{"link_name":"Waitangirua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitangirua"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"State Highway 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_58_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Pāuatahanui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81uatahanui"},{"link_name":"Haywards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywards"},{"link_name":"Hutt Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_Valley"},{"link_name":"Taupō Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taup%C5%8D_Swamp"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Cycle Friendly Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_Friendly_Awards"},{"link_name":"Cycling Advocates' Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Advocates%27_Network"},{"link_name":"North Island Main Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Porirua Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Kenepuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenepuru_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Porirua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Paremata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paremata_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Plimmerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimmerton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pukerua Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukerua_Bay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Muri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kapiti Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapiti_Line"},{"link_name":"Waikanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikanae"},{"link_name":"Northern Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Overlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Overlander"},{"link_name":"Wellington Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Paraparaumu Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraparaumu_Airport"}],"text":"State Highway 59 is the main route through Porirua itself, passes north–south through the middle of the city, linking Porirua southwards to Wellington and northwards to the Kāpiti Coast and the bulk of the North Island. Porirua is the northern terminus of the Johnsonville–Porirua motorway (opened progressively from 1950), with the section of motorway within Porirua being part of the SH 59 route. Until 7 December 2021, the SH 59 route was part of State Highway 1.[34]State Highway 1, the most significant route in the New Zealand state highway network, forms an eastern bypass of Porirua as the Transmission Gully Motorway. There are link roads between the Transmission Gully Motorway and Kenepuru, Waitangirua and Whitby.State Highway 58 links Paremata via Whitby and Pāuatahanui (where an interchange with the Transmission Gully Motorway is located) with Haywards in the Hutt Valley to the east.The Ara Harakeke is a pathway that runs alongside SH 59 and the Taupō Swamp, north of Plimmerton. The first section was opened in 2002.[53] Porirua City Council won a Cycle Friendly Award for this project from the Cycling Advocates' Network in 2003.The North Island Main Trunk railway line passes through Porirua, mostly close to State Highway 59, with six stations including the main Porirua Railway Station inside the city and one on the Wellington City border. The railway stations from south to north are Kenepuru, Porirua, Paremata, Mana (known as Dolly Varden before 1960), Plimmerton, Pukerua Bay, and Muri (closed 30 April 2011). Kapiti Line suburban passenger trains run between Wellington and Waikanae (generally half-hourly during the day before 15 July 2018 and every twenty minutes during the day after that date, more frequently during peak periods, and less frequently at night). The Northern Explorer long-distance passenger train between Auckland and Wellington passes through Porirua. This train was known as the Overlander before 25 June 2012 which stopped southbound but not northbound.The nearest airports are Wellington Airport to the south (the closest), and Paraparaumu Airport to the north.Ferry services ran between Paremata and Picton for short periods but appeared unable to compete with Wellington-based services despite the shorter distance.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aotea_Lagoon,Porirua,NZ_from_north-east_(straightened).jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Police College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Police_College"},{"link_name":"Papakōwhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papak%C5%8Dwhai"},{"link_name":"Aotea Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Aotea College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_College"},{"link_name":"Mana College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mana_College"},{"link_name":"Bishop Viard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Viard_College"},{"link_name":"Porirua College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_College"},{"link_name":"Whitireia Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitireia_Polytechnic"}],"text":"Police College chalets above the Aotea Lagoon, with Rangituhi/Colonial Knob on the skyline above the city centre (obscured) and Elsdon and TakapūwāhiaThe Royal New Zealand Police College, where all the country's police recruits receive some 19 weeks' training, is at Papakōwhai.Just up the road from Aotea Lagoon is Aotea College, the secondary school closest to the northern suburbs. Other colleges include Mana College and Bishop Viard College near the city centre and to the east, Porirua College. Tertiary education is provided by Whitireia Polytechnic, which has its main campus north of the city centre.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pātaka Museum of Arts & Cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataka_Art_%2B_Museum"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"andHow.FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AndHow.FM"},{"link_name":"Papakōwhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papak%C5%8Dwhai"}],"text":"The local culture, history and artists are represented at the Pātaka Museum of Arts & Cultures where the library is also public library is also housed.[54]The indie rock radio station andHow.FM broadcasts locally at 107.5 FM from the suburb of Papakōwhai.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Te Rauparaha Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rauparaha_Arena"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Aotea Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina"},{"link_name":"Sea Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Scouts_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"water-skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-skiing"},{"link_name":"windsurfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsurfing"},{"link_name":"kitesurfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitesurfing"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"John Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rod"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Wellington Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Chatham Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Cup"},{"link_name":"Western Suburbs FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Suburbs_FC_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"All Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Whites"},{"link_name":"2010 Oceania Handball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Oceania_Handball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_men%27s_national_handball_team"},{"link_name":"Adrenalin Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenalin_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Te Rauparaha Arena is a multi-purpose venue for sports and events located next to Pātaka Museum of Arts & Cultures.[55] Nearby is the Porirua Skatepark designed by local Moses Viliamu.[56] Aotea Lagoon is a popular recreational area on the south-eastern shore of the Porirua Inlet.Watersports, fishing and other boating activities are common in the area, served by a large marina in Mana and Sea Scouts, yachting, power-boating, rowing, and water-skiing clubs. The harbour entrance from Plimmerton or Mana is popular with experienced windsurfers and kitesurfers[57] while beginners find the shallow, enclosed waters of the Pauatahanui arm of the harbour a forgiving environment in which to develop their skills.[58]As early as 1883, Porirua began to hold regular horse racing events on the harbour's Southern beach. Towards the end of a meeting, competing riders would also have to combat the incoming tide. The Porirua Jockey Club was quickly established with Mr W. Jillett the first secretary and local butcher, John Rod, the treasurer. Joshua Prosser built stables on his nearby property 'Prosser Block' (now Elsdon) and became a notable trainer of Dominion race-horses.[59] The beach now lies beneath Porirua city centre.Porirua is home to the powerful Northern United RFC, the current Wellington regional champions, and the smaller Paremata-Plimmerton RFC. Both clubs play in the Wellington Rugby Football Union club rugby competition.Porirua is also home to the three-time Chatham Cup winning Capital Football team Western Suburbs FC. Well known as a dominant force in New Zealand club football, and for producing many former and current All Whites, they were officially recognised as Porirua City's 2006 Team of the Year for their Chatham Cup Grand Final triumph over Auckland's Eastern Suburbs.Porirua was the host of the 2010 Oceania Handball Championship. Australia won the tournament from hosts New Zealand. The Cook Islands finished third.A branch of Adrenalin Forest, an adventure park where paying visitors navigate rope bridges, swings and flying foxes strung between trees up to 31 metres off the ground, opened in Porirua in 2010.[60] The park is located on the east side of Porirua Harbour near the Gear Homestead.","title":"Sport and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitford Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitford_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ken Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Ken Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Gray_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"All Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Gary McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Helen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Smith,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Values Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values_Party"},{"link_name":"Duncan Paia'aua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Paia%27aua"},{"link_name":"Tutu Wineera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tutu_Wineera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kaumatua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumatua"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Toa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"Aaradhna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaradhna"},{"link_name":"Alistair Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alistair_Campbell_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Michael Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Jerry Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Collins"},{"link_name":"Tamati Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamati_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Craig Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Garner"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Vince Mellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Mellars"},{"link_name":"Frank Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Moore_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Heremaia Ngata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremaia_Ngata"},{"link_name":"TJ Perenara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJ_Perenara"},{"link_name":"Paul Rauhihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rauhihi"},{"link_name":"Mike Riddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Riddell"},{"link_name":"Emmett Skilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Skilton"},{"link_name":"PJ Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJ_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Rodney So'oialo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_So%27oialo"},{"link_name":"Ramon Te Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Te_Wake"},{"link_name":"Renouf To'omaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renouf_To%27omaga"},{"link_name":"Ela To'omaga-Kaikilekofe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ela_To%27omaga-Kaikilekofe"}],"text":"Notable councillors of Porirua have included:Whitford Brown (first mayor)\nKen Douglas (trade unionist)\nKen Gray (All Black)\nGary McCormick (media personality)\nHelen Smith (first member of the Values Party to be elected to local government)\nDuncan Paia'aua (Pah-ee-ah-ow-ah) (Rugby Union Player)\nTutu Wineera (kaumatua of the Ngāti Toa iwi)Other prominent residents have included:Aaradhna (R&B singer)\nAlistair Campbell, poet\nMichael Campbell (golfer)\nJerry Collins (All Black)\nTamati Ellison (All Black)\nCraig Garner (cricketer)\nVince Mellars (rugby league player)\nFrank Moore (politician)\nHeremaia Ngata (All White football player)\nTJ Perenara (All Black and Hurricanes Vice-Captain)\nPaul Rauhihi (rugby league player)\nMike Riddell (writer)\nEmmett Skilton (film and television actor)\nPJ Solomon (rugby internationalist for Scotland)\nRodney So'oialo (All Black)\nRamon Te Wake (transgender presenter and singer-songwriter)\nRenouf To'omaga (Cantebury Bulldogs)\nEla To'omaga-Kaikilekofe (visual artist and arts administrator)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sister-city relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blacktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Blacktown"},{"link_name":"Nishio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishio,_Aichi"}],"sub_title":"Sister City","text":"Blacktown\nNishio","title":"Sister-city relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bamiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamiyan"},{"link_name":"Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou"}],"sub_title":"Friendly City","text":"Bamiyan\nYangzhou","title":"Sister-city relationships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Twin City","text":"Whitby[61][62]","title":"Sister-city relationships"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Present flag with coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Porirua_flag.svg/220px-Porirua_flag.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Police College chalets above the Aotea Lagoon, with Rangituhi/Colonial Knob on the skyline above the city centre (obscured) and Elsdon and Takapūwāhia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aotea_Lagoon%2CPorirua%2CNZ_from_north-east_%28straightened%29.jpg/400px-Aotea_Lagoon%2CPorirua%2CNZ_from_north-east_%28straightened%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Fort Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Parramatta"},{"title":"Upper Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Hutt"},{"title":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"title":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"title":"Kāpiti Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81piti_Coast"}]
|
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Retrieved 19 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201192504/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/%2fAbout-Porirua%2fPorirua-s-heritage%2fPorirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage%2fCivic-History%2fPorirua-City-Flags","url_text":"\"Porirua City Flags\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_City_Council","url_text":"Porirua City Council"},{"url":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz//About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage/Civic-History/Porirua-City-Flags","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Porirua flag\". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/33984/city-of-porirua-flag","url_text":"\"City of Porirua flag\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Photos of Porirua City Centre\". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065739/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Porirua-City-Centre--Elsdon-and-Takapuwahia/Historic-Photos-of-Porirua-City-Centre","url_text":"\"Historic Photos of Porirua City Centre\""},{"url":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Porirua-City-Centre--Elsdon-and-Takapuwahia/Historic-Photos-of-Porirua-City-Centre","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Porirua City Council | Two Council Wards\" (PDF). Porirua City Council. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://storage.googleapis.com/pcc-wagtail-media/documents/FinalTwoWards_DetailedMap.pdf","url_text":"\"Porirua City Council | Two Council Wards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ranui Village Planning\". Archived from the original on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529000709/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/Community/Community-Projects/Village-Planning-Programme/Ranui#suburb","url_text":"\"Ranui Village Planning\""},{"url":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz/Community/Community-Projects/Village-Planning-Programme/Ranui#suburb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Van den Bergh, Roeland (19 June 1996). \"Work starts on plaza extension\". Dominion (2nd ed.). p. 19 – via Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Edwards, Brent (18 November 1999). \"Protests at PM's Porirua launch\". The Evening Post (3rd ed.). p. 1 – via Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Jude (5 November 1996). \"Cover-up wins awards\". The Evening Post (3rd ed.). p. 14 – via Proquest Australia & New Zealand Newsstream.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"Whitfield, Daniel (21 October 2015). \"Porirua CBD upgrade to be ready for summer\". Stuff. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/73199415/porirua-cbd-upgrade-to-be-ready-for-summer","url_text":"\"Porirua CBD upgrade to be ready for summer\""}]},{"reference":"Nicoll, Jared (23 April 2018). \"Latest episode of the extreme makeover of Porirua CBD features demolished canopy columns, fancy playground\". Stuff. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/porirua/103320980/latest-episode-of-the-extreme-makeover-of-porirua-cbd-features-demolished-canopy-columns-fancy-playground","url_text":"\"Latest episode of the extreme makeover of Porirua CBD features demolished canopy columns, fancy playground\""}]},{"reference":"Dando, Kris (10 February 2017). \"Crime in Porirua's city centre drops after canopies' removal\". Stuff. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/porirua/89268794/crime-in-poriruas-city-centre-drops-after-canopies-removal","url_text":"\"Crime in Porirua's city centre drops after canopies' removal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pātaka Museum of Art and Cultures\". NZ museums. Retrieved 9 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzmuseums.co.nz/account/3070","url_text":"\"Pātaka Museum of Art and Cultures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arena home\". terauparaha-arena.co.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://terauparaha-arena.co.nz/","url_text":"\"Arena home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Show off your skills at our skate parks\". poriruacity.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://poriruacity.govt.nz/discover-porirua/parks-and-reserves/skate-parks/","url_text":"\"Show off your skills at our skate parks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plimmerton, at Wellington Windsurfing Association\". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080222093604/http://www.wwa.org.nz/Spot%20Guide/Plimmerton.htm","url_text":"\"Plimmerton, at Wellington Windsurfing Association\""},{"url":"http://www.wwa.org.nz/Spot%20Guide/Plimmerton.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Porirua Harbour at Greater Wellington Regional Council website\". Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014113559/http://gw.govt.nz/story4012.cfm","url_text":"\"Porirua Harbour at Greater Wellington Regional Council website\""},{"url":"http://www.gw.govt.nz/story4012.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McNicol, Hamish (4 January 2015). \"Adrenalin Forest safety device 'smart and beautiful'\". Stuff. Retrieved 24 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/better-business/64652338/adrenalin-forest-safety-device-smart-and-beautiful","url_text":"\"Adrenalin Forest safety device 'smart and beautiful'\""}]},{"reference":"\"International partnerships and sister cities\". poriruacity.govt.nz. Retrieved 16 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://poriruacity.govt.nz/your-council/mayor-councillors/international-partnerships/","url_text":"\"International partnerships and sister cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wellington Region Sister Cities\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 5 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070823221517/http://www.sistercities.org.nz/Editable/maps020929/wellington.shtml","url_text":"\"Wellington Region Sister Cities\""},{"url":"http://www.sistercities.org.nz/Editable/maps020929/wellington.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Porirua Coast c1921 (image)\". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1921.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/image/rsnz_53/rsnz_53_00_02331_0000f_ac_01.html","url_text":"\"Porirua Coast c1921 (image)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Porirua Harbour Basin c1956 (images)\". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1956.","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/image/rsnz_84/rsnz_84_04_0932_0000f_ac_01.html","url_text":"\"Porirua Harbour Basin c1956 (images)\""}]}]
|
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Retrieved 22 August 2016"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201192401/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/%2fAbout-Porirua%2fPorirua-s-heritage%2fPorirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage%2fCivic-History%2fCoat-of-Arms","external_links_name":"\"Coat of Arms (Archived)\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz/%2fAbout-Porirua%2fPorirua-s-heritage%2fPorirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage%2fCivic-History%2fCoat-of-Arms","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201192504/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/%2fAbout-Porirua%2fPorirua-s-heritage%2fPorirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage%2fCivic-History%2fPorirua-City-Flags","external_links_name":"\"Porirua City Flags\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz//About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-natural--cultural-and-historic-heritage/Civic-History/Porirua-City-Flags","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/33984/city-of-porirua-flag","external_links_name":"\"City of Porirua flag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065739/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Porirua-City-Centre--Elsdon-and-Takapuwahia/Historic-Photos-of-Porirua-City-Centre","external_links_name":"\"Historic Photos of Porirua City Centre\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz/About-Porirua/Porirua-s-heritage/Porirua-s-suburbs/Porirua-City-Centre--Elsdon-and-Takapuwahia/Historic-Photos-of-Porirua-City-Centre","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://storage.googleapis.com/pcc-wagtail-media/documents/FinalTwoWards_DetailedMap.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Porirua City Council | Two Council Wards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130529000709/http://www.pcc.govt.nz/Community/Community-Projects/Village-Planning-Programme/Ranui#suburb","external_links_name":"\"Ranui Village Planning\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcc.govt.nz/Community/Community-Projects/Village-Planning-Programme/Ranui#suburb","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/73199415/porirua-cbd-upgrade-to-be-ready-for-summer","external_links_name":"\"Porirua CBD upgrade to be ready for summer\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/porirua/103320980/latest-episode-of-the-extreme-makeover-of-porirua-cbd-features-demolished-canopy-columns-fancy-playground","external_links_name":"\"Latest episode of the extreme makeover of Porirua CBD features demolished canopy columns, fancy playground\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/porirua/89268794/crime-in-poriruas-city-centre-drops-after-canopies-removal","external_links_name":"\"Crime in Porirua's city centre drops after canopies' removal\""},{"Link":"http://www.mountainbike.co.nz/politics/caw/ww_0502.html","external_links_name":"Cycle Aware Wellington newsletter; 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh
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Attorney General of Bangladesh
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["1 List of attorneys general","2 See also","3 References"]
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Position in Bangladeshi government
Attorney General of Bangladeshবাংলাদেশের অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেলGovernment Seal of BangladeshIncumbentAM Amin Uddinsince 8 October 2020Office of the Attorney GeneralStyleThe HonourableSeatSupreme Court of Bangladesh, Dhaka, BangladeshNominatorThe Prime MinisterAppointerThe PresidentTerm lengthNo fixed termFormation1972First holderM. H. KhandakerDeputyAdditional Attorneys-General, Deputy Attorneys-General and Assistant Attorneys-General
This article is part of a series on thePolitics of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Constitution
Amendments
Law of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Code
Penal Code
Human rights
Article 70
Judicial review
Government
President: Mohammed Shahabuddin
Prime Minister: Sheikh Hasina
Cabinet: Hasina V
Taxation
Agencies
Civil Service
Local governments
Parliament
Speaker: Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury
Leader of the House: Sheikh Hasina
Leader of the Opposition: GM Quader
Judiciary
Supreme Court:
Appellate Division
High Court Division
District courts
Metropolitan courts
Chief Justice: Obaidul Hassan
Attorney General: AM Amin Uddin
Bangladesh Bar Council
Administrative divisions
Divisions
Districts
Subdistricts
Local Councils
Elections
Parliamentary constituencies
Election commission
General: 20182024 2029
Presidential: 201820232028
Political parties
Foreign relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions of / in Bangladesh
Nationality law
Passport
Visa requirements
Visa policy
Foreign relations
Bangladeshi diaspora
Bangladesh portal
Other countries
vte
The Attorney General for Bangladesh (Bengali: অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেল) is the Bangladeshi government's chief legal adviser, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The Attorney General is usually a highly respected Senior Advocate, and is appointed by the ruling government. AM Amin Uddin is the current and 16th Attorney General for Bangladesh. The Attorney General is the ex-officio chairman of the Bangladesh Bar Council and accordingly he performs the duties assigned to that post and empowered to participate in any reference to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh made by the President under article 106 of the Constitution and can express his own opinion.
Unlike the Attorney General of the United States, the Attorney General for Bangladesh does not have any executive authority, and is not a political appointee; those functions are performed by the Minister of Justice. The Attorney General is assisted by the several Additional Attorneys-General, Deputy Attorneys-General, and Assistant Attorneys-General.
List of attorneys general
No.
Name
Took office
Left office
1
M. H. Khandaker
21 January 1972
17 December 1972
2
Faqueer Shahabuddin Ahmad
18 December 1972
21 March 1976
3
Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed
22 March 1976
6 May 1976
4
Khondokar Abu Bakr
10 May 1976
13 March 1985
5
M. Nurullah
14 March 1985
6 April 1990
6
Rafique Ul Huq
7 April 1990
17 December 1990
7
Aminul Haque
18 December 1990
13 July 1995
8
M. Nurullah
26 July 1995
26 June 1996
9
K. S. Nabi
31 July 1996
30 May 1998
10
Mahmudul Islam
16 July 1998
9 October 2001
11
A. F. Hassan Ariff
14 October 2001
30 April 2005
12
A. J. Mohammad Ali
30 April 2005
24 January 2007
13
Fida M. Kamal
5 February 2007
16 July 2008
14
Salahuddin Ahmad
20 July 2008
12 January 2009
15
Mahbubey Alam
13 January 2009
27 September 2020
16
AM Amin Uddin
11 October 2020
Present
See also
Chief Justice of Bangladesh
Justice ministry
Politics of Bangladesh
References
^ "..:: Law and Justice Division ::". Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
^ ".::Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission::". Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ "15 deputy attorneys general appointed". bdnews24.com. 21 June 2007.
^ "বাংলাদেশের অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেলগণের নাম ও কার্যকাল". এটর্নি জেনারেলের কার্যালয়. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
^ "Law officers call on President". The Daily Star. 9 January 1998. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ "Constitution expert and former attorney general Mahmudul Islam dies at 80". bdnews24.com. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
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[{"title":"Chief Justice of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh"},{"title":"Justice ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_ministry"},{"title":"Politics of Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh"}]
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[{"reference":"\"..:: Law and Justice Division ::\". Archived from the original on 2016-09-26. Retrieved 2016-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160926011239/http://www.lawjusticediv.gov.bd/static/attorny_general.php","url_text":"\"..:: Law and Justice Division ::\""},{"url":"http://www.lawjusticediv.gov.bd/static/attorny_general.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\".::Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission::\". Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010041425/http://www.jscbd.org.bd/jscbd/m_profile.php","url_text":"\".::Bangladesh Judicial Service Commission::\""},{"url":"http://www.jscbd.org.bd/jscbd/m_profile.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"15 deputy attorneys general appointed\". bdnews24.com. 21 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2007/06/21/15-deputy-attorneys-general-appointed","url_text":"\"15 deputy attorneys general appointed\""}]},{"reference":"\"বাংলাদেশের অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেলগণের নাম ও কার্যকাল\". এটর্নি জেনারেলের কার্যালয়. Retrieved 11 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://attorneygeneral.gov.bd/site/page/e3bd9a23-e351-4a43-974b-6750dc9ef422/-","url_text":"\"বাংলাদেশের অ্যাটর্নি জেনারেলগণের নাম ও কার্যকাল\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law officers call on President\". The Daily Star. 9 January 1998. Retrieved 13 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailystar.net/news/law-officers-call-on-president","url_text":"\"Law officers call on President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Constitution expert and former attorney general Mahmudul Islam dies at 80\". bdnews24.com. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/02/16/constitution-expert-and-former-attorney-general-mahmudul-islam-dies-at-80","url_text":"\"Constitution expert and former attorney general Mahmudul Islam dies at 80\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitilini
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Mytilene
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["1 History","2 Geography and climate","2.1 Municipal units","2.2 Province","2.3 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Districts","4.1 Main streets","5 Economy","6 Landmarks and urban architecture","7 Archaeology","8 Education","9 Refugee camps","10 Sporting clubs","11 Media","11.1 Radio","11.2 TV","11.3 Newspapers","12 Notable Mytileneans","12.1 Ancient","12.2 Medieval","12.3 Modern","12.4 Fictional","13 International relations","13.1 Twin towns – sister cities","13.2 Consulates","14 Gallery","15 See also","16 References","17 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°6′N 26°33′E / 39.100°N 26.550°E / 39.100; 26.550Capital of the Greek island of Lesbos
"Mória" redirects here. For the refugee camp, see Moria refugee camp. For other uses, see Moria (disambiguation).
This article is about the municipality. For the island as a whole locally called Mytilene, see Lesbos.
For the characters in Greek mythology who were called Mytilene, see Mytilene (mythology).
Not to be confused with Melitene.
Municipality in GreeceMytilene
ΜυτιλήνηMunicipalityClockwise from top: Panoramic view of the City of Mytilene, Archaeological Museum of Mytilene, Statue of Liberty, Characteristic samples of urban architecture, the seafront and Harbor of Mytilene, Church of Saint Therapon, and Lesbos Regional Unit Administration.MytileneLocation within the region Coordinates: 39°6′N 26°33′E / 39.100°N 26.550°E / 39.100; 26.550CountryGreeceAdministrative regionNorth AegeanRegional unitLesbosMunicipalityMytileneGovernment • MayorPanagiotis Christofas (since 2023)Area • Municipality566.7 km2 (218.8 sq mi) • Municipal unit107.46 km2 (41.49 sq mi)Elevation8 m (26 ft)Population (2021) • Municipality59,034 • Density100/km2 (270/sq mi) • Municipal unit41,379 • Municipal unit density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi) • Community33,523DemonymMytilenianTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code811 00Area code(s)22510Vehicle registrationMYWebsitehttps://welcometolesvos.com/el/ekserevniste-ti-lesvo/
Mytilene (/ˌmɪtɪˈliːni/; Greek: Μυτιλήνη, romanized: Mytilíni ⓘ) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean. It was founded in the 11th century BC.
Mytilene is one of the two municipalities on the island of Lesbos, created in 2019; the other is West Lesbos. Mytilene is built on the southeast edge of the island. It is the seat of a metropolitan bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
History
Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640 – 568 BC), one of the Seven Sages of Greece; woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle.
View of the port, with the dome of Saint Therapon.
The church of Saint Therapon at the port
As an ancient city, lying off the east coast, Mytilene was initially confined to a small island just offshore that later was joined to Lesbos, creating a north and south harbor. The early harbors of Mytilene were linked during ancient times by a channel 700 m long and 30 m wide. The Roman writer Longus speaks of white stone bridges linking the two sides. The Greek word εὔριπος eúripos is a commonly-used term when referring to a strait. The strait allowed ancient warships called triremes, with three tiers of rowers or more. The boats that passed were ca. 6 m wide plus oars and had depth of 2 m.
The areas of the city that were densely populated connected the two bodies of land with marble bridges. They usually followed a curved line. The strait begins at the old market called Apano Skala. It was also close to Metropolis Street and ended at the Southern Harbor. One could argue that the channel transversed what is now called Ermou Street. Over time the strait began to collect silt and earth. There was also human intervention for the protection of the Castle of Mytilene. The strait eventually filled with earth.
Mytilene contested successfully with Mithymna in the north of the island for the leadership of the island in the seventh century BC and became the centre of the island's prosperous eastern hinterland. Her most famous citizens were the poets Sappho and Alcaeus and the statesman Pittacus (one of the Seven Sages of Greece). The city was famed for its great output of electrum coins struck from the late sixth through mid-fourth centuries BC.
The Mytilenean revolt against Athens in 428 BC was overcome by an Athenian expeditionary force. The Athenian public assembly voted to massacre all the men of the city and to sell the women and children into slavery but the next day in the Mytilenian Debate changed its mind. A fast trireme sailed the 186 nautical miles (344 km) in less than a day and brought the decision to cancel the general massacre, but a thousand citizens were executed for taking part in the rebellion.
Aristotle lived on Mytilene for two years, 337–335 BC, with his friend and successor, Theophrastus (a native of the island), after being the tutor to Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon.
The Romans, among whom was a young Julius Caesar, successfully defeated Mytilene in 81 BC at the Siege of Mytilene. Although Mytilene supported the losing side in most of the great wars of the first century BC, her statesmen succeeded in convincing Rome of her support of the new ruler of the Mediterranean and the city flourished in Roman times.
In AD 56, Luke the Evangelist, Paul the Apostle and their companions stopped there briefly on the return trip of Paul's third missionary journey (Acts 20:14), having sailed from Assos (about 50 km (31 mi) away). From Mytilene they continued towards Chios (Acts 20:15).
The novel Daphnis and Chloe by Longus, is set in the country around it and opens with a description of the city.
Scholar and historian Zacharias Rhetor, also known as Zacharias of Mytilene was from Mytilene and lived from 465 to around 536. He was made Bishop of Mytilene and may have been a Chalcedonian Christian. He either died or was deposed between 536 and 553.
The city of Mytilene was also home to 9th century Byzantine saints who were brothers, Archbishop George, Symeon Stylites, and David the Monk. The Church of St. Symeon, Mytilene venerates one of the three brothers.
Catching the eye of the Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita, Constantine IX Monomachos was exiled to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos by her second husband, Michael IV the Paphlagonian. The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of Michael V in 1042 led to Constantine being recalled from his place of exile and appointed as a judge in Greece.
Lesbos and Mytilene had an established Jewish population since ancient times. In 1170, Benjamin of Tudela found ten small Jewish communities on the island.
In the Middle Ages, it was part of the Byzantine Empire and was occupied for some time by the Seljuqs under Tzachas in 1085. In 1198, the Republic of Venice obtained the right to commerce from the city's port.
In the 13th century, it was captured by the Emperor of Nicaea, Theodore I Laskaris. In 1335, the Byzantines, with the help of Ottoman forces, reconquered the island, then property of the Genoese nobleman Domenico Cattaneo. In 1355, emperor John V Palaiologos gave it to the Genoese adventurer Francesco Gattilusio, who married the emperor's sister, Maria. They renovated the fortress in 1373, and it remained in Genoese hands until 1462, when it was besieged and captured by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.
As part of the wider Great Turkish War, the Battle of Mytilene took place off the coast of Mytilene in 1690 when Venetian sailing ships attacked Ottoman and Barbary flagships. Resulting in a victory for the Venetians.
Mytilene along with the rest of Lesbos remained under Ottoman control until the First Balkan War in 1912, when in November it was captured by the Kingdom of Greece.
Geography and climate
View of the seafront
Mytilene is located in the southeastern part of the island, north and east of the Bay of Gera. Its municipal unit has a land area of 107.46 square kilometres (41.49 sq mi) and a population of 41,379 inhabitants (2021). With a population density of 390/km2 it is by far the most densely populated municipal unit in Lesbos. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Loutrá (pop. 1,339), Pámfila (1,264), and Mória (1,237). The Greek National Road 36 connects Mytilene with Kalloni. Farmlands surround Mytilene, the mountains cover the west and to the north. The airport is located a few kilometres south of town.
Municipal units
Map with the borders of the Municipality of Mytilene and main settlements (in red)
The municipality, as created in 2019, consists of the following six subdivisions:
Agiasos
Evergetoulas
Gera
Loutropoli Thermis
Mytilene
Plomari
Each municipal unit is subdivided into municipal communities. The communities of the municipal unit of Mytilene are:
Afalonas
Agia Marina
Alyfanta
Loutra
Moria
Mytilene
Pamfila
Panagiouda
Taxiarches
Province
The province of Mytilene (Greek: Επαρχία Μυτιλήνης) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Mytilene, Agiasos, Evergetoulas, Gera, Loutropoli Thermis, Mantamados and Polichnitos. It was abolished in 2006.
Climate
Mytilene has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.
Climate data for Mytilene
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
20.2(68.4)
21.3(70.3)
28.0(82.4)
31.0(87.8)
35.0(95.0)
40.0(104.0)
39.5(103.1)
38.2(100.8)
36.2(97.2)
30.8(87.4)
27.0(80.6)
22.5(72.5)
40.0(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
12.6(54.7)
14.7(58.5)
16.0(60.8)
20.1(68.2)
25.0(77.0)
28.9(84.0)
31.8(89.2)
32.1(89.8)
27.8(82.0)
22.8(73.0)
18.8(65.8)
13.4(56.1)
22.0(71.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
9.9(49.8)
11.3(52.3)
12.2(54.0)
16.1(61.0)
20.2(68.4)
24.4(75.9)
27.0(80.6)
27.0(80.6)
23.1(73.6)
19.3(66.7)
14.9(58.8)
11.9(53.4)
17.6(63.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
7.2(45.0)
7.9(46.2)
8.4(47.1)
12.1(53.8)
15.4(59.7)
19.9(67.8)
22.2(72.0)
21.9(71.4)
18.4(65.1)
15.8(60.4)
11.0(51.8)
10.4(50.7)
14.2(57.6)
Record low °C (°F)
−4.4(24.1)
−3.0(26.6)
−1.2(29.8)
4.0(39.2)
8.4(47.1)
11.0(51.8)
15.8(60.4)
16.3(61.3)
10.9(51.6)
5.2(41.4)
1.4(34.5)
−1.4(29.5)
−4.4(24.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
129.9(5.11)
97.2(3.83)
75.1(2.96)
46.8(1.84)
21.2(0.83)
6.0(0.24)
2.3(0.09)
4.1(0.16)
10.7(0.42)
38.2(1.50)
93.7(3.69)
145.4(5.72)
670.6(26.40)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
9.0
8.1
6.5
4.8
2.7
0.8
0.4
0.4
1.3
3.3
6.8
10.0
54.1
Average relative humidity (%)
71.0
69.8
57.5
63.9
62.6
57.3
56.0
57.4
59.5
66.1
71.0
72.0
64.5
Source 1: https://meteosearch.meteo.gr/data/list-station-files720.cfm
Source 2: NOAA
Demographics
Year
Town population
Municipality population
1981
24,991
–
1991
23,971
33,157
2001
27,247
36,196
2011
29,656
37,890
2021
33,523
59,034
Districts
Prefecture of Lesbos, Kountourioti Street
Agorá
Chalikas (upper and lower)
Chrisomallousa
Epano Skala
Kallithea
Kamares
Ladadika
Lagada
Pyrgélia
Sourada
Lazaretto/Vounaraki
Main streets
Ermou Street
Kavetsou St
El. Venizelou St
Elyti St
Kountourioti St
Theofrastou St
Vernardaki St,
Vournazon St.
Eftalioti St.
Myrivili St.
Economy
Ladotyri Mytilinis
A bottle of Ouzo Plomari
Mytilene has a port with ferries to the nearby islands of Lemnos and Chios and Ayvalık and at times Dikili in Turkey. The port also serves the mainland cities of Piraeus, Athens and Thessaloniki. One ship, named during the 2001 IAAF games in Edmonton Aeolus Kenteris, after Kostas Kenteris, used to serve this city (his hometown) with 6-hour routes from Athens and Thessaloniki. The main port serving Mytilene on the Greek mainland is Piraeus.
The city produces ouzo. There are more than 15 commercial producers on the island.
The city exports also sardines harvested from the Bay of Kalloni, olive oil, ladotyri cheese and woodwork.
Landmarks and urban architecture
Old mansion, one of the many in the city
The Liberty Statue of Mytilene.
The town of Mytilene has a large number of neoclassical buildings, public and private houses. Some of them are the building of the Lesbos Prefecture, the old City Hall, the Experimental Lyceum and various mansions and hotels all over the town.
The Baroque church of Saint Therapon dominates at the port with its impressive style.
Ancient Theatre of Mytilene
Archaeological Museum of Mytilene
Castle of Mytilene
Church of Saint Symeon, Mytilene
Catholic Church of Theotokos, where part of the relics of Saint Valentine are kept
Çarşı Hamam ("Market Bath")
Ecclesiastical Byzantine Museum of Mytilene
Folk Art Museum of Mytilene
Monastery of Agios Raphael
Museum of Costume and Embroidery of Lesvos
Sappho Square, where the statue of the Ancient Greek poet Sappho is located
Statue of Liberty (Mytilene)
Theofilos Museum
Yeni Mosque, Mytilene
Valide Mosque, Mytilene
The Roman aqueduct of Mória
Teriade Meseum
Agora of Ermou street
Stoa of Mytilene, Hellinistic stoa in the area of Epano skala
Archaeology
The Roman aqueduct of Mória
Remains of the ancient theatre
View of the Castle of Mytilene
View to the city
Archaeological investigations at Mytilene began in the late 19th century when Robert Koldewey (later excavator of Babylon) and a group of German colleagues spent many months on the island preparing plans of the visible remains at various ancient sites like Mytilene. Significant excavations, however, do not seem to have started until after the First World War when in the mid-1920s Evangelides uncovered much of the famous theatre (according to Plutarch it was the inspiration for Pompey's theatre in Rome in 55 BC, the first permanent stone theatre in Rome) on the hill on the western side of town. Subsequent work in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s by various members of the Archaeological Service revealed more of the theatre, including a Roman conversion to a gladiatorial arena. Salvage excavations carried out by the Archaeological Service in many areas of the city have revealed sites going back to the Early Bronze Age although most have been much later (Hellenistic and Roman). Particularly significant is a large stoa over a hundred metres long recently dug on the North Harbour of the city. It is clear from various remains in different parts of the city that Mytilene was indeed laid out on a grid plan as the Roman architect Vitruvius had written.
Archaeological excavations carried out between 1984 and 1994 in the Castle of Mytilene by the University of British Columbia and directed by Caroline and Hector Williams revealed a previously unknown sanctuary of Demeter and Kore of late classical/Hellenistic date and the burial chapel of the Gattelusi, the medieval Genoese family that ruled the northern Aegean from the mid-14th to mid-15th centuries of our era. The Demeter sanctuary included five altars for sacrifices to Demeter and Kore and later also to Cybele, the great mother goddess of Anatolia. Among the discoveries were thousands of oil lamps, terracotta figurines, loom weights and other dedications to the goddesses. Numerous animal bones, especially of piglets, also appeared. The Chapel of St. John served as the church of the castle and as a burial place for the Gattelusi family and its dependents. Although conversion to a mosque after the Ottoman capture of the city in 1462 resulted in the destruction of many graves, some remained. The great earthquake of February 1867 damaged the building beyond repair and it was demolished; the Ottomans built a new mosque over the ruins to replace it later in the 19th century.
Other excavations done jointly with the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities near the North Harbour of the city uncovered a multiperiod site with remains extending from a late Ottoman cemetery (including a "vampire" burial, a middle aged man with 20 cm (8 in) spikes through his neck, middle and ankles) to a substantial Roman building constructed around a colonnaded courtyard (probably a tavern/brothel in its final phase in the mid-4th century AD) to remains of Hellenistic structures and debris from different Hellenistic manufacturing processes (pottery, figurines, cloth making and dyeing, bronze and iron working) to archaic and classical levels with rich collections of Aeolic grey wares. A section of the late classical city wall runs across the site which was close to the channel that divided the mainland from the off shore island part of the city. Considerable remains of the two moles that protected the large North Harbour of the city are still visible just below or just breaking the surface of the sea; it functioned as the commercial harbour of the ancient city although today it is a quiet place where a few small fishing boats are moored.
The city has two excellent archaeological museums, one by the south harbour in an old mansion and the other two hundred metres further north in a large new purpose built structure. The former contains the rich Bronze Age remains from Thermi, a site north of Mytilene dug by the British in the 1930s as well as extensive pottery and figurine displays; the former coach house accommodates ancient inscriptions, architectural pieces, and coins. The latter museum is especially rich in mosaics and sculpture, including the famous late Roman mosaic floor from the "House of Menander" with scenes from plays by that Athenian 4th-century BC playwright. There are also mosaics and finds from other Roman mansions excavated by the Greek Archaeological Service under the direction of the archeologist Aglaia Archontidou-Argyri.
Education
See also: University of the Aegean
Experimental Lyceum School of Mytilene
There are 15 primary schools in Mytilene, along with seven lyceums, and eight gymnasiums. There are six university schools with 3671 undergraduates, the largest in the University of the Aegean. Here also is the Headquarters, the Central Library and the Research Committee of Aegean University. The University of Aegean is housed in privately owned buildings, in rented buildings located in the city centre and in modern buildings on the University Hill.
Refugee camps
By 2015, the city of Mytilene had become a primary entry point for refugees and migrants who seek to pass through Greece to resettle elsewhere in Europe. In 2015, over half a million people arrived in Lesbos. The number of individuals coming through Lesbos has dwindled since the signing of the EU-Turkey deal which restricted the number of refugees that could legally resettle in Europe. As of July 2017, seventy to eighty refugees were still arriving in Greece daily despite the deal and "many of them on Lesbos", according to Daniel Esdras, the chief of the International Organization for Migration.
Mória Reception & Identification Centre (in Greek : Κέντρο Υποδοχής και Ταυτοποίησης Μόριας), better known as Mória Refugee Camp, or just "Mória", was the biggest refugee camp in Europe. It was located outside the village of Moria (Greek: Μόρια Mória). Enclosed by barbed wire and a chain-link fence, the military camp served as a European Union hotspot camp. It burned down and was permanently closed in September 2020. A new closed reception centre will be built in 2021 at Vastria near Nees Kydonies.
Kara Tepe Refugee Camp is a camp which has been transformed into a living space for around 700 refugees classified as vulnerable. It will be replaced by a new closed reception centre at Vastria near Nees Kydonies in 2021.
Pipka camp or Lesbos Solidarity, once a children's holiday camp, aims to support the most vulnerable refugees who pass through Mytilene: families with children, the disabled, women who are pregnant, and the injured. The camp focuses on humanitarian aid and on providing for the various needs of refugees, including food, medical help, clothing, and psychological support.
Sporting clubs
Mytilene Municipal Stadium
Aiolikos F.C., football club
Sappho Lesvou F.C., women's football club
Media
Radio
Frequency
Name
Year of establishment
88,2 MHz
Love Mitilini
2003
90,0 MHz
Radio Mytilini
1989
91,6 MHz
Rythmos Radio
2005
92,3 MHz
First Program
1938
92,8 MHz
Aeolos FM 92.8
1989
93,2 MHz
Astra FM 93,2
2000
93,3 MHz
Voice of the Church
2000
94,3 MHz
Second Program
1952
97,2 MHz
Third Program
1954
97,6 MHz
Local 9.72 Mytilini
1990
98,6 MHz
Best FM Lesvos
1992
99,0 MHz
On the Island 99 FM
2019
99,4 MHz
ERT Aegean
1989
101.5 MHz
Slam
2015
103,0 MHz
ERT Aegean
1989
104,4 MHz
ERT Aegean
1989
104,8 MHz
Piraeus Church
1988
105,8 MHz
Piraeus Church
1988
105,9 MHz
Second Program
1952
106,4 MHz
Third Program
1954
107,4 MHZ
Piraeus Church
1988
107,9 MHz
ERT Sports
1993
TV
A regional television station operates from the city of Mytilene; Aeolos TV.
Newspapers
The main printed newspapers of the city are Empros, Ta Nea tis Lesvou, and Dimokratis. Online newspapers include Aeolos, Stonisi, Emprosnet, Lesvosnews, Lesvospost, and Kalloninews.
Notable Mytileneans
Ancient
Red-figure vase (hydria) with Sappho
Alcaeus (6th century BC), Greek poet.
Sappho, Ancient Greek Lyric Poet. Plato called her "wise" and "Tenth Muse".
Pittacus (c. 640–568 BC), one of the Seven Sages of Greece.
Hellanicus (mid-5th century BC), Greek historian.
Theophrastus, Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Aristotle.
Laomedon of Mytilene (4th BC), general of Alexander the Great
Chares (4th century BC), Greek historian and chamberlain to Alexander the Great.
Scamon (4th century BC), Greek historian and son of Hellanicus.
Praxiphanes (4th century BC), Greek philosopher.
Epicurus, Greek philosopher.
Aeschines, Greek rhetorician.
Eunicus, Greek sculptor and silversmith.
Hermarchus (3rd century BC), Greek philosopher.
Diophanes (2nd century BC), Greek rhetorician.
Lesbonax (1st century BC), Greek sophist and rhetorician.
Archytas of Mytilene, Greek musician
Crinagoras (70 BC-18 AD), Greek epigrammatist and ambassador, poet of "Palatine Poetry".
Theophanes, middle of 1st century BC, Greek statesman, close friend of Pompey the Great.
Potamon (1st century AD), Greek rhetorician.
Medieval
Santa Thomais (910–1030), nun, philanthropist and healer
Christopher of Mytilene (11th century), Greek poet.
Modern
Georgios Jakobides
Odysseas Elytis
Hayreddin Barbarossa ( 1478–1546), Ottoman admiral
Oruç Reis (1478–1518), Ottoman bey
Saint Parthenios (1600–1657), Patriarch of Constantinople and religious martyr
Palaiologos Lemonis, member of Filiki Etaireia
Dimitrios Skambas (1992–present), Greek-American financier, youngest Partner at Bannockburn Global Forex in NYC. Parents from Pamfila, Lesvos.
Theophilos Hatzimihail (c. 1870–1934), Greek painter
P. M. Kourtzis, shipowner, founder of Aegean Steamship Company (1883)
Gregorios Bernardakis, philologist
Demetrios Bernardakis, playwright
Stratis Myrivilis (1892–1969), Greek writer
Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996), Greek poet, Nobel Laureate in 1979
Argyris Eftaliotis (1849–1923) (née Cleanthis Michailidis), Greek writer
Fotis Kontoglou (Aivali/Kydonies, origin from Mytilene) (1895–1965) Greek writer and painter.
Georgios Jakobides, painter
Hermon di Giovanno (c. 1900–1968), Greek painter
Nikos Fermas (1905–1972), Greek actor
Irini Mouchou (born 1987), triathlete
Giorgos Mouflouzelis (1912–1991), Greek composer of rebetiko
Panagiotis Polychronis (1854–1941), Greek artist: photographer, lithographist and painter.
Leo Rapitis (1906–1957), Greek singer
Konstantinos Kenteris (born 1973), Greek athlete
Alexis Panselinos (1903–1984), Greek writer
Sophocles Vournazos (1853–1889), Greek philanthropist and founder of Mytilene's academic buildings.
Tériade (1889–1983), Greek art critic, patron, and publisher
Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), Ottoman military leader, perpetrator of the Armenian genocide
Tamburi Ali Efendi (1836–1902), Turkish musician
Nicholas Kampas (1857–1932), Greek poet
Argyris Adalis, architect
Nicholas Athanasiadis (1904–1990), Greek theatre writer, literature writer, poet.
Ioannis Hatzidaniel (1850–1912), Greek painter and photographer.
Solon Lekkas, singer of traditional music from Asia Minor.
Giannis Bournellis, comedian, actor.
Christos Touramanis, particle physicist
Giorgos Vourgoutzis, (born 1991), football player
Giorgos Manousos, (born 1987), football player
Praxitelis Vouros, (born 1995), football player
Michalis Pavlis (born 1989), football player and coach
Anastasios Chatzigiovanis, football player
Fictional
Lysimachus, in Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece
Twin towns – sister cities
Mytilene is twinned with:
Corfu, Greece
Kalamaria, Greece
Lamia, Greece
Preveza, Greece
Paphos, Cyprus
Portland, Maine, United States
Setouchi, Okayama Prefecture, Japan (1982)
Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Consulates
In the past the city hosted consulates from different European countries. Currently hosts consulates from the following countries:
France
Gallery
Exhibits at the Archaeological Museum of Mytilene
Church of St. Therapon by night
The city hall
Hotel Pyrgos
Panoramic view
Zoodochos Pigi church
Çarşı Hamam, Mytilene
Street of Mytilene
Traditional wood carving
A chapel
Hotel Olympias
Cathedral of Saint Athanasios
Belltower of St Athanasius
Building of Theofilos art association
Mytilene in snow
Castle of Mytilene
See also
List of ancient Greek cities
List of settlements in Lesbos
University of the Aegean
Mytilene International Airport
Ministry for the Aegean
References
^ Municipality of Mytilene, Municipal elections – October 2023, Ministry of Interior
^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
^ a b "Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010" (in Greek). Government Gazette. p. 1164.
^ Harbor of Mytilene Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine accessed July 31, 2014
^ "Mytilene - Asia Minor Coins - Photo Gallery". www.asiaminorcoins.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
^ Bio of Theophrastus accessed December 11, 2007
^ Grade Saver bio on Aristotle accessed December 11, 2007
^ Thorne, James (2003). Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8239-3595-6.
^ The Syriac Chronicle Known as That of Zachariah of Mitylene accessed July 31, 2014
^ Finlay George "History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 – 1057" William Blackwood & Sons, 1853
^ Before The Deluge: Jews Of The Mediterranean Islands (Part I) accessed July 31, 2014
^ Candiani, Guido (2018-01-02). "A New Battle Fleet: The evolution of the Ottoman sailing navy, 1650–1718, revealed through Venetian sources". The Mariner's Mirror. 104 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1080/00253359.2018.1411096. ISSN 0025-3359. S2CID 165635839.
^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
^ "Detailed census results 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. (39 MB) (in Greek and French)
^ "MITILINI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
^ "HNMS". Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03. – Hellenic National Meteorological Service
^ "Greeka".
^ "Tripadvisor".
^ "AegeanVacation".
^ "Folk art".
^ "Iera Moni".
^ "Sappho square".
^ "Theofilos".
^ "Roman aqueduct". 19 March 2021.
^ "Teriade".
^ "Ermou".
^ "Stoa". 22 February 2017.
^ "Refugee Flows to Lesvos: Evolution of a Humanitarian Response". migrationpolicy.org. 2016-01-28. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ "Q&A: EU-Turkey refugee deal explained". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "Violence becoming commonplace in Moria refugee camp | Germany Guide for Refugees | DW | 21.07.2017". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ "LESVOS ISLAND - GREECE". UNHCR.
^ a b "Λέσβος / Ετοιμάζουν κλειστή δομή για τους πρόσφυγες στη Βάστρια". Αυγή (in Greek). 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
^ "Lesvos refugee camp transformed by activities, classes, Anthi Pazianou | Kathimerini". Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ "lesvossolidarity.org". www.lesvossolidarity.org. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
^ "Aeolos TV".
^ "Aeolos".
^ "Stonisi".
^ "Emprosnet".
^ "Lesvosnews".
^ "Lesvospost".
^ "kalloninews".
^ D. Gerber, Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus (1982).
^ Hellanikos von Mytilene, Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker no. 4.
^ Chares von Mytilene, Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker no. 125.
^ Skamon of Mytilene, Brill's New Pauly no. 476.
^ F. Wehrli, Phainias von Eresos, Chamaileon, Praxiphanes (1945).
^ "Epicurus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.
^ Diogenes Laertius 2.64.
^ F. Longo Aurrichio, Ermarcho. Frammenti (1988).
^ Plutarch, Vit. Ti. Gracch. 8.5.
^ Theophanes of Mytilene, Brill's New Jacoby no. 188.
^ Potamon of Mytilene, Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker continued Part IV no. 1085.
^ E. Follieri, I calendari in metro innografico di Cristoforo Mitileneo(1980).
^ "Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις". mytilene.gr (in Greek). Mytilene. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mytilene.
Official website (in Greek)
Calendar of Lesvos
Tourist Guide of Mytilene-Lesvos (in Greek, English, and Turkish)
vteAdministrative division of the North Aegean Region
Area
3,836 km2 (1,481 sq mi)
Population
199,231 (as of 2011)
Municipalities
9 (since 2011)
Capital
Mytilini (Lesbos)
Regional unit of Chios
Chios
Oinousses
Psara
Regional unit of Ikaria
Fournoi Korseon
Ikaria
Regional unit of Lemnos
Agios Efstratios
Lemnos
Regional unit of Lesbos
Mytilene
West Lesbos
Regional unit of Samos
East Samos
West Samos
Regional governor
Kostas Moutzouris (since 2019)
Decentralized Administration
Aegean
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of MytileneMunicipal unit of Agiasos
Agiasos
Municipal unit of Evergetoulas
Asomatos
Ippeio
Kato Tritos
Kerameia
Lampou Myloi
Mychos
Sykounta
Municipal unit of Gera
Mesagros
Palaiokipos
Pappados
Perama
Plakados
Skopelos
Municipal unit of Loutropoli Thermis
Komi
Loutropoli Thermis
Mistegna
Nees Kydonies
Pigi
Pyrgoi Thermis
Municipal unit of Mytilene
Afalonas
Agia Marina
Alyfanta
Loutra
Moria
Mytilene
Pamfila
Panagiouda
Taxiarches
Municipal unit of Plomari
Akrasi
Ampeliko
Megalochori
Neochori
Palaiochori
Plagia
Plomari
Trygonas
vteCapitals of regions of Greece
Athens (Attica)
Corfu (Ionian Islands)
Heraklion (Crete)
Ioannina (Epirus)
Komotini (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace)
Kozani (Western Macedonia)
Lamia (Central Greece)
Larissa (Thessaly)
Mytilene (North Aegean)
Patras (West Greece)
Ermoupoli (South Aegean)
Thessaloniki (Central Macedonia)
Tripoli (Peloponnese)
vteLandmarks of LesbosMytilene
Ancient Theatre of Mytilene
Archaeological Museum of Mytilene
Catholic Church of Theotokos
Castle of Mytilene
Fikiotripa
Roman Aqueduct of Lesbos
Sappho Square
Saint Therapon
Statue of Liberty (Mytilene)
Çarşı Hamam
Yeni Mosque
Religion
Taxiarchis Monastery
Ipsilou Monastery
Saint Ignatios Monastery
Agios Raphael Monastery
Villages
Agia Paraskevi, Lesbos
Agios Isidoros
Agiasos
Chidira
Eresos
Kalloni
Mantamados
Messa
Mithymna (Castle of Molyvos)
Palaiochori
Petra
Plomari
Sigri
Thermi
Vrisa
Nature
Bay of Gera
Petrified forest of Lesbos (Natural History Museum)
Kalamiaris palm forest
Vatera
Events
Molyvos International Music Festival
vteJourneys of Paul the ApostleFirst journey
1. Antioch
2. Seleucia
3. Cyprus
3a. Salamis
3b. Paphos
4. Perga
5. Antioch of Pisidia
6. Iconium
7. Derbe
8. Lystra
9. Attalea
10. Antioch (returns to beginning of journey)
Second journey
1. Cilicia
2. Derbe
3. Lystra
4. Phrygia
5. Galatia
6. Mysia (Alexandria Troas)
7. Samothrace
8. Neapolis
9. Philippi
9. Amphipolis
10. Apollonia
11. Thessalonica
12. Beroea
13. Athens
14. Corinth
15. Cenchreae
16. Ephesus
17. Syria
18. Caesarea
19. Jerusalem
20. Antioch
Third journey
1. Galatia
2. Phrygia
3. Ephesus
4. Macedonia
5. Corinth
6. Cenchreae
7. Macedonia (again)
8. Troas
9. Assos
10. Mytilene
11. Chios
12. Samos
13. Miletus
14. Cos
15. Rhodes
16. Patara
17. Tyre
18. Ptolemais
19. Caesarea
20. Jerusalem
vteFormer provinces of GreeceGrouped by region and prefectureAtticaEast and West Attica
Attica
Piraeus
Aegina
Hydra
Kythira
Piraeus
Troizinia
West Attica
Megaris
Central GreeceBoeotia
Livadeia
Thebes
Euboea
Chalcis
Istiaia
Karystia
Phocis
Dorida
Parnassida
Phthiotis
Domokos
Locris
Phthiotis
Central MacedoniaChalkidiki
Arnaia
Chalkidiki
Imathia
Imathia
Naousa
Kilkis
Kilkis
Paionia
Pella
Almopia
Edessa
Giannitsa
Serres
Fyllida
Serres
Sintiki
Visaltia
Thessaloniki
Lagkadas
Thessaloniki
CreteChania
Apokoronas
Kissamos
Kydonia
Selino
Sfakia
Heraklion
Kainourgio
Malevizi
Monofatsi
Pediada
Pyrgiotissa
Temenos
Viannos
Lasithi
Ierapetra
Lasithi
Mirampello
Siteia
Rethymno
Agios Vasileios
Amari
Mylopotamos
Rethymno
Eastern Macedonia and ThraceEvros
Alexandroupoli
Didymoteicho
Orestiada
Samothrace
Soufli
Kavala
Kavala
Nestos
Pangaio
Thasos
Rhodope
Komotini
Sapes
EpirusIoannina
Dodoni
Konitsa
Metsovo
Pogoni
Thesprotia
Filiates
Margariti
Souli
Thyamida
Ionian IslandsCorfu
Corfu
Paxoi
Kefallinia
Ithaca
Kranaia
Pali
Sami
North AegeanLesbos
Lemnos
Mithymna
Mytilene
Plomari
Samos
Ikaria
Samos
PeloponneseArcadia
Gortynia
Kynouria
Mantineia
Megalopoli
Argolis
Argos
Ermionida
Nafplia
Laconia
Epidavros Limira
Gytheio
Lacedaemon
Oitylo
Messenia
Kalamai
Messini
Pylia
Trifylia
South AegeanCyclades
Andros
Kea
Milos
Naxos
Paros
Syros
Thira
Tinos
Dodecanese
Kalymnos
Karpathos
Kos
Rhodes
ThessalyLarissa
Agia
Elassona
Farsala
Larissa
Tyrnavos
Magnesia
Almyros
Skopelos
Volos
Trikala
Kalampaka
Trikala
West GreeceAchaea
Aigialeia
Kalavryta
Patras
Aetolia-Acarnania
Missolonghi
Nafpaktia
Trichonida
Valtos
Vonitsa-Xiromero
Elis
Elis
Olympia
Western MacedoniaKozani
Eordaia
Kozani
Voio
Note: not all prefectures were subdivided into provinces.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
NARA
|
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For the refugee camp, see Moria refugee camp. For other uses, see Moria (disambiguation).This article is about the municipality. For the island as a whole locally called Mytilene, see Lesbos.For the characters in Greek mythology who were called Mytilene, see Mytilene (mythology).Not to be confused with Melitene.Municipality in GreeceMytilene (/ˌmɪtɪˈliːni/; Greek: Μυτιλήνη, romanized: Mytilíni [mitiˈlini] ⓘ) is the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port. It is also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean. It was founded in the 11th century BC.Mytilene is one of the two municipalities on the island of Lesbos, created in 2019; the other is West Lesbos.[3] Mytilene is built on the southeast edge of the island. 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Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle#Third_missionary_journey"},{"link_name":"Acts 20:14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#20:14"},{"link_name":"Assos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assos"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Acts 20:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#20:15"},{"link_name":"Daphnis and Chloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chloe"},{"link_name":"Longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longus"},{"link_name":"Zacharias Rhetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor"},{"link_name":"Chalcedonian Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Symeon Stylites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_Stylites_of_Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Symeon, Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Symeon,_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Zoë Porphyrogenita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita"},{"link_name":"Constantine IX Monomachos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos"},{"link_name":"Michael IV the Paphlagonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jewish population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Benjamin of Tudela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Seljuqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqs"},{"link_name":"Tzachas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzachas"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Theodore I Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Domenico Cattaneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Cattaneo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Francesco Gattilusio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_I_Gattilusio"},{"link_name":"besieged and captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Lesbos#Siege"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Great Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(1690)"},{"link_name":"Barbary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_pirates"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"First Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"}],"text":"Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640 – 568 BC), one of the Seven Sages of Greece; woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle.View of the port, with the dome of Saint Therapon.The church of Saint Therapon at the portAs an ancient city, lying off the east coast, Mytilene was initially confined to a small island just offshore that later was joined to Lesbos, creating a north and south harbor. The early harbors of Mytilene were linked during ancient times by a channel 700 m long and 30 m wide. The Roman writer Longus speaks of white stone bridges linking the two sides. The Greek word εὔριπος eúripos is a commonly-used term when referring to a strait. The strait allowed ancient warships called triremes, with three tiers of rowers or more. The boats that passed were ca. 6 m wide plus oars and had depth of 2 m.The areas of the city that were densely populated connected the two bodies of land with marble bridges. They usually followed a curved line. The strait begins at the old market called Apano Skala. It was also close to Metropolis Street and ended at the Southern Harbor. One could argue that the channel transversed what is now called Ermou Street. Over time the strait began to collect silt and earth. There was also human intervention for the protection of the Castle of Mytilene. The strait eventually filled with earth.[4]Mytilene contested successfully with Mithymna in the north of the island for the leadership of the island in the seventh century BC and became the centre of the island's prosperous eastern hinterland.[citation needed] Her most famous citizens were the poets Sappho and Alcaeus and the statesman Pittacus (one of the Seven Sages of Greece). The city was famed for its great output of electrum coins struck from the late sixth through mid-fourth centuries BC.[5]The Mytilenean revolt against Athens in 428 BC was overcome by an Athenian expeditionary force. The Athenian public assembly voted to massacre all the men of the city and to sell the women and children into slavery but the next day in the Mytilenian Debate changed its mind. A fast trireme sailed the 186 nautical miles (344 km) in less than a day and brought the decision to cancel the general massacre, but a thousand citizens were executed for taking part in the rebellion.Aristotle lived on Mytilene for two years, 337–335 BC, with his friend and successor, Theophrastus (a native of the island), after being the tutor to Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedon.[6][7]The Romans, among whom was a young Julius Caesar, successfully defeated Mytilene in 81 BC at the Siege of Mytilene.[8] Although Mytilene supported the losing side in most of the great wars of the first century BC, her statesmen succeeded in convincing Rome of her support of the new ruler of the Mediterranean and the city flourished in Roman times.In AD 56, Luke the Evangelist, Paul the Apostle and their companions stopped there briefly on the return trip of Paul's third missionary journey (Acts 20:14), having sailed from Assos (about 50 km (31 mi) away). From Mytilene they continued towards Chios (Acts 20:15).The novel Daphnis and Chloe by Longus, is set in the country around it and opens with a description of the city.Scholar and historian Zacharias Rhetor, also known as Zacharias of Mytilene was from Mytilene and lived from 465 to around 536. He was made Bishop of Mytilene and may have been a Chalcedonian Christian. He either died or was deposed between 536 and 553.[9]The city of Mytilene was also home to 9th century Byzantine saints who were brothers, Archbishop George, Symeon Stylites, and David the Monk. The Church of St. Symeon, Mytilene venerates one of the three brothers.Catching the eye of the Empress Zoë Porphyrogenita, Constantine IX Monomachos was exiled to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos by her second husband, Michael IV the Paphlagonian. The death of Michael IV and the overthrow of Michael V in 1042 led to Constantine being recalled from his place of exile and appointed as a judge in Greece.[10]Lesbos and Mytilene had an established Jewish population since ancient times. In 1170, Benjamin of Tudela found ten small Jewish communities on the island.[11]In the Middle Ages, it was part of the Byzantine Empire and was occupied for some time by the Seljuqs under Tzachas in 1085. In 1198, the Republic of Venice obtained the right to commerce from the city's port.In the 13th century, it was captured by the Emperor of Nicaea, Theodore I Laskaris. In 1335, the Byzantines, with the help of Ottoman forces, reconquered the island, then property of the Genoese nobleman Domenico Cattaneo. In 1355, emperor John V Palaiologos gave it to the Genoese adventurer Francesco Gattilusio, who married the emperor's sister, Maria. They renovated the fortress in 1373, and it remained in Genoese hands until 1462, when it was besieged and captured by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.As part of the wider Great Turkish War, the Battle of Mytilene took place off the coast of Mytilene in 1690 when Venetian sailing ships attacked Ottoman and Barbary flagships. Resulting in a victory for the Venetians.[12]Mytilene along with the rest of Lesbos remained under Ottoman control until the First Balkan War in 1912, when in November it was captured by the Kingdom of Greece.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Mytilini.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Mytilini.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat01-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census21-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"Greek National Road 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_36"},{"link_name":"Kalloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalloni"},{"link_name":"airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene_International_Airport"}],"text":"View of the seafrontMytilene is located in the southeastern part of the island, north and east of the Bay of Gera. Its municipal unit has a land area of 107.46 square kilometres (41.49 sq mi)[13] and a population of 41,379 inhabitants (2021).[2] With a population density of 390/km2 it is by far the most densely populated municipal unit in Lesbos. The next largest towns in the municipal unit are Loutrá (pop. 1,339), Pámfila (1,264), and Mória (1,237). The Greek National Road 36 connects Mytilene with Kalloni. Farmlands surround Mytilene, the mountains cover the west and to the north. The airport is located a few kilometres south of town.","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilini_dimos.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-3"},{"link_name":"Agiasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agiasos"},{"link_name":"Evergetoulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergetoulas"},{"link_name":"Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera,_Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Loutropoli Thermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutropoli_Thermis"},{"link_name":"Plomari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomari"},{"link_name":"Agia Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agia_Marina,_Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Panagiouda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiouda"}],"sub_title":"Municipal units","text":"Map with the borders of the Municipality of Mytilene and main settlements (in red)The municipality, as created in 2019, consists of the following six subdivisions:[3]Agiasos\nEvergetoulas\nGera\nLoutropoli Thermis\nMytilene\nPlomariEach municipal unit is subdivided into municipal communities. The communities of the municipal unit of Mytilene are:Afalonas\nAgia Marina\nAlyfanta\nLoutra\nMoria\nMytilene\nPamfila\nPanagiouda\nTaxiarches","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Agiasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agiasos"},{"link_name":"Evergetoulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergetoulas"},{"link_name":"Gera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Loutropoli Thermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loutropoli_Thermis"},{"link_name":"Mantamados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantamados"},{"link_name":"Polichnitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichnitos"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census91-14"}],"sub_title":"Province","text":"The province of Mytilene (Greek: Επαρχία Μυτιλήνης) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal units Mytilene, Agiasos, Evergetoulas, Gera, Loutropoli Thermis, Mantamados and Polichnitos.[14] It was abolished in 2006.","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"https://meteosearch.meteo.gr/data/list-station-files720.cfm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meteosearch.meteo.gr/data/list-station-files720.cfm"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-15"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Mytilene has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) with hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters.Climate data for Mytilene\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n38.2(100.8)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n12.6(54.7)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n32.1(89.8)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n13.4(56.1)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n24.4(75.9)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n7.9(46.2)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n19.9(67.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n−3.0(26.6)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n−1.4(29.5)\n\n−4.4(24.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n129.9(5.11)\n\n97.2(3.83)\n\n75.1(2.96)\n\n46.8(1.84)\n\n21.2(0.83)\n\n6.0(0.24)\n\n2.3(0.09)\n\n4.1(0.16)\n\n10.7(0.42)\n\n38.2(1.50)\n\n93.7(3.69)\n\n145.4(5.72)\n\n670.6(26.40)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n9.0\n\n8.1\n\n6.5\n\n4.8\n\n2.7\n\n0.8\n\n0.4\n\n0.4\n\n1.3\n\n3.3\n\n6.8\n\n10.0\n\n54.1\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n71.0\n\n69.8\n\n57.5\n\n63.9\n\n62.6\n\n57.3\n\n56.0\n\n57.4\n\n59.5\n\n66.1\n\n71.0\n\n72.0\n\n64.5\n\n\nSource 1: https://meteosearch.meteo.gr/data/list-station-files720.cfm\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA[15]","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilini_-_Pr%C3%A4fektur_von_Lesbos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sourada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sourada,_Mytilene"}],"text":"Prefecture of Lesbos, Kountourioti StreetAgorá\nChalikas (upper and lower)\nChrisomallousa\nEpano Skala\nKallithea\nKamares\nLadadika\nLagada\nPyrgélia\nSourada\nLazaretto/Vounaraki","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main streets","text":"Ermou Street\nKavetsou St\nEl. Venizelou St\nElyti St\nKountourioti St\nTheofrastou St\nVernardaki St,\nVournazon St.\nEftalioti St.\nMyrivili St.","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9_7719.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ladotyri Mytilinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tastingouzo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ouzo Plomari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzo_Plomari"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Ayvalık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Dikili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikili"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Kostas Kenteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Kenteris"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"ouzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouzo"},{"link_name":"sardines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardines"},{"link_name":"Kalloni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalloni"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"ladotyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladotyri_Mytilinis"},{"link_name":"woodwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwork"}],"text":"Ladotyri MytilinisA bottle of Ouzo PlomariMytilene has a port with ferries to the nearby islands of Lemnos and Chios and Ayvalık and at times Dikili in Turkey. The port also serves the mainland cities of Piraeus, Athens and Thessaloniki. One ship, named during the 2001 IAAF games in Edmonton Aeolus Kenteris, after Kostas Kenteris, used to serve this city (his hometown) with 6-hour routes from Athens and Thessaloniki. The main port serving Mytilene on the Greek mainland is Piraeus.The city produces ouzo. There are more than 15 commercial producers on the island.The city exports also sardines harvested from the Bay of Kalloni, olive oil, ladotyri cheese and woodwork.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archontiko.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_mytilene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liberty Statue of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_(Mytilene)"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Saint Therapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Therapon_(Mytilene)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Theatre of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Theatre_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Symeon, Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Symeon,_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church of Theotokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_of_Assumption_of_Theotokos,_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Valentine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Çarşı Hamam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1_Hamam,_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical Byzantine Museum of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecclesiastical_Byzantine_Museum_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Folk Art Museum of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folk_Art_Museum_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Agios Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Agios_Raphael&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Museum of Costume and Embroidery of Lesvos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Costume_and_Embroidery_of_Lesvos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sappho Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sappho_Square&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Sappho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty (Mytilene)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_(Mytilene)"},{"link_name":"Theofilos Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theofilos_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Yeni Mosque, Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Mosque,_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Valide Mosque, Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valide_Mosque,_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"The Roman aqueduct of Mória","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Roman_aqueduct_of_M%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Teriade Meseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teriade_Meseum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Agora of Ermou street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agora_of_Ermou_street&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stoa of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoa_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hellinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellinistic"},{"link_name":"stoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Old mansion, one of the many in the cityThe Liberty Statue of Mytilene.The town of Mytilene has a large number of neoclassical buildings, public and private houses. Some of them are the building of the Lesbos Prefecture, the old City Hall, the Experimental Lyceum and various mansions and hotels all over the town.The Baroque church of Saint Therapon dominates at the port with its impressive style.Ancient Theatre of Mytilene[17]\nArchaeological Museum of Mytilene\nCastle of Mytilene\nChurch of Saint Symeon, Mytilene\nCatholic Church of Theotokos, where part of the relics of Saint Valentine are kept [18]\nÇarşı Hamam (\"Market Bath\")\nEcclesiastical Byzantine Museum of Mytilene[19]\nFolk Art Museum of Mytilene[20]\nMonastery of Agios Raphael[21]\nMuseum of Costume and Embroidery of Lesvos\nSappho Square, where the statue of the Ancient Greek poet Sappho is located [22]\nStatue of Liberty (Mytilene)\nTheofilos Museum[23]\nYeni Mosque, Mytilene\nValide Mosque, Mytilene\nThe Roman aqueduct of Mória[24]\nTeriade Meseum[25]\nAgora of Ermou street[26]\nStoa of Mytilene, Hellinistic stoa in the area of Epano skala [27]","title":"Landmarks and urban architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%9F_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%A1%CE%9F_%CE%9C%CE%A5%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9B%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%97%CE%A3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kastro_Mytilinis_(13).jpg"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%97_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Kore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)"},{"link_name":"Gattelusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattelusi"},{"link_name":"Genoese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Aeolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Greek Archaeological Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Archaeological_Service"}],"text":"The Roman aqueduct of MóriaRemains of the ancient theatreView of the Castle of MytileneView to the cityArchaeological investigations at Mytilene began in the late 19th century when Robert Koldewey (later excavator of Babylon) and a group of German colleagues spent many months on the island preparing plans of the visible remains at various ancient sites like Mytilene. Significant excavations, however, do not seem to have started until after the First World War when in the mid-1920s Evangelides uncovered much of the famous theatre (according to Plutarch it was the inspiration for Pompey's theatre in Rome in 55 BC, the first permanent stone theatre in Rome) on the hill on the western side of town. Subsequent work in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s by various members of the Archaeological Service revealed more of the theatre, including a Roman conversion to a gladiatorial arena. Salvage excavations carried out by the Archaeological Service in many areas of the city have revealed sites going back to the Early Bronze Age although most have been much later (Hellenistic and Roman). Particularly significant is a large stoa over a hundred metres long recently dug on the North Harbour of the city. It is clear from various remains in different parts of the city that Mytilene was indeed laid out on a grid plan as the Roman architect Vitruvius had written.[citation needed]Archaeological excavations carried out between 1984 and 1994 in the Castle of Mytilene by the University of British Columbia and directed by Caroline and Hector Williams revealed a previously unknown sanctuary of Demeter and Kore of late classical/Hellenistic date and the burial chapel of the Gattelusi, the medieval Genoese family that ruled the northern Aegean from the mid-14th to mid-15th centuries of our era. The Demeter sanctuary included five altars for sacrifices to Demeter and Kore and later also to Cybele, the great mother goddess of Anatolia. Among the discoveries were thousands of oil lamps, terracotta figurines, loom weights and other dedications to the goddesses. Numerous animal bones, especially of piglets, also appeared. The Chapel of St. John served as the church of the castle and as a burial place for the Gattelusi family and its dependents. Although conversion to a mosque after the Ottoman capture of the city in 1462 resulted in the destruction of many graves, some remained. The great earthquake of February 1867 damaged the building beyond repair and it was demolished; the Ottomans built a new mosque over the ruins to replace it later in the 19th century.Other excavations done jointly with the 20th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities near the North Harbour of the city uncovered a multiperiod site with remains extending from a late Ottoman cemetery (including a \"vampire\" burial, a middle aged man with 20 cm (8 in) spikes through his neck, middle and ankles) to a substantial Roman building constructed around a colonnaded courtyard (probably a tavern/brothel in its final phase in the mid-4th century AD) to remains of Hellenistic structures and debris from different Hellenistic manufacturing processes (pottery, figurines, cloth making and dyeing, bronze and iron working) to archaic and classical levels with rich collections of Aeolic grey wares. A section of the late classical city wall runs across the site which was close to the channel that divided the mainland from the off shore island part of the city. Considerable remains of the two moles that protected the large North Harbour of the city are still visible just below or just breaking the surface of the sea; it functioned as the commercial harbour of the ancient city although today it is a quiet place where a few small fishing boats are moored. [citation needed]The city has two excellent archaeological museums, one by the south harbour in an old mansion and the other two hundred metres further north in a large new purpose built structure. The former contains the rich Bronze Age remains from Thermi, a site north of Mytilene dug by the British in the 1930s as well as extensive pottery and figurine displays; the former coach house accommodates ancient inscriptions, architectural pieces, and coins. The latter museum is especially rich in mosaics and sculpture, including the famous late Roman mosaic floor from the \"House of Menander\" with scenes from plays by that Athenian 4th-century BC playwright. There are also mosaics and finds from other Roman mansions excavated by the Greek Archaeological Service under the direction of the archeologist Aglaia Archontidou-Argyri.","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Aegean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experimental_Lyseum_School_of_Mytilene.JPG"},{"link_name":"lyceums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"gymnasiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"University of the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Aegean"}],"text":"See also: University of the AegeanExperimental Lyceum School of MytileneThere are 15 primary schools in Mytilene, along with seven lyceums, and eight gymnasiums.[citation needed] There are six university schools with 3671 undergraduates, the largest in the University of the Aegean. Here also is the Headquarters, the Central Library and the Research Committee of Aegean University. The University of Aegean is housed in privately owned buildings, in rented buildings located in the city centre and in modern buildings on the University Hill.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"EU-Turkey deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-Turkey_deal"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mytilene&action=edit"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Mória Reception & Identification Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ria_Refugee_Camp"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"hotspot camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_camp"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avgi.gr-32"},{"link_name":"Kara Tepe Refugee Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Tepe_Refugee_Camp"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avgi.gr-32"},{"link_name":"Pipka camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipka_camp"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"By 2015, the city of Mytilene had become a primary entry point for refugees and migrants who seek to pass through Greece to resettle elsewhere in Europe. In 2015, over half a million people arrived in Lesbos.[28] The number of individuals coming through Lesbos has dwindled since the signing of the EU-Turkey deal which restricted the number of refugees that could legally resettle in Europe.[29] As of July 2017[update], seventy to eighty refugees were still arriving in Greece daily despite the deal and \"many of them on Lesbos\", according to Daniel Esdras, the chief of the International Organization for Migration.[30]Mória Reception & Identification Centre (in Greek : Κέντρο Υποδοχής και Ταυτοποίησης Μόριας), better known as Mória Refugee Camp, or just \"Mória\", was the biggest refugee camp in Europe.[31] It was located outside the village of Moria (Greek: Μόρια Mória). Enclosed by barbed wire and a chain-link fence, the military camp served as a European Union hotspot camp. It burned down and was permanently closed in September 2020. A new closed reception centre will be built in 2021 at Vastria near Nees Kydonies.[32]\nKara Tepe Refugee Camp is a camp which has been transformed into a living space for around 700 refugees classified as vulnerable.[33] It will be replaced by a new closed reception centre at Vastria near Nees Kydonies in 2021.[32]\nPipka camp or Lesbos Solidarity, once a children's holiday camp, aims to support the most vulnerable refugees who pass through Mytilene: families with children, the disabled, women who are pregnant, and the injured. The camp focuses on humanitarian aid and on providing for the various needs of refugees, including food, medical help, clothing, and psychological support.[34]","title":"Refugee camps"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tarlas,_the_Mytilene_Municipal_Stadium,_September_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mytilene Municipal Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene_Municipal_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Aiolikos F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiolikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sappho Lesvou F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sappho_Lesvou_F.C.&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Mytilene Municipal StadiumAiolikos F.C., football club\nSappho Lesvou F.C., women's football club","title":"Sporting clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"TV","text":"A regional television station operates from the city of Mytilene; Aeolos TV.[35]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The main printed newspapers of the city are Empros, Ta Nea tis Lesvou, and Dimokratis. Online newspapers include Aeolos,[36] Stonisi,[37] Emprosnet,[38] Lesvosnews,[39] Lesvospost,[40] and Kalloninews.[41]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable Mytileneans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sappho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho"},{"link_name":"Alcaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sappho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho"},{"link_name":"Pittacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Seven Sages of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hellanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Theophrastus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus"},{"link_name":"Laomedon of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laomedon_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Chares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chares_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Scamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scamon_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Praxiphanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxiphanes"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Epicurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Aeschines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeschines_of_Mytilene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Eunicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunicus"},{"link_name":"Hermarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermarchus"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Diophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diophanes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Lesbonax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbonax"},{"link_name":"Archytas of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytas_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Crinagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinagoras_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Theophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Pompey the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Potamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamon_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Ancient","text":"Red-figure vase (hydria) with SapphoAlcaeus (6th century BC), Greek poet.[42]\nSappho, Ancient Greek Lyric Poet. Plato called her \"wise\" and \"Tenth Muse\".\nPittacus (c. 640–568 BC), one of the Seven Sages of Greece.\nHellanicus (mid-5th century BC), Greek historian.[43]\nTheophrastus, Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Aristotle.\nLaomedon of Mytilene (4th BC), general of Alexander the Great\nChares (4th century BC), Greek historian and chamberlain to Alexander the Great.[44]\nScamon (4th century BC), Greek historian and son of Hellanicus.[45]\nPraxiphanes (4th century BC), Greek philosopher.[46]\nEpicurus, Greek philosopher.[47]\nAeschines, Greek rhetorician.[48]\nEunicus, Greek sculptor and silversmith.\nHermarchus (3rd century BC), Greek philosopher.[49]\nDiophanes (2nd century BC), Greek rhetorician.[50]\nLesbonax (1st century BC), Greek sophist and rhetorician.\nArchytas of Mytilene, Greek musician\nCrinagoras (70 BC-18 AD), Greek epigrammatist and ambassador, poet of \"Palatine Poetry\".\nTheophanes, middle of 1st century BC, Greek statesman, close friend of Pompey the Great.[51]\nPotamon (1st century AD), Greek rhetorician.[52]","title":"Notable Mytileneans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Thomais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Thomais&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christopher of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_of_Mytilene"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Medieval","text":"Santa Thomais (910–1030), nun, philanthropist and healer\nChristopher of Mytilene (11th century), Greek poet.[53]","title":"Notable Mytileneans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georgios_Iakovidis_(1927).jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgios Jakobides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odysseas Elytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis"},{"link_name":"Hayreddin Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Oruç Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis"},{"link_name":"Saint Parthenios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Parthenios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaiologos Lemonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaiologos_Lemonis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filiki Etaireia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiki_Etaireia"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Skambas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimitrios_Skambas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Theophilos Hatzimihail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilos_Hatzimihail"},{"link_name":"P. M. Kourtzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._M._Kourtzis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gregorios Bernardakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_Bernardakis"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Bernardakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Bernardakis"},{"link_name":"Stratis Myrivilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratis_Myrivilis"},{"link_name":"Odysseas Elytis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis"},{"link_name":"Argyris Eftaliotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argyris_Eftaliotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fotis Kontoglou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotis_Kontoglou"},{"link_name":"Georgios Jakobides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Jakobides"},{"link_name":"Hermon di Giovanno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermon_di_Giovanno"},{"link_name":"Nikos Fermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikos_Fermas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irini Mouchou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irini_Mouchou"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Mouflouzelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgos_Mouflouzelis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Polychronis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panagiotis_Polychronis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Rapitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_Rapitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kenteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kenteris"},{"link_name":"Alexis Panselinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Panselinos"},{"link_name":"Sophocles Vournazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophocles_Vournazos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tériade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9riade"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Djemal Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Djemal_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Armenian genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide"},{"link_name":"Tamburi Ali Efendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamburi_Ali_Efendi"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Kampas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kampas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argyris Adalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argyris_Adalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Athanasiadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Athanasiadis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Hatzidaniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ioannis_Hatzidaniel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solon Lekkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solon_Lekkas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giannis Bournellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giannis_Bournellis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christos Touramanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christos_Touramanis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Vourgoutzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos_Vourgoutzis"},{"link_name":"Michalis Pavlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis_Pavlis"},{"link_name":"Anastasios Chatzigiovanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasios_Chatzigiovanis"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"Georgios JakobidesOdysseas ElytisHayreddin Barbarossa ( 1478–1546), Ottoman admiral\nOruç Reis (1478–1518), Ottoman bey\nSaint Parthenios (1600–1657), Patriarch of Constantinople and religious martyr\nPalaiologos Lemonis, member of Filiki Etaireia\nDimitrios Skambas (1992–present), Greek-American financier, youngest Partner at Bannockburn Global Forex in NYC. Parents from Pamfila, Lesvos.\nTheophilos Hatzimihail (c. 1870–1934), Greek painter\nP. M. Kourtzis, shipowner, founder of Aegean Steamship Company (1883)\nGregorios Bernardakis, philologist\nDemetrios Bernardakis, playwright\nStratis Myrivilis (1892–1969), Greek writer\nOdysseas Elytis (1911–1996), Greek poet, Nobel Laureate in 1979\nArgyris Eftaliotis (1849–1923) (née Cleanthis Michailidis), Greek writer\nFotis Kontoglou (Aivali/Kydonies, origin from Mytilene) (1895–1965) Greek writer and painter.\nGeorgios Jakobides, painter\nHermon di Giovanno (c. 1900–1968), Greek painter\nNikos Fermas (1905–1972), Greek actor\nIrini Mouchou (born 1987), triathlete\nGiorgos Mouflouzelis (1912–1991), Greek composer of rebetiko\nPanagiotis Polychronis (1854–1941), Greek artist: photographer, lithographist and painter.\nLeo Rapitis (1906–1957), Greek singer\nKonstantinos Kenteris (born 1973), Greek athlete\nAlexis Panselinos (1903–1984), Greek writer\nSophocles Vournazos (1853–1889), Greek philanthropist and founder of Mytilene's academic buildings.\nTériade (1889–1983), Greek art critic, patron, and publisher\nAhmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), Ottoman military leader, perpetrator of the Armenian genocide\nTamburi Ali Efendi (1836–1902), Turkish musician\nNicholas Kampas (1857–1932), Greek poet\nArgyris Adalis, architect\nNicholas Athanasiadis (1904–1990), Greek theatre writer, literature writer, poet.\nIoannis Hatzidaniel (1850–1912), Greek painter and photographer.\nSolon Lekkas, singer of traditional music from Asia Minor.\nGiannis Bournellis, comedian, actor.\nChristos Touramanis, particle physicist\nGiorgos Vourgoutzis, (born 1991), football player\nGiorgos Manousos, (born 1987), football player\nPraxitelis Vouros, (born 1995), football player\nMichalis Pavlis (born 1989), football player and coach\nAnastasios Chatzigiovanis, football player","title":"Notable Mytileneans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shakespeare's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Pericles, Prince of Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre"}],"sub_title":"Fictional","text":"Lysimachus, in Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre","title":"Notable Mytileneans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Greece"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_(city)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Kalamaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Lamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamia_(city)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Paphos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Setouchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setouchi,_Okayama"},{"link_name":"Okayama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Brod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"Mytilene is twinned with:[54]Corfu, Greece\n Kalamaria, Greece\n Lamia, Greece\n Preveza, Greece\n Paphos, Cyprus\n Portland, Maine, United States\n Setouchi, Okayama Prefecture, Japan (1982)\n Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_France"}],"sub_title":"Consulates","text":"In the past the city hosted consulates from different European countries. Currently hosts consulates from the following countries:France","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Museum_Mytilini_03_-_Vasen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Museum of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Mytilene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agios_Therapontas_Lesvos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilini_-_Rathaus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Pyrgos_Mytilinis.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_2005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_7-01_(38).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilini_-_Tsarsi_Hamam01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Çarşı Hamam, Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1_Hamam,_Mytilene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_7-01_(54).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_D81_3598_(37921000114).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_D81_3585_(37921005834).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Olympias.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Saint_Athanasios_in_Mytilene.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theofilos_association_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mytilene_7-01_(77).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortress_of_Mytilini,_Lesvos_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castle of Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Mytilene"}],"text":"Exhibits at the Archaeological Museum of Mytilene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch of St. Therapon by night\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe city hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel Pyrgos\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPanoramic view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZoodochos Pigi church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tÇarşı Hamam, Mytilene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet of Mytilene\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTraditional wood carving\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHotel Olympias\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCathedral of Saint Athanasios\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBelltower of St Athanasius\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding of Theofilos art association\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMytilene in snow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastle of Mytilene","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mytilene_Montage_L.png/275px-Mytilene_Montage_L.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2019_Dimos_Mytilinis.png/172px-2019_Dimos_Mytilinis.png"},{"image_text":"Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640 – 568 BC), one of the Seven Sages of Greece; woodcut from the Nuremberg Chronicle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59v_3.png/160px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_59v_3.png"},{"image_text":"View of the port, with the dome of Saint Therapon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Port_Mytilene.jpg/220px-Port_Mytilene.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church of Saint Therapon at the port","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lesbos_Mytilene01.JPG/220px-Lesbos_Mytilene01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map with the borders of the Municipality of Mytilene and main settlements (in red)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mytilini_dimos.png/180px-Mytilini_dimos.png"},{"image_text":"Prefecture of Lesbos, Kountourioti Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mytilini_-_Pr%C3%A4fektur_von_Lesbos.jpg/220px-Mytilini_-_Pr%C3%A4fektur_von_Lesbos.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ladotyri Mytilinis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9_7719.jpg/180px-%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9_7719.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bottle of Ouzo Plomari","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tastingouzo.jpg/120px-Tastingouzo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old mansion, one of the many in the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Archontiko.JPG/220px-Archontiko.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Liberty Statue of Mytilene.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Statue_mytilene.jpg/220px-Statue_mytilene.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Roman aqueduct of Mória","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_1.jpg/200px-%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remains of the ancient theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%9F_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%A1%CE%9F_%CE%9C%CE%A5%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9B%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%97%CE%A3.jpg/200px-%CE%91%CE%A1%CE%A7%CE%91%CE%99%CE%9F_%CE%98%CE%95%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%A1%CE%9F_%CE%9C%CE%A5%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%9B%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%97%CE%A3.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Castle of Mytilene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kastro_Mytilinis_%2813%29.jpg/200px-Kastro_Mytilinis_%2813%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"View to the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%CE%97_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF.jpg/200px-%CE%97_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Experimental Lyceum School of Mytilene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Experimental_Lyseum_School_of_Mytilene.JPG/200px-Experimental_Lyseum_School_of_Mytilene.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mytilene Municipal Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tarlas%2C_the_Mytilene_Municipal_Stadium%2C_September_2012.jpg/200px-Tarlas%2C_the_Mytilene_Municipal_Stadium%2C_September_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Red-figure vase (hydria) with Sappho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg/180px-NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgios Jakobides","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Georgios_Iakovidis_%281927%29.jpg/140px-Georgios_Iakovidis_%281927%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Odysseas Elytis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg/140px-Odysseas_Elytis_1974.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of ancient Greek cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities"},{"title":"List of settlements in Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Lesbos"},{"title":"University of the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Aegean"},{"title":"Mytilene International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene_International_Airport"},{"title":"Ministry for the Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Aegean"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010\" [Amendment of Article 1 of l. 3852/2010] (in Greek). Government Gazette. p. 1164.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFqnM3eAbJzrXdtvSoClrL87TVLbP6RgP3tIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5UkHEKavWyL4FoKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijOYvZQ9oVzh_eHrjhF2IgFB0wiv-nanwQoPLtSkFjBWO","url_text":"\"Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Mytilene - Asia Minor Coins - Photo Gallery\". www.asiaminorcoins.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-23. Retrieved 2020-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073605/https://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=56","url_text":"\"Mytilene - Asia Minor Coins - Photo Gallery\""},{"url":"https://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/thumbnails.php?album=56","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thorne, James (2003). Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8239-3595-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarconq0000thor","url_text":"Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesarconq0000thor/page/34","url_text":"34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3595-6","url_text":"978-0-8239-3595-6"}]},{"reference":"Candiani, Guido (2018-01-02). \"A New Battle Fleet: The evolution of the Ottoman sailing navy, 1650–1718, revealed through Venetian sources\". The Mariner's Mirror. 104 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1080/00253359.2018.1411096. ISSN 0025-3359. S2CID 165635839.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00253359.2018.1411096","url_text":"\"A New Battle Fleet: The evolution of the Ottoman sailing navy, 1650–1718, revealed through Venetian sources\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2018.1411096","url_text":"10.1080/00253359.2018.1411096"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-3359","url_text":"0025-3359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165635839","url_text":"165635839"}]},{"reference":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed census results 1991\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183824/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","url_text":"\"Detailed census results 1991\""},{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MITILINI Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/GR/16667.TXT","url_text":"\"MITILINI Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"HNMS\". Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2011-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101216044718/http://hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Mytilini","url_text":"\"HNMS\""},{"url":"http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Mytilini","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Greeka\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greeka.com/eastern-aegean/lesvos/sightseeing/ancient-theater-lesvos","url_text":"\"Greeka\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tripadvisor\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1450327-d10486248-Reviews-Catholic_Church_of_the_Assumption_of_Virgin_Mary-Mytilene_Lesbos_Northeast_Aege.html","url_text":"\"Tripadvisor\""}]},{"reference":"\"AegeanVacation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aegeanvacation.com/byzantine-ecclesiastical-museum-of-mytilene","url_text":"\"AegeanVacation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folk art\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greeka.com/eastern-aegean/lesvos/sightseeing/lesvos-building-old-port-authority","url_text":"\"Folk art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iera Moni\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ieramoni-agiou-rafail.gr/en","url_text":"\"Iera Moni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sappho square\".","urls":[{"url":"https://foursquare.com/v/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82-sappho-square/4cc1e8e301fb236a7f969bba","url_text":"\"Sappho square\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theofilos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greeka.com/eastern-aegean/lesvos/sightseeing/theophilos-museum","url_text":"\"Theofilos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roman aqueduct\". 19 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2021/03/19/the-roman-aqueduct-at-moria","url_text":"\"Roman aqueduct\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teriade\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museumteriade.gr/","url_text":"\"Teriade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ermou\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greekgastronomyguide.gr/en/item/odos-ermou-mitilini-lesvos","url_text":"\"Ermou\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stoa\". 22 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efales.gr/sight/arhaiologikos-horos-ellinistikis-stoas-kai-epithalassioy-amyntikoy-teihoys","url_text":"\"Stoa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Refugee Flows to Lesvos: Evolution of a Humanitarian Response\". migrationpolicy.org. 2016-01-28. 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UNHCR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/5645ddbc6/greece-factsheet-lesvos-island.html","url_text":"\"LESVOS ISLAND - GREECE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Λέσβος / Ετοιμάζουν κλειστή δομή για τους πρόσφυγες στη Βάστρια\". Αυγή (in Greek). 2020-11-30. Retrieved 2020-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avgi.gr/koinonia/373204_etoimazoyn-kleisti-domi-gia-toys-prosfyges-sti-bastria","url_text":"\"Λέσβος / Ετοιμάζουν κλειστή δομή για τους πρόσφυγες στη Βάστρια\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesvos refugee camp transformed by activities, classes, Anthi Pazianou | Kathimerini\". Retrieved 2017-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekathimerini.com/211001/article/ekathimerini/community/lesvos-refugee-camp-transformed-by-activities-classes","url_text":"\"Lesvos refugee camp transformed by activities, classes, Anthi Pazianou | Kathimerini\""}]},{"reference":"\"lesvossolidarity.org\". www.lesvossolidarity.org. Retrieved 2017-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lesvossolidarity.org/index.php/en/teams/psycho-social-support","url_text":"\"lesvossolidarity.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aeolos TV\".","urls":[{"url":"https://aeolos.tv/","url_text":"\"Aeolos TV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aeolos\".","urls":[{"url":"https://aeolos.tv/","url_text":"\"Aeolos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stonisi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stonisi.gr/","url_text":"\"Stonisi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emprosnet\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emprosnet.gr/","url_text":"\"Emprosnet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesvosnews\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesvosnews.net/","url_text":"\"Lesvosnews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lesvospost\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesvospost.com/","url_text":"\"Lesvospost\""}]},{"reference":"\"kalloninews\".","urls":[{"url":"https://kalloninews.gr/","url_text":"\"kalloninews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Epicurus\". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epicurus/#Life","url_text":"\"Epicurus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις\". mytilene.gr (in Greek). Mytilene. Retrieved 2020-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mytilene.gr/%CE%B4%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82-%CE%BC%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82/%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82-%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82/","url_text":"\"Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broderick_Johnson
|
Broderick Johnson
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American film producer
This article is about the film producer. For the assistant to President Barack Obama, see Broderick D. Johnson.
Johnson at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
Broderick Johnson is the co-founder and co-CEO of Alcon Entertainment, which he formed with his producing partner Andrew Kosove in 1997. Under his leadership, Alcon Entertainment has financed and produced and/or co-financed and co-produced over 30 films to date.
Early life
A native of Athens, Georgia, Johnson graduated from Sidney Lanier High School in Montgomery, Alabama in 1985. He met his current producing partner, Andrew Kosove, while the two attended Princeton University as undergraduates. Johnson majored in economics and initially pursued a career on Wall Street, accepting a position at Salomon Brothers in New York where he worked as a quantitative analyst in the equity derivatives group.
Career
Johnson and Kosove shared an appreciation for movies and an interest in filmmaking. After moving to Los Angeles and becoming involved with a low budget production, it was clear that their passion for film and background in finance could lead to a promising and viable career in the entertainment industry.
Shortly after their move, the two were introduced to FedEx Chairman and founder Frederick W. Smith. Johnson and Kosove presented Smith with a 221-page business plan for an independently financed film company that called for guaranteed distribution from a major studio, disciplined management of overhead, production, and marketing costs, and ownership of a film library.
Ultimately, Smith chose to partner with Johnson and Kosove in what became the current finance, development, and production company Alcon Entertainment. Since then, Alcon has established multiple exclusive long-term distribution agreements with Warner Bros.
Johnson's film producing credits include Blade Runner 2049, the sequel to the sci-fi classic starring Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, Jared Leto, Robin Wright, Ana de Armas, and Dave Bautista from Academy Award nominated director Denis Villeneuve; the Academy Award nominated Best Picture The Blind Side, which earned Sandra Bullock an Oscar for Best Actress; The Book of Eli starring Denzel Washington and Gary Oldman; Insomnia starring Al Pacino, Robin Williams, and Hilary Swank from director Christopher Nolan; The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants; P.S. I Love You starring Hilary Swank; the critically acclaimed dramatic thriller Prisoners directed by Denis Villeneuve starring Hugh Jackman and Gyllenhaal; and the family hit Dolphin Tale starring Morgan Freeman and Harry Connick Jr.
Johnson earned an Emmy nomination in 2015 for producing the Alex Gibney directed HBO documentary Sinatra: All Or Nothing At All, an intimate documentary portrait of the singer, actor, father, husband, and philanthropist that attracted more viewers for HBO from the 50+ age bracket than ever before. His other television producing credits include the hit series The Expanse, a critically acclaimed space thriller for Syfy that was recently picked up by Amazon for another season; the HBO four-part documentary The Defiant Ones which chronicles the divergent roots and unlikely partnership of Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine; and the upcoming animated children's series Pete the Cat based on the best-selling books, which is a co-production currently in development with Amazon Studios to be streamed on Amazon.
In 2015, The Hollywood Reporter named Johnson on its "30 Most Powerful Film Producers in Hollywood”. In addition, Essence listed Johnson along with Will Smith and Tyler Perry in their 2009 “Power List of the Most Influential African American Agents, Producers, and Directors in Hollywood".
Personal life
Johnson lives in Los Angeles, California and is married to Jennifer Johnson. They have three children.
Filmography
Film
Producer
Love Is All There Is (1996) (co-producer)
Lost & Found (1999)
My Dog Skip (2000)
Dude, Where's My Car? (2000)
The Affair of the Necklace (2001)
Insomnia (2002)
Love Don't Cost a Thing (2003)
Chasing Liberty (2004)
Racing Stripes (2005)
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005)
P.S. I Love You (2007)
One Missed Call (2008)
The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008)
The Blind Side (2009)
The Book of Eli (2010)
Lottery Ticket (2010)
Something Borrowed (2011)
Dolphin Tale (2011)
Joyful Noise (2012)
Beautiful Creatures (2013)
Prisoners (2013)
Transcendence (2014)
Dolphin Tale 2 (2014)
Point Break (2015)
Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
Father Figures (2017)
Just a Gigolo (2017) (Associate producer)
Lullaby (2021)
Executive producer
Chernobyl Diaries (2012)
The Good Lie (2014)
No Manches Frida (2016)
12 Strong (2018)
Backseat Driver (2020)
The Garfield Movie (2024)
Thanks
Arrival (2016)
Television
Executive producer
Hysteria (2014)
Sinatra: All or Nothing at All (2015) (Documentary)
Everest (2015)
The Expanse (2015−22)
The Defiant Ones (2017) (Documentary)
Pete the Cat (2017−20)
Nana (2019) (TV movie)
Blade Runner: Black Lotus (2021)
References
^ "Chilean Mine Disaster Film 'The 33' Lands at Alcon". Hollywood Reporter. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
^ "Meet the Guys Behind the New 'Blade Runner' Movie". Forbes. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
^ "The Expanse' Finds New Life at Amazon for Season 4". SF Gate. SF Gate. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
External links
Broderick Johnson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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Johnson majored in economics and initially pursued a career on Wall Street, accepting a position at Salomon Brothers in New York where he worked as a quantitative analyst in the equity derivatives group.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FedEx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx"},{"link_name":"Frederick W. 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I Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.S._I_Love_You_(film)"},{"link_name":"One Missed Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Missed_Call_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sisterhood_of_the_Traveling_Pants_2"},{"link_name":"The Blind Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Side_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Book of Eli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Eli"},{"link_name":"Lottery Ticket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery_Ticket_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Something Borrowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Borrowed_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dolphin Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Tale"},{"link_name":"Joyful Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyful_Noise_(film)"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Creatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Creatures_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Prisoners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Transcendence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Dolphin Tale 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_Tale_2"},{"link_name":"Point Break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Break_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner 2049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049"},{"link_name":"Father Figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Figures"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_Diaries"},{"link_name":"The Good Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Lie"},{"link_name":"No Manches Frida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Manches_Frida"},{"link_name":"12 Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Strong"},{"link_name":"The Garfield Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garfield_Movie"},{"link_name":"Arrival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"ProducerLove Is All There Is (1996) (co-producer)\nLost & Found (1999)\nMy Dog Skip (2000)\nDude, Where's My Car? (2000)\nThe Affair of the Necklace (2001)\nInsomnia (2002)\nLove Don't Cost a Thing (2003)\nChasing Liberty (2004)\nRacing Stripes (2005)\nThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (2005)\nP.S. I Love You (2007)\nOne Missed Call (2008)\nThe Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008)\nThe Blind Side (2009)\nThe Book of Eli (2010)\nLottery Ticket (2010)\nSomething Borrowed (2011)\nDolphin Tale (2011)\nJoyful Noise (2012)\nBeautiful Creatures (2013)\nPrisoners (2013)\nTranscendence (2014)\nDolphin Tale 2 (2014)\nPoint Break (2015)\nBlade Runner 2049 (2017)\nFather Figures (2017)\nJust a Gigolo (2017) (Associate producer)\nLullaby (2021)Executive producerChernobyl Diaries (2012)\nThe Good Lie (2014)\nNo Manches Frida (2016)\n12 Strong (2018)\nBackseat Driver (2020)\nThe Garfield Movie (2024)ThanksArrival (2016)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinatra: All or Nothing at All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinatra:_All_or_Nothing_at_All"},{"link_name":"The Expanse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Defiant Ones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Pete the Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_the_Cat#Adaptations"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner: Black Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner:_Black_Lotus"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Executive producerHysteria (2014)\nSinatra: All or Nothing at All (2015) (Documentary)\nEverest (2015)\nThe Expanse (2015−22)\nThe Defiant Ones (2017) (Documentary)\nPete the Cat (2017−20)\nNana (2019) (TV movie)\nBlade Runner: Black Lotus (2021)","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Johnson at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Broderick_Johnson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-Broderick_Johnson_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Chilean Mine Disaster Film 'The 33' Lands at Alcon\". Hollywood Reporter. Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/chilean-mine-disaster-film-33-792090","url_text":"\"Chilean Mine Disaster Film 'The 33' Lands at Alcon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Guys Behind the New 'Blade Runner' Movie\". Forbes. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2012/02/22/meet-the-guys-behind-the-new-blade-runner-movie/","url_text":"\"Meet the Guys Behind the New 'Blade Runner' Movie\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Expanse' Finds New Life at Amazon for Season 4\". SF Gate. SF Gate. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/The-Expanse-Finds-New-Life-at-Amazon-for-12945992.php","url_text":"\"The Expanse' Finds New Life at Amazon for Season 4\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistritz_an_der_Gail
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Feistritz an der Gail
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Economic developments","4 Landmarks","5 Culture","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°34′N 13°36′E / 46.567°N 13.600°E / 46.567; 13.600Town in Carinthia, Austria
Place in Carinthia, AustriaFeistritz an der Gail
Bistrica na Zilji
Coat of armsFeistritz an der GailLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 46°34′N 13°36′E / 46.567°N 13.600°E / 46.567; 13.600CountryAustriaStateCarinthiaDistrictVillach-LandGovernment • MayorDieter MörtlArea • Total19.34 km2 (7.47 sq mi)Elevation638 m (2,093 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total627 • Density32/km2 (84/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code9613Area code04256Websitewww.feistritz-gail.or.at
Feistritz an der Gail (Slovene: Bistrica na Zilji), often referred to as simply Feistritz (German pronunciation: ⓘ), is a town in the district of Villach-Land in Carinthia in Austria. It is close to the borders with both Italy and Slovenia. The Black Forest to the south of the town borders the Italian comune of Tarvisio, in the Province of Udine. There are several landmarks of importance in and around the town, including Ulli's Herb Garden, the House of Bats, the Parish Church of St. Martin and Mary Magdalene's Chapel.
Geography
Feistritz, the largest community in the Lower Gail Valley, covers an area of some 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi). It is located at an elevation of 638 m (2,093 ft). The town's population, as of 2012, was 649. The forest to the south bordering Italy is named Schwarzwald, meaning Black Forest. Nötsch im Gailtal is located approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north of Feistritz an der Gail. The nearby Feistritzer Alm reaches a height of 1,700 m (5,600 ft) at the foot of the Oisternig (2,052 m (6,732 ft)).
History
The first documented reference to Feistritz is to be found in a deed from 1119. Breeding of Noriker horses began in the 14th century as the marshy land resulting from the Dorbatsch landspill in 1348 was unsuitable for cattle. The inhabitants of the Gail Valley are known for their courage and sense of business, acquired over centuries of trade, as they transported goods from Italy to Salzburg and Bavaria. Under the rationalization of Austrian municipalities in 1973, the former Municipality of Feistritz became part of the Municipality of Hohenthurn.
Economic developments
Farming is the main economic activity with small to medium-sized holdings although many of the commune's inhabitants commute to Villach or Klagenfurt. In recent years, the town has placed considerable emphasis on infrastructure development such as improving the road network and the water supply while encouraging new businesses which have provided 50 new jobs.
As part of the economic development of the town, a small hydroelectric project was taken over by the municipal government in 2007, with funds provided as grants and subsidies by Carinthia. This has resulted in an increase in environmental-friendly production by nearly 200%, compared to the earlier capacity of the station. This has also enabled to house the threatened species of bats on the first floor of the power station, a unique development in Austria. Commenting on the economic benefit of the scheme, mayor of the town, Dieter Mörtl, has observed that "energy on the spot saves transportation!"
Landmarks
Parish church Saint Martin at Feistritz on the Gail
Feistritz is known for its Fledermaushaus (House of Bats), the first in Austria. Located some 2 km to the west of the village, the old power station which was uninhabited for a number of years now houses a colony of small horseshoe bats which can be observed inside the building.
There are several other landmarks of note in the town. These include:
Ulli's herb garden with a wide variety of all types of herbs for the kitchen, beauty treatment, health and sweet smells.
The Parish Church of St. Martin from the first half of the 15th century with its imposing tower and spire.
The Chapel of Mary Magdalene, from the mid-14th century, is about a half hour's walk on the way to Feitritz Alm. According to tradition, mass is celebrated here on Easter Monday and on the feast of Mary Magdalene (22 July).
High above the village, the Feistritzer Alm offers opportunities for walks in unspoiled surroundings. Mass is still celebrated in the little chapel at the top dedicated to Maria Schnee or Our Lady of the Snows on the Sunday following 5 August (her feast day).
Culture
The annual Kermesse on Whit Monday.
Extensive ethnographic research has occurred over a period of 460 years. The commune is keen to support music, culture and folklore. The recently established School of Music has been a success, especially with the younger members of the community. There is also a kindergarten school. Local art is encouraged and social clubs are also established. Hallo Feistritz is the commune's local information sheet published about twice a year.
The most popular cultural activity in the town is called the "Kufenstechen", which is a customary church parish festival among the Alpine farming community. This annual event, held on Whit Monday, is celebrated in the month of May and marks the participation of unmarried men riding bareback on Noriker horses, wearing traditional costumes. The event involves horse riders striking a wooden barrel with an iron club till the last wooden splinter is felled; this involves several rounds of horse riding around the barrel till it is broken fully. The winner is given a flower wreath, which he wears on his wrist. This festival is said to be observed since 1630 AD. After the horse ride, a traditional dance festival is held under a lime tree (called the "Linde Dance") with the winner of the horse event getting the first dance. Unmarried girls participate in the dance dressed in traditional "Gailtaler" costumes. The dance is accompanied by traditional songs, some in Slovenian.
The Feistritz Festival is an important event for the parish. Boys and girls practice the event's dances weeks before it starts. The dances performed are the Linde dance, polka and waltz. The boys also practice horse riding and the girls flaunt their colourful hand made costumes. The parish also holds the annual "Maypole celebration" on the occasion of the Austrian independence day on 10 October.
References
^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
^ a b Baedeker, Karl (1907). The Eastern Alps including the Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola: handbook for travellers (Public domain ed.). K. Baedeker. pp. 510–. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ "Gemeinde: Feistritz an der Gail" Archived 2013-06-01 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ a b "Feistritzer Alm" Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Oisternig (2052m) von Feistritz/Gail, Karnische Alpen", gipfeltreffen.at. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ a b "Feistritz an der Gail: Allgemeine Informationen" Archived 2015-01-05 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ a b "Infrastruktur" Archived 2013-06-02 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Kleinwasserkraftwerk in Feistritz an der Gai" (in German). Klimabuendnis. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ "1. Österreichisches Fledermaushaus" Archived 2010-12-13 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Ullis Kräutergarten", Bergfex.at (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Pfarrkirche Hl. Martin" Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ "Filialkirche Maria Magdalena (Kapala)" Archived 2012-05-29 at the Wayback Machine. Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ Brudner, Lilyan A. and Douglas R. White. 1997. Class, Property and Structural Endogamy: Visualizing Networked Histories. Theory and Society 25(2):161-208. Reprinting - Feistritz_an_der_Gail.
^ "Gemeindezeitung" Archived 2013-04-03 at archive.today, Feistritz an der Gail. (in German) Retrieved 16 February 2013.
^ a b c d "Kirchtag mit Kufenstechen und Lindentanz" (in German). Feistritz-gail.gv. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
^ a b "Austrian village celebrations". Reuters.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ "Image of horse riding festival". Wikicommons. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
External links
Slide show of Kufenstechen
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Feistritz an der Gail.
vteMunicipalities in the district of Villach-Land
Afritz am See
Arnoldstein
Arriach
Bad Bleiberg
Feistritz an der Gail
Feld am See
Ferndorf
Finkenstein am Faaker See
Fresach
Hohenthurn
Nötsch im Gailtal
Paternion
Rosegg
St. Jakob im Rosental
Stockenboi
Treffen am Ossiacher See
Velden am Wörther See
Weißenstein
Wernberg
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈfaɪ̯stʁɪt͡s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/De-Feistritz.ogg/De-Feistritz.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Feistritz.ogg"},{"link_name":"Villach-Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villach-Land"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia_(state)"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Tarvisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarvisio"},{"link_name":"Province of Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Udine"}],"text":"Town in Carinthia, AustriaPlace in Carinthia, AustriaFeistritz an der Gail (Slovene: Bistrica na Zilji), often referred to as simply Feistritz (German pronunciation: [ˈfaɪ̯stʁɪt͡s] ⓘ), is a town in the district of Villach-Land in Carinthia in Austria. It is close to the borders with both Italy and Slovenia. The Black Forest to the south of the town borders the Italian comune of Tarvisio, in the Province of Udine. There are several landmarks of importance in and around the town, including Ulli's Herb Garden, the House of Bats, the Parish Church of St. Martin and Mary Magdalene's Chapel.","title":"Feistritz an der Gail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_(river)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baedeker1907-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nötsch im Gailtal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6tsch_im_Gailtal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baedeker1907-3"},{"link_name":"Oisternig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oisternig&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Feistritz, the largest community in the Lower Gail Valley,[3] covers an area of some 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi). It is located at an elevation of 638 m (2,093 ft).[4] The town's population, as of 2012, was 649. The forest to the south bordering Italy is named Schwarzwald, meaning Black Forest. Nötsch im Gailtal is located approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the north of Feistritz an der Gail.[3] The nearby Feistritzer Alm reaches a height of 1,700 m (5,600 ft) at the foot of the Oisternig (2,052 m (6,732 ft)).[5][6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noriker horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriker_horse"},{"link_name":"Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Hohenthurn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenthurn"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-7"}],"text":"The first documented reference to Feistritz is to be found in a deed from 1119. Breeding of Noriker horses began in the 14th century as the marshy land resulting from the Dorbatsch landspill in 1348 was unsuitable for cattle. The inhabitants of the Gail Valley are known for their courage and sense of business, acquired over centuries of trade, as they transported goods from Italy to Salzburg and Bavaria. Under the rationalization of Austrian municipalities in 1973, the former Municipality of Feistritz became part of the Municipality of Hohenthurn.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villach"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infra-8"},{"link_name":"bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Farming is the main economic activity with small to medium-sized holdings although many of the commune's inhabitants commute to Villach or Klagenfurt.[7] In recent years, the town has placed considerable emphasis on infrastructure development such as improving the road network and the water supply while encouraging new businesses which have provided 50 new jobs.[8]As part of the economic development of the town, a small hydroelectric project was taken over by the municipal government in 2007, with funds provided as grants and subsidies by Carinthia. This has resulted in an increase in environmental-friendly production by nearly 200%, compared to the earlier capacity of the station. This has also enabled to house the threatened species of bats on the first floor of the power station, a unique development in Austria. Commenting on the economic benefit of the scheme, mayor of the town, Dieter Mörtl, has observed that \"energy on the spot saves transportation!\"[9]","title":"Economic developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feistritz_an_der_Gail_Pfarrkirche_hl_Martin_20052007_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"horseshoe bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of the Snows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedication_of_Saint_Mary_Major"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alm-5"}],"text":"Parish church Saint Martin at Feistritz on the GailFeistritz is known for its Fledermaushaus (House of Bats), the first in Austria. Located some 2 km to the west of the village, the old power station which was uninhabited for a number of years now houses a colony of small horseshoe bats which can be observed inside the building.[10]There are several other landmarks of note in the town. These include:Ulli's herb garden with a wide variety of all types of herbs for the kitchen, beauty treatment, health and sweet smells.[11]\nThe Parish Church of St. Martin from the first half of the 15th century with its imposing tower and spire.[12]\nThe Chapel of Mary Magdalene, from the mid-14th century, is about a half hour's walk on the way to Feitritz Alm. According to tradition, mass is celebrated here on Easter Monday and on the feast of Mary Magdalene (22 July).[13]\nHigh above the village, the Feistritzer Alm offers opportunities for walks in unspoiled surroundings. Mass is still celebrated in the little chapel at the top dedicated to Maria Schnee or Our Lady of the Snows on the Sunday following 5 August (her feast day).[5]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whit Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Monday"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infra-8"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kufenstechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kufenstechen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra"},{"link_name":"Whit Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Monday"},{"link_name":"riding bareback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareback_riding"},{"link_name":"Noriker horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriker_horse"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austrian_village_celebrations-17"},{"link_name":"lime tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_tree"},{"link_name":"Slovenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_language"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austrian_village_celebrations-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dance-16"}],"text":"The annual Kermesse on Whit Monday.Extensive ethnographic research has occurred over a period of 460 years.[14] The commune is keen to support music, culture and folklore. The recently established School of Music has been a success, especially with the younger members of the community.[8] There is also a kindergarten school. Local art is encouraged and social clubs are also established. Hallo Feistritz is the commune's local information sheet published about twice a year.[15]The most popular cultural activity in the town is called the \"Kufenstechen\", which is a customary church parish festival among the Alpine farming community. This annual event, held on Whit Monday, is celebrated in the month of May and marks the participation of unmarried men riding bareback on Noriker horses, wearing traditional costumes. The event involves horse riders striking a wooden barrel with an iron club till the last wooden splinter is felled;[16][17] this involves several rounds of horse riding around the barrel till it is broken fully. The winner is given a flower wreath, which he wears on his wrist. This festival is said to be observed since 1630 AD. After the horse ride, a traditional dance festival is held under a lime tree (called the \"Linde Dance\") with the winner of the horse event getting the first dance. Unmarried girls participate in the dance dressed in traditional \"Gailtaler\" costumes. The dance is accompanied by traditional songs, some in Slovenian.[16][17][18]The Feistritz Festival is an important event for the parish. Boys and girls practice the event's dances weeks before it starts. The dances performed are the Linde dance, polka and waltz. The boys also practice horse riding and the girls flaunt their colourful hand made costumes.[16] The parish also holds the annual \"Maypole celebration\" on the occasion of the Austrian independence day on 10 October.[16]","title":"Culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Parish church Saint Martin at Feistritz on the Gail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Feistritz_an_der_Gail_Pfarrkirche_hl_Martin_20052007_01.jpg/200px-Feistritz_an_der_Gail_Pfarrkirche_hl_Martin_20052007_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The annual Kermesse on Whit Monday.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg/200px-Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"Baedeker, Karl (1907). The Eastern Alps including the Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola: handbook for travellers (Public domain ed.). K. Baedeker. pp. 510–. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easternalpsincl02firgoog","url_text":"The Eastern Alps including the Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper and Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola: handbook for travellers"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/easternalpsincl02firgoog/page/n748","url_text":"510"}]},{"reference":"\"Kleinwasserkraftwerk in Feistritz an der Gai\" (in German). Klimabuendnis. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.klimabuendnis.at/start.asp?id=228955","url_text":"\"Kleinwasserkraftwerk in Feistritz an der Gai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kirchtag mit Kufenstechen und Lindentanz\" (in German). Feistritz-gail.gv. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130202030221/http://www.feistritz-gail.gv.at/kirchtag_mit_kufenstechen_und_lindentanz-814.php","url_text":"\"Kirchtag mit Kufenstechen und Lindentanz\""},{"url":"http://www.feistritz-gail.gv.at/kirchtag_mit_kufenstechen_und_lindentanz-814.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian village celebrations\". Reuters.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=USRTR32RKL#a=1","url_text":"\"Austrian village celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Image of horse riding festival\". Wikicommons. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ritt_zum_Kufenstechen.jpg","url_text":"\"Image of horse riding festival\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngenyn
|
Ngenyn
|
["1 Excavations","1.1 Occupation 1","1.2 Occupation 2","1.3 Occupation 3","2 Current state of the site","3 References"]
|
Archaeological site in Baringo County, Kenya
Ngenyn is a Late Stone Age and/or a Savanna Pastoral Neolithic archaeological site located in the Kapthurin River Basin, which is part of the Tugen Hills, west of Lake Baringo. It falls within the Baringo County (part of the former Rift Valley Province) in north central Kenya. The occupied area is situated on the floodplain of the River Ndau's confluence with the Sekutionnen River, on a widespread terrace called the Low Terrace, the top of which is about 3m above the level of the modern river. The site was initially discovered by Louis Leakey in 1969. It was visible as a large exposure of bones, stone tools and pottery eroding out of the terrace. The site was excavated in the late 1970s as part of Francoise Hivernel's PhD research. Ngenyn remains the only Late Holocene site excavated in the Lake Baringo Basin and in general very little archaeological work has been done on the Late Holocene within the Baringo County.
Excavations
The surface exposure spread over 2ha but the eastern part of the site was completely disturbed by cattle trampling and agriculture. Hivernel dug 13 test trenches, 8 of which proved sterile. Extensive excavations followed revealing three occupation phases.
Occupation 1
Occupation 1 was not dated, but it is presumed to be the oldest occupation phase. Found were basalt stone tools, 3 distinctive pottery decorations, including possibly the earliest record of the Turkwel Culture, and faunal remains of ovicaprids and wild game.
Occupation 2
It is speculated that Occupation 2 was a butchering site or an activity area, however no further work was done to confirm this. The occupation phase was dated to 2020±230 BP and contained stone tools, undecorated pottery, and the remains of ovicaprids, cattle, wild game, fish and rodents. Occupation 2 also contained a knapping area.
Occupation 3
Occupation 3 was by far the richest occupation layer. It contained pottery with 5 different types of decoration, which may fit with Akira, Remnant, and Narosura pottery wares from the Pastoral Neolithic period. It also contained some 5000 lithic objects from basalt and obsidian, and remains of cattle, ovicaprids, wild game, and fish. The remains of fish species indicate that the site was also occupied from Nov-Dec and Mar-Apr, which falls within the two rainy seasons the area experiences. Spatial analysis indicated that the area was possibly a 'home base', however, further investigation is needed before this is confirmed. The occupation layer also contained certain features. Occupation 3 was dated to 1970±150 BP and 2080±110 BP. These dates however need to be re-calibrated.
Current state of the site
Since the 1970s no further research has been done on the archaeology of the Late Holocene in the Baringo District. The area of the archaeological site is currently extensively cultivated and subject to slash-and-burn agriculture. Furthermore, because of the loose silty clay loams the area is eroding quickly and the archaeology is in danger of being lost. The Ndau river is also cutting deeper into its bank washing away the archaeological material. The excavations at Ngenyn were not extensive, and because of the lack of archaeological work, it is hard to situate it within the wider archaeological context of the Rift Valley and Kenya. More archaeological research into the Late Holocene will be done by the Resilience in East African Landscapes Initial Training Network in the following years.
References
^ a b c d Hivernel, Francoise (1983). "Excavations at Ngenyn (Baringo District, Kenya)". Azania. 18: 45–79. doi:10.1080/00672708309511314.
^ a b c Hivernel, Francoise; Hodder, Ian (1984). Hodder, Ian (ed.). Analysis of artifact distribution at Ngenyn (Kenya): Depositional and postdepositional effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–115.
^ Hivernel, Francoise (1979). An Ethnoarchaeological study of Environmental Use in the Kenya Highlands. London: PhD thesis. University College London.
^ Ehret, Cristopher; Posnansky, Merrick (1982). The Archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African History. University of California Press. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-520-04593-4. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
^ a b Hivernel, Francoise (1983). "Archaeological excavation and ethnoarchaeological interpretation: A case study in Kenya". Archaeological Review from Cambridge. 2 (2): 27–36.
vte Archaeological sites in KenyaSites
Enkapune Ya Muto
Enkorika
Hyrax Hill
Ileret
Jumba la Mtwana
Kalokol Pillar Site
Kapthurin
Kaya (Mijikenda)
Kiongwe
Koobi Fora
Lamu
Lothagam North
Mambrui
Manda Island
Manemanya Pillar Site
Mount Homa
Ngenyn
Njoro River Cave
Olorgesailie
Panga ya Saidi
Pate Island
Ruins of Gedi
Takwa
Thimlich Ohinga
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Savanna Pastoral Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic"},{"link_name":"Kapthurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapthurin"},{"link_name":"Tugen Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugen_Hills"},{"link_name":"Lake Baringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo"},{"link_name":"Baringo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baringo_County"},{"link_name":"Rift Valley Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelAzania-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelHodder-2"},{"link_name":"Louis Leakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey"},{"link_name":"Francoise Hivernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoise_Hivernel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelPhD-3"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"Lake Baringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo"},{"link_name":"Baringo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baringo_County"}],"text":"Ngenyn is a Late Stone Age and/or a Savanna Pastoral Neolithic archaeological site located in the Kapthurin River Basin, which is part of the Tugen Hills, west of Lake Baringo. It falls within the Baringo County (part of the former Rift Valley Province) in north central Kenya. The occupied area is situated on the floodplain of the River Ndau's confluence with the Sekutionnen River, on a widespread terrace called the Low Terrace, the top of which is about 3m above the level of the modern river.[1][2] The site was initially discovered by Louis Leakey in 1969. It was visible as a large exposure of bones, stone tools and pottery eroding out of the terrace. The site was excavated in the late 1970s as part of Francoise Hivernel's PhD[3] research. Ngenyn remains the only Late Holocene site excavated in the Lake Baringo Basin and in general very little archaeological work has been done on the Late Holocene within the Baringo County.","title":"Ngenyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelAzania-1"}],"text":"The surface exposure spread over 2ha but the eastern part of the site was completely disturbed by cattle trampling and agriculture. Hivernel dug 13 test trenches, 8 of which proved sterile.[1] Extensive excavations followed revealing three occupation phases.","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkwel Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkwel_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EhretPosnansky1982-4"}],"sub_title":"Occupation 1","text":"Occupation 1 was not dated, but it is presumed to be the oldest occupation phase. Found were basalt stone tools, 3 distinctive pottery decorations, including possibly the earliest record of the Turkwel Culture,[4] and faunal remains of ovicaprids and wild game.","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelHodder-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelCamb-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelAzania-1"}],"sub_title":"Occupation 2","text":"It is speculated that Occupation 2 was a butchering site or an activity area,[2][5] however no further work was done to confirm this. The occupation phase was dated to 2020±230 BP and contained stone tools, undecorated pottery, and the remains of ovicaprids, cattle, wild game, fish and rodents. Occupation 2 also contained a knapping area.[1]","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"},{"link_name":"obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelAzania-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelCamb-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HivernelHodder-2"}],"sub_title":"Occupation 3","text":"Occupation 3 was by far the richest occupation layer. It contained pottery with 5 different types of decoration, which may fit with Akira, Remnant, and Narosura pottery wares from the Pastoral Neolithic period. It also contained some 5000 lithic objects from basalt and obsidian, and remains of cattle, ovicaprids, wild game, and fish.[1] The remains of fish species indicate that the site was also occupied from Nov-Dec and Mar-Apr, which falls within the two rainy seasons the area experiences.[5] Spatial analysis indicated that the area was possibly a 'home base',[2] however, further investigation is needed before this is confirmed. The occupation layer also contained certain features. Occupation 3 was dated to 1970±150 BP and 2080±110 BP. These dates however need to be re-calibrated.","title":"Excavations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resilience in East African Landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.real-project.eu/"}],"text":"Since the 1970s no further research has been done on the archaeology of the Late Holocene in the Baringo District. The area of the archaeological site is currently extensively cultivated and subject to slash-and-burn agriculture. Furthermore, because of the loose silty clay loams the area is eroding quickly and the archaeology is in danger of being lost. The Ndau river is also cutting deeper into its bank washing away the archaeological material. The excavations at Ngenyn were not extensive, and because of the lack of archaeological work, it is hard to situate it within the wider archaeological context of the Rift Valley and Kenya. More archaeological research into the Late Holocene will be done by the Resilience in East African Landscapes Initial Training Network in the following years.","title":"Current state of the site"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.real-project.eu/","external_links_name":"Resilience in East African Landscapes"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00672708309511314","external_links_name":"10.1080/00672708309511314"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kJMFMpoHuVgC&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"The Archaeological and linguistic reconstruction of African History"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catmore_and_Winterly_Copses
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Catmore and Winterly Copses
|
["1 Flora","1.1 Trees","1.2 Plants","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°23′28″N 1°27′43″W / 51.391°N 1.462°W / 51.391; -1.462Site of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire, England
Catmore and Winterly CopsesSite of Special Scientific InterestCatmore CopseLocation within BerkshireLocationBerkshireGrid referenceSU 375 659Coordinates51°23′28″N 1°27′43″W / 51.391°N 1.462°W / 51.391; -1.462InterestBiologicalArea25.0 hectares (62 acres)Notification1984Location mapMagic Map
Catmore and Winterly Copses is a 25-hectare (62-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-west of Kintbury in Berkshire.
The woods are broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland located in a lowland area.
The site is private land but a public footpath runs through Catmore Copse.
Flora
The site has the following Flora:
Trees
Birch
Fraxinus
Maple
Quercus robur
Hazel
Alder
Aspen
Prunus avium
sallow
Malus
Frangula alnus
Viburnum opulus
Prunus spinosa
Plants
Carex pallescens
Geum rivale
Lathyrus montanus
Melampyrum pratense
Valeriana dioica
Platanthera chlorantha
Lysimachia nummularia
Scutellaria galericulata
Filipendula ulmaria
Veronica beccabunga
Polygonum hydropiper
Rubus fruticosus
Pteridium aquilinum
Deschampsia cespitosa
Mercurialis perennis
Lamiastrum galeobdolon
Adoxa moschatellina
Ajuga reptans
Oxalis acetosella
Primula vulgaris
Luzula pilosa
Lysimachia nemorum
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris felix-mas
Athyrium filix-femina
Blechnum spicant
Carex acutiformis
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catmore and Winterly Copses.
^ a b c d "Designated Sites View: Catmore and Winterly Copses". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
^ "Map of Catmore and Winterly Copses". Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
^ "Condition of SSSI Units for Site Catmore and Winterly Copses SSSI". Natural England. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ "SITE NAME: CATMORE AND WINTERLY COPSES" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
vte Sites of Special Scientific Interest in BerkshireBiological
Aldermaston Gravel Pits
Ashridge Wood
Avery's Pightle
Bisham Woods
Blackwater Valley
Bowdown and Chamberhouse Woods
Boxford Water Meadows
Bray Meadows
Bray Pennyroyal Field
Briff Lane Meadows
Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths
Catmore and Winterly Copses
Chawridge Bourne
Cleeve Hill
Cock Marsh
Combe Wood and Linkenholt Hanging
Coombe Wood, Frilsham
Croker's Hole
Decoy Pit, Pools and Woods
Easton Farm Meadow
Enborne Copse
Englemere Pond
Freeman's Marsh
Great Thrift Wood
Greenham and Crookham Commons
Heath Lake
Hog's Hole
Holies Down
Inkpen and Walbury Hills
Inkpen Common
Inkpen Crocus Field
Irish Hill Copse
Kennet and Lambourn Floodplain
Kennet Valley Alderwoods
King's Copse
Lardon Chase
Lodge Wood and Sandford Mill
Longmoor Bog
Old Copse, Beenham
Park Farm Down
Redhill Wood
River Kennet
River Lambourn
Sandhurst to Owlsmoor Bogs and Heaths
Seven Barrows
Snelsmore Common
Stanford End Mill and River Loddon
Streatley Warren
Sulham and Tidmarsh Woods and Meadows
Swinley Park and Brick Pits
Thatcham Reed Beds
Wasing Wood Ponds
Wellington College Bog
West Woodhay Down
West's Meadow, Aldermaston
Westfield Farm Chalk Bank
White Shute
Windsor Forest and Great Park
Woolhampton Reed Bed
Wraysbury and Hythe End Gravel Pits
Wraysbury No 1 Gravel Pit
Wykery Copse
Geological
Boxford Chalk Pit
Brimpton Pit
Cannoncourt Farm Pit
Cold Ash Quarry
Fognam Chalk Quarry
Hamstead Marshall Pit
Pincent's Kiln
Winterbourne Chalk Pit
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"Kintbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintbury"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sssi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-map-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cond-3"}],"text":"Site of Special Scientific Interest in Berkshire, EnglandCatmore and Winterly Copses is a 25-hectare (62-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north-west of Kintbury in Berkshire.[1][2]The woods are broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland located in a lowland area.[3]The site is private land but a public footpath runs through Catmore Copse.","title":"Catmore and Winterly Copses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sssi2-4"}],"text":"The site has the following Flora:[4]","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"Fraxinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus"},{"link_name":"Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"Quercus robur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"},{"link_name":"Hazel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel"},{"link_name":"Alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder"},{"link_name":"Aspen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen"},{"link_name":"Prunus avium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_avium"},{"link_name":"sallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallow"},{"link_name":"Malus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus"},{"link_name":"Frangula alnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangula_alnus"},{"link_name":"Viburnum opulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum_opulus"},{"link_name":"Prunus spinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_spinosa"}],"sub_title":"Trees","text":"Birch\nFraxinus\nMaple\nQuercus robur\nHazel\nAlder\nAspen\nPrunus avium\nsallow\nMalus\nFrangula alnus\nViburnum opulus\nPrunus spinosa","title":"Flora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carex pallescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_pallescens"},{"link_name":"Geum rivale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geum_rivale"},{"link_name":"Lathyrus montanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathyrus_montanus"},{"link_name":"Melampyrum pratense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melampyrum_pratense"},{"link_name":"Valeriana dioica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriana_dioica"},{"link_name":"Platanthera chlorantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanthera_chlorantha"},{"link_name":"Lysimachia nummularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachia_nummularia"},{"link_name":"Scutellaria galericulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria_galericulata"},{"link_name":"Filipendula ulmaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipendula_ulmaria"},{"link_name":"Veronica beccabunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_beccabunga"},{"link_name":"Polygonum hydropiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonum_hydropiper"},{"link_name":"Rubus fruticosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_fruticosus"},{"link_name":"Pteridium aquilinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum"},{"link_name":"Deschampsia cespitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschampsia_cespitosa"},{"link_name":"Mercurialis perennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurialis_perennis"},{"link_name":"Lamiastrum galeobdolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiastrum_galeobdolon"},{"link_name":"Adoxa moschatellina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoxa_moschatellina"},{"link_name":"Ajuga reptans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajuga_reptans"},{"link_name":"Oxalis acetosella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis_acetosella"},{"link_name":"Primula vulgaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula_vulgaris"},{"link_name":"Luzula pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzula_pilosa"},{"link_name":"Lysimachia nemorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysimachia_nemorum"},{"link_name":"Dryopteris dilatata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryopteris_dilatata"},{"link_name":"Dryopteris felix-mas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dryopteris_felix-mas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Athyrium filix-femina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athyrium_filix-femina"},{"link_name":"Blechnum spicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blechnum_spicant"},{"link_name":"Carex acutiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carex_acutiformis"}],"sub_title":"Plants","text":"Carex pallescens\nGeum rivale\nLathyrus montanus\nMelampyrum pratense\nValeriana dioica\nPlatanthera chlorantha\nLysimachia nummularia\nScutellaria galericulata\nFilipendula ulmaria\nVeronica beccabunga\nPolygonum hydropiper\nRubus fruticosus\nPteridium aquilinum\nDeschampsia cespitosa\nMercurialis perennis\nLamiastrum galeobdolon\nAdoxa moschatellina\nAjuga reptans\nOxalis acetosella\nPrimula vulgaris\nLuzula pilosa\nLysimachia nemorum\nDryopteris dilatata\nDryopteris felix-mas\nAthyrium filix-femina\nBlechnum spicant\nCarex acutiformis","title":"Flora"}]
|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubomir_Radanovi%C4%87
|
Ljubomir Radanović
|
["1 Club career","2 International career","3 Statistics","3.1 International","3.2 International goals","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Yugoslav and Montenegrin footballer
Ljubomir RadanovićPersonal informationFull name
Ljubomir RadanovićDate of birth
(1960-07-21) 21 July 1960 (age 63)Place of birth
Cetinje, FPR YugoslaviaHeight
1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1977–1981
Lovćen
36
(1)1981–1988
Partizan
172
(15)1988–1990
Standard Liège
62
(3)1990–1991
Nice
33
(3)1991–1992
Standard Liège
4
(0)1992–1995
Bellinzona
Total
307
(22)International career1982–1984
Yugoslavia U21
3
(0)1984
Yugoslavia Olympic
6
(1)1983–1988
Yugoslavia
34
(3)
Medal record
Men's Football
Representing Yugoslavia
Olympic Games
1984 Los Angeles
Team
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Ljubomir Radanović (Cyrillic: Љубомир Радановић; born 21 July 1960) is a former Yugoslav and Montenegrin footballer who played as a defender.
Club career
After starting out with Lovćen in the Yugoslav Second League, Radanović moved to Yugoslav First League club Partizan in the 1981–82 season. He spent the following seven years at the Stadion JNA, collecting a total of 172 league appearances and scoring 15 goals. After leaving his homeland, Radanović would go on to play for Standard Liège in Belgium, Nice in France, and Bellinzona in Switzerland.
International career
At international level, Radanović earned 34 caps and scored three goals for Yugoslavia between 1983 and 1988. He is best remembered for scoring a dramatic stoppage-time goal to give his country a decisive 3–2 UEFA Euro 1984 qualifier victory over Bulgaria on 21 December 1983. Additionally, Radanović was a member of the Yugoslav team that won the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics. His final international was an October 1988 FIFA World Cup qualification match away against Scotland.
Statistics
International
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Yugoslavia
1983
6
1
1984
7
1
1985
11
0
1986
3
0
1987
2
1
1988
5
0
Total
34
3
International goals
Scores and results list Yugoslavia's goal tally first.
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
21 December 1983
Split, Yugoslavia
Bulgaria
3–2
3–2
UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying
2
31 March 1984
Subotica, Yugoslavia
Hungary
2–0
2–1
Friendly
3
16 December 1987
İzmir, Turkey
Turkey
1–0
3–2
UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying
Honours
Partizan
Yugoslav First League: 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87
References
^ "Ljubomir Radanović, životna priča: Gol! Gol! Gol! Ljudi, pa je li to moguće? (1983)" (in Serbian). yugopapir.com. January 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ "Ljubomir Radanovic". 11v11.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ "Player Database". eu-football.info. Retrieved 2020-10-04.
External links
Ljubomir Radanović at WorldFootball.net
Ljubomir Radanović at FootballDatabase.eu
Ljubomir Radanović at Reprezentacija.rs (in Serbian)
Ljubomir Radanović at National-Football-Teams.com
vteYugoslavia squad – UEFA Euro 1984
1 Simović
2 N. Stojković
3 Baljić
4 Katanec
5 Zajec (c)
6 Radanović
7 Šestić
8 Gudelj
9 Sušić
10 Baždarević
11 Vujović
12 Ivković
13 Hadžibegić
14 Elsner
15 Miljuš
16 D. Stojković
17 Čop
18 Deverić
19 Halilović
20 Cvetković
Coach: Veselinović
vteYugoslavia football squad – 1984 Summer Olympics – Bronze medalists
1 Pudar
2 Čapljić
3 Baljić
4 Katanec
5 Elsner
6 Radanović
7 Smajić
8 Gračan
9 Djurovski
10 Baždarević
11 Cvetković
12 Ivković
13 Nikolić
14 Deverić
15 Miljuš
16 Stojković
17 Mrkela
Coach: Toplak
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"}],"text":"Ljubomir Radanović (Cyrillic: Љубомир Радановић; born 21 July 1960) is a former Yugoslav and Montenegrin footballer who played as a defender.","title":"Ljubomir Radanović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovćen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Lov%C4%87en"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Second_League"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"1981–82 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"Stadion JNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_JNA"},{"link_name":"Standard Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGC_Nice"},{"link_name":"Bellinzona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Bellinzona"}],"text":"After starting out with Lovćen in the Yugoslav Second League, Radanović moved to Yugoslav First League club Partizan in the 1981–82 season. He spent the following seven years at the Stadion JNA, collecting a total of 172 league appearances and scoring 15 goals. After leaving his homeland, Radanović would go on to play for Standard Liège in Belgium, Nice in France, and Bellinzona in Switzerland.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1984"},{"link_name":"qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1984_qualifying_Group_4"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cup qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At international level, Radanović earned 34 caps and scored three goals for Yugoslavia between 1983 and 1988. He is best remembered for scoring a dramatic stoppage-time goal to give his country a decisive 3–2 UEFA Euro 1984 qualifier victory over Bulgaria on 21 December 1983.[1] Additionally, Radanović was a member of the Yugoslav team that won the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.[2] His final international was an October 1988 FIFA World Cup qualification match away against Scotland.[3]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","text":"Scores and results list Yugoslavia's goal tally first.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslav First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1985–86","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_Yugoslav_First_League"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Yugoslav_First_League"}],"text":"PartizanYugoslav First League: 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ljubomir Radanović, životna priča: Gol! Gol! Gol! Ljudi, pa je li to moguće? (1983)\" (in Serbian). yugopapir.com. January 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yugopapir.com/2015/01/ljubomir-radanovic-njegova-zivotna.html","url_text":"\"Ljubomir Radanović, životna priča: Gol! Gol! Gol! Ljudi, pa je li to moguće? (1983)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ljubomir Radanovic\". 11v11.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.11v11.com/players/ljubomir-radanovic-192016/","url_text":"\"Ljubomir Radanovic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Database\". eu-football.info. Retrieved 2020-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=17246","url_text":"\"Player Database\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.yugopapir.com/2015/01/ljubomir-radanovic-njegova-zivotna.html","external_links_name":"\"Ljubomir Radanović, životna priča: Gol! Gol! Gol! Ljudi, pa je li to moguće? (1983)\""},{"Link":"https://www.11v11.com/players/ljubomir-radanovic-192016/","external_links_name":"\"Ljubomir Radanovic\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=17246","external_links_name":"\"Player Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/ljubomir-radanovic/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Ljubomir Radanović"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/31959","external_links_name":"Ljubomir Radanović"},{"Link":"https://www.reprezentacija.rs/radanovic-ljubomir/#content","external_links_name":"Ljubomir Radanović"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19949.html","external_links_name":"Ljubomir Radanović"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Light
|
Dying Light
|
["1 Gameplay","2 Synopsis","2.1 Setting","2.2 Plot","3 Development","4 Marketing and release","5 Reception","5.1 Critical reception","5.2 Sales","6 Sequels and related media","7 References","8 External links"]
|
2015 video game
2015 video gameDying LightDeveloper(s)TechlandPublisher(s)Warner Bros. Interactive EntertainmentDirector(s)Paweł MarchewkaAdrian CiszewskiProgrammer(s)Michał NowakArtist(s)Paweł SelingerComposer(s)Paweł BłaszczakEngineChrome Engine 6Platform(s)LinuxPlayStation 4WindowsXbox OnemacOSNintendo SwitchRelease
27 January 2015
Lin, PS4, Win, XOne27 January 2015macOS15 December 2016Nintendo Switch19 October 2021
Genre(s)Survival horrorMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Dying Light is a 2015 survival horror video game developed by Techland and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game's story follows an undercover agent named Kyle Crane who is sent to infiltrate a quarantine zone in a fictional Middle Eastern city called Harran. It features an enemy-infested, open-world city with a dynamic day–night cycle, in which zombies are slow and clumsy during daytime but become extremely aggressive at night. The gameplay is focused on weapons-based combat and parkour, allowing players to choose fight or flight when presented with dangers. The game also features an asymmetrical multiplayer mode (originally set to be a pre-order bonus), and a four-player co-operative multiplayer mode.
The development of the game began in early 2012, after the team completed the development of Dead Island. The game's parkour system emphasizes natural movement. To implement that, Techland had to abandon most of the story elements and construct them again from scratch. To create a story that would suit the taste of the American audience, the writing team collaborated with Dan Jolley. The story was inspired by both Heart of Darkness and The Plague. Announced in May 2013, it was released in January 2015 for Linux, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The game was planned to be released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, but these versions were cancelled due to hardware limitations.
At release, Dying Light received mixed reviews from critics, with praise mainly directed at the combat, graphics, co-operative multiplayer, navigation and the day–night cycle, while receiving criticism regarding the story, difficulty, and technical issues. The game was the best-selling title of January 2015 and broke the record for first-month sales of a new survival-horror intellectual property. The game was a commercial success, having sold 20 million units by April 2022. Techland committed to supporting the game, and released downloadable content packs, content drops and free updates for the game several years after the initial launch. An expansion, titled Dying Light: The Following, was released in February 2016. The sequel, Dying Light 2 Stay Human, was released in February 2022.
Gameplay
The parkour mechanics in Dying Light allow players to leap from one rooftop to another.
Dying Light is a survival horror video game played from a first-person perspective. The game is set in an open-world environment called Harran; initially, an area named the Slums can be freely explored, later adding a second area, accessible via sewers, called Old Town. Players traverse this urban environment, which is overrun by vicious zombies. There is an emphasis on parkour mechanics, which allow players to perform actions such as climbing ledges, leaping from edges, sliding, jumping between roofs and zip-lining. A grappling hook allows players to climb up buildings and quickly travel between places. As players explore the game's world, they can scavenge supplies and loot, which can be used to craft new weapons or sold to vendors. The player character can utilise his "survivor sense" to identify all nearby loot and use lock picks to open locked chests and locked vehicles. Players can also complete various side missions by accepting tasks issued by the non-playable characters in the game's safe zones. As players explore Harran, they can also pick up various collectibles such as notes and journals, and listen to voice mail recordings.
Dying Light contains a dynamic day–night cycle. During the day, players can set traps, save random survivors, and make their way to airdrops. The infected are slow, apathetic, and easily visible and they can be easily avoided. Players can use environmental traps, such as spikes, electrified fences, and gas tanks, to kill the infected. At night, the infected transform to become much more dangerous. Without daylight, the senses of the infected become more acute and accurate. They can also sprint after the player character, inflict more damage, and gain the ability to jump and climb buildings. For players to avoid contact, they need to use their "survivor sense" to locate and avoid the infected. If the player character is spotted, they can use distractions and traps to reduce the number of infected. Players' main defence against the infected is ultraviolet light, which slows their movement. At safehouses, players can adjust the time of day, skipping night altogether if the player does not feel ready.
The game features a variety of enemies, including the slow, low-level Biters, Bombers which explode when the player character gets too close, Virals which can run quickly, and dangerous Volatiles which only appear at night. The majority of the game's combat utilises melee weapons, with more than 100 weapons and over 1500 weapon possibilities through crafting and customisation. The melee weapons have a limited lifespan and will become degraded and broken if players use them in combat for a long time. Players can repair a weapon a limited number of times or dismantle it for parts. Crafting weapons requires crafting ingredients, such as gauze and metal parts, and a blueprint, which can be scavenged or purchased from a shop. In the second half of the game, players can also use ranged firearms: two types of assault rifles and a variety of small firearms and shotguns. Firearms do not break or degrade, but ammunition is generally scarce and the sound from them will attract enemies. Weapons are categorised into different rarities, which are indicated by a weapon's colour. Players can also utilise other items such as firecrackers, which distract enemies, and explosives like molotov cocktails, to aid combat. In addition, parkour mechanics are integrated with combat.
The player character's combat efficiency is governed by his health, fitness and stamina. When players take damage, he will lose health, which can be replenished when Crane utilises a medkit or consumes food. Fitness governs his free running endurance, while stamina focuses on how fast Crane becomes tired in combat. A variety of actions in Dying Light can help players to earn experience points. Engaging in combat with enemies will help players to earn power points, while performing parkour movement can earn agility points. Completing missions, challenges, and quests will help players to earn survival points. As players earn experience, they can spend skill points to select new skills from a skill tree. Experience points are boosted when players explore at night, and while survival points are deducted if killed during the day, there is no such penalty at night.
The game features a four-player cooperative multiplayer mode which allows players to explore Harran and complete the campaign together. Players can also complete cooperative challenges for experience, such as fighting to kill as many infected as possible and racing against each other to an airdrop. A multiplayer feature included is a game mode known as "Be the Zombie" that allows the player to play as a particularly strong and fast infected mutant called the "Night Hunter" and invade other players' servers. The players who are playing as humans are tasked with destroying the infected nests and surviving attacks performed by the Night Hunter, while the Night Hunter's goal is to deplete the players' collective life pool and therefore prevent them from attacking the nests.
Synopsis
Setting
Roger Craig Smith provided the voice for protagonist Kyle Crane.
In the fictional Middle Eastern city of Harran, a mysterious viral outbreak has turned most of the population into hyper-aggressive zombie-like creatures, forcing Harran's Ministry of Public Defence to quarantine parts of the city. The Global Relief Effort (GRE) assists survivors still trapped in the city by regularly airdropping supplies. Players assume the role of Kyle Crane (Roger Craig Smith), an undercover GRE operative sent to infiltrate the quarantine zone to find Kadir "Rais" Suleiman (Jim Pirri), a political figure gone rogue who has a file that contains vital data on the virus, which could potentially lead to a cure. When Crane arrives, he must decide between completing his mission or helping the survivors.
Plot
Undercover GRE agent Kyle Crane is airdropped into Harran to retrieve a sensitive file stolen by Kadir Suleiman, who is using it for blackmail. Crane is bitten by an infected, though he is rescued by Jade Aldemir and taken to a survivor sanctuary inside a skyscraper called the Tower. Crane is introduced to Rahim Aldemir, Jade's younger brother, who then teaches him the basics of parkour. Crane learns that the Tower is being harassed by a gang of bandits led by a warlord named Rais who steals and hoards supplies from the GRE airdrops. This includes Antizin, a drug that slows the process of infection and suppresses its symptoms. Crane is tasked with reaching an airdrop containing the direly needed Antizin but the GRE instructs him to destroy the airdrop and instead buy the drug from Rais to confirm his identity. Crane reluctantly complies and lies to the Tower that the supplies have been looted.
Upset, Tower leader Harris Brecken tasks Crane with negotiating a deal with Rais. Upon meeting Rais, Crane can confirm that he is indeed Suleiman. Crane carries out a series of unethical tasks for Rais under the assumption that he will be rewarded with two crates of Antizin, but Rais betrays him by only giving him five vials. He later severs relations with the GRE when they halt the supply drops and refuse to help the Tower. Desperate to obtain Antizin, Crane and Jade raid Rais's storage facility but they instead find a cache of plastic explosives. Rahim attempts to use the explosives to bomb a Volatile nest, despite Crane's objection. Rahim is wounded, and Crane executes Rahim's plan and destroys all the infected in the nest. However, when he returns, he discovers that Rahim was actually bitten and had turned into an infected while Crane was gone, forcing Crane to kill him.
Meanwhile, a scientist at the Tower named Dr. Imran Zere, who was attempting to develop a cure for the virus, is kidnapped by Rais. Crane attempts a rescue but is also captured. Rais reveals that the file he stole contains proof that the GRE intends to weaponise the virus rather than develop a cure. In the process of escaping, Crane cuts off Rais's hand. Dr. Zere is killed after telling Crane that he had tasked Jade with delivering his research to scientist Dr. Allen Camden. As Crane searches for Jade, he learns that the Defence Ministry is planning to firebomb Harran to eradicate the outbreak, claiming that there are no survivors. Working with the Embers, a survivor group in Old Town, Crane tries to alert the outside world by setting off bombs in an apartment building in the pattern of a sad face, but a jet fires a missile which obscures the pattern.
Jade is captured by Rais, who steals Dr. Zere's research. Crane begins to succumb to the virus as he searches for Jade at a museum; when he reaches her, he finds that she was also bitten and will soon turn into an infected. Watching from a distance, Rais offers Crane one dose of Antizin to save either himself or Jade. Jade sacrifices herself, injecting Crane at the last minute, and protects Crane from Rais's men. Jade then succumbs to the infection and turns, forcing Crane to kill her. After killing Rais's second-in-command, Crane delivers the tissue samples to Dr. Camden, who believes that he is close to developing a cure, but needs the rest of Dr. Zere's data.
Crane then reactivates a radio tower and successfully alerts the outside world of survivors in Harran, thwarting the Ministry's plan. In a desperate effort to evade scandals, the GRE contacts Crane to retrieve Dr Zere's research for them so they can convince the public they are working on the cure, in exchange they will extract him safely from Harran.
Crane discovers that Rais is giving Dr. Zere's research to the GRE in exchange for extraction from Harran. Crane assaults Rais's headquarters and battles him atop a skyscraper, just as a GRE helicopter appears. Crane throws Rais off the building and narrowly recovers the research data; he decides to give it to Dr. Camden and stays in Harran to help the remaining survivors.
Development
The core team of Techland, which had previously released Dead Island in 2011, commenced development on Dying Light in early 2012. While the team was evaluating the feedback from Dead Island and identifying areas to improve, they felt that their new project deviated considerably from the original Dead Island and warranted the need to make it a completely separate game. Techland director Adrian Ciszewski noted the difference in creative vision between the studio and Dead Island publisher Deep Silver, whose control over the title prevented the studio from realising their vision. For this reason, Techland decided to split from Deep Silver and develop a new property. The development team also considered Dying Light an opportunity to prove that the studio could make a AAA game. Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment served as the game's publisher and gave Techland complete creative control over the project.
David Belle, the pioneer of parkour, was consulted by the development team.
Parkour is an important part of the game. The team felt that the gameplay experience would be restricting if players could not jump over or climb environmental obstacles or perform other basic movements. As the game is a survival game, the team believed that players should be allowed to flee from danger and that restricted movement options would hinder players' immersion. The team initially aimed to implement a system similar to that of Mirror's Edge's parkour mechanic, in which players climb up specific rooftops or walls by use of a hook, an environmental object that the player character can interact with. However, as development progressed, the team found that the hooks were limiting players' freedom, since developers were placing hooks in very specific locations. In addition, when one designer changed the position of a hook, he also needed to adjust the locations of other hooks, which was a very troublesome process. Starting in 2012, programmer Bartosz Kulon decided to implement a system that scans all possible climbable objects and recognises them as hooks. The engine would then determine what type of object the player is climbing and choose an appropriate animation for the game to render. The new system, which was named "Natural Movement", saved the designers considerable time. However, it also created multiple problems. For instance, since players can now approach an objective from various directions and reach previously unreachable areas, the artificial intelligence (AI) controlling the enemies cannot simply spawn out of nowhere. The existing animations resulted in various glitches, as the player character would often clip through structures. Some playtesters also experienced motion sickness. This resulted in major changes in animations, AI, and the heads-up display. The studio had to abandon most story and quest ideas and start again. The team invited David Belle, the pioneer of parkour, to ensure that the parkour animations were grounded in reality.
Harran was inspired by the Rocinha favela of Brazil.
The day–night cycle concept was envisioned by Ciszewski prior to the production of Dead Island, but was not implemented in that title due to the team's limited size and resources. The vision was for Dying Light to be "two games in one box", since the gameplay experience during the day would be completely different to the experience at night. Harran is a fictional city located in Middle Eastern territories, and Mumbai and Istanbul served as its major inspirations. The Old Town was inspired by Wrocław, Poland, where Techland was located. The game's level designer, Jula Arendt, is a qualified architect and created the history of Harran, which influenced its architectural design. Inspired by the Rocinha favela of Brazil, Harran was designed to be a city with many windows and interiors which serve as possible parkour routes for the players.
Another reason why Techland did not make Dying Light a sequel to Dead Island was because the team wanted to create a survival game with a serious tone, while Dead Island's story is lighthearted and the game features mostly hack and slash gameplay. According to producer Tymon Smektała, the team aimed to create a story that was "more mature and more serious". Concerned that their team of Poles would not be able to write a story that appealed to North American audiences, Techland invited DC Comics writer Dan Jolley to be a consultant for the story. Inspirations for the story were drawn from novels such as The Plague and Heart of Darkness. Despite the serious tone, the game features some exotic weapons. Game designer Maciej Binkowski felt that the game featured "Hollywood realism", and that they did not intend to make over-the-top weapons like the Dead Rising series. Like Dead Island, the game's combat was melee-focused, and the team invited a group of Krav Maga technique experts to show the programmers and designers "what it was like to hit something" in order to further refine the game's combat.
Techland audio director Paweł Błaszczak composed the music for Dying Light. He took inspiration from 1970s and 1980s movie soundtracks, seeking a sadder tone which he felt was more appropriate than typical horror music for the game's post-apocalyptic setting. He made frequent use of synthesizers to "present a feeling of abandonment, emptiness and sadness" to players. When composing music for the night section of the game, he aimed to achieve a silent atmosphere. The team eventually created a whistling sound, which they felt made enemy encounters at night more eerie and disturbing.
Marketing and release
See also: Dying Light: The Following
Dying Light was first announced in May 2013. The game was originally planned for release in 2014, but it was later delayed until February 2015 due to a "desire to innovate", and to improve the parkour elements of the game. The game's release date was later brought forward to 27 January 2015 for personal computers, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game were cancelled, due to "thorough internal testing" that demonstrated these consoles could not handle the game properly. Techland originally aimed to deliver the game at 60 frames per second (FPS) on both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. However, according to senior game producer Adrian Ciszewski, Dying Light's frame rate was locked at 30 FPS on consoles to be able to deliver native 1080p graphics, reduce input lag to a minimum, and provide a smoother and more gameplay-tailored performance. Dying Light was the debut title for Techland's own Chrome Engine 6.
On 17 January 2015, Techland announced that physical copies of Dying Light had been delayed due to a "longer lead time than digital". The delay affected the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Europe. Techland announced that the game would still be available digitally on its scheduled release date. The physical copies of Dying Light for the affected regions were released on 27 February 2015. "Be the Zombie" mode, originally a pre-order bonus, was made free for everyone who purchased the game regardless of platform and territory. Pre-orders of the physical copies of the game also received the "Cuisine & Cargo" and the Ultimate Survivor Bundle downloadable content (DLC) packs for free. Players who pre-ordered the game received bonus rare weapons. Early adopters were awarded with more in-game weapons. On Steam, players could also pre-order four copies of the game for the cost of three.
The game's season pass included three post-launch DLC packs. "Cuisine & Cargo", was released on 10 February 2015. It introduced two narrative missions in which the player investigates buildings which were cordoned off during the early days of the zombie apocalypse. The second DLC, "Ultimate Survivor Bundle", was released on 10 March 2015, and added new character skins and weapon blueprints to the game. It was released alongside a free hard mode, which introduced a new tier of weapon rarity and extends the duration of night. The third DLC, titled "The Bozak Horde", added a location called Harran Stadium and a horde mode, which tasks players to complete various objectives. It was released on 26 May 2015. To keep the game's player base engaged, Techland held a variety of community events and challenges regularly following the game's launch.
On 2 February 2015, a patch disabled mod support for the game. At the same time, a mod that removed film grain from the game was taken down by the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Techland later explained that the problem was an accident, caused by a side-effect of the release of a patch, and that they were developing a patch to restore modding. The ESA later apologised for issuing the takedown, stating that "the requests were issued erroneously by a third-party vendor on the organization's behalf". On 15 February 2015, a patch that restores modding was released. Techland further released the source development tool for modders in April 2015, allowing players to create custom maps and stories. Selected community maps were later released for the console version of the game in 2016.
Techland launched several promotional campaigns for the game. A "My Apocalypse Collectors Edition", which cost £250,000 (roughly $386,000 at the time) at release, was announced on 25 February 2015. In addition to a special edition of the game, it included a physical zombie shelter, parkour lessons, night vision goggles and a trip to Techland in Poland. On 25 June 2015, in parody of a promotional campaign between Destiny and Red Bull, Techland announced that it would give away codes for premium weapons to players who tweeted a picture of themselves drinking a glass of water. This was later expanded into the "Drink for DLC" campaign, with the planned release of multiple pieces of free DLC for the game if a certain amount of pictures were posted.
A standalone expansion, The Following, was released on 9 February 2016. The title would be free to all players who purchased Dying Light's season pass and also be available for separate purchase. The Following introduces a new story campaign, controllable vehicles, and a map the size of all the Dying Light maps combined. The expansion released alongside Dying Light: The Following – Enhanced Edition, which includes the base game, all DLC and content updates, and the expansion. A gameplay demo was released on 26 August 2015. The demo offers three hours of gameplay content and supports four-player co-operative multiplayer. Enhanced Edition was released for macOS on 15 December 2016.
In December 2017, Techland announced that they would release 10 content packs within the following 12 months. These content drops included new weapons, new enemies, a new map called "Prison Heist", and a time-attack mode. It also partnered with the developers of Left 4 Dead 2, Chivalry: Medieval Warfare and Rocket League to create crossover content. A story mode, which drastically lowers the game's difficulty, was added in February 2020. In July 2020, Techland released Dying Light: Hellraid, a DLC pack inspired by the studio's unrealised project, Hellraid. In this DLC, players fight demonic monsters with medieval weapons.
Dying Light was bundled with all of its DLC for the "Platinum Edition", which was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on 27 May 2021. Techland released the same edition for Nintendo Switch on 19 October 2021. A patch for the PlayStation 4 version of the game bringing resolution, draw distance and framerate enhancements was also released for the PlayStation 5 on 8 March 2022. A performance patch was also released for Xbox Series X and Series S on 21 March 2022. On 9 June 2022, Techland released Dying Light: Definitive Edition, which bundles the base game with all the downloadable content packs released.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 75/100PS4: 74/100XONE: 74/100Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7/10Eurogamer7/10Game Informer8.5/10GameSpot7/10IGN8.5/10PC Gamer (US)70/100Polygon6.5/10USgamer3.5/5VentureBeat87/100
Critical reception
According to review aggregator Metacritic, the PC version of the game received "generally positive reviews" upon release. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received "mixed or average" reviews.
Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer felt that the story, despite being predictable, was serviceable, though he noted that the main campaign was "repetitive". Writing for USgamer, Mike Williams described the hero as "generic", though he praised Roger Craig Smith's performance as Kyle Crane. Jeff Grubb from VentureBeat also criticised the writing and felt that the story does not make sense. Destructoid's Chris Carter lamented that the story was uninspired, and that the characters featured in the game were "contrived and boring". Kevin VanOrd from GameSpot stated that the story "lumbers through one cliche after another", though he remarked that it is "perfectly palatable", praising the voice acting and the expressive facial animation in the cutscenes. Mikel Reparaz from IGN believed that the characters were interesting, though "under-developed". He felt that the story was surprisingly straightforward, and wrote that the villain was "entertainingly cliched". In contrast, Brian Shea, writing for Game Informer, praised the story for being immersive, and remarked that the players will slowly grow attached to the characters.
Grubb praised the responsive controls and liked the upgrade options and the progression system, which rewards players for taking risks during the night. He added that night gameplay was "exhilarating" and "truly terrifying". Christopher Livingston from PC Gamer agreed, stating that the differences between daytime and night-time gameplay were "remarkable". VanOrd also felt that night-time gameplay was a terrifying experience and believed that it had successfully created tense moments. However, he felt that the melee combat was not as "fulfilling" as the original game. Carter, however, enjoyed the game's combat which he described as "deliberate" and regarded it as an improvement over the original Dead Island. Shea also liked the combat due to the "sheer brutality of the hand-to-hand animations", though he criticised the gunplay for not being as polished as the melee combat. Williams wrote that the free-running mechanic is "a ton of fun", and that he can "spend hours moving from one section of the city to the next". VanOrd also applauded the free running system, saying that it "energizes moments of great tension", and that climbing tall structures can be "an anxious exercise in precision".
Several critics believed that the game should be streamlined, with some singling out the weapon-breaking mechanic and the crafting system. Williams believed that they existed only to lengthen the game. Whitehead believed that these systems prevented players from taking a proactive role in combat. He also felt that the survival focus would cause players to lose interest. Carter agreed that Techland should have streamlined the game's micromanagement and kept the focus on combat. Arthur Gies from Polygon wrote that many of the systems in Dying Light were "clunky" and poorly implemented, and he lamented that the game was extended by "stringing objectives as far away from one another as possible". Williams felt that the side missions of the game generally contained better narrative than the main quests. However, he was disappointed that most of these missions were fetch quests. VanOrd agreed and likened the protagonist to an "errand boy", finding the objectives to be uninspiring and frustrating, adding that they were mostly "frustrating slogs, or simply bad ideas". The game was often criticised for its lack of innovation, as the game features many elements commonly found in other AAA open-world games such as The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Assassin's Creed, and Far Cry. Both VanOrd and Whitehead felt that the zombies become an annoyance in the game rather than an enemy.
Whitehead praised the game's multiplayer, adding that the cooperative challenges make the game's world reactive and fresh, and give players reason to stay engaged after they finished the campaign. He also praised the asymmetrical multiplayer mode and stated that it was "a blast" if players play in a full lobby. Reparaz agreed that the game is better when it is played with several friends, though he remarked that the gameplay can be unbalanced in the asymmetrical multiplayer mode if the lobby is not full. Shea also believed the multiplayer enhances the experience and that cooperative gameplay enables the campaign's difficult sections to become more "approachable". VanOrd liked the asymmetrical multiplayer, as he felt that it extended the tension created during the night. However, Livingston was not impressed, calling it a half-baked version of Left 4 Dead. Gies was concerned that this mode is merely a "distraction" and that it lacks sufficient depth and development.
Sales
In the first week after its release, 1.2 million people played Dying Light. The retail version of Dying Light debuted at No. 1 on the US software sales chart, outselling heavy competitors such as Grand Theft Auto V and Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare. Dying Light has the highest-selling first month of sales for a new survival-horror intellectual property, breaking the record previously held by The Evil Within. The game also reached No. 1 on the UK software retail chart for two weeks, outperforming other major releases in February such as The Order: 1886 and Evolve, despite the game having been released a month earlier in digital format. In its first 45 days after its release, 3.2 million people played Dying Light, making it the most popular game that Techland had developed. Techland announced 4.5 million players had played the game by May 2015. The game had sold five million units by August in the same year More than 17 million players had played the game by December 2019. By April 2022, the game had sold 20 million units.
Sequels and related media
Main article: Dying Light 2
A prequel novel, Nightmare Row, written by Raymond Benson, was released on 8 April 2016. The story revolves around Mel Wyatt and her brother Paul, who were trapped in a hotel after the outbreak.
In May 2015, it was announced that the development of another Techland video game, Hellraid, had been put on hold to allow the studio to allocate resources and time to concentrate on the development of the Dying Light franchise. A spin-off of the game, titled Dying Light: Bad Blood, was released in early access in 2018. It is a battle royale game that pits 12 players against each other on a small map. The game failed to attract many players, and Techland made it available for all Dying Light players for free in January 2020. A sequel, Dying Light 2, was released in February 2022 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S.
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^ "Dying Light's new free DLC adds a silencer mod for your pistols". PCGamesN. 19 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
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External links
Official website
vteTechlandCall of Juarez series
Call of Juarez
Bound in Blood
The Cartel
Gunslinger
Dead Island series
Dead Island
Riptide
Dying Light series
Dying Light
The Following
2: Stay Human
Other games
Crime Cities
Chrome
Xpand Rally
Nail'd
Mad Riders
Hellraid
Technology
Chrome Engine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"survival horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_horror"},{"link_name":"Techland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techland"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern"},{"link_name":"open-world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-world"},{"link_name":"day–night cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%E2%80%93night_cycle"},{"link_name":"zombies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie#Video_games"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"fight or flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response"},{"link_name":"Dead Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Island"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"Dan Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jolley"},{"link_name":"Heart of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"The Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plague_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"Dying Light: The Following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Light:_The_Following"},{"link_name":"Dying Light 2 Stay Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Light_2_Stay_Human"}],"text":"2015 video game2015 video gameDying Light is a 2015 survival horror video game developed by Techland and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game's story follows an undercover agent named Kyle Crane who is sent to infiltrate a quarantine zone in a fictional Middle Eastern city called Harran. It features an enemy-infested, open-world city with a dynamic day–night cycle, in which zombies are slow and clumsy during daytime but become extremely aggressive at night. The gameplay is focused on weapons-based combat and parkour, allowing players to choose fight or flight when presented with dangers. The game also features an asymmetrical multiplayer mode (originally set to be a pre-order bonus), and a four-player co-operative multiplayer mode.The development of the game began in early 2012, after the team completed the development of Dead Island. The game's parkour system emphasizes natural movement. To implement that, Techland had to abandon most of the story elements and construct them again from scratch. To create a story that would suit the taste of the American audience, the writing team collaborated with Dan Jolley. The story was inspired by both Heart of Darkness and The Plague. Announced in May 2013, it was released in January 2015 for Linux, PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The game was planned to be released on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, but these versions were cancelled due to hardware limitations.At release, Dying Light received mixed reviews from critics, with praise mainly directed at the combat, graphics, co-operative multiplayer, navigation and the day–night cycle, while receiving criticism regarding the story, difficulty, and technical issues. The game was the best-selling title of January 2015 and broke the record for first-month sales of a new survival-horror intellectual property. The game was a commercial success, having sold 20 million units by April 2022. Techland committed to supporting the game, and released downloadable content packs, content drops and free updates for the game several years after the initial launch. An expansion, titled Dying Light: The Following, was released in February 2016. The sequel, Dying Light 2 Stay Human, was released in February 2022.","title":"Dying Light"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dying_Light_screenshot.jpg"},{"link_name":"survival horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_horror"},{"link_name":"first-person perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"open-world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-world"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"zip-lining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipline"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"grappling hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappling_hook"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lock picks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_pick"},{"link_name":"non-playable characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-playable_character"},{"link_name":"safe zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_zone"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"collectibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectible"},{"link_name":"voice mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_mail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"gas tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_tank"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Gameplay-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"safehouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safehouse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prima_guide-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gauze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauze"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"assault rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prima_guide-11"},{"link_name":"firecrackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firecracker"},{"link_name":"molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_fitness"},{"link_name":"stamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance"},{"link_name":"medkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medkit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prima_guide-11"},{"link_name":"free running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_running"},{"link_name":"endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"experience points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"skill tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill_tree"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Gameplay-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Gameplay-8"},{"link_name":"cooperative multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multiplayer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The parkour mechanics in Dying Light allow players to leap from one rooftop to another.Dying Light is a survival horror video game played from a first-person perspective. The game is set in an open-world environment called Harran; initially, an area named the Slums can be freely explored, later adding a second area, accessible via sewers, called Old Town.[1] Players traverse this urban environment, which is overrun by vicious zombies. There is an emphasis on parkour mechanics, which allow players to perform actions such as climbing ledges, leaping from edges, sliding, jumping between roofs and zip-lining.[2] A grappling hook allows players to climb up buildings and quickly travel between places.[3] As players explore the game's world, they can scavenge supplies and loot, which can be used to craft new weapons or sold to vendors. The player character can utilise his \"survivor sense\" to identify all nearby loot and use lock picks to open locked chests and locked vehicles. Players can also complete various side missions by accepting tasks issued by the non-playable characters in the game's safe zones.[4] As players explore Harran, they can also pick up various collectibles such as notes and journals, and listen to voice mail recordings.[5]Dying Light contains a dynamic day–night cycle. During the day, players can set traps, save random survivors, and make their way to airdrops. The infected are slow, apathetic, and easily visible and they can be easily avoided.[6] Players can use environmental traps, such as spikes, electrified fences, and gas tanks, to kill the infected.[7][8] At night, the infected transform to become much more dangerous. Without daylight, the senses of the infected become more acute and accurate. They can also sprint after the player character, inflict more damage, and gain the ability to jump and climb buildings. For players to avoid contact, they need to use their \"survivor sense\" to locate and avoid the infected.[9] If the player character is spotted, they can use distractions and traps to reduce the number of infected. Players' main defence against the infected is ultraviolet light, which slows their movement.[10] At safehouses, players can adjust the time of day, skipping night altogether if the player does not feel ready.[4]The game features a variety of enemies, including the slow, low-level Biters, Bombers which explode when the player character gets too close, Virals which can run quickly, and dangerous Volatiles which only appear at night.[11] The majority of the game's combat utilises melee weapons, with more than 100 weapons and over 1500 weapon possibilities through crafting and customisation.[12] The melee weapons have a limited lifespan and will become degraded and broken if players use them in combat for a long time. Players can repair a weapon a limited number of times or dismantle it for parts. Crafting weapons requires crafting ingredients, such as gauze and metal parts, and a blueprint, which can be scavenged or purchased from a shop.[4] In the second half of the game, players can also use ranged firearms: two types of assault rifles and a variety of small firearms and shotguns. Firearms do not break or degrade, but ammunition is generally scarce and the sound from them will attract enemies.[4] Weapons are categorised into different rarities, which are indicated by a weapon's colour.[11] Players can also utilise other items such as firecrackers, which distract enemies, and explosives like molotov cocktails, to aid combat.[4] In addition, parkour mechanics are integrated with combat.[13]The player character's combat efficiency is governed by his health, fitness and stamina. When players take damage, he will lose health, which can be replenished when Crane utilises a medkit or consumes food.[11] Fitness governs his free running endurance, while stamina focuses on how fast Crane becomes tired in combat.[14] A variety of actions in Dying Light can help players to earn experience points. Engaging in combat with enemies will help players to earn power points, while performing parkour movement can earn agility points. Completing missions, challenges, and quests will help players to earn survival points. As players earn experience, they can spend skill points to select new skills from a skill tree. Experience points are boosted when players explore at night, and while survival points are deducted if killed during the day, there is no such penalty at night.[4][8]The game features a four-player cooperative multiplayer mode which allows players to explore Harran and complete the campaign together.[15] Players can also complete cooperative challenges for experience, such as fighting to kill as many infected as possible and racing against each other to an airdrop.[16] A multiplayer feature included is a game mode known as \"Be the Zombie\" that allows the player to play as a particularly strong and fast infected mutant called the \"Night Hunter\" and invade other players' servers. The players who are playing as humans are tasked with destroying the infected nests and surviving attacks performed by the Night Hunter, while the Night Hunter's goal is to deplete the players' collective life pool and therefore prevent them from attacking the nests.[17]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger_Craig_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roger Craig Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Craig_Smith"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"viral outbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic"},{"link_name":"Roger Craig Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Craig_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jim Pirri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pirri"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Setting","text":"Roger Craig Smith provided the voice for protagonist Kyle Crane.[18]In the fictional Middle Eastern city of Harran, a mysterious viral outbreak has turned most of the population into hyper-aggressive zombie-like creatures, forcing Harran's Ministry of Public Defence to quarantine parts of the city. The Global Relief Effort (GRE) assists survivors still trapped in the city by regularly airdropping supplies. Players assume the role of Kyle Crane (Roger Craig Smith), an undercover GRE operative sent to infiltrate the quarantine zone to find Kadir \"Rais\" Suleiman (Jim Pirri), a political figure gone rogue who has a file that contains vital data on the virus, which could potentially lead to a cure. When Crane arrives, he must decide between completing his mission or helping the survivors.[19]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail"}],"sub_title":"Plot","text":"Undercover GRE agent Kyle Crane is airdropped into Harran to retrieve a sensitive file stolen by Kadir Suleiman, who is using it for blackmail. Crane is bitten by an infected, though he is rescued by Jade Aldemir and taken to a survivor sanctuary inside a skyscraper called the Tower. Crane is introduced to Rahim Aldemir, Jade's younger brother, who then teaches him the basics of parkour. Crane learns that the Tower is being harassed by a gang of bandits led by a warlord named Rais who steals and hoards supplies from the GRE airdrops. This includes Antizin, a drug that slows the process of infection and suppresses its symptoms. Crane is tasked with reaching an airdrop containing the direly needed Antizin but the GRE instructs him to destroy the airdrop and instead buy the drug from Rais to confirm his identity. Crane reluctantly complies and lies to the Tower that the supplies have been looted.Upset, Tower leader Harris Brecken tasks Crane with negotiating a deal with Rais. Upon meeting Rais, Crane can confirm that he is indeed Suleiman. Crane carries out a series of unethical tasks for Rais under the assumption that he will be rewarded with two crates of Antizin, but Rais betrays him by only giving him five vials. He later severs relations with the GRE when they halt the supply drops and refuse to help the Tower. Desperate to obtain Antizin, Crane and Jade raid Rais's storage facility but they instead find a cache of plastic explosives. Rahim attempts to use the explosives to bomb a Volatile nest, despite Crane's objection. Rahim is wounded, and Crane executes Rahim's plan and destroys all the infected in the nest. However, when he returns, he discovers that Rahim was actually bitten and had turned into an infected while Crane was gone, forcing Crane to kill him.Meanwhile, a scientist at the Tower named Dr. Imran Zere, who was attempting to develop a cure for the virus, is kidnapped by Rais. Crane attempts a rescue but is also captured. Rais reveals that the file he stole contains proof that the GRE intends to weaponise the virus rather than develop a cure. In the process of escaping, Crane cuts off Rais's hand. Dr. Zere is killed after telling Crane that he had tasked Jade with delivering his research to scientist Dr. Allen Camden. As Crane searches for Jade, he learns that the Defence Ministry is planning to firebomb Harran to eradicate the outbreak, claiming that there are no survivors. Working with the Embers, a survivor group in Old Town, Crane tries to alert the outside world by setting off bombs in an apartment building in the pattern of a sad face, but a jet fires a missile which obscures the pattern.Jade is captured by Rais, who steals Dr. Zere's research. Crane begins to succumb to the virus as he searches for Jade at a museum; when he reaches her, he finds that she was also bitten and will soon turn into an infected. Watching from a distance, Rais offers Crane one dose of Antizin to save either himself or Jade. Jade sacrifices herself, injecting Crane at the last minute, and protects Crane from Rais's men. Jade then succumbs to the infection and turns, forcing Crane to kill her. After killing Rais's second-in-command, Crane delivers the tissue samples to Dr. Camden, who believes that he is close to developing a cure, but needs the rest of Dr. Zere's data.Crane then reactivates a radio tower and successfully alerts the outside world of survivors in Harran, thwarting the Ministry's plan. In a desperate effort to evade scandals, the GRE contacts Crane to retrieve Dr Zere's research for them so they can convince the public they are working on the cure, in exchange they will extract him safely from Harran.Crane discovers that Rais is giving Dr. Zere's research to the GRE in exchange for extraction from Harran. Crane assaults Rais's headquarters and battles him atop a skyscraper, just as a GRE helicopter appears. Crane throws Rais off the building and narrowly recovers the research data; he decides to give it to Dr. Camden and stays in Harran to help the remaining survivors.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Techland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techland"},{"link_name":"Dead Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Island"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_DL_different_from_DI-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI_DL_different_from_DI-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Deep Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Silver"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"AAA game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_game"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_guiding-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Belle_NewYorker.jpg"},{"link_name":"David Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Belle"},{"link_name":"parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"Parkour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belle-26"},{"link_name":"Mirror's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_guiding-24"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"spawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning"},{"link_name":"glitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch"},{"link_name":"clip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"motion sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness"},{"link_name":"heads-up display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"David Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Belle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belle-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocinha_1_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rocinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocinha"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poly_guiding-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Not_Dead_Island_2-28"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Rocinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocinha"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Not_Dead_Island_2-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dan Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Jolley"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plague_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Heart of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dead Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Rising"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Krav Maga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krav_Maga"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizers"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The core team of Techland, which had previously released Dead Island in 2011, commenced development on Dying Light in early 2012.[20] While the team was evaluating the feedback from Dead Island and identifying areas to improve, they felt that their new project deviated considerably from the original Dead Island and warranted the need to make it a completely separate game.[20][21] Techland director Adrian Ciszewski noted the difference in creative vision between the studio and Dead Island publisher Deep Silver, whose control over the title prevented the studio from realising their vision. For this reason, Techland decided to split from Deep Silver and develop a new property.[22] The development team also considered Dying Light an opportunity to prove that the studio could make a AAA game.[23] Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment served as the game's publisher and gave Techland complete creative control over the project.[24]David Belle, the pioneer of parkour, was consulted by the development team.Parkour is an important part of the game. The team felt that the gameplay experience would be restricting if players could not jump over or climb environmental obstacles or perform other basic movements.[25] As the game is a survival game, the team believed that players should be allowed to flee from danger and that restricted movement options would hinder players' immersion.[26] The team initially aimed to implement a system similar to that of Mirror's Edge's parkour mechanic, in which players climb up specific rooftops or walls by use of a hook, an environmental object that the player character can interact with. However, as development progressed, the team found that the hooks were limiting players' freedom, since developers were placing hooks in very specific locations. In addition, when one designer changed the position of a hook, he also needed to adjust the locations of other hooks, which was a very troublesome process. Starting in 2012, programmer Bartosz Kulon decided to implement a system that scans all possible climbable objects and recognises them as hooks. The engine would then determine what type of object the player is climbing and choose an appropriate animation for the game to render. The new system, which was named \"Natural Movement\", saved the designers considerable time.[24] However, it also created multiple problems. For instance, since players can now approach an objective from various directions and reach previously unreachable areas, the artificial intelligence (AI) controlling the enemies cannot simply spawn out of nowhere. The existing animations resulted in various glitches, as the player character would often clip through structures. Some playtesters also experienced motion sickness. This resulted in major changes in animations, AI, and the heads-up display. The studio had to abandon most story and quest ideas and start again.[27] The team invited David Belle, the pioneer of parkour, to ensure that the parkour animations were grounded in reality.[26]Harran was inspired by the Rocinha favela of Brazil.The day–night cycle concept was envisioned by Ciszewski prior to the production of Dead Island, but was not implemented in that title due to the team's limited size and resources.[24] The vision was for Dying Light to be \"two games in one box\", since the gameplay experience during the day would be completely different to the experience at night.[28] Harran is a fictional city located in Middle Eastern territories, and Mumbai and Istanbul served as its major inspirations. The Old Town was inspired by Wrocław, Poland, where Techland was located. The game's level designer, Jula Arendt, is a qualified architect and created the history of Harran, which influenced its architectural design. Inspired by the Rocinha favela of Brazil, Harran was designed to be a city with many windows and interiors which serve as possible parkour routes for the players.[29]Another reason why Techland did not make Dying Light a sequel to Dead Island was because the team wanted to create a survival game with a serious tone, while Dead Island's story is lighthearted and the game features mostly hack and slash gameplay.[28] According to producer Tymon Smektała, the team aimed to create a story that was \"more mature and more serious\".[30] Concerned that their team of Poles would not be able to write a story that appealed to North American audiences, Techland invited DC Comics writer Dan Jolley to be a consultant for the story.[31] Inspirations for the story were drawn from novels such as The Plague and Heart of Darkness.[32] Despite the serious tone, the game features some exotic weapons. Game designer Maciej Binkowski felt that the game featured \"Hollywood realism\", and that they did not intend to make over-the-top weapons like the Dead Rising series.[33] Like Dead Island, the game's combat was melee-focused, and the team invited a group of Krav Maga technique experts to show the programmers and designers \"what it was like to hit something\" in order to further refine the game's combat.[34]Techland audio director Paweł Błaszczak composed the music for Dying Light. He took inspiration from 1970s and 1980s movie soundtracks, seeking a sadder tone which he felt was more appropriate than typical horror music for the game's post-apocalyptic setting. He made frequent use of synthesizers to \"present a feeling of abandonment, emptiness and sadness\" to players. When composing music for the night section of the game, he aimed to achieve a silent atmosphere. The team eventually created a whistling sound, which they felt made enemy encounters at night more eerie and disturbing.[35]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dying Light: The Following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Light:_The_Following"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cancelled-42"},{"link_name":"frames per second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Chrome Engine 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_Engine_6"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"pre-order bonus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order_bonus"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"season pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_pass"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamer-55"},{"link_name":"patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_patch"},{"link_name":"mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"film grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_grain"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Software Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association"},{"link_name":"Digital Millennium Copyright Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull"},{"link_name":"tweeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcg-drinkfordlc-63"},{"link_name":"The Following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying_Light:_The_Following"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release_following-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release_following-64"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Left 4 Dead 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_4_Dead_2"},{"link_name":"Chivalry: Medieval Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry:_Medieval_Warfare"},{"link_name":"Rocket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_League"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGamer-55"},{"link_name":"Hellraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellraid"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Switch"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X and Series S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"text":"See also: Dying Light: The FollowingDying Light was first announced in May 2013.[36] The game was originally planned for release in 2014,[37][38] but it was later delayed until February 2015 due to a \"desire to innovate\", and to improve the parkour elements of the game.[39][40] The game's release date was later brought forward to 27 January 2015 for personal computers, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.[41] The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the game were cancelled, due to \"thorough internal testing\" that demonstrated these consoles could not handle the game properly.[42] Techland originally aimed to deliver the game at 60 frames per second (FPS) on both PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. However, according to senior game producer Adrian Ciszewski, Dying Light's frame rate was locked at 30 FPS on consoles to be able to deliver native 1080p graphics, reduce input lag to a minimum, and provide a smoother and more gameplay-tailored performance.[43] Dying Light was the debut title for Techland's own Chrome Engine 6.[44]On 17 January 2015, Techland announced that physical copies of Dying Light had been delayed due to a \"longer lead time than digital\". The delay affected the Middle East, Asia, Australia, and Europe. Techland announced that the game would still be available digitally on its scheduled release date.[45] The physical copies of Dying Light for the affected regions were released on 27 February 2015. \"Be the Zombie\" mode, originally a pre-order bonus, was made free for everyone who purchased the game regardless of platform and territory. Pre-orders of the physical copies of the game also received the \"Cuisine & Cargo\" and the Ultimate Survivor Bundle downloadable content (DLC) packs for free.[46] Players who pre-ordered the game received bonus rare weapons. Early adopters were awarded with more in-game weapons.[47] On Steam, players could also pre-order four copies of the game for the cost of three.[48]The game's season pass included three post-launch DLC packs.[49] \"Cuisine & Cargo\", was released on 10 February 2015. It introduced two narrative missions in which the player investigates buildings which were cordoned off during the early days of the zombie apocalypse.[50] The second DLC, \"Ultimate Survivor Bundle\", was released on 10 March 2015, and added new character skins and weapon blueprints to the game. It was released alongside a free hard mode, which introduced a new tier of weapon rarity and extends the duration of night.[51][52] The third DLC, titled \"The Bozak Horde\", added a location called Harran Stadium and a horde mode, which tasks players to complete various objectives. It was released on 26 May 2015.[53][54] To keep the game's player base engaged, Techland held a variety of community events and challenges regularly following the game's launch.[55]On 2 February 2015, a patch disabled mod support for the game. At the same time, a mod that removed film grain from the game was taken down by the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[56] Techland later explained that the problem was an accident, caused by a side-effect of the release of a patch, and that they were developing a patch to restore modding.[57] The ESA later apologised for issuing the takedown, stating that \"the requests were issued erroneously by a third-party vendor on the organization's behalf\".[58] On 15 February 2015, a patch that restores modding was released.[59] Techland further released the source development tool for modders in April 2015, allowing players to create custom maps and stories.[60] Selected community maps were later released for the console version of the game in 2016.[61]Techland launched several promotional campaigns for the game. A \"My Apocalypse Collectors Edition\", which cost £250,000 (roughly $386,000 at the time) at release, was announced on 25 February 2015. In addition to a special edition of the game, it included a physical zombie shelter, parkour lessons, night vision goggles and a trip to Techland in Poland.[62] On 25 June 2015, in parody of a promotional campaign between Destiny and Red Bull, Techland announced that it would give away codes for premium weapons to players who tweeted a picture of themselves drinking a glass of water. This was later expanded into the \"Drink for DLC\" campaign, with the planned release of multiple pieces of free DLC for the game if a certain amount of pictures were posted.[63]A standalone expansion, The Following, was released on 9 February 2016.[64] The title would be free to all players who purchased Dying Light's season pass and also be available for separate purchase. The Following introduces a new story campaign, controllable vehicles, and a map the size of all the Dying Light maps combined.[65] The expansion released alongside Dying Light: The Following – Enhanced Edition, which includes the base game, all DLC and content updates, and the expansion.[64] A gameplay demo was released on 26 August 2015. The demo offers three hours of gameplay content and supports four-player co-operative multiplayer.[66] Enhanced Edition was released for macOS on 15 December 2016.[67]In December 2017, Techland announced that they would release 10 content packs within the following 12 months. These content drops included new weapons, new enemies, a new map called \"Prison Heist\", and a time-attack mode.[68][69] It also partnered with the developers of Left 4 Dead 2, Chivalry: Medieval Warfare and Rocket League to create crossover content.[70][71][72] A story mode, which drastically lowers the game's difficulty, was added in February 2020.[55] In July 2020, Techland released Dying Light: Hellraid, a DLC pack inspired by the studio's unrealised project, Hellraid. In this DLC, players fight demonic monsters with medieval weapons.[73]Dying Light was bundled with all of its DLC for the \"Platinum Edition\", which was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on 27 May 2021.[74] Techland released the same edition for Nintendo Switch on 19 October 2021.[75][76] A patch for the PlayStation 4 version of the game bringing resolution, draw distance and framerate enhancements was also released for the PlayStation 5 on 8 March 2022.[77] A performance patch was also released for Xbox Series X and Series S on 21 March 2022.[78] On 9 June 2022, Techland released Dying Light: Definitive Edition, which bundles the base game with all the downloadable content packs released.[79]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-82"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructRev-83"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGRev-84"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIRev-85"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNRev-87"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGRev-89"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyRev-90"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGRev-88"},{"link_name":"VentureBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBRev-91"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 75/100[80]PS4: 74/100[81]XONE: 74/100[82]Review scoresPublicationScoreDestructoid7/10[83]Eurogamer7/10[84]Game Informer8.5/10[85]GameSpot7/10[86]IGN8.5/10[87]PC Gamer (US)70/100[89]Polygon6.5/10[90]USgamer3.5/5[88]VentureBeat87/100[91]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS4-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCXONE-82"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"USgamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USgamer"},{"link_name":"Roger Craig Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Craig_Smith"},{"link_name":"VentureBeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBRev-91"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructRev-83"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"cutscenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNRev-87"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIRev-85"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBRev-91"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGRev-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructRev-83"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIRev-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGRev-88"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGRev-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructRev-83"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyRev-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGRev-84"},{"link_name":"fetch quests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch_quest"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGRev-88"},{"link_name":"errand boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errand_boy"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_V:_Skyrim"},{"link_name":"Assassin's Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed"},{"link_name":"Far Cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Cry"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGRev-88"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VBRev-91"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DestructRev-83"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGRev-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroGRev-84"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNRev-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIRev-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotRev-86"},{"link_name":"Left 4 Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_4_Dead"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGRev-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyRev-90"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"According to review aggregator Metacritic, the PC version of the game received \"generally positive reviews\" upon release.[80] The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions received \"mixed or average\" reviews.[81][82]Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer felt that the story, despite being predictable, was serviceable, though he noted that the main campaign was \"repetitive\". Writing for USgamer, Mike Williams described the hero as \"generic\", though he praised Roger Craig Smith's performance as Kyle Crane. Jeff Grubb from VentureBeat also criticised the writing and felt that the story does not make sense.[91] Destructoid's Chris Carter lamented that the story was uninspired, and that the characters featured in the game were \"contrived and boring\".[83] Kevin VanOrd from GameSpot stated that the story \"lumbers through one cliche after another\", though he remarked that it is \"perfectly palatable\", praising the voice acting and the expressive facial animation in the cutscenes.[86] Mikel Reparaz from IGN believed that the characters were interesting, though \"under-developed\". He felt that the story was surprisingly straightforward, and wrote that the villain was \"entertainingly cliched\".[87] In contrast, Brian Shea, writing for Game Informer, praised the story for being immersive, and remarked that the players will slowly grow attached to the characters.[85]Grubb praised the responsive controls and liked the upgrade options and the progression system, which rewards players for taking risks during the night. He added that night gameplay was \"exhilarating\" and \"truly terrifying\".[91] Christopher Livingston from PC Gamer agreed, stating that the differences between daytime and night-time gameplay were \"remarkable\".[89] VanOrd also felt that night-time gameplay was a terrifying experience and believed that it had successfully created tense moments. However, he felt that the melee combat was not as \"fulfilling\" as the original game.[86] Carter, however, enjoyed the game's combat which he described as \"deliberate\" and regarded it as an improvement over the original Dead Island.[83] Shea also liked the combat due to the \"sheer brutality of the hand-to-hand animations\", though he criticised the gunplay for not being as polished as the melee combat.[85] Williams wrote that the free-running mechanic is \"a ton of fun\", and that he can \"spend hours moving from one section of the city to the next\". VanOrd also applauded the free running system, saying that it \"energizes moments of great tension\", and that climbing tall structures can be \"an anxious exercise in precision\".[86]Several critics believed that the game should be streamlined, with some singling out the weapon-breaking mechanic and the crafting system. Williams believed that they existed only to lengthen the game.[88] Whitehead believed that these systems prevented players from taking a proactive role in combat. He also felt that the survival focus would cause players to lose interest.[84] Carter agreed that Techland should have streamlined the game's micromanagement and kept the focus on combat.[83] Arthur Gies from Polygon wrote that many of the systems in Dying Light were \"clunky\" and poorly implemented, and he lamented that the game was extended by \"stringing objectives as far away from one another as possible\".[90] Williams felt that the side missions of the game generally contained better narrative than the main quests.[84] However, he was disappointed that most of these missions were fetch quests.[88] VanOrd agreed and likened the protagonist to an \"errand boy\", finding the objectives to be uninspiring and frustrating, adding that they were mostly \"frustrating slogs, or simply bad ideas\".[86] The game was often criticised for its lack of innovation, as the game features many elements commonly found in other AAA open-world games such as The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Assassin's Creed, and Far Cry.[88][91][83] Both VanOrd and Whitehead felt that the zombies become an annoyance in the game rather than an enemy.[86][84]Whitehead praised the game's multiplayer, adding that the cooperative challenges make the game's world reactive and fresh, and give players reason to stay engaged after they finished the campaign. He also praised the asymmetrical multiplayer mode and stated that it was \"a blast\" if players play in a full lobby.[84] Reparaz agreed that the game is better when it is played with several friends, though he remarked that the gameplay can be unbalanced in the asymmetrical multiplayer mode if the lobby is not full.[87] Shea also believed the multiplayer enhances the experience and that cooperative gameplay enables the campaign's difficult sections to become more \"approachable\".[85] VanOrd liked the asymmetrical multiplayer, as he felt that it extended the tension created during the night.[86] However, Livingston was not impressed, calling it a half-baked version of Left 4 Dead.[89] Gies was concerned that this mode is merely a \"distraction\" and that it lacks sufficient depth and development.[90]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Advanced_Warfare"},{"link_name":"The Evil Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Within"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"The Order: 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Order:_1886"},{"link_name":"Evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolve_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"In the first week after its release, 1.2 million people played Dying Light.[92] The retail version of Dying Light debuted at No. 1 on the US software sales chart, outselling heavy competitors such as Grand Theft Auto V and Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare. Dying Light has the highest-selling first month of sales for a new survival-horror intellectual property, breaking the record previously held by The Evil Within.[93] The game also reached No. 1 on the UK software retail chart for two weeks, outperforming other major releases in February such as The Order: 1886 and Evolve, despite the game having been released a month earlier in digital format.[94][95] In its first 45 days after its release, 3.2 million people played Dying Light, making it the most popular game that Techland had developed.[96] Techland announced 4.5 million players had played the game by May 2015.[97] The game had sold five million units by August in the same year[98] More than 17 million players had played the game by December 2019.[99] By April 2022, the game had sold 20 million units.[100]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raymond Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Benson"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Hellraid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellraid"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"early access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_access"},{"link_name":"battle royale game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royale_game"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_5"},{"link_name":"Xbox Series X and Series S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"text":"A prequel novel, Nightmare Row, written by Raymond Benson, was released on 8 April 2016.[101] The story revolves around Mel Wyatt and her brother Paul, who were trapped in a hotel after the outbreak.[102]In May 2015, it was announced that the development of another Techland video game, Hellraid, had been put on hold to allow the studio to allocate resources and time to concentrate on the development of the Dying Light franchise.[103] A spin-off of the game, titled Dying Light: Bad Blood, was released in early access in 2018. It is a battle royale game that pits 12 players against each other on a small map. The game failed to attract many players, and Techland made it available for all Dying Light players for free in January 2020.[104] A sequel, Dying Light 2, was released in February 2022 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and Series S.[105]","title":"Sequels and related media"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The parkour mechanics in Dying Light allow players to leap from one rooftop to another.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Dying_Light_screenshot.jpg/220px-Dying_Light_screenshot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roger Craig Smith provided the voice for protagonist Kyle Crane.[18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Roger_Craig_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Roger_Craig_Smith_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"David Belle, the pioneer of parkour, was consulted by the development team.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/David_Belle_NewYorker.jpg/170px-David_Belle_NewYorker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harran was inspired by the Rocinha favela of Brazil.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rocinha_1_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg/220px-Rocinha_1_by_Diego_Baravelli.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dying Light: How to Fast Travel\". Shacknews. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/87947/dying-light-how-to-fast-travel","url_text":"\"Dying Light: How to Fast Travel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shacknews","url_text":"Shacknews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024083935/https://www.shacknews.com/article/87947/dying-light-how-to-fast-travel","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Adam (11 August 2014). \"The 'Z' Word Is Zipline: Dying Light\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/08/11/the-z-word-is-zipline-dying-light/","url_text":"\"The 'Z' Word Is Zipline: Dying Light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190719184526/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/08/11/the-z-word-is-zipline-dying-light/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sykes, Tom (4 August 2013). \"Dying Light trailer proves that every game should feature grappling hooks\". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/dying-light-trailer-proves-that-every-game-should-feature-grappling-hooks/","url_text":"\"Dying Light trailer proves that every game should feature grappling hooks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150313190847/http://www.pcgamer.com/dying-light-trailer-proves-that-every-game-should-feature-grappling-hooks/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"LeJacq, Yannick (6 February 2015). \"Tips For Playing Dying Light\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/tips-for-playing-dying-light-1682875644","url_text":"\"Tips For Playing Dying Light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064139/http://kotaku.com/tips-for-playing-dying-light-1682875644","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Concepcion, Miguel (29 January 2015). \"Dying Light collectibles location guide\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/dying-light-collectibles-location-guide-notes-battle-journals-voice-mails/","url_text":"\"Dying Light collectibles location guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180202183916/http://www.gamesradar.com/dying-light-collectibles-location-guide-notes-battle-journals-voice-mails/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ivan, Tom (17 December 2013). \"Dying Light video shows how gameplay differs at day and night\". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.computerandvideogames.com/442851/dying-light-video-shows-how-gameplay-differs-at-day-and-night/","url_text":"\"Dying Light video shows how gameplay differs at day and night\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131218055253/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/442851/dying-light-video-shows-how-gameplay-differs-at-day-and-night/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lummis, Michael (20 January 2015). \"10 Dying Light Tips That Might Save Your Life\". Prima Games. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://primagames.com/official-strategy/game-strategy-10-dying-light-tips-might-save-your-life","url_text":"\"10 Dying Light Tips That Might Save Your Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_Games","url_text":"Prima Games"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827163555/https://primagames.com/official-strategy/game-strategy-10-dying-light-tips-might-save-your-life","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krupa, Daniel (12 August 2014). \"Dying Light: Making Zombies Fresh Again – IGN First\". IGN. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2014/12/08/dying-light-making-zombies-fresh-again-ign-first","url_text":"\"Dying Light: Making Zombies Fresh Again – IGN First\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200827163608/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/12/08/dying-light-making-zombies-fresh-again-ign-first","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schulenberg, Thomas (17 December 2013). \"Dying Light debut gameplay shows free-running zombie slaying\". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2013/08/17/dying-light-debut-gameplay-shows-free-running-zombie-slaying/","url_text":"\"Dying Light debut gameplay shows free-running zombie slaying\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystiq","url_text":"Joystiq"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013070402/http://www.joystiq.com/2013/08/17/dying-light-debut-gameplay-shows-free-running-zombie-slaying/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Funk, John (17 December 2013). \"Dying Light gameplay video shows the dangers of nighttime\". Polygon. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2013/12/17/5220144/dying-light-gameplay-video-shows-the-dangers-of-nighttime","url_text":"\"Dying Light gameplay video shows the dangers of nighttime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131220235815/http://www.polygon.com/2013/12/17/5220144/dying-light-gameplay-video-shows-the-dangers-of-nighttime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dying Light Tips and Tricks – Unlock Perks, Repair Weapons, Craft Items\". Prima Games. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. 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Retrieved 9 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.destructoid.com/you-can-beat-dying-light-with-no-weapons-just-punches-and-dropkicks-287206.phtml","url_text":"\"You can beat Dying Light with no weapons, just punches and dropkicks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid","url_text":"Destructoid"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150414094830/http://www.destructoid.com/you-can-beat-dying-light-with-no-weapons-just-punches-and-dropkicks-287206.phtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lavoy, Bill (2 February 2015). \"Dying Light Walkthrough, Mission Guide, Tips and Collectible\". Prima Games. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. 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Retrieved 8 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gamescom-2014-dying-light-gameplay-trailer-shows-o/1100-6421598/","url_text":"\"Gamescom 2014: Dying Light Gameplay Trailer Shows Off 4-Player Co-Op\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202942/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/gamescom-2014-dying-light-gameplay-trailer-shows-o/1100-6421598/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saed, Sherif (23 January 2015). \"This is what co-op looks like in Dying Light\". VG247. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. 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million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422165730/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/04/dying-light-2-stay-human-sales-top-five-million-in-one-month-dying-light-1-tops-20-million","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/04/08/dying-light-novel-explains-how-the-outbreak-began.aspx","external_links_name":"\"New Dying Light Novel Explains How The Outbreak Begins\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027073713/https://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2016/04/08/dying-light-novel-explains-how-the-outbreak-began.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/01/13/dying-light-set-to-get-prequel-novel","external_links_name":"\"Dying Light set to get prequel novel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150403204748/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/01/13/dying-light-set-to-get-prequel-novel","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-05-21-dead-island-dev-dumps-hellraid-development","external_links_name":"\"Dead Island dev dumps Hellraid development, Techland doubles down on Dying Light\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150524034602/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-05-21-dead-island-dev-dumps-hellraid-development","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/dying-light-bad-blood-is-now-free-to-all-dying-light-players","external_links_name":"\"Dying Light: Bad Blood Is Now Free to All Dying Light Players\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229224117/https://www.ign.com/articles/dying-light-bad-blood-is-now-free-to-all-dying-light-players","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/dying-light-2-announced-and-chris-avellone-is-designing-the-story/","external_links_name":"\"Dying Light 2 announced and Chris Avellone is designing the story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180611011815/https://www.pcgamer.com/dying-light-2-announced-and-chris-avellone-is-designing-the-story/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dyinglightgame.com/dying-light/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Keister
|
Shane Keister
|
["1 History","2 Personal life","3 References"]
|
American musician
"John" Shane Keister (Born November, 1950) is an American musician. He is known for his work as a studio musician, writer, arranger and producer. He plays synthesizer, piano, Hammond B3, Synclavier, Fairlight CMI, Fender Rhodes, and others.
History
Keister was born in Huntington, West Virginia and grew up in the small southern Ohio town of Portsmouth. He began playing the piano at the age of three. As a child and teenager, he studied piano under Dorothy Knost. In junior high school, he studied percussion and jazz under Ralph Harrison. In High School, Shane was accompanist for the Portsmouth High School Choir under the direction of Charles P. Varney. He was a contemporary and fellow music student with Kathleen Battle, although he was a few years younger than Ms Battle. Already a technically skilled classical pianist, as early as junior high school he began playing with local rock and roll bands and performing in clubs and local venues. He was one of the first local keyboardists to own and use a Leslie Speaker Cabinet. The bands Keister played in were quite popular and were very busy in the local rock scene. He moved back to Huntington, West Virginia in his senior year of high school where he continued his piano studies with Mary Shepp Mann. He attended Marshall University his freshman year and transferred his college studies to North Texas State University for one more year. Keister moved to Nashville in 1972 and quickly established himself as a very capable and well-rounded studio musician. His career flourished and in the late 80's, he composed and produced the musical scores for Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam and Ernest Goes to Camp.
At the request of the late Ahmet Ertegün, Keister moved to New York in 1989 to work for him as a staff producer/arranger at Atlantic Records. Keister and Ahmet Ertegun produced the Diane Schuur Music Is My Life album together. Keister worked extensively with Ertegun until 2000 when he decided to again pursue his career independently.
Keister continues to do studio work today, as a pianist/synthesist and as a producer/arranger. He owns an extensive list of vintage synthesizers, including a Fairlight CMI 2x, a Synclavier, a PPG Wave 2.3, a Memorymoog, and an Oberheim Matrix 12 among many others. His work on records is extensive and constantly expanding.
He won a Dove Award for "Instrumental Album of the Year" — along with Michael Omartian, Dann Huff, Tommy Sims, Tom Hemby, Terry McMillan, Chris Rodriguez, Mark Douthit, and Eric Darken — for the album The Players in 1997.
Shane co-produced and arranged Don Francisco's 1977 album "Forgiven" with John W. Thompson. In addition to working as produced and arranger, Shane also contributed acoustic piano, electric piano, and synthesizers to the album. He also produced and played keyboards and synthesizers (Prophet 5, ARP, and others) on the Don Francisco albums "Got To Tell Somebody" (1979) and "The Traveler" (1981).
He has worked with a long list of musicians over the years, including Elvis Presley, Billy Joel, Amy Grant, Michael W Smith and Lou Marini.
Personal life
Shane married Alice Dawkins after meeting in Dallas TX. (1970). They moved to Nashville and had two boys. Aaron (1972) and Samuel (1982). They divorced in 1985.
References
^ James, Caryn. "Ernest Goes to Camp: A Comedy", The New York Times, 1987-05-23, p. I14.
^ Lloyd, James. "Chapman Again Dove Artist of the Year", Dayton Daily News, 1997-04-26, p. C2.
^ Found on the original vinyl album LP label and record cover. NewPax Records, 1977.
^ Original LP record jackets, NewPax Records.
^ Godbey, Matthew. "Sound & Shape", The Post and Courier, 2008-07-17, p. F4.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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He is known for his work as a studio musician, writer, arranger and producer. He plays synthesizer, piano, Hammond B3, Synclavier, Fairlight CMI, Fender Rhodes, and others.","title":"Shane Keister"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Battle"},{"link_name":"Marshall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_University"},{"link_name":"North Texas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Texas_State_University"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"studio musician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_musician"},{"link_name":"Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Otto_and_the_Riddle_of_the_Gloom_Beam"},{"link_name":"Ernest Goes to Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Goes_to_Camp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Ertegün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Erteg%C3%BCn"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Diane Schuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Schuur"},{"link_name":"Music Is My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Is_My_Life"},{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"synthesist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesist"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranger"},{"link_name":"Fairlight CMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight_CMI"},{"link_name":"Synclavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synclavier"},{"link_name":"PPG Wave 2.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Wave"},{"link_name":"Memorymoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorymoog"},{"link_name":"Oberheim Matrix 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim_Matrix_synthesizers"},{"link_name":"Dove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"Michael Omartian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Omartian"},{"link_name":"Dann Huff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dann_Huff"},{"link_name":"Tommy Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Sims"},{"link_name":"Terry McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_McMillan_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chris Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Rodriguez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Don Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Francisco_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"Michael W Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W_Smith"},{"link_name":"Lou Marini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Marini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Keister was born in Huntington, West Virginia and grew up in the small southern Ohio town of Portsmouth. He began playing the piano at the age of three. As a child and teenager, he studied piano under Dorothy Knost. In junior high school, he studied percussion and jazz under Ralph Harrison. In High School, Shane was accompanist for the Portsmouth High School Choir under the direction of Charles P. Varney. He was a contemporary and fellow music student with Kathleen Battle, although he was a few years younger than Ms Battle. Already a technically skilled classical pianist, as early as junior high school he began playing with local rock and roll bands and performing in clubs and local venues. He was one of the first local keyboardists to own and use a Leslie Speaker Cabinet. The bands Keister played in were quite popular and were very busy in the local rock scene. He moved back to Huntington, West Virginia in his senior year of high school where he continued his piano studies with Mary Shepp Mann. He attended Marshall University his freshman year and transferred his college studies to North Texas State University for one more year. Keister moved to Nashville in 1972 and quickly established himself as a very capable and well-rounded studio musician. His career flourished and in the late 80's, he composed and produced the musical scores for Dr. Otto and the Riddle of the Gloom Beam and Ernest Goes to Camp.[1]At the request of the late Ahmet Ertegün, Keister moved to New York in 1989 to work for him as a staff producer/arranger at Atlantic Records. Keister and Ahmet Ertegun produced the Diane Schuur Music Is My Life album together. Keister worked extensively with Ertegun until 2000 when he decided to again pursue his career independently.Keister continues to do studio work today, as a pianist/synthesist and as a producer/arranger. He owns an extensive list of vintage synthesizers, including a Fairlight CMI 2x, a Synclavier, a PPG Wave 2.3, a Memorymoog, and an Oberheim Matrix 12 among many others. His work on records is extensive and constantly expanding.He won a Dove Award for \"Instrumental Album of the Year\" — along with Michael Omartian, Dann Huff, Tommy Sims, Tom Hemby, Terry McMillan, Chris Rodriguez, Mark Douthit, and Eric Darken — for the album The Players in 1997.[2]Shane co-produced and arranged Don Francisco's 1977 album \"Forgiven\" with John W. Thompson. In addition to working as produced and arranger, Shane also contributed acoustic piano, electric piano, and synthesizers to the album.[3] He also produced and played keyboards and synthesizers (Prophet 5, ARP, and others) on the Don Francisco albums \"Got To Tell Somebody\" (1979) and \"The Traveler\" (1981).[4]He has worked with a long list of musicians over the years, including Elvis Presley, Billy Joel, Amy Grant, Michael W Smith and Lou Marini.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shane married Alice Dawkins after meeting in Dallas TX. (1970). They moved to Nashville and had two boys. Aaron (1972) and Samuel (1982). They divorced in 1985.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a70c296d-7603-4ffa-94ed-40faab2f2b45","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_courage
|
Dutch courage
|
["1 Uses","1.1 Criminal","1.2 Warfare","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
|
Reduced inhibitions due to alcohol
Look up dutch courage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up pot-valiant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Dutch courage, also known as pot-valiance or liquid courage, refers to courage gained from intoxication with alcohol.
Uses
Criminal
See also: Alcohol-related crime
For the use of non-intentional offenses, such as drunk walking, see § Alcohol-related crimes.
Alcohol is occasionally used by criminals as a tool to commit alcohol-related offenses. These may include alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults, drunk driving, thefts (for example motor vehicle thefts), or alcohol-fueled robberies and violent crimes. However, Dutch courage defense is not a valid intoxication defense.
Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men. Also, sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. However, female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries have high rates of harmful alcohol use, which is associated with increased risk of unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections.
Warfare
A British soldier drinks a pint of beer on returning from a deployment to Afghanistan.
Main article: Use of drugs in warfare
Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called "liquid courage" for its role in preparing troops for battle. It has also been used to anaesthetize injured soldiers, celebrate military victories, and cope with the emotions of defeat.
Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing the co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder. While existing interventions show promise, more research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness for this specific population, and new tailored interventions should be developed and evaluated to better meet their unique needs.
History
See also: Dutch uncle § Origins
The popular story dates the etymology of the term Dutch courage to English soldiers fighting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1674) and perhaps as early as the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). One version states that jenever (or Dutch gin) was used by English soldiers for its calming effects before battle, and for its purported warming properties on the body in cold weather. Another version has it that English soldiers noted the bravery-inducing effects of jenever on Dutch soldiers.
Gin is a Dutch invention, and was first distilled in Holland in the 16th century. The flavouring in gin comes from juniper berries. The Dutch word for 'juniper' is 'jenever', which got Anglicised to 'ginever' and then finally to 'gin'. Gin would go on to become popular in Britain thanks to King William III of England (William of Orange, r. 1689–1702), who was also Stadtholder of the Netherlands.
See also
Double Dutch
Dutch uncle
Going Dutch (a.k.a. Dutch treat, Dutch date)
References
^ "Where does the phrase 'going Dutch' originate?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ Yang C, Latkin C, Luan R, Nelson K (February 2013). "Factors associated with drinking alcohol before visiting female sex workers among men in Sichuan Province, China". AIDS and Behavior. 17 (2): 568–573. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0260-8. PMC 4017933. PMID 22806054.
^ Beksinska A, Karlsen O, Gafos M, Beattie TS (2023). "Alcohol use and associated risk factors among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis". PLOS Global Public Health. 3 (6): e0001216. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001216. PMC 10263362. PMID 37310993.
^ Dworkin, ER; Bergman, HE; Walton, TO; Walker, DD; Kaysen, DL (2018). "Co-Occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder in U.S. Military and Veteran Populations". Alcohol Research: Current Reviews. 39 (2): 161–169. PMC 6561402. PMID 31198655.
^ "Dutch". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
^ Byrne, Eugene (26 July 2013). "What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch Courage'?". History Extra. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
^ a b Martin, Gary. "Dutch courage". Phrases. UK. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
Further reading
Discovery Channel's "How Do They Do It"
Andrews, S (2007). "Textbook Of Food & Beverage Management", Tata McGraw-Hill (264).
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Related
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Category
|
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These may include alcohol-facilitated sexual assaults, drunk driving, thefts (for example motor vehicle thefts), or alcohol-fueled robberies and violent crimes. However, Dutch courage defense is not a valid intoxication defense.Consuming alcohol prior to visiting female sex workers is a common practice among some men.[2] Also, sex workers often resort to using drugs and alcohol to cope with stress. However, female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries have high rates of harmful alcohol use, which is associated with increased risk of unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections.[3]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD"},{"link_name":"alcohol use disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Warfare","text":"A British soldier drinks a pint of beer on returning from a deployment to Afghanistan.Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called \"liquid courage\" for its role in preparing troops for battle. It has also been used to anaesthetize injured soldiers, celebrate military victories, and cope with the emotions of defeat.Military and veteran populations face significant challenges in addressing the co-occurrence of PTSD and alcohol use disorder. While existing interventions show promise, more research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness for this specific population, and new tailored interventions should be developed and evaluated to better meet their unique needs.[4]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch uncle § Origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_uncle#Origins"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Dutch Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-5"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"jenever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenever"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistoryExtra-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phrases-7"},{"link_name":"juniper berries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berry"},{"link_name":"Anglicised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation"},{"link_name":"gin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phrases-7"},{"link_name":"William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"}],"text":"See also: Dutch uncle § OriginsThe popular story dates the etymology of the term Dutch courage to English soldiers fighting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars[5] (1652–1674) and perhaps as early as the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). One version states that jenever (or Dutch gin) was used by English soldiers for its calming effects before battle, and for its purported warming properties on the body in cold weather. Another version has it that English soldiers noted the bravery-inducing effects of jenever on Dutch soldiers.[6][7]Gin is a Dutch invention, and was first distilled in Holland in the 16th century. The flavouring in gin comes from juniper berries. The Dutch word for 'juniper' is 'jenever', which got Anglicised to 'ginever' and then finally to 'gin'.[7] Gin would go on to become popular in Britain thanks to King William III of England (William of Orange, r. 1689–1702), who was also Stadtholder of the Netherlands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"Alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Alcohol-related crimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime"},{"link_name":"Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_traffic_crashes_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Driving under the influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"Drunk driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving"},{"link_name":"Drunk driving in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Moonshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine"},{"link_name":"Nip joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nip_joint"},{"link_name":"Public intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_intoxication"},{"link_name":"Rum-running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running"},{"link_name":"Wine fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fraud"},{"link_name":"Alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and Native 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1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Index of alcohol-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"Gateway drug effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect"},{"link_name":"Mood disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease"},{"link_name":"Self-medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-medication"},{"link_name":"Spins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spins"},{"link_name":"Town drunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_drunk"},{"link_name":"French paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradox"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcohol_and_health"}],"text":"Discovery Channel's \"How Do They Do It\"\nAndrews, S (2007). \"Textbook Of Food & Beverage Management\", Tata McGraw-Hill (264).vteAlcohol and healthAlcohol useAlcohol-related crimes\nAlcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States\nDriving under the influence (DUI)\nDrunk driving\nDrunk driving in the United States\nMoonshine\nNip joint\nPublic intoxication\nRum-running\nWine fraud\nAlcoholism\nAlcohol and Native Americans\nAlcoholism in adolescence\nAlcoholism in family systems\nAlcoholism in rural Australia\nCollaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism\nDisease theory of alcoholism\nHigh-functioning alcoholic (HFA)\nSeeing pink elephants\nChemistry\nBeer chemistry\nCongener\nAlcohol congener analysis\nEthanol\nBlood alcohol content\nFusel alcohol\nWine chemistry\nEffects\nShort-term effects of alcohol consumption\nLong-term effects of alcohol\nPharmacology of ethanol\nSubjective response to alcohol\nAdverse effects\nAging\nBrain\nCancer\nbreast cancer\nCortisol\nMemory\nPregnancy\nSleep\nTolerance/intolerance\nWeight\nBeverage-specific\nBeer: Potomania\nRed wine: Red wine headache\nSocial issues\nAdulterated alcohol\nAdulterated moonshine\nDenatured alcohol (List of methanol poisoning incidents)\nSurrogate alcohol\nAlcohol abuse\nAlcohol advertising\non college campuses\nSex\nBeer goggles\nAlcohol myopia\nAlcohol in association football\nAlcohol powder\nAlcohol use among college students\nBinge drinking\nAustrian syndrome\nAlcohol intoxication\nEpidemiology of binge drinking\nHoliday heart syndrome\nZapoy\nBlackout\nBlackout Wednesday\nDrinking game\nlist\nPregaming\nDrinking in public\nDrunk dialing\nDrunk walking\nDrunkorexia\nDry drunk\nDutch courage\nFlaming drink\nHair of the dog\nIn vino veritas\nNightcap\nPantsdrunk\nPassive drinking\nBinge drinking devices\nBeer bong\nYard of ale\nRoutes of administration\nAlcohol enema\nAlcohol inhalation\nVodka eyeballing\nSconcing\nHistory\nAndrew Johnson alcoholism debate\nDionysian Mysteries\nDipsomania\nGilbert Paul Jordan\nGin Craze\nList of deaths through alcohol\nRum ration\nRum Rebellion\nShebeen\nSix o'clock swill\nSpeakeasy\nWhiskey Rebellion\nGeneral\nAlcoholic beverage\nBeer\nBeer mile\nInternational Beer Day\nInternational Women's Collaboration Brew Day\nWomen in brewing\nDrinking culture\nApéritif and digestif\nHangover remedies\nHealth effects of wine\nWine and food pairing\nDrunken monkey hypothesis\nLadies' night\nList of countries by alcohol consumption per capita\nAlcohol consumption by youth in the United States\nRitual use of alcohol\nWhiskey\nInternational whisk(e)y day\nAlcohol controlAlcohol law\nAdministrative License Suspension (ALS)\nAlcohol monopoly\nAlcoholic beverage control state\nAlcohol packaging warning messages\nBan on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States\nDrunk driving law by country\nDWI court\nField sobriety testing\nHip flask defence\nIgnition interlock device\nDry county\nList of dry communities by U.S. state\nLast call\nLegal drinking age\nLegal drinking age in the United States\nShoulder tap\nList of alcohol laws of US\nAlcohol prohibition\nList of countries with alcohol prohibition\nNeo-prohibitionism\nTemperance movement\nSobriety\nAlcohol detoxification\nAlcohol-free zone\nDry campus\nOpen-container law\nBrief intervention\nDesignated driver\nAlcohol rehabilitation\nDrunk tank\nManaged alcohol program\nNon-alcoholic drink\nList of cocktails\nList of mixed drinks\nSpritzer\nMalt drinks\nTeetotalism\nTemperance bar\nTemperance and Good Citizenship Day\nTwelve-step groups\nAl-Anon/Alateen\nAlcoholics Anonymous (AA):\nAdult Children of Alcoholics (ACA)\nSober companion\nSober curious\nSober living house\nSobering center\nSobrietol\nQuit lit\nAlcohol limitation\n0-0-1-3\nAlcohol consumption recommendations\nAlcohol education\nAlcohol server training\nMonitoring\nBreathalyzer\nSweat alcohol content monitor\nFRAMES\nDry January\nFoundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility\nCampaigns\nGet Your Sexy Back\nLiquor license\nLow-alcohol drinks\nFermented tea\nLow-alcohol beer\nLow-alcoholic malt drinks\nSmall beer\nMeasurement\nAlcoholic spirits measure\nStandard drink\nAddiction medicine\nBenzodiazepines\nChlordiazepoxide\nDisulfiram-like drugs\nDisulfiram\nCalcium carbimide\nCyanamide\nGeneral anaesthetics\nNitrous oxide\nSulfonic acids\nAcamprosate\nHomotaurine\nReligion and alcohol\nChristian views on alcohol\nalcohol in the Bible\nIslam and alcohol\nHistory\nBeer Street and Gin Lane\nBratt System\nDry state\nGin Act 1751\nMedicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933\nRelated\nIndex of alcohol-related articles\nAlcohol and spaceflight\nGateway drug effect\nMood disorder\nNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease\nSelf-medication\nSpins\nTown drunk\nFrench paradox\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A British soldier drinks a pint of beer on returning from a deployment to Afghanistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg/220px-A_Soldier_Drinks_a_Pint_of_Beer_on_his_Return_from_Afghanistan_MOD_45152497.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Double Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dutch_(jump_rope)"},{"title":"Dutch uncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_uncle"},{"title":"Going Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_Dutch#Etymology"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Where does the phrase 'going Dutch' originate?\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-68084,00.html","url_text":"\"Where does the phrase 'going Dutch' originate?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Yang C, Latkin C, Luan R, Nelson K (February 2013). \"Factors associated with drinking alcohol before visiting female sex workers among men in Sichuan Province, China\". AIDS and Behavior. 17 (2): 568–573. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0260-8. PMC 4017933. PMID 22806054.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017933","url_text":"\"Factors associated with drinking alcohol before visiting female sex workers among men in Sichuan Province, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10461-012-0260-8","url_text":"10.1007/s10461-012-0260-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4017933","url_text":"4017933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22806054","url_text":"22806054"}]},{"reference":"Beksinska A, Karlsen O, Gafos M, Beattie TS (2023). \"Alcohol use and associated risk factors among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis\". PLOS Global Public Health. 3 (6): e0001216. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001216. PMC 10263362. PMID 37310993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10263362","url_text":"\"Alcohol use and associated risk factors among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgph.0001216","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pgph.0001216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10263362","url_text":"10263362"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37310993","url_text":"37310993"}]},{"reference":"Dworkin, ER; Bergman, HE; Walton, TO; Walker, DD; Kaysen, DL (2018). \"Co-Occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder in U.S. Military and Veteran Populations\". Alcohol Research: Current Reviews. 39 (2): 161–169. PMC 6561402. PMID 31198655.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561402","url_text":"\"Co-Occurring Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder in U.S. Military and Veteran Populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561402","url_text":"6561402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31198655","url_text":"31198655"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch\". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Eugene (26 July 2013). \"What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch Courage'?\". History Extra. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyextra.com/period/general-history/what-is-the-origin-of-the-phrase-dutch-courage/","url_text":"\"What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch Courage'?\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Gary. \"Dutch courage\". Phrases. UK. Retrieved 26 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/dutch-courage.html","url_text":"\"Dutch courage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom","url_text":"UK"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_(song)
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D-Block Europe
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["1 Career","1.1 2010–2019: Career beginnings, Any Minute Now, Home Alone, PTSD, and Street Trauma","1.2 2020–2021: The Blue Print: Us vs. Them and Home Alone 2","1.3 2022–present: Lap 5, DBE World and Rolling Stone","2 Discography","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","4 Awards and nominations","5 References"]
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British hip hop collective
D-Block EuropeOriginLewisham, London, EnglandGenres
British hip hop
trap
Years active2005–presentLabelsD-Block RecordsEGA DistroCarolineMembersYoung Adz
Dirtbike LB
Past members
Aero Sinc
Kb
Lil Pino
Websitedblockeurope.com
D-Block Europe, often abbreviated to DBE, is a British hip hop collective consisting of Adam Nathaniel "Young Adz" Williams, and Ricky Earl "Dirtbike LB" Banton.
Their name originated after being co-signed by Jadakiss, resulting in Jadakiss launching the European staple of his record label D-Block Records, creating D-Block Europe. They started to put out tracks on their own label at the beginning of 2014. The group rose to fame in 2017 after releasing numerous singles including "Large Amounts", "Darling", "Nasty".
D-Block Europe's first album The Blue Print: Us vs. Them reached number two on the UK Albums Chart on 16 October 2020. Before their Central Cee collaboration (Overseas) debuted inside the Top 10 on 26 November 2021, D-Block Europe were the act with the most hits without a top 10, managing to chart 29 singles into the UK top 75 with none of them reaching the top 10. Their second album Lap 5 also reached number two on the UK Albums Chart on 30 September 2022.
Young Adz with Eze Talks Sports
They achieved their second top-10 single on the UK Singles Chart following their appearance on Clavish's November 2022 single "Rocket Science", which peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart. Months later, in June 2023, D-Block Europe released "Pakistan", which peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart, marking their third top-10 single and second in a one-year span. Following the release of "Pakistan", they released their mixtape DBE World, which peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart; with the album, DBE broke the record for the rap act with the most top-ten albums in UK history. This was later followed by the release of "Prada" in August 2023, a remixed version of DBE's "Ferrari Horses". Following the track's official release, it reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, marking their highest charting single while reaching number 1 in several countries such as Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, and Sweden. It also made its debut on the Canadian Hot 100 and the Billboard Global 200.
Career
2010–2019: Career beginnings, Any Minute Now, Home Alone, PTSD, and Street Trauma
Main article: Street Trauma
Adam Nathaniel "Young Adz" Williams, half of D-Block Europe first began to create music in 2010 whereas Ricky Earl "Dirtbike LB" Banton was in and out of the streets at a young age. In 2013, Williams received a life-changing co-sign from New York legend, Jadakiss who saw potential in the young artist. Jadakiss later flew over to London to launch the European staple of his record label D-Block Records, hence the stage name, "D-Block Europe". The collective initially consisted of Young Adz and another rapper, Aero Sinc, however, Banton later joined the group after Williams promised to get off the streets together.
Releasing several singles, DBE's first official mixtape, the Yxng Bane-assisted Any Minute Now was released on 20 July 2018. The album peaked in the top 20 on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 14.
DBE's debut solo mixtape, Home Alone was released on 15 February 2019. The project featured their hit single "Kitchen Kings", which peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart resulting in the mixtape peaking at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart, marking their first appearance in the top 10.
On 4 July 2019, DBE released "Home Pussy", the lead single for their mixtape PTSD. The single peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart. The project's second single, "Nookie" featuring Atlanta native Lil Baby was released on 12 September 2019. The track peaked at number 16 on UK Singles Chart, becoming their second single to reach the peak. The mixtape's final single, "Playing for Keeps" featuring Dave was released just a day prior to the project on 26 September 2019. The track peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart. DBE's third mixtape, the highly acclaimed PTSD was released on 27 September 2019. The project featured AJ Tracey, Chip, Dave, Jackboy, Krept and Konan, K-Trap, Lil Baby, Lil Pino, M Huncho, and Yxng Bane. Peaking at number five on the UK Albums Chart, the project marked DBE's highest charting album.
On 27 December 2019, DBE released "No Cellular Site", the lead single to their third mixtape, Street Trauma which was released the same day. The mixtape peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, making it their third in the top 10.
2020–2021: The Blue Print: Us vs. Them and Home Alone 2
Main article: The Blue Print: Us vs. Them
On 11 June 2020, D-Block Europe released "Free 22", the lead single to their debut studio album, The Blue Print: Us vs. Them. Shortly after, they released "Plain Jain" and "We Won" on 9 July 2020, and 6 August 2020, respectively. Months later, the Aitch-assisted "UFO" was released on 2 October 2020. The track proceeded to peak at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their highest-peaking track at the time. This was followed by the release of the Raye-assisted "Ferrari Horses" on 9 October 2020, peaking at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. On 9 October 2020, DBE officially released their debut full-length studio album, The Blue Print: Us vs. Them which debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart after being blocked from the number-one position from Headie One's debut album, Edna.
On 1 July 2021, D-Block Europe released the Lil Pino-assisted, "Kevin McCallister", the lead single to their fourth mixtape, Home Alone 2, the sequel to their debut mixtape, Home Alone. Months later, on 29 October 2021, D-Block Europe released "No Competition", the mixtape's second single while officially announcing the project. The track peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. Just a month later, on 19 November 2021, DBE released "Overseas" with Central Cee. The track proceeded to peak at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, making it DBE's highest peak on the charts. The mixtape's final single, "Make You Smile" featuring AJ Tracey was released on 19 November 2021. The track peaked at number 15 on the Singles Charts. Home Alone 2 was officially released on 19 November 2021, peaking at number six on the UK Albums Chart.
2022–present: Lap 5, DBE World and Rolling Stone
Main articles: Lap 5 and Rolling Stone (album)
On 12 May 2022, DBE released "Black Beatles", the lead single from their second studio album, Lap 5. The second single, "Elegant & Gang" accompanied by Ghost Killer Track was released on 9 June 2022. The track peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Fantasy" was released on 21 July 2022, peaking at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart. Alongside the single's release, the album was officially announced. The album's fourth single, "Man in the Mirror", solely featuring Williams, was released on 16 September 2022, peaking at number 40 on the Singles Chart. The album's final single, "4 the Win" was released just a day prior to the official album. On 23 September 2022, Lap 5 was officially released, debuting at number two on the UK Albums Chart.
On 17 November, D-Block Europe appeared on Clavish's "Rocket Science" which peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart, marking their second top-ten single.
"Side Effects", the lead single for D-Block Europe's fifth mixtape, DBE World was released on 15 June 2023. The track peaked at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart. The mixtape's second single, the highly anticipated "Pakistan" featuring Clavish was released on 29 June 2023. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart, marking DBE's third top-ten single. The mixtape's final single, "Potential" was released just a day prior to the official mixtape, peaking at number 48 on the Singles Chart. On 7 July 2023, DBE World was officially released and proceeded to peak at number six on the UK Albums chart, marking their seventh in the top ten. The mixtape also broke the record for the most top-ten hip-hop albums by an artist in the UK history.
On 11 August 2023, a remix of "Ferrari Horses" with Cassö and Raye, "Prada", was released. The track proceeded to reach number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, marking D-Block Europe's highest charting single and their second top 10 in 2023. On 30 November 2023, D-Block Europe released "I Need It Now", the lead single to their third full-length studio album, Rolling Stone. Alongside the album announcement, they also announced their first concert back at the O2 Arena. After selling out their first show in just two days, they announced another four dates at the O2 Arena alongside a date in the Manchester AO Arena. On January 4, 2024, D-Block Europe released "Skims", the second single from Rolling Stone. On January 11, 2024, DBE released the final single from their album, "Eagle" featuring Noizy after filming the music video in Albania just days prior. On January 12, 2024, D-Block Europe released third full-length studio album, Rolling Stone. The album deubted at number one on the UK Albums Chart becoming D-Block Europe's first number one album on the chart and extending their record as the rap artists with the most top ten albums. Rolling Stone sold 18,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, with 58.2% of its total coming from the 11,000 physical copies sold in the album's first week. On the UK Singles Chart the tracks "I Need to Know", "Skims", and "Eagle" reached number 78, 72, and 19, respectively. UK chart rules prevent artists from having more than three songs in the top 40 at once, otherwise, data showed that an additional two tracks would appear on the charts. The album also beat out 21 Savage's American Dream which debuted at the #2 spot and The Vaccines' Pick-Up Full of Pink Carnations which debuted at #3.
Discography
Main article: D-Block Europe discography
Studio albums
The Blue Print: Us vs. Them (2020)
Lap 5 (2022)
Rolling Stone (2024)
Mixtapes
Home Alone (2019)
PTSD (2019)
Street Trauma (2019)
Home Alone 2 (2021)
DBE World (2023)
Filmography
Television
Year
Title
Yung Adz's role
Dirtbike LB's role
Notes
2020
The Big Narstie Show
Themselves
Series 3; Episode 3
Awards and nominations
Year
Organization
Award
Work
Result
Reference
2020
MOBO Awards 2020
Best Hip Hop Act
Themselves
Nominated
2021
MOBO Awards 2021
Won
2022
Brit Awards
Best Group
Nominated
MOBO Awards 2022
Best Hip Hop Act
Won
Best Male Act
Nominated
2023
MOBO Awards 2023
2024
Brit Awards
Song of the Year
"Prada" (with Cassö and Raye)
References
^ "Bio – D-Block Europe". dblockeurope.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
^ "Trap House (feat. Young Adz, Dirtbike Lb & Kb) | Single by D-Block Europe". Spotify. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
^ "D-Block Europe". Gigs and Tours. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "BBC - D Block Europe". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ "D-Block Europe ft Central Cee | full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "D-Block Europe | full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company.
^ a b Griffiths, George (22 November 2022). "Clavish & D-Block Europe hit Number 1 on Official Trending Chart with Rocket Science". Official Charts. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ a b "D-Block Europe finally liberate official "Pakistan" version featuring Clavish". GRM Daily. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^ a b Smith, Carl (14 July 2023). "Record Breakers! D-Block Europe now boast more Top 10 albums than any other British rap act". The Official Chart. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ a b Paul, Carl (4 October 2023). "Doja Cat, Kenya Grace, Jung Kook & Jack Harlow, Tate McRae and cassö: Number 1 single race latest". The Official Chart. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
^ "JADAKISS Introduces D Block Europe in London YOUNG ADZ & AERO SINC". 30 October 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ "Any Minute Now by D-Block Europe & Yxng Bane". iTunes Store. 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ a b "D-Block Europe | full Official Chart history". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
^ Madziwa, Essence (20 July 2018). "D-BLOCK EUROPE & YXNG BANE RELEASE NEW JOINT PROTECT 'ANY MINUTE NOW'". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Copsey, Rob (9 July 2019). "Post Malone's Goodbyes is Number 1 on the Official Trending Chart". The Official Chart. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Brandle, Lars (16 September 2019). "Ariana Grande, Miley Cyrus and Lana Del Rey's 'Don't Call Me Angel' Is Flying to U.K. Chart Title". Billboard. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Copsey, Rob (1 October 2019). "D-Block Europe and Dave's Playing For Keeps lands at Number 1 on the Official Trending Chart". The Official Chart. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Daily, GRM (5 October 2019). "Watch D-Block Europe Discuss Their New Project PTSD, Their Raunchy Lyrics & More With Charlie Sloth". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Davey, Jacob (24 September 2019). "D Block Europe Unveil 28-Track 'PTSD' Tracklist feat Dave, AJ Tracey and More". VERSUS. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ "D Block Europe Talk PTSD, Relationship Advice & More - WATCH". Capital Xtra. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ W, Courtney (27 December 2020). "D-Block Europe Release Third Tape of the Year". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ "D-Block Europe Release Third mixtape of the Year". Thelinkup.com. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ A., Aron (13 June 2020). "D-Block Europe Ride Through On "Free 22"". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Wynter, Courtney (9 July 2020). "PREMIERE: D BLOCK EUROPE SURPRISE DROP "PLAN JANE" VISUALS". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Habbouchi, Hayley (6 August 2020). "Premiere: D Block Europe Come Through with Visuals for Fire New Track 'We Won'". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Lavin, Will (2 October 2020). "D Block Europe announce debut album, share new single 'UFO' featuring Aitch". NME. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Kreisler, Lauren (6 October 2020). "D-Block Europe ft. Aitch's UFO on track for highest new entry while 24kGldn's Mood set for third week at Number 1". The Official Chart. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Murray, Robin (2 October 2020). "D Block Europe Announce Debut Album The Blueprint – Us Vs. Them". Clash. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Petridis, Alexis (8 October 2020). "D-Block Europe: The Blueprint – Us vs Them review – UK rap stars box themselves in". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Hawkes, Jake (8 October 2020). "D-Block Europe – The Blueprint Us Vs Them". Clash. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Powell, Jon (2 July 2021). "D-Block Europe – The Blueprint Us Vs Them". Revolt TV. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Murray, Robin (29 October 2020). "D-Block Europe Announce 'Home Alone 2' Mixtape". Clash. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Wynter, Courtney (18 November 2020). "D-Block Europe & Central Cee Head to France in Clean "Overseas" Visuals". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Evans, Elle (18 November 2020). "D-Block Europe Tap Central Cee for Highly Anticipated Collab 'Overseas'". Mixtape Madness. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Powell, Jon (2 November 2021). "D-Block Europe and AJ Tracey take a trip overseas in "Make You Smile" visual". Revolt TV. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Powell, Jon (19 November 2021). "Listen to D-Block Europe's 'Home Alone 2' project". Revolt TV. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Powell, Jon (13 May 2022). "D-Block Europe return with new visual for "Black Beatles"". Revolt TV. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Courtney, Wynter (9 June 2022). "D-Block Europe Share New Single 'Elegant & Gang'". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
^ Olaoya, Ezra (22 July 2022). "D-Block Europe Announce New Album Lap 5 With "Fantasy" Visuals". Complex. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Courtney, Wynter (21 July 2022). "D-Block Europe Announce Lap 5 Album with New "Fantasy" Visuals". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Powell, Jon (30 August 2022). "Young Adz drops off new visual for "Man In The Mirror"". Revolt TV. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Olaoya, Ezra (23 September 2022). "D-Block Europe's 'Lap 5' Album Is Here". Complex. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Griffiths, George (26 September 2022). "D-Block Europe, Mark Owen, 5 Seconds of Summer and Sports Team in four-way charge for the UK's Number 1 album". The Official Chart. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Daily, GRM (9 June 2023). "D-Block Europe Fly Overseas in Brand New "Side Effects" Video". GRM Daily. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
^ Nylander, Davina (29 June 2023). "D-Block Europe Unleash DBE World Mixtape & "Potential" Video". GRM Daily. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
^ Keith, James (10 July 2023). "D-Block Europe Share New 24-Track Project DBE World". Complex. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Brandle, Lars (17 July 2023). "D-Block Europe Sets U.K. Chart Record". Billboard. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Daily, GRM (11 August 2023). "D-Block Europe & Raye Join Cassö for "Prada"". GRM Daily. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
^ Archibald-Powell, Naimah (1 December 2023). "D-Block Europe Announce New Album Rolling Stone with "I Need It Now" Visuals". GRM Daily. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ Johnson, Laura (1 December 2023). "D-Block Europe Announce New Album Rolling Stone And London Show At The O2". Stereoboard. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
^ Pilly, Max (7 December 2023). "D-Block Europe announce two extra shows at The O2 in London due to phenomenal demand". NME. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ Johnson, Laura (8 December 2023). "D-Block Europe Announce Fourth London Date And Manchester Show For February". Stereoboard. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
^ Scott, Jim (5 January 2024). "D-BLOCK EUROPE MARK RETURN WITH NEW BANGER "SKIMS"". GRM Daily. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "D-BLOCK EUROPE UNLEASH NEW "EAGLE" VIDEO FEATURING NOIZY". GRM Daily. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ Powell, Jon (11 January 2024). "D-Block Europe drops off latest visual for "Eagle" with Noizy". Revolt. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ Keith, James (15 January 2024). "D-Block Europe Draft Kodak Black, Yxng Bane & Noizy For New Album 'Rolling Stone'". Complex. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Smith, Carl (19 January 2024). "D-Block Europe celebrate first-ever Number 1 album with Rolling Stone". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ a b Paine, Andre (19 January 2024). "'D-Block Europe are titans of UK rap': Inside EGA Distro's chart-topping album campaign". Music Week. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "The Vaccines and D Block Europe battle for number one album". Daily Echo. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ "The MOBO Awards 2020: Full nominees list, performers, how to watch & more". Capital Xtra. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (5 December 2021). "Mobo awards 2021: Dave, Little Simz and Ghetts top winners". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ "Brit Awards 2022: Full list of winners and nominees". BBC News. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ Davies, Rachael (23 November 2022). "MOBO Awards 2022: Nominees, hosts and line-up announced". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ Waters, Lowenna (1 December 2022). "MOBO Awards 2022: Full winners list including Little Simz and Ezra Collective". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (14 December 2023). "Little Simz and Stormzy top 2024 Mobo award nominations". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (24 January 2024). "Brit awards 2024: record-breaking Raye lands seven nominations". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
vteD-Block EuropeDiscographyStudio albums
The Blue Print: Us vs. Them (2020)
Lap 5 (2022)
Rolling Stone (2024)
Mixtapes
Street Trauma (2019)
DBE World (2023)
Singles
"We Won"
"Ferrari Horses"
"Make You Smile"
"Fantasy"
"Pakistan"
"Prada"
"Eagle"
Featured singles
"Rocket Science"
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_collective"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jadakiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadakiss"},{"link_name":"D-Block Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Blue Print: Us vs. Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Print:_Us_vs._Them"},{"link_name":"Central Cee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"most hits without a top 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart_records_and_statistics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lap 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Adz_Ramadan_Link.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavish"},{"link_name":"Rocket Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Science_(Clavish_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocket_Science-8"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_(D-Block_Europe_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record_Breaker-10"},{"link_name":"Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prada_(Cass%C3%B6,_Raye_and_D-Block_Europe_song)"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Horses"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prada-11"}],"text":"D-Block Europe, often abbreviated to DBE, is a British hip hop collective consisting of Adam Nathaniel \"Young Adz\" Williams, and Ricky Earl \"Dirtbike LB\" Banton.[3] Their name originated after being co-signed by Jadakiss, resulting in Jadakiss launching the European staple of his record label D-Block Records, creating D-Block Europe. They started to put out tracks on their own label at the beginning of 2014.[4] The group rose to fame in 2017 after releasing numerous singles including \"Large Amounts\", \"Darling\", \"Nasty\".D-Block Europe's first album The Blue Print: Us vs. Them reached number two on the UK Albums Chart on 16 October 2020. Before their Central Cee collaboration (Overseas)[5] debuted inside the Top 10 on 26 November 2021,[6] D-Block Europe were the act with the most hits without a top 10, managing to chart 29 singles into the UK top 75 with none of them reaching the top 10.[7] Their second album Lap 5 also reached number two on the UK Albums Chart on 30 September 2022.Young Adz with Eze Talks SportsThey achieved their second top-10 single on the UK Singles Chart following their appearance on Clavish's November 2022 single \"Rocket Science\", which peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart.[8] Months later, in June 2023, D-Block Europe released \"Pakistan\", which peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart, marking their third top-10 single and second in a one-year span.[9] Following the release of \"Pakistan\", they released their mixtape DBE World, which peaked at number six on the UK Albums Chart; with the album, DBE broke the record for the rap act with the most top-ten albums in UK history.[10] This was later followed by the release of \"Prada\" in August 2023, a remixed version of DBE's \"Ferrari Horses\". Following the track's official release, it reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, marking their highest charting single while reaching number 1 in several countries such as Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, and Sweden. It also made its debut on the Canadian Hot 100 and the Billboard Global 200.[11]","title":"D-Block Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jadakiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadakiss"},{"link_name":"D-Block Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lox"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yxng Bane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yxng_Bane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMN-13"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home_Pussy-16"},{"link_name":"Lil Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Baby"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nookie-17"},{"link_name":"Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Playing_for_Keeps-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PTSD-19"},{"link_name":"AJ Tracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Tracey"},{"link_name":"Chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Dave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Krept and Konan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krept_and_Konan"},{"link_name":"K-Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Trap"},{"link_name":"Lil Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Baby"},{"link_name":"M Huncho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Huncho"},{"link_name":"Yxng Bane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yxng_Bane"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Street Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Trauma"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-No_Cellular_Site-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2010–2019: Career beginnings, Any Minute Now, Home Alone, PTSD, and Street Trauma","text":"Adam Nathaniel \"Young Adz\" Williams, half of D-Block Europe first began to create music in 2010 whereas Ricky Earl \"Dirtbike LB\" Banton was in and out of the streets at a young age. In 2013, Williams received a life-changing co-sign from New York legend, Jadakiss who saw potential in the young artist. Jadakiss later flew over to London to launch the European staple of his record label D-Block Records, hence the stage name, \"D-Block Europe\". The collective initially consisted of Young Adz and another rapper, Aero Sinc, however, Banton later joined the group after Williams promised to get off the streets together.[12]Releasing several singles, DBE's first official mixtape, the Yxng Bane-assisted Any Minute Now was released on 20 July 2018.[13] The album peaked in the top 20 on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 14.[14][15]DBE's debut solo mixtape, Home Alone was released on 15 February 2019. The project featured their hit single \"Kitchen Kings\", which peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart resulting in the mixtape peaking at number 6 on the UK Albums Chart, marking their first appearance in the top 10.[14]On 4 July 2019, DBE released \"Home Pussy\", the lead single for their mixtape PTSD. The single peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart.[16] The project's second single, \"Nookie\" featuring Atlanta native Lil Baby was released on 12 September 2019. The track peaked at number 16 on UK Singles Chart, becoming their second single to reach the peak.[17] The mixtape's final single, \"Playing for Keeps\" featuring Dave was released just a day prior to the project on 26 September 2019. The track peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart.[18] DBE's third mixtape, the highly acclaimed PTSD was released on 27 September 2019.[19] The project featured AJ Tracey, Chip, Dave, Jackboy, Krept and Konan, K-Trap, Lil Baby, Lil Pino, M Huncho, and Yxng Bane.[20] Peaking at number five on the UK Albums Chart, the project marked DBE's highest charting album.[21]On 27 December 2019, DBE released \"No Cellular Site\", the lead single to their third mixtape, Street Trauma which was released the same day.[22] The mixtape peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, making it their third in the top 10.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blue Print: Us vs. Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Print:_Us_vs._Them"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Free_22-24"},{"link_name":"We Won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Won"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Aitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitch_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFO-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raye"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Horses"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferrari_Horses-29"},{"link_name":"The Blue Print: Us vs. Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Print:_Us_vs._Them"},{"link_name":"Headie One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headie_One"},{"link_name":"Edna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_(album)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevin_McCallister-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Central Cee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Cee"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"AJ Tracey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Tracey"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Make_You_Smile-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home_Alone_2-37"}],"sub_title":"2020–2021: The Blue Print: Us vs. Them and Home Alone 2","text":"On 11 June 2020, D-Block Europe released \"Free 22\", the lead single to their debut studio album, The Blue Print: Us vs. Them.[24] Shortly after, they released \"Plain Jain\" and \"We Won\" on 9 July 2020, and 6 August 2020, respectively.[25][26] Months later, the Aitch-assisted \"UFO\" was released on 2 October 2020.[27] The track proceeded to peak at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart becoming their highest-peaking track at the time.[28] This was followed by the release of the Raye-assisted \"Ferrari Horses\" on 9 October 2020, peaking at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart.[29] On 9 October 2020, DBE officially released their debut full-length studio album, The Blue Print: Us vs. Them which debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart after being blocked from the number-one position from Headie One's debut album, Edna.[30][31]On 1 July 2021, D-Block Europe released the Lil Pino-assisted, \"Kevin McCallister\", the lead single to their fourth mixtape, Home Alone 2, the sequel to their debut mixtape, Home Alone.[32] Months later, on 29 October 2021, D-Block Europe released \"No Competition\", the mixtape's second single while officially announcing the project. The track peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.[33] Just a month later, on 19 November 2021, DBE released \"Overseas\" with Central Cee. The track proceeded to peak at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart, making it DBE's highest peak on the charts.[34][35] The mixtape's final single, \"Make You Smile\" featuring AJ Tracey was released on 19 November 2021. The track peaked at number 15 on the Singles Charts.[36] Home Alone 2 was officially released on 19 November 2021, peaking at number six on the UK Albums Chart.[37]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lap 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_5"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_Beatles-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elegant_&_Gang-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fantasy-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Man_in_the_Mirror-42"},{"link_name":"Lap 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_5"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lap_5-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Clavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavish"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocket_Science-8"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Side_Effects-45"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_(D-Block_Europe_song)"},{"link_name":"Clavish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavish"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan-9"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potential-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DBE_World-47"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Record_Breaker-10"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prada_(Cass%C3%B6,_Raye_and_D-Block_Europe_song)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prada-11"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(album)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INTK-50"},{"link_name":"O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"AO Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Arena"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skims-54"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(D-Block_Europe_and_Noizy_song)"},{"link_name":"Noizy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noizy"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eagle-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(album)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-59"},{"link_name":"Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_(D-Block_Europe_and_Noizy_song)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MW-59"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dream_(21_Savage_album)"},{"link_name":"The Vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vaccines"},{"link_name":"Pick-Up Full of Pink Carnations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick-Up_Full_of_Pink_Carnations"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"2022–present: Lap 5, DBE World and Rolling Stone","text":"On 12 May 2022, DBE released \"Black Beatles\", the lead single from their second studio album, Lap 5.[38] The second single, \"Elegant & Gang\" accompanied by Ghost Killer Track was released on 9 June 2022. The track peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.[39] The third single, \"Fantasy\" was released on 21 July 2022, peaking at number 49 on the UK Singles Chart. Alongside the single's release, the album was officially announced.[40][41] The album's fourth single, \"Man in the Mirror\", solely featuring Williams, was released on 16 September 2022, peaking at number 40 on the Singles Chart.[42] The album's final single, \"4 the Win\" was released just a day prior to the official album. On 23 September 2022, Lap 5 was officially released, debuting at number two on the UK Albums Chart.[43][44]On 17 November, D-Block Europe appeared on Clavish's \"Rocket Science\" which peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart, marking their second top-ten single.[8]\"Side Effects\", the lead single for D-Block Europe's fifth mixtape, DBE World was released on 15 June 2023. The track peaked at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart.[45] The mixtape's second single, the highly anticipated \"Pakistan\" featuring Clavish was released on 29 June 2023. The single peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart, marking DBE's third top-ten single.[9] The mixtape's final single, \"Potential\" was released just a day prior to the official mixtape, peaking at number 48 on the Singles Chart.[46] On 7 July 2023, DBE World was officially released and proceeded to peak at number six on the UK Albums chart, marking their seventh in the top ten.[47] The mixtape also broke the record for the most top-ten hip-hop albums by an artist in the UK history.[10][48]On 11 August 2023, a remix of \"Ferrari Horses\" with Cassö and Raye, \"Prada\", was released.[49] The track proceeded to reach number 2 on the UK Singles Chart, marking D-Block Europe's highest charting single and their second top 10 in 2023.[11] On 30 November 2023, D-Block Europe released \"I Need It Now\", the lead single to their third full-length studio album, Rolling Stone.[50] Alongside the album announcement, they also announced their first concert back at the O2 Arena.[51] After selling out their first show in just two days, they announced another four dates at the O2 Arena alongside a date in the Manchester AO Arena.[52][53] On January 4, 2024, D-Block Europe released \"Skims\", the second single from Rolling Stone.[54] On January 11, 2024, DBE released the final single from their album, \"Eagle\" featuring Noizy after filming the music video in Albania just days prior.[55][56] On January 12, 2024, D-Block Europe released third full-length studio album, Rolling Stone.[57] The album deubted at number one on the UK Albums Chart becoming D-Block Europe's first number one album on the chart and extending their record as the rap artists with the most top ten albums.[58] Rolling Stone sold 18,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, with 58.2% of its total coming from the 11,000 physical copies sold in the album's first week.[59] On the UK Singles Chart the tracks \"I Need to Know\", \"Skims\", and \"Eagle\" reached number 78, 72, and 19, respectively. UK chart rules prevent artists from having more than three songs in the top 40 at once, otherwise, data showed that an additional two tracks would appear on the charts.[59] The album also beat out 21 Savage's American Dream which debuted at the #2 spot and The Vaccines' Pick-Up Full of Pink Carnations which debuted at #3.[60]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blue Print: Us vs. Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Print:_Us_vs._Them"},{"link_name":"Lap 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_5"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(album)"},{"link_name":"Street Trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Trauma"},{"link_name":"DBE World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBE_World"}],"text":"Studio albumsThe Blue Print: Us vs. Them (2020)\nLap 5 (2022)\nRolling Stone (2024)MixtapesHome Alone (2019)\nPTSD (2019)\nStreet Trauma (2019)\nHome Alone 2 (2021)\nDBE World (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Young Adz with Eze Talks Sports","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Young_Adz_Ramadan_Link.jpg/220px-Young_Adz_Ramadan_Link.jpg"}]
| null |
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album\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119033351/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/24055117.vaccines-d-block-europe-battle-number-one-album/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.capitalxtra.com/news/the-mobo-awards-2020-nominees-date-how-to-watch/","external_links_name":"\"The MOBO Awards 2020: Full nominees list, performers, how to watch & more\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124212716/https://www.capitalxtra.com/news/the-mobo-awards-2020-nominees-date-how-to-watch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/05/mobo-awards-2021-dave-little-simz-and-ghetts-top-winners","external_links_name":"\"Mobo awards 2021: Dave, Little Simz and Ghetts top winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231205165633/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/dec/05/mobo-awards-2021-dave-little-simz-and-ghetts-top-winners","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-59711692","external_links_name":"\"Brit Awards 2022: Full list of winners and nominees\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231021084022/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-59711692","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/mobo-awards-2022-winners-list-little-simz-ezra-collective-craig-david-b1044088.html","external_links_name":"\"MOBO Awards 2022: Nominees, hosts and line-up announced\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221203153951/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/music/mobo-awards-2022-nominees-hosts-line-up-when-where-london-b1036079.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/music/mobo-awards-2022-nominees-hosts-line-up-when-where-london-b1036079.html","external_links_name":"\"MOBO Awards 2022: Full winners list including Little Simz and Ezra Collective\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230116014252/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/mobo-awards-2022-winners-list-little-simz-ezra-collective-craig-david-b1044088.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/dec/14/little-simz-and-stormzy-top-2024-mobo-award-nominations","external_links_name":"\"Little Simz and Stormzy top 2024 Mobo award nominations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240101172305/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/dec/14/little-simz-and-stormzy-top-2024-mobo-award-nominations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/jan/24/brit-awards-2024-record-breaking-raye-lands-seven-nominations","external_links_name":"\"Brit awards 2024: record-breaking Raye lands seven nominations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240125121634/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/jan/24/brit-awards-2024-record-breaking-raye-lands-seven-nominations","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3325cdfa-8efc-4662-b3df-c094b78b9da8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtakhaniyya
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Ishtakhaniyya
|
["1 History","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
The Ishtakhaniyya were drawn from Ishtikhan in Central Asia
The Ishtakhaniyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنية al-Ishtākhaniyyah) were a regiment in the regular army of the Abbasid Caliphate during the ninth century. The regiment consisted of soldiers who were originally from the town and district of Ishtikhan in Transoxania. The exact name of the Ishtakhaniyya is given variously in the sources, with the forms Ishtikhaniyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنية al-Ishtīkhaniyyah) and Ishtakhanjiyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنجية al-Ishtākhanjiyyah) presumably being variant names for the unit.
History
The Ishtakhaniyya appear to have been active during the mid-ninth century, especially in the period when the Abbasid caliphs resided at Samarra. Compared to other Transoxanian regiments in the army such as the Faraghina or the Ushrusaniyya, however, they are infrequently mentioned in the sources. During the caliphate of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842), the Ishtakhaniyya were, along with the other units of the army, stationed in Samarra after its construction in 836; al-Ya'qubi mentions that the officers of the Faraghina, Ushrusaniyya, Ishtakhanjiyya and other units from Khurasan resided along the city avenue called Shari' al-Hayr al-Jadid.
In 845 the Ishtakhaniyya may have participated in Bugha al-Kabir's campaign against the disorderly Banu Sulaym in the vicinity of Medina. In 870 they were one of several army units that attempted to defend the caliph al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870) against the rebellion of the Turkish troops. After 870 the Ishtakhaniyya largely disappear in the sources; it is possible that the unit was disbanded during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892).
Notes
^ Bosworth, 462; Gordon, pp. 37, 185 n. 248
^ Gordon, p. 188 n. 310; Northedge, p. 170 n. 613
^ Gordon, p. 37. Shaban, p. 63, theorized that the relatively small number of references to the Ishtakhaniyya may have been due to "...such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names."
^ Northedge, pp. 120, 170; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 262-63
^ Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 50. The text reads "al-Ushrusaniyyah al-Ishtikhaniyya;" in Kraemer's opinion, "perhaps the word 'and'" should be inserted between the two names. Kraemer, n. 186
^ Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 107
^ Kennedy, p. 150
References
Bosworth, C.E. (2004). "Ishtikhan". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XII: Supplement. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13974-9.
Gordon, Matthew S. The Breaking of a Thousand Swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra (A.H. 200-275/815-889 C.E.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001. ISBN 0-7914-4795-2
Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.
Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-874-4.
Northedge, Alastair. The Historical Topography of Samarra. London: The British School of Archeology in Iraq, 2005. ISBN 0-903472-17-1.
Shaban, M.A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation, Vol. 2: A.D. 750-1055 (A.H. 132-448). Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1976. ISBN 0-521-21198-0
Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of al-Tabari. Ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985-2007.
Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub. Kitab al-Buldan. Ed. M.J. de Goeje. 2nd ed. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1892.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"regular army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_army"},{"link_name":"Abbasid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Ishtikhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtikhon"},{"link_name":"Transoxania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Ishtakhaniyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنية al-Ishtākhaniyyah) were a regiment in the regular army of the Abbasid Caliphate during the ninth century. The regiment consisted of soldiers who were originally from the town and district of Ishtikhan in Transoxania.[1] The exact name of the Ishtakhaniyya is given variously in the sources, with the forms Ishtikhaniyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنية al-Ishtīkhaniyyah) and Ishtakhanjiyya (Arabic: الإشتاخنجية al-Ishtākhanjiyyah) presumably being variant names for the unit.[2]","title":"Ishtakhaniyya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra"},{"link_name":"Faraghina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraghina"},{"link_name":"Ushrusaniyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushrusaniyya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"al-Mu'tasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim"},{"link_name":"al-Ya'qubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%27qubi"},{"link_name":"Khurasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bugha al-Kabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugha_al-Kabir"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"al-Muhtadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhtadi"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"al-Mu'tamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Ishtakhaniyya appear to have been active during the mid-ninth century, especially in the period when the Abbasid caliphs resided at Samarra. Compared to other Transoxanian regiments in the army such as the Faraghina or the Ushrusaniyya, however, they are infrequently mentioned in the sources.[3] During the caliphate of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842), the Ishtakhaniyya were, along with the other units of the army, stationed in Samarra after its construction in 836; al-Ya'qubi mentions that the officers of the Faraghina, Ushrusaniyya, Ishtakhanjiyya and other units from Khurasan resided along the city avenue called Shari' al-Hayr al-Jadid.[4]In 845 the Ishtakhaniyya may have participated in Bugha al-Kabir's campaign against the disorderly Banu Sulaym in the vicinity of Medina.[5] In 870 they were one of several army units that attempted to defend the caliph al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870) against the rebellion of the Turkish troops.[6] After 870 the Ishtakhaniyya largely disappear in the sources; it is possible that the unit was disbanded during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892).[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Bosworth, 462; Gordon, pp. 37, 185 n. 248\n\n^ Gordon, p. 188 n. 310; Northedge, p. 170 n. 613\n\n^ Gordon, p. 37. Shaban, p. 63, theorized that the relatively small number of references to the Ishtakhaniyya may have been due to \"...such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names.\"\n\n^ Northedge, pp. 120, 170; al-Ya'qubi, pp. 262-63\n\n^ Al-Tabari, v. 34: p. 50. The text reads \"al-Ushrusaniyyah al-Ishtikhaniyya;\" in Kraemer's opinion, \"perhaps the word 'and'\" should be inserted between the two names. Kraemer, n. 186\n\n^ Al-Tabari, v. 36: p. 107\n\n^ Kennedy, p. 150","title":"Notes"}]
|
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| null |
[{"reference":"Bosworth, C.E. (2004). \"Ishtikhan\". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume XII: Supplement. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13974-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ishtikhan&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","url_text":"\"Ishtikhan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman","url_text":"Bearman, P. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis","url_text":"Bianquis, Th."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs","url_text":"Heinrichs, W. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13974-9","url_text":"978-90-04-13974-9"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (2001). The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25093-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy","url_text":"Kennedy, Hugh"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UIspERtZEHIC","url_text":"The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25093-5","url_text":"0-415-25093-5"}]},{"reference":"Kraemer, Joel L., ed. (1989). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-874-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nxyl-gp36y8C","url_text":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-874-4","url_text":"978-0-88706-874-4"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ishtikhan&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo","external_links_name":"\"Ishtikhan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UIspERtZEHIC","external_links_name":"The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nxyl-gp36y8C","external_links_name":"The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIV: Incipient Decline: The Caliphates of al-Wāthiq, al-Mutawakkil and al-Muntaṣir, A.D. 841–863/A.H. 227–248"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQP5
|
Aquaporin-5
|
["1 References","2 Further reading","3 External links"]
|
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
AQP5Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes3D9S, 5C5X, 5DYEIdentifiersAliasesAQP5, AQP-5, PPKB, aquaporin 5External IDsOMIM: 600442; MGI: 106215; HomoloGene: 20398; GeneCards: AQP5; OMA:AQP5 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 12 (human)Band12q13.12Start49,961,872 bpEnd49,965,682 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 15 (mouse)Band15 F1|15 56.13 cMStart99,488,663 bpEnd99,492,710 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inolfactory zone of nasal mucosapalpebral conjunctivaleft testisright testisparotid glandskin of legnasal epitheliumminor salivary glandstracheaskin of abdomenTop expressed insubmandibular glandparotid glandlacrimal glandright lungright lung loberespiratory epitheliumolfactory epitheliumtracheaepithelium of lensleft lungMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
transporter activity
protein binding
water channel activity
identical protein binding
channel activity
Cellular component
integral component of membrane
membrane
plasma membrane
integral component of plasma membrane
microvillus
basal plasma membrane
apical plasma membrane
endoplasmic reticulum
extracellular exosome
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane
cytoplasmic vesicle
Biological process
excretion
water transport
pancreatic juice secretion
saliva secretion
odontogenesis
ion transmembrane transport
camera-type eye morphogenesis
carbon dioxide transport
transport
transmembrane transport
protein homotetramerization
cellular hypotonic response
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez36211830EnsemblENSG00000161798ENSMUSG00000044217UniProtP55064Q9WTY4RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001651NM_009701RefSeq (protein)NP_001642NP_033831Location (UCSC)Chr 12: 49.96 – 49.97 MbChr 15: 99.49 – 99.49 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Aquaporin-5 (AQP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AQP5 gene.
Aquaporin-5 (AQP-5) is a water channel protein. Aquaporins are a family of small integral membrane proteins related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP or AQP0). Aquaporin-5 plays a role in the generation of saliva, tears and pulmonary secretions. AQP0, AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 are closely related and all map to 12q13.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000161798 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000044217 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Lee MD, Bhakta KY, Raina S, Yonescu R, Griffin CA, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Preston GM, Agre P (Jun 1996). "The human Aquaporin-5 gene. Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization". J Biol Chem. 271 (15): 8599–604. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.8599. PMID 8621489.
^ a b c "Entrez Gene: AQP5 aquaporin 5".
Further reading
Verkman AS (2003). "Role of aquaporin water channels in eye function". Exp. Eye Res. 76 (2): 137–43. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00303-2. PMID 12565800.
Ma T, Yang B, Umenishi F, Verkman AS (1997). "Closely spaced tandem arrangement of AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 genes in a 27-kilobase segment at chromosome locus 12q13". Genomics. 43 (3): 387–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4836. PMID 9268644.
Smith JK, Siddiqui AA, Modica LA, et al. (1999). "Interferon-alpha upregulates gene expression of aquaporin-5 in human parotid glands". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19 (8): 929–35. doi:10.1089/107999099313479. PMID 10476940.
Kreda SM, Gynn MC, Fenstermacher DA, et al. (2001). "Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human lung". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 24 (3): 224–34. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4367. PMID 11245621. S2CID 12825671.
Gresz V, Kwon TH, Hurley PT, et al. (2001). "Identification and localization of aquaporin water channels in human salivary glands". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281 (1): G247–54. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G247. PMID 11408278.
Nejsum LN, Kwon TH, Jensen UB, et al. (2002). "Functional requirement of aquaporin-5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 511–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..511N. doi:10.1073/pnas.012588099. PMC 117591. PMID 11773623.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
Burghardt B, Elkaer ML, Kwon TH, et al. (2003). "Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas". Gut. 52 (7): 1008–16. doi:10.1136/gut.52.7.1008. PMC 1773699. PMID 12801959.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
Chen Z, Wang X, Gao L, et al. (2006). "Regulation of MUC5AC mucin secretion by depletion of AQP5 in SPC-A1 cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 342 (3): 775–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.103. PMID 16500622.
Sidhaye VK, Güler AD, Schweitzer KS, et al. (2006). "Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates aquaporin-5 abundance under hypotonic conditions". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (12): 4747–52. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.4747S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511211103. PMC 1450241. PMID 16537379.
Pedersen PS, Braunstein TH, Jørgensen A, et al. (2007). "Stimulation of aquaporin-5 and transepithelial water permeability in human airway epithelium by hyperosmotic stress". Pflügers Arch. 453 (6): 777–85. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0157-3. PMID 17043812. S2CID 6205954.
Skowron-zwarg M, Boland S, Caruso N, et al. (2007). "Interleukin-13 interferes with CFTR and AQP5 expression and localization during human airway epithelial cell differentiation". Exp. Cell Res. 313 (12): 2695–702. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.035. PMID 17553491.
External links
AQP5+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Human AQP5 genome location and AQP5 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
vteMembrane transport protein: ion channels (TC 1A)Ca2+: Calcium channelLigand-gated
Inositol trisphosphate receptor
1
2
3
Ryanodine receptor
1
2
3
Voltage-gated
L-type/Cavα
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
N-type/Cavα2.2
P-type/Cavα
2.1
Q-type/Cavα2.1
R-type/Cavα2.3
T-type/Cavα
3.1
3.2
3.3
α2δ-subunits
1
2
β-subunits
β1
β2
β3
β4
γ-subunits
γ1
γ2
γ3
γ4
Cation channels of sperm
1
2
3
4
Two-pore channel
1
2
Na+: Sodium channelConstitutively active
Epithelial sodium channel
α
β
γ
δ
Proton-gated
Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
1
2
3
4
Voltage-gated
Navα
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
7A
Navβ
1
2
3
4
K+: Potassium channelCalcium-activated
BK channel
α1
β1
β2
β3
β4
SK channel
SK1
SK2
SK3
IK channel
IK1
KCa
1.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.1
4.1
4.2
5.1
Inward-rectifier
KATP
Kir
1.1
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.6
GIRK/Kir
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Kir
4.1
4.2
5.1
6.1
6.2
7.1
Tandem pore domain
K2P
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
12
13
15
16
17
18
Voltage-gated
Kvα1-6
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Kvα7-12
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8.1
8.2
9.1
9.2
9.3
10.1
10.2
11.1/hERG
11.2
11.3
12.1
12.2
12.3
Kvβ
1
2
3
KCNIP
1
2
3
4
minK/ISK
minK/ISK-like
MiRP
1
2
3
Shaker (gene)
MiscellaneousCl−: Chloride channel
Calcium-activated chloride channels
Anoctamin
ANO1
Bestrophin
1
2
Chloride Channel Accessory
1
2
3
4
CFTR
CLCN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
KA
KB
CLIC
1
2
3
4
5
6
L1
CLNS
1A
1B
H+: Proton channel
HVCN1
M+: CNG cation channel
α
1
2
3
4
β
1
2
3
HCN
FC
1
2
3
4
M+: TRP cation channel
TRPA (1)
TRPC
1
2
3
4
4AP
5
6
7
TRPM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TRPML
1
2
3
TRPN
TRPP
1
2
TRPV
1
2
3
4
5
6
H2O (+ solutes): Porin
Aquaporin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Voltage-dependent anion channel
1
2
3
General bacterial porin family
Cytoplasm: Gap junction
Connexin
A
GJA1
GJA3
GJA4
GJA5
GJA8
GJA9
GJA10
B
GJB1
GJB2
GJB3
GJB4
GJB5
GJB6
GJB7
C
GJC1
GJC2
GJC3
D
GJD2
GJD3
GJD4
Innexin
By gating mechanismIon channel class
Ligand-gated
Light-gated
Voltage-gated
Stretch-activated
see also disorders
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|
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Aquaporin-5 plays a role in the generation of saliva, tears and pulmonary secretions.[6] AQP0, AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 are closely related and all map to 12q13.[6]","title":"Aquaporin-5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00303-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4835%2802%2900303-2"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12565800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12565800"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/geno.1997.4836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1997.4836"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9268644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9268644"},{"link_name":"parotid glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1089/107999099313479","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1089%2F107999099313479"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10476940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10476940"},{"link_name":"\"Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human 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full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...9916899M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.242603899","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"139241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12477932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932"},{"link_name":"\"Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773699"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1136/gut.52.7.1008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1136%2Fgut.52.7.1008"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1773699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773699"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12801959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801959"},{"link_name":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/gr.2596504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"528928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15489334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005Natur.437.1173R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature04209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16189514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4427026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.01.103"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16500622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16500622"},{"link_name":"\"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates aquaporin-5 abundance under hypotonic conditions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450241"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006PNAS..103.4747S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.4747S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0511211103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0511211103"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1450241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450241"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16537379","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537379"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00424-006-0157-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00424-006-0157-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17043812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17043812"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6205954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6205954"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.035","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yexcr.2007.02.035"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17553491","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17553491"}],"text":"Verkman AS (2003). \"Role of aquaporin water channels in eye function\". Exp. Eye Res. 76 (2): 137–43. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00303-2. PMID 12565800.\nMa T, Yang B, Umenishi F, Verkman AS (1997). \"Closely spaced tandem arrangement of AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 genes in a 27-kilobase segment at chromosome locus 12q13\". Genomics. 43 (3): 387–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4836. PMID 9268644.\nSmith JK, Siddiqui AA, Modica LA, et al. (1999). \"Interferon-alpha upregulates gene expression of aquaporin-5 in human parotid glands\". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19 (8): 929–35. doi:10.1089/107999099313479. PMID 10476940.\nKreda SM, Gynn MC, Fenstermacher DA, et al. (2001). \"Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human lung\". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 24 (3): 224–34. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4367. PMID 11245621. S2CID 12825671.\nGresz V, Kwon TH, Hurley PT, et al. (2001). \"Identification and localization of aquaporin water channels in human salivary glands\". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281 (1): G247–54. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G247. PMID 11408278.\nNejsum LN, Kwon TH, Jensen UB, et al. (2002). \"Functional requirement of aquaporin-5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 511–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..511N. doi:10.1073/pnas.012588099. PMC 117591. PMID 11773623.\nStrausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.\nBurghardt B, Elkaer ML, Kwon TH, et al. (2003). \"Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas\". Gut. 52 (7): 1008–16. doi:10.1136/gut.52.7.1008. PMC 1773699. PMID 12801959.\nGerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.\nRual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.\nChen Z, Wang X, Gao L, et al. (2006). \"Regulation of MUC5AC mucin secretion by depletion of AQP5 in SPC-A1 cells\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 342 (3): 775–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.103. PMID 16500622.\nSidhaye VK, Güler AD, Schweitzer KS, et al. (2006). \"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates aquaporin-5 abundance under hypotonic conditions\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (12): 4747–52. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.4747S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511211103. PMC 1450241. PMID 16537379.\nPedersen PS, Braunstein TH, Jørgensen A, et al. (2007). \"Stimulation of aquaporin-5 and transepithelial water permeability in human airway epithelium by hyperosmotic stress\". Pflügers Arch. 453 (6): 777–85. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0157-3. PMID 17043812. S2CID 6205954.\nSkowron-zwarg M, Boland S, Caruso N, et al. (2007). \"Interleukin-13 interferes with CFTR and AQP5 expression and localization during human airway epithelial cell differentiation\". Exp. Cell Res. 313 (12): 2695–702. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.035. PMID 17553491.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=362","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=11830","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Lee MD, Bhakta KY, Raina S, Yonescu R, Griffin CA, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Preston GM, Agre P (Jun 1996). \"The human Aquaporin-5 gene. Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization\". J Biol Chem. 271 (15): 8599–604. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.15.8599. PMID 8621489.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.8599","url_text":"\"The human Aquaporin-5 gene. Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.15.8599","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.271.15.8599"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621489","url_text":"8621489"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: AQP5 aquaporin 5\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=362","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: AQP5 aquaporin 5\""}]},{"reference":"Verkman AS (2003). \"Role of aquaporin water channels in eye function\". Exp. Eye Res. 76 (2): 137–43. doi:10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00303-2. PMID 12565800.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-4835%2802%2900303-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0014-4835(02)00303-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12565800","url_text":"12565800"}]},{"reference":"Ma T, Yang B, Umenishi F, Verkman AS (1997). \"Closely spaced tandem arrangement of AQP2, AQP5, and AQP6 genes in a 27-kilobase segment at chromosome locus 12q13\". Genomics. 43 (3): 387–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4836. PMID 9268644.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1997.4836","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1997.4836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9268644","url_text":"9268644"}]},{"reference":"Smith JK, Siddiqui AA, Modica LA, et al. (1999). \"Interferon-alpha upregulates gene expression of aquaporin-5 in human parotid glands\". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 19 (8): 929–35. doi:10.1089/107999099313479. PMID 10476940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid_gland","url_text":"parotid glands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2F107999099313479","url_text":"10.1089/107999099313479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10476940","url_text":"10476940"}]},{"reference":"Kreda SM, Gynn MC, Fenstermacher DA, et al. (2001). \"Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human lung\". Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 24 (3): 224–34. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4367. PMID 11245621. S2CID 12825671.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/5138jm357","url_text":"\"Expression and localization of epithelial aquaporins in the adult human lung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1165%2Fajrcmb.24.3.4367","url_text":"10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4367"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11245621","url_text":"11245621"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12825671","url_text":"12825671"}]},{"reference":"Gresz V, Kwon TH, Hurley PT, et al. (2001). \"Identification and localization of aquaporin water channels in human salivary glands\". Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 281 (1): G247–54. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G247. PMID 11408278.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpgi.2001.281.1.G247","url_text":"10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11408278","url_text":"11408278"}]},{"reference":"Nejsum LN, Kwon TH, Jensen UB, et al. (2002). \"Functional requirement of aquaporin-5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (1): 511–6. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..511N. doi:10.1073/pnas.012588099. PMC 117591. PMID 11773623.","urls":[{"url":"http://ecommons.udayton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1138&context=bio_fac_pub","url_text":"\"Functional requirement of aquaporin-5 in plasma membranes of sweat glands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99..511N","url_text":"2002PNAS...99..511N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.012588099","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.012588099"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC117591","url_text":"117591"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773623","url_text":"11773623"}]},{"reference":"Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). \"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"\"Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M","url_text":"2002PNAS...9916899M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.242603899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241","url_text":"139241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932","url_text":"12477932"}]},{"reference":"Burghardt B, Elkaer ML, Kwon TH, et al. (2003). \"Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas\". Gut. 52 (7): 1008–16. doi:10.1136/gut.52.7.1008. PMC 1773699. PMID 12801959.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773699","url_text":"\"Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgut.52.7.1008","url_text":"10.1136/gut.52.7.1008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1773699","url_text":"1773699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801959","url_text":"12801959"}]},{"reference":"Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). \"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"\"The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.2596504","url_text":"10.1101/gr.2596504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528928","url_text":"528928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15489334","url_text":"15489334"}]},{"reference":"Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, et al. (2005). \"Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network\". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437.1173R","url_text":"2005Natur.437.1173R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04209","url_text":"10.1038/nature04209"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16189514","url_text":"16189514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427026","url_text":"4427026"}]},{"reference":"Chen Z, Wang X, Gao L, et al. (2006). \"Regulation of MUC5AC mucin secretion by depletion of AQP5 in SPC-A1 cells\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 342 (3): 775–81. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.103. PMID 16500622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.01.103","url_text":"10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16500622","url_text":"16500622"}]},{"reference":"Sidhaye VK, Güler AD, Schweitzer KS, et al. (2006). \"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates aquaporin-5 abundance under hypotonic conditions\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (12): 4747–52. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.4747S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511211103. PMC 1450241. PMID 16537379.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450241","url_text":"\"Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 regulates aquaporin-5 abundance under hypotonic conditions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.4747S","url_text":"2006PNAS..103.4747S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0511211103","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0511211103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1450241","url_text":"1450241"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537379","url_text":"16537379"}]},{"reference":"Pedersen PS, Braunstein TH, Jørgensen A, et al. (2007). \"Stimulation of aquaporin-5 and transepithelial water permeability in human airway epithelium by hyperosmotic stress\". Pflügers Arch. 453 (6): 777–85. doi:10.1007/s00424-006-0157-3. PMID 17043812. S2CID 6205954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00424-006-0157-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00424-006-0157-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17043812","url_text":"17043812"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6205954","url_text":"6205954"}]},{"reference":"Skowron-zwarg M, Boland S, Caruso N, et al. (2007). \"Interleukin-13 interferes with CFTR and AQP5 expression and localization during human airway epithelial cell differentiation\". Exp. Cell Res. 313 (12): 2695–702. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.035. PMID 17553491.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yexcr.2007.02.035","url_text":"10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17553491","url_text":"17553491"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Ximenes
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Leonardo Ximenes
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["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Notes","4 References"]
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Italian Jesuit, mathematician, engineer, astronomer and geographer
Leonardo XimenesLeonardo XimenesBorn(1716-12-27)27 December 1716Trapani, Kingdom of SicilyDied3 May 1786(1786-05-03) (aged 69)Florence, Grand Duchy of TuscanyNationalityItalianOccupationsJesuit priestUniversity teacherEngineerAstronomerKnown forhaving established the Osservatorio Ximeniano in FlorenceParent(s)Giuseppe Ximenes and Tommasa Ximenes (née Corso)Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsAstronomyHydraulic engineeringInstitutionsUniversity of Florence
Leonardo Ximenes (27 December 1716 – 3 May 1786) was a famous Italian Jesuit, mathematician, engineer, astronomer and geographer from Sicily.
After having attended a Jesuit school, he became a mathematician, a hydraulic and civil engineer, and was an eminently respected astronomer in his day. The astronomical observatory, Osservatorio Ximeniano in Florence, is named after him in recognition of his services to the field.
Biography
Leonardo Ximenes was born in Trapani into a noble family of Spanish origin. As a boy, he was educated at the Jesuit school in his native town. In 1731 he entered the Jesuit Order and continued to study at the school in Trapani, where he completed the curriculum. At the age of 20 he was sent to the Roman College to pursue advanced studies. Ordained at Trapani in 1743, at the age of 27, he returned to Rome and was then sent to Florence as a priest in training. In February 2, 1750, he professed the four vows, thus divesting himself of all his property, which he left in usufruct to his mother and his paternal uncle. Only after their deaths would it have gone to the Society, save an annual allowance of 40 onze for himself, which he posthumously donated to establish a chair of experimental physics at a Jesuit college.
The obscure Jesuit from Trapani entered the exclusive sphere of Florentine culture in 1748, when he began service as a math tutor for the sons of an important Florentine nobleman, the marchese Vincenzo Riccardi. In Florence Ximenes befriended the Tuscan scholar Giovanni Lami, editor of the journal Novelle letterarie (1740–70). In the spring of 1755, he presented a brief memorandum to Emmanuel de Nay, count of Richecourt (1697–1768), the prime minister of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, concerning an ambitious project: measuring the variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic with the great gnomon in Santa Maria del Fiore. The document, preserved in the archives of the Opera del Duomo, bears in the margin the order to start work on the project immediately. That same year, on July 18, Ximenes sent the Grand Duke of Tuscany a memorandum asking to be appointed professor of Geography at the Florentine "studio", or university, and the administration was so efficient that, exactly three months after the request, he was appointed Reader in Geography to His Imperial Majesty with a salary of 700 lire (equivalent to that of a workman) and a grant of 9,000 lire to buy the instruments necessary for practicing his profession.
In Ximenes' day, one of the astronomical problems debated in scientific circles was how to measure the secular variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic. Its solution was thought to be a kind of benchmark for the new theory of gravity, since it could be calculated by taking into account the gravitational perturbation of Venus and the other planets. Like others who had studied the obliquity of the ecliptic without sufficiently precise instruments, Ximenes had to compare the modern measurements with the ancient ones. The result of his research, Del vecchio e nuovo Gnomone fiorentino (On the old and the new Florentine Gnomon, 1757), is considered his masterpiece.
The work was prodigious, consisting of nearly 400 printed pages, illustrated by copperplate engravings. It described the condition of the Florentine gnomon constructed by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in Santa Maria del Fiore, and gave all of its measurements, which, if they had ever been known, had been lost; more importantly, it scientifically justified the need for a new gnomon. So convincing were Ximenes' reasons that the politicians of the time and the Opera del Duomo financed the construction of this instrument, which was completed in a remarkably short time.
Ximenes worked also as a hydraulic engineer for the Grand Duchy. He is known for building canals, including the Imperial Canal situated nearby to the locality Dogana di Tiglio and the hamlet Caccialupi in Tuscany. These canals were part of an effort to drain the Lago di Bientina, at the time the largest lake in Tuscany. In 1756 Ximenes founded an observatory in the Collegio di S. Giovannino in Florence. The observatory was the first to be established in Florence and the first in Italy to be set up in a Jesuit college. Upon the temporary suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, the laboratory was entrusted to the Scolopi fathers, with whom Ximenes continued working.
Ximenes died in Florence on 3 May 1786. He was member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and correspondent of the Académie des sciences of Paris. He was among the first members of the Italian National Academy of Sciences.
Ximenes had various scientific disputes with his fellow Jesuit Roger Joseph Boscovich. Relations between the two got gradually worse especially after the case about the water of Lake Bientina which, at the end of the 1750s, led the two Jesuits to oppose each other in front of the Emperor in Vienna.
Works
Notizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1753 (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1752.
Notizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1754 (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1753.
Dissertatio de maris aestu, ac praesertim de viribus lunae, solisque mare moventibus (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1755.
Del vecchio e nuovo gnomone fiorentino e delle osservazioni astronomiche fisiche ed architettoniche fatte nel verificarne la costruzione (in Italian). Firenze: Stamperia Imperiale. 1757.
Dissertazione intorno alle osservazioni solstiziali del 1775 allo gnomone della metropolitana fiorentina (in Italian). Livorno: Giovanni Vincenzo Falorni. 1776.
Ximenes, Leonardo (1780). Nuove sperienze idrauliche fatte ne' canali, e ne' fiumi per verificare le principali leggi e fenomeni delle acque correnti dell'abate Leonardo Ximenes ... In Siena: nella stamperia di Luigi, e Benedetto Bindi.
Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti (in Italian). Vol. 1. Pisa: Samuel Fuà. 1782.
Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Allegrini. 1782.
Terza memoria idrometrica, 1763
Nuove esperienze idrauliche, 1780
Notes
^ Ximenes, Leonardo entry (in Italian) by Enrico Carusi in the Enciclopedia Treccani, 1937
^ "La nostra storia". Fondazione Osservatorio Ximeniano (in Italian). Retrieved 28 March 2024.
^ Rombai 2018.
^ a b Mazzucconi, Righini & Ranfagni 2006, p. 83.
^ Suter 1964, pp. 79–82.
^ a b c d Pult Quaglia 2020.
^ On this question see Barsanti, D.; Rombai, L. (1986). La "guerra delle acque" in Toscana: storia delle bonifiche dai Medici alla riforma agraria. Firenze: Medicea.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leonardo Ximenes.
Suter, Rufus (1964). "Leonardo Ximenes and the Gnomon at the Cathedral of Florence". Isis. 55 (1): 79–82. JSTOR 227759.
Barsanti, Danilo; Rombai, Leonardo (1987). Leonardo Ximenes: uno scienziato nella Toscana lorenese del Settecento. Edizioni Medicea.
Mazzucconi F, Righini A, Ranfagni P (2006). "Leonardo Ximenes S.J. e il grande gnomone in Santa Maria del Fiore, in Firenze". Giornale di astronomia: Rivista di informazione cultura e didattica della Società Astronomica Italiana. 32 (1): 83–90.
Rombai, Leonardo (2018). "Ximenes, Leonardo". In A. D'Ascenzo (ed.). Digital DISCI. Il Portale del Dizionario storico dei cartografi italiani. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021.
Pult Quaglia, Anna Maria (2020). "XIMENES, Leonardo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
Manzoni, Laura (2021). "La Biblioteca antica dell'Osservatorio Ximeniano: da Leonardo Ximenes ai giorni nostri". La Trasmissione della Conoscenza Registrata: Scritti in Onore di Mauro Guerrini Offerti Dagli Allievi: 257–266. ISBN 9788893573856.
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As a boy, he was educated at the Jesuit school in his native town. In 1731 he entered the Jesuit Order and continued to study at the school in Trapani, where he completed the curriculum. At the age of 20 he was sent to the Roman College to pursue advanced studies. Ordained at Trapani in 1743, at the age of 27, he returned to Rome and was then sent to Florence as a priest in training. In February 2, 1750, he professed the four vows, thus divesting himself of all his property, which he left in usufruct to his mother and his paternal uncle. Only after their deaths would it have gone to the Society, save an annual allowance of 40 onze for himself, which he posthumously donated to establish a chair of experimental physics at a Jesuit college.The obscure Jesuit from Trapani entered the exclusive sphere of Florentine culture in 1748, when he began service as a math tutor for the sons of an important Florentine nobleman, the marchese Vincenzo Riccardi. In Florence Ximenes befriended the Tuscan scholar Giovanni Lami, editor of the journal Novelle letterarie (1740–70).[3] In the spring of 1755, he presented a brief memorandum to Emmanuel de Nay, count of Richecourt (1697–1768), the prime minister of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, concerning an ambitious project: measuring the variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic with the great gnomon in Santa Maria del Fiore. The document, preserved in the archives of the Opera del Duomo, bears in the margin the order to start work on the project immediately. That same year, on July 18, Ximenes sent the Grand Duke of Tuscany a memorandum asking to be appointed professor of Geography at the Florentine \"studio\", or university, and the administration was so efficient that, exactly three months after the request, he was appointed Reader in Geography to His Imperial Majesty with a salary of 700 lire (equivalent to that of a workman) and a grant of 9,000 lire to buy the instruments necessary for practicing his profession.In Ximenes' day, one of the astronomical problems debated in scientific circles was how to measure the secular variation in the obliquity of the ecliptic. Its solution was thought to be a kind of benchmark for the new theory of gravity, since it could be calculated by taking into account the gravitational perturbation of Venus and the other planets. Like others who had studied the obliquity of the ecliptic without sufficiently precise instruments, Ximenes had to compare the modern measurements with the ancient ones. The result of his research, Del vecchio e nuovo Gnomone fiorentino (On the old and the new Florentine Gnomon, 1757), is considered his masterpiece.The work was prodigious, consisting of nearly 400 printed pages, illustrated by copperplate engravings.[4] It described the condition of the Florentine gnomon constructed by Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli in Santa Maria del Fiore, and gave all of its measurements, which, if they had ever been known, had been lost; more importantly, it scientifically justified the need for a new gnomon.[4] So convincing were Ximenes' reasons that the politicians of the time and the Opera del Duomo financed the construction of this instrument, which was completed in a remarkably short time.[5]Ximenes worked also as a hydraulic engineer for the Grand Duchy. He is known for building canals, including the Imperial Canal situated nearby to the locality Dogana di Tiglio and the hamlet Caccialupi in Tuscany. These canals were part of an effort to drain the Lago di Bientina, at the time the largest lake in Tuscany. In 1756 Ximenes founded an observatory in the Collegio di S. Giovannino in Florence. The observatory was the first to be established in Florence and the first in Italy to be set up in a Jesuit college.[6] Upon the temporary suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1773, the laboratory was entrusted to the Scolopi fathers, with whom Ximenes continued working.Ximenes died in Florence on 3 May 1786.[6] He was member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and correspondent of the Académie des sciences of Paris.[6] He was among the first members of the Italian National Academy of Sciences.[6]Ximenes had various scientific disputes with his fellow Jesuit Roger Joseph Boscovich. Relations between the two got gradually worse especially after the case about the water of Lake Bientina which, at the end of the 1750s, led the two Jesuits to oppose each other in front of the Emperor in Vienna.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1753","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4765436"},{"link_name":"Notizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12732647"},{"link_name":"Dissertatio de maris aestu, ac praesertim de viribus lunae, solisque mare moventibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=144630"},{"link_name":"Del vecchio e nuovo gnomone fiorentino e delle osservazioni astronomiche fisiche ed architettoniche fatte nel verificarne la costruzione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12799091"},{"link_name":"Dissertazione intorno alle osservazioni solstiziali del 1775 allo gnomone della metropolitana fiorentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12733145"},{"link_name":"Nuove sperienze idrauliche fatte ne' canali, e ne' fiumi per verificare le principali leggi e fenomeni delle acque correnti dell'abate Leonardo Ximenes ...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12806942"},{"link_name":"Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12766976"},{"link_name":"Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12767501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ximenes_-_Terza_memoria_idrometrica,_1763_-_2046746_303033_00005.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_Ximenes_%E2%80%93_Nuove_sperienze_idrauliche_fatte_ne_canali,_1780_-_BEIC_12806942.tif"}],"text":"Notizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1753 (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1752.\nNotizia de' tempi de' principali fenomeni del cielo nuovamente calcolati secondo le ultime tavole cassiniane per l'anno 1754 (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1753.\nDissertatio de maris aestu, ac praesertim de viribus lunae, solisque mare moventibus (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Gaetano Viviani. 1755.\nDel vecchio e nuovo gnomone fiorentino e delle osservazioni astronomiche fisiche ed architettoniche fatte nel verificarne la costruzione (in Italian). Firenze: Stamperia Imperiale. 1757.\nDissertazione intorno alle osservazioni solstiziali del 1775 allo gnomone della metropolitana fiorentina (in Italian). Livorno: Giovanni Vincenzo Falorni. 1776.\nXimenes, Leonardo (1780). Nuove sperienze idrauliche fatte ne' canali, e ne' fiumi per verificare le principali leggi e fenomeni delle acque correnti dell'abate Leonardo Ximenes ... In Siena: nella stamperia di Luigi, e Benedetto Bindi.\nTeoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti (in Italian). Vol. 1. Pisa: Samuel Fuà. 1782.\nTeoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Allegrini. 1782.Terza memoria idrometrica, 1763\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNuove esperienze idrauliche, 1780","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ximenes, Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leonardo-ximenes/"},{"link_name":"Enciclopedia Treccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"La nostra storia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ximeniano.it/contenuti/la-nostra-storia/6209"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERombai2018_3-0"},{"link_name":"Rombai 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRombai2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzucconiRighiniRanfagni200683_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazzucconiRighiniRanfagni200683_4-1"},{"link_name":"Mazzucconi, Righini & Ranfagni 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMazzucconiRighiniRanfagni2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuter196479%E2%80%9382_5-0"},{"link_name":"Suter 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSuter1964"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPult_Quaglia2020_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPult_Quaglia2020_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPult_Quaglia2020_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPult_Quaglia2020_6-3"},{"link_name":"Pult Quaglia 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPult_Quaglia2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Ximenes, Leonardo entry (in Italian) by Enrico Carusi in the Enciclopedia Treccani, 1937 \n\n^ \"La nostra storia\". Fondazione Osservatorio Ximeniano (in Italian). Retrieved 28 March 2024.\n\n^ Rombai 2018.\n\n^ a b Mazzucconi, Righini & Ranfagni 2006, p. 83.\n\n^ Suter 1964, pp. 79–82.\n\n^ a b c d Pult Quaglia 2020.\n\n^ On this question see Barsanti, D.; Rombai, L. (1986). La \"guerra delle acque\" in Toscana: storia delle bonifiche dai Medici alla riforma agraria. Firenze: Medicea.","title":"Notes"}]
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Pisa: Samuel Fuà. 1782.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12766976","url_text":"Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti"}]},{"reference":"Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti (in Italian). Firenze: Pietro Allegrini. 1782.","urls":[{"url":"https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12767501","url_text":"Teoria e pratica delle resistenze de' solidi ne' loro attriti"}]},{"reference":"\"La nostra storia\". Fondazione Osservatorio Ximeniano (in Italian). Retrieved 28 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ximeniano.it/contenuti/la-nostra-storia/6209","url_text":"\"La nostra storia\""}]},{"reference":"Barsanti, D.; Rombai, L. (1986). La \"guerra delle acque\" in Toscana: storia delle bonifiche dai Medici alla riforma agraria. Firenze: Medicea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Suter, Rufus (1964). \"Leonardo Ximenes and the Gnomon at the Cathedral of Florence\". Isis. 55 (1): 79–82. JSTOR 227759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/227759","url_text":"227759"}]},{"reference":"Barsanti, Danilo; Rombai, Leonardo (1987). Leonardo Ximenes: uno scienziato nella Toscana lorenese del Settecento. Edizioni Medicea.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mazzucconi F, Righini A, Ranfagni P (2006). \"Leonardo Ximenes S.J. e il grande gnomone in Santa Maria del Fiore, in Firenze\". Giornale di astronomia: Rivista di informazione cultura e didattica della Società Astronomica Italiana. 32 (1): 83–90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rombai, Leonardo (2018). \"Ximenes, Leonardo\". In A. D'Ascenzo (ed.). Digital DISCI. Il Portale del Dizionario storico dei cartografi italiani. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211024174802/https://www.digitaldisci.it/leonardo-ximenes/","url_text":"\"Ximenes, Leonardo\""},{"url":"https://www.digitaldisci.it/leonardo-ximenes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pult Quaglia, Anna Maria (2020). \"XIMENES, Leonardo\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/leonardo-ximenes_(Dizionario-Biografico)","url_text":"\"XIMENES, Leonardo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6","url_text":"978-8-81200032-6"}]},{"reference":"Manzoni, Laura (2021). \"La Biblioteca antica dell'Osservatorio Ximeniano: da Leonardo Ximenes ai giorni nostri\". La Trasmissione della Conoscenza Registrata: Scritti in Onore di Mauro Guerrini Offerti Dagli Allievi: 257–266. ISBN 9788893573856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788893573856","url_text":"9788893573856"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck_and_the_Mummy%27s_Ring
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Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring
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["1 Plot","2 Development","3 Reception","4 Reprints","5 See also","6 References"]
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1943 Donald Duck comic book story by Carl Barks
"Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring"Cover of Four Color #29, art by Carl BuettnerStory codeW OS 29-01StoryCarl BarksInkCarl BarksDateSeptember 1943HeroDonald DuckHuey, Dewey and LouiePages28Layout4 rows per pageFirst publicationFour Color #29
"Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring" is a 28-page Disney comics story written and drawn by Carl Barks. It was first published in Donald Duck Four Color #29 (Sept 1943) with two backup stories also by Barks, "The Hard Loser" and "Too Many Pets". It was the first long Donald Duck adventure story written and drawn by Barks. The story has been reprinted many times, including in The Carl Barks Library (1984) and The Carl Barks Library in Color (1994).
Plot
Donald Duck reads an article in the newspaper about two Ancient Egyptian mummies being sent back to Egypt from the local museum, by request of the Bey of El Dagga. Donald and his three nephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, set off for the museum to see the mummies before they're taken away. On the way to the museum, Donald is handed a mysterious ring by a disheveled man, who claims that it's brought him bad luck. Donald and the boys notice that the ring has the mark of three serpents, of the same design as the mummies that they're going to see. A robber demands that Donald hand over the ring, but the boys save their uncle from the robber's clutches. Huey discovers that the ring is stuck on his finger.
At the museum, the four peek inside one of the mummy cases, and notice that a ring is missing from the display. The Bey of El Dagga's menacing emissaries startle them, and a museum guard tells the ducks that the Bey is demanding the mummies be sent back to Egypt under threat of war. Huey goes back to the mummy's exhibit to get his cap, but he doesn't return. Certain that the emissaries have kidnapped Huey, the other ducks manage to get jobs as deck hands on the ship carrying the mummies back to Egypt.
On board the ship, Donald, Dewey, and Louie are attacked by one of the mummies, who steals some sausages. Donald peeks through a window and sees both mummies sitting up in their cases, eating. After causing a disturbance, the ducks are put in the brig, where they reason that Huey and the kidnapper must be disguised as the mummies. By the time the ducks are let out of the brig, the emissaries have loaded the mummies on their river barge to ferry them up the river. The ducks follow in an abandoned boat, which they hitch to a steamship, getting to the Bey's palace in time to see the mummies delivered.
Donald, Dewey, and Louie interrupt the Bey's ceremonies, telling him that the mummies are alive, and one of them has the ring with three serpents. Huey and the kidnapper are unwrapped -- the kidnapper turns out to be the robber they saw on the street -- and the Bey, grateful to get the ring back, gives the ducks a new boat along with a box full of gold and jewels.
Development
Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring was the first long Donald Duck adventure story written and drawn by Barks, and it established patterns that would soon become standards for Barks' Donald Duck stories. Donald and the nephews are swept up into an adventure with life-and-death stakes, although there are many comedic gags to lighten the tone. There are nasty criminals, mistaken identities, humorous coincidences, and a surprise ending. The boys also get a tour of an exotic setting, with many detailed panels of Egyptian landmarks, painstakingly copied from Barks' collection of National Geographic magazines.
The inspiration for the story came from a magazine article about ancient Egyptian burial customs, including the tradition of placing everyday items and food in the grave with the deceased. Another inspiration was the 1932 Boris Karloff film The Mummy and subsequent horror films, which pictured mummies as animate, vengeful monsters.
As this was the first adventure story that Barks wrote, the editors asked him to submit an outline. In a 1973 interview, Barks recalled:
I submitted a sort of script in advance there. I don't remember how detailed a thing it was, but I believe I kind of roughed out the drawings and sent the sheets in, or took the sheets and left them there. Eleanor Packer... read through what I had planned... and I remember that she suggested some big changes, and she asked me to draw up these changes. Well, I did. I drew up the changes, and I think I sent the roughs of those changes back. She looked them over, and sent back word to go ahead with my original version, my original version was better. So after that, I never had any trouble.
The Egyptian landmarks pictured during Donald's trip up the Nile River include the Great Sphinx of Giza (pg 17), the skyline of Cairo (pg 17 and 18), the Pyramid of Meidum (pg 19), the Pyramid of Djoser (pg 20), the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (pg 21 and 22) and the Colossi of Memnon (pg 28). Barks copied these from "Daily Life in Ancient Egypt", a 90+ page article in the October 1941 National Geographic, by William C. Hayes from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. There is also a caricature of Disney animator Chuck Couch in a wanted poster on page 7 of the story.
Reception
Comics historian Michael Barrier takes a dim view of the story: "As in Pirate Gold, comedy is notably lacking... In The Mummy's Ring there is again a prevailing seriousness (and a heavy reliance on National Geographic for the Egyptian settings). There are threats of death that Donald and his nephews must take seriously and a torrent of dialogue-heavy balloons once the story's mystery is solved. As in other early comic-book stories from Western's Los Angeles office, the sense is of clumsy imitation of comic strips that more successfully combined comedy and adventure, like Roy Crane's Wash Tubbs and Floyd Gottfredson's Mickey Mouse."
Thomas Andrae agrees that the story is flawed: "Barks' synthesis of realistically drawn settings and fantasy-based cartoon characters created a unique, hybrid art form. The realistic backgrounds and ambience of his stories invited readers to fully identify with the ducks' plight as quasi-human figures undergoing the same travails readers might experience... However, Barks had not yet mastered the fusion of these two styles. He often failed to integrate background detail within a scene, and those visuals remained just an excuse for sightseeing... As a consequence, these artifacts function as picture postcards, insufficiently contributing to the narrative."
The comic presciently deals with the repatriation of antiquities to their country of origin. This has become a major issue in the contemporary art world and among museums; an example is the dispute between Yale and Peru over artifacts from Machu Picchu.
Reprints
In 1965, Gold Key Comics planned to reprint "Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring", but found they were missing photostats of three of the pages, and the original art had been destroyed. The publisher asked Barks to redraw the three pages, and the story was published with the redrawn pages in Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck #1 (Sept 1965).
In 1984, when Another Rainbow published the collection The Carl Barks Library, they restored the three pages from the original comic using a computer. The three redrawn pages were also included in the volume, in a smaller size. The restored art was also used in 1994 when Gladstone Comics reprinted the story in The Carl Barks Library in Color.
See also
List of Disney comics by Carl Barks
References
^ "The Mummy's Ring". Inducks. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ a b c d Blum, Geoffrey (1994). The Carl Barks Library of Donald Duck Adventures in Color, vol 2. Gladstone Publishing. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-944599-75-3.
^ a b Andrae, Thomas (2006). Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1578068586.
^ a b Barrier, Michael (1982). Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book. M Lilien. ISBN 978-0960765201.
^ Kylling, Peter. "The Egyptian Story". Cbarks.dk. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^ Barrier, Michael (2014). Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520283909.
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After causing a disturbance, the ducks are put in the brig, where they reason that Huey and the kidnapper must be disguised as the mummies. By the time the ducks are let out of the brig, the emissaries have loaded the mummies on their river barge to ferry them up the river. The ducks follow in an abandoned boat, which they hitch to a steamship, getting to the Bey's palace in time to see the mummies delivered.Donald, Dewey, and Louie interrupt the Bey's ceremonies, telling him that the mummies are alive, and one of them has the ring with three serpents. Huey and the kidnapper are unwrapped -- the kidnapper turns out to be the robber they saw on the street -- and the Bey, grateful to get the ring back, gives the ducks a new boat along with a box full of gold and jewels.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck_(American_comic_book)"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum-2"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian burial customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices"},{"link_name":"Boris Karloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff"},{"link_name":"The Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"horror films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrae-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barrier-4"},{"link_name":"Nile River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River"},{"link_name":"Great Sphinx of Giza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Meidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meidum"},{"link_name":"Pyramid of Djoser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djoser"},{"link_name":"Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"Colossi of Memnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossi_of_Memnon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum-2"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chuck Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Couch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barrier-4"}],"text":"Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring was the first long Donald Duck adventure story written and drawn by Barks, and it established patterns that would soon become standards for Barks' Donald Duck stories. Donald and the nephews are swept up into an adventure with life-and-death stakes, although there are many comedic gags to lighten the tone. There are nasty criminals, mistaken identities, humorous coincidences, and a surprise ending. The boys also get a tour of an exotic setting, with many detailed panels of Egyptian landmarks, painstakingly copied from Barks' collection of National Geographic magazines.[2]The inspiration for the story came from a magazine article about ancient Egyptian burial customs, including the tradition of placing everyday items and food in the grave with the deceased. Another inspiration was the 1932 Boris Karloff film The Mummy and subsequent horror films, which pictured mummies as animate, vengeful monsters.[3]As this was the first adventure story that Barks wrote, the editors asked him to submit an outline. In a 1973 interview, Barks recalled:I submitted a sort of script in advance there. I don't remember how detailed a thing it was, but I believe I kind of roughed out the drawings and sent the sheets in, or took the sheets and left them there. [Western Publishing editor] Eleanor Packer... read through what I had planned... and I remember that she suggested some big changes, and she asked me to draw up these changes. Well, I did. I drew up the changes, and I think I sent the roughs of those changes back. She looked them over, and sent back word to go ahead with my original version, my original version was better. So after that, I never had any trouble.[4]The Egyptian landmarks pictured during Donald's trip up the Nile River include the Great Sphinx of Giza (pg 17), the skyline of Cairo (pg 17 and 18), the Pyramid of Meidum (pg 19), the Pyramid of Djoser (pg 20), the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (pg 21 and 22) and the Colossi of Memnon (pg 28).[2] Barks copied these from \"Daily Life in Ancient Egypt\", a 90+ page article in the October 1941 National Geographic, by William C. Hayes from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[5] There is also a caricature of Disney animator Chuck Couch in a wanted poster on page 7 of the story.[4]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Barrier"},{"link_name":"Pirate Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Duck_Finds_Pirate_Gold"},{"link_name":"Wash Tubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_Tubbs"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funnybooks-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrae-3"},{"link_name":"Yale and Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu#Cultural_artifacts:_Dispute_between_Peru_and_Yale_University"}],"text":"Comics historian Michael Barrier takes a dim view of the story: \"As in Pirate Gold, comedy is notably lacking... In The Mummy's Ring there is again a prevailing seriousness (and a heavy reliance on National Geographic for the Egyptian settings). There are threats of death that Donald and his nephews must take seriously and a torrent of dialogue-heavy balloons once the story's mystery is solved. As in other early comic-book stories from Western's Los Angeles office, the sense is of clumsy imitation of comic strips that more successfully combined comedy and adventure, like Roy Crane's Wash Tubbs and Floyd Gottfredson's Mickey Mouse.\"[6]Thomas Andrae agrees that the story is flawed: \"Barks' synthesis of realistically drawn settings and fantasy-based cartoon characters created a unique, hybrid art form. The realistic backgrounds and ambience of his stories invited readers to fully identify with the ducks' plight as quasi-human figures undergoing the same travails readers might experience... However, Barks had not yet mastered the fusion of these two styles. He often failed to integrate background detail within a scene, and those visuals remained just an excuse for sightseeing... As a consequence, these artifacts function as picture postcards, insufficiently contributing to the narrative.\"[3]The comic presciently deals with the repatriation of antiquities to their country of origin. This has become a major issue in the contemporary art world and among museums; an example is the dispute between Yale and Peru over artifacts from Machu Picchu.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold Key Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Key_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum-2"},{"link_name":"Another Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Rainbow_Publishing"},{"link_name":"The Carl Barks Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carl_Barks_Library"},{"link_name":"Gladstone Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Comics"},{"link_name":"The Carl Barks Library in Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carl_Barks_Library_in_Color"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blum-2"}],"text":"In 1965, Gold Key Comics planned to reprint \"Donald Duck and the Mummy's Ring\", but found they were missing photostats of three of the pages, and the original art had been destroyed. The publisher asked Barks to redraw the three pages, and the story was published with the redrawn pages in Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck #1 (Sept 1965).[2]In 1984, when Another Rainbow published the collection The Carl Barks Library, they restored the three pages from the original comic using a computer. The three redrawn pages were also included in the volume, in a smaller size. The restored art was also used in 1994 when Gladstone Comics reprinted the story in The Carl Barks Library in Color.[2]","title":"Reprints"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Disney comics by Carl Barks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Disney_comics_by_Carl_Barks"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The Mummy's Ring\". Inducks. Retrieved 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://inducks.org/story.php?c=W+OS+++29-01","url_text":"\"The Mummy's Ring\""}]},{"reference":"Blum, Geoffrey (1994). The Carl Barks Library of Donald Duck Adventures in Color, vol 2. Gladstone Publishing. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-944599-75-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944599-75-3","url_text":"0-944599-75-3"}]},{"reference":"Andrae, Thomas (2006). Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1578068586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578068586","url_text":"978-1578068586"}]},{"reference":"Barrier, Michael (1982). Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Book. M Lilien. ISBN 978-0960765201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0960765201","url_text":"978-0960765201"}]},{"reference":"Kylling, Peter. \"The Egyptian Story\". Cbarks.dk. Retrieved 2 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbarks.dk/theegyptianstory.htm","url_text":"\"The Egyptian Story\""}]},{"reference":"Barrier, Michael (2014). Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520283909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520283909","url_text":"978-0520283909"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://inducks.org/story.php?c=W+OS+++29-01","external_links_name":"\"The Mummy's Ring\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbarks.dk/theegyptianstory.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Egyptian Story\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vincent_(Dean_of_Bangor)
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James Vincent (priest, born 1792)
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["1 Life","2 References"]
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Welsh Anglican priest (1792–1876)
James Vincent Vincent (born James Vincent Jones) (4 October 1792 – 22 March 1876) was a Welsh cleric who became Dean of Bangor Cathedral, holding the position for 14 years.
Life
Vincent was the grandson of James Vincent (who was vicar of Bangor, Gwynedd, and Master of Friars School, Bangor). Vincent was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1811, obtaining a B.A. degree in 1815 and an M.A. degree in 1817. He was a Fellow of the College from 1816 to 1824. In 1820, he assumed his mother's surname of Vincent with the permission of King George IV. After his ordination, he became curate of Beaumaris, Anglesey, and then rector of Llanfairfechan from 1834 to 1862. He was then appointed Dean of Bangor Cathedral, a post that he held until his death in the Deanery on 22 March 1876.
References
^ a b Jenkins, Robert Thomas. "VINCENT family". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
^ Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). "Vincent, James Vincent" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.
^ Hardy, Ernest George (1899). "Appendix III – List of Fellows". Jesus College. London: F. E. Robinson & Co.
^ "No. 17634". The London Gazette. 16 September 1820. p. 1761.
^ "No. 24368". The London Gazette. 29 September 1876. p. 5726.
vteDeans of Bangor
Arthur de Bardsey
Guy
William
Kyndelw
Adam
Hywel ap Goronwy
John Martyn
Walter de Swaffham
William Clyve
David Daron
William Pollard
Henry Honore
Roger Wodele
Nigel Bondeby
John Martin
Hugh Alcock
Huw Morgan
Richard Cyffin
David Yale
Richard Cowland
John Glynne
Rhys Powell
Robert Evans
Roland Thomas
Henry Rowlands
Richard Parry
John Williams
Edmund Griffith
Griffith Williams
William Lloyd
Humphrey Humphreys
John Jones
Peter Maurice
Hughe Hughes
Thomas Lloyd
John Warren
James Cotton
James Vincent
Henry Edwards
Evan Lewis
John Pryce
Griffith Roberts
Henry James
Thomas Williams
John Thomas Davies
John Richards
Islwyn Davies
Gwynfryn Richards
Benjamin Vaughan
Ivor Rees
Thomas Edwards
Trevor Evans
Alun Hawkins
Sue Jones
Kathy Jones
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Bangor Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral"}],"text":"James Vincent Vincent (born James Vincent Jones) (4 October 1792 – 22 March 1876) was a Welsh cleric who became Dean of Bangor Cathedral, holding the position for 14 years.","title":"James Vincent (priest, born 1792)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Vincent_(priest,_born_1718)"},{"link_name":"vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Bangor, Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd"},{"link_name":"Friars School, Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friars_School,_Bangor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent-1"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"matriculating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow#Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"Beaumaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumaris"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Llanfairfechan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfairfechan"},{"link_name":"Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Bangor Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vincent-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Vincent was the grandson of James Vincent (who was vicar of Bangor, Gwynedd, and Master of Friars School, Bangor).[1] Vincent was educated at Jesus College, Oxford, matriculating in 1811, obtaining a B.A. degree in 1815 and an M.A. degree in 1817.[2] He was a Fellow of the College from 1816 to 1824.[3] In 1820, he assumed his mother's surname of Vincent with the permission of King George IV.[4] After his ordination, he became curate of Beaumaris, Anglesey, and then rector of Llanfairfechan from 1834 to 1862. He was then appointed Dean of Bangor Cathedral, a post that he held until his death in the Deanery on 22 March 1876.[1][5]","title":"Life"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jenkins, Robert Thomas. \"VINCENT family\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 2 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s-VINC-ENT-1650","url_text":"\"VINCENT family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales","url_text":"National Library of Wales"}]},{"reference":"Foster, Joseph (1888–1892). \"Vincent, James Vincent\" . Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886. Oxford: Parker and Co – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Foster_(genealogist)","url_text":"Foster, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Vincent,_James_Vincent","url_text":"\"Vincent, James Vincent\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715%E2%80%931886","url_text":"Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"Hardy, Ernest George (1899). \"Appendix III – List of Fellows\". Jesus College. London: F. E. Robinson & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_George_Hardy","url_text":"Hardy, Ernest George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jesuscollege08hard","url_text":"Jesus College"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 17634\". The London Gazette. 16 September 1820. p. 1761.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17634/page/1761","url_text":"\"No. 17634\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 24368\". The London Gazette. 29 September 1876. p. 5726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24368/page/5726","url_text":"\"No. 24368\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s-VINC-ENT-1650","external_links_name":"\"VINCENT family\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Alumni_Oxonienses:_the_Members_of_the_University_of_Oxford,_1715-1886/Vincent,_James_Vincent","external_links_name":"\"Vincent, James Vincent\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/jesuscollege08hard","external_links_name":"Jesus College"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17634/page/1761","external_links_name":"\"No. 17634\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24368/page/5726","external_links_name":"\"No. 24368\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar_lighter_receptacle
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Automobile auxiliary power outlet
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["1 History","2 Technical design","3 Uses","3.1 Lighter","3.2 Electrical outlet","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Outlet for portable accessories
Not to be confused with the similarly looking but incompatible ISO 4165 sockets/plugs (also called a 'Hella', 'Powerlet' or 'Merit') used on Motorcycles (esp. BMW), in caravaning etc.
"car charger" redirects here. For connector clips used to connect to and charge car batteries, see crocodile clips. For charging stations and connectors for electric vehicles, see Charging station.
Auxiliary power outlet for front passengers
Metal and plastic cigarette lighter receptacles
Mobile phone charger for use in automobiles
Power inverter for producing 60 Hertz square wave power from an automobile outlet as a way to power home appliances.
An automobile auxiliary power outlet (also known as car cigarette lighter or auxiliary power outlet) in an automobile was initially designed to power an electrically heated cigarette lighter, but became a de facto standard DC connector to supply electrical power for portable accessories used in or near an automobile directly from the vehicle's electrical system. Such include mobile phone chargers, cooling fans, portable fridges, electric air pumps, and power inverters.
In most vehicles, at least one car outlet is present. Some vehicles may have more power outlets: usually one for the front passengers, one for the rear passengers and one for the luggage trunk.
The voltage of the power outlet is usually near 12 V DC, and may be elevated between 13.5 V to 15 V while the engine is running.
The 12 V power circuit is protected by a car fuse, often rated at 10 to 20 amperes, which provides 120 to 240 watts of power. Large appliances such as hair dryers or toasters draw too much power to be fed from an auxiliary power socket. If wired directly rather than through the ignition, an empty car battery can be charged through the outlet from an external power source, which is more convenient albeit slower than currents supported through electrical clamps on the car battery.
History
The electrical cigar-lighter was invented and patented in the early 1880s by the Swiss-Austrian inventor Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler. In the 1890s, these tools were sold as electrical cigar lighters (Cigarrenanzünder, later Zigarrenanzünder) in the major German warehouse catalogues. Before the Great Depression, cigarettes overtook cigars in sale, and they became more popularly known as "cigarette lighters", though they have remained the diameter of a standard cigar of 21 millimetres (0.83 in), or a 52 ring gauge.
In 1921, the Morris U.S. patent 1,376,154 was issued for a so-called "wireless" or "cordless" lighter with a removable element. The igniter was heated in the socket and then manually removed for use after an appropriate time interval.
In the United States, cigarette lighters started appearing in 1925-1926 in some models. They were a standard feature by the 1950s.
In 1928, the Connecticut Automotive Specialty Company (Casco) in Bridgeport patented its version of an automotive cigarette lighter, which used a cord and reel. In the reel-type lighters, the igniter unit was connected with a source of current by a cable which was wound on a spring drum so that the igniter unit and cable could be withdrawn from the socket and be used for lighting a cigar or cigarette. As the removable plug was returned to the socket, the wires were reeled back into it. The circuit was closed either by pressing a button or removing the igniter from its socket.
The modern "automatic" removable automotive V-Coil lighter was developed by Casco in 1956, for which it received U.S. patent 2,959,664, issued in 1960.
Technical design
The sockets and mating plugs are defined in the ANSI/SAE J563 specification. For the 12 volt systems, the center contact is the positive terminal and the shell is the negative terminal. Most automobiles connect the negative terminal to the frame of the vehicle (negative ground).
12 volt auto connectors are made to comply with a standard by Underwriters Laboratories for safety. UL2089 was developed to cover the requirements for portable adapters rated 24 V DC or less that are intended to be supplied from the battery powered electrical system of a vehicle. Products covered by the standard include cord assemblies of a plug that mates with the standard cigarette receptacle found in automobiles.
6-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plug
Receptacle inside diameter: 21.34–21.46 mm (median 21.4 mm)
Plug body diameter: 21.08–21.23 mm (median 21.155 mm)
12-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plug, size A
Receptacle inside diameter: 20.93–21.01 mm (median 20.97 mm)
Plug body diameter: 20.73–20.88 mm (median 20.805 mm)
Most often used in American automobiles
12-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plug, size B
Receptacle inside diameter: 21.41–21.51 mm (median 21.455 mm)
Plug body diameter: 21.13–21.33 mm (median 21.18 mm)
Most often used in European automobiles, and sometimes as a second socket in American automobiles expressly for DC power connections.
Plugs often include a pilot light LED indicator to indicate that electrical power is connected. Optionally, the plug may be equipped with an internal fuse for electrical safety, usually rated at 10 amps or less. In some designs, the tip of the plug may be unscrewed to reveal a cylindrical glass fuse; other variants may use a blade-type fuse inserted into the side or back of the plug.
Uses
Lighter
Car cigarette lighter, with brass-colored heating element visible at front
The lighter is a metal or plastic cylinder containing a thin flat coil of nichrome metal strip, through which high current (≈10 amperes) passes when the device is activated, usually by pushing it into the socket as though it were a push-button. When pushed in, the lighter is held against the force of a spring by a clip attached to a bimetallic strip. The heating element glows orange hot in seconds, causing the bimetallic strip to bend and release the mechanism. The handle pops out, eliminating the need for the user to time the heating operation. If the lighter is then promptly removed from its socket, it can light a cigarette, cigar, or tinder.
A common feature of Italian cars in the 1960s to the 1970s, such as Alfa Romeos and Ferraris, is the Brico Pram cigarette lighter, which differs from conventional designs in that the lighter does not pop out for removal to light a cigarette, even though it visually resembles the traditional design. Instead, the center of the lighter features a tapered opening for the user to insert a cigarette until it touches the heating element, the rim of the handle is then pressed down to activate the lighter, the heating element then lights the cigarette and disengages the circuit with an audible ping once the desired temperature is reached as per a conventional lighter. The advantage of such a design is in safety as the red-hot heating element cannot be accidentally dropped onto an occupant's lap. Still, it takes away the ability for the lighter to be removed for the receptacle to be used as a power outlet, and it also does not allow cigars to be lit as the opening is not large enough.
Electrical outlet
A 12 volt cigarette lighter plug, with a tip that may be unscrewed to replace an internal fuse
A power strip designed for use with auxiliary power outlets
In newer cars, the socket is equipped with a plastic cover without the lighter heating element. However, the socket has been repurposed and continues to be used to power consumer electronics in vehicles. Often, a vehicle may come with several outlets for convenience, some in the rear passenger area of the vehicle or even the cargo area, for powering portable devices. These outlets usually have a plastic cap tethered to them, and are usually labeled as being only for DC power, because they are not intended to withstand the heat produced by an electrical cigarette lighter.
The use of cigarette lighter receptacles to supply 12 volt DC power is an example of backward compatibility to a de facto standard. As a power connector, the lighter receptacle is larger, harder to use and less reliable than other DC connectors. Cigarette lighter receptacles are in widespread use in many highway vehicles and some boats. Portable cigarette lighter receptacles attached to cables and alligator clips for connection directly to car batteries are available for temporary use. In newer vehicles, one or more USB connectors may also be provided. Plus in newer cars, the power output from the lighter plug is so reliable that it can charge laptops, without any voltage problems.
Standardized 12 volt DC automobile plugs are defined in the United States by UL Standard 2089 regarding vehicle battery adapters. This standard covers plugs and cord sets that insert into cigarette lighter receptacles. In Europe, 12 volt plugs and sockets are not specially regulated and do not require approvals for the CE mark.
The male plug is sometimes used to feed power into a vehicle to recharge its battery because it usually has no regulatory circuitry between the outlet and the car battery. For instance, portable solar battery maintainers generally connect to a vehicle's battery in this manner. Trickle chargers also sometimes connect in this way, eliminating the need to leave a vehicle's hood open, as well as eliminating the possibility of reversed polarity. Most cars nowadays are designed with a battery-negative earthing system and therefore have a +12V positive power distribution. In such a case, the centre pin of a plug/socket will be +12V DC and the outer casing 0V. While polarity is not an issue for a cigarette lighter, it is prudent to verify the correct matching of polarities when connecting other kinds of accessories.
In some models, the cigarette lighter outlet is not powered when the ignition key is removed and charging is not possible, though modification of the fuse box may allow unlocking continuous power output, by establishing a parallel circuit from a continuously powered fuse slot through a "piggyback" connector.
Since the cigarette lighter socket was originally designed only to heat a cigarette lighter, repurposing these sockets as generic power connectors can lead to many problems. In addition to the issues with partially-compatible physical dimensions, the plugs can vibrate out of the socket under normal driving conditions, owing to poor retention. Also, there have been reports of melted plug tips due to poor contact and heat generation from ohmic resistance.
A second problem is that nominally "twelve-volt" power in cars fluctuates widely. The outlet is connected directly to the electrical system of the car. The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start due to the high temporary battery current usage. When used, DC to DC converters will usually compensate for small fluctuations, but reliable power may not be available without an independent battery-powered uninterruptible power supply.
Rarely, more extreme cases of voltage fluctuation can occur when the car battery is disconnected while the engine is running, or when the car receives a jump start. When the battery is disconnected while the engine is running, its voltage smoothing effect (similar to capacitors) is unavailable and a load dump transient can produce very high voltages as the built-in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles. Also, a "double battery jump-start" is performed by some tow truck drivers in cold climates.
Equipment intended to be powered by the receptacle needs to account for intermittent contact, and voltages outside the nominal 12 V DC, such as maximum voltage 9–16 V continuously, or maximum voltage of 20 V lasting 1 hour, 24 V lasting 1 minute, and 40 V lasting 400 ms. An example of protection component ratings tolerance is +50 to −60 V DC. Robust equipment must tolerate temperatures varying between −40 and +85 °C (−40 and 185 °F), plus possible high humidity and condensation of water.
See also
Automobile accessory power
EmPower (aircraft power adapter)
Inductive charging
ISO 4165: Road vehicles — Electrical connections — Double-pole connection
Notes
^ a b c LifeWire.com article: “From Car Cigarette Lighter To 12V Accessory Socket”
^ Sandoval, David (2010-10-06). "How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter". It Still Runs. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
^ GB patent GB189412411A, Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler, "Electric Igniting Device, suitable for Lighting Tobacco-pipes and Cigars.", issued 1895-04-20
^ a b "Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices".
^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (2003-11-04). "Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?". CNN.com. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ a b "Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures". Casco. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
^ "Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs". SAE International. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
^ U.S. patent 5,932,126
^ "Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows". Gallup.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^ Laukkonen, Jeremy. "12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket". Lifewire.com. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
^ "How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net". 29 July 2020.
^ "Plugging the cigar lighter gap". Service Management 365. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
^ Emadi, Ali (2005-05-25), Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives, CRC press, p. 119, ISBN 0-8247-2361-9, The maximum operating voltage for 14 V systems is specified at 24 V, representing a double battery jump-start condition.
^ "Double-Battery Jump Start", High-Frequency Automotive Power Supplies, Application note 3893, Maxim Integrated Products, 2007-07-17, Another steady-state OV condition is the double-battery jump start, which occurs when a tow truck or other service personnel use 24 V to jump-start a disabled vehicle or otherwise charge a dead battery. The typical OEM test requirement for this condition is about 24 V for two minutes. Some systems related to safety and engine management are required to operate under these conditions.
^ a b EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf
^ "LM2931 Datasheet" (PDF). Cika. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
References
Standards And Specs For In-Seat Power On Aircraft Still In The Clouds discusses mechanical and electrical deficiencies of using the cigarette lighter socket for power.
SAE J563 (Six- and Twelve Volt Cigarette Lighter Receptacles)
SAE USCAR-4 (Standard for Cigar Lighters and Power Outlets) (USCAR: United States Council for Automotive Research)
Automotive voltage transients
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile auxiliary power outlet.
CASCO Lighter History (1925 - 1960)
CASCO Lighter History (1960 - 2005)
Pictures of 12-V Connectors
vteCar interiorPart of a series of articles on carsInstruments
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Electronic instrument cluster
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Head-up display
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Parking sensor
Radar detector
Speedometer
Tachometer
Telematics
Tell-tale
Trip computer
Controls
Bowden cable
Brake
Clutch
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Electronic throttle control
Gear stick
Manettino dial
Parking brake
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO 4165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4165"},{"link_name":"crocodile clips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_clips"},{"link_name":"Charging station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12volt-socket_21mm.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CigarSockets.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dymond_Mini_duo_USB_car_charger,_Oude_Pekela_(2019)_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mobile phone charger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger#Mobile_phone_charger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inverter_CJC01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Power inverter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifewire-1"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"cigarette lighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifewire-1"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"DC connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector"},{"link_name":"mobile phone chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_charger"},{"link_name":"cooling fans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_fan"},{"link_name":"fridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridge"},{"link_name":"air pumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pump"},{"link_name":"power inverters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lifewire-1"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"car fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the similarly looking but incompatible ISO 4165 sockets/plugs (also called a 'Hella', 'Powerlet' or 'Merit') used on Motorcycles (esp. BMW), in caravaning etc.\"car charger\" redirects here. For connector clips used to connect to and charge car batteries, see crocodile clips. For charging stations and connectors for electric vehicles, see Charging station.Auxiliary power outlet for front passengersMetal and plastic cigarette lighter receptaclesMobile phone charger for use in automobilesPower inverter for producing 60 Hertz square wave power from an automobile outlet as a way to power home appliances.An automobile auxiliary power outlet (also known as car cigarette lighter or auxiliary power outlet[1]) in an automobile was initially designed to power an electrically heated cigarette lighter,[1] but became a de facto standard DC connector to supply electrical power for portable accessories used in or near an automobile directly from the vehicle's electrical system. Such include mobile phone chargers, cooling fans, portable fridges, electric air pumps, and power inverters.[1]In most vehicles, at least one car outlet is present. Some vehicles may have more power outlets: usually one for the front passengers, one for the rear passengers and one for the luggage trunk.The voltage of the power outlet is usually near 12 V DC, and may be elevated between 13.5 V to 15 V while the engine is running.The 12 V power circuit is protected by a car fuse, often rated at 10 to 20 amperes, which provides 120 to 240 watts of power. Large appliances such as hair dryers or toasters draw too much power to be fed from an auxiliary power socket. If wired directly rather than through the ignition, an empty car battery can be charged through the outlet from an external power source, which is more convenient albeit slower than currents supported through electrical clamps on the car battery.[2]","title":"Automobile auxiliary power outlet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schindler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"ring gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar#Size_and_shape"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 1,376,154","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US1376154"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supreme.justia.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bridgeport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"patented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casco-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-supreme.justia.com-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Casco-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 2,959,664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US2959664"}],"text":"The electrical cigar-lighter was invented and patented in the early 1880s by the Swiss-Austrian inventor Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler.[3] In the 1890s, these tools were sold as electrical cigar lighters (Cigarrenanzünder, later Zigarrenanzünder) in the major German warehouse catalogues.[citation needed] Before the Great Depression, cigarettes overtook cigars in sale, and they became more popularly known as \"cigarette lighters\", though they have remained the diameter of a standard cigar of 21 millimetres (0.83 in), or a 52 ring gauge.In 1921, the Morris U.S. patent 1,376,154 was issued for a so-called \"wireless\" or \"cordless\" lighter with a removable element. The igniter was heated in the socket and then manually removed for use after an appropriate time interval.[4]In the United States, cigarette lighters started appearing in 1925-1926 in some models. They were a standard feature by the 1950s.[5]In 1928, the Connecticut Automotive Specialty Company (Casco) in Bridgeport patented its version of an automotive cigarette lighter, which used a cord and reel.[6] In the reel-type lighters, the igniter unit was connected with a source of current by a cable which was wound on a spring drum so that the igniter unit and cable could be withdrawn from the socket and be used for lighting a cigar or cigarette. As the removable plug was returned to the socket, the wires were reeled back into it. The circuit was closed either by pressing a button or removing the igniter from its socket.[4]The modern \"automatic\" removable automotive V-Coil lighter was developed by Casco in 1956,[6] for which it received U.S. patent 2,959,664, issued in 1960.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-7"},{"link_name":"Underwriters Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"pilot light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_light"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The sockets and mating plugs are defined in the ANSI/SAE J563[7] specification. For the 12 volt systems, the center contact is the positive terminal and the shell is the negative terminal. Most automobiles connect the negative terminal to the frame of the vehicle (negative ground).12 volt auto connectors are made to comply with a standard by Underwriters Laboratories for safety. UL2089 was developed to cover the requirements for portable adapters rated 24 V DC or less that are intended to be supplied from the battery powered electrical system of a vehicle. Products covered by the standard include cord assemblies of a plug that mates with the standard cigarette receptacle found in automobiles.6-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plugReceptacle inside diameter: 21.34–21.46 mm (median 21.4 mm)\nPlug body diameter: 21.08–21.23 mm (median 21.155 mm)12-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plug, size AReceptacle inside diameter: 20.93–21.01 mm (median 20.97 mm)\nPlug body diameter: 20.73–20.88 mm (median 20.805 mm)\nMost often used in American automobiles12-volt cigarette lighter receptacle and plug, size BReceptacle inside diameter: 21.41–21.51 mm (median 21.455 mm)\nPlug body diameter: 21.13–21.33 mm (median 21.18 mm)\nMost often used in European automobiles, and sometimes as a second socket in American automobiles expressly for DC power connections.Plugs often include a pilot light LED indicator to indicate that electrical power is connected. Optionally, the plug may be equipped with an internal fuse for electrical safety, usually rated at 10 amps or less.[citation needed] In some designs, the tip of the plug may be unscrewed to reveal a cylindrical glass fuse; other variants may use a blade-type fuse inserted into the side or back of the plug.","title":"Technical design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_cigarette_lighter.jpg"},{"link_name":"nichrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichrome"},{"link_name":"amperes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere"},{"link_name":"push-button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-button"},{"link_name":"bimetallic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallic_strip"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"heating element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_element"},{"link_name":"tinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinder"}],"sub_title":"Lighter","text":"Car cigarette lighter, with brass-colored heating element visible at frontThe lighter is a metal or plastic cylinder containing a thin flat coil of nichrome metal strip, through which high current (≈10 amperes) passes when the device is activated, usually by pushing it into the socket as though it were a push-button. When pushed in, the lighter is held against the force of a spring by a clip attached to a bimetallic strip.[8] The heating element glows orange hot in seconds, causing the bimetallic strip to bend and release the mechanism. The handle pops out, eliminating the need for the user to time the heating operation. If the lighter is then promptly removed from its socket, it can light a cigarette, cigar, or tinder.A common feature of Italian cars in the 1960s to the 1970s, such as Alfa Romeos and Ferraris, is the Brico Pram cigarette lighter, which differs from conventional designs in that the lighter does not pop out for removal to light a cigarette, even though it visually resembles the traditional design. Instead, the center of the lighter features a tapered opening for the user to insert a cigarette until it touches the heating element, the rim of the handle is then pressed down to activate the lighter, the heating element then lights the cigarette and disengages the circuit with an audible ping once the desired temperature is reached as per a conventional lighter. The advantage of such a design is in safety as the red-hot heating element cannot be accidentally dropped onto an occupant's lap. Still, it takes away the ability for the lighter to be removed for the receptacle to be used as a power outlet, and it also does not allow cigars to be lit as the opening is not large enough.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Car_12V_DC_plug.jpg"},{"link_name":"fuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prise_multiple_allume-cigare.jpg"},{"link_name":"power strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_strip"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"consumer electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laukkonen-10"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"de facto standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"alligator clips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator_clip"},{"link_name":"car batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_battery"},{"link_name":"USB connectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_connector"},{"link_name":"UL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"CE mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE_mark"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Trickle chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle_charge"},{"link_name":"parallel circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ohmic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resistance"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"DC to DC converters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_to_DC_converter"},{"link_name":"uninterruptible power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply"},{"link_name":"jump start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_start_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"load dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_dump"},{"link_name":"voltage regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator"},{"link_name":"diodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode"},{"link_name":"alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordemc-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LM2931-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fordemc-15"}],"sub_title":"Electrical outlet","text":"A 12 volt cigarette lighter plug, with a tip that may be unscrewed to replace an internal fuseA power strip designed for use with auxiliary power outletsIn newer cars, the socket is equipped with a plastic cover without the lighter heating element.[9] However, the socket has been repurposed and continues to be used to power consumer electronics in vehicles.[10] Often, a vehicle may come with several outlets for convenience, some in the rear passenger area of the vehicle or even the cargo area, for powering portable devices. These outlets usually have a plastic cap tethered to them, and are usually labeled as being only for DC power, because they are not intended to withstand the heat produced by an electrical cigarette lighter.The use of cigarette lighter receptacles to supply 12 volt DC power is an example of backward compatibility to a de facto standard. As a power connector, the lighter receptacle is larger, harder to use and less reliable than other DC connectors[citation needed]. Cigarette lighter receptacles are in widespread use in many highway vehicles and some boats. Portable cigarette lighter receptacles attached to cables and alligator clips for connection directly to car batteries are available for temporary use. In newer vehicles, one or more USB connectors may also be provided. Plus in newer cars, the power output from the lighter plug is so reliable that it can charge laptops, without any voltage problems.Standardized 12 volt DC automobile plugs are defined in the United States by UL Standard 2089 regarding vehicle battery adapters. This standard covers plugs and cord sets that insert into cigarette lighter receptacles. In Europe, 12 volt plugs and sockets are not specially regulated and do not require approvals for the CE mark.[citation needed]The male plug is sometimes used to feed power into a vehicle to recharge its battery because it usually has no regulatory circuitry between the outlet and the car battery. For instance, portable solar battery maintainers generally connect to a vehicle's battery in this manner. Trickle chargers also sometimes connect in this way, eliminating the need to leave a vehicle's hood open, as well as eliminating the possibility of reversed polarity. Most cars nowadays are designed with a battery-negative earthing system and therefore have a +12V positive power distribution. In such a case, the centre pin of a plug/socket will be +12V DC and the outer casing 0V. While polarity is not an issue for a cigarette lighter, it is prudent to verify the correct matching of polarities when connecting other kinds of accessories.In some models, the cigarette lighter outlet is not powered when the ignition key is removed and charging is not possible, though modification of the fuse box may allow unlocking continuous power output, by establishing a parallel circuit from a continuously powered fuse slot through a \"piggyback\" connector.[11]Since the cigarette lighter socket was originally designed only to heat a cigarette lighter, repurposing these sockets as generic power connectors can lead to many problems. In addition to the issues with partially-compatible physical dimensions, the plugs can vibrate out of the socket under normal driving conditions, owing to poor retention. Also, there have been reports of melted plug tips due to poor contact and heat generation from ohmic resistance.A second problem is that nominally \"twelve-volt\" power in cars fluctuates widely. The outlet is connected directly to the electrical system of the car. The actual voltage, matching the car battery's voltage, will be approximately 12.5 volts when dormant (less in cold conditions), approximately 14.5 volts when the engine and the alternator/generator are operating (more when cold), and may briefly drop as low as 5–6 volts during engine start due to the high temporary battery current usage.[12] When used, DC to DC converters will usually compensate for small fluctuations, but reliable power may not be available without an independent battery-powered uninterruptible power supply.Rarely, more extreme cases of voltage fluctuation can occur when the car battery is disconnected while the engine is running, or when the car receives a jump start. When the battery is disconnected while the engine is running, its voltage smoothing effect (similar to capacitors) is unavailable and a load dump transient can produce very high voltages as the built-in voltage regulator has been controlling the alternator field current to charge the vehicle battery and although it will attempt to reduce the field current to keep the output voltage constant, the field winding is highly inductive and setting the current to its new value takes several hundred milliseconds, during which the alternator output voltage will exceed its intended value. The load dump transient may also ruin the diodes in the alternator by exceeding their breakdown voltage. A car receiving a jump start from a truck may be subject to a 24 V electrical system used in some vehicles.[13] Also, a \"double battery jump-start\" is performed by some tow truck drivers in cold climates.[14]Equipment intended to be powered by the receptacle needs to account for intermittent contact, and voltages outside the nominal 12 V DC, such as maximum voltage 9–16 V continuously, or maximum voltage of 20 V lasting 1 hour, 24 V lasting 1 minute, and 40 V lasting 400 ms.[15] An example of protection component ratings tolerance is +50 to −60 V DC.[16] Robust equipment must tolerate temperatures varying between −40 and +85 °C (−40 and 185 °F), plus possible high humidity and condensation of water.[15]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lifewire_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lifewire_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lifewire_1-2"},{"link_name":"“From Car Cigarette Lighter To 12V Accessory Socket”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.LifeWire.com/car-cigarette-lighter-12v-socket-534754"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//itstillruns.com/charge-battery-through-cigarette-lighter-7298917.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"GB patent GB189412411A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DGB189412411A"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supreme.justia.com_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-supreme.justia.com_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/us/314/84/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//money.cnn.com/2003/11/04/pf/autos/lighters/index.htm?cnn=yes"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Casco_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Casco_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070625154507/http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet#Dubious"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAE_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sae.org/standards/content/j563_200902/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 5,932,126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US5932126"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.gallup.com/poll/28213/Latest-Gallup-Update-Shows-Cigarette-Smoking-Near-Historical-Lows.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Laukkonen_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lifewire.com/car-cigarette-lighter-12v-socket-534754"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rdtk.net/hardware/how-you-can-add-wires-for-an-automotive-fuse-box/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Plugging the cigar lighter gap\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070717205010/http://www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=c984D31D2sQC&pg=PA119"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8247-2361-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2361-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Double-Battery Jump Start\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/3/3893.html"},{"link_name":"OV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overvoltage"},{"link_name":"tow truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fordemc_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fordemc_15-1"},{"link_name":"EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hum2d.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LM2931_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"LM2931 Datasheet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cika.com/soporte/Information/Semiconductores/Reguladores/LM2931-xx_On.pdf"}],"text":"^ a b c LifeWire.com article: “From Car Cigarette Lighter To 12V Accessory Socket”\n\n^ Sandoval, David (2010-10-06). \"How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter\". It Still Runs. Retrieved 27 October 2021.\n\n^ GB patent GB189412411A, Friedrich Wilhelm Schindler, \"Electric Igniting Device, suitable for Lighting Tobacco-pipes and Cigars.\", issued 1895-04-20 \n\n^ a b \"Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices\".\n\n^ Valdes-Dapena, Peter (2003-11-04). \"Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?\". CNN.com. Retrieved 2007-06-05.\n\n^ a b \"Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures\". Casco. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-05.[dubious – discuss]\n\n^ \"Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs\". SAE International. Retrieved 2016-02-16.\n\n^ U.S. patent 5,932,126\n\n^ \"Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows\". Gallup.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-08.\n\n^ Laukkonen, Jeremy. \"12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket\". Lifewire.com. Retrieved 2021-02-28.\n\n^ \"How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net\". 29 July 2020.\n\n^ \"Plugging the cigar lighter gap\". Service Management 365. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-30.\n\n^ Emadi, Ali (2005-05-25), Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives, CRC press, p. 119, ISBN 0-8247-2361-9, The maximum operating voltage for 14 V systems is specified at 24 V, representing a double battery jump-start condition.\n\n^ \"Double-Battery Jump Start\", High-Frequency Automotive Power Supplies, Application note 3893, Maxim Integrated Products, 2007-07-17, Another steady-state OV condition is the double-battery jump start, which occurs when a tow truck or other service personnel use 24 V to jump-start a disabled vehicle or otherwise charge a dead battery. The typical OEM test requirement for this condition is about 24 V for two minutes. Some systems related to safety and engine management are required to operate under these conditions.\n\n^ a b EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf\n\n^ \"LM2931 Datasheet\" (PDF). Cika. Retrieved 2016-02-16.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Auxiliary power outlet for front passengers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/12volt-socket_21mm.jpg/220px-12volt-socket_21mm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Metal and plastic cigarette lighter receptacles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/CigarSockets.jpg/220px-CigarSockets.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mobile phone charger for use in automobiles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dymond_Mini_duo_USB_car_charger%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_01.jpg/220px-Dymond_Mini_duo_USB_car_charger%2C_Oude_Pekela_%282019%29_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Power inverter for producing 60 Hertz square wave power from an automobile outlet as a way to power home appliances.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inverter_CJC01.jpg/220px-Inverter_CJC01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Car cigarette lighter, with brass-colored heating element visible at front","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Car_cigarette_lighter.jpg/220px-Car_cigarette_lighter.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 12 volt cigarette lighter plug, with a tip that may be unscrewed to replace an internal fuse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Car_12V_DC_plug.jpg/170px-Car_12V_DC_plug.jpg"},{"image_text":"A power strip designed for use with auxiliary power outlets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Prise_multiple_allume-cigare.jpg/220px-Prise_multiple_allume-cigare.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Automobile accessory power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_accessory_power"},{"title":"EmPower (aircraft power adapter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EmPower_(aircraft_power_adapter)"},{"title":"Inductive charging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging"},{"title":"ISO 4165: Road vehicles — Electrical connections — Double-pole connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4165"}]
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[{"reference":"Sandoval, David (2010-10-06). \"How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter\". It Still Runs. Retrieved 27 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://itstillruns.com/charge-battery-through-cigarette-lighter-7298917.html","url_text":"\"How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices\".","urls":[{"url":"https://supreme.justia.com/us/314/84/index.html","url_text":"\"Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices\""}]},{"reference":"Valdes-Dapena, Peter (2003-11-04). \"Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?\". CNN.com. Retrieved 2007-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2003/11/04/pf/autos/lighters/index.htm?cnn=yes","url_text":"\"Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures\". Casco. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625154507/http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html","url_text":"\"Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures\""},{"url":"http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs\". SAE International. Retrieved 2016-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j563_200902/","url_text":"\"Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows\". Gallup.com. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 2009-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.gallup.com/poll/28213/Latest-Gallup-Update-Shows-Cigarette-Smoking-Near-Historical-Lows.aspx","url_text":"\"Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows\""}]},{"reference":"Laukkonen, Jeremy. \"12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket\". Lifewire.com. Retrieved 2021-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lifewire.com/car-cigarette-lighter-12v-socket-534754","url_text":"\"12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket\""}]},{"reference":"\"How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net\". 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rdtk.net/hardware/how-you-can-add-wires-for-an-automotive-fuse-box/","url_text":"\"How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plugging the cigar lighter gap\". Service Management 365. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717205010/http://www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx","url_text":"\"Plugging the cigar lighter gap\""},{"url":"http://www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emadi, Ali (2005-05-25), Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives, CRC press, p. 119, ISBN 0-8247-2361-9, The maximum operating voltage for 14 V systems is specified at 24 V, representing a double battery jump-start condition.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c984D31D2sQC&pg=PA119","url_text":"Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2361-9","url_text":"0-8247-2361-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Double-Battery Jump Start\", High-Frequency Automotive Power Supplies, Application note 3893, Maxim Integrated Products, 2007-07-17, Another steady-state OV condition is the double-battery jump start, which occurs when a tow truck or other service personnel use 24 V to jump-start a disabled vehicle or otherwise charge a dead battery. The typical OEM test requirement for this condition is about 24 V for two minutes. Some systems related to safety and engine management are required to operate under these conditions.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/3/3893.html","url_text":"\"Double-Battery Jump Start\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overvoltage","url_text":"OV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck","url_text":"tow truck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer","url_text":"OEM"}]},{"reference":"\"LM2931 Datasheet\" (PDF). Cika. Retrieved 2016-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cika.com/soporte/Information/Semiconductores/Reguladores/LM2931-xx_On.pdf","url_text":"\"LM2931 Datasheet\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US1376154","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 1,376,154"},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US2959664","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 2,959,664"},{"Link":"https://www.lifewire.com/car-cigarette-lighter-12v-socket-534754","external_links_name":"“From Car Cigarette Lighter To 12V Accessory Socket”"},{"Link":"https://itstillruns.com/charge-battery-through-cigarette-lighter-7298917.html","external_links_name":"\"How to Charge a Car Battery Through a Cigarette Lighter\""},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DGB189412411A","external_links_name":"GB patent GB189412411A"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/us/314/84/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Cuno Engineering v. Automatic Devices\""},{"Link":"https://money.cnn.com/2003/11/04/pf/autos/lighters/index.htm?cnn=yes","external_links_name":"\"Cigarette lighters: The new cupholders?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625154507/http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html","external_links_name":"\"Casco Cigar lighter Facts & Figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i22128.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j563_200902/","external_links_name":"\"Standard for 12 Volt Cigarette Lighters, Power Outlets, and Accessory Plugs\""},{"Link":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US5932126","external_links_name":"U.S. patent 5,932,126"},{"Link":"https://news.gallup.com/poll/28213/Latest-Gallup-Update-Shows-Cigarette-Smoking-Near-Historical-Lows.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Latest Gallup Update Shows Cigarette Smoking Near Historical Lows\""},{"Link":"https://www.lifewire.com/car-cigarette-lighter-12v-socket-534754","external_links_name":"\"12V Socket or Cigarette Lighter Receptacle? The De Facto 12V DC Power Socket\""},{"Link":"https://rdtk.net/hardware/how-you-can-add-wires-for-an-automotive-fuse-box/","external_links_name":"\"How you can Add Wires for an Automotive Fuse Box - Hardware | RDTK.net\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717205010/http://www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Plugging the cigar lighter gap\""},{"Link":"http://www.servicemanagement365.com/Mobile_Communications_Hardware/Article405913.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c984D31D2sQC&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Handbook of automotive power electronics and motor drives"},{"Link":"https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/3/3893.html","external_links_name":"\"Double-Battery Jump Start\""},{"Link":"https://hum2d.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf","external_links_name":"EMC_CS_2009rev1.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.cika.com/soporte/Information/Semiconductores/Reguladores/LM2931-xx_On.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LM2931 Datasheet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110120065450/http://electronicdesign.com/article/analog-and-mixed-signal/standards-and-specs-for-in-seat-power-on-aircraft-.aspx","external_links_name":"Standards And Specs For In-Seat Power On Aircraft Still In The Clouds"},{"Link":"http://www.sae.org/technical/standards/J563_200902","external_links_name":"SAE J563 (Six- and Twelve Volt Cigarette Lighter Receptacles)"},{"Link":"https://www.sae.org/standards/content/uscar4-1/","external_links_name":"SAE USCAR-4 (Standard for Cigar Lighters and Power Outlets)"},{"Link":"http://www.eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4011095/Clamping-circuit-tames-automotive-voltage-transients","external_links_name":"Automotive voltage transients"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070625153852/http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i20934.html","external_links_name":"CASCO Lighter History (1925 - 1960)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070819085003/http://www.cascoglobal.com/n20845/i20937.html","external_links_name":"CASCO Lighter History (1960 - 2005)"},{"Link":"http://www.12v-parts.com/search.php?cat=Cigarette+Plug","external_links_name":"Pictures of 12-V Connectors"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Branicka
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Sebastian Lubomirski
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["1 References"]
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Sebastian LubomirskiSebastian LubomirskiCoat of armsLubomirskiBornc. 1546Died20 July 1613Noble familyLubomirskiConsorts
Anna Branicka
Anna Pieniążek
FatherStanisław LubomirskiMotherBarbara Hruszowska
Count Sebastian Lubomirski (c. 1546–20 July 1613) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic).
He was owner of Wiśnicz and Siercza. He was Żupnik of Kraków in 1581–1592, burgrave of Kraków since 1584, castellan of Małogoszcz since 1591, Biecz since 1598, Wojnicz since 1603 and starost of Sandomierz, Sącz and of Spisz.
Lubomirski had two consorts, Anna Branicka and Anna Pieniążek. He had six children with Branicka: Stanisław Lubomirski, Joachim Lubomirski, Katarzyna Lubomirska, Zofia Lubomirska, Barbara Lubomirska and Krystyna Lubomirska.
References
^ Długosz, Józef (1997). Latyfundia Lubomirskich w XVII wieku: (powstanie - rozwój - podziały) (in Polish). Uniwersytet Opolski. p. 49. ISBN 978-83-87635-03-9. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^ Studia epigraficzne (in Polish). Oficyna wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. 2004. p. 178. ISBN 978-83-89321-97-8. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^ Książek, Mieczysław (1990). Miasta prywatne Wiśnicz Nowy i Kolbuszowa, na tle działalności urbanistyczno-architektonicznej Lubomirskikh w XVII wieku (in Polish). Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. p. 45. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ "Lubomirski Sebastian". encyklopedia.pwn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ Theodorescu, Răzvan (1979). Itinerarii medievale (in Romanian). Meridiane. p. 165. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ Chłapowski, Krzysztof (1984). Realizacja reform egzekucji dóbr, 1563-1665: sprawa zastawów królewszczyzn małopolskich (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. p. 199. ISBN 978-83-01-05639-1. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
Authority control databases International
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People
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This biography of a Polish noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"szlachcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachcic"},{"link_name":"Wiśnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C5%9Bnicz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Siercza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siercza"},{"link_name":"Żupnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBupnik"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"burgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgrave"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"Małogoszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82ogoszcz"},{"link_name":"Biecz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biecz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wojnicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojnicz"},{"link_name":"starost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starost"},{"link_name":"Sandomierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz"},{"link_name":"Sącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C4%85cz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szepes_County"},{"link_name":"Anna Branicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Branicka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lubomirski_(1583%E2%80%931649)"},{"link_name":"Joachim Lubomirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Lubomirski"}],"text":"Count Sebastian Lubomirski (c. 1546[1]–20 July 1613[2]) was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman (szlachcic).He was owner of Wiśnicz[3] and Siercza. He was Żupnik of Kraków in 1581–1592,[4] burgrave of Kraków since 1584, castellan of Małogoszcz since 1591, Biecz since 1598,[5] Wojnicz since 1603 and starost of Sandomierz, Sącz and of Spisz.Lubomirski had two consorts, Anna Branicka[6] and Anna Pieniążek. He had six children with Branicka: Stanisław Lubomirski, Joachim Lubomirski, Katarzyna Lubomirska, Zofia Lubomirska, Barbara Lubomirska and Krystyna Lubomirska.","title":"Sebastian Lubomirski"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Długosz, Józef (1997). Latyfundia Lubomirskich w XVII wieku: (powstanie - rozwój - podziały) (in Polish). Uniwersytet Opolski. p. 49. ISBN 978-83-87635-03-9. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Latyfundia_Lubomirskich_w_XVII_wieku/798jAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%20%221546%22","url_text":"Latyfundia Lubomirskich w XVII wieku: (powstanie - rozwój - podziały)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-87635-03-9","url_text":"978-83-87635-03-9"}]},{"reference":"Studia epigraficzne (in Polish). Oficyna wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. 2004. p. 178. ISBN 978-83-89321-97-8. Retrieved 25 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studia_epigraficzne/HQwrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%2220+lipca+1613%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%2220+lipca+1613%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Studia epigraficzne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89321-97-8","url_text":"978-83-89321-97-8"}]},{"reference":"Książek, Mieczysław (1990). Miasta prywatne Wiśnicz Nowy i Kolbuszowa, na tle działalności urbanistyczno-architektonicznej Lubomirskikh w XVII wieku (in Polish). Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. p. 45. Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Miasta_prywatne_Wi%C5%9Bnicz_Nowy_i_Kolbuszo/A-VLAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Wi%C5%9Bnicz%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Wi%C5%9Bnicz%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Miasta prywatne Wiśnicz Nowy i Kolbuszowa, na tle działalności urbanistyczno-architektonicznej Lubomirskikh w XVII wieku"}]},{"reference":"\"Lubomirski Sebastian\". encyklopedia.pwn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3934143.html","url_text":"\"Lubomirski Sebastian\""}]},{"reference":"Theodorescu, Răzvan (1979). Itinerarii medievale (in Romanian). Meridiane. p. 165. Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Itinerarii_medievale/LKUvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+biecz+%221598%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+biecz+%221598%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Itinerarii medievale"}]},{"reference":"Chłapowski, Krzysztof (1984). Realizacja reform egzekucji dóbr, 1563-1665: sprawa zastawów królewszczyzn małopolskich (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. p. 199. ISBN 978-83-01-05639-1. Retrieved 26 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Realizacja_reform_egzekucji_d%C3%B3br_1563_1/JdlBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Anna+Branicka%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Anna+Branicka%22&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Realizacja reform egzekucji dóbr, 1563-1665: sprawa zastawów królewszczyzn małopolskich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-05639-1","url_text":"978-83-01-05639-1"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Latyfundia_Lubomirskich_w_XVII_wieku/798jAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%20%221546%22","external_links_name":"Latyfundia Lubomirskich w XVII wieku: (powstanie - rozwój - podziały)"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studia_epigraficzne/HQwrAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%2220+lipca+1613%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%2220+lipca+1613%22&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Studia epigraficzne"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Miasta_prywatne_Wi%C5%9Bnicz_Nowy_i_Kolbuszo/A-VLAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Wi%C5%9Bnicz%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Wi%C5%9Bnicz%22&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Miasta prywatne Wiśnicz Nowy i Kolbuszowa, na tle działalności urbanistyczno-architektonicznej Lubomirskikh w XVII wieku"},{"Link":"https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;3934143.html","external_links_name":"\"Lubomirski Sebastian\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Itinerarii_medievale/LKUvAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+biecz+%221598%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+biecz+%221598%22&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Itinerarii medievale"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Realizacja_reform_egzekucji_d%C3%B3br_1563_1/JdlBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Anna+Branicka%22&dq=Sebastian+Lubomirski+%22Anna+Branicka%22&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Realizacja reform egzekucji dóbr, 1563-1665: sprawa zastawów królewszczyzn małopolskich"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000113136861","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/165128063","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1049453689","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1049453689.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Lubomirski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Catholic_Cathedral
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Christchurch Catholic Cathedral
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["1 History","1.1 Costs","1.2 Legal issues","2 Construction","2.1 Design","2.2 Location","2.3 Naming","3 References"]
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Not to be confused with Christ Church Cathedral, Christchurch.Church in Christchurch Central City, New ZealandChristchurch Catholic Cathedral43°32′18″S 172°38′47″E / 43.5383°S 172.6464°E / -43.5383; 172.6464LocationChristchurch Central CityCountryNew ZealandDenominationRoman CatholicHistoryStatusDesign and namingArchitectureArchitectural typeCathedralSpecificationsCapacity1,000AdministrationDioceseChristchurch
The Christchurch Catholic Cathedral is the planned replacement to the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament which was damaged in the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes and later demolished in 2020. This makes the cathedral the future mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Christchurch (Dioecesis Christopolitana). Initially, the cathedral was to be located on the corner of Armagh and Colombo Streets, opposite Victoria Square. However, on 21 April 2024, Bishop Michael Gielen announced the cathedral would be returning to the Barbados Street site, formerly occupied by the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament.
History
The initial site of the new cathedral. Picture taken just after the demolition of the Copthorne Hotel (December 2013)On 4 August 2019, Bishop Martin announced that the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament was to be demolished. This decision was in contrast to Bishop Barry Jones, who favoured the restoration of the cathedral. Plans for the new cathedral, including a building collaboration called North of the Square with Ōtākaro Limited, and the Carter Group were announced by Bishop Martin on 7 December 2019. This collaboration, priced at NZ$500m, included new offices and a chancery, a five-star hotel, and a multi-storey carpark. It was planned to be completed by 2026.
Costs
The Catholic precinct was to cost NZ$100m, with NZ$40m being designated to the construction of the cathedral. The remaining funds were to be spent on chancery offices, an open courtyard, a garden, and parking. Of the NZ$500m collaboration, NZ$126m was set aside for the Diocese. Funding for the construction of the Cathedral was to be carried out, with NZ$45m already being used from its earthquake fund, as well as selling land no longer needed by the Diocese.
Legal issues
On 26 March 2023, congregations of the Christchurch Diocese were told that the Vatican's supreme court, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura halted action on the building project, to hear a legal case from a group of 300 parishioners (collectively known as 'The Gathering') from around Christchurch who opposed the $100 million building plan. The parishioners are challenging the Diocese under Canon Law. The group are hoping that suburban churches can be retained and a replacement cathedral be built on the Barbadoes Street site, formally occupied by the now-demolished Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament.
The Gathering also stated that Archbishop Martin (then Bishop of Christchurch) did not have the authority to demolish the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in 2019 and the selling of property for funding of the planned Cathedral. The Gathering and the Diocese subsequently sent one of 15 globally-known Canon Law lawyers to the hearings in the Vatican.
Construction
Design
Two architect companies that are to design the new cathedral are local architect firm, Warren and Mahoney Architects, based in Christchurch and Franck & Lohsen Architects from the United States. Franck & Lohsen are known to focus on designing traditional design and have built churches all over the World. Bishop Martin stated saying why this firm was chosen:"I am looking for us to build something that is more traditional rather than something modern. It needs to tap into why people loved the . People loved the because of the style and elegance."
Location
Despite the land being purchased for the initial site, it was announced on 21 April 2024 that the cathedral will instead be built on the original site of the cathedral before the earthquakes. The purchased land will be sold off.
Naming
On 26 May 2024, Bishop Gielen had his pastoral letter read out to parishes arounf the Diocese on the new pastoral name of the future cathedral.
References
^ a b c "Bishop announces site for new central Cathedral". Catholic Diocese of Christchurch. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ "Blessed Sacrament Cathedral to be demolished". CathNews New Zealand. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ "Bishop announces plans to demolish Catholic Cathedral". Newsline. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ Bayer, Kurt (6 December 2019). "New $85m Catholic cathedral planned for centre of post-quake Christchurch". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ a b "New Catholic cathedral part of $500m Christchurch development". Radio New Zealand. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ a b McDonald, Liz (30 March 2023). "Vatican action throws Christchurch's new cathedral plan into uncertainty". Stuff. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ a b c "New Catholic complex in central Christchurch will cost $100 million". Stuff. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
^ "New central city Catholic parish precinct to cost $126m". Otago Daily Times. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ "Christchurch's new Catholic Cathedral in heart of the city". CathNews NZ Pacific. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
^ McDonald, Liz (29 March 2023). "Vatican action halts Christchurch's Catholic cathedral building plan". Stuff. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
^ "Major U-turn as site of Christchurch Catholic cathedral rebuild announced". 1News. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
vteChristchurch earthquakesEarthquakesLocated in or near Christchurch
June 1869
September 2010
Boxing Day 2010
February 2011
June 2011
December 2011
February 2016
Located elsewhere causingdamage in Christchurch
1855 Wairarapa
1881 Castle Hill
1888 North Canterbury
1901 Cheviot
1922 Motunau
2016 Kaikōura
BuildingsLost
Bus Exchange
Christchurch Central Library
Te Pae Convention Centre
Crowne Plaza
The Civic
Clarendon Tower
Cranmer Centre
Cranmer Court
CTV Building
Durham Street Methodist Church
Excelsior Hotel
Guthrey Centre
Hornby Clocktower
Hotel Grand Chancellor
Linwood House
Lyttelton Borough Council Chambers
Lyttelton Road Tunnel Administration Building
Lyttelton Times Building
Majestic Theatre
Manchester Courts
Oxford Terrace Baptist Church
PGC building
Press Building
St John's Church
St Luke's Church
St Paul's Church
Warner's Hotel
Weston House
Westpac Canterbury Centre
Wharetiki House
Demolition
Implosion of Radio Network House
Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament
Central Police Station
Lancaster Park
Music Centre of Christchurch
Twinkle Toes
Damaged withuncertain future
Antonio Hall
Odeon Theatre
Remaining
Antigua Boat Sheds
Arts Centre (Dux de Lux, Registry Building)
Bridge of Remembrance
Canterbury Club
Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings
Chief Post Office
Christchurch Art Gallery
Christ Church Cathedral
Christchurch Club
St Michael Church
Citizens' War Memorial
City Mall
Curator's House
Forsyth Barr Building
Godley Statue
Isaac Theatre Royal
Knox Church
McDougall Art Gallery
McLean's Mansion
Midland Club Building
New Brighton Pier
New Regent Street
Lyttelton Timeball Station
Old Government Building
Our City
Peterborough Centre
Public Trust Building
Riccarton House
Rolleston Statue
Scott Statue
Shand's Emporium
Sign of the Kiwi
St Saviour's Chapel
Town Hall
Trinity Congregational Church
Victoria Clock Tower
Victoria Mansions
Worcester Chambers
New
185 empty chairs (unofficial memorial)
Cardboard Cathedral
Christchurch Catholic Cathedral
Pallet Pavilion
Re:START
Lists
historic places
tall buildings
LandCategories
Central City Red Zone
Residential red zone (East Lake)
TC3
Suburbs worst affected
Central City
Avonside
Avondale
Dallington
Bexley
Southshore
Brooklands
Kaiapoi
PeopleAssociated with earthquakes
Ann Brower
Gerry Brownlee
Kaila Colbin
Clayton Cosgrove
Ruth Dyson
Antony Gough
John Hamilton
Andrew Holden
Warwick Isaacs
Sam Johnson
André Lovatt
Neil MacLean
Tony Marryatt
John Ombler
Bob Parker
Nigel Priestley
Mark Quigley
Alan Reay
Ken Ring
Gerald Shirtcliff
Roger Sutton
Deon Swiggs
Coralie Winn
Died in earthquake
Jo Giles
Amanda Hooper
Recovery Plan
(1) The Frame (Margaret Mahy Playground)
(2) Te Pae Convention Centre
(3) Christchurch Stadium
(4) Metro Sports Facility
(5) Bus Interchange
(6) Avon River Precinct
(7) Te Puna Ahurea Cultural Centre
(8) The Square
(9) Performing Arts Precinct
(10) Justice and Emergency Services Precinct
(11) Health Precinct
(12) Cricket Oval
(13) Residential Demonstration Project
(14) Tūranga (Central Library)
(15) Innovation Precinct
(16) Retail Precinct
Earthquake Memorial (official)
OrganisationsPublic sector
CCDU
CERA
Christchurch City Council
Civil Defence
Regenerate Christchurch
SCIRT
Selwyn District Council
Waimakariri District Council
Private and voluntary sector
Farmy Army
Gap Filler
Greening the Rubble
Ministry of Awesome
Student Volunteer Army
The Press
Services
Christchurch Recovery Map
The Shuttle
Legislation
Canterbury Earthquake Response and Recovery Act 2010
Canterbury Earthquake Commemoration Day Act 2011
Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011
Commission of Inquiry
Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission
Mark Cooper (chair)
Ron Carter (commissioner)
Richard Fenwick (commissioner)
|
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This makes the cathedral the future mother church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Christchurch (Dioecesis Christopolitana).[1] Initially, the cathedral was to be located on the corner of Armagh and Colombo Streets, opposite Victoria Square. However, on 21 April 2024, Bishop Michael Gielen announced the cathedral would be returning to the Barbados Street site, formerly occupied by the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament.","title":"Christchurch Catholic Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copthorne_All_Gone_Now!.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ōtākaro Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%8Ct%C4%81karo_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carter Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carter_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"text":"The initial site of the new cathedral. Picture taken just after the demolition of the Copthorne Hotel (December 2013)On 4 August 2019, Bishop Martin announced that the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament was to be demolished.[2] This decision was in contrast to Bishop Barry Jones, who favoured the restoration of the cathedral.[3] Plans for the new cathedral, including a building collaboration called North of the Square with Ōtākaro Limited, and the Carter Group were announced by Bishop Martin on 7 December 2019.[1][4] This collaboration, priced at NZ$500m, included new offices and a chancery, a five-star hotel, and a multi-storey carpark.[5][1] It was planned to be completed by 2026.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Costs","text":"The Catholic precinct was to cost NZ$100m, with NZ$40m being designated to the construction of the cathedral. The remaining funds were to be spent on chancery offices, an open courtyard, a garden, and parking.[7] Of the NZ$500m collaboration, NZ$126m was set aside for the Diocese.[8] Funding for the construction of the Cathedral was to be carried out, with NZ$45m already being used from its earthquake fund, as well as selling land no longer needed by the Diocese.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura"},{"link_name":"Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"}],"sub_title":"Legal issues","text":"On 26 March 2023, congregations of the Christchurch Diocese were told that the Vatican's supreme court, the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura halted action on the building project, to hear a legal case from a group of 300 parishioners (collectively known as 'The Gathering') from around Christchurch who opposed the $100 million building plan. The parishioners are challenging the Diocese under Canon Law. The group are hoping that suburban churches can be retained and a replacement cathedral be built on the Barbadoes Street site, formally occupied by the now-demolished Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament.The Gathering also stated that Archbishop Martin (then Bishop of Christchurch) did not have the authority to demolish the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in 2019 and the selling of property for funding of the planned Cathedral. The Gathering and the Diocese subsequently sent one of 15 globally-known Canon Law lawyers to the hearings in the Vatican.[10][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren and Mahoney Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_and_Mahoney"},{"link_name":"Franck & Lohsen Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franck_%26_Lohsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-7"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"Two architect companies that are to design the new cathedral are local architect firm, Warren and Mahoney Architects, based in Christchurch and Franck & Lohsen Architects from the United States. Franck & Lohsen are known to focus on designing traditional design and have built churches all over the World.[7] Bishop Martin stated saying why this firm was chosen:\"I am looking for us to build something that is more traditional rather than something modern. It needs to tap into why people loved the [cathedral]. People loved the [cathedral] because of the style and elegance.\"[7]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Despite the land being purchased for the initial site, it was announced on 21 April 2024 that the cathedral will instead be built on the original site of the cathedral before the earthquakes. The purchased land will be sold off.[11]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Naming","text":"On 26 May 2024, Bishop Gielen had his pastoral letter read out to parishes arounf the Diocese on the new pastoral name of the future cathedral.","title":"Construction"}]
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[{"image_text":"The initial site of the new cathedral. Picture taken just after the demolition of the Copthorne Hotel (December 2013)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Copthorne_All_Gone_Now%21.jpg/220px-Copthorne_All_Gone_Now%21.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bishop announces site for new central Cathedral\". Catholic Diocese of Christchurch. 6 December 2019. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150136/https://chchcatholic.nz/2019/12/bishop-announces-new-central-cathedral/","url_text":"\"Bishop announces site for new central Cathedral\""},{"url":"https://chchcatholic.nz/2019/12/bishop-announces-new-central-cathedral/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blessed Sacrament Cathedral to be demolished\". CathNews New Zealand. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cathnews.co.nz/2019/08/05/cathedral-to-be-demolished/","url_text":"\"Blessed Sacrament Cathedral to be demolished\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop announces plans to demolish Catholic Cathedral\". Newsline. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/bishop-announces-plans-to-demolish-catholic-cathedral","url_text":"\"Bishop announces plans to demolish Catholic Cathedral\""}]},{"reference":"Bayer, Kurt (6 December 2019). \"New $85m Catholic cathedral planned for centre of post-quake Christchurch\". NZ Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12291741","url_text":"\"New $85m Catholic cathedral planned for centre of post-quake Christchurch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777","url_text":"1170-0777"}]},{"reference":"\"New Catholic cathedral part of $500m Christchurch development\". Radio New Zealand. 7 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405016/new-catholic-cathedral-part-of-500m-christchurch-development","url_text":"\"New Catholic cathedral part of $500m Christchurch development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand","url_text":"Radio New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Liz (30 March 2023). \"Vatican action throws Christchurch's new cathedral plan into uncertainty\". Stuff. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/131648295/vatican-action-throws-christchurchs-new-cathedral-plan-into-uncertainty","url_text":"\"Vatican action throws Christchurch's new cathedral plan into uncertainty\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Catholic complex in central Christchurch will cost $100 million\". Stuff. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/300290922/new-catholic-complex-in-central-christchurch-will-cost-100-million","url_text":"\"New Catholic complex in central Christchurch will cost $100 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_(website)","url_text":"Stuff"}]},{"reference":"\"New central city Catholic parish precinct to cost $126m\". Otago Daily Times. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-christchurch/new-central-city-catholic-parish-precinct-cost-126m","url_text":"\"New central city Catholic parish precinct to cost $126m\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times","url_text":"Otago Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Christchurch's new Catholic Cathedral in heart of the city\". CathNews NZ Pacific. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://cathnews.co.nz/2019/12/09/christchurchs-new-catholic-cathedral/","url_text":"\"Christchurch's new Catholic Cathedral in heart of the city\""}]},{"reference":"McDonald, Liz (29 March 2023). \"Vatican action halts Christchurch's Catholic cathedral building plan\". Stuff. Retrieved 1 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/131620605/vatican-action-halts-christchurchs-catholic-cathedral-building-plan","url_text":"\"Vatican action halts Christchurch's Catholic cathedral building plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major U-turn as site of Christchurch Catholic cathedral rebuild announced\". 1News. Retrieved 22 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/04/21/major-u-turn-as-site-of-christchurch-catholic-cathedral-rebuild-announced/","url_text":"\"Major U-turn as site of Christchurch Catholic cathedral rebuild announced\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Christchurch_Catholic_Cathedral¶ms=43.5383_S_172.6464_E_scale:3125_region:NZ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°32′18″S 172°38′47″E / 43.5383°S 172.6464°E / -43.5383; 172.6464"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919150136/https://chchcatholic.nz/2019/12/bishop-announces-new-central-cathedral/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop announces site for new central Cathedral\""},{"Link":"https://chchcatholic.nz/2019/12/bishop-announces-new-central-cathedral/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cathnews.co.nz/2019/08/05/cathedral-to-be-demolished/","external_links_name":"\"Blessed Sacrament Cathedral to be demolished\""},{"Link":"https://newsline.ccc.govt.nz/news/story/bishop-announces-plans-to-demolish-catholic-cathedral","external_links_name":"\"Bishop announces plans to demolish Catholic Cathedral\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12291741","external_links_name":"\"New $85m Catholic cathedral planned for centre of post-quake Christchurch\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777","external_links_name":"1170-0777"},{"Link":"https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405016/new-catholic-cathedral-part-of-500m-christchurch-development","external_links_name":"\"New Catholic cathedral part of $500m Christchurch development\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/131648295/vatican-action-throws-christchurchs-new-cathedral-plan-into-uncertainty","external_links_name":"\"Vatican action throws Christchurch's new cathedral plan into uncertainty\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/300290922/new-catholic-complex-in-central-christchurch-will-cost-100-million","external_links_name":"\"New Catholic complex in central Christchurch will cost $100 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-christchurch/new-central-city-catholic-parish-precinct-cost-126m","external_links_name":"\"New central city Catholic parish precinct to cost $126m\""},{"Link":"https://cathnews.co.nz/2019/12/09/christchurchs-new-catholic-cathedral/","external_links_name":"\"Christchurch's new Catholic Cathedral in heart of the city\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/131620605/vatican-action-halts-christchurchs-catholic-cathedral-building-plan","external_links_name":"\"Vatican action halts Christchurch's Catholic cathedral building plan\""},{"Link":"https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/04/21/major-u-turn-as-site-of-christchurch-catholic-cathedral-rebuild-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Major U-turn as site of Christchurch Catholic cathedral rebuild announced\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Brown_(defensive_end)
|
Dennis Brown (defensive end)
|
["1 Career history","2 Post-NFL career","3 Quotes","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American football player (born 1967)
American football player
Dennis BrownBrown (left) in 2012No. 96Position:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1967-11-06) November 6, 1967 (age 56)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Jordan (Long Beach, California)College:WashingtonNFL draft:1990 / Round: 2 / Pick: 47Career history
San Francisco 49ers (1990–1996)
Career highlights and awards
Super Bowl champion (XXIX)
Second-team All-American
First-team All-Pac-10 (1988)
Second-team All-Pac-10 (1987)
Career NFL statisticsTackles:199Sacks:24.5Interceptions:2
Dennis Trammel Brown (born November 6, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for seven seasons with the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Washington Huskies.
Career history
Dennis Brown played football at Long Beach Jordan High School and his strong performance earned him offers to attend various top-notch colleges, including UCLA and USC. He attended the University of Washington from 1986–1990 where he wore #79 and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round of the 1990 NFL Draft. That same year he earned the team's Rookie of the Year honors. In 1995, he started in Super Bowl XXIX.
Post-NFL career
After retirement he moved to Seattle, Washington, with his then-wife Danielle, daughter Darienne Kathleen, and his son Derrick Jonathan. In 1998, Danielle and Dennis divorced. Dennis has received the San Francisco 49ers Community Relations Alumni Service Award nine times since his NFL retirement. He also serves as an ambassador for USA Heads Up Football and as an alumni representative for the San Francisco 49ers. He served for four years on the board of the San Mateo (PAL) Police Athletic League, currently sits on the board of the San Francisco police activities league, also serves on the Players Advisory Board of the NFL Alumni Northern California, Today Dennis is a Sports Analyst for Comcast Sports Net, and host of the KNBR 49ers pre/post game shows. He lives in San Francisco with his second wife, Erica.
Quotes
"I think to myself, do you know how many guys play their whole careers and never get the chance to be a champion? Yet, I was lucky enough to experience it.
Sometimes I stop and think, man that was big deal, a Super Bowl! And I had the opportunity to be a part of it!"
"It was so quiet on the bus. Everybody was just thinking about what they had accomplished. I was in a two-year stretch where things weren’t going very well for me-- my marriage was about over, I had some health problems, things like that. But this game was an escape, a chance to get away from everything for a while... So we’re on the bus, and Rickey Jackson’s son fell asleep on me... I was quietly looking out the window at all the buildings going by, and I thought, Wow, I just won a Super Bowl -- and here I've got this kid asleep on my leg"
See also
Washington Huskies football statistical leaders
References
^ "1990 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
^ "Dennis Brown Past Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards". databasefootball.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021448/http://washington.scout.com/2/230090.html
http://www.viewimages.com/Search.aspx?mid=258084&epmid=2&partner=Google Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20070817051640/http://www.sf49ers.com/history/awards.php?section=HI%20Awards
https://web.archive.org/web/20080727013809/http://www.sf49ers.com/history/images/niners_alltime_starters.pdf
https://web.archive.org/web/20121103040131/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=BROWNDEN01
vteSan Francisco 49ers 1990 NFL draft selections
Dexter Carter
Dennis Brown
Eric Davis
Ron Lewis
Dean Caliguire
Frank Pollack
Dwight Pickens
Odell Haggins
Martin Harrison
Anthony Shelton
vteSan Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX champions
4 Doug Brien
8 Steve Young (MVP)
10 Klaus Wilmsmeyer
14 Bill Musgrave
18 Elvis Grbac
20 Derek Loville
21 Deion Sanders
22 Tyronne Drakeford
25 Eric Davis
27 Adam Walker
28 Dana Hall
32 Ricky Watters
33 Dedrick Dodge
35 Dexter Carter
36 Merton Hanks
40 William Floyd
41 Toi Cook
43 Marc Logan
45 Adrian Hardy
46 Tim McDonald
50 Gary Plummer
51 Ken Norton Jr.
53 Tony Peterson
54 Lee Woodall
55 Kevin Mitchell
57 Rickey Jackson
58 Todd Kelly
61 Jesse Sapolu
63 Derrick Deese
64 Ralph Tamm
65 Harry Boatswain
66 Bart Oates
67 Chris Dalman
69 Rod Milstead
71 Charles Mann
72 Mark Thomas
74 Steve Wallace
75 Frank Pollack
77 Brian Bollinger
79 Harris Barton
80 Jerry Rice
81 Ed McCaffrey
82 John Taylor
84 Brent Jones
85 Ted Popson
86 Brett Carolan
88 Nate Singleton
90 Darin Jordan
91 Rhett Hall
92 Troy Wilson
94 Dana Stubblefield
95 Richard Dent
96 Dennis Brown
97 Bryant Young
98 Antonio Goss
99 Tim Harris
Head coach: George Seifert
Coaches: Dwaine Board
Neal Dahlen
Tom Holmoe
Carl Jackson
Larry Kirksey
Gary Kubiak
Alan Lowry
John Marshall
Bobb McKittrick
Bill McPherson
Brian Pariani
Bo Pelini
Ray Rhodes
Mike Shanahan
Mike Solari
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Washington Huskies football statistical leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Huskies_football_statistical_leaders"}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Collingwood
|
HMCS Collingwood
|
["1 Background","2 Construction","3 Service history","4 References"]
|
Flower-class corvette
HMCS Collingwood
History
Canada
NameCollingwood
NamesakeCollingwood, Ontario
Ordered1 February 1940
BuilderCollingwood Shipyards Ltd. Collingwood
Laid down2 March 1940
Launched27 July 1940
Commissioned19 November 1940
Decommissioned23 July 1945
IdentificationPennant number: K180
Honours andawardsAtlantic 1941–44
FateScrapped 1950
General characteristics
Class and typeFlower-class corvette (original)
Displacement925 long tons (940 t; 1,036 short tons)
Length205 ft (62.48 m)o/a
Beam33 ft (10.06 m)
Draught11.5 ft (3.51 m)
Propulsion
single shaft
2 × fire tube Scotch boilers
1 × 4-cycle triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine
2,750 ihp (2,050 kW)
Speed16 knots (29.6 km/h)
Range3,500 nautical miles (6,482 km) at 12 knots (22.2 km/h)
Complement85
Sensors and processing systems
1 × SW1C or 2C radar
1 × Type 123A or Type 127DV sonar
Armament
1 × BL 4 in (102 mm) Mk.IX single gun
2 × .50 cal machine gun (twin)
2 × Lewis .303 cal machine gun (twin)
2 × Mk.II depth charge throwers
2 × depth charge rails with 40 depth charges
originally fitted with minesweeping gear, later removed
HMCS Collingwood was a Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic though also saw service as a training vessel. She was named for Collingwood, Ontario.
Background
Main article: Flower-class corvette
Flower-class corvettes like Collingwood serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes. The "corvette" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877. During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design. The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.
Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.
Construction
Collingwood was ordered on 1 November 1940 as part of the 1939–1940 Flower-class building program. She was laid down on 2 March 1940 by Collingwood Shipyards Ltd. at Collingwood, Ontario and launched 27 July later that year. She was commissioned on 9 November 1940 at Collingwood, the first corvette to enter Canadian service.
In early December 1941 she went on a two-month refit at Halifax. Between 1942 and 1944 Collingwood had three minor refits. In October 1943, she was sent to New York for a major refit that lasted until December of that year, during which her fo'c'sle was extended.
Service history
After arriving at Halifax and completing her work up, Collingwood joined Halifax Force in January 1941. She worked with them until 23 May when she transferred to Newfoundland Escort Force (NEF). Beginning in June she spent the next six months escorting convoys from St. John's to Iceland. The first NEF convoy to face battle, HX 113, had three corvettes as part of the escort. However none of them had adequate communications equipment as they were only able to communicate through signals and not radio. This led to six losses and the escorts were only able to stop the attacks due to a reinforcement of Royal Navy escorts out of Iceland.
After completing her working up after her first refit, Collingwood was assigned to the "Newfie" – Derry run, which were the Atlantic convoys that no longer switched escort groups near Iceland, but went all the way to the United Kingdom. She spent 1942 through to 1944 escorting convoys on this run. From December 1942 onward, Collingwood was a member of escort group EG C-4. From April 1945 until June 1945, Collingwood served as a training ship at Digby, Nova Scotia.
Collingwood was paid off on 23 July 1945 at Sorel, Quebec. She was sold for scrapping in July 1950 and broken up at Hamilton.
References
^ "Battle Honours". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
^ Lenton, H.T.; Colledge, J.J (1968). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company. pp. 201, 212.
^ Ossian, Robert. "Complete List of Sailing Vessels". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.
^ Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.
^ Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.
^ Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.
^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.
^ Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939–1945. St. Catharines: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.
^ "HMCS Collingwood (K180)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
^ a b c d Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 74. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.
^ German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at our Gates : The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc. pp. 99. ISBN 0-7710-3269-2.
^ "Collingwood (6111130)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
vteFlower-class corvettesOriginal ships Free French Naval Forces
Aconit
Alysse
Commandant d'Estienne d'Orves
Commandant Detroyat
Commandant Drogou
La Bastiaise
Lobelia
Mimosa
Renoncule
Roselys
Royal Canadian Navy
Agassiz
Alberni
Algoma
Amherst
Arrowhead
Arvida
Baddeck
Barrie
Battleford
Bittersweet
Brandon
Brantford
Buctouche
Calgary
Camrose
Chambly
Chicoutimi
Chilliwack
Cobalt
Collingwood
Dauphin
Dawson
Drumheller
Dundas
Dunvegan
Edmundston
Eyebright
Fennel
Fredericton
Galt
Halifax
Hepatica
Kamloops
Kamsack
Kenogami
Kitchener
La Malbaie
Lethbridge
Levis
Louisburg
Lunenburg
Matapedia
Mayflower
Midland
Moncton
Moose Jaw
Morden
Nanaimo
Napanee
New Westminster
Oakville
Orillia
Pictou
Port Arthur
Prescott
Quesnel
Regina
Rimouski
Rosthern
Sackville
Saskatoon
Shawinigan
Shediac
Sherbrooke
Snowberry
Sorel
Spikenard
Sudbury
Summerside
The Pas
Timmins
Trail
Trillium
Vancouver
Ville de Quebec
Wetaskiwin
Weyburn
Windflower
Woodstock
Hellenic Navy
Apostolis
Kriezis
Sachtouris
Tombazis
Royal Navy
Abelia
Acanthus
Aconite
Alisma
Alyssum
Amaranthus
Anchusa
Anemone
Arabis
Arbutus
Armeria
Arrowhead
Asphodel
Aster
Aubrietia
Auricula
Azalea
Balsam
Begonia
Bellwort
Bergamot
Bittersweet
Bluebell
Borage
Bryony
Burdock
Buttercup
Calendula
Camellia
Campanula
Campion
Candytuft
Carnation
Celandine
Chrysanthemum
Clarkia
Clematis
Clover
Coltsfoot
Columbine
Convolvulus
Coreopsis
Coriander
Cowslip
Crocus
Cyclamen
Dahlia
Delphinium
Dianella
Dianthus
Eglantine
Erica
Eyebright
Fennel
Fleur de Lys
Freesia
Fritillary
Gardenia
Genista
Gentian
Geranium
Gladiolus
Gloriosa
Gloxinia
Godetia
Godetia
Harebell
Heartsease
Heather
Heliotrope
Hemlock
Hepatica
Hibiscus
Hollyhock
Honeysuckle
Hyacinth
Hyderabad
Hydrangea
Ivy
Jasmine
Jonquil
Kingcup
La Malouine
Larkspur
Lavender
Ling
Lobelia
Loosestrife
Lotus
Lotus
Mallow
Marguerite
Marigold
Marjoram
Mayflower
Meadowsweet
Mignonette
Mimosa
Monkshood
Montbretia
Myosotis
Narcissus
Nasturtium
Nigella
Orchis
Oxlip
Pennywort
Pentstemon
Peony
Periwinkle
Petunia
Picotee
Pimpernel
Pink
Polyanthus
Poppy
Potentilla
Primrose
Primula
Ranonculus
Rhododendron
Rockrose
Rose
Salvia
Samphire
Saxifrage
Snapdragon
Snowberry
Snowdrop
Snowflake
Spikenard
Spiraea
Starwort
Stonecrop
Sundew
Sunflower
Sweetbriar
Tamarisk
Thyme
Trillium
Tulip
Verbena
Veronica
Vervain
Vetch
Violet
Wallflower
Windflower
Woodruff
Zinnia
Royal Netherlands Navy
Friso
Royal Norwegian Navy
Andenes
Nordkyn
Eglantine
Montbretia
Polarfront II
Potentilla
Rose
South African Navy
Protea
United States NavyTemptress class
Courage
Fury
Impulse
Ready
Restless
Saucy
Spry
Surprise
Temptress
Tenacity
Royal Navy Belgian Section
Godetia
Buttercup
Kriegsmarine
PA 1
PA 2
PA 3
PA 4
Modified ships Royal Canadian Navy
Asbestos
Atholl
Beauharnois
Belleville
Brampton
Charlottetown
Cobourg
Fergus
Forest Hill
Frontenac
Giffard
Guelph
Hawkesbury
Ingersoll
Lachute
Lindsay
Listowel
Long Branch
Louisburg
Meaford
Merrittonia
Mimico
Norsyd
North Bay
Owen Sound
Parry Sound
Peterborough
Renfrew
Riviere du Loup
Smiths Falls
St. Lambert
Stellarton
Strathroy
Thorlock
Trentonian
West York
Whitby
Royal Indian Navy
Assam
Gondwana
Sind
Royal Navy
Arabis
Arbutus
Balm
Betony
Buddleia
Bugloss
Bullrush
Burnet
Candytuft
Ceanothos
Charlock
Comfrey
Cornel
Dittany
Flax
Honesty
Linaria
Mandrake
Milfoil
Musk
Nepeta
Privet
Rosebay
Smilax
Statice
Willowherb
Royal New Zealand Navy
Arabis
Arbutus
United States NavyAction class
Action
Alacrity
Beacon
Brisk
Caprice
Clash
Haste
Intensity
Might
Pert
Prudent
Splendor
Tact
Vim
Vitality
Argentine Navy
Capitán Cánepa
República
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flower-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Collingwood, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_Ontario"}],"text":"HMCS Collingwood was a Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic though also saw service as a training vessel. She was named for Collingwood, Ontario.","title":"HMCS Collingwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"whaling ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling_ship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milner-8"},{"link_name":"Percy W. Nelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_W._Nelles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson2-9"}],"text":"Flower-class corvettes like Collingwood serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes.[3][4][5] The \"corvette\" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877.[6] During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design.[7] The generic name \"flower\" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.[8]Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood Shipyards Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Shipyards"},{"link_name":"Collingwood, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-10"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"},{"link_name":"fo'c'sle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%27c%27sle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"}],"text":"Collingwood was ordered on 1 November 1940 as part of the 1939–1940 Flower-class building program. She was laid down on 2 March 1940 by Collingwood Shipyards Ltd. at Collingwood, Ontario and launched 27 July later that year.[10] She was commissioned on 9 November 1940 at Collingwood, the first corvette to enter Canadian service.In early December 1941 she went on a two-month refit at Halifax. Between 1942 and 1944 Collingwood had three minor refits. In October 1943, she was sent to New York for a major refit that lasted until December of that year, during which her fo'c'sle was extended.[11]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newfoundland Escort Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force"},{"link_name":"St. John's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"HX 113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HX_convoys"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-German-12"},{"link_name":"\"Newfie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Digby, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"paid off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_off"},{"link_name":"Sorel, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"scrapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miramar-13"}],"text":"After arriving at Halifax and completing her work up, Collingwood joined Halifax Force in January 1941. She worked with them until 23 May when she transferred to Newfoundland Escort Force (NEF). Beginning in June she spent the next six months escorting convoys from St. John's to Iceland.[11] The first NEF convoy to face battle, HX 113, had three corvettes as part of the escort. However none of them had adequate communications equipment as they were only able to communicate through signals and not radio. This led to six losses and the escorts were only able to stop the attacks due to a reinforcement of Royal Navy escorts out of Iceland.[12]After completing her working up after her first refit, Collingwood was assigned to the \"Newfie\" – Derry run, which were the Atlantic convoys that no longer switched escort groups near Iceland, but went all the way to the United Kingdom. She spent 1942 through to 1944 escorting convoys on this run. From December 1942 onward, Collingwood was a member of escort group EG C-4. From April 1945 until June 1945, Collingwood served as a training ship at Digby, Nova Scotia.[11]Collingwood was paid off on 23 July 1945 at Sorel, Quebec. She was sold for scrapping in July 1950 and broken up at Hamilton.[11][13]","title":"Service history"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Battle Honours\". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Battle%20Honours/A%20Battle%20Honour%20Date.htm#1900","url_text":"\"Battle Honours\""}]},{"reference":"Lenton, H.T.; Colledge, J.J (1968). British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Doubleday & Company. pp. 201, 212.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ossian, Robert. \"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm","url_text":"\"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-67963-9","url_text":"0-517-67963-9"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4","url_text":"0-8117-3275-4"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-913-8","url_text":"0-87021-913-8"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-450-0","url_text":"0-87021-450-0"}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939–1945. St. Catharines: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55125-052-7","url_text":"1-55125-052-7"}]},{"reference":"\"HMCS Collingwood (K180)\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 5 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/812.html","url_text":"\"HMCS Collingwood (K180)\""}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 74. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00216-856-1","url_text":"0-00216-856-1"}]},{"reference":"German, Tony (1990). The Sea is at our Gates : The History of the Canadian Navy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc. pp. 99. ISBN 0-7710-3269-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seaisatourgatesh00germ/page/99","url_text":"The Sea is at our Gates : The History of the Canadian Navy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seaisatourgatesh00germ/page/99","url_text":"99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-3269-2","url_text":"0-7710-3269-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Collingwood (6111130)\". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 22 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6111130","url_text":"\"Collingwood (6111130)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar","url_text":"Miramar Ship Index"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigial_organ
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Vestigiality
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["1 Overview","2 History","3 Common descent and evolutionary theory","4 Examples","4.1 Non-human animals","4.2 Humans","4.3 Plants and fungi","4.4 Objects","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Evolutionary retention of no longer needed structures in living organisms
"Vestige" redirects here. For topics named using its plural, see Vestiges.
In humans, the vermiform appendix is sometimes called a vestigial structure as it has lost much of its ancestral digestive function.
Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species. Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vestigiality occurs by normal evolutionary processes, typically by loss of function of a feature that is no longer subject to positive selection pressures when it loses its value in a changing environment. The feature may be selected against more urgently when its function becomes definitively harmful, but if the lack of the feature provides no advantage, and its presence provides no disadvantage, the feature may not be phased out by natural selection and persist across species.
Examples of vestigial structures (also called degenerate, atrophied, or rudimentary organs) are the loss of functional wings in island-dwelling birds; the human vomeronasal organ; and the hindlimbs of the snake and whale.
Overview
The Darwin-tubercle (left) is a vestigial form of the ear tip (right) in the mammalian ancestors of humans—here shown in a crab-eating macaque.
Vestigial features may take various forms; for example, they may be patterns of behavior, anatomical structures, or biochemical processes. Like most other physical features, however functional, vestigial features in a given species may successively appear, develop, and persist or disappear at various stages within the life cycle of the organism, ranging from early embryonic development to late adulthood.
Vestigial hindlegs (spurs) in a boa constrictor
Vestigiality, biologically speaking, refers to organisms retaining organs that have seemingly lost their original function. Vestigial organs are common evolutionary knowledge. In addition, the term vestigiality is useful in referring to many genetically determined features, either morphological, behavioral, or physiological; in any such context, however, it need not follow that a vestigial feature must be completely useless. A classic example at the level of gross anatomy is the human vermiform appendix, vestigial in the sense of retaining no significant digestive function.
Similar concepts apply at the molecular level—some nucleic acid sequences in eukaryotic genomes have no known biological function; some of them may be "junk DNA", but it is a difficult matter to demonstrate that a particular sequence in a particular region of a given genome is truly nonfunctional. The simple fact that it is noncoding DNA does not establish that it is functionless. Furthermore, even if an extant DNA sequence is functionless, it does not follow that it has descended from an ancestral sequence of functional DNA. Logically such DNA would not be vestigial in the sense of being the vestige of a functional structure. In contrast pseudogenes have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. Whether they have any extant function or not, they have lost their former function and in that sense, they do fit the definition of vestigiality.
Vestigial structures are often called vestigial organs, although many of them are not actually organs. Such vestigial structures typically are degenerate, atrophied, or rudimentary, and tend to be much more variable than homologous non-vestigial parts. Although structures commonly regarded "vestigial" may have lost some or all of the functional roles that they had played in ancestral organisms, such structures may retain lesser functions or may have become adapted to new roles in extant populations.
It is important to avoid confusion of the concept of vestigiality with that of exaptation. Both may occur together in the same example, depending on the relevant point of view. In exaptation, a structure originally used for one purpose is modified for a new one. For example, the wings of penguins would be exaptational in the sense of serving a substantial new purpose (underwater locomotion), but might still be regarded as vestigial in the sense of having lost the function of flight. In contrast Darwin argued that the wings of emus would be definitely vestigial, as they appear to have no major extant function; however, function is a matter of degree, so judgments on what is a "major" function are arbitrary; the emu does seem to use its wings as organs of balance in running. Similarly, the ostrich uses its wings in displays and temperature control, though they are undoubtedly vestigial as structures for flight.
Vestigial characters range from detrimental through neutral to favorable in terms of selection. Some may be of some limited utility to an organism but still degenerate over time if they do not confer a significant enough advantage in terms of fitness to avoid the effects of genetic drift or competing selective pressures. Vestigiality in its various forms presents many examples of evidence for biological evolution.
History
The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus) has tiny eyes completely covered by a layer of skin.
Vestigial structures have been noticed since ancient times, and the reason for their existence was long speculated upon before Darwinian evolution provided a widely accepted explanation. In the 4th century BC, Aristotle was one of the earliest writers to comment, in his History of Animals, on the vestigial eyes of moles, calling them "stunted in development" due to the fact that moles can scarcely see. However, only in recent centuries have anatomical vestiges become a subject of serious study. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire noted on vestigial structures:
Whereas useless in this circumstance, these rudiments... have not been eliminated, because Nature never works by rapid jumps, and She always leaves vestiges of an organ, even though it is completely superfluous, if that organ plays an important role in the other species of the same family.
His colleague, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, named a number of vestigial structures in his 1809 book Philosophie Zoologique. Lamarck noted "Olivier's Spalax, which lives underground like the mole, and is apparently exposed to daylight even less than the mole, has altogether lost the use of sight: so that it shows nothing more than vestiges of this organ."
Charles Darwin was familiar with the concept of vestigial structures, though the term for them did not yet exist. He listed a number of them in The Descent of Man, including the muscles of the ear, wisdom teeth, the appendix, the tail bone, body hair, and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. Darwin also noted, in On the Origin of Species, that a vestigial structure could be useless for its primary function, but still retain secondary anatomical roles: "An organ serving for two purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly aborted for one, even the more important purpose, and remain perfectly efficient for the other.... n organ may become rudimentary for its proper purpose, and be used for a distinct object."
In the first edition of On the Origin of Species, Darwin briefly mentioned inheritance of acquired characters under the heading "Effects of Use and Disuse", expressing little doubt that use "strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited". In later editions he expanded his thoughts on this, and in the final chapter of the 6th edition concluded that species have been modified "chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive, slight, favorable variations; aided in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts".
In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published The Structure of Man, a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. The Structure of Man contained a list of 86 human organs that Wiedersheim described as, "Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial." Since his time, the function of some of these structures have been discovered, while other anatomical vestiges have been unearthed, making the list primarily of interest as a record of the knowledge of human anatomy at the time. Later versions of Wiedersheim's list were expanded to as many as 180 human "vestigial organs". This is why the zoologist Horatio Newman said in a written statement read into evidence in the Scopes Trial that "There are, according to Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities."
Common descent and evolutionary theory
Further information: Evidence of common descent
Vestigial structures are often homologous to structures that are functioning normally in other species. Therefore, vestigial structures can be considered evidence for evolution, the process by which beneficial heritable traits arise in populations over an extended period of time. The existence of vestigial traits can be attributed to changes in the environment and behavior patterns of the organism in question. Through an examination of these various traits, it is clear that evolution had a hard role in the development of organisms. Every anatomical structure or behavior response has origins in which they were, at one time, useful. As time progressed, the ancient common ancestor organisms did as well. Evolving with time, natural selection played a huge role. More advantageous structures were selected, while others were not. With this expansion, some traits were left to the wayside. As the function of the trait is no longer beneficial for survival, the likelihood that future offspring will inherit the "normal" form of it decreases. In some cases, the structure becomes detrimental to the organism (for example the eyes of a mole can become infected). In many cases the structure is of no direct harm, yet all structures require extra energy in terms of development, maintenance, and weight, and are also a risk in terms of disease (e.g., infection, cancer), providing some selective pressure for the removal of parts that do not contribute to an organism's fitness. A structure that is not harmful will take longer to be 'phased out' than one that is. However, some vestigial structures may persist due to limitations in development, such that complete loss of the structure could not occur without major alterations of the organism's developmental pattern, and such alterations would likely produce numerous negative side-effects. The toes of many animals such as horses, which stand on a single toe, are still evident in a vestigial form and may become evident, although rarely, from time to time in individuals.
The vestigial versions of the structure can be compared to the original version of the structure in other species in order to determine the homology of a vestigial structure. Homologous structures indicate common ancestry with those organisms that have a functional version of the structure. Douglas Futuyma has stated that vestigial structures make no sense without evolution, just as spelling and usage of many modern English words can only be explained by their Latin or Old Norse antecedents.
Vestigial traits can still be considered adaptations. This is because an adaptation is often defined as a trait that has been favored by natural selection. Adaptations, therefore, need not be adaptive, as long as they were at some point.
Examples
Non-human animals
Letter c in the picture indicates the undeveloped hind legs of a baleen whale.
Vestigial characters are present throughout the animal kingdom, and an almost endless list could be given. Darwin said that "it would be impossible to name one of the higher animals in which some part or other is not in a rudimentary condition."
The wings of ostriches, emus and other flightless birds are vestigial; they are remnants of their flying ancestors' wings. These birds go through the effort of developing wings, even though most birds are too large to use the wings successfully. Seeing vestigial wings in birds is also common when they no longer need to fly to escape predators, such as birds on the Galapagos Islands. The eyes of certain cavefish and salamanders are vestigial, as they no longer allow the organism to see, and are remnants of their ancestors' functional eyes. Animals that reproduce without sex (via asexual reproduction) generally lose their sexual traits, such as the ability to locate/recognize the opposite sex and copulation behavior.
Boas and pythons have vestigial pelvis remnants, which are externally visible as two small pelvic spurs on each side of the cloaca. These spurs are sometimes used in copulation, but are not essential, as no colubrid snake (the vast majority of species) possesses these remnants. Furthermore, in most snakes, the left lung is greatly reduced or absent. Amphisbaenians, which independently evolved limblessness, also retain vestiges of the pelvis as well as the pectoral girdle, and have lost their right lung.
Vestigial attachment clamps in various genera of protomicrocotylids. Accessory sclerites (black) are present in normal clamps but absent in simplified clamps. Lethacotyle (right) has no clamp at all.
A case of vestigial organs was described in polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans (parasitic flatworms). These parasites usually have a posterior attachment organ with several clamps, which are sclerotised organs attaching the worm to the gill of the host fish. These clamps are extremely important for the survival of the parasite. In the family Protomicrocotylidae, species have either normal clamps, simplified clamps, or no clamps at all (in the genus Lethacotyle). After a comparative study of the relative surface of clamps in more than 100 Monogeneans, this has been interpreted as an evolutionary sequence leading to the loss of clamps. Coincidentally, other attachment structures (lateral flaps, transverse striations) have evolved in protomicrocotylids. Therefore, clamps in protomicrocotylids were considered vestigial organs.
In the foregoing examples the vestigiality is generally the (sometimes incidental) result of adaptive evolution. However, there are many examples of vestigiality as the product of drastic mutation, and such vestigiality is usually harmful or counter-adaptive. One of the earliest documented examples was that of vestigial wings in Drosophila. Many examples in many other contexts have emerged since.
Humans
Main article: Human vestigiality
The muscles connected to the ears of a human do not develop enough to have the same mobility allowed to many animals.
Human vestigiality is related to human evolution, and includes a variety of characters occurring in the human species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other primates and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human caecum is vestigial, as often is the case in omnivores, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the ileum into the colon. The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as cellulose would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon. Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions. The coccyx, or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.
Other structures that are vestigial include the plica semilunaris on the inside corner of the eye (a remnant of the nictitating membrane); and (as seen at right) muscles in the ear. Other organic structures (such as the occipitofrontalis muscle) have lost their original functions (to keep the head from falling) but are still useful for other purposes (facial expression).
Humans also bear some vestigial behaviors and reflexes. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is a vestigial reflex; its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. The arrector pili (muscle that connects the hair follicle to connective tissue) contracts and creates goosebumps on skin.
There are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. One example of this is a gene that is functional in most other mammals and which produces L-gulonolactone oxidase, an enzyme that can make vitamin C. A documented mutation deactivated the gene in an ancestor of the modern infraorder of monkeys, and apes, and it now remains in their genomes, including the human genome, as a vestigial sequence called a pseudogene.
The shift in human diet towards soft and processed food over time caused a reduction in the number of powerful grinding teeth, especially the third molars (also known as wisdom teeth), which were highly prone to impaction.
Plants and fungi
Plants also have vestigial parts, including functionless stipules and carpels, leaf reduction of Equisetum, paraphyses of Fungi. Well known examples are the reductions in floral display, leading to smaller and/or paler flowers, in plants that reproduce without outcrossing, for example via selfing or obligate clonal reproduction.
Objects
The uniform of the German Feldgendarmerie during WW2, complete with gorget.
Many objects in daily use contain vestigial structures. While not the result of natural selection through random mutation, much of the process is the same. Product design, like evolution, is iterative; it builds on features and processes that already exist, with limited resources available to make tweaks. To spend resources on completely weeding out a form that serves no purpose (if at the same time it is not an obstruction either) is not economically astute. These vestigial structures differ from the concept of skeuomorphism in that a skeuomorph is a design feature that has been specifically implemented as a reference to the past, enabling users to acclimatise quicker. A vestigial feature does not exist intentionally, or even usefully.
For example, men's business suits often contain a row of buttons at the bottom of the sleeve. These used to serve a purpose, allowing the sleeve to be split and rolled up. The feature has been lost entirely, though most suits still give the impression that it is possible, complete with fake button holes. There is also an example of exaptation to be found in the business suit: it was previously possible to button a jacket up all the way to the top. As it became the fashion to fold the lapel over, the top half of buttons and their accompanying buttonholes disappeared, save for a single hole at the top; it has since found a new use as a place to fasten pins, badges, or boutonnières.
As a final example, soldiers in ceremonial or parade uniform can sometimes be seen wearing a gorget: a small decorative piece of metal suspended around the neck with a chain. The gorget serves no protection to the wearer, yet there exists an unbroken lineage from the gorget to the full suits of armour of the middle ages. With the introduction of gunpowder weapons, armour increasingly lost its usefulness on the battlefield. At the same time, military men were keen to retain the status it provided them. The result: a breastplate that "shrank" away over time, but never disappeared completely.
See also
Atavism
Dewclaw
Exaptation
Evolutionary anachronism
Human vestigiality
Maladaptation
Plantaris muscle
Recessive refuge
Spandrel (biology)
Vestigial response
References
^ Steen Hyldgaard Christensen; Bernard Delahousse; Martin Meganck, eds. (2009). Engineering in Context. Academica. p. 270. ISBN 978-87-7675-700-7.
^ Steen Hyldgaard Christensen; Bernard Delahousse; Martin Meganck, eds. (2009). Engineering in Context. Academica.
^ Lawrence, Eleanor (2005) Henderson's Dictionary of Biology. Pearson, Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-127384-1.
^ Muller, G. B. (2002) "Vestigial Organs and Structures". in Encyclopedia of Evolution. Mark Pagel, editor in chief, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1131–1133
^ Gould, Stephen Jay (1980). "Senseless signs of history". The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 27–34. ISBN 978-0-393-30023-9.
^ Aristotle."History of Animals" (Book 1, Chapter 9)
^ St. Hilaire, Geoffroy (1798). "Observations sur l'aile de l'Autruche, par le citoyen Geoffroy", La Decade Egyptienne, Journal Litteraire et D'Economie Politique 1 (pp. 46–51).
^ Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1809). Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux.
^ a b c Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. John Murray: London.
^ Darwin, 1859, pp. 134–139. Barrett P. H. et al. 1981, A concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species first edition, Cornell, Ithaca, and London, lists only four mentions of the phrase "use and disuse".
^ Desmond A. & Moore, J. (1991) Darwin Penguin Books p.617 "Darwin was loathe to let go of the notion that a well-used and strengthened organ could be inherited"
^ Darwin (1872) The Origin of Species, 6th Edn., p. 421
^ Wiedersheim, Robert (1893). The Structure of Man: an index to his past history. London: Macmillan and Co. OL 7171834M.
^ Darrow, Clarence and William J. Bryan. (1997). The World's Most Famous Court Trial: The Tennessee Evolution Case Pub. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 268
^ Reeder, Alex (29 December 1997). "Evolution: Evidence from Living Organisms". Bioweb. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ Futuyma, D. J. (1995). Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-87893-184-2.
^ Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 84.
^ Prothero, Donald (2020). The Story of Evolution in 25 Discoveries: The Evidence and the People who Found It. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-231-19036-7.
^ CJ van der Kooi & T Schwander 2014. On the fate of sexual traits under asexuality Biological Reviews 89:805-819
^ Justine JL, Rahmouni C, Gey D, Schoelinck C, Hoberg EP (2013). "The Monogenean which lost its clamps". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e79155. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879155J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079155. PMC 3838368. PMID 24278118.
^ Morgan, Thomas Hunt & Bridges, Calvin B. (1916). Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington.
^ Snustad, D. Peter. & Simmons, Michael J. Principles of Genetics. Publisher: Wiley, 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-38825-9
^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray: London.
^ "Purpose of appendix believed found". CNN/AP. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ Bollinger, RR; Barbas, AS; Bush, EL; et al. (2007). "Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 249 (4): 826–831. Bibcode:2007JThBi.249..826R. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032. PMID 17936308.
^ Saraga-Babić M, Lehtonen E, Svajger A, Wartiovaara J (1994). "Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of axial structures in the transitory human tail". Ann. Anat. 176 (3): 277–86. doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80496-6. PMID 8059973.
^ Foye, Patrick (2014). "Coccyx". Medscape.
^ Hobson, David W. (1991). Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Fundamentals and Methods. CRC Press. pp. 485. ISBN 978-0-8493-8811-8.
^ Bhamrah, H.S.; Juneja, Kavita (1998). Cytology and evolution: For Students Taking a First Course in Cell Biology at Undergraduate and Medical Student Level. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7041-819-1.
^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2003). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 286–287.
^ Darwin, Charles. (1872) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals John Murray, London.
^ Niloufar Torkamani; Nicholas W Rufaut; Leslie Jones; Rodney D Sinclair (2006). "Beyond Goosebumps: Does the Arrector Pili Muscle Have a Role in Hair Loss". Int J Trichology. 6 (3): 88–94. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139077. PMC 4158628. PMID 25210331.
^ Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Yagi K (May 6, 1994). "Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (18): 13685–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36884-9. PMID 8175804.
^ "Do Any Vestigial Organs Exist in Humans? - Explainry.com". explainry.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
^ Knobloch, I. (1951) "Are There Vestigial Structures in Plants?" Science New Series, Vol. 113: 465
^ R Ornduff (1969) Reproductive Biology in Relation to Systematics Taxon 18:121-133
^ CG Eckert (2002) The loss of sex in clonal plants Evolutionary Ecology 45:501-520
^ "Why Do Suits Have a Random Buttonhole on the Lapel? We Found Out". Gear Patrol. 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
^ corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula. "National Museum of Australia - Military gorgets". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vestigiality.
Look up vestige in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Vestigial organs at the TalkOrigins Archive
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For topics named using its plural, see Vestiges.In humans, the vermiform appendix is sometimes called a vestigial structure as it has lost much of its ancestral digestive function.Vestigiality is the retention, during the process of evolution, of genetically determined structures or attributes that have lost some or all of the ancestral function in a given species.[1] Assessment of the vestigiality must generally rely on comparison with homologous features in related species. The emergence of vestigiality occurs by normal evolutionary processes, typically by loss of function of a feature that is no longer subject to positive selection pressures when it loses its value in a changing environment. The feature may be selected against more urgently when its function becomes definitively harmful, but if the lack of the feature provides no advantage, and its presence provides no disadvantage, the feature may not be phased out by natural selection and persist across species.Examples of vestigial structures (also called degenerate, atrophied, or rudimentary organs) are the loss of functional wings in island-dwelling birds; the human vomeronasal organ; and the hindlimbs of the snake and whale.","title":"Vestigiality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darwin-tubercle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_tubercle"},{"link_name":"ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear"},{"link_name":"crab-eating macaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque"},{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"link_name":"embryonic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudimentary_hindlegs_spurs_in_Boa_constrictor_snake.jpg"},{"link_name":"hindlegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindlimb"},{"link_name":"spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spur_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vermiform appendix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix"},{"link_name":"nucleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic"},{"link_name":"genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomes"},{"link_name":"junk DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_DNA"},{"link_name":"noncoding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA"},{"link_name":"pseudogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Muller-4"},{"link_name":"exaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation"},{"link_name":"penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"emus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"ostrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich"},{"link_name":"fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetic drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"selective pressures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure"},{"link_name":"evidence for biological evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gouldsenseless-5"}],"text":"The Darwin-tubercle (left) is a vestigial form of the ear tip (right) in the mammalian ancestors of humans—here shown in a crab-eating macaque.Vestigial features may take various forms; for example, they may be patterns of behavior, anatomical structures, or biochemical processes. Like most other physical features, however functional, vestigial features in a given species may successively appear, develop, and persist or disappear at various stages within the life cycle of the organism, ranging from early embryonic development to late adulthood.Vestigial hindlegs (spurs) in a boa constrictorVestigiality, biologically speaking, refers to organisms retaining organs that have seemingly lost their original function. Vestigial organs are common evolutionary knowledge.[2] In addition, the term vestigiality is useful in referring to many genetically determined features, either morphological, behavioral, or physiological; in any such context, however, it need not follow that a vestigial feature must be completely useless. A classic example at the level of gross anatomy is the human vermiform appendix, vestigial in the sense of retaining no significant digestive function.Similar concepts apply at the molecular level—some nucleic acid sequences in eukaryotic genomes have no known biological function; some of them may be \"junk DNA\", but it is a difficult matter to demonstrate that a particular sequence in a particular region of a given genome is truly nonfunctional. The simple fact that it is noncoding DNA does not establish that it is functionless. Furthermore, even if an extant DNA sequence is functionless, it does not follow that it has descended from an ancestral sequence of functional DNA. Logically such DNA would not be vestigial in the sense of being the vestige of a functional structure. In contrast pseudogenes have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer expressed in the cell. Whether they have any extant function or not, they have lost their former function and in that sense, they do fit the definition of vestigiality.Vestigial structures are often called vestigial organs, although many of them are not actually organs. Such vestigial structures typically are degenerate, atrophied, or rudimentary,[3] and tend to be much more variable than homologous non-vestigial parts. Although structures commonly regarded \"vestigial\" may have lost some or all of the functional roles that they had played in ancestral organisms, such structures may retain lesser functions or may have become adapted to new roles in extant populations.[4]It is important to avoid confusion of the concept of vestigiality with that of exaptation. Both may occur together in the same example, depending on the relevant point of view. In exaptation, a structure originally used for one purpose is modified for a new one. For example, the wings of penguins would be exaptational in the sense of serving a substantial new purpose (underwater locomotion), but might still be regarded as vestigial in the sense of having lost the function of flight. In contrast Darwin argued that the wings of emus would be definitely vestigial, as they appear to have no major extant function; however, function is a matter of degree, so judgments on what is a \"major\" function are arbitrary; the emu does seem to use its wings as organs of balance in running. Similarly, the ostrich uses its wings in displays and temperature control, though they are undoubtedly vestigial as structures for flight.Vestigial characters range from detrimental through neutral to favorable in terms of selection. Some may be of some limited utility to an organism but still degenerate over time if they do not confer a significant enough advantage in terms of fitness to avoid the effects of genetic drift or competing selective pressures. Vestigiality in its various forms presents many examples of evidence for biological evolution.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blindmaus-drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"blind mole rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_mole_rat"},{"link_name":"Darwinian evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinian_evolution"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"History of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire"},{"link_name":"Nature never works by rapid jumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_non_facit_saltus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"Philosophie Zoologique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_Zoologique"},{"link_name":"Olivier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Antoine_Olivier"},{"link_name":"Spalax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_mole_rat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"The Descent of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex"},{"link_name":"muscles of the ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrinsic_muscles_of_external_ear"},{"link_name":"wisdom teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_teeth"},{"link_name":"appendix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix"},{"link_name":"tail bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_bone"},{"link_name":"body hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_hair"},{"link_name":"semilunar fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darwin-9"},{"link_name":"inheritance of acquired characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characters"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Wiedersheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiedersheim"},{"link_name":"The Structure of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiedersheim#The_Structure_of_Man"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Horatio Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Newman"},{"link_name":"Scopes Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus) has tiny eyes completely covered by a layer of skin.Vestigial structures have been noticed since ancient times, and the reason for their existence was long speculated upon before Darwinian evolution provided a widely accepted explanation. In the 4th century BC, Aristotle was one of the earliest writers to comment, in his History of Animals, on the vestigial eyes of moles, calling them \"stunted in development\" due to the fact that moles can scarcely see.[6] However, only in recent centuries have anatomical vestiges become a subject of serious study. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire noted on vestigial structures:Whereas useless in this circumstance, these rudiments... have not been eliminated, because Nature never works by rapid jumps, and She always leaves vestiges of an organ, even though it is completely superfluous, if that organ plays an important role in the other species of the same family.[7]His colleague, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, named a number of vestigial structures in his 1809 book Philosophie Zoologique. Lamarck noted \"Olivier's Spalax, which lives underground like the mole, and is apparently exposed to daylight even less than the mole, has altogether lost the use of sight: so that it shows nothing more than vestiges of this organ.\"[8]Charles Darwin was familiar with the concept of vestigial structures, though the term for them did not yet exist. He listed a number of them in The Descent of Man, including the muscles of the ear, wisdom teeth, the appendix, the tail bone, body hair, and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. Darwin also noted, in On the Origin of Species, that a vestigial structure could be useless for its primary function, but still retain secondary anatomical roles: \"An organ serving for two purposes, may become rudimentary or utterly aborted for one, even the more important purpose, and remain perfectly efficient for the other.... [A]n organ may become rudimentary for its proper purpose, and be used for a distinct object.\"[9]In the first edition of On the Origin of Species, Darwin briefly mentioned inheritance of acquired characters under the heading \"Effects of Use and Disuse\", expressing little doubt that use \"strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited\".[10] In later editions he expanded his thoughts on this,[11] and in the final chapter of the 6th edition concluded that species have been modified \"chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive, slight, favorable variations; aided in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts\".[12]In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published The Structure of Man, a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. The Structure of Man contained a list of 86 human organs that Wiedersheim described as, \"Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial.\"[13] Since his time, the function of some of these structures have been discovered, while other anatomical vestiges have been unearthed, making the list primarily of interest as a record of the knowledge of human anatomy at the time. Later versions of Wiedersheim's list were expanded to as many as 180 human \"vestigial organs\". This is why the zoologist Horatio Newman said in a written statement read into evidence in the Scopes Trial that \"There are, according to Wiedersheim, no less than 180 vestigial structures in the human body, sufficient to make of a man a veritable walking museum of antiquities.\"[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evidence of common descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent"},{"link_name":"homologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darwin-9"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"toe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe"},{"link_name":"common ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Douglas Futuyma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Futuyma"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futuyma-16"},{"link_name":"adaptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Further information: Evidence of common descentVestigial structures are often homologous to structures that are functioning normally in other species. Therefore, vestigial structures can be considered evidence for evolution, the process by which beneficial heritable traits arise in populations over an extended period of time. The existence of vestigial traits can be attributed to changes in the environment and behavior patterns of the organism in question. Through an examination of these various traits, it is clear that evolution had a hard role in the development of organisms. Every anatomical structure or behavior response has origins in which they were, at one time, useful. As time progressed, the ancient common ancestor organisms did as well. Evolving with time, natural selection played a huge role. More advantageous structures were selected, while others were not. With this expansion, some traits were left to the wayside. As the function of the trait is no longer beneficial for survival, the likelihood that future offspring will inherit the \"normal\" form of it decreases. In some cases, the structure becomes detrimental to the organism (for example the eyes of a mole can become infected[9]). In many cases the structure is of no direct harm, yet all structures require extra energy in terms of development, maintenance, and weight, and are also a risk in terms of disease (e.g., infection, cancer), providing some selective pressure for the removal of parts that do not contribute to an organism's fitness. A structure that is not harmful will take longer to be 'phased out' than one that is. However, some vestigial structures may persist due to limitations in development, such that complete loss of the structure could not occur without major alterations of the organism's developmental pattern, and such alterations would likely produce numerous negative side-effects. The toes of many animals such as horses, which stand on a single toe, are still evident in a vestigial form and may become evident, although rarely, from time to time in individuals.The vestigial versions of the structure can be compared to the original version of the structure in other species in order to determine the homology of a vestigial structure. Homologous structures indicate common ancestry with those organisms that have a functional version of the structure.[15] Douglas Futuyma has stated that vestigial structures make no sense without evolution, just as spelling and usage of many modern English words can only be explained by their Latin or Old Norse antecedents.[16]Vestigial traits can still be considered adaptations. This is because an adaptation is often defined as a trait that has been favored by natural selection. Adaptations, therefore, need not be adaptive, as long as they were at some point.[17]","title":"Common descent and evolutionary theory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_skeleton.png"},{"link_name":"baleen whale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whale"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darwin-9"},{"link_name":"ostriches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrich"},{"link_name":"emus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"flightless birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flightless_bird"},{"link_name":"Galapagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"cavefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavefish"},{"link_name":"salamanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"asexual reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Boas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boidae"},{"link_name":"pythons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythonidae"},{"link_name":"pelvic spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_spur"},{"link_name":"Amphisbaenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphisbaenia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0079155.g003_Clamps_in_various_genera_of_Protomicrocotylidae.png"},{"link_name":"clamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"protomicrocotylids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomicrocotylidae"},{"link_name":"sclerites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerite"},{"link_name":"Lethacotyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethacotyle"},{"link_name":"polyopisthocotylean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyopisthocotylea"},{"link_name":"Monogeneans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea"},{"link_name":"parasitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"flatworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatworm"},{"link_name":"clamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"host","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Protomicrocotylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomicrocotylidae"},{"link_name":"Lethacotyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethacotyle"},{"link_name":"Monogeneans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenea"},{"link_name":"clamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"protomicrocotylids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protomicrocotylidae"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"adaptive evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"Drosophila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SnustadPOG-22"}],"sub_title":"Non-human animals","text":"Letter c in the picture indicates the undeveloped hind legs of a baleen whale.Vestigial characters are present throughout the animal kingdom, and an almost endless list could be given. Darwin said that \"it would be impossible to name one of the higher animals in which some part or other is not in a rudimentary condition.\"[9]The wings of ostriches, emus and other flightless birds are vestigial; they are remnants of their flying ancestors' wings. These birds go through the effort of developing wings, even though most birds are too large to use the wings successfully. Seeing vestigial wings in birds is also common when they no longer need to fly to escape predators, such as birds on the Galapagos Islands.[18] The eyes of certain cavefish and salamanders are vestigial, as they no longer allow the organism to see, and are remnants of their ancestors' functional eyes. Animals that reproduce without sex (via asexual reproduction) generally lose their sexual traits, such as the ability to locate/recognize the opposite sex and copulation behavior.[19]Boas and pythons have vestigial pelvis remnants, which are externally visible as two small pelvic spurs on each side of the cloaca. These spurs are sometimes used in copulation, but are not essential, as no colubrid snake (the vast majority of species) possesses these remnants. Furthermore, in most snakes, the left lung is greatly reduced or absent. Amphisbaenians, which independently evolved limblessness, also retain vestiges of the pelvis as well as the pectoral girdle, and have lost their right lung.[citation needed]Vestigial attachment clamps in various genera of protomicrocotylids. Accessory sclerites (black) are present in normal clamps but absent in simplified clamps. Lethacotyle (right) has no clamp at all.A case of vestigial organs was described in polyopisthocotylean Monogeneans (parasitic flatworms). These parasites usually have a posterior attachment organ with several clamps, which are sclerotised organs attaching the worm to the gill of the host fish. These clamps are extremely important for the survival of the parasite. In the family Protomicrocotylidae, species have either normal clamps, simplified clamps, or no clamps at all (in the genus Lethacotyle). After a comparative study of the relative surface of clamps in more than 100 Monogeneans, this has been interpreted as an evolutionary sequence leading to the loss of clamps. Coincidentally, other attachment structures (lateral flaps, transverse striations) have evolved in protomicrocotylids. Therefore, clamps in protomicrocotylids were considered vestigial organs.[20]In the foregoing examples the vestigiality is generally the (sometimes incidental) result of adaptive evolution. However, there are many examples of vestigiality as the product of drastic mutation, and such vestigiality is usually harmful or counter-adaptive. One of the earliest documented examples was that of vestigial wings in Drosophila.[21] Many examples in many other contexts have emerged since.[22]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray906.png"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"caecum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecum"},{"link_name":"omnivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"ileum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum"},{"link_name":"colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Descent-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"coccyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccyx"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"plica semilunaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plica_semilunaris_of_the_conjunctiva"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"nictitating membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hobson-485-28"},{"link_name":"muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricular_muscles"},{"link_name":"ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhamrah-26-29"},{"link_name":"occipitofrontalis muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipitofrontalis_muscle"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saladin-285-30"},{"link_name":"goose bumps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_bumps"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_action"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"L-gulonolactone oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-gulonolactone_oxidase"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"vitamin C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C"},{"link_name":"monkeys, and apes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian"},{"link_name":"genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"human genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome"},{"link_name":"pseudogene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"third molars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_tooth"},{"link_name":"impaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaction_(dental)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Humans","text":"The muscles connected to the ears of a human do not develop enough to have the same mobility allowed to many animals.Human vestigiality is related to human evolution, and includes a variety of characters occurring in the human species. Many examples of these are vestigial in other primates and related animals, whereas other examples are still highly developed. The human caecum is vestigial, as often is the case in omnivores, being reduced to a single chamber receiving the content of the ileum into the colon. The ancestral caecum would have been a large, blind diverticulum in which resistant plant material such as cellulose would have been fermented in preparation for absorption in the colon.[23][24][25] Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform similar functions. The coccyx,[26] or tailbone, though a vestige of the tail of some primate ancestors, is functional as an anchor for certain pelvic muscles including: the levator ani muscle and the largest gluteal muscle, the gluteus maximus.[27]Other structures that are vestigial include the plica semilunaris on the inside corner of the eye (a remnant of the nictitating membrane);[28] and (as seen at right) muscles in the ear.[29] Other organic structures (such as the occipitofrontalis muscle) have lost their original functions (to keep the head from falling) but are still useful for other purposes (facial expression).[30]Humans also bear some vestigial behaviors and reflexes. The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is a vestigial reflex;[31] its function in human ancestors was to raise the body's hair, making the ancestor appear larger and scaring off predators. The arrector pili (muscle that connects the hair follicle to connective tissue) contracts and creates goosebumps on skin.[32]There are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. One example of this is a gene that is functional in most other mammals and which produces L-gulonolactone oxidase, an enzyme that can make vitamin C. A documented mutation deactivated the gene in an ancestor of the modern infraorder of monkeys, and apes, and it now remains in their genomes, including the human genome, as a vestigial sequence called a pseudogene.[33]The shift in human diet towards soft and processed food over time caused a reduction in the number of powerful grinding teeth, especially the third molars (also known as wisdom teeth), which were highly prone to impaction.[34]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipules"},{"link_name":"carpels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"Equisetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equisetum"},{"link_name":"paraphyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyses"},{"link_name":"Fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"outcrossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrossing"},{"link_name":"selfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogamy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Plants and fungi","text":"Plants also have vestigial parts, including functionless stipules and carpels, leaf reduction of Equisetum, paraphyses of Fungi.[35] Well known examples are the reductions in floral display, leading to smaller and/or paler flowers, in plants that reproduce without outcrossing, for example via selfing or obligate clonal reproduction.[36][37]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uniform_tunic_of_WW2_German_Wehrmacht_front_gendarm,_gorget_(Feldgendarmerie),_hand_grenade,_etc._Lofoten_Krigsminnemuseum_(WW2_Memorial_Museum)_Svolv%C3%A6r,_Norway_2019-05-08_DSC00056.jpg"},{"link_name":"gorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorget"},{"link_name":"natural selection through random mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"skeuomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeuomorph"},{"link_name":"men's business suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit"},{"link_name":"exaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation"},{"link_name":"lapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapel"},{"link_name":"boutonnières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"gorget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorget"},{"link_name":"suits of armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_armour"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Objects","text":"The uniform of the German Feldgendarmerie during WW2, complete with gorget.Many objects in daily use contain vestigial structures. While not the result of natural selection through random mutation, much of the process is the same. Product design, like evolution, is iterative; it builds on features and processes that already exist, with limited resources available to make tweaks. To spend resources on completely weeding out a form that serves no purpose (if at the same time it is not an obstruction either) is not economically astute. These vestigial structures differ from the concept of skeuomorphism in that a skeuomorph is a design feature that has been specifically implemented as a reference to the past, enabling users to acclimatise quicker. A vestigial feature does not exist intentionally, or even usefully.For example, men's business suits often contain a row of buttons at the bottom of the sleeve. These used to serve a purpose, allowing the sleeve to be split and rolled up. The feature has been lost entirely, though most suits still give the impression that it is possible, complete with fake button holes. There is also an example of exaptation to be found in the business suit: it was previously possible to button a jacket up all the way to the top. As it became the fashion to fold the lapel over, the top half of buttons and their accompanying buttonholes disappeared, save for a single hole at the top; it has since found a new use as a place to fasten pins, badges, or boutonnières.[38]As a final example, soldiers in ceremonial or parade uniform can sometimes be seen wearing a gorget: a small decorative piece of metal suspended around the neck with a chain. The gorget serves no protection to the wearer, yet there exists an unbroken lineage from the gorget to the full suits of armour of the middle ages. With the introduction of gunpowder weapons, armour increasingly lost its usefulness on the battlefield. At the same time, military men were keen to retain the status it provided them. The result: a breastplate that \"shrank\" away over time, but never disappeared completely.[39]","title":"Examples"}]
|
[{"image_text":"In humans, the vermiform appendix is sometimes called a vestigial structure as it has lost much of its ancestral digestive function.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray536.png/220px-Gray536.png"},{"image_text":"The Darwin-tubercle (left) is a vestigial form of the ear tip (right) in the mammalian ancestors of humans—here shown in a crab-eating macaque.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg/220px-Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vestigial hindlegs (spurs) in a boa constrictor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rudimentary_hindlegs_spurs_in_Boa_constrictor_snake.jpg/220px-Rudimentary_hindlegs_spurs_in_Boa_constrictor_snake.jpg"},{"image_text":"The blind mole rat (Spalax typhlus) has tiny eyes completely covered by a layer of skin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blindmaus-drawing.jpg/220px-Blindmaus-drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Letter c in the picture indicates the undeveloped hind legs of a baleen whale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Whale_skeleton.png/220px-Whale_skeleton.png"},{"image_text":"Vestigial attachment clamps in various genera of protomicrocotylids. Accessory sclerites (black) are present in normal clamps but absent in simplified clamps. Lethacotyle (right) has no clamp at all.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Journal.pone.0079155.g003_Clamps_in_various_genera_of_Protomicrocotylidae.png/220px-Journal.pone.0079155.g003_Clamps_in_various_genera_of_Protomicrocotylidae.png"},{"image_text":"The muscles connected to the ears of a human do not develop enough to have the same mobility allowed to many animals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray906.png/170px-Gray906.png"},{"image_text":"The uniform of the German Feldgendarmerie during WW2, complete with gorget.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Uniform_tunic_of_WW2_German_Wehrmacht_front_gendarm%2C_gorget_%28Feldgendarmerie%29%2C_hand_grenade%2C_etc._Lofoten_Krigsminnemuseum_%28WW2_Memorial_Museum%29_Svolv%C3%A6r%2C_Norway_2019-05-08_DSC00056.jpg/199px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Atavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atavism"},{"title":"Dewclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewclaw"},{"title":"Exaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation"},{"title":"Evolutionary anachronism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism"},{"title":"Human vestigiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vestigiality"},{"title":"Maladaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladaptation"},{"title":"Plantaris muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaris_muscle"},{"title":"Recessive refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessive_refuge"},{"title":"Spandrel (biology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)"},{"title":"Vestigial response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigial_response"}]
|
[{"reference":"Steen Hyldgaard Christensen; Bernard Delahousse; Martin Meganck, eds. (2009). Engineering in Context. Academica. p. 270. ISBN 978-87-7675-700-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MUz3qg3uB0UC&pg=PA270","url_text":"Engineering in Context"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7675-700-7","url_text":"978-87-7675-700-7"}]},{"reference":"Steen Hyldgaard Christensen; Bernard Delahousse; Martin Meganck, eds. (2009). Engineering in Context. Academica.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gould, Stephen Jay (1980). \"Senseless signs of history\". The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 27–34. ISBN 978-0-393-30023-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pandasthumb000step/page/27","url_text":"\"Senseless signs of history\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pandasthumb000step/page/27","url_text":"27–34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30023-9","url_text":"978-0-393-30023-9"}]},{"reference":"Wiedersheim, Robert (1893). The Structure of Man: an index to his past history. London: Macmillan and Co. OL 7171834M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiedersheim","url_text":"Wiedersheim, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7171834M","url_text":"7171834M"}]},{"reference":"Reeder, Alex (29 December 1997). \"Evolution: Evidence from Living Organisms\". Bioweb. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/evolution/HTML/live.html","url_text":"\"Evolution: Evidence from Living Organisms\""}]},{"reference":"Futuyma, D. J. (1995). Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-87893-184-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_J._Futuyma","url_text":"Futuyma, D. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-184-2","url_text":"978-0-87893-184-2"}]},{"reference":"Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 84.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prothero, Donald (2020). The Story of Evolution in 25 Discoveries: The Evidence and the People who Found It. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-231-19036-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-19036-7","url_text":"978-0-231-19036-7"}]},{"reference":"Justine JL, Rahmouni C, Gey D, Schoelinck C, Hoberg EP (2013). \"The Monogenean which lost its clamps\". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e79155. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...879155J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079155. PMC 3838368. PMID 24278118.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838368","url_text":"\"The Monogenean which lost its clamps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...879155J","url_text":"2013PLoSO...879155J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079155","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0079155"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838368","url_text":"3838368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24278118","url_text":"24278118"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Thomas Hunt & Bridges, Calvin B. (1916). Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila. Carnegie Institution of Washington.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sexlinkedinherit34368gut","url_text":"Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila"}]},{"reference":"\"Purpose of appendix believed found\". CNN/AP. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626191535/http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/10/05/appendix.purpose.ap/index.html?iref=mpstoryview#","url_text":"\"Purpose of appendix believed found\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"},{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/10/05/appendix.purpose.ap/index.html?iref=mpstoryview#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bollinger, RR; Barbas, AS; Bush, EL; et al. (2007). \"Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix\". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 249 (4): 826–831. Bibcode:2007JThBi.249..826R. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032. PMID 17936308.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=38&SID=4DLHfOdd2@i1Cc38Lc9&page=1&doc=10&colname=WOS","url_text":"\"Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JThBi.249..826R","url_text":"2007JThBi.249..826R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2007.08.032","url_text":"10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17936308","url_text":"17936308"}]},{"reference":"Saraga-Babić M, Lehtonen E, Svajger A, Wartiovaara J (1994). \"Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of axial structures in the transitory human tail\". Ann. Anat. 176 (3): 277–86. doi:10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80496-6. PMID 8059973.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0940-9602%2811%2980496-6","url_text":"10.1016/s0940-9602(11)80496-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8059973","url_text":"8059973"}]},{"reference":"Foye, Patrick (2014). \"Coccyx\". Medscape.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hobson, David W. (1991). Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Fundamentals and Methods. CRC Press. pp. 485. ISBN 978-0-8493-8811-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dermaloculartoxi0000unse/page/485","url_text":"Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Fundamentals and Methods"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dermaloculartoxi0000unse/page/485","url_text":"485"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8811-8","url_text":"978-0-8493-8811-8"}]},{"reference":"Bhamrah, H.S.; Juneja, Kavita (1998). Cytology and evolution: For Students Taking a First Course in Cell Biology at Undergraduate and Medical Student Level. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 978-81-7041-819-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-819-1","url_text":"978-81-7041-819-1"}]},{"reference":"Saladin, Kenneth S. (2003). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 286–287.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Niloufar Torkamani; Nicholas W Rufaut; Leslie Jones; Rodney D Sinclair (2006). \"Beyond Goosebumps: Does the Arrector Pili Muscle Have a Role in Hair Loss\". Int J Trichology. 6 (3): 88–94. doi:10.4103/0974-7753.139077. PMC 4158628. PMID 25210331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158628","url_text":"\"Beyond Goosebumps: Does the Arrector Pili Muscle Have a Role in Hair Loss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-7753.139077","url_text":"10.4103/0974-7753.139077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4158628","url_text":"4158628"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25210331","url_text":"25210331"}]},{"reference":"Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Yagi K (May 6, 1994). \"Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man\". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (18): 13685–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36884-9. PMID 8175804.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/269/18/13685","url_text":"\"Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2817%2936884-9","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36884-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8175804","url_text":"8175804"}]},{"reference":"\"Do Any Vestigial Organs Exist in Humans? - Explainry.com\". explainry.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181016171925/https://explainry.com/biology/vestigial-organs-humans/","url_text":"\"Do Any Vestigial Organs Exist in Humans? - Explainry.com\""},{"url":"https://explainry.com/biology/vestigial-organs-humans/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Do Suits Have a Random Buttonhole on the Lapel? We Found Out\". Gear Patrol. 2020-12-30. Retrieved 2024-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gearpatrol.com/style/a724421/further-details-buttonhole-lapel/","url_text":"\"Why Do Suits Have a Random Buttonhole on the Lapel? We Found Out\""}]},{"reference":"corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula. \"National Museum of Australia - Military gorgets\". www.nma.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/aboriginal-breastplates/military-gorgets","url_text":"\"National Museum of Australia - Military gorgets\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_ibn_Sa%27id
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Mansur ibn Sa'id
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["1 Sources"]
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Mansur ibn Sa'id (Persian: منصور بن سعید) was an Iranian statesman, who served as the Head of the Army Department during the reign of the Ghaznavid Sultan Ibrahim of Ghazna (r. 1059–1099). Mansur was the son of Sa'id Maymandi, who was the son of the former Ghaznavid vizier Ahmad Maymandi.
Sources
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2010). "ʿAbd-al-Razzāq b. Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandi". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 157–158.
This Iran-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mansur ibn Sa'id"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-razzaq-hasan-meymandi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansur_ibn_Sa%27id&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iran-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iran-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran-stub"}],"text":"Bosworth, C. Edmund (2010). \"ʿAbd-al-Razzāq b. Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandi\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 157–158.This Iran-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bosworth, C. Edmund (2010). \"ʿAbd-al-Razzāq b. Aḥmad b. Ḥasan Maymandi\". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 157–158.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-razzaq-hasan-meymandi","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-razzaq-hasan-meymandi","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 2"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansur_ibn_Sa%27id&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_Street_station_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)
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145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)
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["1 History","1.1 Construction and opening","1.2 Later years","2 Station layout","2.1 Design","2.2 Track layout","2.3 Exits","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°49′14″N 73°56′10″W / 40.82056°N 73.93611°W / 40.82056; -73.93611New York City Subway station in Manhattan
For other uses, see 145th Street.
Not to be confused with 145th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) or 145th Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line).
New York City Subway station in Manhattan, New York 145 Street New York City Subway station (rapid transit)Downtown platformStation statisticsAddressWest 145th Street & Malcolm X BoulevardNew York, NYBoroughManhattanLocaleHarlemCoordinates40°49′14″N 73°56′10″W / 40.82056°N 73.93611°W / 40.82056; -73.93611DivisionA (IRT)LineIRT Lenox Avenue LineServices 3 (all times)Transit NYCT Bus: M1, M7, M102, Bx19StructureUndergroundPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2Other informationOpenedNovember 23, 1904; 119 years ago (1904-11-23)ClosedJuly 23, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-07-23) (reconstruction)RebuiltNovember 28, 2018; 5 years ago (2018-11-28)Opposite-directiontransferNoTraffic2023574,727 0.1%
Rank369 out of 423Services
Preceding station
New York City Subway
Following station
Harlem–148th StreetTerminus
135th Streettoward New Lots Avenue
Location
Show map of New York City SubwayShow map of New York CityShow map of New York
Track layout
Legend
to Harlem–148th Street
to Lenox Yard
to 149th Street–Grand Concourse
to 135th Street
Street map
Station service legend
Symbol
Description
Stops all times
145th Street Subway Station (IRT)U.S. National Register of Historic Places
MPSNew York City Subway System MPSNRHP reference No.05000231Added to NRHPMarch 30, 2005
The 145th Street station is a station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times. Built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the 145th Street station contains two side platforms that can only fit six and a half train cars, unlike almost all other IRT stations, which are able to fit full-length ten-car trains.
The station opened in 1904 as one of the northern termini of the original subway line operated by the IRT. With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station to the north in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, but due to community opposition, and passengers' protests, the station remained open. Since the 145th Street station is the second-to-last stop on the line, entry is provided only to the southbound platform, although northbound customers are allowed to exit from this station. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and was closed from July to November 2018 for extensive renovations.
The 145th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 145th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.
History
Construction and opening
Original terra cotta cartouche
Planning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864.: 21 However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act.: 139–140 The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.: 3 A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899.: 148 The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line.: 165 In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations.: 4 Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.: 182
The 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line).: 253 The original plan envisioned a station on the Lenox Avenue Line at 141st Street, just south of the 142nd Street Junction, where a spur of the Lenox Avenue Line diverges to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line. This was ultimately not built, and instead, the 145th Street station became the last stop on the Lenox Avenue Line before it entered the Lenox Yard, a train maintenance yard immediately to the north.: 7 McMullan & McBean began work on the section from 135th Street and Lenox Avenue to Gerard Avenue and 149th Street, including the 145th Street spur, on September 10, 1901.: 253
On November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street. Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street). South of the station, most northbound trains used a switch to access the western platform, which served both entering and exiting passengers; the train would then reenter service in the southbound direction. Northbound trains heading to Lenox Yard would drop off passengers on the eastern platform, which was an exit-only platform and did not have any ticket booths.: 10 Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906.
Later years
In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry. The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940. The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of "R-type" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to Lenox Avenue–145th Street became the 3. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights above the edges of the station's platforms. In 1959, all 3 trains became express.
With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station inside the Lenox Yard in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, since the 148th Street station was intended as a direct replacement for the 145th Street station. However, the proposal was shelved due to protests from the local community over the long walk of up to seven blocks to either the new station or 135th Street one stop south, and due to possible congestion issues at 135th Street. The 148th Street station opened on May 13, 1968;: 11 despite its name, the new terminal was located at 149th Street. Afterward, all northbound trains continued to 148th Street.: 11
From 1995 to 2008, this station lacked full-time service, as 3 trains did not operate during late nights. Full-time service was restored on July 27, 2008. During late nights, riders could take the M7, the M102, or a shuttle bus to 135th Street. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 2005, due to its importance as one of the first IRT stations to be built.
Starting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions. The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998. During the reconstruction, 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street–City College station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.
Under the 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps. In January 2018, the New York City Transit and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receives the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts. The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved. The subway station was closed for renovations from July 23 to November 28, 2018. Due to the closure, 2018 ridership dropped 41.9% compared to the previous year, from 1,093,045 riders in 2017 to 635,413 riders in 2018.
Station layout
Ground
Street level
Exit and southbound entrance
Platform level
Side platform
Northbound
← toward Harlem–148th Street (Terminus)
Southbound
→ toward New Lots Avenue (Times Square–42nd Street late nights) (135th Street) →
Side platform
There are two tracks with two short side platforms.: 5 The station, served by the 3 train at all times, is between 135th Street to the south and Harlem–148th Street to the north. The station is 348 feet (106 m) long and can fit six-and-a-half 51-foot (16 m) IRT subway cars.: 6 Only the first five cars of a train open here because the R62 subway cars used on the 3 service are configured in five-car sets and each must have their doors opened at the same time (selective door operation is used). Before trains on the 3 service were lengthened from nine to ten cars in 2001, only four cars opened their doors at the station. The station is slightly offset under Lenox Avenue, being located closer to the avenue's western curb line.: 16
Design
The fare control is at platform level, and there is no crossover or crossunder between the platforms. The station agent's booth is located on the southbound platform. The station has mosaic name tablets, some old "145" terra cotta cartouches, and a mosaic replica of a cartouche.: 6 There used to be women's and men's restrooms on the southbound platform, as evidenced by stone lintels reading "women" and "men".: 7 The central section of the southbound platform widens near the turnstiles.: 7
As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method.: 237 The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. The lowest sections of the trough's outer walls are composed of transverse arches 5 feet (1.5 m) wide.: 5 Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are located drainage basins. Columns between the tracks, placed atop the transverse arches, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.: 5 : 4 Unlike in most original IRT stations, the majority of these columns are not built-up I-beams.: 6 Along the northern end of the platforms there are dense clusters of I-beam columns, while the remainder of the platform contains circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). The ceiling is about 15 feet (4.6 m) above platform level; the section of the ceiling north of the fare control area is smooth, and the section south of fare control is composed of segmental vaults supported by the center columns. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.: 6
The 2018 artwork at this station is Parade, a ceramic and glass artwork by Derek Fordjour. It consists of images depicting the African-American parade tradition of Harlem.
Track layout
Like the other stations on the original IRT subway, it was initially built for trains shorter in length than the standard eight to ten cars used by the subway. In the 1950s and 1960s, all of the other IRT stations were either lengthened to 10 cars or closed. The 145th Street station was also lengthened slightly to the north: there are no columns between the tracks there, since the site formerly accommodated a track crossover. When 145th Street was planned to be closed in the 1960s, it was deemed unnecessary to further lengthen the platforms. Because it remained open, 145th Street is the only original IRT station besides the 42nd Street Shuttle stations that still cannot accommodate ten-car trains. Approximately 200 feet (61 m) north of the station is a diamond crossover for the approach to the northern terminal of the 3 train at Harlem–148th Street. Approximately 300 feet (91 m) south of the station is the 142nd Street Junction with the IRT White Plains Road Line. A track crossover formerly existed immediately south of the station, and another switch existed immediately north of the original platforms, within the space occupied by the current platform extension.
Exits
One of two exit-only staircases on the east side of Lenox Avenue
Street staircases from platform level go up to all four corners of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue. One street staircase goes to each of the corners; the stairs on the west side of Lenox Avenue serve the southbound platform, while the stairs on the east side are served by the northbound platform. There is no entrance from the street to the northbound platform, as both eastern street staircases contain a high exit-only turnstile and emergency gate.: 5 Like the other original IRT stations, this station originally was built with entrances resembling elaborate kiosks, which were removed for reducing sight lines for motorists. The street staircases were replaced with relatively simple, modern steel railings like those seen at most New York City Subway stations.: 8
References
^ "Glossary". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
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^ a b c "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "New York MPS 145th Street Subway Station (IRT)". Records of the National Park Service, 1785 - 2006, Series: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 - 2017, Box: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, ID: 75313909. National Archives.
^ a b c d e Walker, James Blaine (1918). Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917. New York, N.Y.: Law Printing. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ a b c "Interborough Rapid Transit System, Underground Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 23, 1979. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
^ a b c Report of the Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners for the City of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1904 Accompanied By Reports of the Chief Engineer and of the Auditor. Board of Rapid Transit Railroad Commissioners. 1905. pp. 229–236.
^ a b c Scott, Charles (1978). "Design and Construction of the IRT: Civil Engineering" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. pp. 208–282 (PDF pp. 209–283). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Report of the Public Service Commission For The First District of the State of New York For The Year Ending December 31, 1909. Albany: Public Service Commission. 1910. p. 191. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "East Side Subway Open — Train from 145th Street to Broadway in 9 Minutes and 40 Seconds" (PDF). The New York Times. November 23, 1904. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
^ The Merchants' Association of New York Pocket Guide to New York. Merchants' Association of New York. March 1906. pp. 19–26.
^ a b c "Eighty Years of Subway Service to the Bronx" (PDF). The Bulletin. Vol. 28, no. 7. Electric Railroaders' Association. July 1985. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 1916. p. 119. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
^ "Open New Subway Lines to Traffic; Called a Triumph — Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction — No Hitch in the Plans — But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations — Thousands Go Astray — Leaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor". The New York Times. August 2, 1918. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ "City Transit Unity Is Now a Reality; Title to I.R.T. Lines Passes to Municipality, Ending 19-Year Campaign". The New York Times. June 13, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
^ "Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration". New York Herald Tribune. June 13, 1940. p. 25. ProQuest 1248134780.
^ Brown, Nicole (May 17, 2019). "How did the MTA subway lines get their letter or number? NYCurious". amNewYork. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ Friedlander, Alex; Lonto, Arthur; Raudenbush, Henry (April 1960). "A Summary of Services on the IRT Division, NYCTA" (PDF). New York Division Bulletin. 3 (1). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
^ Katz, Ralph (January 27, 1956). "Subway Stations to Get New Lights; $3,750,000 to Be Spent on Fluorescents for I.R.T. and B.M.T. Transfer Points". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
^ "Wagner Praises Modernized IRT — Mayor and Transit Authority Are Hailed as West Side Changes Take Effect". The New York Times. February 7, 1959. p. 21. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ a b c Edwards, Dick (December 2, 1967). "145th-Lenox Subway Stop To Continue". New York Amsterdam News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ "IRT Passengers Get New 148th St. Station" (PDF). The New York Times. May 14, 1968. p. 95. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
^ Raudenbush, Henry (January 2007). "148th Street-Lenox Terminal and How it Got its Name". New York Division Bulletin. 50 (1). Electric Railroaders Association. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ "Service Enhancements on 3 Line" (Press release). MTA New York City Transit. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "A close up of the sign saying late nights no 3 service at 145 Street and to use the shuttle bus (that appears on Manhattan bus maps) or M7 or 102 to 135 Street for 2 service". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ "Notice: National Register of Historic Places; pending nominations". Federal Register. 70 (46). Department of the Interior: National Park Service: 12009. March 10, 2005. 05-4640. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020 – via National Archives.
^ a b "New York City Transit - History and Chronology". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
^ Lii, Jane H. (February 28, 1998). "Tunnel Work To Cut Service On 2 Subways". The New York Times. p. B-4. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
^ Lueck, Thomas J. (October 13, 1998). "Beating Deadline, Normal Service Returns for the Nos. 2 and 3 Subway Lines". The New York Times. p. B-3. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
^ Newman, Andy (December 12, 1997). "Repairs to Lenox Ave. Tunnel To Affect Many Subway Lines". The New York Times. p. B-8. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
^ "Lenox Rehab '98 2 3 Lenox Line Service Guide March 2-October 1998". thejoekorner.com. New York City Transit. 1998. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
^ Whitford, Emma (January 8, 2016). "MTA Will Completely Close 30 Subway Stations For Months-Long "Revamp"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ "MTA Stations" (PDF). governor.ny.gov. Government of the State of New York. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ Transit & Bus Committee Meeting (PDF). New York City Transit and Bus Committee Meeting. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 22, 2018. p. 135. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ Barone, Vincent (January 24, 2018). "Subway station upgrades in Manhattan, Bronx on hold after MTA board tables vote". am New York. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ Siff, Andrew (January 24, 2018). "MTA Shelves Plan to Modernize Subway Stations Amid Criticism". NBC New York. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ "Foes Hit Gov's Station Fix Plan". NY Daily News. February 13, 2018. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ "Subway Stations in Harlem and the Bronx to Receive Structural Repairs and Improvements This Summer" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 3, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
^ "Planned Service Changes for: Wednesday, November 28, 2018". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
^ Dougherty, Peter (2006) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 (3rd ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 49777633 – via Google Books.
^ "3 Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^ "April 1997 New York City Subway Map" (PDF). mta.nyc.ny.us. New York City Transit Authority. April 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 1997. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "The entrance area outside of fare control at 145 Street". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "A mosaic name tablet at 145 Street". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "A flat mosaic replica of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "A close up of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street it is identical with other then the numbers in it to similar cartouches at all the other Lenox Avenue stations except 110 Street". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Chatreau, Bernard (September 23, 2011). "Showing Image 144186". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Weinberg, Brian (May 17, 2004). "Showing Image 30454". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ "145th Street - Derek Fordjour - Parade, 2018". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
^ Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
^ "More Long Platforms – Five Subway Stations on IRT to Accommodate 10-Car Trains" (PDF). The New York Times. July 10, 1948. p. 8. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2016.
^ a b Lynch, Andrew (2020). "New York City Subway Track Map" (PDF). vanshnookenraggen.com. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733.
^ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Harlem / Hamilton Heights" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). "A no entry exit from the uptown platform at 145 Street viewed from Lenox Avenue". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
^ Pirmann, David. "Former IRT Kiosk". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 145th Street (IRT Lenox Avenue Line).
nycsubway.org – IRT White Plains Road Line: 145th Street
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Located at the intersection of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, Manhattan, it is served by the 3 train at all times. Built for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), the 145th Street station contains two side platforms that can only fit six and a half train cars, unlike almost all other IRT stations, which are able to fit full-length ten-car trains.The station opened in 1904 as one of the northern termini of the original subway line operated by the IRT. With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station to the north in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, but due to community opposition, and passengers' protests, the station remained open. Since the 145th Street station is the second-to-last stop on the line, entry is provided only to the southbound platform, although northbound customers are allowed to exit from this station. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and was closed from July to November 2018 for extensive renovations.The 145th Street station contains two side platforms and two tracks. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The platforms contain exits to Lenox Avenue's intersection with 145th Street and are not connected to each other within fare control.","title":"145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145_Lenox_IRT_flowery_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"cartouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche_(design)"},{"link_name":"subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_1918-5"},{"link_name":"city's first subway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_the_IRT_subway"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_1918-5"},{"link_name":"William Barclay Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barclay_Parsons"},{"link_name":"New York City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Upper West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Side"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCL-1096-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_1918-5"},{"link_name":"John B. McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._McDonald"},{"link_name":"August Belmont Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Belmont_Jr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board_of_Rapid_Transit_Railroad_Commissioners_1905-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_1918-5"},{"link_name":"Heins & LaFarge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heins_%26_LaFarge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCL-1096-6"},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walker_1918-5"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board_of_Rapid_Transit_Railroad_Commissioners_1905-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAER_CE-8"},{"link_name":"142nd Street Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142nd_Street_Junction"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"IRT White Plains Road Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line"},{"link_name":"Lenox Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox_Yard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board_of_Rapid_Transit_Railroad_Commissioners_1905-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAER_CE-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Hall_(IRT_Lexington_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Lenox Avenue (145th Street)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"South Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ferry_loops_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Avenue%E2%80%93Barclays_Center_(IRT_Eastern_Parkway_Line)"},{"link_name":"West Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Farms,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"180th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_Street%E2%80%93Bronx_Park_(IRT_White_Plains_Road_Line)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-1985-07-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Construction and opening","text":"Original terra cotta cartouchePlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864.[5]: 21 However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature passed the Rapid Transit Act.[5]: 139–140 The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, the Rapid Transit Commission's chief engineer. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx.[6]: 3 A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and legal challenges were resolved near the end of 1899.[5]: 148 The Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900,[7] in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line.[5]: 165 In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations.[6]: 4 Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.[5]: 182The 145th Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's East Side Branch (now the Lenox Avenue Line).[7][8]: 253 The original plan envisioned a station on the Lenox Avenue Line at 141st Street, just south of the 142nd Street Junction, where a spur of the Lenox Avenue Line diverges to the Bronx via the IRT White Plains Road Line. This was ultimately not built, and instead, the 145th Street station became the last stop on the Lenox Avenue Line before it entered the Lenox Yard, a train maintenance yard immediately to the north.[4]: 7 McMullan & McBean began work on the section from 135th Street and Lenox Avenue to Gerard Avenue and 149th Street, including the 145th Street spur, on September 10, 1901.[7][8]: 253On November 23, 1904, the East Side Branch opened to 145th Street.[9][10] Initially, the station was served by East Side local and express trains. Local trains ran from City Hall to Lenox Avenue (145th Street). Express trains had their southern terminus at South Ferry or Atlantic Avenue and had their northern terminus at 145th Street or West Farms (180th Street).[11] South of the station, most northbound trains used a switch to access the western platform, which served both entering and exiting passengers; the train would then reenter service in the southbound direction. Northbound trains heading to Lenox Yard would drop off passengers on the eastern platform, which was an exit-only platform and did not have any ticket booths.[12]: 10 Express trains to 145th Street were eliminated in 1906.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"Times Square–42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square%E2%80%9342nd_Street_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"South Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ferry_loops_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1248134780-16"},{"link_name":"\"R-type\" rolling stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_R-type_contracts"},{"link_name":"rollsigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollsign"},{"link_name":"R12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R12_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York City Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"fluorescent lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1956-01-27-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Harlem–148th Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem%E2%80%93148th_Street_station"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYAmsterdam-145thLenox-1967-21"},{"link_name":"135th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYAmsterdam-145thLenox-1967-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTImes-148LenoxOpen-1968-22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-1985-07-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERA-148Lenox-2007-23"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-1985-07-12"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"underground streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subterranean_river"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-Chronology2-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-Chronology2-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"137th Street–City College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_Street%E2%80%93City_College_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"Enhanced Station Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Station_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"167th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_Street_(IND_Concourse_Line)"},{"link_name":"174th–175th Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174th%E2%80%93175th_Streets_(IND_Concourse_Line)"},{"link_name":"IND Concourse Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Concourse_Line"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riderref-3"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"In 1918, the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square–42nd Street, and the original line was divided into an H-shaped system. Local trains were sent to South Ferry.[14] The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.[15][16] The IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock. These fleet contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948.[17] The route to Lenox Avenue–145th Street became the 3.[18] The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced plans in 1956 to add fluorescent lights above the edges of the station's platforms.[19] In 1959, all 3 trains became express.[20]With the construction of the Harlem–148th Street station inside the Lenox Yard in the 1960s, the 145th Street station was planned to be closed, since the 148th Street station was intended as a direct replacement for the 145th Street station.[21] However, the proposal was shelved due to protests from the local community over the long walk of up to seven blocks to either the new station or 135th Street one stop south, and due to possible congestion issues at 135th Street.[21] The 148th Street station opened on May 13, 1968;[22][12]: 11 despite its name, the new terminal was located at 149th Street.[23] Afterward, all northbound trains continued to 148th Street.[12]: 11From 1995 to 2008, this station lacked full-time service, as 3 trains did not operate during late nights. Full-time service was restored on July 27, 2008. During late nights, riders could take the M7, the M102, or a shuttle bus to 135th Street.[24][25] The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 2005, due to its importance as one of the first IRT stations to be built.[26]Starting on March 2, 1998, the tunnel was reconstructed along with the cracked tunnel floor. This was done to correct a major water problem that had existed for many years due to the presence of the Harlem Creek and other underground streams, which caused extensive flooding, water damage, and seepage problems that occasionally contributed to severe service disruptions.[27][28] The project cost $82 million and was finished on October 12, 1998.[27][29] During the reconstruction, 3 trains were rerouted to the 137th Street–City College station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. Supplemental shuttle bus service connecting to other lines in the area were provided for much of this time.[30][31]Under the 2015–2019 Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital Plan, the station underwent a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative and was entirely closed for several months. Updates included cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps.[32][33] In January 2018, the New York City Transit and Bus Committee recommended that Citnalta-Forte receives the $125 million contract for the renovations of 167th and 174th–175th Streets on the IND Concourse Line and 145th Street on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line.[34] However, the MTA Board temporarily deferred the vote for these packages after city representatives refused to vote to award the contracts.[35][36] The contract was put back for a vote in February, where it was ultimately approved.[37] The subway station was closed for renovations from July 23 to November 28, 2018.[38][39] Due to the closure, 2018 ridership dropped 41.9% compared to the previous year, from 1,093,045 riders in 2017 to 635,413 riders in 2018.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-40"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"135th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"Harlem–148th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem%E2%80%93148th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-submap-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"R62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R62_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"link_name":"selective door operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_door_operation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYAmsterdam-145thLenox-1967-21"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"curb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"}],"text":"There are two tracks with two short side platforms.[4]: 5 [40] The station, served by the 3 train at all times,[41] is between 135th Street to the south and Harlem–148th Street to the north.[42] The station is 348 feet (106 m) long and can fit six-and-a-half 51-foot (16 m) IRT subway cars.[4]: 6 Only the first five cars of a train open here because the R62 subway cars used on the 3 service are configured in five-car sets and each must have their doors opened at the same time (selective door operation is used).[21] Before trains on the 3 service were lengthened from nine to ten cars in 2001, only four cars opened their doors at the station.[43] The station is slightly offset under Lenox Avenue, being located closer to the avenue's western curb line.[4]: 16","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fare control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_control"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"cut-and-cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-and-cover"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAER_CE-8"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"jack-arched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_arch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYCL-1096-6"},{"link_name":"I-beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-beam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"Derek Fordjour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Fordjour"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"The fare control is at platform level, and there is no crossover or crossunder between the platforms. The station agent's booth is located on the southbound platform.[44] The station has mosaic name tablets, some old \"145\" terra cotta cartouches, and a mosaic replica of a cartouche.[4]: 6 [45][46][47] There used to be women's and men's restrooms on the southbound platform, as evidenced by stone lintels reading \"women\" and \"men\".[4]: 7 The central section of the southbound platform widens near the turnstiles.[4]: 7 [48]As with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method.[8]: 237 The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100 mm) thick. The lowest sections of the trough's outer walls are composed of transverse arches 5 feet (1.5 m) wide.[4]: 5 Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6 cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are located drainage basins. Columns between the tracks, placed atop the transverse arches, support the jack-arched concrete station roofs.[4]: 5 [6]: 4 Unlike in most original IRT stations, the majority of these columns are not built-up I-beams.[4]: 6 Along the northern end of the platforms there are dense clusters of I-beam columns,[49] while the remainder of the platform contains circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6 m). The ceiling is about 15 feet (4.6 m) above platform level; the section of the ceiling north of the fare control area is smooth, and the section south of fare control is composed of segmental vaults supported by the center columns. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.[4]: 6The 2018 artwork at this station is Parade, a ceramic and glass artwork by Derek Fordjour. It consists of images depicting the African-American parade tradition of Harlem.[50]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original IRT subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_the_IRT_subway"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOT-1949-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van-map-53"},{"link_name":"42nd Street Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trackref-54"},{"link_name":"diamond crossover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_crossover"},{"link_name":"Harlem–148th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem%E2%80%93148th_Street_(IRT_Lenox_Avenue_Line)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trackref-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-van-map-53"}],"sub_title":"Track layout","text":"Like the other stations on the original IRT subway, it was initially built for trains shorter in length than the standard eight to ten cars used by the subway. In the 1950s and 1960s, all of the other IRT stations were either lengthened to 10 cars or closed.[51][52] The 145th Street station was also lengthened slightly to the north: there are no columns between the tracks there, since the site formerly accommodated a track crossover.[53] When 145th Street was planned to be closed in the 1960s, it was deemed unnecessary to further lengthen the platforms. Because it remained open, 145th Street is the only original IRT station besides the 42nd Street Shuttle stations that still cannot accommodate ten-car trains.[54] Approximately 200 feet (61 m) north of the station is a diamond crossover for the approach to the northern terminal of the 3 train at Harlem–148th Street. Approximately 300 feet (91 m) south of the station is the 142nd Street Junction with the IRT White Plains Road Line.[54] A track crossover formerly existed immediately south of the station, and another switch existed immediately north of the original platforms, within the space occupied by the current platform extension.[53]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:145_Street_Lenox_exit_vc.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-4"}],"sub_title":"Exits","text":"One of two exit-only staircases on the east side of Lenox AvenueStreet staircases from platform level go up to all four corners of 145th Street and Lenox Avenue. One street staircase goes to each of the corners; the stairs on the west side of Lenox Avenue serve the southbound platform, while the stairs on the east side are served by the northbound platform. There is no entrance from the street to the northbound platform, as both eastern street staircases contain a high exit-only turnstile and emergency gate.[4]: 5 [55][56] Like the other original IRT stations, this station originally was built with entrances resembling elaborate kiosks, which were removed for reducing sight lines for motorists.[57] The street staircases were replaced with relatively simple, modern steel railings like those seen at most New York City Subway stations.[4]: 8","title":"Station layout"}]
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[{"image_text":"Original terra cotta cartouche","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/145_Lenox_IRT_flowery_jeh.jpg/220px-145_Lenox_IRT_flowery_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"One of two exit-only staircases on the east side of Lenox Avenue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/145_Street_Lenox_exit_vc.jpg/220px-145_Street_Lenox_exit_vc.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Glossary\". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132855/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS)"},{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Manhattan Bus Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5391","url_text":"\"Manhattan Bus Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"New York MPS 145th Street Subway Station (IRT)\". 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ProQuest 1248134780.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1248134780","url_text":"1248134780"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Nicole (May 17, 2019). \"How did the MTA subway lines get their letter or number? NYCurious\". amNewYork. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-subway-name-1-31116195/","url_text":"\"How did the MTA subway lines get their letter or number? NYCurious\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302020704/https://www.amny.com/transit/nyc-subway-name-1-31116195/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, Alex; Lonto, Arthur; Raudenbush, Henry (April 1960). \"A Summary of Services on the IRT Division, NYCTA\" (PDF). New York Division Bulletin. 3 (1). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2020. 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Transfer Points\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230511214254/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/27/archives/subway-stations-to-get-new-lights-3750000-to-be-spent-on.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wagner Praises Modernized IRT — Mayor and Transit Authority Are Hailed as West Side Changes Take Effect\". The New York Times. February 7, 1959. p. 21. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. 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Retrieved February 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-votes-cuomo-1b-plan-pretty-subway-stations-article-1.3836591","url_text":"\"Foes Hit Gov's Station Fix Plan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180223023519/http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-votes-cuomo-1b-plan-pretty-subway-stations-article-1.3836591","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Stations in Harlem and the Bronx to Receive Structural Repairs and Improvements This Summer\" (Press release). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 3, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200429084125/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/subway-stations-harlem-and-bronx-receive-structural-repairs-and","url_text":"\"Subway Stations in Harlem and the Bronx to Receive Structural Repairs and Improvements This Summer\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/subway-stations-harlem-and-bronx-receive-structural-repairs-and","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Planned Service Changes for: Wednesday, November 28, 2018\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. 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Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/9436","url_text":"\"3 Subway Timetable, Effective June 26, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Map\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/map/5256","url_text":"\"Subway Map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF","url_text":"PDF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"April 1997 New York City Subway Map\" (PDF). mta.nyc.ny.us. New York City Transit Authority. April 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 1997. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970704043436/http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/subw497.pdf","url_text":"\"April 1997 New York City Subway Map\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/subw497.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). \"The entrance area outside of fare control at 145 Street\". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n321.jpg","url_text":"\"The entrance area outside of fare control at 145 Street\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129013107/http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n321.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). \"A mosaic name tablet at 145 Street\". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n327.jpg","url_text":"\"A mosaic name tablet at 145 Street\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129013135/http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n327.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). \"A flat mosaic replica of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street\". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n32.jpg","url_text":"\"A flat mosaic replica of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309061041/http://www.subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n32.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). \"A close up of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street it is identical with other then the numbers in it to similar cartouches at all the other Lenox Avenue stations except 110 Street\". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n39.jpg","url_text":"\"A close up of a terra cotta cartouche at 145 Street it is identical with other then the numbers in it to similar cartouches at all the other Lenox Avenue stations except 110 Street\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309002017/http://www.subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n39.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chatreau, Bernard (September 23, 2011). \"Showing Image 144186\". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?144186","url_text":"\"Showing Image 144186\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012832/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?144186","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Brian (May 17, 2004). \"Showing Image 30454\". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?30454","url_text":"\"Showing Image 30454\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012834/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?30454","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"145th Street - Derek Fordjour - Parade, 2018\". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/permanentart/permart.html?agency=nyct&line=3&station=1","url_text":"\"145th Street - Derek Fordjour - Parade, 2018\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430074639/http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/permanentart/permart.html?agency=nyct&line=3&station=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015023094926","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015023094926"}]},{"reference":"\"More Long Platforms – Five Subway Stations on IRT to Accommodate 10-Car Trains\" (PDF). The New York Times. July 10, 1948. p. 8. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. 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OCLC 1056711733.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyctrackbook.com/","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056711733","url_text":"1056711733"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA Neighborhood Maps: Harlem / Hamilton Heights\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/maps/neighborhoods/mn/M19_harlem_ham_hts_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"MTA Neighborhood Maps: Harlem / Hamilton Heights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 24, 2008). \"A no entry exit from the uptown platform at 145 Street viewed from Lenox Avenue\". subwaynut.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n317.jpg","url_text":"\"A no entry exit from the uptown platform at 145 Street viewed from Lenox Avenue\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129012944/http://subwaynut.com/irt/145n3/145n317.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pirmann, David. \"Former IRT Kiosk\". www.nycsubway.org. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?120","url_text":"\"Former IRT Kiosk\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181129013048/https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?120","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep_campaign
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Kép campaign
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["1 Background","2 The Kép campaign","2.1 French forces","2.2 Chinese forces","2.3 French strategy","3 The engagements at Lam, Kép and Chu","4 Significance","5 Notes","6 References"]
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1884 campaign in the Sino-French War in Vietnam
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Kép campaignPart of the Sino-French War, Tonkin campaignThe battle of Kép, 8 October 1884Date2 to 15 October 1884LocationBắc Giang, northern VietnamResult
French victoryBelligerents
France
Qing dynastyCommanders and leaders
François de Négrier Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier
Empress Dowager Cixi Wang Debang Pan DingxinStrength
2,800 men
6,000 menCasualties and losses
65 killed180 wounded
Lam: 12 killed27 wounded
Kép: 32 killed61 wounded.
Chu: 21 killed92 wounded
Unknown
vteSino-French WarNaval battles
Fuzhou
Tamsui
Shipu
Zhenhai
Vietnam
Hưng Hóa
Kep
Yu Oc
Tuyên Quang
Núi Bop
1st Lạng Sơn
Đồng Đăng
Hòa Mộc
Phu Lam Tao
Bang Bo
2nd Lạng Sơn
Taiwan
Keelung (Tamsui)
Pescadores
The Kép campaign (2 to 15 October 1884) was an important campaign in northern Vietnam during the opening months of the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885). A force of just under 3,000 French troops under the command of General François de Négrier defeated a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta launched by Pan Dingxin's Guangxi Army in successive engagements at Lâm (6 October), Kép (8 October) and Chũ (10 October and 11 October).
Background
During the spring of 1884 the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, under the command of General Charles-Théodore Millot, routed China's Guangxi Army in the Bắc Ninh campaign (February 1884) and completed the French conquest of the Red River Delta by capturing Hưng Hóa (March 1884), Thái Nguyên (May 1884) and Tuyên Quang (June 1884). Hopes of an early peace with China were shattered on 23 June 1884, however, by the Bắc Lệ ambush, in which a French column advancing to occupy Lạng Sơn was attacked near Bắc Lệ by a detachment of the Guangxi Army. On 23 August 1884, following the breakdown of negotiations to resolve the crisis between France and China, Admiral Amédée Courbet destroyed China's Fujian Fleet at the Battle of Fuzhou, inaugurating the nine-month Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). To avenge the defeat at Fuzhou, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the commanders of the Guangxi and Yunnan armies to advance into Tonkin, defeat the outnumbered French forces there, recapture Bắc Ninh and occupy Hanoi.
General Millot, whose health was failing, resigned as general-in-chief of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps in early September 1884 and was replaced by General Louis Brière de l'Isle, the senior of his two brigade commanders. Brière de l'Isle's first task was to beat off a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta. In late September 1884 large detachments of the Guangxi Army advanced from Langson and probed into the Luc Nam valley, announcing their presence by ambushing two French gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla, Hache and Massue, on 2 October. Although French casualties during this ambush were relatively high (1 officer killed and 32 men wounded), the attack deprived the Chinese of strategic surprise. Subsequent French reconnaissances identified three main Chinese concentrations. The Chinese right wing was deployed around the village of Kép on the Mandarin Road, the Chinese centre was at Bao Loc, and the Chinese left wing was at Chu, in the upper valley of the Luc Nam River. Brière de l'Isle responded immediately, despatching General de Négrier to the Luc Nam valley with nearly 3,000 French soldiers aboard several vessels of the Tonkin Flotilla. De Négrier's mission was to attack and defeat the Chinese detachments before they could concentrate.
The Kép campaign
General François Oscar de Négrier (1842–1913)
French forces
De Négrier's command included units from both the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps. The first column, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier, included two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Cuvellier and Fraissynaud), two companies of chef de bataillon Diguet's 2nd Foreign Legion Battalion (Captains Beynet and Bolgert), 50 Tonkinese riflemen (2nd Lieutenant Bataille) and a section of de Saxcé's artillery battery. The second column consisted of chef de bataillon de Mibielle's 3rd Battalion, 3rd Algerian Rifle Regiment (Lieutenant Martineau and Captains Chirouze, Polère and Valet) and Jourdy's battery. The third and largest column, under de Négrier's direct command, consisted of all four companies of the 111th Line Battalion (Captains Planté, Venturini, Mailhat and Verdun), three companies of the 23rd Line Battalion (Captains Gignoux, Gayon and Pécoul), the remaining two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Barbier and Dautelle) and Roussel and de Saxcé's artillery batteries.
Chinese forces
The Guangxi Army was under the command of generals Wang Debang and Pan Dingxin, both of whom had contributed to the defeat of Lieutenant-Colonel Dugenne's column in June 1884 in the Bắc Lệ ambush. The army's left wing, at Chu, was under the command of Su Yuanchun (蘇元春) and Chen Jia (陳嘉). The Chinese right wing, at Kép, was under the command of Fang Yusheng (方友升) and Zhou Shouchang (周壽昌).
French strategy
De Négrier planned to use the mobility conferred by the French gunboats to manoeuvre troops rapidly from one point to another, enabling him to concentrate in turn against the separated wings of the Guangxi Army. While Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier's column fixed the Chinese left wing before Chu, where the Chinese had built a large entrenched camp, and de Mibielle's column observed the movements of the Chinese centre, de Négrier would attack and defeat the Chinese right wing at Kép with the bulk of his forces. A victory at Kép would allow him to join Donnier before Chu with the other two columns, and this concentration would force the Chinese left wing either to fight for Chu or to retreat.
In essence, the French plan succeeded. However, not everything went according to plan. Donnier successfully established a bridgehead at Lam on 6 October, close to the Guangxi Army's defences at Chu, and on 8 October de Négrier inflicted a bloody defeat on the Guangxi Army's right wing at Kép. On 9 October de Mibielle's column joined Donnier in front of Chu. On 10 October de Négrier's column left Kép and marched back to Phu Lang Thuong, where a flotilla of gunboats was waiting to ferry the men up the Luc Nam river to join Donnier and de Mibielle in front of Chu, to complete the French concentration for the final stage of the campaign.
All Donnier had to do at this point was to wait patiently until de Négrier's arrival. On 10 October, however, his column was drawn into a costly and premature two-day battle at Chu with the Guangxi Army's left wing. In the event, Donnier won his battle, and on 13 October de Négrier joined him with the Kép column and began to scout the Guangxi Army's defences around Chu in preparation for an assault by the united French forces. The attack was never made. The Chinese, discouraged by the heavy losses they had suffered on 10 and 11 October and by the rout of their comrades at Kép on 8 October, abandoned the entrenched camp of Chu on 19 October and fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, to protect the approaches to Lạng Sơn.
The engagements at Lam, Kép and Chu
Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier
At Lam, on 6 October, Donnier's column was ferried rapidly up the Luc Nam river on a string of junks towed by the gunboats Hache, Éclair and Massue and the tugs Phủ Lý and Tra Ly, and disembarked opposite the Chinese fort at Chu to seize the villages of Lam and Tray Dam. The Chinese immediately closed with the French, who deployed into an L-shaped line around Lam and fought desperately to hold their precarious bridgehead. At the crisis of the battle the Chinese broke through the French centre, sweeping away Bataille's Tonkinese riflemen and part of Beynet's Legion company, but the timely arrival of French reinforcements enabled Donnier to repair the hole in his line, counterattack, and throw back the Chinese. French casualties at Lam were 12 killed and 27 wounded. The Chinese left more than 100 corpses on the battlefield, and the French estimated their total losses at between 300 and 400 men.
At Kép, on 8 October, de Négrier defeated the Guangxi Army's main body in a bloody engagement. The battle was marked by bitter close-quarter fighting between French and Chinese troops, and de Négrier's soldiers suffered heavy casualties storming the fortified village of Kép. The exasperated victors shot or bayoneted scores of wounded Chinese soldiers after the battle, and reports of French atrocities at Kép shocked public opinion in Europe. In fact, prisoners were rarely taken by either side during the Sino-French War, and the French were equally shocked by the Chinese habit of paying a bounty for severed French heads. French casualties at Kép were 32 killed and 61 wounded. The French estimated Chinese casualties at 1,600 killed (including the entire Chinese garrison of Kép) and around 2,000 wounded.
At Chu, on 10 October, a morning outpost skirmish precipitated by an over-zealous Foreign Legion officer, Captain Cuvellier, escalated into a full-scale afternoon battle in which Donnier's bridgehead at Tray Dam was violently attacked by the Chinese. The French eventually drove off the Chinese attacks, though their rifle fire was less effective than usual. Much of the French ammunition, stored carelessly during the heat and humidity of the Vietnamese summer, had become too damp to fire, and one French unit suffered a misfire rate of 50%. Fortunately for the French, the Chinese never got close enough to take advantage of their vulnerability. On the night of 10 October Donnier ordered trenches to be dug to cover the approaches to Tray Dam. The Chinese resumed the battle on the morning of 11 October, massing their forces for an attack on Donnier's right wing. The attack had no chance of success. The French and Algerians, sheltered in their trenches, had dried out their powder in the hot morning sun. Concentrated, aimed French volleys inflicted heavy casualties on the dense Chinese attack columns and eventually put them to flight. After the failure of this attack, the Chinese broke off the battle. Donnier was content to hold his positions until de Négrier joined him with the Kép column, on 13 October. French casualties at Chu were 21 killed and 92 wounded.
Significance
In the wake of these French victories the Chinese fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, while de Négrier established important forward positions at Kép and Chu, which threatened the Guangxi Army's base at Lạng Sơn. In January 1885 the French concentrated 7,200 soldiers and 4,500 coolies at Chu, in preparation for a major campaign to take Lạng Sơn. The Kép campaign was an essential preliminary to the February 1885 Lạng Sơn campaign, in which the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps captured Lạng Sơn and drove the Guangxi Army out of Tonkin and back across the Chinese border.
Notes
^ Huard, 439–42; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 53–66 and 103
^ Huard, 442–6; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 67–86 and 103–4; Vie militaire, 53–69
^ Huard, 446–51; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 87–105
^ Huard, 432–9; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 44–53 and 102–3; Thomazi, Histoire militaire, 96–7
^ Lung Chang, 329–30
^ Huard, 439–42; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 53–66 and 103
^ Huard, 442–6; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 67–86 and 103–4; Vie militaire, 53–69
^ Huard, 446–51; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 87–105
References
Huard, La guerre du Tonkin (Paris, 1887)
Lecomte, J., La vie militaire au Tonkin (Paris, 1893)
Lecomte, Lang-Son: combats, retraite et négociations (Paris, 1895)
Lung Chang , Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng (Taipei, 1993)
Thomazi, Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française (Hanoi, 1931)
vteSino-French WarBackground
French colonial empire
France–Vietnam relations
China–France relations
French Indochina
Tonkin campaign
Tientsin Accord
Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
Military and political developments
Battle of Fuzhou
Keelung campaign
Kép campaign
Battle of Tamsui
Battle of Yu Oc
Siege of Tuyên Quang
Battle of Núi Bop
Battle of Shipu
Lạng Sơn campaign
Battle of Đồng Đăng
Battle of Zhenhai
Battle of Hòa Mộc
Battle of Phu Lam Tao
Battle of Bang Bo
Retreat from Lạng Sơn
Tonkin Affair
Pescadores campaign
Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
French personalities
Amédée Courbet
Marc-Edmond Dominé
Jacques Duchesne
Sébastien Lespès
François de Négrier
Jules Ferry
Louis Brière de l'Isle
Chinese personalities
Liu Yongfu
Liu Mingchuan
Tang Jingsong
Feng Zicai
Li Hongzhang
Zeng Jize
Zhang Peilun
Empress Dowager Cixi
Armies and fleets
Imperial Chinese Navy
Beiyang Fleet
Fujian Fleet
Guangdong Fleet
Nanyang Fleet
Black Flag Army
Far East Squadron
Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
Tonkin Flotilla
Tonkinese Rifles
vteFrench overseas empireFormervteFormer French colonies in Africa and the Indian OceanNorth Africa
Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia
West Africa
Côte d'Ivoire
Dahomey
Sudan
Guinea
Mauritania
Arguin Island
Niger
Senegal
Four Communes
Upper Volta
Togoland
James Island
Albreda
Equatorial Africa
Chad
Gabon
Middle Congo
Ubangi-Shari
Cameroons
Comoros
Anjouan
Grande Comore
Mohéli
Somaliland (Djibouti)
Madagascar
Isle de France
vteFormer French colonies in the AmericasFrench North America
Acadia
Louisiana
Canada
Terre Neuve
French Florida
French Texas
French Caribbean
Dominica
Grenada
The Grenadines
Saint-Domingue
Haïti, Dominican Republic
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent
Tobago
Virgin Islands
Equinoctial France
Berbice
France Antarctique
Inini
French colonization of the Americas
French West India Company
vteFormer French colonies in Asia and OceaniaFrench India
Chandernagor
Coromandel Coast
Madras
Mahé
Pondichéry
Karaikal
Yanaon
Indochinese Union
Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam
Cochinchina
Annam
Tonkin
Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
Mandate for Syriaand the Lebanon
State of Syria
Aleppo
Damascus
Alawite State
Greater Lebanon
Jabal al-Druze
Sanjak of Alexandretta
Oceania
New Hebrides
Vanuatu
Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
France–Asia relations
French East India Company
PresentvteOverseas FranceInhabited territoriesOverseas regions1
French Guiana
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Mayotte2
Réunion
Overseas collectivities
French Polynesia
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna
Sui generis collectivity
New Caledonia
Uninhabited territoriesNorth Pacific Ocean
Clipperton Island
Overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands)
Adélie Land
Crozet Islands
French domains of Saint Helena
French domains of the Holy Land
Kerguelen Islands
Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands
Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
Bassas da India3
Europa Island3
Glorioso Islands2, 3
Banc du Geyser
Juan de Nova Island3
Tromelin Island4
1 Also known as overseas departments
2 Claimed by the Comoros
3 Claimed by Madagascar
4 Claimed by Mauritius
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"Sino-French War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Tamsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tamsui"},{"link_name":"Shipu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shipu"},{"link_name":"Zhenhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zhenhai"},{"link_name":"Hưng Hóa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_H%C6%B0ng_H%C3%B3a"},{"link_name":"Kep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kep_campaign"},{"link_name":"Yu Oc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yu_Oc"},{"link_name":"Tuyên Quang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang"},{"link_name":"Núi Bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%BAi_Bop"},{"link_name":"1st Lạng Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_campaign"},{"link_name":"Đồng Đăng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%C4%83ng_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Hòa Mộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B2a_M%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Phu Lam Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Phu_Lam_Tao"},{"link_name":"Bang Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bang_Bo_(Zhennan_Pass)"},{"link_name":"2nd Lạng Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retreat_from_L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tamsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tamsui"},{"link_name":"Pescadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadores_campaign_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Sino-French War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"François de Négrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_N%C3%A9grier"},{"link_name":"Guangxi Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi_Army"},{"link_name":"Kép","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9p"},{"link_name":"Chũ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%A9"}],"text":"vteSino-French WarNaval battles\nFuzhou\nTamsui\nShipu\nZhenhai\nVietnam\n\nHưng Hóa\nKep\nYu Oc\nTuyên Quang\nNúi Bop\n1st Lạng Sơn\nĐồng Đăng\nHòa Mộc\nPhu Lam Tao\nBang Bo\n2nd Lạng Sơn\nTaiwan\n\nKeelung (Tamsui)\nPescadoresThe Kép campaign (2 to 15 October 1884) was an important campaign in northern Vietnam during the opening months of the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885). A force of just under 3,000 French troops under the command of General François de Négrier defeated a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta launched by Pan Dingxin's Guangxi Army in successive engagements at Lâm (6 October), Kép (8 October) and Chũ (10 October and 11 October).","title":"Kép campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps"},{"link_name":"Bắc Ninh campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Ninh_campaign"},{"link_name":"Bắc Lệ ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush"},{"link_name":"Amédée Courbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet"},{"link_name":"Fujian Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fuzhou"},{"link_name":"Sino-French War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-French_War"},{"link_name":"Empress Dowager Cixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi"},{"link_name":"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps"},{"link_name":"Louis Brière de l'Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bri%C3%A8re_de_l%27Isle"},{"link_name":"Tonkin Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"Tonkin Flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Flotilla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During the spring of 1884 the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, under the command of General Charles-Théodore Millot, routed China's Guangxi Army in the Bắc Ninh campaign (February 1884) and completed the French conquest of the Red River Delta by capturing Hưng Hóa (March 1884), Thái Nguyên (May 1884) and Tuyên Quang (June 1884). Hopes of an early peace with China were shattered on 23 June 1884, however, by the Bắc Lệ ambush, in which a French column advancing to occupy Lạng Sơn was attacked near Bắc Lệ by a detachment of the Guangxi Army. On 23 August 1884, following the breakdown of negotiations to resolve the crisis between France and China, Admiral Amédée Courbet destroyed China's Fujian Fleet at the Battle of Fuzhou, inaugurating the nine-month Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). To avenge the defeat at Fuzhou, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the commanders of the Guangxi and Yunnan armies to advance into Tonkin, defeat the outnumbered French forces there, recapture Bắc Ninh and occupy Hanoi.General Millot, whose health was failing, resigned as general-in-chief of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps in early September 1884 and was replaced by General Louis Brière de l'Isle, the senior of his two brigade commanders. Brière de l'Isle's first task was to beat off a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta. In late September 1884 large detachments of the Guangxi Army advanced from Langson and probed into the Luc Nam valley, announcing their presence by ambushing two French gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla, Hache and Massue, on 2 October. Although French casualties during this ambush were relatively high (1 officer killed and 32 men wounded), the attack deprived the Chinese of strategic surprise. Subsequent French reconnaissances identified three main Chinese concentrations. The Chinese right wing was deployed around the village of Kép on the Mandarin Road, the Chinese centre was at Bao Loc, and the Chinese left wing was at Chu, in the upper valley of the Luc Nam River. Brière de l'Isle responded immediately, despatching General de Négrier to the Luc Nam valley with nearly 3,000 French soldiers aboard several vessels of the Tonkin Flotilla. De Négrier's mission was to attack and defeat the Chinese detachments before they could concentrate.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Oscar_de_N%C3%A9grier.jpg"}],"text":"General François Oscar de Négrier (1842–1913)","title":"The Kép campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps"}],"sub_title":"French forces","text":"De Négrier's command included units from both the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps. The first column, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier, included two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Cuvellier and Fraissynaud), two companies of chef de bataillon Diguet's 2nd Foreign Legion Battalion (Captains Beynet and Bolgert), 50 Tonkinese riflemen (2nd Lieutenant Bataille) and a section of de Saxcé's artillery battery. The second column consisted of chef de bataillon de Mibielle's 3rd Battalion, 3rd Algerian Rifle Regiment (Lieutenant Martineau and Captains Chirouze, Polère and Valet) and Jourdy's battery. The third and largest column, under de Négrier's direct command, consisted of all four companies of the 111th Line Battalion (Captains Planté, Venturini, Mailhat and Verdun), three companies of the 23rd Line Battalion (Captains Gignoux, Gayon and Pécoul), the remaining two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Barbier and Dautelle) and Roussel and de Saxcé's artillery batteries.","title":"The Kép campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bắc Lệ ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_L%E1%BB%87_ambush"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Chinese forces","text":"The Guangxi Army was under the command of generals Wang Debang and Pan Dingxin, both of whom had contributed to the defeat of Lieutenant-Colonel Dugenne's column in June 1884 in the Bắc Lệ ambush. The army's left wing, at Chu, was under the command of Su Yuanchun (蘇元春) and Chen Jia (陳嘉). The Chinese right wing, at Kép, was under the command of Fang Yusheng (方友升) and Zhou Shouchang (周壽昌).[5]","title":"The Kép campaign"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"French strategy","text":"De Négrier planned to use the mobility conferred by the French gunboats to manoeuvre troops rapidly from one point to another, enabling him to concentrate in turn against the separated wings of the Guangxi Army. While Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier's column fixed the Chinese left wing before Chu, where the Chinese had built a large entrenched camp, and de Mibielle's column observed the movements of the Chinese centre, de Négrier would attack and defeat the Chinese right wing at Kép with the bulk of his forces. A victory at Kép would allow him to join Donnier before Chu with the other two columns, and this concentration would force the Chinese left wing either to fight for Chu or to retreat.In essence, the French plan succeeded. However, not everything went according to plan. Donnier successfully established a bridgehead at Lam on 6 October, close to the Guangxi Army's defences at Chu, and on 8 October de Négrier inflicted a bloody defeat on the Guangxi Army's right wing at Kép. On 9 October de Mibielle's column joined Donnier in front of Chu. On 10 October de Négrier's column left Kép and marched back to Phu Lang Thuong, where a flotilla of gunboats was waiting to ferry the men up the Luc Nam river to join Donnier and de Mibielle in front of Chu, to complete the French concentration for the final stage of the campaign.All Donnier had to do at this point was to wait patiently until de Négrier's arrival. On 10 October, however, his column was drawn into a costly and premature two-day battle at Chu with the Guangxi Army's left wing. In the event, Donnier won his battle, and on 13 October de Négrier joined him with the Kép column and began to scout the Guangxi Army's defences around Chu in preparation for an assault by the united French forces. The attack was never made. The Chinese, discouraged by the heavy losses they had suffered on 10 and 11 October and by the rout of their comrades at Kép on 8 October, abandoned the entrenched camp of Chu on 19 October and fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, to protect the approaches to Lạng Sơn.","title":"The Kép campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lieutenant-Colonel_Donnier.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Lieutenant-Colonel DonnierAt Lam, on 6 October, Donnier's column was ferried rapidly up the Luc Nam river on a string of junks towed by the gunboats Hache, Éclair and Massue and the tugs Phủ Lý and Tra Ly, and disembarked opposite the Chinese fort at Chu to seize the villages of Lam and Tray Dam. The Chinese immediately closed with the French, who deployed into an L-shaped line around Lam and fought desperately to hold their precarious bridgehead. At the crisis of the battle the Chinese broke through the French centre, sweeping away Bataille's Tonkinese riflemen and part of Beynet's Legion company, but the timely arrival of French reinforcements enabled Donnier to repair the hole in his line, counterattack, and throw back the Chinese. French casualties at Lam were 12 killed and 27 wounded. The Chinese left more than 100 corpses on the battlefield, and the French estimated their total losses at between 300 and 400 men.[6]At Kép, on 8 October, de Négrier defeated the Guangxi Army's main body in a bloody engagement. The battle was marked by bitter close-quarter fighting between French and Chinese troops, and de Négrier's soldiers suffered heavy casualties storming the fortified village of Kép. The exasperated victors shot or bayoneted scores of wounded Chinese soldiers after the battle, and reports of French atrocities at Kép shocked public opinion in Europe. In fact, prisoners were rarely taken by either side during the Sino-French War, and the French were equally shocked by the Chinese habit of paying a bounty for severed French heads. French casualties at Kép were 32 killed and 61 wounded. The French estimated Chinese casualties at 1,600 killed (including the entire Chinese garrison of Kép) and around 2,000 wounded.[7]At Chu, on 10 October, a morning outpost skirmish precipitated by an over-zealous Foreign Legion officer, Captain Cuvellier, escalated into a full-scale afternoon battle in which Donnier's bridgehead at Tray Dam was violently attacked by the Chinese. The French eventually drove off the Chinese attacks, though their rifle fire was less effective than usual. Much of the French ammunition, stored carelessly during the heat and humidity of the Vietnamese summer, had become too damp to fire, and one French unit suffered a misfire rate of 50%. Fortunately for the French, the Chinese never got close enough to take advantage of their vulnerability. On the night of 10 October Donnier ordered trenches to be dug to cover the approaches to Tray Dam. The Chinese resumed the battle on the morning of 11 October, massing their forces for an attack on Donnier's right wing. The attack had no chance of success. The French and Algerians, sheltered in their trenches, had dried out their powder in the hot morning sun. Concentrated, aimed French volleys inflicted heavy casualties on the dense Chinese attack columns and eventually put them to flight. After the failure of this attack, the Chinese broke off the battle. Donnier was content to hold his positions until de Négrier joined him with the Kép column, on 13 October. French casualties at Chu were 21 killed and 92 wounded.[8]","title":"The engagements at Lam, Kép and Chu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lạng Sơn campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n_campaign"},{"link_name":"Tonkin Expeditionary Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps"}],"text":"In the wake of these French victories the Chinese fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, while de Négrier established important forward positions at Kép and Chu, which threatened the Guangxi Army's base at Lạng Sơn. In January 1885 the French concentrated 7,200 soldiers and 4,500 coolies at Chu, in preparation for a major campaign to take Lạng Sơn. The Kép campaign was an essential preliminary to the February 1885 Lạng Sơn campaign, in which the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps captured Lạng Sơn and drove the Guangxi Army out of Tonkin and back across the Chinese border.","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ Huard, 439–42; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 53–66 and 103\n\n^ Huard, 442–6; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 67–86 and 103–4; Vie militaire, 53–69\n\n^ Huard, 446–51; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 87–105\n\n^ Huard, 432–9; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 44–53 and 102–3; Thomazi, Histoire militaire, 96–7\n\n^ Lung Chang, 329–30\n\n^ Huard, 439–42; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 53–66 and 103\n\n^ Huard, 442–6; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 67–86 and 103–4; Vie militaire, 53–69\n\n^ Huard, 446–51; Lecomte, Lang-Son, 87–105","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"General François Oscar de Négrier (1842–1913)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fran%C3%A7ois_Oscar_de_N%C3%A9grier.jpg/260px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Oscar_de_N%C3%A9grier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lieutenant-Colonel_Donnier.jpg/160px-Lieutenant-Colonel_Donnier.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigal
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Terrigal
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["1 History","2 Geography and climate","3 Landmarks","4 Demographics","5 Amenities","6 Politics","7 Transport","8 Gallery","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 33°26′53″S 151°26′40″E / 33.44806°S 151.44444°E / -33.44806; 151.44444
Town in New South Wales, AustraliaTerrigalCentral Coast, New South WalesTerrigal HavenTerrigalCoordinates33°26′53″S 151°26′40″E / 33.44806°S 151.44444°E / -33.44806; 151.44444Population11,349 (2016 census) • Density1,247/km2 (3,230/sq mi)Postcode(s)2260Elevation9 m (30 ft)Area9.1 km2 (3.5 sq mi)Location 88 km (55 mi) NNE of Sydney 12 km (7 mi) E of Gosford 15 km (9 mi) SSW of The Entrance LGA(s)Central Coast CouncilParishKincumberState electorate(s)TerrigalFederal division(s) Dobell Robertson
Localities around Terrigal:
Erina Heights
Wamberal
Erina
Terrigal
Tasman Sea
Picketts Valley
Avoca Beach
North Avoca
Terrigal is a coastal town on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, located 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Gosford on the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.
History
Terrigal was first settled in 1826 by European Settler John Gray, who called his property Tarrygal, after the indigenous Aboriginal place name, signifying 'place of little birds'. Early industry included Sawmilling and shipbuilding by Thomas Davis, who in 1886 constructed the General Gordon which was a notable steamship that operated on the Hawkesbury River at the Haven, which at the time was known as Broxmouth Ville Common
Geography and climate
The town's long beach is highly popular with tourists with a large Crowne Plaza hotel. Of geographical significance are the Terrigal lagoons. There are in fact two lagoons at Terrigal, one of which has been filled in to make way for a traffic oval. A local landmark is "The Skillion", a promontory which provides a view of all Terrigal. In recent years the Skillion has undergone rehabilitation by the local city council. Other popular attractions are the numerous nearby surf schools and trails.
The Haven – 2006
The Skillion is on a preserved area of land known as "The Haven". The Haven is centred by a popular public oval which is home of the "Terrigal Trojans", a Rugby Union club. Their new club house was provided by the former Gosford City Council. During the summer it is used by the Terrigal Matcham Cricket Club for both senior and junior fixtures. The Haven also has a popular boat ramp which is partnered by a diving club, and a small number of restaurants and cafes (due to tight development restrictions on the area).
Terrigal in the 1920s
Gosford City Council has invested Terrigal's CBD with a multi-level car park, esplanade walkway and stormwater drainage system. As a result of improved infrastructure and increased developer interest, Terrigal has become substantially more urban since the 1970s, when there was only one market, one medical centre and several orchards in the area.
Terrigal's growth as a tourist destination and investment opportunity for wealthy individuals, such as holiday homes and small businesses, has had both positive and negative effects on the area.
Terrigal, as a popular beach-destination, is generally relatively mild to warm all year round, although can become somewhat cool during the winter months.
Climate data for Terrigal Beach
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
26.1(79.0)
26.0(78.8)
25.1(77.2)
22.9(73.2)
20.3(68.5)
18.0(64.4)
17.3(63.1)
18.8(65.8)
21.0(69.8)
22.7(72.9)
23.8(74.8)
24.9(76.8)
22.2(72.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
19.7(67.5)
20.0(68.0)
18.9(66.0)
15.9(60.6)
13.1(55.6)
11.1(52.0)
9.7(49.5)
10.5(50.9)
12.8(55.0)
14.8(58.6)
16.8(62.2)
18.4(65.1)
15.1(59.3)
Source:
Landmarks
Terrigal is home to a number of both natural and man-made landmarks. The Skillion is a sedimentary rock formation which was formed in the Triassic Period. Not only is the Skillion a beautiful artifact, the flip-side features an extremely steep hill which is used for exercise by locals and tourists.
Terrigal Lagoon, an intermittently closed intermediate saline coastal lagoon, is popular for kayaking and paddleboards.
The Terrigal Boardwalk was opened on the 14th April 2021, and was commissioned by the Central Coast Council and partially funded by the NSW Government, to much controversy. The boardwalk provides a link between the Terrigal Beach, the rockpools, boatramp, and The Skillion.
Terrigal Foreshore War Memorial was redeveloped in 2019 from the combination of two older war memorials, one that historically sat near the Surf Life Saving Club, and the other was the former Erina District War Memorial which was originally on the intersection of Terrigal Drive and The Entrance Road.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 12,730 people in Terrigal.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.9% of the population.
74.4% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 7% and New Zealand 1.9%.
87.6% of people spoke only English at home.
The most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.4%, Catholic 23.6% and Anglican 15.1%.
Amenities
Just outside the CBD lie a number of amenities: a recently re-built hotel (2006), a primary school and high school (separate campuses), Catholic school, basketball stadium (used for training by Olympic athletes in the 2000 Sydney Olympics), and a large multi-purpose oval with three fields and year-round sporting activities. A skate park was opened in 2018.
In April 2011, HMAS Adelaide was scuttled off Terrigal as a dive wreck.
Politics
At federal level, Terrigal is within the Division of Robertson. In the Federal election of May 2022 it was won by Gordon Reid of the Australian Labor Party, previously held for nine years by Lucy Wicks of the Liberal Party of Australia.
In the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Terrigal is within the electorate of Terrigal, currently held by Adam Crouch of the Liberal Party.
Transport
Not far from the town centre are large shopping centres and M1 freeway (19 kilometres (12 mi)) linked to Sydney (south) and Newcastle (north). The town itself is served by Terrigal Drive (to the west), Scenic Highway (to the south) and Ocean View Drive to the north.
Terrigal is served by Busways routes 67 and 68 to Gosford station.
Gallery
Beachfront
Morning beach
Residential development
Local businesses
A panoramic view of Terrigal, with a storm out to sea, 2007
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "2016 Community Profiles: Terrigal (State Suburb)". 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ "Terrigal - New South Wales - Australia - Travel -". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2008.
^ "Shipbuilding History".
^ https://www.yourvoiceourcoast.com/sites/default/files/2020-06/plan_of_managementterrigal_haven_december_2009_1.pdf
^ "Terrigal". Destination NSW. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
^ "Terrigal climate, averages and extreme weather record - Meat & Livestock Australia". weather.MLA.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
^ "The Skillion at Terrigal". www.geomaps.com.au. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Roy, P. S; Williams, R. J; Jones, A. R; Yassini, I; et al. (2001). "Structure and Function of South-east Australian Estuaries". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 53 (3): 351–384. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0796.
^ "Boardwalk work has officially commenced". Central Coast News. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ warmemorialsnsw (31 July 2019). "Terrigal Foreshore War Memorial". www.warmemorialsregister.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ "2021 Terrigal, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ Killman, Fiona (27 June 2018). "Banjo's Skate Park opens at Terrigal Reserve Lagoon". Central Coast Gosford Express Advocate. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
^ Home Adelaide Dive Wreck
^ Routes 67 & 68 timetable Busways
vteSuburbs of the Central Coast, New South WalesTowns, suburbsand localities
Alison
Avoca Beach
Bar Point
Bateau Bay
Bensville
Berkeley Vale
Blackwall
Blue Bay
Blue Haven
Booker Bay
Bouddi
Box Head
Budgewoi
Budgewoi Peninsula
Buff Point
Bushells Ridge
Calga
Canton Beach
Cedar Brush Creek
Central Mangrove
Chain Valley Bay
Charmhaven
Cheero Point
Chittaway Bay
Chittaway Point
Cogra Bay
Colongra
Copacabana
Crangan Bay
Daleys Point
Davistown
Dooralong
Doyalson
Doyalson North
Durren Durren
East Gosford
Empire Bay
Erina
Erina Heights
Ettalong Beach
Forresters Beach
Fountaindale
Glenning Valley
Glenworth Valley
Gorokan
Gosford
Green Point
Greengrove
Gunderman
Gwandalan
Halekulani
Halloran
Hamlyn Terrace
Hardys Bay
Holgate
Horsfield Bay
Jilliby
Kangy Angy
Kanwal
Kariong
Kiar
Killarney Vale
Killcare
Killcare Heights
Kincumber
Kincumber South
Kingfisher Shores
Koolewong
Kulnura
Lake Haven
Lake Munmorah
Lemon Tree
Lisarow
Little Jilliby
Little Wobby
Long Jetty
Lower Mangrove
MacMasters Beach
Magenta
Mangrove Creek
Mangrove Mountain
Mannering Park
Mardi
Marlow
Matcham
Moonee
Mooney Mooney
Mooney Mooney Creek
Mount Elliot
Mount White
Narara
Niagara Park
Norah Head
Noraville
North Avoca
North Gosford
Ourimbah
Palm Grove
Palmdale
Patonga
Pearl Beach
Peats Ridge
Phegans Bay
Picketts Valley
Point Clare
Point Frederick
Pretty Beach
Ravensdale
Rocky Point
San Remo
Saratoga
Shelly Beach
Somersby
Spencer
Springfield
St Huberts Island
Summerland Point
Tacoma
Tacoma South
Tascott
Ten Mile Hollow
Terrigal
The Entrance
The Entrance North
Toowoon Bay
Toukley
Tuggerah
Tuggerawong
Tumbi Umbi
Umina Beach
Upper Mangrove
Wadalba
Wagstaffe
Wallarah
Wamberal
Warnervale
Watanobbi
Wendoree Park
West Gosford
Wisemans Ferry
Wondabyne
Woongarrah
Woy Woy
Woy Woy Bay
Wyee
Wyoming
Wyong
Wyong Creek
Wyongah
Yarramalong
Yattalunga
Rivers andother waterways
Brisbane Water
Budgewoi Lake
Mangrove Creek
Mooney Mooney Creek
Lake Munmorah
Ourimbah Creek
Terrigal Lagoon
Wamberal Lagoon
Tuggerah Lake
Tuggerah Lakes
Wyong River
National parks
Bouddi
Brisbane Water
Dharug
Other places andpoints of interest
Central Coast Stadium
Central Coast Highway
Erina Fair
Gosford Glyphs
Munmorah Power Station
Munmorah State Conservation Area
Pacific Motorway
Watagan Mountains
Wyrrabalong National Park
List of Central Coast, New South Wales suburbs
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terrigal, New South Wales.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Gosford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Town in New South Wales, AustraliaTerrigal is a coastal town on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, located 12 kilometres (7 mi) east of Gosford on the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area.","title":"Terrigal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Terrigal was first settled in 1826 by European Settler John Gray, who called his property Tarrygal, after the indigenous[2] Aboriginal place name, signifying 'place of little birds'. Early industry included Sawmilling and shipbuilding by Thomas Davis, who in 1886 constructed the General Gordon which was a notable steamship that operated on the Hawkesbury River at the Haven, which at the time was known as Broxmouth Ville Common [3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crowne Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowne_Plaza"},{"link_name":"lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon"},{"link_name":"trails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pointa.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ViewChurch.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The town's long beach is highly popular with tourists with a large Crowne Plaza hotel. Of geographical significance are the Terrigal lagoons. There are in fact two lagoons at Terrigal, one of which has been filled in to make way for a traffic oval. A local landmark is \"The Skillion\", a promontory which provides a view of all Terrigal. In recent years the Skillion has undergone rehabilitation by the local city council. Other popular attractions are the numerous nearby surf schools and trails.[5]The Haven – 2006The Skillion is on a preserved area of land known as \"The Haven\". The Haven is centred by a popular public oval which is home of the \"Terrigal Trojans\", a Rugby Union club. Their new club house was provided by the former Gosford City Council. During the summer it is used by the Terrigal Matcham Cricket Club for both senior and junior fixtures. The Haven also has a popular boat ramp which is partnered by a diving club, and a small number of restaurants and cafes (due to tight development restrictions on the area).[citation needed]Terrigal in the 1920sGosford City Council has invested Terrigal's CBD with a multi-level car park, esplanade walkway and stormwater drainage system.[citation needed] As a result of improved infrastructure and increased developer interest, Terrigal has become substantially more urban since the 1970s, when there was only one market, one medical centre and several orchards in the area.[citation needed]Terrigal's growth as a tourist destination and investment opportunity for wealthy individuals, such as holiday homes and small businesses, has had both positive and negative effects on the area.[citation needed]Terrigal, as a popular beach-destination, is generally relatively mild to warm all year round, although can become somewhat cool during the winter months.Climate data for Terrigal Beach\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n17.3(63.1)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n22.7(72.9)\n\n23.8(74.8)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n9.7(49.5)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n16.8(62.2)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n15.1(59.3)\n\n\nSource: [6]","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Terrigal Lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrigal_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"saline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water"},{"link_name":"coastal lagoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon#Coastal_lagoons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roy-8"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"NSW Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Government"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Terrigal is home to a number of both natural and man-made landmarks. The Skillion is a sedimentary rock formation which was formed in the Triassic Period.[7] Not only is the Skillion a beautiful artifact, the flip-side features an extremely steep hill which is used for exercise by locals and tourists.Terrigal Lagoon, an intermittently closed intermediate saline coastal lagoon,[8] is popular for kayaking and paddleboards.The Terrigal Boardwalk was opened on the 14th April 2021, and was commissioned by the Central Coast Council and partially funded by the NSW Government, to much controversy.[9] The boardwalk provides a link between the Terrigal Beach, the rockpools, boatramp, and The Skillion.Terrigal Foreshore War Memorial was redeveloped in 2019 from the combination of two older war memorials, one that historically sat near the Surf Life Saving Club, and the other was the former Erina District War Memorial which was originally on the intersection of Terrigal Drive and The Entrance Road.[10]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to the 2021 census of Population, there were 12,730 people in Terrigal.Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.9% of the population.\n74.4% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 7% and New Zealand 1.9%.\n87.6% of people spoke only English at home.\nThe most common responses for religion were No Religion 39.4%, Catholic 23.6% and Anglican 15.1%.[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"2000 Sydney Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Sydney_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"HMAS Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(FFG_01)"},{"link_name":"dive wreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_diving"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Just outside the CBD lie a number of amenities: a recently re-built hotel (2006), a primary school and high school (separate campuses), Catholic school, basketball stadium (used for training by Olympic athletes in the 2000 Sydney Olympics), and a large multi-purpose oval with three fields and year-round sporting activities. A skate park was opened in 2018.[12]In April 2011, HMAS Adelaide was scuttled off Terrigal as a dive wreck.[13]","title":"Amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division of Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Gordon Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Reid_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Australian Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Lucy Wicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Wicks_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Terrigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Terrigal"},{"link_name":"Adam Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Crouch"}],"text":"At federal level, Terrigal is within the Division of Robertson. In the Federal election of May 2022 it was won by Gordon Reid of the Australian Labor Party, previously held for nine years by Lucy Wicks of the Liberal Party of Australia.In the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Terrigal is within the electorate of Terrigal, currently held by Adam Crouch of the Liberal Party.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Motorway_(Sydney-Newcastle)"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Busways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busways"},{"link_name":"Gosford station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Not far from the town centre are large shopping centres and M1 freeway (19 kilometres (12 mi)) linked to Sydney (south) and Newcastle (north). The town itself is served by Terrigal Drive (to the west), Scenic Highway (to the south) and Ocean View Drive to the north.Terrigal is served by Busways routes 67 and 68 to Gosford station.[14]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beach_Front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morning_Beach.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Residential_Development.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Local_Businesses.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrigal_panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terrigal_panorama.jpg"}],"text":"Beachfront\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorning beach\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tResidential development\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLocal businessesA panoramic view of Terrigal, with a storm out to sea, 2007","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Haven – 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/52/Pointa.JPG/220px-Pointa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Terrigal in the 1920s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/ViewChurch.jpg/220px-ViewChurch.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"2016 Community Profiles: Terrigal (State Suburb)\". 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2016/SSC13805","url_text":"\"2016 Community Profiles: Terrigal (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrigal - New South Wales - Australia - Travel -\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Terrigal/2005/02/17/1108500199527.html","url_text":"\"Terrigal - New South Wales - Australia - Travel -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shipbuilding History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shipbuildersheritagewalk.com.au/shipbuilding-history.html","url_text":"\"Shipbuilding History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrigal\". Destination NSW. Retrieved 11 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitnsw.com/destinations/central-coast/gosford-area/terrigal","url_text":"\"Terrigal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrigal climate, averages and extreme weather record - Meat & Livestock Australia\". weather.MLA.com.au. Retrieved 7 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://weather.mla.com.au/climate-history/nsw/terrigal","url_text":"\"Terrigal climate, averages and extreme weather record - Meat & Livestock Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Skillion at Terrigal\". www.geomaps.com.au. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geomaps.com.au/scripts/theskillion.php","url_text":"\"The Skillion at Terrigal\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, P. S; Williams, R. J; Jones, A. R; Yassini, I; et al. (2001). \"Structure and Function of South-east Australian Estuaries\". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 53 (3): 351–384. doi:10.1006/ecss.2001.0796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarine,_Coastal_and_Shelf_Science","url_text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fecss.2001.0796","url_text":"10.1006/ecss.2001.0796"}]},{"reference":"\"Boardwalk work has officially commenced\". Central Coast News. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://coastcommunitynews.com.au/central-coast/news/2020/05/boardwalk-work-has-officially-commenced/","url_text":"\"Boardwalk work has officially commenced\""}]},{"reference":"warmemorialsnsw (31 July 2019). \"Terrigal Foreshore War Memorial\". www.warmemorialsregister.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.warmemorialsregister.nsw.gov.au/memorials/terrigal-foreshore-war-memorial","url_text":"\"Terrigal Foreshore War Memorial\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Terrigal, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL13820","url_text":"\"2021 Terrigal, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Killman, Fiona (27 June 2018). \"Banjo's Skate Park opens at Terrigal Reserve Lagoon\". Central Coast Gosford Express Advocate. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/newslocal/central-coast/banjos-skate-park-opens-at-terrigal-reserve-lagoon/news-story/986be5345a97f9145f90d7ca0f7ee583","url_text":"\"Banjo's Skate Park opens at Terrigal Reserve Lagoon\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Philippe
|
Josh Philippe
|
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Australian cricketer
Josh PhilippePersonal informationFull nameJoshua Ryan PhilippeBorn (1997-06-01) 1 June 1997 (age 27)Subiaco, Western AustraliaBattingRight-handedRoleWicket-keeper-batterInternational information
National sideAustralia (2021-2023)ODI debut (cap 233)20 July 2021 v West IndiesLast ODI26 July 2021 v West IndiesODI shirt no.2T20I debut (cap 96)22 February 2021 v New ZealandLast T20I1 December 2023 v IndiaT20I shirt no.2
Domestic team information
YearsTeam2017/18–presentWestern Australia (squad no. 27)2017/18Perth Scorchers (squad no. 27)2018/19–presentSydney Sixers (squad no. 22)2020Royal Challengers Bangalore (squad no. 1)
Career statistics
Competition
ODI
T20I
FC
LA
Matches
3
10
39
41
Runs scored
65
138
1,942
1,426
Batting average
21.66
13.80
28.98
35.65
100s/50s
0/0
0/0
3/12
2/10
Top score
39
45
129
137
Catches/stumpings
1/–
0/-
93/5
51/3Source: ESPNcricinfo, 12 April 2023
Joshua Ryan Philippe (born 1 June 1997) is an Australian cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper batsman. He made his international debut for the Australia cricket team in February 2021. Born to a cricketing family, his father has played for Western Australia 2nd XI and coached Western Fury while his mother has represented Western Australia in the 1980s.
Career
Philippe made his Twenty20 debut for Perth Scorchers against the Sydney Sixers in the 2017–18 Big Bash League season on 23 December 2017. Prior to his T20 debut, he scored 88 runs from 92 balls opening the batting against England in a warm-up match representing a Western Australia XI, prior to the 2017–18 Ashes series.
Philippe made his first-class debut for Western Australia in the 2017–18 Sheffield Shield season in February 2018 and his List A debut for the side in the 2018–19 JLT One-Day Cup in September 2018. He won the Player of the Match award when the Prime Minister's XI beat the touring South Africans on 31 October 2018; he was the match top-scorer with 57, and made four dismissals and conceded no byes in the South African innings.
In July 2020, Philippe was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic. In August, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Philippe included in the touring party, although he did not play during the series.
After being bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2020 IPL auction, Philippe played for them in the 2020 Indian Premier League, scoring 78 runs in five innings. He was retained for the 2021 season but withdrew from the tournament prior to its start for personal reasons.
In January 2021, Philippe was named in Australia's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against New Zealand. He made his T20I debut for Australia, against New Zealand, on 22 February 2021. In June 2021, Philippe was named in Australia's limited overs squad for their tours of the West Indies and Bangladesh. Philippe made his One Day International (ODI) debut on 20 July 2021, for Australia against the West Indies.
In September 2021, in the opening match of the 2021–22 Marsh One-Day Cup, Philippe scored his first century in List A cricket, with 137 runs against South Australia.
References
^ "20 cricketers for the 2020s". The Cricketer Monthly. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
^ "Josh Philippe". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ "Josh Philippe interview: When someone is pumping you up the world is great. The Cricketer". www.thecricketer.com.
^ "5th Match, Big Bash League at Sydney, Dec 23 2017". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ "The Baby-Faced Rookie who Bested England". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
^ "19th match, Sheffield Shield at Hobart, Feb 16-19 2018". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ "2nd match (D/N), JLT One-Day Cup at Perth, Sep 18 2018". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
^ "Tour match (D/N), South Africa tour of Australia at Canberra, Oct 31 2018". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
^ "Usman Khawaja and Marcus Stoinis in expanded Australia training squad for possible England tour". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
^ "Aussies name huge 26-player group with eye on UK tour". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
^ "Riley Meredith, Josh Philippe and Daniel Sams included as Australia tour to England confirmed". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
^ "Uncapped trio make Australia's UK touring party". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
^ "IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place?". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^ Sportstar, Team. "SRH v RCB, IPL 2020: Devdutt Padikkal slams fifty on RCB debut". Sportstar.
^ Australia's Josh Philippe pulls out of IPL for 'personal reasons', The Guardian, 11 March 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ "Matthew Wade dropped from Test squad, Travis Head set to reclaim middle-order spot". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
^ "1st T20I (N), Christchurch, Feb 22 2021, Australia tour of New Zealand". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Seven stars withdraw from tours of Windies, Bangladesh". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
^ "Warner, Cummins and Maxwell among six to opt out of West Indies and Bangladesh tours". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
^ "1st ODI (D/N), Bridgetown, Jul 20 2021, Australia tour of West Indies". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
^ "Josh Philippe and Mitch Marsh centuries help WA bludgeon SA". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
External links
Josh Philippe at ESPNcricinfo
vteWestern Australia – current squad
Agar
Bancroft
Behrendorff
Cartwright
Connolly*
Fanning
Gannon
Goodwin*
Green
Greer*
Hardie
Inglis
Jackson
Kelly
M. Marsh
S. Marsh
McKenzie*
Moody
Morris
Paris
Philippe
Richardson
Rocchiccioli
Short
Stobo
Stoinis
Turner
Whiteman
Wyllie
Coach: Voges
vteSydney Sixers – current squad
9 Vince
14 Silk
16 Hughes
18 J. Edwards
19 Naveed
21 Henriques (c)
22 Philippe†
27 Dwarshuis
33 Bird
34 Jordan
36 Murphy
41 Patterson
50 Kerr
54 Christian
67 Lyon
72 O'Keefe
77 Abbott
78 M. Edwards
Coach: Shipperd
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"wicket-keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicket-keeper"},{"link_name":"batsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batsman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Australia cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Joshua Ryan Philippe (born 1 June 1997) is an Australian cricketer who plays as a wicket-keeper batsman.[1] He made his international debut for the Australia cricket team in February 2021.[2] Born to a cricketing family, his father has played for Western Australia 2nd XI and coached Western Fury while his mother has represented Western Australia in the 1980s.[3]","title":"Josh Philippe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twenty20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20"},{"link_name":"Perth Scorchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Scorchers"},{"link_name":"Sydney Sixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Sixers"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Big Bash League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Big_Bash_League_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T20-4"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"warm-up match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_2017%E2%80%9318#Western_Australia_XI_vs_England"},{"link_name":"Western Australia XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Ashes series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Ashes_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_Tour_Match-5"},{"link_name":"first-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Sheffield Shield season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Sheffield_Shield_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FC-6"},{"link_name":"List A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"2018–19 JLT One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_JLT_One-Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA-7"},{"link_name":"Player of the Match award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_of_the_Match_awards_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_XI"},{"link_name":"byes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"tour to England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2020"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cricket Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Royal Challengers Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Challengers_Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2020 Indian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Indian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gran11mar21-15"},{"link_name":"Twenty20 International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"against New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_New_Zealand_in_2020%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"limited overs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_overs_cricket"},{"link_name":"the West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_the_West_Indies_in_2021"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_Bangladesh_in_2021"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"One Day International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2021–22 Marsh One-Day Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Marsh_One-Day_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Philippe made his Twenty20 debut for Perth Scorchers against the Sydney Sixers in the 2017–18 Big Bash League season on 23 December 2017.[4] Prior to his T20 debut, he scored 88 runs from 92 balls opening the batting against England in a warm-up match representing a Western Australia XI, prior to the 2017–18 Ashes series.[5]Philippe made his first-class debut for Western Australia in the 2017–18 Sheffield Shield season in February 2018[6] and his List A debut for the side in the 2018–19 JLT One-Day Cup in September 2018.[7] He won the Player of the Match award when the Prime Minister's XI beat the touring South Africans on 31 October 2018; he was the match top-scorer with 57, and made four dismissals and conceded no byes in the South African innings.[8]In July 2020, Philippe was named in a 26-man preliminary squad of players to begin training ahead of a possible tour to England following the COVID-19 pandemic.[9][10] In August, Cricket Australia confirmed that the fixtures would be taking place, with Philippe included in the touring party,[11][12] although he did not play during the series.After being bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore[13] in 2020 IPL auction, Philippe played for them in the 2020 Indian Premier League,[14] scoring 78 runs in five innings. He was retained for the 2021 season but withdrew from the tournament prior to its start for personal reasons.[15]In January 2021, Philippe was named in Australia's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against New Zealand.[16] He made his T20I debut for Australia, against New Zealand, on 22 February 2021.[17] In June 2021, Philippe was named in Australia's limited overs squad for their tours of the West Indies and Bangladesh.[18][19] Philippe made his One Day International (ODI) debut on 20 July 2021, for Australia against the West Indies.[20]In September 2021, in the opening match of the 2021–22 Marsh One-Day Cup, Philippe scored his first century in List A cricket, with 137 runs against South Australia.[21]","title":"Career"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Retrieved 18 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1150089.html","url_text":"\"2nd match (D/N), JLT One-Day Cup at Perth, Sep 18 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour match (D/N), South Africa tour of Australia at Canberra, Oct 31 2018\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18694/scorecard/1144985/prime-ministers-xi-vs-south-africa-tour-match-sa-in-aus-2018-19","url_text":"\"Tour match (D/N), South Africa tour of Australia at Canberra, Oct 31 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Usman Khawaja and Marcus Stoinis in expanded Australia training squad for possible England tour\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29470776/usman-khawaja-marcus-stoinis-expanded-australia-training-squad-possible-england-tour","url_text":"\"Usman Khawaja and Marcus Stoinis in expanded Australia training squad for possible England tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aussies name huge 26-player group with eye on UK tour\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-26-player-preliminary-list-training-group-uk-england-tour-odi-t20-covid19/2020-07-16","url_text":"\"Aussies name huge 26-player group with eye on UK tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riley Meredith, Josh Philippe and Daniel Sams included as Australia tour to England confirmed\". ESPNcricinfo. 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Retrieved 20 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28338426/ipl-auction-analysis-do-eight-teams-their-best-xis-place?","url_text":"\"IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place?\""}]},{"reference":"Sportstar, Team. \"SRH v RCB, IPL 2020: Devdutt Padikkal slams fifty on RCB debut\". Sportstar.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/srh-vs-rcb-ipl-2020-devdutt-padikkal-karnataka-vijay-hazare-syed-mushtaq-ali-joshua-philippe-big-bash-league-royal-challengers-bangalore-debut-sports-news/article32661905.ece","url_text":"\"SRH v RCB, IPL 2020: Devdutt Padikkal slams fifty on RCB debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew Wade dropped from Test squad, Travis Head set to reclaim middle-order spot\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 27 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-test-and-t20i-squads-matthew-wade-dropped-from-test-squad-tanveer-sangha-earns-t20i-call-up-1249335","url_text":"\"Matthew Wade dropped from Test squad, Travis Head set to reclaim middle-order spot\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st T20I (N), Christchurch, Feb 22 2021, Australia tour of New Zealand\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1233971.html","url_text":"\"1st T20I (N), Christchurch, Feb 22 2021, Australia tour of New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven stars withdraw from tours of Windies, Bangladesh\". Cricket Australia. Retrieved 16 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-squad-odi-t20-tour-windies-bangladesh-smith-injury-warner-cummins-maxwell-stoinis-opt-out/2021-06-16","url_text":"\"Seven stars withdraw from tours of Windies, Bangladesh\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warner, Cummins and Maxwell among six to opt out of West Indies and Bangladesh tours\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 16 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/david-warner-and-pat-cummins-among-australia-players-to-opt-out-of-west-indies-and-bangladesh-tours-1266659","url_text":"\"Warner, Cummins and Maxwell among six to opt out of West Indies and Bangladesh tours\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st ODI (D/N), Bridgetown, Jul 20 2021, Australia tour of West Indies\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1263161.html","url_text":"\"1st ODI (D/N), Bridgetown, Jul 20 2021, Australia tour of West Indies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Josh Philippe and Mitch Marsh centuries help WA bludgeon SA\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 22 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-marsh-cup-2021-22-1270434/south-australia-vs-western-australia-1st-match-1270473/match-report","url_text":"\"Josh Philippe and Mitch Marsh centuries help WA bludgeon SA\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWRX
|
DWRX
|
["1 History","2 Monster scholarship program","3 Recognitions","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Radio station in Metro Manila, Philippines
Monster Radio Manila (DWRX)PasigBroadcast areaMega Manila and surrounding areasFrequency93.1 MHzBrandingMonster RX 93.1ProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishFormatTop 40 (CHR), OPMNetworkMonster RadioOwnershipOwnerAudiovisual Communicators, Inc.HistoryFirst air date1973Former call signsDWEI (1973–1983)Former namesWEI FM (1973-August 1983)Music City (August 1983-1987)Light Rock (1987-October 1990)Call sign meaningRx (prescription symbol) or Rated eXcellentTechnical informationLicensing authorityNTCPower25,000 wattsERP40,000 wattsLinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitewww.rx931.com
DWRX (93.1 FM), broadcasting as Monster RX 93.1, is a radio station owned and operated by Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. It serves as the flagship station of Monster Radio. The station's studio and transmitter are located at the 17th floor, Strata 2000 Bldg., F. Ortigas, Jr. Rd. (formerly Emerald Ave.), Ortigas Center, Pasig.
As of Q4 2022, Monster RX 93.1 is the 11th most-listened to FM radio station (and #1 among Top 40/CHR stations) in Metro Manila, based on a survey commissioned by Kantar Media Philippines and Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas.
History
The station was launched in 1973 under the call letters DWEI, originally owned by Liberty Broadcasting Corporation. It featured MOR programming. In 1983, the station was sold to Audiovisual Communicators, which was then led by Rene Lacson and Freddie Garcia, and changed its call letters to DWRX, RX referring to "prescription music". On August 23, 1983, the station was relaunched as Music City RX93 with an oldies format and became #1 in radio surveys in the mid-1980s.
In 1987, the station transferred from its studio and offices in Makati to its current location in Ortigas and switched to an easy listening format under the brand Light Rock RX93.
In October 1990, the station switched to a Top 40 format and rebranded as Monster Radio RX93. Three years later, it carried the slogan "The First Creative Pop Station" and added ".1" to its call number. In the late 1990s, it adopted its current slogan, "Manila's Hottest". The station is also known as "Summer's Hottest" & "Season's Hottest".
RX 93.1 is home of the long-running morning show The Morning Rush.
Monster scholarship program
This project began in September 2009. It started as a small effort by Monster Radio RX93.1's Vice-President for Operations & Programming, Raffy Barreiro, to help college students in dire need of assistance. The scholarship provides assistance for one semester and does not require a student to maintain a certain average.
Recognitions
The station has been named Best FM Radio Station a record 11 times by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas, most recently in the 25th KBP Golden Dove Awards in 2017.
In addition, several RX programs and specials, as well as on-air radio personalities, have been recognized by the KBP, the Catholic Mass Media Awards (CMMA), and other award-giving organizations.
References
^ Salterio, Leah (October 23, 2020). "Keeping the music playing". The Manila Times. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ Uy, Sasha (January 12, 2012). "On the Spot: Chico and Delamar of The Morning Rush, Monster RX 93.1". Spot.ph. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
^ "Search for the Monster scholar | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com". philstar.com. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Salterio, Leah (June 29, 2017). "The radio jocks of Monster RX 93.1". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
External links
Listen Live to Monster Radio RX93.1
vteRadio stations in the Metro Manila marketBy AM frequency
DZBR 5311
DZXL 558
DZBB 594
DWPM 630
DZRH 666
DZAS 702
DZRB 738
DWWW 774
DZRJ 810
DZRV 846
DWIZ 882
DZSR 918
DZEM 954
DZEC 1062
DWAD 1098
DWDD 1134
DWAN 1206
DWBL 1242
DZRM 1278
DWXI 1314
DZXQ 1350
DZJV 14581
DZME 1530
DZUP 1602
DZBF 1674
By FM frequency
DWFO 87.5
87.93
DWJM 88.3
DWAV 89.1
DWTM 89.9
DWJC 90.31
DZMB 90.7
DWKY 91.5
DWFM 92.3
DWRX 93.1
DWKC 93.9
DWLL 94.7
DWDM 95.5
DWSU 95.91
DWRK 96.3
DWLS 97.1
DWQZ 97.9
98.34
98.4 (Cavite)1
DZFE 98.7
DWRT 99.5
99.94
DZRJ 100.3
DWYS 101.1
DWBS 101.53
DWSM 102.7
DWOW 103.5
DWFT 104.3
DWBM 105.1
DWLA 105.9
DWET 106.7
107.14
DWNU 107.5
Digital radioby frequency and subchannel
90.7-1
91.5-1
93.9-1
93.9-2
93.9-3
95.5-1
96.3-1
96.3-2
96.3-3
98.7-1
98.7-2
98.7-3
100.3-1
101.1-1
101.9-1
101.9-2
101.9-3
Internet
Crossover Online
FMR Philippines
Green Giant FM
iDMZ
MOR On-Line
One FM Manila
Radyo Pilipino
Radyo Tabloidista
Radyo QC
Rakista Radio
Saved Radio
UST Tiger Radio
WXB 102
Defunct/Inactive call signs
DZMZ 89.12
DWCD 97.92
DZFX 101.12
DWST 101.12
DWRR 101.9
DWXB 102.72
DWCS 103.52
DWKX 103.52
DZWI 107.92
DZMM 6302
KZKZ 729
DZST 8602
DZPI 8822
DWRT 9902
DZIQ 990
DZAR 1026
DZCA 1170
DWBC 1422
DWSS 1494
DZHH 1566
1Transmitting outside Metro Manila.
2Technically still active, but with new call letters and different intellectual property.
3Licensed low-power community station.
4Unlicensed (pirate radio).
Philippine radio markets
Metro Manila
Ilocos & CAR
Laoag
Vigan-Bangued
San Fernando-Agoo
Baguio
Dagupan
Cagayan Valley
Tuguegarao
Cauayan-Santiago
Bayombong
Central Luzon
Cabanatuan
Tarlac
San Fernando-Angeles
Olongapo-Subic
Calabarzon
Western Laguna
Batangas-Lipa
Lucena-San Pablo
Mimaropa
Calapan
San Jose
Puerto Princesa
Bicol
Daet
Naga-Iriga
Legazpi
Virac
Sorsogon
Masbate
Western Visayas
Kalibo
Roxas
San Jose
Iloilo
Bacolod
Central Visayas
Northeast Negros
Dumaguete
North Cebu
Cebu City
Bohol
Eastern Visayas
Calbayog-Catarman
Borongan
Catbalogan
Tacloban-Ormoc
Maasin-Sogod
Zamboanga
Dipolog
Pagadian
Ipil-Liloy
Zamboanga City
Northern Mindanao
Ozamiz-Oroquieta
Iligan
Cagayan de Oro
Gingoog
Malaybalay-Valencia
Davao
Davao
Malita
Mati
Southern Mindanao
Kidapawan
Tacurong-Isulan
Koronadal-Surallah
General Santos
Caraga
Surigao City
Butuan
Tandag
San Francisco
Bislig-Trento
BARMM
Cotabato City-Midsayap
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Audiovisual Communicators, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovisual_Communicators"},{"link_name":"Pasig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Kantar Media Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantar_Media_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapisanan_ng_mga_Brodkaster_ng_Pilipinas"}],"text":"DWRX (93.1 FM), broadcasting as Monster RX 93.1, is a radio station owned and operated by Audiovisual Communicators, Inc. It serves as the flagship station of Monster Radio. The station's studio and transmitter are located at the 17th floor, Strata 2000 Bldg., F. Ortigas, Jr. Rd. (formerly Emerald Ave.), Ortigas Center, Pasig.[1]As of Q4 2022, Monster RX 93.1 is the 11th most-listened to FM radio station (and #1 among Top 40/CHR stations) in Metro Manila, based on a survey commissioned by Kantar Media Philippines and Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas.","title":"DWRX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"Makati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makati"},{"link_name":"Ortigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas"},{"link_name":"The Morning Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Rush"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The station was launched in 1973 under the call letters DWEI, originally owned by Liberty Broadcasting Corporation. It featured MOR programming. In 1983, the station was sold to Audiovisual Communicators, which was then led by Rene Lacson and Freddie Garcia, and changed its call letters to DWRX, RX referring to \"prescription music\". On August 23, 1983, the station was relaunched as Music City RX93 with an oldies format and became #1 in radio surveys in the mid-1980s.In 1987, the station transferred from its studio and offices in Makati to its current location in Ortigas and switched to an easy listening format under the brand Light Rock RX93.In October 1990, the station switched to a Top 40 format and rebranded as Monster Radio RX93. Three years later, it carried the slogan \"The First Creative Pop Station\" and added \".1\" to its call number. In the late 1990s, it adopted its current slogan, \"Manila's Hottest\". The station is also known as \"Summer's Hottest\" & \"Season's Hottest\".RX 93.1 is home of the long-running morning show The Morning Rush.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philstar-3"}],"text":"This project began in September 2009. It started as a small effort by Monster Radio RX93.1's Vice-President for Operations & Programming, Raffy Barreiro, to help college students in dire need of assistance. The scholarship provides assistance for one semester and does not require a student to maintain a certain average.[3]","title":"Monster scholarship program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapisanan_ng_mga_Brodkaster_ng_Pilipinas"},{"link_name":"KBP Golden Dove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBP_Golden_Dove_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"KBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapisanan_ng_mga_Brodkaster_ng_Pilipinas"}],"text":"The station has been named Best FM Radio Station a record 11 times by the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas, most recently in the 25th KBP Golden Dove Awards in 2017.[4]In addition, several RX programs and specials, as well as on-air radio personalities, have been recognized by the KBP, the Catholic Mass Media Awards (CMMA), and other award-giving organizations.","title":"Recognitions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Salterio, Leah (October 23, 2020). \"Keeping the music playing\". The Manila Times. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/23/boardroomwatch/keeping-the-music-playing/784227/","url_text":"\"Keeping the music playing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Manila_Times","url_text":"The Manila Times"}]},{"reference":"Uy, Sasha (January 12, 2012). \"On the Spot: Chico and Delamar of The Morning Rush, Monster RX 93.1\". Spot.ph. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spot.ph/entertainment/entertainment-peopleparties/50190/on-the-spot-chico-and-delamar-of-emthe-morning-rushem-monster-rx-931","url_text":"\"On the Spot: Chico and Delamar of The Morning Rush, Monster RX 93.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Media","url_text":"Spot.ph"}]},{"reference":"\"Search for the Monster scholar | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com\". philstar.com. Retrieved August 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/511191/search-monster-scholar","url_text":"\"Search for the Monster scholar | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com\""}]},{"reference":"Salterio, Leah (June 29, 2017). \"The radio jocks of Monster RX 93.1\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/06/29/1714805/radio-jocks-monster-rx-931","url_text":"\"The radio jocks of Monster RX 93.1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.rx931.com/Streaming","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://www.rx931.com/","external_links_name":"www.rx931.com"},{"Link":"https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/23/boardroomwatch/keeping-the-music-playing/784227/","external_links_name":"\"Keeping the music playing\""},{"Link":"https://www.spot.ph/entertainment/entertainment-peopleparties/50190/on-the-spot-chico-and-delamar-of-emthe-morning-rushem-monster-rx-931","external_links_name":"\"On the Spot: Chico and Delamar of The Morning Rush, Monster RX 93.1\""},{"Link":"http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/511191/search-monster-scholar","external_links_name":"\"Search for the Monster scholar | Entertainment, News, The Philippine Star | philstar.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2017/06/29/1714805/radio-jocks-monster-rx-931","external_links_name":"\"The radio jocks of Monster RX 93.1\""},{"Link":"http://www.rx931.com/Streaming","external_links_name":"Listen Live to Monster Radio RX93.1"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system
|
Talcher–Kolar HVDC system
|
["1 Ground electrodes","2 Sites","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Talcher–Kolar HVDC systemLocationCountryIndiaStateOdisha, KarnatakaCoordinates21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Talcher converter station)13°10′39″N 78°07′00″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Kolar converter station)FromTalcher, Odisha (Eastern Region)ToKolar, near Bangalore (Southern Region)Ownership informationOwnerPower Grid Corporation of IndiaConstruction informationInstaller of substationsVIKAS GAHIN, Siemens AGCommissioned2003Technical informationTypeTransmissionType of currentHVDCTotal length1,450 km (900 mi)Power rating2000 MWDC voltage±500 kVNo. of poles2
The Talcher–Kolar HVDC system, otherwise known as the East–South interconnection II is a 1450 km HVDC transmission connection between the eastern and southern regions in India connecting four states namely Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The system has a transmission voltage of ±500 kV and was originally put into service in March 2003, with a rated power of 2000 MW. In 2007 the scheme was upgraded to 2500 MW.
The Talcher–Kolar HVDC system is owned by Power Grid Corporation of India and the converter stations were built by Siemens.
The scheme is a conventional bipolar system with overhead lines for the high-voltage conductors and ground return for the neutral current.
Block diagram of a bipolar system with ground return
Ground electrodes
The scheme includes two ground electrodes, of ring construction, located at Rohila, 28.5 km northeast of the Talcher converter station and at Chikkadasarahalli, 30 km northwest of the Kolar converter station.
However, the soil conditions at some distance from the electrode at Chikkadasarahalli were later found to have higher than expected soil resistivity. These geological effects gave rise to problems with DC currents flowing into the neutral connections of transformers at nearby AC substations, which required the addition of DC blocking devices.
Sites
Site
Coordinates
Talcher converter station
21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Talcher converter station)
Rohila electrode station
21°12′11″N 85°19′05″E / 21.20306°N 85.31806°E / 21.20306; 85.31806 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Rohila electrode station)
Kolar converter station
13°10′39″N 78°07′00″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Kolar converter station)
Chikkadasarahalli electrode station
13°20′19″N 77°53′49″E / 13.33861°N 77.89694°E / 13.33861; 77.89694 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Chikkadasarahalli electrode station)
References
^ a b Nayak R.N., Sasmal R.P., Sen S., Pelly B., Riedel P., Experience with blocking devices during monopolar operation of +/- 500kV, 2000MW Talcher–Kolar HVDC system in India, CIGRÉ session, Paris, 2006, paper reference B4-204.
^ "What are different types of HVDC links? - Monopolar, Bipolar, & Homopolar link". Circuit Globe. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
External links
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
https://web.archive.org/web/20121013104458/http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/home.aspx Power Grid Corporation of India
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/hvdc/?stc=wwecc120599 Siemens HVDC website
This article about electric power transmission is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HVDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVDC"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nayak-1"},{"link_name":"Power Grid Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Grid_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg"}],"text":"The Talcher–Kolar HVDC system, otherwise known as the East–South interconnection II is a 1450 km HVDC transmission connection between the eastern and southern regions in India connecting four states namely Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The system has a transmission voltage of ±500 kV and was originally put into service in March 2003,[1] with a rated power of 2000 MW. In 2007 the scheme was upgraded to 2500 MW.The Talcher–Kolar HVDC system is owned by Power Grid Corporation of India and the converter stations were built by Siemens.The scheme is a conventional bipolar system with overhead lines for the high-voltage conductors and ground return for the neutral current.Block diagram of a bipolar system with ground return","title":"Talcher–Kolar HVDC system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nayak-1"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"substations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The scheme includes two ground electrodes, of ring construction, located at Rohila, 28.5 km northeast of the Talcher converter station and at Chikkadasarahalli, 30 km northwest of the Kolar converter station.[1]However, the soil conditions at some distance from the electrode at Chikkadasarahalli were later found to have higher than expected soil resistivity. These geological effects gave rise to problems with DC currents flowing into the neutral connections of transformers at nearby AC substations, which required the addition of DC blocking devices.[2]","title":"Ground electrodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sites"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Block diagram of a bipolar system with ground return","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg/220px-Hvdc_bipolar_schematic.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"What are different types of HVDC links? - Monopolar, Bipolar, & Homopolar link\". Circuit Globe. 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://circuitglobe.com/different-types-hvdc-links.html","url_text":"\"What are different types of HVDC links? - Monopolar, Bipolar, & Homopolar link\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=21_06_01_N_85_03_49_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Talcher+converter+station","external_links_name":"21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Talcher converter station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=13_10_39_N_78_07_00_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Kolar+converter+station","external_links_name":"13°10′39″N 78°07′00″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Kolar converter station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=21_06_01_N_85_03_49_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Talcher+converter+station","external_links_name":"21°06′01″N 85°03′49″E / 21.10028°N 85.06361°E / 21.10028; 85.06361 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Talcher converter station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=21_12_11_N_85_19_05_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Rohila+electrode+station","external_links_name":"21°12′11″N 85°19′05″E / 21.20306°N 85.31806°E / 21.20306; 85.31806 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Rohila electrode station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=13_10_39_N_78_07_00_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Kolar+converter+station","external_links_name":"13°10′39″N 78°07′00″E / 13.17750°N 78.11667°E / 13.17750; 78.11667 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Kolar converter station)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system¶ms=13_20_19_N_77_53_49_E_type:landmark&title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar+HVDC+system+%E2%80%93+Chikkadasarahalli+electrode+station","external_links_name":"13°20′19″N 77°53′49″E / 13.33861°N 77.89694°E / 13.33861; 77.89694 (Talcher–Kolar HVDC system – Chikkadasarahalli electrode station)"},{"Link":"https://circuitglobe.com/different-types-hvdc-links.html","external_links_name":"\"What are different types of HVDC links? - Monopolar, Bipolar, & Homopolar link\""},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Talcher%25E2%2580%2593Kolar_HVDC_system","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013104458/http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/home.aspx","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121013104458/http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/home.aspx"},{"Link":"https://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/hvdc/?stc=wwecc120599","external_links_name":"http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/power-transmission/hvdc/?stc=wwecc120599"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talcher%E2%80%93Kolar_HVDC_system&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto
|
Oliviero Diliberto
|
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Family","4 Electoral history","5 References"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Oliviero Diliberto" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Oliviero DilibertoMinister of JusticeIn office21 October 1998 – 26 April 2000Prime MinisterMassimo D'AlemaPreceded byGiovanni Maria FlickSucceeded byPiero FassinoMember of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office15 April 1994 – 28 April 2008
Personal detailsBorn (1956-10-13) 13 October 1956 (age 67)Cagliari, ItalyPolitical partyPCI (1974-1991)PRC (1991-1998)PdCI (1998-2014)Alma materUniversity of CagliariProfessionAcademic, politician
Oliviero Diliberto (born 13 October 1956 in Cagliari) is an Italian politician. He has been leader of the Party of Italian Communists.
Early life
Oliviero Diliberto was born in a family of public servants (his father Marco was employed as attorney in the Administration of the Region of Sardinia, his mother Lella was a teacher). His youth is scarred by the untimely death of his father in 1971, after which he had to be a fatherly role for his younger siblings: his sister Ludovica, then eight years old, and his brother Alessio, who was born just two months before.
Diliberto becomes involved with politics in 1969 at age 13, when he was in high school. It is a time of turmoil in Italian schools, and young Oliviero quickly rises through the ranks of the student movement during his University studies. He eventually becomes Secretary of the FGCI (Federation of Young Italian Communists, the youth organisation of the PCI) for the province of Cagliari in 1978, the same year of his graduation.
Fascinated by the philosophic thought of Michel Foucault, after graduating from high school he traveled for Paris where, to support himself, he briefly worked at the city morgue, preparing corpses that had to undergo autopsy.
From 1978 to 1986 he earns scholarships to further his law studies in Frankfurt and in Rome, then he works as researcher in the university of Cagliari, where later he will reach the post of Professor of Roman Law.
Political career
A former member of the Italian Communist Party, Diliberto joined the Communist Refoundation Party after the breakup of his former party.
First elected as MP in 1994 for the Communist Refoundation Party, Diliberto left his party in 1998 in contrast with the leadership's line about a motion of no confidence in which Romano Prodi was defeated. So Diliberto, together with Armando Cossutta and others, founded the Party of Italian Communists, of which he became the secretary. Diliberto then served as Minister of Justice in the first government of Massimo D'Alema, becoming one of the only two party members which were part of that government. He maintained the position until 2000, leaving voluntarily in the reshuffle, in order to concentrate on the party.
On taking office as Minister of Justice, he declared to the press his pride in being "The second Communist appointed as Minister of Justice after Palmiro Togliatti", and made a point of having the same desk previously used by the postwar Communist leader restored and placed in his office at the Ministry.
In November 2004 he was widely criticized for meeting with the leader of Hizbollah, Sheik Hassan Nasrallah, during a visit to Lebanon. This prompted a protest note to the Italian Government from the Israeli Ambassador in Rome.
Before the April 2006 general election held in Italy (and won by the centre-left coalition), he declared he would not serve as minister in case of a centre-left win, and instead he would maintain his place as party leader, and so he has.
In May 2006 he was elected to the City Council of Rome. He is currently professor of Roman Law at the Faculty of Law of the "La Sapienza" University of Rome.
Before the April 2008 snap general election (caused by the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet), Diliberto refused candidacy to the Camera dei Deputati in the Torino constituency for the left-wing alliance The Left – The Rainbow, which his party was participating to, on grounds of giving a chance to be elected to a junior party fellow - a steel worker in the local Thyssen-Krupp steelworks, where a fire on 6 December 2007 had killed seven colleagues.
After the disastrous results of both the 2008 general elections and of the 2009 European election, where the Italian left-wing parties failed to reach the minimum threshold, Diliberto has been confirmed as party secretary, with a mandate to pursue unity of the left wing parties.
Family
Oliviero Diliberto has been married twice: in 1985 he married Ms. Delia Cardia, from which he separated after some years. He is currently married (since 1997) to Ms. Gabriella Serrenti with whom he met in 1978 at the university where he was assistant lecturer.
Electoral history
Elections
House
Constituency
Party
Votes
Result
1994
Chamber of Deputies
Iglesias
Communist Refoundation Party
28 170
Elected
1996
Chamber of Deputies
Scandiano
Communist Refoundation Party
54 368
Elected
2001
Chamber of Deputies
Scandiano
Party of Italian Communists
61 645
Elected
2006
Chamber of Deputies
Sicily
Party of Italian Communists
-
Elected
2013
Senate
Emilia-Romagna
Civil Revolution
-
Not elected
References
^ Dunphy, Richard (2004). Contesting capitalism?: left parties and European integration. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6804-1. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.
Political offices
Preceded byGiovanni Maria Flick
Italian Minister of Justice 1998-2000
Succeeded byPiero Fassino
Assembly seats
Preceded byTitle jointly held
Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies Legislatures XII, XIII, XIV, XV 1994 - present
Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded byArmando Cossutta
Secretary of the Party of Italian Communists 2000 - present
Incumbent
vteD'Alema I Cabinet (1998–1999)
Mattarella
Bellillo
Piazza
Balbo
Letta
Folloni
Amato
Maccanico
Turco
Dini
Iervolino
Diliberto
Ciampi
Visco
Scognamiglio
Berlinguer
Micheli
De Castro
Treu
Cardinale
Bersani
Bassolino
Salvi
Fassino
Bindi
Ronchi
Melandri
Zecchino
vteD'Alema II Cabinet (1999–2000)
Bellillo
Bassanini
Balbo
Toia
Loiero
Maccanico
Turco
Dini
Bianco
Diliberto
Amato
Visco
Mattarella
Berlinguer
Bordon
De Castro
Bersani
Cardinale
Letta
Salvi
Fassino
Bindi
Melandri
Ronchi
Zecchino
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Japan
Netherlands
2
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef
|
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His youth is scarred by the untimely death of his father in 1971, after which he had to be a fatherly role for his younger siblings: his sister Ludovica, then eight years old, and his brother Alessio, who was born just two months before.\nDiliberto becomes involved with politics in 1969 at age 13, when he was in high school. It is a time of turmoil in Italian schools, and young Oliviero quickly rises through the ranks of the student movement during his University studies. He eventually becomes Secretary of the FGCI (Federation of Young Italian Communists, the youth organisation of the PCI) for the province of Cagliari in 1978, the same year of his graduation.Fascinated by the philosophic thought of Michel Foucault, after graduating from high school he traveled for Paris where, to support himself, he briefly worked at the city morgue, preparing corpses that had to undergo autopsy.From 1978 to 1986 he earns scholarships to further his law studies in Frankfurt and in Rome, then he works as researcher in the university of Cagliari, where later he will reach the post of Professor of Roman Law.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Refoundation Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"motion of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"Romano Prodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi"},{"link_name":"Armando Cossutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Cossutta"},{"link_name":"Massimo D'Alema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema"},{"link_name":"Palmiro Togliatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti"},{"link_name":"Hizbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbollah"},{"link_name":"Hassan Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"April 2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Roman Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Law"},{"link_name":"La Sapienza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Sapienza"},{"link_name":"April 2008 snap general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Prodi II Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"Camera dei Deputati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_dei_Deputati"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino"},{"link_name":"The Left – The Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_%E2%80%93_The_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Thyssen-Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyssen-Krupp"},{"link_name":"threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_threshold"}],"text":"A former member of the Italian Communist Party, Diliberto joined the Communist Refoundation Party after the breakup of his former party.First elected as MP in 1994 for the Communist Refoundation Party, Diliberto left his party in 1998 in contrast with the leadership's line about a motion of no confidence in which Romano Prodi was defeated. So Diliberto, together with Armando Cossutta and others, founded the Party of Italian Communists, of which he became the secretary. Diliberto then served as Minister of Justice in the first government of Massimo D'Alema, becoming one of the only two party members which were part of that government. He maintained the position until 2000, leaving voluntarily in the reshuffle, in order to concentrate on the party.On taking office as Minister of Justice, he declared to the press his pride in being \"The second Communist appointed as Minister of Justice after Palmiro Togliatti\", and made a point of having the same desk previously used by the postwar Communist leader restored and placed in his office at the Ministry.In November 2004 he was widely criticized for meeting with the leader of Hizbollah, Sheik Hassan Nasrallah, during a visit to Lebanon. This prompted a protest note to the Italian Government from the Israeli Ambassador in Rome.Before the April 2006 general election held in Italy (and won by the centre-left coalition), he declared he would not serve as minister in case of a centre-left win, and instead he would maintain his place as party leader, and so he has.In May 2006 he was elected to the City Council of Rome. He is currently professor of Roman Law at the Faculty of Law of the \"La Sapienza\" University of Rome.Before the April 2008 snap general election (caused by the fall of the Prodi II Cabinet), Diliberto refused candidacy to the Camera dei Deputati in the Torino constituency for the left-wing alliance The Left – The Rainbow, which his party was participating to, on grounds of giving a chance to be elected to a junior party fellow - a steel worker in the local Thyssen-Krupp steelworks, where a fire on 6 December 2007 had killed seven colleagues.After the disastrous results of both the 2008 general elections and of the 2009 European election, where the Italian left-wing parties failed to reach the minimum threshold, Diliberto has been confirmed as party secretary, with a mandate to pursue unity of the left wing parties.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Oliviero Diliberto has been married twice: in 1985 he married Ms. Delia Cardia, from which he separated after some years. He is currently married (since 1997) to Ms. Gabriella Serrenti with whom he met in 1978 at the university where he was assistant lecturer.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx_Kill
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The Bronx Kill
|
["1 Plot synopsis","1.1 Martin's novel","2 Characters","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Reviews"]
|
For the narrow strait in New York City, see Bronx Kill.
The Bronx KillCover to The Bronx Kill by Lee Bermejo.DateMarch 2010SeriesVertigo CrimePage count184 pagesPublisherVertigoCreative teamWritersPeter MilliganArtistsJames RombergerLetterersClem RobinsCreatorsPeter MilliganJames RombergerEditorsKaren BergerPornsak PichetshoteISBN1401211550
The Bronx Kill is a 2010 graphic novel published as part of the "Vertigo Crime" line from Vertigo a DC Comics imprint. The writer is Peter Milligan, with art by James Romberger. The Bronx Kill is illustrated in grey-scale. It is done in the fashion of the "film noir"/detective-crime style.
Plot synopsis
The story centers around main character, Martin Keane. His father is a New York City cop, as well as his grandfather and his great-grandfather, after whom, Martin is named. Martin's grandfather was mysteriously killed while alone in a dock area called "Bronx Kill". The murder has haunted Martin's family for years. Martin is also plagued by his grandmother's disappearance. Despite Martin's father pushing him to be a cop, Martin becomes a writer; this is part of the reason Martin and his father have such a strained relationship. Martin's wife, Erin, disappears within the first quarter of the story - driving the rest of the plot.
Martin's novel
Within the Bronx Kill, Martin is writing a novel about an Irishman named Michael Furey, who moves to America once he has discovered that his family has been murdered, most likely by his brother, Hugh. Peter Milligan actually inserts excerpts of Martin's mystery/crime novel within the graphic novel, with annotations as if Michael were still in the process of writing the novel. The events in the novel often happen to parallel Michael's own life events, eerily enough. The novel excerpts appear on pages: 38-39, 47-48, 64-65, 86-89, 114-115, 154-155, and 177-179 of The Bronx Kill. Many of Martin's tales center on a fragile father-son relationship because he is trying to work out his own strained relationship to his father.
Characters
Martin Keane: main character
Erin: Martin's wife
Mr. Keane: Martin's dad
Elder Martin Keane: Martin's grandfather
Nora: Martin's grandmother
Kerry: Martin's long lost cousin- share grandmother Nora
Armquist: detective who suspects Martin of Erin's murder
Brian: Martin's literary agent
Notes
^ Truitt, Brian (March 22, 2010). "Mystery abounds in Milligan's 'The Bronx Kill'". USA Today. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
References
The Bronx Kill at the Grand Comics Database
The Bronx Kill at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
External links
The Bronx Kill at DC Comics.com
Reviews
The Bronx Kill review, Graphic Novel Reporter
|
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[]
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_incident
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Exeter incident
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["1 Sightings","1.1 Norman Muscarello","1.2 Officers Bertrand and Hunt","2 Other area sightings","3 Air Force investigation and explanation","3.1 Controversy and Air Force retraction","4 Aftermath","4.1 Skeptical Inquirer explanation","5 See also","6 Sources","7 References","8 Further reading"]
|
Coordinates: 42°56′49″N 70°57′23″W / 42.946917°N 70.956371°W / 42.946917; -70.956371UFO Sighting in New Hampshire
Exeter incidentDateSeptember 3, 1965 (58 years ago) (1965-09-03)LocationKensington, New Hampshire, USCoordinates42°56′49″N 70°57′23″W / 42.946917°N 70.956371°W / 42.946917; -70.956371Also known asIncident at ExeterTypeUFO sighting
class=notpageimage| Location of Kensington, New Hampshire
The Exeter incident or Incident at Exeter was a highly publicized UFO sighting that occurred on September 3, 1965, approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Exeter, New Hampshire, in the neighboring town of Kensington. Although several separate sightings had been made in the area by numerous witnesses in the weeks leading up to the specific incident, it was the September 3 sighting which eventually became by far the most famous, involving a local teenager and two police officers. In 2011, Skeptical Inquirer offered an explanation of the incident, based on details reported by the eyewitnesses.
Sightings
Norman Muscarello
On September 3, 1965, at approximately 2:00 a.m., 18-year-old Norman Muscarello was hitchhiking to his home in Exeter along New Hampshire Route 150. Muscarello had graduated from high school the previous June and was three weeks away from leaving for service in the United States Navy. He had been visiting his girlfriend at her parents' home in nearby Amesbury, Massachusetts, around 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Exeter. Since he had recently sold his car, Muscarello would hitchhike to and from Amesbury; however, at that hour of the morning there was little traffic on the highway, and Muscarello had walked a good part of the distance.
Hand-drawn map of the Exeter incident sightings, from Project Blue Book archives
After reaching Kensington, a few miles outside Exeter, Muscarello noticed five flashing bright red lights in the distance, which he initially believed to be the lights of a police car or fire engine. As he drew nearer, he was startled to see the lights were hovering in the air just above the trees and illuminated a nearby field and two houses in brilliant red light. One house belonged to the Dining family, who were not at home at the time, the other to a family named Russell. Muscarello estimated the object to be 80 to 90 feet (24 to 27 m) in diameter. He became terrified as the object, which made absolutely no sound, began to move steadily towards him. Panicking, he dived into a ditch beside the road. The lights then changed direction and hovered over the Dining farmhouse; Muscarello ran to the Russell's house, pounded on the door and yelled for help, but no one answered (the Russells later stated they heard Muscarello at the door, but were too frightened to open it). The object then moved away and disappeared into the nearby woods. Seeing the headlights of an approaching car, Muscarello ran into the road and forced it to stop. The couple in the car drove the frightened youth to the Exeter police station.
At the police station, Muscarello, pale and visibly shaken, told his story to officer Reginald Toland, who worked the night desk. Toland knew Muscarello, and was impressed by his obvious fear and genuinely agitated state. Toland radioed police officer Eugene Bertrand Jr., who earlier in the evening had passed a frightened woman sitting in her car on NH 108. When Bertrand stopped to ask if she had a problem, the woman told him that a "huge object with flashing red lights" had followed her car to Exeter from Epping, 12 miles (19 km) away, and hovered over the car before flying away. Bertrand considered her a "kook", but did stay with her for several minutes until she had calmed down and was ready to resume her drive.
After arriving at the police station and hearing Muscarello's similar story, Bertrand decided to drive back to the Dining farm with Muscarello to investigate the field where he had seen the lights.
Officers Bertrand and Hunt
After Bertrand drove Muscarello back to the area of his sighting, they at first saw nothing unusual; however, when they left the car and walked into the field and towards the woods where Muscarello had first seen the lights, some horses in a nearby corral became frightened and began neighing loudly, kicking the fence and sides of a barn; dogs in the area also began barking and howling. Bertrand and Muscarello then saw an object slowly rise from the trees beyond the corral. Bertrand described the UFO as "this huge, dark object as big as a barn over there, with red flashing lights on it." The object moved silently towards them, swaying back and forth. Instinctively remembering his police training, Bertrand dropped to one knee, drew his revolver, and pointed it at the object. He then decided that shooting would not be wise, so he reholstered the revolver, grabbed Muscarello, and both ran back to the patrol car. Bertrand radioed another Exeter policeman, David Hunt, for assistance, and while the two waited in the car for Hunt to arrive they continued to observe the object. According to UFO historian Jerome Clark, Bertrand and Muscarello "observed the object as it hovered 100 feet away and at 100 feet altitude. It rocked back and forth. The pulsating red lights flashed in rapid sequence, first from right to left, then left to right, each cycle consuming no more than two seconds; the animals continued to act agitated." The object was still there when Hunt arrived a few minutes later and he also watched it. The object finally rose over the trees and disappeared. Hunt soon heard the engines of a B-47 bomber as it flew overhead, and he later told journalist John G. Fuller that "You could tell the difference" between the UFO and the bomber, "there was no comparison.": 22 All three men drove back to the Exeter police station and immediately filed separate reports on what they had seen. Bertrand then drove Muscarello home and told his mother about the incident.
Other area sightings
The sightings by Muscarello and the two policemen received national publicity. Fuller, at that time a regular columnist for Saturday Review, was in Exeter investigating the sightings. He interviewed a number of people in the Exeter area who also claimed to have witnessed strange lights and unusual objects. Among them were Ron Smith, a senior at Exeter High School, who told Fuller that about two or three weeks after Muscarello's sighting, he was travelling in a vehicle with his mother and aunt one evening at 11:30. According to Smith, he, his mother and aunt all saw an object with "a red light on top and the bottom was white and glowed. It appeared to be spinning. It passed over the car once and when it passed over and got in front, it stopped in midair. Then it went back over the car again.": 73 Fuller also spoke to police officer Toland at Exeter's police station. Toland told Fuller of a number of calls he had received from Exeter-area residents regarding UFO sightings. A good example of the type of calls Toland had received came from Mrs. Ralph Lindsay. According to Toland "she called in here early, just before dawn. She said it was right out her window as she was calling. It was like a big orange ball, almost as big as the harvest Moon ... and it wasn't the Moon, either ... all the time she was talking to me, her kids were at the window watching it. Now why would people go to all this trouble—people all over the area—if they weren't seeing something real?": 84
Air Force investigation and explanation
A B-47 in flight
When Exeter's police chief read the reports of Muscarello, Bertrand, Hunt, and he called nearby Pease Air Force Base and reported a UFO sighting. The Air Force sent Major David Griffin and Lieutenant Alan Brandt to interview the three men. The Air Force officers asked all three not to report their sighting to the press, but a reporter from the Manchester Union-Leader newspaper had already interviewed them. Major Griffin sent a report of the incident to the staff of Project Blue Book, the official Air Force research group assigned to investigate UFO reports. Griffin wrote that "At this time I have been unable to arrive at a probable cause of this sighting. The three observers seem to be stable, reliable persons, especially the two patrolmen. I viewed the area of the sighting and found nothing in the area that could be the probable cause. Pease AFB had five B-47 aircraft flying in the area but I do not believe that they had any connection with this sighting."
Before Project Blue Book could send this evaluation to the Pentagon, however, the Air Force had already issued an explanation of Muscarello and the two policemen's sighting to the press. The Pentagon informed reporters that the three men had seen "nothing more than stars and planets twinkling ... owing to a temperature inversion." Project Blue Book then issued its own explanation, stating that "Operation Big Blast ... a SAC/NORAD training mission" had been active on the night of the sighting and that it could have accounted for the UFO. Project Blue Book's supervisor, USAF Major Hector Quintanilla, wrote policemen Bertrand and Hunt that "in addition to aircraft from this operation , there were also five B-47 aircraft flying in your area during this period ... since there were many aircraft in the area, at the time, and there were no reports of unidentified objects from personnel engaged in this operation, we might then assume that the objects observed between midnight and two a.m. might be associated with this military air operation." Quintanilla also added that "If, however, these aircraft were noted by either of you, this would tend to eliminate this air operation as a possible explanation for the objects observed."
Controversy and Air Force retraction
Muscarello, Bertrand, and Hunt all strongly disagreed with the Air Force explanation. The two policemen sent a letter to Project Blue Book in which they stated, "As you can imagine, we have been the subject of considerable ridicule since the Pentagon released its 'final evaluation' of our sighting of September 3, 1965...both Patrolman Hunt and myself saw this object at close range, checked it out with each other, confirmed and reconfirmed that it was not any type of conventional aircraft ... and went to considerable trouble to confirm that the weather was clear, there was no wind, no chance of weather inversion, and that what we were seeing was in no way a military or civilian aircraft." Bertrand also noted that their UFO sighting took place nearly an hour after Operation Big Blast was said to have ended, which eliminated the operation as a possible cause of the sighting. When Project Blue Book did not respond to their letter, on December 29, 1965—nearly four months after the sighting—the two men sent another letter to Blue Book in which they wrote that the object they observed "was absolutely silent with no rush of air from jets or chopper blades whatsoever. And it did not have any wings or tail ... it lit up the entire field, and two nearby houses turned completely red."
In addition to Muscarello and the policemen, John G. Fuller also ridiculed the Air Force explanation in print. He wrote that he had observed an unusual object himself near Exeter and that it was being chased by an Air Force jet fighter. Raymond Fowler, the New England investigator for the National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), also filed a detailed report on the Exeter sightings. In his view the Air Force explanation was also incorrect. At one point, an Air Force officer claimed that the UFOs people had been observing were merely lights from nearby Pease AFB. To prove it, he had the lights activated before a large crowd who were gathered some distance away. According to Fowler, "he ordered personnel at the base to turn the lights on. Everybody looked and waited—and nothing happened. Frustrated, he yelled into the mic to turn on the lights. A voice replied that the lights were on. The very embarrassed officer slunk back into the seat of the staff car and drove off amongst the laughs and jeers of the crowd."
In January 1966, Lieutenant Colonel John Spaulding, from the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, finally replied to the policemen's two letters. Spaulding wrote that "based on additional information submitted to our UFO investigation officer, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, we have been unable to identify the object you observed on September 3, 1965."
Aftermath
Incident at Exeter AuthorJohn G. FullerLanguageEnglishPublished1966Publication placeUnited StatesWebsiteIncident at Exeter at Internet Archive
The Exeter UFO sightings—and particularly the initial sightings involving Norman Muscarello and police officers Eugene Bertrand and David Hunt—remain among the best-documented and best-publicized in UFO history. In 1966, Fuller published an account of his investigation into the case. Entitled Incident at Exeter, it made The New York Times Best Seller list. Muscarello, who insisted for the rest of his life that what he had witnessed was real and not an ordinary object, died in April 2003 at age 55 following a brief illness. Bertrand died in 1998, and Hunt in 2011. In 2010, the Exeter Kiwanis Club started the "Exeter UFO Festival" as a fundraiser to benefit children's charities in the Exeter area.
Skeptical Inquirer explanation
A KC-97, at right with refueling boom extended, and two A-7 aircraft
In 2011, Joe Nickell, a prominent skeptic, and James McGaha, a retired Air Force major, proposed a possible explanation for the incident in Skeptical Inquirer. As a pilot, McGaha had been refueled in flight by KC-97 tanker aircraft like the ones stationed at Pease AFB near Exeter in 1965. In the article, he claimed to have recognized the flashing red light pattern reported by the witnesses Bertrand and Muscarello: one, two, three, four, five, four, three, two, one. According to Nickell and McGaha, before refueling, the underbelly of the KC-97 tankers flashed five very bright red lights in that same pattern. The refueling boom hung down at a 60-degree angle and would flutter in the air currents when not being controlled by the boom operator—hence, "floating like a leaf" per witness Muscarello.
See also
List of reported UFO sightings
Sources
Clark, Jerome. The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial. Visible Ink Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1578590292.
Fowler, Raymond. Casebook of a UFO Investigator. Prentice-Hall Books, 1981. ISBN 978-0131174320.
Fuller, John G. Incident at Exeter, the Interrupted Journey: Two Landmark Investigations of UFO Encounters Together in One Volume. Fine Communications, 1997. ISBN 1-56731-134-2.
Peebles, Curtis. Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books, 1995. ISBN 978-0425151174.
References
^ Clark 1998, p. 184.
^ a b c Fuller 1997
^ "A Cluttered Sky--UFOs Over New England". San Francisco Examiner. AP. September 8, 1965. p. 8. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
^ a b c d Clark 1998, p. 185.
^ "Initial Report of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO)". USAF. September 15, 1965. p. 4. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ Quintanilla, Hector (n.d.). "Letter". USAF. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ a b c Clark 1998, p. 186.
^ Bertrand, Eugene; Hunt, David (December 2, 1965). "Letter". p. 1. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ Bertrand, Eugene; Hunt, David (December 2, 1965). "Letter". p. 2. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ Fowler 1997, p. 42.
^ Fowler 1981, p. 43.
^ Spaulding, John F. (February 9, 1966). "Letter". USAF. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
^ Peebles, p. 90.
^ Berry, Michael (August 12, 2015). "UFOs in New Hampshire". New Hampshire Magazine. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ Lent, Colleen (2 March 2003). "Exeter's UFO Kid Dead at 55". Seacoast Online. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ "Social Security Death Index: Eugene F Bertrand Jr". Social Security Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via fold3.com.
^ "David Hunt Obituary". Foster's Daily Democrat. Dover, New Hampshire. January 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2019 – via Legacy.com.
^ "UFO Festival". Carriage Towne News. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
^ Nickell, Joe; McGaha, James (November–December 2011), "'Exeter Incident' Solved! A Classic UFO Case, Forty-Five Years 'Cold'", Skeptical Inquirer, 35 (6), retrieved 9 April 2012
Further reading
Norman Muscarello Recalls His UFO Incident at Exeter from October 1980 as re-published via SeacoastNH.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_New_Hampshire_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_New_Hampshire_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Skeptical Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer"}],"text":"UFO Sighting in New Hampshireclass=notpageimage| Location of Kensington, New HampshireThe Exeter incident or Incident at Exeter was a highly publicized UFO sighting that occurred on September 3, 1965, approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Exeter, New Hampshire, in the neighboring town of Kensington. Although several separate sightings had been made in the area by numerous witnesses in the weeks leading up to the specific incident, it was the September 3 sighting which eventually became by far the most famous, involving a local teenager and two police officers. In 2011, Skeptical Inquirer offered an explanation of the incident, based on details reported by the eyewitnesses.","title":"Exeter incident"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hitchhiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire Route 150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_150"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Amesbury, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Incident_at_Exeter_map.png"},{"link_name":"Project Blue Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book"},{"link_name":"NH 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Route_108"},{"link_name":"Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping,_New_Hampshire"}],"sub_title":"Norman Muscarello","text":"On September 3, 1965, at approximately 2:00 a.m., 18-year-old Norman Muscarello was hitchhiking to his home in Exeter along New Hampshire Route 150. Muscarello had graduated from high school the previous June and was three weeks away from leaving for service in the United States Navy. He had been visiting his girlfriend at her parents' home in nearby Amesbury, Massachusetts, around 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Exeter. Since he had recently sold his car, Muscarello would hitchhike to and from Amesbury; however, at that hour of the morning there was little traffic on the highway, and Muscarello had walked a good part of the distance.Hand-drawn map of the Exeter incident sightings, from Project Blue Book archivesAfter reaching Kensington, a few miles outside Exeter, Muscarello noticed five flashing bright red lights in the distance, which he initially believed to be the lights of a police car or fire engine. As he drew nearer, he was startled to see the lights were hovering in the air just above the trees and illuminated a nearby field and two houses in brilliant red light. One house belonged to the Dining family, who were not at home at the time, the other to a family named Russell. Muscarello estimated the object to be 80 to 90 feet (24 to 27 m) in diameter. He became terrified as the object, which made absolutely no sound, began to move steadily towards him. Panicking, he dived into a ditch beside the road. The lights then changed direction and hovered over the Dining farmhouse; Muscarello ran to the Russell's house, pounded on the door and yelled for help, but no one answered (the Russells later stated they heard Muscarello at the door, but were too frightened to open it). The object then moved away and disappeared into the nearby woods. Seeing the headlights of an approaching car, Muscarello ran into the road and forced it to stop. The couple in the car drove the frightened youth to the Exeter police station.At the police station, Muscarello, pale and visibly shaken, told his story to officer Reginald Toland, who worked the night desk. Toland knew Muscarello, and was impressed by his obvious fear and genuinely agitated state. Toland radioed police officer Eugene Bertrand Jr., who earlier in the evening had passed a frightened woman sitting in her car on NH 108. When Bertrand stopped to ask if she had a problem, the woman told him that a \"huge object with flashing red lights\" had followed her car to Exeter from Epping, 12 miles (19 km) away, and hovered over the car before flying away. Bertrand considered her a \"kook\", but did stay with her for several minutes until she had calmed down and was ready to resume her drive.After arriving at the police station and hearing Muscarello's similar story, Bertrand decided to drive back to the Dining farm with Muscarello to investigate the field where he had seen the lights.","title":"Sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerome Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Clark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"B-47 bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"John G. Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_G._Fuller"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-2"}],"sub_title":"Officers Bertrand and Hunt","text":"After Bertrand drove Muscarello back to the area of his sighting, they at first saw nothing unusual; however, when they left the car and walked into the field and towards the woods where Muscarello had first seen the lights, some horses in a nearby corral became frightened and began neighing loudly, kicking the fence and sides of a barn; dogs in the area also began barking and howling. Bertrand and Muscarello then saw an object slowly rise from the trees beyond the corral. Bertrand described the UFO as \"this huge, dark object as big as a barn over there, with red flashing lights on it.\" The object moved silently towards them, swaying back and forth. Instinctively remembering his police training, Bertrand dropped to one knee, drew his revolver, and pointed it at the object. He then decided that shooting would not be wise, so he reholstered the revolver, grabbed Muscarello, and both ran back to the patrol car. Bertrand radioed another Exeter policeman, David Hunt, for assistance, and while the two waited in the car for Hunt to arrive they continued to observe the object. According to UFO historian Jerome Clark, Bertrand and Muscarello \"observed the object as it hovered 100 feet away and at 100 feet altitude. It rocked back and forth. The pulsating red lights flashed in rapid sequence, first from right to left, then left to right, each cycle consuming no more than two seconds; the [local] animals continued to act agitated.\"[1] The object was still there when Hunt arrived a few minutes later and he also watched it. The object finally rose over the trees and disappeared. Hunt soon heard the engines of a B-47 bomber as it flew overhead, and he later told journalist John G. Fuller that \"You could tell the difference\" between the UFO and the bomber, \"there was no comparison.\"[2]: 22 All three men drove back to the Exeter police station and immediately filed separate reports on what they had seen. Bertrand then drove Muscarello home and told his mother about the incident.","title":"Sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Saturday Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)"},{"link_name":"Exeter High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_High_School_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuller-2"}],"text":"The sightings by Muscarello and the two policemen received national publicity.[3] Fuller, at that time a regular columnist for Saturday Review, was in Exeter investigating the sightings. He interviewed a number of people in the Exeter area who also claimed to have witnessed strange lights and unusual objects. Among them were Ron Smith, a senior at Exeter High School, who told Fuller that about two or three weeks after Muscarello's sighting, he was travelling in a vehicle with his mother and aunt one evening at 11:30. According to Smith, he, his mother and aunt all saw an object with \"a red light on top and the bottom was white and glowed. It appeared to be spinning. It passed over the car once and when it passed over and got in front, it stopped in midair. Then it went back over the car again.\"[2]: 73 Fuller also spoke to police officer Toland at Exeter's police station. Toland told Fuller of a number of calls he had received from Exeter-area residents regarding UFO sightings. A good example of the type of calls Toland had received came from Mrs. Ralph Lindsay. According to Toland \"she called in here early, just before dawn. She said it was right out her window as she was calling. It was like a big orange ball, almost as big as the harvest Moon ... and it wasn't the Moon, either ... all the time she was talking to me, her kids were at the window watching it. Now why would people go to all this trouble—people all over the area—if they weren't seeing something real?\"[2]: 84","title":"Other area sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B47E_in_flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"B-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"Pease Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pease_Air_National_Guard_Base"},{"link_name":"Manchester Union-Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader"},{"link_name":"Project Blue Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark185-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"the Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"temperature inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark185-4"},{"link_name":"SAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"NORAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command"},{"link_name":"Hector Quintanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Quintanilla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark185-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark185-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A B-47 in flightWhen Exeter's police chief read the reports of Muscarello, Bertrand, Hunt, and he called nearby Pease Air Force Base and reported a UFO sighting. The Air Force sent Major David Griffin and Lieutenant Alan Brandt to interview the three men. The Air Force officers asked all three not to report their sighting to the press, but a reporter from the Manchester Union-Leader newspaper had already interviewed them. Major Griffin sent a report of the incident to the staff of Project Blue Book, the official Air Force research group assigned to investigate UFO reports. Griffin wrote that \"At this time I have been unable to arrive at a probable cause of this sighting. The three observers seem to be stable, reliable persons, especially the two patrolmen. I viewed the area of the sighting and found nothing in the area that could be the probable cause. Pease AFB had five B-47 aircraft flying in the area but I do not believe that they had any connection with this sighting.\"[4][5]Before Project Blue Book could send this evaluation to the Pentagon, however, the Air Force had already issued an explanation of Muscarello and the two policemen's sighting to the press. The Pentagon informed reporters that the three men had seen \"nothing more than stars and planets twinkling ... owing to a temperature inversion.\"[4] Project Blue Book then issued its own explanation, stating that \"Operation Big Blast ... a SAC/NORAD training mission\" had been active on the night of the sighting and that it could have accounted for the UFO. Project Blue Book's supervisor, USAF Major Hector Quintanilla, wrote policemen Bertrand and Hunt that \"in addition to aircraft from this operation [Big Blast], there were also five B-47 aircraft flying in your area during this period ... since there were many aircraft in the area, at the time, and there were no reports of unidentified objects from personnel engaged in this operation, we might then assume that the objects [you] observed between midnight and two a.m. might be associated with this military air operation.\"[4] Quintanilla also added that \"If, however, these aircraft were noted by either of you, this would tend to eliminate this air operation as a possible explanation for the objects observed.\"[4][6]","title":"Air Force investigation and explanation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark186-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark186-7"},{"link_name":"National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark186-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Controversy and Air Force retraction","text":"Muscarello, Bertrand, and Hunt all strongly disagreed with the Air Force explanation. The two policemen sent a letter to Project Blue Book in which they stated, \"As you can imagine, we have been the subject of considerable ridicule since the Pentagon released its 'final evaluation' of our sighting of September 3, 1965...both Patrolman Hunt and myself saw this object at close range, checked it out with each other, confirmed and reconfirmed that it was not any type of conventional aircraft ... and went to considerable trouble to confirm that the weather was clear, there was no wind, no chance of weather inversion, and that what we were seeing was in no way a military or civilian aircraft.\"[7][8][9] Bertrand also noted that their UFO sighting took place nearly an hour after Operation Big Blast was said to have ended, which eliminated the operation as a possible cause of the sighting. When Project Blue Book did not respond to their letter, on December 29, 1965—nearly four months after the sighting—the two men sent another letter to Blue Book in which they wrote that the object they observed \"was absolutely silent with no rush of air from jets or chopper blades whatsoever. And it did not have any wings or tail ... it lit up the entire field, and two nearby houses turned completely red.\"[7]In addition to Muscarello and the policemen, John G. Fuller also ridiculed the Air Force explanation in print. He wrote that he had observed an unusual object himself near Exeter and that it was being chased by an Air Force jet fighter. Raymond Fowler, the New England investigator for the National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), also filed a detailed report on the Exeter sightings. In his view the Air Force explanation was also incorrect.[10] At one point, an Air Force officer claimed that the UFOs people had been observing were merely lights from nearby Pease AFB. To prove it, he had the lights activated before a large crowd who were gathered some distance away. According to Fowler, \"he ordered personnel at the base to turn the lights on. Everybody looked and waited—and nothing happened. Frustrated, he yelled into the mic to turn on the lights. A voice replied that the lights were on. The very embarrassed officer slunk back into the seat of the staff car and drove off amongst the laughs and jeers of the crowd.\"[11][additional citation(s) needed]In January 1966, Lieutenant Colonel John Spaulding, from the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, finally replied to the policemen's two letters. Spaulding wrote that \"based on additional information submitted to our UFO investigation officer, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, we have been unable to identify the object you observed on September 3, 1965.\"[7][12]","title":"Air Force investigation and explanation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times Best Seller list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kiwanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Exeter UFO sightings—and particularly the initial sightings involving Norman Muscarello and police officers Eugene Bertrand and David Hunt—remain among the best-documented and best-publicized in UFO history. In 1966, Fuller published an account of his investigation into the case. Entitled Incident at Exeter, it made The New York Times Best Seller list.[13][14] Muscarello, who insisted for the rest of his life that what he had witnessed was real and not an ordinary object, died in April 2003 at age 55 following a brief illness.[15] Bertrand died in 1998,[16] and Hunt in 2011.[17] In 2010, the Exeter Kiwanis Club started the \"Exeter UFO Festival\" as a fundraiser to benefit children's charities in the Exeter area.[18]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:76th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron_A-7D_71-0314_Refueling.jpg"},{"link_name":"KC-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"A-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II"},{"link_name":"Joe Nickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell"},{"link_name":"skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skepticism"},{"link_name":"Skeptical Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"KC-97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-97_Stratofreighter"},{"link_name":"tanker aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"refueling boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refueling_boom"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Skeptical Inquirer explanation","text":"A KC-97, at right with refueling boom extended, and two A-7 aircraftIn 2011, Joe Nickell, a prominent skeptic, and James McGaha, a retired Air Force major, proposed a possible explanation for the incident in Skeptical Inquirer. As a pilot, McGaha had been refueled in flight by KC-97 tanker aircraft like the ones stationed at Pease AFB near Exeter in 1965. In the article, he claimed to have recognized the flashing red light pattern reported by the witnesses Bertrand and Muscarello: one, two, three, four, five, four, three, two, one. According to Nickell and McGaha, before refueling, the underbelly of the KC-97 tankers flashed five very bright red lights in that same pattern. The refueling boom hung down at a 60-degree angle and would flutter in the air currents when not being controlled by the boom operator—hence, \"floating like a leaf\" per witness Muscarello.[19]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1578590292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578590292"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0131174320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131174320"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56731-134-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56731-134-2"},{"link_name":"Berkley Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0425151174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0425151174"}],"text":"Clark, Jerome. The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial. Visible Ink Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1578590292.\nFowler, Raymond. Casebook of a UFO Investigator. Prentice-Hall Books, 1981. ISBN 978-0131174320.\nFuller, John G. Incident at Exeter, the Interrupted Journey: Two Landmark Investigations of UFO Encounters Together in One Volume. Fine Communications, 1997. ISBN 1-56731-134-2.\nPeebles, Curtis. Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books, 1995. ISBN 978-0425151174.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Muscarello Recalls His UFO Incident at Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.seacoastnh.com/norman-muscarello-recalls-his-ufo-incident-at-exeter/?showall=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UFOs"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object"},{"link_name":"Ufology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology"},{"link_name":"Claimed sightings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings"},{"link_name":"List of reported UFO sightings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings"},{"link_name":"Sightings in outer space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism"},{"link_name":"Air ship of Clonmacnoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_ship_of_Clonmacnoise"},{"link_name":"1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel"},{"link_name":"1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Bonilla observation (1883)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonilla_observation"},{"link_name":"Airship wave (1896–97)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897"},{"link_name":"Aurora (1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles (1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Arnold (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"1947 craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze"},{"link_name":"Flight 105 (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"Roswell (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident"},{"link_name":"Rhodes (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs"},{"link_name":"Mantell (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Chiles-Whitted (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter"},{"link_name":"Gorman Dogfight (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorman_dogfight"},{"link_name":"Mariana (1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"McMinnville photographs (1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs"},{"link_name":"Sperry (1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case"},{"link_name":"Lubbock Lights (1951)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Lights"},{"link_name":"Nash-Fortenberry (1952)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C. (1952)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Flatwoods monster (1952)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwoods_monster"},{"link_name":"Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter"},{"link_name":"Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident"},{"link_name":"Antônio Villas Boas (1957)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas"},{"link_name":"Levelland (1957)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case"},{"link_name":"Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill"},{"link_name":"Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident"},{"link_name":"Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman"},{"link_name":"Exeter (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kecksburg (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Westall (1966)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westall_UFO"},{"link_name":"Falcon Lake (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident"},{"link_name":"Shag Harbour (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter (1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force (1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"Pascagoula Abduction (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction"},{"link_name":"John Lennon UFO incident (1974)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Travis Walton incident (1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Tehran (1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Operação Prato (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato"},{"link_name":"Zanfretta incident (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident"},{"link_name":"Valentich disappearance (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich"},{"link_name":"Kaikoura Lights (1978)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikoura_lights"},{"link_name":"Robert Taylor incident (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident"},{"link_name":"Val Johnson incident (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident"},{"link_name":"Manises (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Cash–Landrum incident (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident"},{"link_name":"Rendlesham Forest (1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident"},{"link_name":"Trans-en-Provence (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case"},{"link_name":"Japan Air Lines (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident"},{"link_name":"Ilkley Moor (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Voronezh incident (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Belgian UFO wave (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave"},{"link_name":"Ariel School (1994)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Varginha (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Lights (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Lights"},{"link_name":"USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Campeche, Mexico (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004"},{"link_name":"O'Hare Airport (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"Alderney (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting"},{"link_name":"Norway (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly"},{"link_name":"USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents"},{"link_name":"Jetpack man (2020–21)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetpack_man"},{"link_name":"High-altitude object events (2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023"},{"link_name":"David Grusch claims (2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims"},{"link_name":"Confirmed hoaxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes"},{"link_name":"Maury Island hoax (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Island_incident"},{"link_name":"Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax"},{"link_name":"Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax"},{"link_name":"Southern England (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax"},{"link_name":"Majestic 12 (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_12"},{"link_name":"Gulf Breeze (1987–88)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"Alien Autopsy (1995 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Morristown (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Canary Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)"},{"link_name":"Flying saucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer"},{"link_name":"Foo fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_fighter"},{"link_name":"Ghost rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_rockets"},{"link_name":"Green fireballs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fireballs"},{"link_name":"Mystery airship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_airship"},{"link_name":"Space jellyfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_jellyfish"},{"link_name":"Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings"},{"link_name":"Energy beings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_being"},{"link_name":"Grey aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_alien"},{"link_name":"Insectoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Little green men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_green_men"},{"link_name":"Nordic aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_aliens"},{"link_name":"Reptilian humanoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid"},{"link_name":"Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government"},{"link_name":"The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real"},{"link_name":"Project Sign (1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign"},{"link_name":"Project Grudge (1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Grudge"},{"link_name":"Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party"},{"link_name":"Project Magnet (1950–1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)"},{"link_name":"Project Blue Book (1952–1970)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book"},{"link_name":"Robertson Panel (1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Panel"},{"link_name":"Ruppelt report (1956)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects"},{"link_name":"National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena"},{"link_name":"Condon Report (1966–1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condon_Committee"},{"link_name":"Institute 22 (1978–?)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_22"},{"link_name":"Project Condign (1997–2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Condign"},{"link_name":"Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program"},{"link_name":"Identification studies of UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs"},{"link_name":"Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"NASA's UAP independent study team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team"},{"link_name":"Ancient astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronauts"},{"link_name":"Cryptoterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Extraterrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Interdimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Psychosocial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Nazi UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_UFOs"},{"link_name":"Time-traveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Trotskyist-Posadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Area 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51"},{"link_name":"Storm Area 51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Area_51"},{"link_name":"Bob Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lazar"},{"link_name":"Dulce Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce_Base"},{"link_name":"Men in black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_black"},{"link_name":"Project Serpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"Abduction claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims"},{"link_name":"Entities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities"},{"link_name":"Claimants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants"},{"link_name":"Narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_insurance"},{"link_name":"Implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_implants"},{"link_name":"Cattle mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilation"},{"link_name":"Close encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_encounter"},{"link_name":"Contactee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactee"},{"link_name":"Crop circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle"},{"link_name":"Government responses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments"},{"link_name":"GEIPAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEIPAN"},{"link_name":"Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations"},{"link_name":"Ufologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ufologists"},{"link_name":"Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction"},{"link_name":"Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_religion"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions"},{"link_name":"List of scientific skeptics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics"},{"link_name":"Committee for Skeptical Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects"}],"text":"Norman Muscarello Recalls His UFO Incident at Exeter from October 1980 as re-published via SeacoastNH.comvteUFOs\nUfology\nClaimed sightingsGeneral\nList of reported UFO sightings\nSightings in outer space\nPre-20th century\nEzekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)\nAir ship of Clonmacnoise (740s)\n1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg\n1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel\n1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund\nJosé Bonilla observation (1883)\nAirship wave (1896–97)\nAurora (1897)\n20th century\nLos Angeles (1942)\nÄngelholm UFO memorial (1946)\nKenneth Arnold (1947)\n1947 craze\nFlight 105 (1947)\nRoswell (1947)\nRhodes (1947)\nMantell (1948)\nChiles-Whitted (1948)\nGorman Dogfight (1948)\nMariana (1950)\nMcMinnville photographs (1950)\nSperry (1950)\nLubbock Lights (1951)\nNash-Fortenberry (1952)\nWashington, D.C. (1952)\nFlatwoods monster (1952)\nKelly–Hopkinsville (1955)\nLakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)\nAntônio Villas Boas (1957)\nLevelland (1957)\nBarney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)\nLonnie Zamora incident (1964)\nSolway Firth Spaceman (1964)\nExeter (1965)\nKecksburg (1965)\nWestall (1966)\nFalcon Lake (1967)\nShag Harbour (1967)\nJimmy Carter (1969)\nFinnish Air Force (1969)\nPascagoula Abduction (1973)\nJohn Lennon UFO incident (1974)\nTravis Walton incident (1975)\nTehran (1976)\nPetrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)\nOperação Prato (1977)\nZanfretta incident (1978)\nValentich disappearance (1978)\nKaikoura Lights (1978)\nRobert Taylor incident (1979)\nVal Johnson incident (1979)\nManises (1979)\nCash–Landrum incident (1980)\nRendlesham Forest (1980)\nTrans-en-Provence (1981)\nJapan Air Lines (1986)\nIlkley Moor (1987)\nVoronezh incident (1989)\nBelgian UFO wave (1990)\nAriel School (1994)\nVarginha (1996)\nPhoenix Lights (1997)\n21st century\nUSS Nimitz UFO incident (2004)\nCampeche, Mexico (2004)\nO'Hare Airport (2006)\nAlderney (2007)\nNorway (2009)\nUSS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014)\nJetpack man (2020–21)\nHigh-altitude object events (2023)\nDavid Grusch claims (2023)\nConfirmed hoaxes\nMaury Island hoax (1947)\nTwin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)\nAztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)\nSouthern England (1967)\nMajestic 12 (1985)\nGulf Breeze (1987–88)\nAlien Autopsy (1995 film)\nMorristown (2009)\nSightings by country\nAfrica (South Africa)\nAlbania\nArgentina\nAustralia\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBrazil\nCanada\nChina\nCzech Republic\nFrance\nGreece\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nItaly\nMexico\nNepal\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nPoland\nRussia\nSpain (Canary Islands)\nSweden\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nTypes of UFOs\nBlack triangle\nFlying saucer\nFoo fighter\nGhost rockets\nGreen fireballs\nMystery airship\nSpace jellyfish\nTypes of alleged extraterrestrial beings\nEnergy beings\nGrey aliens\nInsectoids\nLittle green men\nNordic aliens\nReptilian humanoids\nStudies\nInvestigation of UFO reports by the United States government\nThe Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950)\nProject Sign (1948)\nProject Grudge (1949)\nFlying Saucer Working Party (1950)\nProject Magnet (1950–1962)\nProject Blue Book (1952–1970)\nRobertson Panel (1953)\nRuppelt report (1956)\nNational Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)\nCondon Report (1966–1968)\nInstitute 22 (1978–?)\nProject Condign (1997–2000)\nAdvanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)\nIdentification studies of UFOs\nUnidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)\nNASA's UAP independent study team\nHypotheses\nAncient astronauts\nCryptoterrestrial\nExtraterrestrial\nInterdimensional\nPsychosocial\nNazi UFOs\nTime-traveller\nTrotskyist-Posadism\nConspiracy theories\nArea 51\nStorm Area 51\nBob Lazar\nDulce Base\nMen in black\nProject Serpo\nInvolvementAbduction claims\nHistory\nEntities\nClaimants\nNarrative\nPerspectives\nInsurance\nOther\nImplants\nCattle mutilation\nClose encounter\nContactee\nCrop circles\nGovernment responses\nGEIPAN\nOrganizations\nUfologists\nCulture\nFiction\nReligions\nlist\nSkepticism\nList of scientific skeptics\nCommittee for Skeptical Inquiry\n\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hand-drawn map of the Exeter incident sightings, from Project Blue Book archives","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Incident_at_Exeter_map.png/440px-Incident_at_Exeter_map.png"},{"image_text":"A B-47 in flight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/B47E_in_flight.jpg/220px-B47E_in_flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"A KC-97, at right with refueling boom extended, and two A-7 aircraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/76th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron_A-7D_71-0314_Refueling.jpg/220px-76th_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron_A-7D_71-0314_Refueling.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of reported UFO sightings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"A Cluttered Sky--UFOs Over New England\". San Francisco Examiner. AP. September 8, 1965. p. 8. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108871611/a-cluttered-sky-ufos-over-new-england/","url_text":"\"A Cluttered Sky--UFOs Over New England\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner","url_text":"San Francisco Examiner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"Initial Report of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO)\". USAF. September 15, 1965. p. 4. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1965-09-9373271-Exeter-NewHampshire/page/n2/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Initial Report of Unidentified Flying Object (UFO)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Quintanilla, Hector (n.d.). \"Letter\". USAF. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1965-09-9373271-Exeter-NewHampshire/page/n98/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Letter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Bertrand, Eugene; Hunt, David (December 2, 1965). \"Letter\". p. 1. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1965-09-9373271-Exeter-NewHampshire/page/n120/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Letter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Bertrand, Eugene; Hunt, David (December 2, 1965). \"Letter\". p. 2. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1965-09-9373271-Exeter-NewHampshire/page/n109/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Letter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Spaulding, John F. (February 9, 1966). \"Letter\". USAF. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/1965-09-9373271-Exeter-NewHampshire/page/n39/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Letter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine","url_text":"Wayback Machine"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Michael (August 12, 2015). \"UFOs in New Hampshire\". New Hampshire Magazine. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhmagazine.com/September-2015/UFOs-in-New-Hampshire/","url_text":"\"UFOs in New Hampshire\""}]},{"reference":"Lent, Colleen (2 March 2003). \"Exeter's UFO Kid Dead at 55\". Seacoast Online. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20030302/News/303029986","url_text":"\"Exeter's UFO Kid Dead at 55\""}]},{"reference":"\"Social Security Death Index: Eugene F Bertrand Jr\". Social Security Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2022 – via fold3.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fold3.com/record/81842/eugene-f-bertrand-jr-social-security-death-index","url_text":"\"Social Security Death Index: Eugene F Bertrand Jr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Administration","url_text":"Social Security Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"David Hunt Obituary\". Foster's Daily Democrat. Dover, New Hampshire. January 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2019 – via Legacy.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/fosters/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=147786602","url_text":"\"David Hunt Obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_Daily_Democrat","url_text":"Foster's Daily Democrat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire","url_text":"Dover, New Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy.com","url_text":"Legacy.com"}]},{"reference":"\"UFO Festival\". Carriage Towne News. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.carriagetownenews.com/news/food_and_fun/ufo-festival/article_0e0ea9c5-8470-50ee-8766-e2eea4dc79fc.html","url_text":"\"UFO Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Nickell, Joe; McGaha, James (November–December 2011), \"'Exeter Incident' Solved! A Classic UFO Case, Forty-Five Years 'Cold'\", Skeptical Inquirer, 35 (6), retrieved 9 April 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Nickell","url_text":"Nickell, Joe"},{"url":"https://skepticalinquirer.org/2011/11/exeter-incident-solved-a-classic-ufo-case-forty-five-years-cold/","url_text":"\"'Exeter Incident' Solved! A Classic UFO Case, Forty-Five Years 'Cold'\""}]}]
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